question stringlengths 5 478 | answer stringlengths 3 492 |
|---|---|
What is described as the flexibility of the Constitution? | Its flexibility lies in its amendments. |
Up to which amendment were the text of the Constitution of India brought up-to-date in this edition? | The text was updated by incorporating all amendments made by Parliament up to and including the Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006. |
What is included in Appendix I of the document? | Appendix I includes the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954. |
What does 'Art.' stand for in the list of abbreviations? | 'Art.' stands for Article. |
Which part of the Constitution deals with Citizenship? | Part II of the Constitution deals with Citizenship. |
What is covered in Part III of the Constitution? | Part III covers Fundamental Rights. |
Which part contains the Directive Principles of State Policy? | Part IV contains the Directive Principles of State Policy. |
What is covered in Part V regarding the Union Executive? | Part V covers The Union Executive, including the President and Vice-President. |
What does Article 124 deal with in the Constitution? | Article 124 deals with the Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court. |
Which part addresses the States? | Part VI addresses The States. |
What is the subject matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States? | This information is covered under Article 246. |
What power does Parliament have regarding matters in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation? | Parliament has the power to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List during an emergency proclamation. |
What does Article 254 address concerning laws made by Parliament and Legislatures of States? | Article 254 addresses inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States. |
What is the subject matter of Article 161? | Article 161 covers the distribution of Legislative Powers. |
What does Article 259 cover regarding inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by Legislatures of States? | Article 259 addresses inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States. |
What is the purpose of Article 163? | Article 163 concerns the distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States, specifically taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States. |
What does Article 209 cover regarding legislative procedure? | Article 209 covers the rules of procedure for the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business. |
Who is responsible for the superintendence, direction, and control of elections according to Article 324? | An Election Commission is vested with the superintendence, direction, and control of elections as per Article 324. |
What does Article 309 cover regarding services under the Union or a State? | Article 309 covers the recruitment and conditions of service for persons serving the Union or a State. |
What is covered by Article 241? | Article 241 concerns the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People. |
What does India comprise according to Article 294(3)? | The territory of India comprises the territories of the States, the Union territories specified in the First Schedule, and such other acquired territories. |
What power does Parliament have regarding new States under Article 295? | Parliament may by law admit into the Union or establish new States on terms and conditions it deems fit. |
What powers can Parliament exercise concerning a State under Article 296? | Parliament may form a new State, increase, diminish, alter the boundaries of, or change the name of an existing State. |
When must a Bill affecting a State's area or name be introduced regarding Article 296? | The Bill must be introduced on the recommendation of the President and unless it has been referred by the President to the Legislature of that State. |
What is required for a law made under Articles 2 or 3 regarding schedules? | Such a law must contain provisions for the amendment of the First and Fourth Schedules as necessary, and may include supplemental provisions. |
Who was considered a citizen of India at the commencement of this Constitution under Article 5? | A person who had domicile in the territory of India and met criteria such as being born there or having a parent born there. |
Under what condition is a person who migrated from Pakistan deemed a citizen of India at commencement under Article 6? | If they were born in India as defined by the Government of India Act, 1935, and met residency or registration requirements. |
What is stipulated regarding a person who migrated from the territory of India to Pakistan after March 1, 1947? | Such a person shall not be deemed a citizen of India, though an exception exists for those returning with proper permits. |
What must a person do to be a citizen under Article 8 if they are of Indian origin residing outside India? | They must be registered as a citizen of India by the diplomatic or consular representative of India in that country. |
Under Article 10, what is true regarding citizenship for someone who voluntarily acquires foreign citizenship? | Such a person shall not be a citizen of India by virtue of article 5, nor be deemed a citizen under articles 6 or 8. |
What does 'the State' include in this Part of the Constitution? | The State includes the Government and Parliament of India, as well as the Government and Legislature of each State and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. |
What happens to laws in force in India immediately before this Constitution's commencement if they are inconsistent with this Part? | Such laws shall be void to the extent of the inconsistency. |
What is prohibited by Article 15(1) regarding discrimination by the State? | The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. |
What rights are protected under Article 19 for all citizens? | All citizens have the right to freedom of speech and expression, to assemble peaceably and without arms, to form associations or unions, to move freely throughout India, to reside and settle in any part of India's territory, and to practice any profession. |
What is forbidden by Article 17? | 'Untouchability' is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. |
What does Article 20 state regarding conviction for offences? | No person shall be convicted of an offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of commission, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time. |
What is guaranteed by Article 21? | No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. |
What must be provided by the State regarding education for children aged six to fourteen years? | The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of that age in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. |
What is a requirement concerning arrest under Article 22(1)? | No person who is arrested shall be detained without being informed, as soon as possible, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice. |
What is one restriction mentioned regarding the freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(2)? | The right can be restricted in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality. |
What is prohibited regarding traffic in human beings and begar? | Traffic in human beings and begar, along with other similar forms of forced labour, are prohibited. |
Under what condition can the State impose compulsory service for public purposes? | The State may impose compulsory service for public purposes without discrimination based on religion, race, caste, or class. |
What is prohibited regarding employment of children under fourteen years old? | No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed in a factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. |
What must be subject to public order, morality, and health concerning religious freedom? | All persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise, and propagate religion, subject to these conditions. |
What is one right granted to every religious denomination or section thereof? | A religious denomination has the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes. |
What does Article 27 state regarding taxes? | No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes whose proceeds are specifically appropriated for the promotion or maintenance of a particular religion or religious denomination. |
What is guaranteed to citizens having a distinct language, script, or culture in India? | They have the right to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture. |
What right do minorities based on religion or language have regarding education? | All minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. |
What is guaranteed by Article 32 concerning rights conferred by this Part? | The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. |
What types of writs can the Supreme Court issue for the enforcement of rights under this Part? | The Supreme Court can issue directions or orders or writs, including habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari. |
What power does Parliament have regarding the rights conferred in Part III? | Parliament may determine to what extent any of the rights in this Part shall be restricted or abrogated for certain groups. |
Who can have their rights restricted under Article 33? | Members of the Armed Forces, members of Forces maintaining public order, intelligence/counter-intelligence personnel, and those connected to telecommunication systems for these organizations are subject to this. |
What can Parliament do regarding acts done under martial law in an area? | Parliament may indemnify any person in service of the Union or a State for actions related to maintaining order where martial law was in force, or validate acts done under martial law. |
What power does Parliament have regarding matters mentioned in Article 16 and Article 32? | Parliament has the power to make laws concerning these matters, which State Legislatures do not possess. |
What is the status of the provisions contained in Part III? | The provisions are not enforceable by any court, but the principles within them are fundamental to governance and the State must apply them when making laws. |
What does the State strive to secure regarding social order? | The State shall strive to promote welfare by securing a social order where justice—social, economic, and political—informs all national institutions. |
What is one of the principles the State must direct towards concerning the economy? | The State must direct its policy so that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment. |
What is the obligation of the State regarding national monuments? | It is the State's obligation to protect every monument or place of artistic or historic interest, declared by Parliament as nationally important, from destruction or spoliation. |
Where is the executive power of the Union vested? | The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and must be exercised either directly or through subordinate officers according to the Constitution. |
Who elects the President of India? | The President is elected by members of an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. |
What is the term of office for the President? | The President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date he enters upon his office. |
How can the President resign his office? | The President may resign his office by writing addressed to the Vice-President. |
Under what circumstances can the President be removed from office? | The President may be removed from office for violation of the Constitution by impeachment in the manner provided in article 61. |
What are the qualifications for election as President? | A person must be a citizen of India, have completed thirty-five years, and be qualified for election as a member of the House of the People. |
When must an election to fill a vacancy in the office of the President occur? | An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term must be completed before the expiration of the term. |
What is the Vice-President's role concerning the Council of States? | The Vice-President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. |
How long does the Vice-President hold office? | The Vice-President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date he enters upon his office. |
By whom is the Vice-President elected? | The Vice-President shall be elected by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament. |
What power does the President have regarding pardons? | The President has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment in certain cases. |
Who decides doubts and disputes arising out of the election of a President or Vice-President? | The Supreme Court shall inquire into and decide all doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a President or Vice-President. |
What is the executive power of the Union subject to? | The executive power of the Union is subject to the provisions of this Constitution. |
Who appoints the Prime Minister? | The President shall appoint the Prime Minister. |
What must the Council of Ministers do in relation to the President's advice? | The Council of Ministers must aid and advise the President, who acts in accordance with such advice. |
Who appoints the Attorney-General for India? | The President shall appoint a person qualified to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court to be Attorney-General for India. |
What is one duty of the Prime Minister regarding the Council of Ministers' decisions? | It is the Prime Minister's duty to communicate all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation to the President. |
What does the Council of States consist of? | The Council of States consists of twelve members nominated by the President and not more than two hundred and thirty-eight representatives of the States or Union territories. |
How are the representatives of each State in the Council of States elected? | They are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State using proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. |
What is a requirement for a person to be qualified to fill a seat in Parliament? | A person must be a citizen of India and make and subscribe before an authorized person by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation. |
How long does the House of the People continue unless sooner dissolved? | The House of the People shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. |
What is one requirement for a seat in the Council of States regarding age? | A person must be not less than thirty years of age to be qualified for a seat in the Council of States. |
What must not intervene between the last sitting of Parliament in one session and its first sitting in the next? | Six months shall not intervene. |
What powers does the President have regarding the Houses of Parliament? | The President may prorogue the Houses or either House, or dissolve the House of the People. |
When must the President address both Houses of Parliament assembled together? | At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year. |
What is the role of every Minister and the Attorney-General of India in Parliament proceedings? | They have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, either House, a joint sitting, or any committee of Parliament. |
Who is the ex officio Chairman of the Council of States? | The Vice-President of India is the ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. |
How can a member holding office as Deputy Chairman of the Council of States vacate their office? | They shall vacate if they cease to be a member of the Council, or they may resign by writing to the Chairman. |
What must be done before any member takes his seat in either House of Parliament? | Each member must make and subscribe before the President, or someone appointed by him, an oath or affirmation. |
How is a question at any sitting of either House determined, besides the Speaker or Chairman? | It shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting. |
What must happen if there is no quorum in a meeting of a House of Parliament? | The Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, must either adjourn the House or suspend the meeting until there is a quorum. |
Under what condition does a member's seat become vacant if they are absent from meetings for sixty days? | If a member is without permission of the House absent from all meetings for sixty days, and that period includes time when the House was prorogued or adjourned for more than four consecutive days. |
What is one condition under which a person may be disqualified from holding an office of profit under the Government of India or any State? | A person may be disqualified if they are of unsound mind and this is declared by a competent court. |
What is the decision regarding a question of whether a member of either House of Parliament has become subject to disqualifications mentioned in clause (1) of article 102? | The question shall be referred for the decision of the President, and that decision shall be final. |
What must the President do before making a decision on a question regarding disqualifications of members of Parliament? | The President shall obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and shall act according to such opinion. |
What penalty is imposed if a person sits or votes as a member of either House of Parliament before complying with article 99 requirements, or when they know they are disqualified? | The person is liable to a penalty of five hundred rupees for each day they sit or vote. |
What is guaranteed regarding speech in Parliament subject to the Constitution and parliamentary rules? | There shall be freedom of speech in Parliament. |
What protection does a member of Parliament have concerning things said or votes given in Parliament or any committee thereof? | No member of Parliament is liable to any proceedings in any court regarding what they say or vote in Parliament or a committee. |
Under what condition may the President notify an intention to summon both Houses for a joint sitting concerning a Bill that has been rejected by one House? | The President may do this if more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House. |
What is required regarding a Money Bill when it is transmitted to the Council of States after being passed by the House of the People? | The Council of States must return the Bill with its recommendations within fourteen days from receipt. |
Who's decision is final if a question arises as to whether a Bill is a Money Bill? | The Speaker of the House of the People has the final say on this matter. |
What must the estimates of expenditure in the annual financial statement show separately regarding the Consolidated Fund of India? | They must show the sums required to meet expenditure described as charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India and distinguish revenue from other expenditure. |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
IndianLegal-QA
A question-and-answer dataset derived from Indian legal and government documents, covering the Constitution of India, the Indian Penal Code, criminal and civil procedural law, customs and tariff classifications, and numerous central and state acts. The dataset is suitable for building, fine-tuning, and evaluating retrieval and question-answering systems over Indian legal text.
This dataset is also hosted on GitHub at Sakib-Dalal/IndianLegal-QA.
Overview
Each record is a paired question and answer extracted from an Indian legal source
document. The questions ask factual questions about provisions, definitions,
classifications, and procedures found in the source material, and the answers
provide the corresponding textual response. Records use a simple two-field schema
(question, answer).
Statistics
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Number of pairs | 120,640 |
| Fields per record | question, answer |
| Languages | English, Hindi, Marathi |
| Multilingual pairs | ~23,630 (Devanagari script) |
| Formats | CSV, JSONL, plain text |
| License | Apache-2.0 |
Data format
The dataset is provided as question_answers.csv (comma-separated pairs, one per
row). The same content is also distributed on GitHub in question_answers.jsonl
and question_answers.txt. Each example has two string fields:
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
question |
The question about a legal provision |
answer |
The corresponding answer |
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("Sakib-Dalal/IndianLegal-QA")
print(ds["train"])
print(ds["train"][0])
For local use, the CSV can be read with pandas:
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("question_answers.csv")
Domain coverage
The pairs draw from a wide range of Indian legal sources. Approximate coverage by topic:
| Domain | Indicative count |
|---|---|
| Acts (central & state) | ~25,550 |
| Sections of enactments | ~13,916 |
| Schedules | ~2,155 |
| Articles of the Constitution | ~1,552 |
| Constitutional provisions | ~983 |
| Customs & tariff headings | ~550 |
| Indian Penal Code (IPC) | ~88 |
| Criminal Procedure Code | ~22 |
The dataset spans the Constitution of India, IPC and CrPC, customs and tariff classification headings, civil and criminal procedure, and a broad set of central and state acts. A number of records are provided in Hindi and Marathi, making the dataset useful for multilingual legal NLP.
Example
Q: What is described as the flexibility of the Constitution?
A: Its flexibility lies in its amendments.
License
This dataset is released under the Apache License 2.0.
Citation
@dataset{dalal2026indianlegalqa,
title = {IndianLegal-QA},
author = {Dalal, Sakib},
year = {2026},
repo = {https://github.com/Sakib-Dalal/IndianLegal-QA},
url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/Sakib-Dalal/IndianLegal-QA},
}
- Downloads last month
- 37