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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: TypeError
Message: Couldn't cast array of type
struct<education_level: string, knowledge_operation_type: string, l3_list: list<item: string>, l4_list: list<item: string>, difficulty: string, composability: string, convergence: string>
to
{'education_level': Value('string'), 'knowledge_operation_type': Value('string')}
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1835, in _prepare_split_single
for key, table in generator:
^^^^^^^^^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 621, in wrapped
for item in generator(*args, **kwargs):
~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 361, in _generate_tables
self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 132, in _cast_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2381, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2315, in cast_table_to_schema
cast_array_to_feature(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
table[name] if name in table_column_names else pa.array([None] * len(table), type=schema.field(name).type),
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
feature,
^^^^^^^^
)
^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1861, in wrapper
return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2161, in cast_array_to_feature
raise TypeError(f"Couldn't cast array of type\n{_short_str(array.type)}\nto\n{_short_str(feature)}")
TypeError: Couldn't cast array of type
struct<education_level: string, knowledge_operation_type: string, l3_list: list<item: string>, l4_list: list<item: string>, difficulty: string, composability: string, convergence: string>
to
{'education_level': Value('string'), 'knowledge_operation_type': Value('string')}
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1379, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
builder, max_dataset_size_bytes=max_dataset_size_bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
)
^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 956, in stream_convert_to_parquet
builder._prepare_split(split_generator=splits_generators[split], file_format="parquet")
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1702, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, job_id=job_id, **_prepare_split_args
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
):
^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1887, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
type string | case_id string | prompt string | category list | labels dict | vqa_checklist list | cot_prompt string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
skill_tree | ac02e004-1fcd-5206-87c5-8644c24a394f | Show the real experimental phenomenon of a magnesium ribbon held by crucible tongs burning in the air. | [
"Natural Science",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical Reaction Phenomena",
"Reactions of Metals with Oxygen"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The overall image is presented in a realistic photographic style.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure instruction following. It tests the model's response to the constraint of \"real\" in the \"real experimental phenomenon\". PASS should be given when the overall image presents a photographic texture s... | A picture presented in a realistic photo style. In the picture, there is a pair of metal cross clamps with a very long handle (the front jaws feature an inward wavy curved design). The front end of the clamps tightly grips a slender, flat metal strip with a silvery-white metallic luster. The other end of this metal str... |
skill_tree | f67b3525-0714-5b80-bc14-e1eef7cfde25 | Draw the experimental moment of a spiral iron wire reacting upon being inserted into a gas jar filled with oxygen. | [
"Natural Science",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical Reaction Phenomena",
"Reactions of Metals with Oxygen"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is a transparent glass bottle with an upward-facing opening in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Independent of the current world knowledge question, it confirms the existence of the basic environmental entity (a downgraded representation of a gas jar).",
"visual... | In the picture, there is a transparent, flat-bottomed, wide-mouthed cylindrical glass bottle, and the space inside the bottle is transparent and colorless. A grayish-black metal wire bent into a spiral spring shape extends vertically downward from above the bottle mouth into the interior of the glass bottle. The lower ... |
skill_tree | a4096be3-8d4f-5ed4-b8b8-edead673255f | Show a copper plate half-heated by an alcohol lamp. | [
"Natural Science",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical Reaction Phenomena",
"Reactions of Metals with Oxygen"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is an alcohol lamp in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Irrelevant to the current world knowledge question, confirms the existence of the basic experimental heating equipment entity. PASS when an alcohol lamp appears in the image; FAIL when it does not appear.",
... | A small wide-bottomed glass bottle containing a transparent liquid, with a cotton wick at its mouth burning a flame that is blue on the inside and yellow on the outside. Directly above, the flame contacts and envelops half of a thin rectangular metal sheet. The half of the metal sheet not contacting the flame presents ... |
skill_tree | d1783f93-176f-546f-9b31-41f3ceffcdc3 | Show cutting a thick iron plate using a gas cutting torch at a construction site, depicting the visual phenomenon of iron burning in pure oxygen. | [
"Natural Science",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical Reaction Phenomena",
"Reactions of Metals with Oxygen"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The background of the image is a construction site or an industrial production scene.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Confirm the existence of the basic environmental entity. It should be evaluated as PASS when the background of the image is presented as a construction site, a work... | A background of a cluttered construction site or industrial production site. In the center of the picture, there is a thick and heavy gray metal plate. The nozzle of an industrial metal cutting torch connected to a hose is facing directly and extremely close to the edge or surface of the metal plate. At the contact poi... |
skill_tree | 1bafeef9-494d-545e-b969-6349bc9831ed | Draw the form of holding aluminum foil with crucible tongs and heating it over an alcohol lamp. | [
"Natural Science",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical Reaction Phenomena",
"Reactions of Metals with Oxygen"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image contains an alcohol lamp.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Unrelated to the current world knowledge topic, confirms the physical existence of basic experimental equipment.",
"visual_grounding": null,
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type": "VISUAL",
"judge_type... | On a laboratory desk sits a burning glass alcohol lamp with a bright orange-yellow flame at the top. A pair of long-handled metal tongs (crucible tongs) extends from one side of the frame, gripping a slender, silvery-white metal foil. The other unheld end of the metal foil is reaching just above the flame of the alcoho... |
skill_tree | a4d24a5f-c457-51ef-a246-55fda1ea6c94 | Show the trench warfare scene on the Western Front of World War I. | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"History & Culture",
"Historical Periods and Era Features",
"Period of the Two World Wars"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is at least one deeply dug ditch or trench structure in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Independent of the current world knowledge topic, this confirms the existence of the basic environmental entity 'trench/deep ditch'.",
"visual_grounding": null,
"compone... | A picture presenting a desolate and muddy battlefield. The main subject of the picture is a winding deep trench dug deep into the ground. The top edge of the deep trench is stacked with rows of sandbags, and the muddy ground outside the deep trench is scattered with rusty barbed wire. The inner dirt walls of the deep t... |
skill_tree | ec435dfe-5225-57a3-bcfc-009a86df9f92 | Show the World War II Normandy landings | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"History & Culture",
"Historical Periods and Era Features",
"Period of the Two World Wars"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image features a coastal scene containing seawater and a sandy beach.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Confirm the presence of basic environmental entities.",
"visual_grounding": null,
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type": "VISUAL",
"judge_type": "REQUIRED",
"h... | Under a gloomy and cloudy sky, a coastal scene filled with gunpowder smoke and rolling waves. In the turbulent seawater in the foreground of the image, an open-topped, flat-bottomed, box-shaped metal boat is docked, with its huge flat metal ramp at the front completely lowered and submerged in the water. A group of men... |
skill_tree | cf298afb-4d49-5db8-af01-4672b16b9a24 | Draw a physical Enigma machine used during World War II | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"History & Culture",
"Historical Periods and Era Features",
"Period of the Two World Wars"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is a mechanical device in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Unrelated to the current world knowledge question, it confirms the existence of the basic entity \"mechanical device\".",
"visual_grounding": null,
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type": "VISUAL",
... | A heavy square wooden box with an opened lid, internally embedded with a stepped mechanical device. From bottom to top, the device contains four main physical structures: at the very front is a vertical panel covered with pairs of circular sockets, where multiple thick crisscrossing wires with metal plugs at both ends ... |
skill_tree | 061f784a-9a48-5234-bb25-ef11a94687e0 | Draw a World War II poster of a female riveter encouraging women's munitions production. | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"History & Culture",
"Historical Periods and Era Features",
"Period of the Two World Wars"
] | {
"education_level": "High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The overall image is presented in the layout style of a vintage poster.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure instruction following. Evaluates the model's response to the specific format of a \"poster\". PASS if the image features a vintage illustration style, blank margins, or other poster layout charac... | A vintage illustration style poster. The background of the picture is a large area of pure yellow. In the center of the picture is a half-body portrait of a young woman, she is wearing a dark blue short-sleeved work shirt, and a red bandana with a white polka dot pattern is tightly tied around her head. The woman's fac... |
skill_tree | 1dcaebed-d85a-572c-a76c-977d8cda05db | A close-up of an old World War II victory newspaper | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"History & Culture",
"Historical Periods and Era Features",
"Period of the Two World Wars"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image features a close-up of a section of a newspaper.",
"knowledge_hint": "Purely visual evaluation. Confirm the existence of the basic carrier entity. It should be evaluated as PASS if the image displays a layout style with multiple columns of text and the composition is clearly a magni... | Partial close-up of yellowed, creased rough paper. The paper surface is printed with huge black bold serif uppercase letters "VICTORY", below which is dense multi-column small black text, accompanied by a partial black-and-white image full of printing dot graininess, showing blurred human figures raising their arms and... |
skill_tree | 692ee46f-36a4-50c0-92cd-9434fcb9d041 | Write down the principle and conclusion of the quotient method for comparing the sizes of two positive numbers a and b. | [
"Formal Science",
"Mathematics",
"Measurement and Comparison",
"General methods for comparing magnitudes"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image contains text or mathematical formulas.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Irrelevant to the current world knowledge topic; confirm whether there is text or typeset mathematical formulas in the image.",
"visual_grounding": null,
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type"... | In the picture, multiple lines of text and characters are arranged in order from top to bottom: the first line displays the text "a > 0, b > 0"; the second line displays the text "Principle: Calculate a/b"; the third line displays the text "Conclusion:"; the fourth line displays the text "If a/b > 1, then a > b"; the f... |
skill_tree | 905e9a26-b864-5813-8d69-349fe5905d09 | Given x > 0, find the minimum value of x + 1/x, and write out the calculation process using the AM-GM inequality. | [
"Formal Science",
"Mathematics",
"Measurement and Comparison",
"General methods for comparing magnitudes"
] | {
"education_level": "High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image contains mathematical text and formula paragraphs presented in the form of problem-solving steps.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure instruction following. Evaluates the model's basic response format to the instruction \"write out the calculation process\". PASS if the image presents a serie... | A pure text typography rendered image, black text on a white background (or white text on a black background). The image has no extra background or decoration, and exactly in the center, from top to bottom, written in strict typographical alignment, are six lines of text and mathematical symbols, the content must be ac... |
skill_tree | 18d41172-4181-5aae-b375-04440cca1ff9 | Write out the derivation process of comparing the values of 2^3 and 2^4 using the monotonicity of the exponential function. | [
"Formal Science",
"Mathematics",
"Measurement and Comparison",
"General methods for comparing magnitudes"
] | {
"education_level": "High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Knowledge Reasoning"
} | [
{
"question": "The image contains a background medium for writing the derivation process (such as paper, blackboard, whiteboard, etc.).",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual evaluation. Confirm whether there is a visual medium in the image used to carry the text derivation process. PASS when there is an obvious ... | In the image, four lines of mathematical symbols and text are arranged vertically from top to bottom. The first line shows the string "โต 2 > 1"; the second line shows the string "f(x) = 2^x" and a vertically upward arrow symbol; the third line shows the string "โต 3 < 4"; the fourth line shows the string "โด 2^3 < 2^4". |
skill_tree | 714b1bd3-2e97-5284-ae3e-2b62efafac76 | The derivation process of comparing the magnitudes of the algebraic expressions x^2+1 and 2x through the difference method | [
"Formal Science",
"Mathematics",
"Measurement and Comparison",
"General methods for comparing magnitudes"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Knowledge Reasoning"
} | [
{
"question": "The image contains a medium for writing mathematical formulas (such as a blackboard, whiteboard, paper, or solid color background).",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual effect drawing verification. It is unrelated to current world knowledge questions, verifying the existence of basic environmenta... | A white background (such as a whiteboard or paper), on which five lines of text are centered from top to bottom in black handwritten font. The first line writes the text string: "(x^2+1) - 2x"; the second line writes the text string: "= x^2 - 2x + 1"; the third line writes the text string: "= (x - 1)^2"; the fourth lin... |
skill_tree | de2f5419-ba82-5bc1-bf68-e6d4ff0ce9d2 | Draw the graphs of y=1^x and y=x+1 in the first quadrant to compare their sizes. | [
"Formal Science",
"Mathematics",
"Measurement and Comparison",
"General methods for comparing magnitudes"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system in the image (including a vertical axis and a horizontal axis).",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Unrelated to current world knowledge questions, verifying the existence of the basic environment entity (coordinate system).",
... | A mathematical function chart on a white background. There is a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system in the picture, containing a horizontal axis and a vertical axis. The visual center of the picture mainly focuses on the upper right part of the coordinate system. Within the upper right part of the coordinate sy... |
skill_tree | 5a5f9158-fcf5-57e5-a471-4903c106cc83 | Draw a stationary disk on a horizontal plane subjected to four pulling forces, and mark these four concurrent forces with arrows. | [
"Natural Science",
"Physics",
"Mechanics",
"Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces"
] | {
"education_level": "High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is a horizontal plane in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Unrelated to the current world knowledge question; confirms the existence of the basic environmental entity. PASS when there is a horizontal ground or table in the image. FAIL when the object is suspended in ... | A flat horizontal surface with a disk placed on its surface. Exactly four straight arrow graphics are drawn on the surface or periphery of the disk. The starting points of these four arrows all touch the disk, and the tips of the arrows all point outwards away from the center of the disk. If extended in reverse along t... |
skill_tree | 06e03e96-bc16-596a-ac01-2d0b8812ff44 | Draw a force diagram of three equal-magnitude pulling forces acting on a particle at 120 degrees to each other. | [
"Natural Science",
"Physics",
"Mechanics",
"Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces"
] | {
"education_level": "High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The overall visual style of the image is presented as a 2D scientific diagram or a line drawing.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. It is independent of the current world knowledge question, to confirm that the overall image is presented in the style of a scientific/physics diagram (e... | A vector line diagram on a white background. There is a small black dot in the exact center of the picture. Starting from this small dot, draw outwards three black straight line segments with arrows. The non-arrow ends of these three line segments are all connected to the small dot in the center, and the arrow ends all... |
skill_tree | a1adce37-39f2-5428-b529-790dd6daa730 | Draw a top view of a stationary disk subjected to three non-parallel thrusts, using dashed lines to extend the thrust arrows to show the position of their concurrent forces. | [
"Natural Science",
"Physics",
"Mechanics",
"Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces"
] | {
"education_level": "High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The overall perspective of the image is a top-down top view, without showing the sides or three-dimensional thickness of the object.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure instruction following. Restores the clear requirement of the \"top view\" perspective in the prompt. PASS if the image is presented fr... | A two-dimensional top-down view diagram, the center of the image is a perfect circle. Exactly three solid line arrows are distributed around the circle, and there are obvious angles between any two of the straight lines where these three arrows are located. The tips of these three solid line arrows all point towards th... |
skill_tree | 8d205b80-ab0e-5245-8b0c-507c642f4834 | Draw a schematic diagram of a deep space probe remaining stationary under thrust from four directions, correctly showing these four concurrent forces. | [
"Natural Science",
"Physics",
"Mechanics",
"Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces"
] | {
"education_level": "High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is a deep space probe in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Confirm the presence of the main entity, a deep space probe (a spacecraft with features such as solar panels and a main module).",
"visual_grounding": null,
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type": "VI... | A scientific illustration in a deep space environment. In the center of the image is a deep space probe composed of a metal module and solar panels, and the background is black space. There is a thruster nozzle in each of the four directionsโup, down, left, and rightโof the probe, and they are spraying out bright flame... |
skill_tree | 3fbbccdd-4822-5d6b-9323-6a5e44f3ec31 | Draw a schematic diagram of three force arrows extending outward from a central point mass. | [
"Natural Science",
"Physics",
"Mechanics",
"Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces"
] | {
"education_level": "High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is a central geometric entity (such as a dot, a small sphere, or a block) in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Unrelated to current world knowledge questions, it confirms the existence of basic geometric shape entities. PASS when there is a point, a small circle, or ... | There is a solid small dot in the exact center of the image, from which three straight lines radiate and extend outwards. The end of each straight line features an arrow pointing outwards away from the dot. The overall image is a minimalist style line graphic. |
skill_tree | 5eed801a-775c-5d1a-9a07-1d8c945938d2 | Beside a city main road, stands a traffic prohibition sign with a maximum speed limit of 60. | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"General Social Knowledge",
"Public Signage",
"Traffic Signs"
] | {
"education_level": "Professional Areas",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image presents a scene of a city main road.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Unrelated to the current world knowledge topic, this confirms the existence of basic environmental entities. When the background of the image presents typical elements of a main road, such as a wide urb... | An outdoor city street scene. The background of the picture is a wide main city road. Beside the main road stands a metal pole, and a circular sign is installed at the top of the pole. The outermost ring of this circular sign has a striking thick red border, and the inner background color is pure white. In the exact ce... |
skill_tree | 65be2b71-3a84-59f7-bb6b-39bab11ea55e | Depict the edge of a road on a city street, where a no parking traffic sign stands. | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"General Social Knowledge",
"Public Signage",
"Traffic Signs"
] | {
"education_level": "Professional Areas",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image shows a city street scene.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Irrelevant to the current world knowledge topic, this confirms the existence of basic environmental entities.",
"visual_grounding": null,
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type": "VISUAL",
"judge_type":... | A picture showing a city street scene. The focus of the picture is the curb at the junction of the sidewalk and the paved asphalt road. A metal pole stands on the concrete ground next to the curb, and a circular sign is fixed to the upper end of the pole. The sign has a white background and a wide red border. A black E... |
skill_tree | 7455f6db-f223-5994-a339-2722a30e6dee | Outside the gate of a quiet hospital, a no-honking traffic sign stands beside the road. | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"General Social Knowledge",
"Public Signage",
"Traffic Signs"
] | {
"education_level": "Professional Areas",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is a building gate in the image, and the building features clear visual characteristics of a hospital, such as a medical cross symbol.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Confirm the existence of the main environmental entity. It should PASS when there is a building gate in the i... | Outside the gate of a building with a red cross or green cross sign, there are no crowded vehicles and noisy crowds, and the environment appears very peaceful. There is a road in front of the gate, and a metal support pole stands upright on the ground next to the road, with a circular sign fixed to the top of the pole.... |
skill_tree | d0e1f18d-558f-5e81-a0cb-935da4a4a830 | A no U-turn traffic sign stands on the central median of a city intersection. | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"General Social Knowledge",
"Public Signage",
"Traffic Signs"
] | {
"education_level": "Professional Areas",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image displays a city intersection scene.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Unrelated to the current world knowledge question, confirms the existence of the basic environmental scene.",
"visual_grounding": null,
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type": "VISUAL",
"judge... | Two wide, flat gray roads intersect perpendicularly to form a cross. On a long strip area raised above the ground right in the center of the road, a pole stands vertically, with a circular flat plate fixed to the top of the pole. The background color of the disc is white, with a thick red border around the edge. In the... |
skill_tree | a8ad129f-8cea-5bc9-8ff4-90bfd93acfa5 | Above the entrance of a low railway bridge underpass hangs a traffic sign indicating a 3-meter height limit. | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"General Social Knowledge",
"Public Signage",
"Traffic Signs"
] | {
"education_level": "Professional Areas",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is a bridge underpass entrance in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Confirm the existence of the basic environmental entity. PASS when there is a clear bridge underpass or tunnel entrance in the image; FAIL when there is completely no such underpass structure.",
... | In the picture is an entrance to a low bridge underpass. Spanning above the passage is a bridge structure laid with railway tracks and sleepers. Hanging on the wall or crossbeam directly above the underpass entrance is a circular sign. This sign features a wide red circular outer border, and the internal background col... |
skill_tree | 6fb74de9-1e93-5ae2-a4fc-c1669fc0c94e | Depict a bust portrait of the American president who delivered the Gettysburg Address. | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"History & Culture",
"Historical Figures",
"Statesmen"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Implicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image depicts a bust portrait of a male figure.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Unrelated to the current world knowledge topic, this is downgraded to general conceptual entity verification to confirm the existence of a basic visual human entity and the presentation format of a ... | A half-body portrait of a man, showing the image from the head to the chest. The man has a long and thin face, high cheekbones, and deep-set eyes. He has no mustache above his lips, with a circle of thick dark beard surrounding his chin and the edges of his cheeks. He has dark, slightly curly short hair, wearing a blac... |
skill_tree | 8b48306d-6d27-5f05-b776-3bd49724dc36 | Draw the World War II British Prime Minister delivering the "We shall never surrender" speech | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"History & Culture",
"Historical Figures",
"Statesmen"
] | {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Implicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "There is a male figure in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual judgment. Irrelevant to the current world knowledge topic, confirming the existence of the main entity.",
"visual_grounding": null,
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type": "VISUAL",
"judge_type": "REQUIRED",
... | A stocky and slightly overweight elderly white man, round face, slightly sagging cheeks, prominent double chin, bald on top, retaining sparse short white hair on the sides. He is wearing a dark suit jacket and waistcoat over a white shirt, with a bow tie around his neck. He stands in front of several vintage metal stan... |
skill_tree | b5d96e4e-f7e1-59ef-89bb-a20be626475e | Draw the first black president of South Africa | [
"Human Civilization & Society",
"History & Culture",
"Historical Figures",
"Statesmen"
] | {
"education_level": "Primary School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Implicit Knowledge Recall"
} | [
{
"question": "The image contains a male figure.",
"knowledge_hint": "Pure visual assessment. Independent of the current world knowledge topic, this is to confirm the existence of the basic human entity.",
"visual_grounding": null,
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type": "VISUAL",
"judge_type": ... | In the picture is an elderly Black man. He has dark skin, a full head of short gray curly hair, prominent wrinkles on his forehead, broad cheeks, and a kind smile, with very deep and obvious nasolabial folds on both sides of his mouth. He is wearing a loose long-sleeved shirt completely covered with large patterns comp... |
End of preview.
KnowVis: A Dual-View Benchmark for Diagnosing World-Knowledge Grounding in Text-to-Image Models
๐ Overview
Text-to-image (T2I) models have made substantial progress in visual realism, aesthetic quality, and instruction following. However, real-world prompts often go beyond explicit visual descriptions and require implicit facts, structured knowledge, and domain-specific commonsense. Existing evaluations mainly focus on explicit prompt-to-image semantic alignment or specific knowledge subdomains, lacking a unified and diagnostic framework for evaluating world-knowledge grounding in T2I models. We introduce KnowVis, a dual-view diagnostic benchmark for world-knowledge grounding in T2I generation. KnowVis is built on a hierarchical knowledge taxonomy with case-level annotations, and contains two complementary views: a Skill-Tree Benchmark for fine-grained atomic knowledge evaluation and a Generalized Benchmark for open-ended knowledge composition and expression. We further design a shared MLLM-based VQA judge protocol for reliable evaluation and error attribution. The protocol uses Required VQAs to assess atomic knowledge correctness in the Skill-Tree Benchmark, and combines Required, Optional, and dynamically discovered knowledge expressions with human-judge collaborative evaluation in the Generalized Benchmark. Experiments show that KnowVis reveals notable gaps in world-knowledge grounding across existing T2I models, providing a unified basis for evaluating and improving knowledge-intensive image generation.
๐ File Structure
.
โโโ assets/ # Skill-Tree test and val input images (492 cases; some cases produce multi-image outputs)
โโโ data
โ โโโ all_en.jsonl # All prompts (English)
โ โโโ all_zh.jsonl # All prompts (Chinese)
โ โโโ common_en.jsonl # Common T2I prompts โ English (100 cases)
โ โโโ common_zh.jsonl # Common T2I prompts โ Chinese (100 cases)
โ โโโ generalized_en.jsonl # Generalized Benchmark โ English (550 cases)
โ โโโ generalized_zh.jsonl # Generalized Benchmark โ Chinese (550 cases)
โ โโโ skill_tree_en.jsonl # Skill-Tree Benchmark โ English (1,622 cases)
โ โโโ skill_tree_zh.jsonl # Skill-Tree Benchmark โ Chinese (1,622 cases)
โ โโโ test_gt_en.jsonl # Skill-Tree test split w/ human annotations โ English (240 cases)
โ โโโ test_gt_zh.jsonl # Skill-Tree test split w/ human annotations โ Chinese (240 cases)
โ โโโ val_gt_en.jsonl # Skill-Tree val split w/ human annotations โ English (240 cases)
โ โโโ val_gt_zh.jsonl # Skill-Tree val split w/ human annotations โ Chinese (240 cases)
โโโ README-zh.md # README (Chinese)
โโโ README.md # README (English)
โโโ taxonomy_tree.json # Full taxonomy tree structure (English and Chinese)
Note on language variants: Each
_en/_zhpair contains the same cases โ the Chinese files are translations of the English originals. All splits and annotations are identical across both languages.
๐ Dataset Statistics
| Subset | Cases | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Common | 100 | General-purpose T2I prompts with no specific knowledge requirements |
| Generalized | 550 | Open-ended prompts requiring knowledge composition and expression |
| Skill-Tree | 1,622 | Fine-grained prompts targeting atomic knowledge units |
โ test_gt |
240 | Skill-Tree subset with human-annotated ground truth (test split) |
โ val_gt |
240 | Skill-Tree subset with human-annotated ground truth (validation split) |
| Total | 2,272 |
๐๏ธ Data Format
All files are in JSON Lines format โ one JSON object per line.
Common (type: "common")
General-purpose prompts with no structured knowledge annotation.
{
"type": "common",
"case_id": "06cd7d68-daca-5855-b2a1-60edcc9bd3e3",
"prompt": "Two Chinese fashionable women are walking on a commercial street, each holding balloons shaped like the OK gesture."
}
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
type |
string | Always "common" |
case_id |
string | Unique case identifier (UUID) |
prompt |
string | Text-to-image generation prompt |
Generalized (type: "generalized")
Prompts requiring knowledge composition. Each case includes a structured VQA checklist and a detailed chain-of-thought description for evaluation and reference.
{
"type": "generalized",
"case_id": "57ccd75e-012f-534c-890e-977736ec9601",
"prompt": "A construction worker prying up a stone with a wooden board, lever principle, fulcrum, lever arm, and heavy object clearly labeled.",
"category": ["Natural Science", "Physics", "Mechanics", "Torque Equilibrium"],
"vqa_checklist": [
{
"question": "There is a person whose appearance presents as a construction worker in the image.",
"knowledge_hint": "...",
"component": "ENTITY",
"eval_type": "VISUAL",
"judge_type": "REQUIRED",
"has_text": false,
"weight": 3
},
...
],
"cot_prompt": "A construction site scene. In the center of the image, there is a massive stone ..."
}
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
type |
string | Always "generalized" |
case_id |
string | Unique case identifier (UUID) |
prompt |
string | Text-to-image generation prompt |
category |
list[string] | Hierarchical knowledge category (up to 4 levels) |
vqa_checklist |
list[object] | Structured VQA items for MLLM-based evaluation (see below) |
cot_prompt |
string | Chain-of-thought reference description for the expected image |
vqa_checklist item fields:
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
question |
string | VQA question to be posed to the MLLM judge |
knowledge_hint |
string | Grading rubric with pass/fail criteria |
visual_grounding |
object | null | Optional reference image for the expected visual appearance |
component |
string | Annotation component type (e.g., ENTITY, ENTITY_RELATION, ANNOTATION, ANNOTATION_BINDING, ATTRIBUTE_BINDING) |
eval_type |
string | Evaluation type: VISUAL (pure visual judgment) or KNOWLEDGE (knowledge-grounded judgment) |
judge_type |
string | REQUIRED (always evaluated) or OPTIONAL (evaluated only if the element is present) |
has_text |
boolean | Whether the question involves rendered text in the image |
weight |
integer | Relative scoring weight of this item |
Skill-Tree (type: "skill_tree")
Fine-grained prompts targeting atomic knowledge units, sharing the same structure as Generalized cases.
{
"type": "skill_tree",
"case_id": "ac02e004-1fcd-5206-87c5-8644c24a394f",
"prompt": "Show the real experimental phenomenon of a magnesium ribbon held by crucible tongs burning in the air.",
"category": ["Natural Science", "Chemistry", "Chemical Reaction Phenomena", "Reactions of Metals with Oxygen"],
"labels": {
"education_level": "Junior High School",
"knowledge_operation_type": "Explicit Knowledge Recall"
},
"vqa_checklist": [ ... ],
"cot_prompt": "..."
}
Skill-Tree cases carry an additional labels field with structured metadata:
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
type |
string | Always "skill_tree" |
case_id |
string | Unique case identifier (UUID) |
prompt |
string | Text-to-image generation prompt |
category |
list[string] | Hierarchical knowledge category (up to 4 levels) |
labels |
object | Case-level metadata (e.g., education_level, knowledge_operation_type, difficulty, composability, convergence) |
vqa_checklist |
list[object] | Same structure as Generalized (see above) |
cot_prompt |
string | Chain-of-thought reference description for the expected image |
๐ Usage
We strongly recommend using the official codebase on GitHub for loading, evaluating, and reproducing results with this dataset. The repository includes helper utilities, the MLLM-based VQA judge, evaluation scripts, and the full pipeline:
๐ GitHub Repository
import json
def load_jsonl(path):
with open(path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
return [json.loads(line) for line in f if line.strip()]
# Load individual subsets
common = load_jsonl("common_en.jsonl")
generalized = load_jsonl("generalized_en.jsonl")
skill_tree = load_jsonl("skill_tree_en.jsonl")
# Load the full benchmark
all_cases = load_jsonl("all_en.jsonl")
# Load human-annotated evaluation splits
test_gt = load_jsonl("test_gt_en.jsonl")
val_gt = load_jsonl("val_gt_en.jsonl")
For loading, prompt generation, VQA judging, and full evaluation support, please refer to the GitHub repository above.
๐ License
This dataset is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Under the Creative Commons definition of a Collection, this license applies to the dataset as a whole โ its structure, annotations, prompts, and metadata โ and does not extend to the individual informational items it references. Facts and knowledge referenced within the dataset are not subject to copyright.
This dataset includes links to resources from Wikimedia Commons. No such resources are distributed with this dataset โ only URLs are collected. The title, author, source URL, and license of each referenced resource are recorded in the visual_grounding field of the corresponding entry.
๐ค Contributing
We welcome feedback and contributions. Feel free to open an issue to report problems or suggest improvements.
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