output stringlengths 0 390 | input null | Instruction stringlengths 18 193 |
|---|---|---|
AMT/6/4/ | null | What is the representation of the values for AMT as 6, 4, and a separator? |
(Taken from MIND : a Quartedly Review of Psychology and Philosophy. Vol. LIX. , N.S., No. 236, October , 1950. ) | null | What is the volume and issue number of MIND that was published in October 1950? |
COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE by A. M. TURING. | null | What is the title of the paper written by A. M. Turing that discusses the relationship between machines and intelligence? |
1. The Imitation Game. | null | What is the title of the film that focuses on Alan Turing's role in breaking the Enigma code during World War II? |
I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think. | null | Can machines think? |
This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms ‘machine’ and 'think'. | null | What do the terms 'machine' and 'think' mean in the context of artificial intelligence? |
The definitions might be framed so as to reflect so far as possible the normal use of the words, but this attitude is dangerous. | null | What is the potential danger of framing definitions to reflect the normal use of words? |
If the meaning of the words ‘machine' and ‘think’ are to be found by examining how they are commonly used it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the meaning and the answer to the question, 'Can machines think? | null | What conclusion can be drawn about the meaning of 'machine' and 'think' when examining their common usage in relation to the question, 'Can machines think?'? |
is to be sought in a statistical survey such as a Gallup poll. But this is absurd. | null | What type of survey is mentioned as being sought in the context of the description? |
Instead of attempting such a definition I shall replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words. | null | What approach does the author take instead of defining the initial question? |
The new form of the problem can be described in terms of a game which we call the ‘imitation game‘. | null | What is the new form of the problem described in terms of a game? |
It is played with three people, a man (A), a woman (B), and an interrogator (C) who may be of either sex. | null | How many people are involved in the game, and who are they? |
The interrogator stays in a room apart from the other two. | null | What is the location of the interrogator in relation to the other two individuals? |
The object of the game for the interrogator is to determine which of the other two is the man and which is the woman. | null | What is the objective of the game for the interrogator? |
He knows them by labels X and Y, and at the end of the game he says either 'X is A and Y is B' or 'X is B and Y is A'. | null | What are the two statements he can say at the end of the game regarding labels X and Y? |
The interrogator is allowed to put questions to A and B thus: C: Will X please tell me the length of his or her hair. | null | What type of question is the interrogator allowed to ask A and B? |
Now suppose X is actually A, then A must answer. It is A's object in the game to try and cause C to make the wrong identification. His answer might therefore be: 'My hair is shingled, and the longest strands are about nine inches long.' | null | What is A's objective in the game regarding C's identification? |
In order that tones of voice may not help the interrogator the answers should be | null | What should be done to ensure that tones of voice do not assist the interrogator? |
The object of the game for the third player (B) is to help the interrogator. The best strategy for her is probably to give truthful answers. She can add such things as 'I am the woman, don't listen to him!' to her answers, but it will avail nothing as the man can make similar remarks. | null | What is the best strategy for the third player (B) in the game to help the interrogator? |
We now ask the question, ‘What will happen when a machine takes the part of A in this game? | null | What happens when a machine takes the part of A in this game? |
Will the interrogator decide wrongly as often when the game is played like this as he does when the game is played between a man and a woman? | null | Will the interrogator make incorrect decisions as frequently in this game format compared to when it is played between a man and a woman? |
These questions replace our original, 'Can machines think?' | null | What are the new questions that have replaced the original question, 'Can machines think?' |
Critique of the New Problem. | null | What is the focus of the critique in the context of the new problem? |
As well as asking, ‘What is the answer to this new form of the question’, one may ask, ‘Is this new question a worthy one to investigate?’ This latter question we investigate without further ado, thereby cutting short an infinite regress. | null | What question do we investigate to avoid an infinite regress when considering the worthiness of a new form of a question? |
The new problem has the advantage of drawing a fairly sharp line between the physical and the intellectual capacities of a man. | null | What advantage does the new problem have regarding the separation of physical and intellectual capacities in a man? |
No engineer or chemist claims to be able to produce a material which is indistinguishable from the human skin. | null | What do engineers and chemists claim about producing a material indistinguishable from human skin? |
It is possible that at some time this might be done, but even supposing this invention available we should feel there was little point in trying to make a ‘thinking machine’ more human by dressing it up in such artificial flesh. | null | What is the author's perspective on the relevance of making a 'thinking machine' appear more human with artificial flesh? |
The form in which we have set the problem reflects this fact in the condition which prevents the interrogator from seeing or touching the other competitors, or hearing their voices. | null | What condition prevents the interrogator from seeing, touching, or hearing the other competitors? |
Some other advantages of the proposed criterion may be shown up by specimen questions and answers. Thus: | null | What are some advantages of the proposed criterion as demonstrated by specimen questions and answers? |
Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge. | null | What poetic form should be used to write about the Forth Bridge? |
Count me out on this one. I never could write poetry. | null | What is your stance on writing poetry? |
Add 34957 to 70764. | null | What is the sum of 34957 and 70764? |
105621. | null | What is the numerical sequence mentioned in the description? |
Do you play chess? | null | Do you play chess? |
Yes. | null | What is your response to the question? |
I have K at my Kl, and no other pieces. You have only K at K6 and R at Rl. It is your move. What do you play? | null | What are the positions of the pieces for both players in this chess scenario? |
A: (After a pause of 15 seconds) R-R8 mate. | null | What did A say after a pause of 15 seconds? |
The question and answer method seems to be suitable for introducing almost any one of the fields of human endeavour that we wish to include. | null | What method is suitable for introducing almost any field of human endeavor? |
We do not wish to penalise the machine for its inability to shine in beauty competitions, nor to penalise a man for losing in a race against an aeroplane. | null | What is the main idea conveyed in the statement regarding the machine and the man in relation to their respective competitions? |
The conditions of our game make these disabilities irrelevant. | null | What impact do the conditions of the game have on disabilities? |
The 'witnesses' can brag, if they consider it advisable, as much as they please about their charms, strength or heroism, but the interrogator cannot demand practical demonstrations. | null | What limitations does the interrogator have regarding demanding practical demonstrations from the witnesses? |
The game may perhaps be criticised on the ground that the odds are weighted too heavily against the machine. | null | What criticism is mentioned regarding the game's odds in relation to the machine? |
If the man were to try and pretend to be the machine, he would clearly make a very poor showing. | null | What would happen if the man tried to pretend to be the machine? |
He would be given away at once by slowness and inaccuracy in arithmetic. | null | What would reveal his shortcomings in arithmetic? |
May not machines carry out something which ought to be described as | null | What might machines be unable to perform that should be accurately described as such? |
3. The Machines concerned in the Game. | null | What machines are involved in the game described? |
The question which we put in 81 will not be quite definite until we have specified what we mean by the word ‘machine'. | null | What must be clarified in order to define the question we put in 81? |
It is natural that we should wish to permit every kind of engineering technique to be used in our machines. | null | What should we allow in our machines regarding engineering techniques? |
We also wish to allow the possibility that an engineer or team of engineers may construct a machine which works, but whose manner of operation cannot be satisfactorily described by its constructors because they have applied a method which is largely experimental. | null | What is the situation described where engineers may create a machine that functions but cannot adequately explain its operation? |
Finally, we wish to exclude from the machines men born in the usual manner. | null | What is the preference regarding the exclusion of men born in the usual manner from machines? |
It is difficult to frame the definitions so as to satisfy these three conditions. | null | What challenges arise in framing definitions that satisfy specific conditions? |
One | null | What is the number that best represents the singular concept mentioned in the description? |
This prompts us to abandon the requirement that every kind of technique should be permitted. | null | What requirement are we prompted to abandon regarding the use of techniques? |
We are the more ready to do so in view of the fact that the present interest in ‘thinking machines’ has been aroused by a particular kind of machine, usually called an ‘electronic computer’ or ‘digital computer'. | null | What type of machine has recently aroused interest in 'thinking machines'? |
Following this suggestion we only permit digital computers to take part in our game, | null | What type of computers are permitted to participate in the game? |
This restriction appears at first sight to be a very drastic one. | null | What does the restriction seem like at first sight? |
I shall attempt to show that it is not so in reality. To do this necessitates a short account of the nature and properties of these computers. | null | What will the author provide to demonstrate that the initial assumption is incorrect? |
It may also be said that this identification of machines with digital computers, like our criterion for 'thinking', will only be unsatisfactory if (contrary to my belief), it turns out that digital computers are unable to give a good showing in the game. | null | What will make the identification of machines with digital computers and the criterion for 'thinking' unsatisfactory? |
There are already a number of digital computers in working order, and it may be asked, ‘Why not try the experiment straight away. | null | Why not try the experiment straight away with the digital computers that are already in working order? |
It would be easy to satisfy the conditions of the game. A number of interrogators could be used, and statistics compiled to show how often the right identification was given. | null | What method could be employed to satisfy the conditions of the game involving interrogators and statistical compilation of correct identifications? |
The short answer is that we are not asking whether all digital computers would do well in the game nor whether the computers at present available would do well, but whether there are imaginable computers which would do well. | null | Are we inquiring about the potential capability of hypothetical computers to perform well in the game? |
But this is only the short answer. | null | What is the nature of the content described? |
We shall see this question in a different light later. | null | What will we explore in a different light later? |
The idea behind digital computers may be explained by saying that these machines are intended to carry out any operations which could be done by a human computer. | null | What is the primary purpose of digital computers? |
The human computer is supposed to be following fixed rules; he has no authority to deviate from them in any detail. | null | What are the limitations on the authority of the human computer in terms of following rules? |
We may suppose that these rules are supplied in 'a book, which is altered whenever he is put on to a new job. He has also an unlimited supply of paper on which he does his calculations. He may also do his multiplications and additions on a ‘desk machine', but this is not important, | null | What resources and tools are available to him for performing calculations on a new job? |
If we use the above explanations as a definition we shall be in danger of circularity of argument. We avoid this by giving an outline of the means by which the desired effect is achieved. A digital computer can usually be regarded as consisting of three parts: | null | What are the three main parts that a digital computer can usually be regarded as consisting of? |
(i) Store. | null | What is the primary function of a store? |
(ii) Executive unit. | null | What is meant by the term "executive unit"? |
(iii) Control. | null | What is the third component of the described system? |
The store is a store of information, and corresponds to the human computer's paper, whether this is the paper on which he does his calculations or that on which his book of rules is printed. In so far as the human computer does calculations in his head, a part of the store will correspond to his memory. | null | What does the store of information correspond to in the context of a human computer's calculations and memory? |
The executive unit is the part which carries out the various individual operations involved in a calculation. What these individual operations are will vary from machine to machine. Usually fairly lengthy operations can be done such as ‘multiply 3540675445 by 7076345687', but in some machines only very simple ones such... | null | What is the function of the executive unit in a machine? |
We have mentioned that the ‘book of rules' supplied to the computer is replaced in the machine by a part of the store. It is then called the ‘table of instructions’. | null | What is the term used to refer to the part of the store in the machine that replaces the 'book of rules'? |
It is the duty of the control to see that these instructions are obeyed correctly and in the right order. | null | What is the duty of the control regarding the instructions? |
The control is so constructed that this necessarily happens. | null | What is the design of the control that ensures a specific outcome? |
The information in the store is usually broken up into packets of moderately small size. | null | What is the typical size of information packets in a store? |
In one machine, for instance, a packet might consist of ten decimal digits. | null | How many decimal digits are included in a packet on one machine? |
Numbers are assigned to the parts of the store in which the various packets of information are stored, in some systematic manner. | null | How are packets of information stored in the store? |
A typical instruction might say - ‘add. | null | What does a typical instruction involve in terms of action? |
the number stored in position 6809 to that in 4.302 and put the result back into the latter storage position’ | null | What should be done with the number stored in position 6809 in relation to the number in position 4.302? |
Needless to say it would not occur in the machine expressed in English. | null | In what language would the machine not express itself? |
It would more likely be coded in a form such as 6809.30217. | null | What numeric format is the content likely to be coded in? |
Here 17 says which of various possible operations is to be performed on the two numbers. | null | What does section 17 indicate about the operations to be performed on the two numbers? |
In this case the operation is that described above, viz. ‘add the number ....' It will be noticed that the instruction takes up 10 digits and so forms one packet of information, very conveniently. | null | What is the length of the instruction that describes the operation of adding a number? |
The control will normally take the instructions to be obeyed in the order of the positions in which they are stored, but occasionally an instruction such as 'Now obey the instruction stored in position 5606, and continue from there’ may be encountered, or again ‘If position 4505 contains O obey next the instruction sto... | null | How does control handle instructions that are not in sequential order according to their stored positions? |
Instructions of these latter types are very important because they make it possible for a sequence of operations to be repeated over and over again until some condition is fulfilled, but in doing so to obey, not fresh instructions on each repetition, but the same ones over and over again. | null | Why are instructions of certain types important in enabling a sequence of operations to be repeated until a condition is fulfilled? |
To take a domestic analogy. | null | What is the domestic analogy mentioned in the description? |
Suppose Mother wants Tommy to call at the cobbler's every morning on his way to school to see if her shoes are done, she can ask him afresh every morning. Alternatively she can stick up a notice once and for all in the hall which he will see when he leaves for school and which tells him to call for the shoes, and also ... | null | What are the two methods Mother can use to remind Tommy to check if her shoes are done at the cobbler's? |
The reader | null | What is the title of the content being described? |
The book of rules which we have described our human computer as using is of course a convenient fiction, | null | What is described as a convenient fiction in relation to the human computer? |
Actual human computers really remember what they have got to do. | null | What do actual human computers remember? |
If one wants to make a machine mimic the behaviour of the human computer in some complex operation one has to ask him how it is done, and then translate the answer into the form of an instruction table. | null | What must be done to make a machine mimic the behaviour of a human in complex operations? |
Constructing instruction tables is usually described as 'programming'. | null | What is usually described as 'programming' in the context of constructing instruction tables? |
To ‘programme a machine to carry out the operation A' means to put the appropriate instruction table into the machine so that it will do A. | null | What does it mean to 'programme a machine to carry out the operation A'? |
An interesting variant on the idea of a digital computer is a ‘digital computer with a random element’. | null | What is a variant on the idea of a digital computer that includes an element of randomness? |
These have instructions involving the throwing of a die or some equivalent electronic process; one such instruction might for instance be, 'Throw the die and put the resulting number into store 1000'. | null | What is an example of an instruction involving the use of a die in a process? |
Sometimes such a machine is described as having free will (though I would not use this phrase myself). | null | What term is sometimes used to describe a machine that possesses the ability to make independent choices? |
It is not normally possible to determine from observing a machine whether it has a random element, for a similar effect can be produced by such devices as making the choices depend on the digits of the decimal for ~. | null | How can the appearance of randomness in a machine's operation be mimicked? |
Most actual digital computers have only a finite store. | null | What characteristic do most actual digital computers have regarding their storage capacity? |
There is no theoretical difficulty in the idea of a computer with an unlimited store. Of course only a finite part can have been constructed, but we can imagine more and more being added as required. Such computers have special theoretical interest and will be called infinitive capacity computers. | null | What are computers with an unlimited store that are of special theoretical interest called? |
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