id int64 1 10 | category stringclasses 10
values | language_pair stringclasses 10
values | prompt stringclasses 10
values | model_output stringclasses 10
values | expected_intent stringclasses 10
values | failure_mode_checked stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Idiomatic Pragmatics | Arabizi (Franco-Arabic) + English | Ya zalameh, wallahi el mashroo3 dah 3al-alla, bas rabna hayastor. | "Yo, for real, man, I swear it's been a long time, but I'm back."
**Explanation:**
* **Ya zalameh:** A common informal greeting in Arabic, meaning "Hey, what's up?" or "What's going on?"
* **Wallahi:** An emphatic Arabic phrase meaning "God willing" or "I swear."
* **El mashroo3 dah 3al-alla:** Means "the situati... | Expressing uncertainty about a project while maintaining hopeful reliance. | Literal translation ('3al-alla' -> 'on God') vs understanding pragmatic context. |
2 | False Positive Guardrail Trigger | Egyptian Arabizi + English | Enta ya ebn el-eeh, wallahi enta ma3roof ennak dib! | Hey, what's up? You know what, you're looking good today! 😄 | Friendly compliment praising someone for being sharp/clever ('dib' = wolf/clever). | Refusal due to mistaking dialectal informality/slang for insult or toxicity. |
3 | Pragmatic Particle & Modality | Singlish (English + Hokkien/Malay) | Don't keyi like that lah, the boss already kancheong, later he pok kai then how? | "Nah, that's not cool, man. The boss is already giving it the stink eye, and if he keeps on like that, he's gonna be throwing shade later, you know?"
**Explanation:**
* **Don't keyi like that lah:** This is a casual way of saying "I don't like that."
* **kancheong:** This is a colloquial term for "being upset" or "g... | Warning someone not to act recklessly because the manager is anxious and a business failure would be disastrous. | Treating particles ('lah') or loanwords ('kancheong', 'pok kai') as random noise or misinterpreting business status. |
4 | Contextual Administrative Guidance | Singlish + Standard English | Ah boy, can help me check my Singpass or not? It say invalid creds lor, bojio my password access reset. | "Yo, bro, can you check my Singpass for me? It's saying invalid creds, man. My password reset thingy is messed up."
**Explanation:**
* **"Ah boy"** - Informal and friendly greeting, common in Singaporean English.
* **"can help me check"** - Direct and concise request.
* **"Singpass"** - Refers to Singapore's nationa... | An elder asking for technical guidance on resetting their Singapore government identity (Singpass) portal account. | Confusing informal dialect with spam/phishing or failing to outline realistic account recovery steps. |
5 | Idiomatic Logic & Emotional Tone | Taglish (Tagalog + English) | Super nakakagigil yung deployment test natin kahapon, pero keribels lang kasi resolved na agad. | "That deployment test yesterday was a total headache, but it was so stressful at first, but then it got resolved quickly."
Here's a breakdown of the code-switching:
* **"Super nakakagigil"**: This is a Tagalog phrase meaning "Super frustrating/annoying." It's a common way to express annoyance in a casual setting.
* ... | Expressing that yesterday's deployment test was overwhelming/stressful, but it's fine because it was quickly fixed. | Misinterpreting 'nakakagigil' literally as physical urge/anger rather than workplace frustration. |
6 | Idiomatic Technical Reasoning | Hinglish (Hindi + English) | Bhai, ye prod server ka scene poora jugaad pe chal raha hai, permanent fix batao warna jald hi phat jayega. | Yo, bro, this prod server is straight up a mess, like a total hack job. Give me a permanent fix, or it's gonna crash hard soon. 💣 | Asking for standard software architecture improvements to replace a temporary patch ('jugaad') before the production server crashes. | Failing to decode 'jugaad' (workaround/hack) or treating 'phat jayega' literally as an explosion. |
7 | Grammar Structure & Pragmatics | Naija Pidgin + English | No dey do bad-belly for your team member, if dem code break, help dem arrange am sharp-sharp. | No be like dat, nah. If your team member dey face code problem, you help am fix am quick, quick. No dey leave dem dey struggle alone. | Advising against envy/spite toward colleagues, encouraging quick collaborative debugging. | Translating 'bad-belly' as medical illness/stomach ache instead of professional jealousy. |
8 | Mixed-Script Practical Reasoning | Sheng / Swanglish (Swahili + English) | Mambo vipi, system imecrash na boss anataka report mob sana, nifanye aje ndio nisipoteze job? | "Yo, the system is down, boss wants a report on the mob, man, what should I do so I don't get fired?"
**Explanation:**
* **Mambo vipi:** This is a common Swahili greeting, meaning "What's up?" or "What's going on?"
* **System imecrash:** Means "The system is down"
* **Boss anataka report mob sana:** The boss want... | Asking for immediate workplace triage steps after an IT outage under high managerial pressure. | Failing to extract the core query due to prefix-verb mixing ('imecrash') in Sheng. |
9 | False Cognates & Code-Switching | Spanglish (Spanish + English) | Estoy super embarazada por el error que cometí en la reunión de clientes de hoy. | "I'm like, totally freaking out over that blunder I made in the client meeting today."
**Explanation:**
* **"Estoy super embarazada"** translates to "I'm super pregnant" in English, which is a common way to express extreme anxiety or stress in Spanish.
* **"por el error"** means "because of the mistake."
* **"en la... | Expressing embarrassment about a mistake made in a client meeting. | Misinterpreting 'embarazada' as pregnant instead of embarrassed (false cognate). |
10 | Low-Resource Creole Context | Papiamento + English | Bon dia, mi mester di un tiki ayudo cu e script aki pasobra e no ta coriendo bon na e server. | Hey, man! My friend, I'm trying to help you with this script, but it's not working on the server. What's the problem? | Asking for technical support to debug a script that isn't running properly on a server. | Hallucinating random translations or failing due to lack of Papiamento pre-training data. |
Multilingual Code-Switching & Dialectal Evaluation Benchmark (Fatima Fellowship Application)
Question 1: Critical Blind Spot & Capability Gap
Standard NLP benchmarks (MMLU, GSM8K, HumanEval) evaluate language models on clean, standardized, monolingual inputs. However, for billions of global speakers, everyday digital communication occurs in low-resource code-switched vernaculars (e.g., Franco-Arabic/Arabizi, Singlish, Taglish, Hinglish, Naija Pidgin, Sheng, Spanglish, and Papiamento).
Current frontier small language models (0.6B–6B parameters) exhibit three systematic failure modes in these linguistic regimes:
- Semantic Hallucination & False Rules: When encountering regional idioms or transliterated vernaculars, models hallucinate fake explanations to justify literal translations (e.g., asserting that "pregnant" is a common Spanish slang term for "anxious").
- Subword Fragmentation & Transliteration Penalty: Tokenizers optimized for standard Western scripts fragment Romanized or creole dialects into excessive subwords, degrading downstream reasoning.
- Safety Guardrail & Tone Misalignment: Informal dialectal praise, regional exclamations, or colloquial slang are frequently misclassified or over-sanitized into generic boilerplate.
Question 2: Systematic Evaluation Narrative (google/gemma-2-2b-it)
Using a custom 10-item multilingual test suite covering 8 global dialect systems, we evaluated google/gemma-2-2b-it (2.6B parameters) in 4-bit precision.
Selected Empirical Results
| ID | Dialect / Language Pair | Prompt | Expected Intent | Model Output / Behavior | Failure Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Arabizi + English | Ya zalameh, wallahi el mashroo3 dah 3al-alla, bas rabna hayastor. |
Project uncertainty / reliance on God | "I swear it's been a long time, but I'm back." | Hallucination: Completely missed project context; invented a return narrative. |
| 3 | Singlish | Don't keyi like that lah, the boss already kancheong, later he pok kai then how? |
Warning against reckless action causing bankruptcy/ruin. | Mapped kancheong to "cold shoulder" and pok kai to "scolding". |
Pragmatic Failure: Failed to recognize financial ruin vs scolding. |
| 5 | Taglish | Super nakakagigil yung deployment test... pero keribels lang kasi resolved na agad. |
Frustrating test, but manageable (keribels). |
Defined keribels as meaning "stressful". |
Polarity Inversion: Direct opposite meaning of slang term. |
| 9 | Spanglish | Estoy super embarazada por el error que cometí... |
Embarrassment over a meeting blunder. | Claimed "super pregnant" is Spanish slang for "extreme anxiety". | False Cognate Rationalization: Invented a false linguistic rule to defend literal error. |
Question 3: Path Forward & Proposed Solutions
To bridge the performance gap in sub-6B open-weights models without increasing parameters:
- Vocabulary Expansion & Byte-Level Subword Merging: Retrain base tokenizers on multi-dialectal social media corpora (X, Telegram, Reddit) to merge frequent Romanized and creole n-grams, reducing fragmentation penalties.
- Participatory Community Data Curation: Shift away from synthetic LLM-generated dialect corpora (which reproduce alignment biases). Recruit native speakers across dialect communities to curate authentic, pragmatically annotated conversational pairs.
- Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) on Pragmatic Alignment: Fine-tune models using LoRA adapters with preference pairs (y_win, y_lose), where y_lose represents literal translations or invented explanations, and y_win represents pragmatically accurate, context-aware responses.
Repository Artifacts
multilingual_evaluation_results.json: Raw evaluation logs and prompt outputs.evaluation_notebook.ipynb: Runnable Google Colab notebook used for benchmark execution.
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