NuBerea/tomim

T'OMIM: Tanakh Observable Matches of Intertextual Mimesis

T'OMIM (Tanakh Observable Matches of Intertextual Mimesis, from Hebrew תאומים, "twins") is an open-access dataset of labeled parallel passages in the Hebrew Bible, compiled for computational and literary research on inner-biblical intertextuality. It pairs two distinct corpora of known parallels:

• 554 narrative verse pairs drawn from the Chronicles synoptic tradition, cataloged by Bendavid (2013) and Endres et al. (1998).
• 256 poetic half-verse pairs identified by Berlin (2008), Fokkelman (2001), Kugel (1981), Watson (1994), and Tsumura (2023).

Each corpus is provided at two levels of granularity. Verse-level tables contain the paired Hebrew texts with their source citations. Word-level tables expand each passage into its constituent tokens, preserving the full morphological annotation of the ETCBC Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Amstelodamensis (BHSA; van Peursen, Sikkel, and Roorda 2015): part of speech, verbal stem and tense, gender, number, person, lexeme, English gloss, and hierarchical syntactic structure.

The dataset is suitable for training and evaluating models for semantic similarity, text reuse detection, and intertextual retrieval in Biblical Hebrew.

Dataset Overview

• Total rows: 28,819 (across all configs)
• Configs: 4 (verse-level and word-level views of two corpora)
• Languages: Biblical Hebrew (text), English (glosses)

Config	Rows	Columns	Description
narrative_pairs_verse	554	6	Narrative parallel pairs with Hebrew verse text
narrative_pairs_word	25,572	58	Word-level ETCBC annotation for narrative pairs
poetic_pairs_verse	256	6	Poetic parallel pairs with Hebrew half-verse text
poetic_pairs_word	2,437	58	Word-level ETCBC annotation for poetic pairs

Source

Attribute	Value
Title	T'OMIM: Tanakh Observable Matches of Intertextual Mimesis
Author	Smiley, David
DOI	10.5281/zenodo.19135731
Publisher	Zenodo
Version	v1 (March 22, 2026)
License	CC-BY-4.0

The Hebrew text and morphological annotations are derived from the ETCBC Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Amstelodamensis (BHSA) dataset (van Peursen, Sikkel, and Roorda 2015; DOI:10.17026/DANS-Z6Y-SKYH). T'OMIM includes a curated subset of ETCBC word-level features relevant to parallel-passage analysis. Researchers requiring additional layers (clause type, phrase syntax, discourse domain, qere/ketiv variants) can join T'OMIM's structural identifiers (nd and the in_* columns) to the full BHSA dataset via the Text-Fabric framework.

Verse-Level Schema (narrative_pairs_verse, poetic_pairs_verse)

Column	Type	Description
pair_id	int64	Sequential identifier for each parallel pair (0-indexed)
source_ref	string	Reference for the source passage (e.g., 2 Sam 3:2, 2 Sam 22:14a)
target_ref	string	Reference for the target passage (e.g., 1 Chr 3:1, Ps 18:14a)
source_text	string	Vocalized Hebrew text of the source passage
target_text	string	Vocalized Hebrew text of the target passage
reference	string	Scholarly source for the parallel identification

Narrative pairs use full verse references; poetic pairs use half-verse references (with an a/b suffix indicating the half-verse division).

Word-Level Schema (narrative_pairs_word, poetic_pairs_word)

Each row is a single word token from one side of a parallel pair. The pair_id and side columns link each word back to its pair in the corresponding verse-level table.

Column	Type	Description
pair_id	int64	Matches pair_id in the verse-level table
side	string	source or target
abbrev_ref	string	Abbreviated verse reference (e.g., Gen 1:1)
verse_ref	string	Full verse reference
book	string	Book name (English; e.g., Genesis, 1 Samuel)
chapter	int64	Chapter number
verse	int64	Verse number
nd	int64	ETCBC node id (join key to the full BHSA dataset)
otype	string	ETCBC object type (e.g., word)
number	int64	Word position
in_book	int64	Book index within the corpus
in_chapter	int64	Chapter index
in_verse	int64	Verse index
in_lex	string	Lexeme container node
in_half_verse	string	Half-verse container node
in_sentence	string	Sentence container node
in_sentence_atom	string	Sentence-atom container node
in_clause	string	Clause container node
in_clause_atom	string	Clause-atom container node
in_phrase	string	Phrase container node
in_phrase_atom	string	Phrase-atom container node
in_subphrase	string	Subphrase container node
g_cons	string	Consonantal word (ETCBC transliteration)
g_cons_utf8	string	Consonantal word (Hebrew UTF-8)
g_lex	string	Lexeme as it appears (ETCBC transliteration)
g_lex_utf8	string	Lexeme as it appears (Hebrew UTF-8)
g_word	string	Vocalized word (ETCBC transliteration)
g_word_utf8	string	Vocalized word (Hebrew UTF-8)
lex	string	Lexeme id (ETCBC transliteration)
lex_utf8	string	Lexeme id (Hebrew UTF-8)
voc_lex	string	Vocalized lexeme (ETCBC transliteration)
voc_lex_utf8	string	Vocalized lexeme (Hebrew UTF-8)
phono	string	Phonetic transcription
phono_trailer	string	Phonetic trailer (inter-word material)
trailer	string	Word trailer (ETCBC transliteration)
trailer_utf8	string	Word trailer (Hebrew UTF-8)
gloss	string	English gloss of the lexeme
language	string	Language code (Hebrew/Aramaic)
sp	string	Part of speech
pdp	string	Phrase-dependent part of speech
ls	string	Lexical set
freq_lex	int64	Corpus frequency of the lexeme
rank_lex	int64	Frequency rank of the lexeme
gn	string	Gender
nu	string	Number
ps	string	Person
st	string	State (construct/absolute/emphatic)
vs	string	Verbal stem
vt	string	Verbal tense
nme	string	Nominal ending
pfm	string	Preformative
prs	string	Pronominal suffix
prs_gn	string	Pronominal-suffix gender
prs_nu	string	Pronominal-suffix number
prs_ps	string	Pronominal-suffix person
uvf	string	Univalent final
vbe	string	Verbal ending
vbs	string	Root formation

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

# Verse-level narrative parallels (Chronicles synoptic tradition)
verses = load_dataset("NuBerea/tomim", "narrative_pairs_verse", split="train")
print(verses[0]["source_ref"], "||", verses[0]["target_ref"])
print(verses[0]["source_text"])
print(verses[0]["target_text"])

# Word-level annotation for poetic parallels
words = load_dataset("NuBerea/tomim", "poetic_pairs_word", split="train")

# All tokens on the source side of pair 0
pair0_source = words.filter(lambda x: x["pair_id"] == 0 and x["side"] == "source")
for w in pair0_source:
    print(w["g_word_utf8"], w["sp"], w["gloss"])

Citation

Smiley, D. (2026). T'OMIM: Tanakh Observable Matches of Intertextual Mimesis
[Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19135731

Underlying source data

van Peursen, W.T., Sikkel, C., and Roorda, D. (2015). Hebrew Text Database
ETCBC4b. DANS. https://doi.org/10.17026/DANS-Z6Y-SKYH

License

Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) license, matching the upstream Zenodo release.