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crop_001 | crop | Cassava Mosaic Disease | Cassava | Yellow-green mosaic patches on leaves, leaf distortion and twisting, stunted plant growth, reduced tuber yield | Viral infection (African cassava mosaic virus and related begomoviruses) transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and through infected stem cuttings | Use certified virus-free stem cuttings, control whitefly populations, remove and destroy infected plants, plant resistant varieties where available | No cure once infected; uproot and destroy affected plants to prevent spread to healthy plants; do not reuse cuttings from infected plants | moderate | FAO/ISPP Guide to Identification and Control of Cassava Diseases | false | false |
crop_002 | crop | Cassava Brown Streak Disease | Cassava | Yellow or necrotic vein banding on leaves that may enlarge into large yellow patches, dark brown necrotic areas within tuber roots, reduced root size | Viral infection transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and through infected stem cuttings | Use certified disease-free planting material, control whitefly vectors, avoid moving cuttings from affected areas | No cure once infected; affected roots are often unusable; remove infected plants and source clean planting material for future crops | high | iCassava Fine-Grained Visual Categorization Challenge / FAO | false | false |
crop_003 | crop | Maize Common Rust | Maize | Oval reddish-brown to chlorotic pustules on upper and lower leaf surfaces, pustules rupture releasing powdery red spores, leaves yellow and die as infection progresses | Fungal infection (Puccinia sorghi), spores spread by wind | Plant rust-resistant maize varieties, avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization, ensure good field airflow through proper spacing | Fungicide application can help in severe cases if caught early; remove heavily infected plant debris after harvest | moderate | Maize Diseases Pest Identification and Control guide | false | false |
crop_004 | crop | Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) | Maize | Yellowing and mottling of leaves, severe stunting, premature plant death, poor or no ear/kernel formation | Viral disease transmitted by insect vectors (aphids and thrips carrying the causal viruses) | Use MLN-resistant maize varieties, control insect vectors, practice good farm hygiene and crop rotation, avoid continuous maize cropping | No effective chemical cure; remove and destroy infected plants promptly to limit spread within the field | high | Babban Gona Maize Disease Guide | false | false |
crop_005 | crop | Northern Corn Leaf Blight | Maize | Oval grey or light-brown lesions on leaves that gradually merge and cover large leaf areas, entire plant may wither in severe cases | Fungal infection (Exserohilum turcicum), thrives in moist conditions and spreads via water splash | Use resistant maize varieties, rotate crops away from maize/sorghum, avoid overhead irrigation where possible, manage crop residue | Fungicide treatment can help if applied early; remove and destroy heavily infected crop residue after harvest | moderate | Maize Diseases Pest Identification and Control guide | false | false |
crop_006 | crop | Yam Anthracnose | Yam | Circular black or dark brown leaf spots, leaf edge necrosis, blights, vine blackening and tip die-back, shot holes on leaves | Fungal infection (Colletotrichum species, e.g. C. alatae) | Use disease-free planting setts, avoid dense planting to improve airflow, remove and destroy crop debris after harvest, rotate crops | Fungicide application may help in early stages; remove severely affected vines to prevent further spread | moderate | Characterization of fungal pathogens causing anthracnose on yam, Cross River State Nigeria study | false | false |
crop_007 | crop | Yam Mosaic Virus | Yam | Mosaic mottling pattern on leaves, leaf distortion, general stunting of vine growth | Viral infection transmitted mainly by aphids and through infected setts | Use virus-free planting material, control aphid populations, remove and destroy infected plants promptly | No cure once infected; rely on prevention through clean planting material for future seasons | moderate | Diseases of Yam, Springer Nature reference | false | false |
crop_008 | crop | Rice Blast | Rice | Diamond-shaped grey-centered lesions with brown margins on leaves, lesions on stems and panicles causing them to break, poor grain filling | Fungal infection (Magnaporthe oryzae), favoured by high humidity and dense planting | Use resistant rice varieties, avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer, ensure proper field drainage and spacing between plants | Fungicide treatment can help if applied at early symptom onset; remove and destroy infected crop residue after harvest | high | Common African rice disease references / FAO rice pest and disease guides | false | false |
crop_009 | crop | Tomato Bacterial Wilt | Tomato | Sudden wilting of leaves during the day that may recover at night before permanent wilting, yellowing of lower leaves, brown discoloration inside the stem | Bacterial infection (Ralstonia solanacearum) surviving in soil and spread through water and infected transplants | Practice crop rotation with non-host crops, use disease-free transplants, improve field drainage, avoid working in wet fields to reduce spread | No effective cure once infected; remove and destroy affected plants immediately to reduce soil contamination | high | 6 Common Diseases of Tomato Farm guide (Agrolearner) | false | false |
crop_010 | crop | Tomato Early Blight | Tomato | Dark concentric-ringed spots on older leaves first, yellowing around spots, leaves eventually drop, similar lesions can appear on stems and fruit | Fungal infection (Alternaria solani), favoured by warm humid conditions | Rotate crops, avoid overhead watering, stake plants for airflow, remove lower infected leaves promptly, use resistant varieties where available | Fungicide application can slow spread if caught early; remove and destroy infected plant debris after harvest | moderate | 6 Common Diseases of Tomato Farm guide (Agrolearner) | false | false |
crop_011 | crop | Cocoa Black Pod Disease | Cocoa | Small brown spots on pods that rapidly enlarge and turn black, pod rot, similar lesions can occur on leaves and flower cushions | Fungal infection (Phytophthora species), spread by rain splash and favoured by wet humid conditions | Prune trees for better airflow, remove and destroy infected pods regularly, avoid excess shade, improve field drainage | Fungicide (copper-based) application can help control spread; harvest and remove infected pods promptly to reduce inoculum | high | FAO/CGIAR cocoa disease references | false | false |
animal_001 | animal | Newcastle Disease | Poultry | Twisting of the neck (torticollis), difficulty breathing, greenish diarrhea, sudden death, drop in egg production | Viral infection (Newcastle disease virus, avian paramyxovirus type 1), spreads via air, contaminated feed, water, and equipment | Vaccinate birds according to recommended schedule, maintain strict biosecurity, disinfect footwear and equipment, restrict visitor access to poultry pens | No effective treatment once infected; isolate and report sick birds to a veterinary/extension officer promptly; mortality can reach up to 100% if uncontrolled | high | Animal Disease Burden in Nigeria 2006-2023 study / Remote Agric Nigeria poultry disease guide | true | false |
animal_002 | animal | Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) | Poultry | Depression, ruffled feathers, whitish watery diarrhea, trembling, birds sitting in hunched posture, sudden increase in mortality in young birds | Viral infection (infectious bursal disease virus) affecting the bursa of Fabricius, spreads through contaminated litter, feed, water, and equipment | Vaccinate chicks according to recommended schedule, maintain strict biosecurity and litter hygiene, disinfect poultry housing between flocks | No specific treatment; supportive care (vitamins, clean water) and veterinary guidance can reduce losses; isolate affected birds | high | Animal Disease Burden in Nigeria 2006-2023 study | true | false |
animal_003 | animal | Fowl Cholera | Poultry | Sudden death, greenish diarrhea, swollen wattles and joints, difficulty breathing, reduced appetite | Bacterial infection (Pasteurella multocida), spreads through contaminated feed, water, and contact with infected birds or rodents | Maintain good sanitation, control rodents around poultry housing, isolate new birds before introducing to flock, vaccinate in high-risk areas | Antibiotics may help if administered early under veterinary guidance; remove and isolate sick birds promptly | high | Remote Agric Nigeria poultry disease guide | true | false |
animal_004 | animal | Coccidiosis | Poultry | Bloody or watery diarrhea, ruffled feathers, weakness, reduced growth rate and weight loss, pale comb | Parasitic infection (Eimeria species protozoa), spreads through contaminated litter and droppings, favoured by damp litter conditions | Keep litter dry and clean, avoid overcrowding, use coccidiostat feed additives where appropriate, practice good brooder hygiene | Anticoccidial medication can be effective if administered promptly under guidance; isolate affected birds and improve litter conditions | moderate | Remote Agric Nigeria poultry disease guide | true | false |
animal_005 | animal | Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) | Goats and Sheep | Fever, discharge from eyes and nose, mouth sores, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, high mortality especially in young animals | Viral infection (PPR virus, related to rinderpest virus), spreads through close contact, respiratory secretions, and contaminated feed/water | Vaccinate flocks especially in high-risk areas, avoid mixing sick and healthy animals, quarantine new animals before introduction to herd | No specific antiviral treatment; supportive veterinary care and antibiotics for secondary infections may help; report outbreaks to veterinary authorities promptly | high | Animal Disease Burden in Nigeria 2006-2023 study | true | false |
animal_006 | animal | Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) | Cattle | Fever, difficulty breathing, coughing, reluctance to move, reduced appetite, swollen joints in some cases | Bacterial infection (Mycoplasma mycoides), spreads through close contact and respiratory droplets between cattle | Vaccinate cattle in endemic areas, avoid introducing untested animals into a herd, quarantine new or sick animals, restrict movement of cattle from affected areas | Antibiotics may provide some benefit under veterinary guidance but are often not fully curative; report suspected cases to veterinary authorities promptly | high | Animal Disease Burden in Nigeria 2006-2023 study | true | false |
animal_007 | animal | Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) | Cattle, Goats, Sheep, Pigs | Fever, blisters and sores on the mouth, tongue, and feet, excessive salivation, lameness, reduced milk production | Viral infection (FMD virus), highly contagious, spreads through direct contact, contaminated equipment, and airborne transmission over short distances | Vaccinate livestock in at-risk areas, restrict animal movement during outbreaks, disinfect equipment and vehicles, quarantine new animals | No specific cure; supportive care for affected animals and strict quarantine to prevent spread; report suspected cases to veterinary authorities immediately | high | Animal Disease Burden in Nigeria 2006-2023 study | true | false |
animal_008 | animal | African Swine Fever | Pigs | High fever, loss of appetite, extensive skin and internal bleeding, high mortality in the herd, often no other specific distinguishing symptom | Viral infection (African swine fever virus), spreads through direct contact between pigs, contaminated feed, equipment, and possibly ticks | Practice strict biosecurity, avoid introducing new pigs without quarantine, disinfect equipment and vehicles, avoid feeding pigs untreated food waste, isolate farm from wild/feral pigs | No specific vaccine or treatment currently available; report suspected cases to veterinary authorities immediately, as culling of affected herds is often required to stop spread | high | AVMA / Wikifarmer African Swine Fever guide, Nigeria ASF prevalence study | true | false |
animal_009 | animal | Rabies | Dogs and Livestock | Behavioral change, aggression or unusual docility, excessive salivation, difficulty swallowing, paralysis progressing to death | Viral infection transmitted through the bite or saliva contact of an infected animal, commonly dogs | Vaccinate dogs and at-risk livestock regularly, avoid contact with stray or wild animals, seek immediate care for any bite from a suspected rabid animal | There is no cure once symptoms appear in an animal; any human bitten by a suspected rabid animal must seek urgent medical post-exposure treatment immediately, do not wait for symptoms | high | Rabies epidemiology prevention and control in Nigeria scoping review | true | false |
animal_010 | animal | African Animal Trypanosomiasis | Cattle and Livestock | Fever, weakness, anemia, weight loss, reduced milk production, swollen lymph nodes, can be fatal if untreated | Parasitic infection (Trypanosoma species) transmitted by tsetse flies and other biting flies | Control tsetse fly populations, use trypanocidal drugs preventively in high-risk areas under veterinary guidance, avoid grazing in heavily tsetse-infested areas | Veterinary treatment with trypanocidal drugs can be effective if administered promptly; consult a veterinary officer for diagnosis and treatment plan | moderate | Jos Plateau Nigeria trypanosomiasis longitudinal survey / meta-analysis of AAT in Nigeria | true | false |
human_001 | human | Malaria | Febrile illness | Fever, chills, headache, fatigue, sweating, muscle aches, in severe cases confusion or difficulty breathing | Infection by Plasmodium parasite transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito | Sleep under insecticide-treated mosquito nets, eliminate standing water around the home, use indoor residual spraying, consider preventive medication when advised by a doctor in high-risk situations | Seek testing and treatment at a clinic or hospital promptly; do not self-medicate with antimalarial drugs without proper diagnosis, as similar symptoms can indicate other serious illnesses | high | WHO Malaria Fact Sheet | true | true |
human_002 | human | Typhoid Fever | Febrile illness | Sustained high fever, headache, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, sometimes rash or constipation/diarrhea | Bacterial infection (Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi), spread through contaminated food and water | Drink and use safe treated water, wash hands with soap especially before eating and after using the toilet, ensure food is properly cooked and stored, improve sanitation | Seek medical attention promptly for proper testing and antibiotic treatment; do not attempt to self-treat, as untreated typhoid can lead to serious complications | high | Public Health Nigeria common diseases reference | true | true |
human_003 | human | Cholera | Diarrheal disease | Sudden severe watery diarrhea often described as rice-water stool, vomiting, rapid heart rate, signs of severe dehydration, muscle cramps | Bacterial infection (Vibrio cholerae) from contaminated food or water | Drink only safe treated or boiled water, practice good hand hygiene, ensure proper sanitation and safe food handling, especially during rainy season outbreaks | Seek urgent medical care for rehydration treatment (oral rehydration salts or IV fluids); cholera can kill within hours if untreated, so do not delay seeking care | high | WHO Africa Cholera Fact Sheet | true | true |
human_004 | human | Tuberculosis (Active) | Respiratory illness | Cough lasting more than three weeks, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss, fever, chills, night sweats, sometimes coughing up blood | Bacterial infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes | Ensure good ventilation in living spaces, seek prompt testing if exposed to someone with active TB, complete any prescribed preventive therapy, avoid close prolonged contact with untreated active cases | Seek testing and care at a health facility promptly; TB is treatable with a full course of prescribed antibiotics, but treatment must be completed under medical supervision to avoid drug resistance | high | Public Health Nigeria common diseases reference / CDC Nigeria | true | true |
human_005 | human | Meningitis (Bacterial) | Neurological/febrile illness | Sudden high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, nausea and vomiting, confusion, in infants bulging soft spot | Bacterial infection (e.g. Neisseria meningitidis) causing inflammation of the meninges, spreads through respiratory droplets and close contact, more common in dry season | Get vaccinated where meningitis vaccines are available and recommended, avoid overcrowded living conditions during outbreak season, seek prompt care for early symptoms | This is a medical emergency; seek immediate hospital care, as bacterial meningitis can be life-threatening within hours without treatment | high | Public Health Nigeria common diseases reference | true | true |
human_006 | human | HIV/AIDS | Chronic viral infection | Early stage may have no symptoms or flu-like illness; later stages can include unexplained weight loss, recurring fever, prolonged swollen lymph nodes, chronic diarrhea | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, or from mother to child during pregnancy/birth/breastfeeding | Avoid sharing needles or skin-piercing equipment, use protection during sex, pregnant women should attend antenatal care for prevention-of-transmission programs, ask a doctor about PrEP if at high risk | Seek testing at a health facility for early diagnosis; with consistent antiretroviral therapy under medical supervision, people with HIV can live long healthy lives | high | 10 Most Common Health Problems in Nigeria guide | true | true |
human_007 | human | Diarrheal Disease (General) | Gastrointestinal illness | Frequent loose watery stools, abdominal cramps, dehydration signs like dry mouth and reduced urination, in children lethargy or sunken eyes | Often caused by contaminated water or food leading to bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection | Drink safe treated water, wash hands with soap before eating and after using the toilet, ensure proper food hygiene and storage | Give oral rehydration solution and seek medical care promptly, especially for children or if symptoms are severe or persistent, as dehydration can become dangerous quickly | moderate | WHO Africa / Public Health Nigeria references | true | true |
human_008 | human | Lassa Fever | Viral hemorrhagic illness | Gradual onset fever, general weakness, headache, sore throat, muscle and chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; in severe cases facial swelling and bleeding from mouth or nose | Viral infection (Lassa virus) transmitted through contact with food or household items contaminated by infected rodent urine or feces, or through person-to-person contact with infected body fluids | Store food in rodent-proof containers, keep living areas clean to discourage rodents, avoid contact with rodents, use proper infection control if caring for a suspected case | Seek immediate medical care at a health facility with capacity to test for Lassa fever, especially during outbreak season (December to February); early supportive care improves survival chances | high | WHO/Africa CDC Lassa Fever Fact Sheet | true | true |
human_009 | human | Scabies | Skin infestation | Intense itching especially at night, small raised bumps or blister-like lesions, common on hands, wrists, abdomen, and groin area, sleep disturbance from itching | Parasitic infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, spread through prolonged skin-to-skin contact or sharing of bedding/clothing | Avoid sharing beds, clothing, and towels with infected individuals, wash bedding and clothes in hot water, maintain regular bathing and hygiene practices | See a health worker for proper treatment with prescribed scabicide cream; treat close household contacts at the same time to prevent reinfection | moderate | Scabies in Resource-Poor Communities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria study | true | true |
human_010 | human | Measles | Viral illness | Fever, cough, runny nose, red watery eyes, small white spots inside the mouth (Koplik spots), followed by a red blotchy rash spreading from the face downward | Highly contagious viral infection spread through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing | Ensure children receive the measles vaccine as part of routine immunization, avoid close contact with infected individuals, isolate suspected cases to prevent spread | Seek medical care for supportive treatment and monitoring, especially in young children, as complications like pneumonia can occur; do not delay care if breathing difficulty develops | moderate | CDC Yellow Book Post-Travel Dermatologic Conditions reference | true | true |
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