Datasets:
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values | origin_row int64 0 3.32k | page_id int64 351,508B 9,223,269,435B |
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Comparing panels a, b, c, and d, which statement best describes the data variance? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 0 | 7,847,090,012,379,977,000 | |
What does the sequence of transformations \( U_{D_\sigma,11}, U_{D_\sigma,9}, U_{D_\sigma,7}, U_{D_\sigma,5}, U_{D_\sigma,3} \) represent in the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 7 | 6,335,790,678,356,540,000 | |
What trend can be observed in figure a when the strain (ε) is increased from 0% to 8%? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 16 | 707,782,637,273,706,800 | |
Based on the figure, which strategy consistently maintains the closest cost to the perfect cost across all numbers of generators in the clipped data? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 28 | 2,967,553,071,783,872,000 | |
In the figure, what is the purpose of the 'History Encoder' in the Time-series section? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 30 | 8,639,865,754,786,460,000 | |
In terms of corruption error, which method performs best against 'JPEG Compression'? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 34 | 6,017,128,374,221,179,000 | |
Based on the figure, what is the trend in the binding energy peaks of Tetrazine on Si(001) as the temperature increases? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 48 | 8,562,675,924,984,721,000 | |
If the process being depicted is a chemical reaction, what can be inferred about the reaction rate as time increases? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 54 | 4,780,595,081,805,750,000 | |
In the given figure, what is the significance of the different colors used in the 2D Pose Embedding blocks? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 109 | 6,130,634,280,305,394,000 | |
What is the common trend observed in the density profiles as the radius (R) increases, according to panels (a) and (c) of the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 129 | 3,692,229,379,266,391,600 | |
What does the red trajectory in the figure indicate? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 140 | 3,799,983,418,622,293,000 | |
What is the significance of the dimension "160 µm" in figure (b)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 166 | 2,711,158,514,982,994,400 | |
Comparing Figure A and B, what is the main difference in the imaging setup? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 194 | 8,600,961,112,694,642,000 | |
Based on the heatmap pattern, what can be inferred about the relationship between d_min and T_ion? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 207 | 6,662,916,639,328,308,000 | |
Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between the number of solutions and the oracle evaluations required for a 50% probability of success? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 209 | 5,335,748,764,227,766,000 | |
What process is being depicted in section A of the image? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 211 | 8,366,618,534,889,975,000 | |
Based on Figure B, which line indicates that the addition of hidden covariates has the least impact on the log-likelihood value? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 218 | 1,386,111,387,029,245,400 | |
What type of task will likely take the longest time on a CPU according to the Profiling Table? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 222 | 1,130,776,810,199,393,400 | |
What does the graph suggest about the relationship between 'counts' and 'noise' for the multi-pass method compared to the single-pass method? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 224 | 6,843,754,024,364,653,000 | |
What can be inferred about the scalability of the ENKF method with respect to the number of particles used as shown in figure (b)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 234 | 2,380,041,701,224,718,000 | |
If \( S_{xx}(q,\omega) \) represents a dispersion relation, what can be inferred about the nature of the dispersion? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 248 | 934,328,140,209,586,000 | |
How does the data from 'this study' compare to the findings of 'Daddi et al. 2000' at a Ks magnitude of around 18? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 250 | 8,518,346,457,515,785,000 | |
What does the thick black line represent in all three panels of the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 252 | 3,638,625,545,526,942,700 | |
What is the approximate value of \( m \) when \( n_B \) is 25 according to the solid line trend in the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 254 | 1,639,359,996,127,960,800 | |
What does the 'pump' arrow in the diagram indicate in the context of this experiment? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 278 | 4,901,202,304,396,071,000 | |
In Figure B, what does the distance between points \( p_2 \) and \( p_3 \) represent in the context of set \( S \)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 289 | 2,496,404,562,611,152,000 | |
What does the crossed arrow signify in the context of figure (b)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 298 | 5,282,543,797,325,070,000 | |
What do the color gradients in panel C of the figure most likely represent? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 316 | 3,086,291,048,071,522,300 | |
What can be inferred from graph F regarding the trend of coupling Q factor for the straight waveguide as the gap increases? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 317 | 3,194,922,885,759,630,000 | |
In figure (c), which angle \( \Delta \theta \) corresponds to the maximum \( f_b \) for the 20° series? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 320 | 8,809,356,580,226,549,000 | |
Which supernova type appears to have the highest median stellar mass based on the graph? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 328 | 4,429,445,845,001,424,400 | |
What might the step-like black structures in the right figure indicate? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 336 | 4,335,509,980,508,028,000 | |
What trend is observed in figure (f) as the measurement strength \( g \) increases? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 348 | 1,412,125,338,206,616,000 | |
What trend is observed in the electric field strength as the time delay increases for τ = 7.4 ps? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 352 | 3,590,927,278,791,999,000 | |
Based on the image, what is the spatial relationship between the detected electron and proton? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 368 | 674,868,249,133,510,000 | |
Based on the empirical power curves in the figure, which test maintains the most consistent power across all distributions tested? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 382 | 662,713,449,106,991,400 | |
What trend does the plot of \(\langle n_i \rangle / \rho_{\infty}\) as a function of \(i\) show for different values of \(\tilde{t}\)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 383 | 7,171,100,413,146,697,000 | |
What cellular component is predominantly highlighted in the first image using color contrast? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 385 | 7,886,788,613,857,111,000 | |
In panel (d), what trend is shown by the data as \( D_{A} \) increases? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 387 | 1,001,414,374,440,236,200 | |
What can be inferred from the time trace in Figure (c)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 413 | 6,177,606,065,661,829,000 | |
Based on the graph, how does the sample size affect the RMSE for the square of the sum of 5 uniform distributions? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 430 | 3,659,908,763,978,423,300 | |
What variable is represented by the color gradient in the cluster plots of the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 434 | 6,754,172,619,283,233,000 | |
Based on the trend lines in the main graph, what can be inferred about the relationship between kink density and temperature (T)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 438 | 4,992,948,402,678,715,000 | |
In diagram (b), what is the significance of the red arrows as opposed to the black arrows in diagram (a)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 492 | 9,189,959,695,627,977,000 | |
What does the peak in the log(η'/η_o) vs. log(ω/ω_α) plot for the sample C8MIm BF4 indicate? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 503 | 5,576,304,687,426,519,000 | |
What does the term "DM?" near the tail of the Uroboros suggest about the figure's representation of universal scales? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 511 | 1,565,123,001,619,408,000 | |
What trend can be observed for the blue filled circles in the graph? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 516 | 1,718,255,727,667,746,800 | |
What does the arrow labeled 'j' represent in the system illustrated? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 517 | 6,906,720,097,360,329,000 | |
Which graph in figure panel d corresponds to the B2 field sequence? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 532 | 6,975,523,675,489,488,000 | |
Assuming the ants in the Ant Maze are part of an algorithm test, what would be the primary objective of this test? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 535 | 7,313,998,032,792,218,000 | |
If the trend shown in Figure A for the 1400 μM concentration of Zn TPP continued beyond 3500 photon pairs/s, what would be the expected R_abs at 4000 photon pairs/s? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 538 | 3,962,342,606,579,084,000 | |
What does the sequence of panels in (c) demonstrate about the geomagnetic field at different time stamps (t=521.2, t=529.7, t=538.2, t=546.6)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 544 | 944,411,114,975,201,000 | |
Based on the graph, which of the following statements is true for the reference case when comparing to the cell-free case? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 551 | 3,700,499,265,740,508,000 | |
What does the increasing darkness of the square's color from t=0 to t=99 indicate in the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 559 | 8,912,201,006,541,252,000 | |
What can be inferred about the relationship between the blue step function and the red data points? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 570 | 3,896,826,794,779,908,600 | |
What feature is common between the blue and pink curves around the P value of 0? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 572 | 4,097,805,311,833,458,700 | |
What does the dashed line in the figure represent? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 594 | 2,292,090,046,841,105,200 | |
What parameter does the inset graph of the figure focus on? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 598 | 7,076,241,419,928,181,000 | |
Based on the graph, what can be inferred about the behavior of the quantity \( \beta_v (M_v - M) \) as \( (x)T_d \) decreases? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 599 | 2,237,318,033,562,518,000 | |
What does the legend in the figure specify about the data points? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 612 | 7,126,682,099,101,245,000 | |
What does the angle θ_R in the diagram most likely represent? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 615 | 1,143,146,196,657,182,000 | |
In the context of this diagram, what does the "Information Exchange" box imply about the system? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 621 | 6,829,336,279,947,520,000 | |
What can be inferred about the angular measurements in the bottom graph of the figure as time progresses? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 633 | 3,450,720,343,199,231,500 | |
What is the effect of increasing the width (w) and thickness (t_YIG) of the yttrium iron garnet (YIG) layer on the transmission modes as observed in the graphs (a) to (d)? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 643 | 7,020,171,094,743,259,000 | |
Based on figures (h) and (i), what effect does increasing the number of gating pads (N) have on the resonant behavior of the system? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 655 | 2,054,200,064,319,652,400 | |
What does the color blue most likely represent in the "Jubilee supervoids" plot? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 666 | 310,091,692,029,145,500 | |
What does the figure most likely represent in the context of astronomy? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 667 | 5,850,053,027,768,048,000 | |
Which statement is true regarding the binding energy trend observed for the AFQMC cc-pVQZ method? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 682 | 8,535,632,728,033,879,000 | |
Based on figure e), how does the parameter 'μ' typically behave during the initial epochs of the learning process? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 699 | 6,970,650,174,309,726,000 | |
What common characteristic is shared by the objects highlighted in red across the different images? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 721 | 6,997,079,969,192,259,000 | |
Based on the heatmaps and corresponding Dunn index plots, which clustering method exhibits the most stable clustering validity across different numbers of clusters? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 742 | 1,813,959,569,035,822,000 | |
What does the red coloration in the figure most likely represent? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 744 | 791,378,473,082,182,800 | |
What can be inferred about the ranking of images with augmented captions according to the figure-caption pair? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 758 | 3,055,744,467,360,759,300 | |
At which temperature does the thermal conductivity begin to increase significantly? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 775 | 5,758,896,880,607,752,000 | |
What is the relationship between \( z_1 \) and \( z_3 \) as shown in the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 798 | 8,237,482,249,840,345,000 | |
At which value of θ* does the value of C begin to significantly diversify? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 806 | 1,555,717,186,657,136,000 | |
What does the interaction between FM1 and FM2 as indicated by "J_AF" suggest about their magnetic alignment? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 808 | 7,667,205,698,571,416,000 | |
Based on the figure, what can be inferred about the iterative process represented by the training steps? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 812 | 7,036,384,224,285,622,000 | |
What does the figure suggest about the spatial distribution of photoluminescence (PL) when the external field is off? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 820 | 6,842,554,083,804,546,000 | |
Based on the figure, what is the primary difference between Lagrange and Isogeometric discretization? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 824 | 3,492,842,184,917,030,000 | |
What does the distribution of circles in the figure primarily represent? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 841 | 1,369,359,904,277,520,600 | |
What does panel (a) of the figure most likely represent? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 844 | 1,726,182,960,167,500,800 | |
Based on the inference section of the figure, which topic is most prevalent in document A? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 855 | 8,453,642,767,709,593,000 | |
Based on the visual information in the second row, what can be inferred about the proposed method's ability to process reflections in images? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 926 | 372,129,593,865,664,830 | |
What does the peak in graph (c) most likely correspond to? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 934 | 2,249,277,578,710,830,000 | |
Which of the following l values shows the least change in PE(z)/PE(z=4) ratio as redshift z goes from 0 to 1.5? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 938 | 3,958,778,519,887,469,600 | |
What can be inferred about the training and validation loss trends for the "Full ADAM Convection Diffusion" model as work units increase? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 959 | 5,328,828,515,026,295,000 | |
Comparing heatmaps (c), (d), and (e), which statement best describes the observed trend? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 970 | 451,854,226,147,698,200 | |
What is the likely behavior of the system as α approaches 2, based on the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 992 | 395,247,995,038,850,100 | |
What does the 'W' in the boxes labeled 'Features' represent in the testing phase of the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,004 | 3,531,631,168,897,676,300 | |
What is the relationship between the number of clusters and the time required for the Edge Emulator as shown in the inset graph on the right? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,007 | 2,820,155,521,791,104,000 | |
What is the effect of the parameter η on the current as a function of the applied voltage eV according to the graph on the left side of the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,038 | 7,456,342,531,958,652,000 | |
What is the mode of the distribution shown in the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,060 | 569,621,431,869,364,700 | |
According to the figure, which redshift range contains the most galaxies with a column density of 13.0 ≤ log N < 13.5? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,067 | 6,906,779,974,349,407,000 | |
Based on Figure c, what can be inferred about the second harmonic generation (SHG) intensity with respect to polarization of light? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,071 | 3,414,212,551,369,337,000 | |
In the figure with β = 0.8, how does the variation in Ω_h affect the curve of \( q(\xi^*, \xi^*) \) as a function of γ? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,077 | 2,859,616,772,393,268,700 | |
What does the inset graph represent in the main graph? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,081 | 6,240,129,158,829,616,000 | |
What is the significance of the arrows in Figures D and F? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,103 | 7,941,012,721,147,678,000 | |
In figure (a), what does the variable 'ξ' likely represent? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,126 | 7,071,450,795,840,110,000 | |
What is the general trend of the energy spectrum (E(k)) as the wavenumber (k) increases, as shown in the figure? | ArxivQA | colpali | arxiv_qa | vidore/colpali_train_set/data/train-00000-of-00082.parquet | 1,133 | 8,409,620,058,103,251,000 |
vqa_train_clean
Utility dataset, not a contribution. This is a cleaned and re-organised copy of existing public training sets, made for our own document-retrieval trainings. No new documents, queries or annotations were created. All credit goes to the original authors: please cite and use the original datasets.
737,626 (query, page image) pairs from vidore/colpali_train_set (train split), openbmb/VisRAG-Ret-Train-In-domain-data, openbmb/VisRAG-Ret-Train-Synthetic-data and Omundu-Riad/vdr_multilingue_cleaned (itself from llamaindex/vdr-multilingual-train), regrouped into one config per domain instead of one per source dataset.
What was changed
- Benchmark decontamination: 1,064 pairs removed, i.e. every pair whose page is a page (or a re-encoded copy of a page) of the ViDoRe v1, v2 or v3 (public tasks) corpora. For example, 251 of the 500 ViDoRe v1 ArxivQA test pages and 74 of the 271 TatDQA test pages are present in the original training sets.
- Deduplication: 22,294 pairs removed (same page + same query), mostly pairs present in both ColPali and VisRAG.
page_id: shared by identical and near-identical pages (byte hash, or correlation of the 512 px high-pass filtered pages >= 0.95), so that two queries of the same page are never in-batch negatives of each other.- Everything else is unchanged: original image bytes, original queries (including ColPali's "answer briefly"
suffixes) and original source labels. Details in
cleaning_report.json.
Configs
| config | pairs | pages | sources (dataset / original label) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ArxivQA | 31,564 | 26,075 | colpali_train_set / arxiv_qa, VisRAG-Ret-Train-In-domain-data / ArxivQA |
| ChartQA | 4,223 | 2,934 | VisRAG-Ret-Train-In-domain-data / ChartQA |
| DocVQA | 39,379 | 10,175 | colpali_train_set / docvqa, VisRAG-Ret-Train-In-domain-data / MP-DocVQA |
| InfoVQA | 20,349 | 4,255 | colpali_train_set / Infographic-VQA, VisRAG-Ret-Train-In-domain-data / InfoVQA |
| MLPapers | 59,694 | 9,995 | VisRAG-Ret-Train-Synthetic-data / ICML Papers, VisRAG-Ret-Train-Synthetic-data / NeurIPS Papers |
| Manuals | 119,898 | 19,584 | VisRAG-Ret-Train-Synthetic-data / Manuallib |
| PlotQA | 56,192 | 46,806 | VisRAG-Ret-Train-In-domain-data / PlotQA |
| SlideVQA | 7,931 | 4,911 | VisRAG-Ret-Train-In-domain-data / SlideVQA |
| TatDQA | 12,611 | 1,816 | colpali_train_set / tatdqa |
| Textbooks | 59,524 | 9,905 | VisRAG-Ret-Train-Synthetic-data / Textbooks |
| VDR-de | 58,208 | 57,999 | vdr_multilingue_cleaned / de |
| VDR-en | 53,487 | 53,175 | vdr_multilingue_cleaned / en |
| VDR-es | 58,724 | 58,544 | vdr_multilingue_cleaned / es |
| VDR-fr | 55,227 | 55,005 | vdr_multilingue_cleaned / fr |
| VDR-it | 54,934 | 54,695 | vdr_multilingue_cleaned / it |
| WebPDF | 45,681 | 15,438 | colpali_train_set / pdf |
Columns
query, image, domain, origin_dataset (colpali, visrag_in, visrag_syn, vdr), origin_label,
origin_file and origin_row (row in the original parquet file), page_id.
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("Omundu-Riad/vqa_train_clean", "DocVQA", split="train")
License
Each part keeps the license and terms of its source dataset (see the original dataset cards). ColPali: academic datasets under their original license, synthetic part without usage restrictions; VDR: Apache-2.0 (llamaindex).
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