BenchBase
Collection
Medical multiple-choice benchmarks in one format. Code: github.com/Layered-Labs/benchbase-med • 5 items • Updated
dataset_key large_stringclasses 1
value | hash large_stringlengths 64 64 | split large_stringclasses 1
value | question_type large_stringclasses 1
value | question large_stringlengths 22 213 | context large_stringlengths 293 2.73k | options listlengths 3 3 | answer dict | metadata dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pubmedqa | 4711e208655484126935b4248046f0dbcd71f2b7cdadbb888aa6e5baa9153d08 | train | mcq | Do mitochondria play a role in remodelling lace plant leaves during programmed cell death? | Programmed cell death (PCD) is the regulated death of cells within an organism. The lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis) produces perforations in its leaves through PCD. The leaves of the plant consist of a latticework of longitudinal and transverse veins enclosing areoles. PCD occurs in the cells at the center of ... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 21645374,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Alismataceae",
"Apoptosis",
"Cell Differentiation",
"Mitochondria",
"Plant Leaves"
],
"long_answer": "Results depicted mitochondrial dynamics in vivo as PCD progresses within the lac... |
pubmedqa | c95a4e460010f410cef858ca9a0f71ea57e4849615596b8ab481cc39d065b540 | train | mcq | Landolt C and snellen e acuity: differences in strabismus amblyopia? | Assessment of visual acuity depends on the optotypes used for measurement. The ability to recognize different optotypes differs even if their critical details appear under the same visual angle. Since optotypes are evaluated on individuals with good visual acuity and without eye disorders, differences in the lower visu... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 16418930,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"PATIENTS AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Amblyopia",
"Cataract",
"Child",
"Eye Diseases",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Male",
"M... |
pubmedqa | 606d74c21d25762fdeeb26b1867f3e93073b845b4997a71d93340d2da1e98870 | train | mcq | Syncope during bathing in infants, a pediatric form of water-induced urticaria? | Apparent life-threatening events in infants are a difficult and frequent problem in pediatric practice. The prognosis is uncertain because of risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
Eight infants aged 2 to 15 months were admitted during a period of 6 years; they suffered from similar maladies in the bath: on immersion, t... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 9488747,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"CASE REPORTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Baths",
"Histamine",
"Humans",
"Infant",
"Syncope",
"Urticaria",
"Water"
],
"long_answer": "\"Aquagenic maladies\" could be a pediatric form of the aquagenic urticaria."
... |
pubmedqa | 0b14fd9587f0bbfd58b6a689d48d7a99e8c4868af88eac05bbcaf49489f57716 | train | mcq | Are the long-term results of the transanal pull-through equal to those of the transabdominal pull-through? | The transanal endorectal pull-through (TERPT) is becoming the most popular procedure in the treatment of Hirschsprung disease (HD), but overstretching of the anal sphincters remains a critical issue that may impact the continence. This study examined the long-term outcome of TERPT versus conventional transabdominal (AB... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 17208539,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"PURPOSE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Child",
"Child, Preschool",
"Colectomy",
"Female",
"Hirschsprung Disease",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Treatment Outcome"
],
"long_answer": "Our long-term study showed ... |
pubmedqa | 28565fcf1fb02d7adee6bbfbded58e029c6011735feb7610900f3de3cca690c6 | train | mcq | Can tailored interventions increase mammography use among HMO women? | Telephone counseling and tailored print communications have emerged as promising methods for promoting mammography screening. However, there has been little research testing, within the same randomized field trial, of the efficacy of these two methods compared to a high-quality usual care system for enhancing screening... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 10808977,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"DESIGN",
"PARTICIPANTS",
"INTERVENTION",
"MAIN OUTCOME",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Cost-Benefit Analysis",
"Female",
"Health Maintenance Organizations",
"Humans",
"Logistic Models",
"Mammogra... |
pubmedqa | c877771ee79eac9fb68efceeb38c0b9d1888840f96925cd5eb2006e75b650e0a | train | mcq | Double balloon enteroscopy: is it efficacious and safe in a community setting? | From March 2007 to January 2011, 88 DBE procedures were performed on 66 patients. Indications included evaluation anemia/gastrointestinal bleed, small bowel IBD and dilation of strictures. Video-capsule endoscopy (VCE) was used prior to DBE in 43 of the 66 patients prior to DBE evaluation.
The mean age was 62 years. Th... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 23831910,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Community Health Centers",
"Double-Balloon Enteroscopy",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Intestinal Diseases",
"Male",
"Middle Aged"
],
"long_answer": "DBE appears to be equally safe and e... |
pubmedqa | 14063cd7a11e65954c3b3ca9edecea4bc3df144a4fd34ea9dafc3bafc9515106 | train | mcq | 30-Day and 1-year mortality in emergency general surgery laparotomies: an area of concern and need for improvement? | Emergency surgery is associated with poorer outcomes and higher mortality with recent studies suggesting the 30-day mortality to be 14-15%. The aim of this study was to analyse the 30-day mortality, age-related 30-day mortality and 1-year mortality following emergency laparotomy. We hope this will encourage prospective... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 26037986,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"AIMS",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Age Factors",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Cause of Death",
"Cohort Studies",
"Emergency Treatment",
"Female",
"General Surgery",
"Humans",
"... |
pubmedqa | 5a0d5b70c75c006607bdb9b9804730706e14b5a0d3a71e54aa43cb6a25ceb1c1 | train | mcq | Is adjustment for reporting heterogeneity necessary in sleep disorders? | Anchoring vignettes are brief texts describing a hypothetical character who illustrates a certain fixed level of a trait under evaluation. This research uses vignettes to elucidate factors associated with sleep disorders in adult Japanese before and after adjustment for reporting heterogeneity in self-reports. This stu... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 26852225,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Female",
"Health Status Disparities",
"Health Surveys",
"Humans",
"Japan",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Physical Fitness",
"Prevalence",... |
pubmedqa | 41dbcf350130e24a9c85d2ea99420ac39cb73a43fd27f7dea519cdaa18733408 | train | mcq | Do mutations causing low HDL-C promote increased carotid intima-media thickness? | Although observational data support an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD), genetic HDL deficiency states often do not correlate with premature CHD.
Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) measurements were obtained in cases comprising 10 different muta... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 17113061,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Cholesterol, HDL",
"Contrast Media",
"Coronary Disease",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Mutation",
"Risk Factors"
],
"long_answer": "Genetic variants identifi... |
pubmedqa | 16ccb250a46b50b28f24c49fbe7de3c10f61e464c72a1395bc6390ef51c0ee44 | train | mcq | A short stay or 23-hour ward in a general and academic children's hospital: are they effective? | We evaluated the usefulness of a short stay or 23-hour ward in a pediatric unit of a large teaching hospital, Westmead Hospital, and an academic Children's hospital, The New Children's Hospital, to determine if they are a useful addition to the emergency service.
This is a descriptive comparison of prospectively collec... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 10966337,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Academic Medical Centers",
"Acute Disease",
"Adolescent",
"Child",
"Child, Preschool",
"Critical Pathways",
"Emergency Service, Hospital",
"Follow-Up Studies",
... |
pubmedqa | f2b2d5eb7cb9e5a51822fac925b8a406b5d57a770e2db441cd70b54f17499796 | train | mcq | Did Chile's traffic law reform push police enforcement? | The objective of the current study is to determine to what extent the reduction of Chile's traffic fatalities and injuries during 2000-2012 was related to the police traffic enforcement increment registered after the introduction of its 2005 traffic law reform.
A unique dataset with assembled information from public in... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 25432938,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Accidents, Traffic",
"Automobile Driving",
"Chile",
"Humans",
"Law Enforcement",
"Models, Statistical",
"Police",
"Risk Factors"
],
"long_answer": "Finding... |
pubmedqa | d1f102443ca9a28d76042c24a7e77fb4f0fddc983de29d6fc8ea47eea4af9f95 | train | mcq | Therapeutic anticoagulation in the trauma patient: is it safe? | Trauma patients who require therapeutic anticoagulation pose a difficult treatment problem. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) the incidence of complications using therapeutic anticoagulation in trauma patients, and (2) if any patient factors are associated with these complications.
An 18-month retrospecti... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 18847643,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"PURPOSE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Anticoagulants",
"Cohort Studies",
"Confidence Intervals",
"Emergency Treatment",
"Female",
"Follow-Up Studies",
"Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight",
"Hum... |
pubmedqa | c93ff441cfc0d2b5ea00351bf8008577c7373903fa4b484a5a102e704b03445f | train | mcq | Differentiation of nonalcoholic from alcoholic steatohepatitis: are routine laboratory markers useful? | Specific markers for differentiation of nonalcoholic (NASH) from alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) are lacking. We investigated the role of routine laboratory parameters in distinguishing NASH from ASH.
Liver biopsies performed at our hospital over a 10-year period were reviewed, 95 patients with steatohepatitis identifi... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 18239988,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"AIMS",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Alanine Transaminase",
"Aspartate Aminotransferases",
"Biomarkers",
"Biopsy",
"Diagnosis, Differential",
"Erythrocyte Indices",
... |
pubmedqa | f4776de43d6940dbf0714cbbf59fed431c099c14584ab4128efffda30873e7b5 | train | mcq | Prompting Primary Care Providers about Increased Patient Risk As a Result of Family History: Does It Work? | Electronic health records have the potential to facilitate family history use by primary care physicians (PCPs) to provide personalized care. The objective of this study was to determine whether automated, at-the-visit tailored prompts about family history risk change PCP behavior.
Automated, tailored prompts highlight... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 25957366,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Electronic Health Records",
"Female",
"Genetic Predisposition to Disease",
"Heredity",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Medical History Taking",
"Mid... |
pubmedqa | 9b5c78cde7379e8868fe5128b79db8c44bcf0d4da4706e0506d48585f8c5aad2 | train | mcq | Do emergency ultrasound fellowship programs impact emergency medicine residents' ultrasound education? | Recent years have seen a rapid proliferation of emergency ultrasound (EUS) programs in the United States. To date, there is no evidence supporting that EUS fellowships enhance residents' ultrasound (US) educational experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of EUS fellowships on emergency medici... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 24866606,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVES",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Attitude of Health Personnel",
"Clinical Competence",
"Educational Measurement",
"Emergency Medicine",
"Fellowships and Scholarships",
"Internship and Residency",
... |
pubmedqa | c78f3f9494b9eae62f911066d32ae6384cec8d1b516bea7684e2ea2ab10bffd9 | train | mcq | Patient-Controlled Therapy of Breathlessness in Palliative Care: A New Therapeutic Concept for Opioid Administration? | Breathlessness is one of the most distressing symptoms experienced by patients with advanced cancer and noncancer diagnoses alike. Often, severity of breathlessness increases quickly, calling for rapid symptom control. Oral, buccal, and parenteral routes of provider-controlled drug administration have been described. I... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 26578404,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"CONTEXT",
"OBJECTIVES",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Administration, Intravenous",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Analgesia, Patient-Controlled",
"Analgesics, Opioid",
"Dyspnea",
"Feasibili... |
pubmedqa | 61221b9904e92f77e5100cc2584c0a0032da6f854d0092f873c9ea1fd6a503b5 | train | mcq | Is there still a need for living-related liver transplantation in children? | To assess and compare the value of split-liver transplantation (SLT) and living-related liver transplantation (LRT).
The concept of SLT results from the development of reduced-size transplantation. A further development of SLT, the in situ split technique, is derived from LRT, which itself marks the optimized outcome i... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 11729377,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Child",
"Child, Preschool",
"Fatty Liver",
"Female",
"Graft Survival",
"Humans",
"Immunosuppressive Agents",
"I... |
pubmedqa | 8842b75f997089c216223bd180a4c3c9cf69d0fd64075d641dbc813e084050b4 | train | mcq | Do patterns of knowledge and attitudes exist among unvaccinated seniors? | To examine patterns of knowledge and attitudes among adults aged>65 years unvaccinated for influenza.
Surveyed Medicare beneficiaries in 5 areas; clustered unvaccinated seniors by their immunization related knowledge and attitudes.
Identified 4 clusters: Potentials (45%) would receive influenza vaccine to prevent disea... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 17096624,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Female",
"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice",
"Humans",
"Immunization Programs",
"Influenza A virus",
"Influenza, Human",
"... |
pubmedqa | 6883dab6bceb99e55404ef69cc41c5fb46d6a232f2e67877031cdbcbf22ff083 | train | mcq | Is there a model to teach and practice retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy? | Although the retroperitoneal approach has been the preferred choice for open urological procedures, retroperitoneoscopy is not the preferred approach for laparoscopy. This study aims to develop a training model for retroperitoneoscopy and to establish an experimental learning curve.
Fifteen piglets were operated on to ... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 22694248,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"INTRODUCTION",
"MATERIAL AND METHODS",
"RESULTS",
"DISCUSSION"
],
"meshes": [
"Animals",
"Blood Loss, Surgical",
"Feasibility Studies",
"Laparoscopy",
"Models, Animal",
"Nephrectomy",
"Operative Time",
"Re... |
pubmedqa | 3aff484fd79de9c8a985023867134b8fed67929caf17593e71470a410679e843 | train | mcq | Cardiovascular risk in a rural adult West African population: is resting heart rate also relevant? | Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) is a neglected marker in cardiovascular risk factor studies of sub-Saharan African populations. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of elevated RHR and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to investigate any associations between RHR and these risk factors in... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 22990761,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"INTRODUCTION",
"DESIGN",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Asian Continental Ancestry Group",
"Cardiovascular Diseases",
"Comorbidity",
"Cross-Sectional Studies",
"Female"... |
pubmedqa | 0ca9ca5e941e8e6de546e21eb09781af526ec82be25cc22ee3fd91515a3c1976 | train | mcq | Israeli hospital preparedness for terrorism-related multiple casualty incidents: can the surge capacity and injury severity distribution be better predicted? | The incidence of large-scale urban attacks on civilian populations has significantly increased across the globe over the past decade. These incidents often result in Hospital Multiple Casualty Incidents (HMCI), which are very challenging to hospital teams. 15 years ago the Emergency and Disaster Medicine Division in th... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 19394934,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Disaster Planning",
"Emergency Service, Hospital",
"Health Resources",
"Hospitalization",
"Humans",
"Israel",
"Mass Casualty Incidents",
"Registries",
"Ret... |
pubmedqa | 564d12b79e5b56398903eb3cc5ff4fec4cdf0bb5ee6a36a8bc361feafba85a52 | train | mcq | Acute respiratory distress syndrome in children with malignancy--can we predict outcome? | The purpose of this study was to delineate early respiratory predictors of mortality in children with hemato-oncology malignancy who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
We conducted a retrospective chart review of children with malignant and ARDS who needed mechanical ventilation and were admitted to ... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 11481599,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"PURPOSE",
"MATERIALS AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Analysis of Variance",
"Child",
"Child, Preschool",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Leukemia",
"Lymphoma",
"Male",
"Positive-Pressure Respirat... |
pubmedqa | 25c6ce8a35d9137b910057233b342f63b47a10d7e48c80ead39d1cd72cd436c2 | train | mcq | Secondhand smoke risk in infants discharged from an NICU: potential for significant health disparities? | Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) threatens fragile infants discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Smoking practices were examined in families with a high respiratory risk infant (born at very low birth weight; ventilated>12 hr) in a Houston, Texas, NICU. Socioeconomic status, race, and mental health sta... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 21669959,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"INTRODUCTION",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"African Americans",
"Air Pollution, Indoor",
"Asian Continental Ancestry Group",
"Caregivers",
"Depression",
"Environmental Exposure",
"European Continental Ance... |
pubmedqa | 254ec69f0690149b673dbe5228bea08febe3569029df1ff5ba800b6a722a5f32 | train | mcq | Do nomograms designed to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) do a better job of predicting more clinically relevant prostate cancer outcomes than BCR? | To examine the ability of various postoperative nomograms to predict prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and to validate that they could predict aggressive biochemical recurrence (BCR). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), grade, and stage are the classic triad used to predict BCR after radical prostatectomy (RP). Mu... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 23806388,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Aged",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Neoplasm Grading",
"Neoplasm Recurrence, Local",
"Neoplasm Staging",
"Nomograms",
"Predictive Value of Tests",
... |
pubmedqa | 0dbb0c0c11b092b49761e8510f18c411b5f0e5e1fade4b7b61e06fec3533838e | train | mcq | Are reports of mechanical dysfunction in chronic oro-facial pain related to somatisation? | (i) To examine the association between self-reported mechanical factors and chronic oro-facial pain. (ii) To test the hypothesis that this relationship could be explained by: (a) reporting of psychological factors, (b) common association of self-reported mechanical factors with other unexplained syndromes.
A population... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 17919952,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVES",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Bruxism",
"Chronic Disease",
"Cross-Sectional Studies",
"Facial Injuries",
"Facial Pain",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Male"... |
pubmedqa | 0688094beae0aa5b93ba34b00061e80dec69715f64c1d0145fc06110cbb57702 | train | mcq | Amblyopia: is visual loss permanent? | The records of 465 patients with an established diagnosis of age related macular degeneration who had attended a specialist macular clinic between 1990 and 1998 were scrutinised. A full clinical examination and standardised refraction had been carried out in 189 of these cases on a minimum of two occasions. Cases were ... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 10966943,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Amblyopia",
"Distance Perception",
"Female",
"Follow-Up Studies",
"Humans",
"Macular Degeneration",
"Male",
"Neuronal Plasticity",
"Retrospective Studies",
"Visual Acuity... |
pubmedqa | 31d74dcba7e103e092c603508e32e6d7fa6d93bd284c499e6941e78435037ac1 | train | mcq | Implementation of epidural analgesia for labor: is the standard of effective analgesia reachable in all women? | Social and cultural factors combined with little information may prevent the diffusion of epidural analgesia for pain relief during childbirth. The present study was launched contemporarily to the implementation of analgesia for labor in our Department in order to perform a 2 years audit on its use. The goal is to eval... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 23690198,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"PATIENTS AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Analgesia, Epidural",
"Analgesia, Obstetrical",
"Apgar Score",
"Cesarean Section",
"Cluster Analysis",
"Female",
"Hemodynamics",
"Hum... |
pubmedqa | 6701dbb38f27d0b122b84de37ee04c4d56b988f587919be1a00a1f534ec861d0 | train | mcq | Does HER2 immunoreactivity provide prognostic information in locally advanced urothelial carcinoma patients receiving adjuvant M-VEC chemotherapy? | To evaluate the impact of HER2 immunoreactivity on clinical outcome in locally advanced urothelial carcinoma patients who received surgery alone, or methotrexate, vinblastine, epirubicin, and cisplatin (M-VEC) as adjuvant chemotherapy.
We studied 114 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens obtained from locally adva... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 17940352,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"INTRODUCTION",
"MATERIALS AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols",
"Carcinoma",
"Chemotherapy, Adjuvant",
"Cisplatin",
"D... |
pubmedqa | 403d5775b11566ab68d6dd7b56bd937cf62fadbe3f8fb116e127d8c635c58eae | train | mcq | Is halofantrine ototoxic? | Halofantrine is a newly developed antimalarial drug used for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The introduction of this drug has been delayed because of its possible side effects, and due to insufficient studies on adverse reactions in humans. There have been no studies investigating its effect on hearing... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 20537205,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"INTRODUCTION",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Animals",
"Antimalarials",
"Cochlea",
"Dose-Response Relationship, Drug",
"Guinea Pigs",
"Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer",
"Phenanthrenes",
"Staining and Labeli... |
pubmedqa | 05c86aebf8b9278b209acd2a004f14a71b08ba754fe8dc050e49169383cf5d9c | train | mcq | Visceral adipose tissue area measurement at a single level: can it represent visceral adipose tissue volume? | Measurement of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) needs to be accurate and sensitive to change for risk monitoring. The purpose of this study is to determine the CT slice location where VAT area can best reflect changes in VAT volume and body weight.
60 plain abdominal CT images from 30 males [mean age (range) 51 (41-68) ye... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 28707539,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Abdomen",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Humans",
"Intra-Abdominal Fat",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Multidetector Computed Tomography",
"Reproducibility of Results",
"R... |
pubmedqa | 21a6573aba46cbf79f9b7f595899951f918bd64ac35a9edf8f95e9463ed660f3 | train | mcq | Necrotizing fasciitis: an indication for hyperbaric oxygenation therapy? | The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant therapy for NF, improving patient mortality and outcome. However, the beneficial effect of HBO for NF remains controversial.
A retrosp... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 7482275,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Fasciitis, Necrotizing",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Hyperbaric Oxygenation",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Re... |
pubmedqa | 4f7ab244b05c46b6f6ca2b183523d62724c65ded3e9ef449217e1a551df06719 | train | mcq | Is the Hawkins sign able to predict necrosis in fractures of the neck of the astragalus? | To assess if the Hawkins sign can predict whether or not astragalus fractures of the neck will develop avascular necrosis. It is also assessed whether the occurrence of this complication is related to the displacement of the fracture, soft tissue injury, or delay in the reduction or surgery. The results were compared w... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 24183388,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"MATERIAL AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Child",
"Child, Preschool",
"Female",
"Fractures, Bone",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Osteonecrosis",
"Pr... |
pubmedqa | ac0bb8269fb41b11ef4d69811b757b0ca379b34fcee61b30978fa9c08d3baca9 | train | mcq | Is a mandatory general surgery rotation necessary in the surgical clerkship? | Changes in the spectrum of general surgery and the delivery of surgical care have placed the requirement for a mandatory general surgery rotation in the surgical clerkship in question.
We tested the hypothesis that equal mastery of surgical clerkship objectives can be obtained in a clerkship with and without general su... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 9645785,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Attitude",
"Clinical Clerkship",
"Educational Measurement",
"General Surgery",
"Humans",
"Medicine",
"Specialization",
"Students, Medical"
],
"long_answer": ... |
pubmedqa | fed2798830f05efac093b4bbddeb65338cbce2d161b4e9fd633ceab7155aa2dc | train | mcq | Is Acupuncture Efficacious for Treating Phonotraumatic Vocal Pathologies? | To investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating phonotraumatic vocal fold lesions.STUDY DESIGN/
A total of 123 dysphonic individuals with benign vocal pathologies were recruited. They were given either genuine acupuncture (n = 40), sham acupuncture (n = 44), or no treatment (n = 39) for 6 weeks (two 30-minu... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 26298839,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVES",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Acoustics",
"Acupuncture Therapy",
"Adult",
"Dysphonia",
"Female",
"Hong Kong",
"Humans",
"Laryngoscopy",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Quality of Life",... |
pubmedqa | b6f41989fb1998d7ef9a614d62d3216c670599fe97923a225eae627a357999ac | train | mcq | Is aneurysm repair justified for the patients aged 80 or older after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? | With the advancement of an aging society in the world, an increasing number of elderly patients have been hospitalized due to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). There is no study that compares the elderly cases of aSAH who receive the definitive treatment with those who treated conservatively. The aim of this s... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 24153338,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Aneurysm, Ruptured",
"Cerebrovascular Circulation",
"Cohort Studies",
"Embolization, Therapeutic",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Neuros... |
pubmedqa | f6e9fac440db15671f6b8a57cb5fb2a79be6f3797c916dc60170443d36b7fc58 | train | mcq | Do general practice characteristics influence uptake of an information technology (IT) innovation in primary care? | Recent evaluations of IT innovations in primary care have highlighted variations between centres and practices in uptake and use. We evaluated whether structural characteristics of a general practice were associated with variations in use of a web-based clinical information system underpinning a Managed Clinical Networ... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 18534072,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"INTRODUCTION",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Age Factors",
"Diabetes Mellitus",
"Diffusion of Innovation",
"Disease Management",
"Family Practice",
"Humans",
"Information Systems",
"Internet",
"Sex F... |
pubmedqa | 48c9a0f18ef3c87aa214d73f3e5a26b6fde66d118f83de05d4dd7f6e03092ed6 | train | mcq | Prognosis of well differentiated small hepatocellular carcinoma--is well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma clinically early cancer? | The purpose of this study is to examine whether or not well differentiated (w-d) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is indeed clinically early cancer.
Seventy six patients with solitary small HCCs up to 3 cm in diameter, who underwent hepatectomy, were observed for at least 2 years for possible recurrence. These patients w... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 8847047,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"AIMS",
"MATERIALS AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Carcinoma, Hepatocellular",
"Case-Control Studies",
"Disease-Free Survival",
"Female",
"Follow-Up Studies",
"Hepatectomy",
"Humans",
"Incidence",
"Li... |
pubmedqa | 2632fa551645c3f3aff222e8f42e0b4459572fc43f3ca8c0a91d87e9fb6b6dc1 | train | mcq | Do follow-up recommendations for abnormal Papanicolaou smears influence patient adherence? | To compare adherence to follow-up recommendations for colposcopy or repeated Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for women with previously abnormal Pap smear results.
Retrospective cohort study.
Three northern California family planning clinics.
All women with abnormal Pap smear results referred for initial colposcopy and a rand... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 10575390,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"DESIGN",
"SETTING",
"PATIENTS",
"INTERVENTION",
"MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Cervix Uteri",
"Colposcopy",
"Female",
"Humans",
"M... |
pubmedqa | 130a1fb0644291b4e36bb578ec2bb60bb985f6b3a18a45ba2fd2a27a561ca70c | train | mcq | Biomolecular identification of allergenic pollen: a new perspective for aerobiological monitoring? | Accurate and updated information on airborne pollen in specific areas can help allergic patients. Current monitoring systems are based on a morphologic identification approach, a time-consuming method that may represent a limiting factor for sampling network enhancement.
To verify the feasibility of developing a real-t... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 20084845,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Antigens, Plant",
"Computational Biology",
"DNA Primers",
"DNA Probes",
"DNA, Plant",
"Environmental Monitoring",
"Italy",
"Molecular Probe Te... |
pubmedqa | 2af5792fc01b4653b2d0a1edfe917636e5aeaf8c75369a1d76e0a49222f15691 | train | mcq | Does diabetes mellitus influence the efficacy of FDG-PET in the diagnosis of cervical cancer? | Compared with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) may have additional value in the assessment of primary and recurrent cervical cancer. However, the degree of tumour uptake of (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose (FDG) uptake is sometimes influenced by diabete... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 15703931,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"PURPOSE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Artifacts",
"Diabetes Complications",
"Female",
"Fluorodeoxyglucose F18",
"Humans",
"Middle Aged",
"Positron-Emission... |
pubmedqa | 668f06fcbe599b3d30dce569451f20955ed6b5fbc677008dd6b0817798ed4bf2 | train | mcq | Biomechanical and wound healing characteristics of corneas after excimer laser keratorefractive surgery: is there a difference between advanced surface ablation and sub-Bowman's keratomileusis? | To describe the biomechanical and wound healing characteristics of corneas after excimer laser keratorefractive surgery.
Histologic, ultrastructural, and cohesive tensile strength evaluations were performed on 25 normal human corneal specimens, 206 uncomplicated LASIK specimens, 17 uncomplicated sub-Bowman's keratomile... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 18269157,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"PURPOSE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Biomechanical Phenomena",
"Bowman Membrane",
"Compressive Strength",
"Cornea",
"Corneal Surgery, Laser",
"Humans",
"Keratoconus",
"Lasers, Excimer",
"Tensile ... |
pubmedqa | 14d091c521221fedb59a026e1ac42eaa11c4ab303d342b00cfe13748cf0076e4 | train | mcq | Does radiotherapy of the primary rectal cancer affect prognosis after pelvic exenteration for recurrent rectal cancer? | Radiotherapy reduces local recurrence rates but is also capable of short- and long-term toxicity. It may also render treatment of local recurrence more challenging if it develops despite previous radiotherapy.
This study examined the impact of radiotherapy for the primary rectal cancer on outcomes after pelvic exentera... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 25489696,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"OBJECTIVE",
"DESIGN",
"SETTING",
"PATIENTS",
"MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES",
"RESULTS",
"LIMITATIONS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Combined Modality Therapy",
"Female",
... |
pubmedqa | af2b182238454535bc5149d03cc65a8b5b1e3e7c2c23d70ffa8b67d1b31d719d | train | mcq | Can a practicing surgeon detect early lymphedema reliably? | Lymphedema may be identified by simpler circumference changes as compared with changes in limb volume.
Ninety breast cancer patients were prospectively enrolled in an academic trial, and seven upper extremity circumferences were measured quarterly for 3 years. A 10% volume increase or greater than 1 cm increase in arm ... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 14599616,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Arm",
"Breast Neoplasms",
"Early Diagnosis",
"Female",
"Follow-Up Studies",
"Humans",
"Lymphedema",
"Middle Aged",
"Postoperative Complications",
"Pr... |
pubmedqa | d483733dd8305c362d84074dd320d9c09b0a986ae92dcd07ad69adcc85882c2a | train | mcq | Colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases: does global management at the same centre improve results? | Synchronous liver metastases (SLM) occur in 20% of colorectal cancers (CRC). Resection of SLM and CLC can be undertaken at different centres (separate management, SM) or at the same centre (global management, GM).
Retrospective study of SLM and CRC resections carried out during 01/2000 - 12/2006 by SM or GM, using a co... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 22537902,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Colorectal Neoplasms",
"Combined Modality Therapy",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Liver Neoplasms",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Retrospective Studies",
"Treatment Outcom... |
pubmedqa | 1c7acb7a6a4001fbf5e40d6406b958bb92b4fc734596e03634b37ae5d52c153b | train | mcq | Is motion perception deficit in schizophrenia a consequence of eye-tracking abnormality? | Studies have shown that schizophrenia patients have motion perception deficit, which was thought to cause eye-tracking abnormality in schizophrenia. However, eye movement closely interacts with motion perception. The known eye-tracking difficulties in schizophrenia patients may interact with their motion perception.
Tw... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 19054501,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Discrimination (Psychology)",
"Female",
"Fixation, Ocular",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Motion Perception",
"Ocular Motili... |
pubmedqa | 3f26dd9ef2f918332ea3f489aed847b116f7440b12951a6c73dfa782a8efd675 | train | mcq | Transgastric endoscopic splenectomy: is it possible? | We have previously reported the feasibility of diagnostic and therapeutic peritoneoscopy including liver biopsy, gastrojejunostomy, and tubal ligation by an oral transgastric approach. We present results of per-oral transgastric splenectomy in a porcine model. The goal of this study was to determine the technical feasi... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 16432652,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Animals",
"Endoscopy",
"Models, Animal",
"Spleen",
"Splenectomy",
"Stomach",
"Swine"
],
"long_answer": "Transgastric endoscopic splenectomy in a porcine model ... |
pubmedqa | 28e2525c09dbe076b652da87d87c965c4d58b8fef8370312a6a47fcee0bb9e15 | train | mcq | It's Fournier's gangrene still dangerous? | Fournier's gangrene is known to have an impact in the morbidity and despite antibiotics and aggressive debridement, the mortality rate remains high.
To assess the morbidity and mortality in the treatment of Fournier's gangrene in our experience.
The medical records of 14 patients with Fournier's gangrene who presented ... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 19504993,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"OBJECTIVES",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Female",
"Fournier Gangrene",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Survival Rate"
],
"long_answer": "The interval from the onset of cli... |
pubmedqa | a3f0f952cc0a53029afca0e5729311563db7cf94743f61e3a9a74013c675f729 | train | mcq | Is it appropriate to implant kidneys from elderly donors in young recipients? | Kidneys from elderly donors tend to be implanted in recipients who are also elderly. We present the results obtained after 10 years of evolution on transplanting elderly kidneys into young recipients.
Ninety-one consecutive transplants are studied, carried out in our center with kidneys from cadaver donors older than 6... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 20571467,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Age Factors",
"Aged",
"Biomarkers",
"Case-Control Studies",
"Chi-Square Distribution",
"Creatinine",
"Donor Selection",
"Female",
"Glomerular ... |
pubmedqa | 792072cf66b964fd7037ad8952f902f0de0163040bd4b054c45c9081a9a46e7d | train | mcq | Do provider service networks result in lower expenditures compared with HMOs or primary care case management in Florida's Medicaid program? | To determine the impact of Florida's Medicaid Demonstration 4 years post-implementation on per member per month (PMPM) Medicaid expenditures and whether receiving care through HMOs versus provider service networks (PSNs) in the Demonstration was associated with PMPM expenditures.DATA: Florida Medicaid claims from two f... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 24237112,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"STUDY DESIGN",
"DATA EXTRACTION",
"PRINCIPAL FINDINGS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Case Management",
"Child",
"Child, Preschool",
"Female",
"Florida",
"Health Expenditur... |
pubmedqa | a1c1106154d88ba071a2ff28aa18ccf006cca4bcab93dfd46da5a07570e9b849 | train | mcq | Assessment of carotid artery stenosis before coronary artery bypass surgery. Is it always necessary? | Extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis is a risk factor for perioperative stroke in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CAB). Although selective and non-selective methods of preoperative carotid screening have been advocated, it remains unclear if this screening is clinically relevant.AIM: To tes... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 21402341,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Aged",
"Algorithms",
"Carotid Stenosis",
"Chi-Square Distribution",
"Coronary Artery Bypass",
"Coronary Artery Disease",
"Endarterectomy, Carotid",
"Female",
... |
pubmedqa | 6d20511b40513a667b5bc0ebe951e981f8ab255a5b5d25bd9368413cc6420468 | train | mcq | Should direct mesocolon invasion be included in T4 for the staging of gastric cancer? | One of the sites most frequently invaded by gastric cancer is the mesocolon; however, the UICC does not mention this anatomical site as an adjacent structure involved in gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to characterize and classify mesocolon invasion from gastric cancer.
We examined 806 patients who underw... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 20082356,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Lymphatic Metastasis",
"Male",
"Mesocolon",
"Middle Aged",
"Neoplasm Invasiveness",
"Neoplasm Sta... |
pubmedqa | 97f70284c9584be1032e1d5e7821394fad69de2e947e86052495c69a42bf4147 | train | mcq | Do Surrogates of Injury Severity Influence the Occurrence of Heterotopic Ossification in Fractures of the Acetabulum? | To determine the relationship between injury severity surrogates and other patient factors with the development and severity of heterotopic ossification (HO) following open reduction internal fixation of acetabular fractures treated with a posterior approach.
Retrospective review.
Academic level 1 trauma center.
Two hu... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 26606599,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVES",
"DESIGN",
"SETTING",
"PARTICIPANTS",
"INTERVENTION",
"MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES",
"RESULTS",
"ICU LOS"
],
"meshes": [
"Acetabulum",
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Causality",
"Co... |
pubmedqa | 31166f419d331d44bbed58a2766e26e690f4f020033deacdb010bb083c31be74 | train | mcq | Does pretreatment with statins improve clinical outcome after stroke? | In primary and secondary prevention trials, statins have been shown to reduce the risk of stroke. In addition to lipid lowering, statins have a number of antiatherothrombotic and neuroprotective properties. In a preliminary observational study, we explored whether clinical outcome is improved in patients who are on tre... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 11340218,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Acute Disease",
"Adult",
"Age Distribution",
"Aged",
"Case-Control Studies",
"Cerebral Hemorrhage",
"Comorbidity",
"Diabetes Mellitus",
"Female"... |
pubmedqa | ba0bfac2613a4a0e512670bfda0b4d616cfb9eee4e93176b6b52e7118b38255b | train | mcq | Processing fluency effects: can the content and presentation of participant information sheets influence recruitment and participation for an antenatal intervention? | To assess the extent to which the title and font of participant information sheets (PISs) can influence pregnant women's and trainee midwives' perceptions of an antenatal intervention.
Pregnant women (n=35) and trainee midwives (n=36) were randomly presented with one of four PISs where the title and font of the PIS had... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 25481573,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Midwifery",
"Multivariate Analysis",
"Pamphlets",
"Patient Selection",
"Pregnancy",
"Pregnant Women",
"Prenatal Care",
... |
pubmedqa | c35a2e43cf3443b9259f05a835e1d9495a0070e792aeb2e2995a30ff7cd1dc01 | train | mcq | Sternal fracture in growing children : A rare and often overlooked fracture? | Sternal fractures in childhood are rare. The aim of the study was to investigate the accident mechanism, the detection of radiological and sonographical criteria and consideration of associated injuries.
In the period from January 2010 to December 2012 all inpatients and outpatients with sternal fractures were recorded... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 25277731,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHOD",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Chest Pain",
"Child",
"Child, Preschool",
"Diagnosis, Differential",
"Fractures, Bone",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Rare Diseases",
"Sternum"
]... |
pubmedqa | b146e4ac8003113df2f1458530df9a6357062a0ca9f7d49d421d5ee6ca7b171d | train | mcq | Is there a correlation between androgens and sexual desire in women? | For women, the correlation between circulating androgens and sexual desire is inconclusive. Substitution with androgens at physiological levels improves sexual function in women who experience decreased sexual desire and androgen deficiency from surgical menopause, pituitary disease, and age-related decline in androgen... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 25475395,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"INTRODUCTION",
"METHODS",
"MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Age Factors",
"Aged",
"Androgens",
"Androstenedione",
"Androstenols",
"Androsterone",
"Cross-Sectional Studies",
"De... |
pubmedqa | 2c166e919c51cbed5d688173ea3d1b05994c520c51cb22ffd218ee4fb3cf25e1 | train | mcq | Does immediate breast reconstruction compromise the delivery of adjuvant chemotherapy? | Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) provides psychological benefit to many early breast cancer patients however concerns persist regarding its potential impact on chemotherapy delivery. We investigated the association between IBR, complications and adjuvant chemotherapy delivery.
Retrospective analysis of patients in... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 23177368,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHOD",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Antineoplastic Agents",
"Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols",
"Breast Neoplasms",
"Chemotherapy, Adjuvant",
"Cisplatin",
"Cyclophosp... |
pubmedqa | 64dae3266d23cc9d083be79fcc3b259533df5be8f96d19f31402522bc6359e40 | train | mcq | Human papillomavirus and pterygium. Is the virus a risk factor? | Pterygium is a disease of unknown origin and pathogenesis that might be vision threatening. It is characterised by a wing-like conjunctival overgrowth of the cornea. Several studies have investigated human papillomavirus (HPV) as a risk factor for the development of pterygia, but the results are inconclusive.AIM: To in... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 17179167,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Cornea",
"DNA, Viral",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Papillomaviridae",
"Papillomavirus Infec... |
pubmedqa | 2b3e925e95bb0db3ba6b72e265e6d63cf78c9a0831215fa0d29459fbaac2463e | train | mcq | Can PRISM predict length of PICU stay? | PRISM is claimed to score disease severity which has attributed an impact on length of PICU stay (LOS).
To determine the impact of PRISM on LOS, and evaluate an Artificial Neural Network's (ANN) performance to estimate LOS from PRISM item patterns.
Retrospectively we performed correlation and regression analyses on rou... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 14612308,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"UNLABELLED",
"PRIMARY OBJECTIVE",
"RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS",
"MAIN RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Cohort Studies",
"Health Services Research",
"Humans",
"Intensive Care Units, Pediatric",
"Length of Stay",
"Netherlan... |
pubmedqa | 6edfe1311a955a05d1eea46e55235b0e1066b90db0b3b7d86f25442bd509ec16 | train | mcq | Can predilatation in transcatheter aortic valve implantation be omitted? | The use of a balloon expandable stent valve includes balloon predilatation of the aortic stenosis before valve deployment. The aim of the study was to see whether or not balloon predilatation is necessary in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI).
Sixty consecutive TAVI patients were randomized to the standard p... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 27491658,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Aortic Valve",
"Aortic Valve Stenosis",
"Balloon Valvuloplasty",
"Cardiac Catheterization",
"Dilatation",
"Female",
... |
pubmedqa | 27c108e9340ab67614b6cc1e5130644a8931f68fdfa504d3b0d731c9f74dbc4d | train | mcq | Autoerotic asphyxiation: secret pleasure--lethal outcome? | Voluntary asphyxiation among children, preteens, and adolescents by hanging or other means of inducing hypoxia/anoxia to enhance sexual excitement is not uncommon and can lead to unintended death. This study addresses autoerotic asphyxiation (AEA) with the intent of increasing pediatricians' knowledge of the syndrome a... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 19822586,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Asphyxia",
"Child",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Paraphilic Disorders"
],
"long_answer": "Pediatricians should be alert to the earlie... |
pubmedqa | 283732718de40b47708ba3bdee16d553604688e5c4a467b70b7af28699fd95cf | train | mcq | Major depression and alcohol use disorder in adolescence: Does comorbidity lead to poorer outcomes of depression? | Comorbid major depression (MD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD), particularly in adolescents, have been shown to be associated with poorer subsequent MD outcomes.
Longitudinal data were used to model associations between a four-level classification of MD/AUD during the period 15-18 years (neither; MD-only; AUD-only; como... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 27643961,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS",
"LIMITATIONS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Alcohol-Related Disorders",
"Comorbidity",
"Depressive Disorder, Major",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Longitudinal Studies",
... |
pubmedqa | 491d135e1d0f7cfefd0a3278c5177422b1e99371dae2cc8edf2dfe93cce7e523 | train | mcq | Cold preparation use in young children after FDA warnings: do concerns still exist? | To characterize the use and delivery of cough and cold medicines in children younger than 6 presenting to an inner-city pediatric emergency department (PED) following 2007 FDA warnings.
A cross-sectional observational study was performed using a convenience sampling of PED patients during the fall of 2010. Caregivers w... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 23539689,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Antitussive Agents",
"Caregivers",
"Child",
"Child, Preschool",
"Common Cold",
"Cough",
"Cross-Sectional Studies",
"Drug Packaging",
"Female",
"Humans",... |
pubmedqa | 6bf2edb476cca9dd0462d67cfdf6368ddef794c198daa81f5178ce16953d621c | train | mcq | Does a 4 diagram manual enable laypersons to operate the Laryngeal Mask Supreme®? | Bystander resuscitation plays an important role in lifesaving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A significant reduction in the "no-flow-time", quantitatively better chest compressions and an improved quality of ventilation can be demonstrated during CPR using supraglottic airway devices (SADs). Previous studies have... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 22453060,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation",
"Female",
"First Aid",
"Germany",
"Humans",
"Laryngeal Masks",
"Male",
"Manikins",
"Manuals as Topic",
"Pilot Projects"... |
pubmedqa | 264325e3246f7af808243b15e18fa3c1d8e28a9e2c26a9f08090f699b64a1447 | train | mcq | Can we measure mesopic pupil size with the cobalt blue light slit-lamp biomicroscopy method? | The aim of this work is to assess a previously described slit-lamp biomicroscopy-based method (SLBM) for measuring pupil diameter and compare it to Colvard infrared pupillometry (CIP).
Two examiners performed three repeated measurements with each instrument in 40 healthy eyes. We determined the agreement of SLBM and CI... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 22227642,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Dark Adaptation",
"Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Iris",
"Light",
"Male",
"Mesopic Vision",
"Microscopy",
"... |
pubmedqa | c8c58ad3ba51a5fbce382e7fdd63c777f468416aedfc44cc6d206cc953d33517 | train | mcq | Should circumcision be performed in childhood? | To evaluate prepuce development and retractibility in a group of boys. To point out the value of circumcision and prepucial forced dilation during childhood.
Prepuce development and retractibility were evaluated in 400 boys ages between 0-16 year old.
In boys under 1 year prepuce retractibility (assessed only in childr... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 12380309,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Age Factors",
"Child, Preschool",
"Circumcision, Male",
"Dilatation",
"Humans",
"Infant",
"Male",
"Penile Diseases",
"Penis",
"Phimosis... |
pubmedqa | a0788829633bc714e36317f34a6a9d3fcac0beb5e6e40dae7c1c2375ab6a88ae | train | mcq | Does a colonoscopy after acute diverticulitis affect its management? | Medical records of 220 patients hospitalized for acute diverticulitis between June 1, 2002 and September 1, 2009 were reviewed. Acute diverticulitis was diagnosed by clinical criteria and characteristic CT findings. Fifteen patients were excluded either because of questionable CT or hematochezia. Mean age was 61.8±14.3... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 22186742,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Acute Disease",
"Aged",
"Colonoscopy",
"Diverticulitis, Colonic",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Retrospective Studies",
"Survival Rate",
"Tomography, X-... |
pubmedqa | b9b743f847bc05db497f43044dfa2a01cce9d2b8b9e31556ec9d3406b938e417 | train | mcq | Do instrumental activities of daily living predict dementia at 1- and 2-year follow-up? | To investigate whether problems in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) can add to conventionally used clinical measurements in helping to predict a diagnosis of dementia at 1- and 2-year follow-up.
Multicenter prospective cohort study.
Memory clinics in Europe.
Individuals aged 55 and older without dementia.... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 22188074,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVES",
"DESIGN",
"SETTING",
"PARTICIPANTS",
"MEASUREMENTS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Activities of Daily Living",
"Aged",
"Dementia",
"Female",
"Follow-Up Studies",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Progno... |
pubmedqa | 896b83adda6fbcad4401eb2ca36d0db2ea7300cc81e42f6f9b52646f125895ae | train | mcq | Does the Simultaneous Use of a Neuroendoscope Influence the Incidence of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Infection? | The relationship between the use of an endoscope during ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) procedures and infection remains poorly defined. In this study, we sought to analyze whether the simultaneous use of an endoscope could in fact increase the infection rate associated with VPS procedures.
This study included 438 VPS... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
} | {
"pubid": 27989969,
"source_label": "no",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Female",
"Follow-Up Studies",
"Humans",
"Incidence",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Neuroendoscopes",
"Retrospective Studies",
... |
pubmedqa | efe1b08f94726d174f52e329ca9f4a346e815c2c1f1e3b388b8892fef46c5f0e | train | mcq | Body perception: do parents, their children, and their children's physicians perceive body image differently? | To compare children's, parents' and physicians' perceptions of children's body size.
We administered a structured questionnaire of body size perception using a descriptive Likert scale keyed to body image figures to children ages 12 to 18 years. The same scale was given to parents of children ages 5 to 18 years. The sa... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 18607272,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVES",
"PATIENTS AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Awareness",
"Body Image",
"Body Mass Index",
"Child",
"Child, Preschool",
"Female",
"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Pract... |
pubmedqa | 0f8dcaa9e85c33a4a2ff709e0831efafa5aae553c56ebdc7221f8cad9738b5d9 | train | mcq | Is a specialised training of phonological awareness indicated in every preschool child? | In a prospective study 218 preschool children were enrolled (stratified in 2 training programs, one specialized for phonologic awareness in order to prevent dyslexia, the other consisting in training of general perception) during the last year of kindergarten. After finishing the first grade 131 children were compared ... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 18235194,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Child Language",
"Child, Preschool",
"Correction of Hearing Impairment",
"Curriculum",
"Dyslexia",
"Education, Special",
"Female",
"Germany",
"Hearing Disord... |
pubmedqa | fb88c41d7b6edcb3f2c9882f5b84d0bdf672b6415646f7d55f1fc3d0e9bab3fa | train | mcq | Is there any relationship between streptococcal infection and multiple sclerosis? | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of uncertain etiology. Although the mechanisms of inducting autoimmunity by some of the infectious agents have been investigated, there is not yet enough research on streptococcal infections.MATERIAL/
To understand the effect of past group... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 18049437,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Antibodies, Bacterial",
"Antistreptolysin",
"Deoxyribonucleases",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Multiple Sclerosis",
"Streptococ... |
pubmedqa | b38bc46d030092186430edb559e9004ce721b03e5b685a0b59edb26edc853193 | train | mcq | Is the combination with 2-methoxyestradiol able to reduce the dosages of chemotherapeutices in the treatment of human ovarian cancer? | The endogenous estradiol metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME), has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of cell growth and a strong anti-angiogenic substance. We investigated for the first time whether in vitro combinations of 2ME with various chemotherapeutic compounds may result in an additive inhibitory effect on the... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 15597845,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION",
"METHOD",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols",
"Carboplatin",
"Cell Line, Tumor",
"Cell Proliferation",
"Cyclophosphamide",
"Dose-Response Relationship,... |
pubmedqa | 0c7b31a784d7558c1d39c8a4fec33b79a898c6316a7e72b475f8e444291b3119 | train | mcq | Assessing joint line positions by means of the contralateral knee: a new approach for planning knee revision surgery? | Reconstructing the natural joint line in knee revision surgery improves clinical and functional outcome but may be challenging when both cartilage and bone were removed during previous operations. Assessing joint lines (JLs) by means of bony landmarks is inadvisable because of large variations in human anatomy. Because... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 24996865,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"PURPOSE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Anatomic Landmarks",
"Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Knee Joint",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
... |
pubmedqa | 7db46a7dadb5de31c538f7bae85a8491e46457f0812aa7c0084a958015d3e8be | train | mcq | Does the type of tibial component affect mechanical alignment in unicompartmental knee replacement? | There are a number of factors responsible for the longevity of unicompartmental knee replacements (UKR). These include the magnitude of postoperative alignment and the type of material used. The effect of component design and material on postoperative alignment, however, has not been explored.
We retrospectively review... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 23361217,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"PURPOSE",
"MATERIALS AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee",
"Biocompatible Materials",
"Biomechanical Phenomena",
"Body Mass Index",
"Confidence Intervals",
"Female",
"Humans",
... |
pubmedqa | ad393178712b3b76aafc354c374c976a0bd34d1a1e25aacd96d1935031037200 | train | mcq | Is tumour expression of VEGF associated with venous invasion and survival in pT3 renal cell carcinoma? | To determine whether there is a relationship between VEGF expression and renal vein and vena cava invasion in stage pT3 renal cell carcinoma and to evaluate the impact of VEGF expression on survival in pT3 renal cell carcinoma.
78 patients with a pT3a or pT3b tumour without vena cava invasion or pT3b tumour with vena c... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 17489316,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"STUDY OBJECTIVE",
"MATERIAL AND METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Aged",
"Aged, 80 and over",
"Carcinoma, Renal Cell",
"Cause of Death",
"Disease-Free Survival",
"Female",
"Follow-Up Studies",
... |
pubmedqa | c2d28f396d17380bc16238fb780d9d3c2bfae4964d2144586120e0e503ab1267 | train | mcq | Injury and poisoning mortality among young men--are there any common factors amenable to prevention? | Deaths from injury and poisoning (suicide, accidents, undetermined deaths, and homicide) are the major cause of death among young men aged 15-39 years in England and Wales and have been increasing in recent years.AIM: To describe common characteristics among young men who die from injury and poisoning.
We employed a re... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 14518645,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"DESIGN",
"MAIN RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adolescent",
"Adult",
"Cause of Death",
"Data Collection",
"England",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Poisoning",
"Retrospective Studies",
"Risk Factors",
"... |
pubmedqa | ee4d0368a306166f2e3c4498ef5ac1b8f4bb23dbd732300c7bd1bbfbad99df19 | train | mcq | Continuation of pregnancy after antenatal corticosteroid administration: opportunity for rescue? | To determine the duration of continuing pregnancy after antenatal corticosteroid (AC) administration and to evaluate the potential opportunity for rescue AC.
Retrospective analysis of women at 24-32 weeks' gestation who received AC at one institution.
Six hundred ninety-two women received AC. Two hundred forty-seven (3... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
} | {
"pubid": 20337202,
"source_label": "maybe",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"STUDY DESIGN",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adrenal Cortex Hormones",
"Adult",
"Drug Administration Schedule",
"Feasibility Studies",
"Female",
"Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture",
"Gestational Age",
... |
pubmedqa | 9afe5ffb4d0b52635eea426842ee3681a418bb6c7e2a02c1a91dee1826a5744e | train | mcq | Does either obesity or OSA severity influence the response of autotitrating CPAP machines in very obese subjects? | The pressures delivered by autotitrating continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) devices not only treat obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) effectively but also give potentially interesting physiological information about the forces impinging on the pharynx. In earlier work from this unit, we used correlations between a... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 26449554,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"PURPOSE",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Body Mass Index",
"Cohort Studies",
"Continuous Positive Airway Pressure",
"Female",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Obesity, Morbid",
"Pharynx... |
pubmedqa | 46d507a7b07ca3caf03e9bee9b2532aa4ec20e933a1b1bf2cb36d18fa7e41aab | train | mcq | Does the clinical presentation of a prior preterm birth predict risk in a subsequent pregnancy? | The objective of the study was to determine whether risk of recurrent preterm birth differs based on the clinical presentation of a prior spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB): advanced cervical dilatation (ACD), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), or preterm labor (PTL).
This retrospective cohort study included... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 26215326,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"STUDY DESIGN",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Female",
"Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture",
"Gestational Age",
"Humans",
"Labor Stage, First",
"Pregnancy",
"Pregnancy Outcome",
"Premature... |
pubmedqa | f439552cf20fbe3b133f39fd65c0064324ce69609ec1f686050e4b4649948784 | train | mcq | Is the Distance Worth It? | It is unclear whether traveling long distances to high-volume centers would compensate for travel burden among patients undergoing rectal cancer resection.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether operative volume outweighs the advantages of being treated locally by comparing the outcomes of patients with rec... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 29112560,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"OBJECTIVE",
"DESIGN",
"SETTINGS",
"PATIENTS",
"MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES",
"RESULTS",
"LIMITATIONS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adenocarcinoma",
"Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous",
"Aged",
"Chemoradiotherapy",
"... |
pubmedqa | 24219078dbc5552c539eb1a5737d9d8ebd20036ebc29cca3fe9bd83b1dc70d32 | train | mcq | Aripiprazole: a new risk factor for pathological gambling? | It is commonly accepted that pathological gambling results from the interaction of multiple risk factors. Among these, dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) prescribed for Parkinson disease can be cited. Another dopamine agonist, aripiprazole, could be a new risk factor. We decided to explore this potential adverse drug r... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 24315783,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"OBJECTIVE",
"METHOD",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Adult",
"Antipsychotic Agents",
"Aripiprazole",
"Bipolar Disorder",
"Dopamine Agonists",
"Female",
"Gambling",
"Humans",
"Male",
"Middle Aged",
"Pipe... |
pubmedqa | 67349b4ebe7581e329bd3068010f112f76679d46ae122d4cd0be162d13f54e33 | train | mcq | Immune suppression by lysosomotropic amines and cyclosporine on T-cell responses to minor and major histocompatibility antigens: does synergy exist? | Using murine models, we have shown that the lysosomotropic amine, chloroquine, is effective in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) mediated by donor T cells reactive with recipient minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHCs). Because lysosomotropic amines can suppress major histocompatibility complex (MHC)... | [
{
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
},
{
"original_key": "B",
"text": "No"
},
{
"original_key": "C",
"text": "Maybe"
}
] | {
"original_key": "A",
"text": "Yes"
} | {
"pubid": 9381529,
"source_label": "yes",
"labels": [
"BACKGROUND",
"METHODS",
"RESULTS"
],
"meshes": [
"Animals",
"Cell Survival",
"Cells, Cultured",
"Chloroquine",
"Concanavalin A",
"Cyclosporine",
"Drug Synergism",
"Female",
"Graft vs Host Disease",
"His... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
BenchBase PubMedQA
PubMedQA normalized into the BenchBase unified schema. Every BenchBase dataset shares the same columns, so one loader and one evaluation loop cover all of them.
- Source: qiaojin/PubMedQA
- Code and converter: Layered-Labs/benchbase
- Items: 1,000 (train: 1,000)
- Rejected source rows: 0 (see
rejected.json)
Schema
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
dataset_key |
str | Benchmark identifier (pubmedqa) |
hash |
str | SHA256(question + answer text), stable across option order |
split |
str | Source split |
question_type |
str | mcq |
question |
str | Question stem |
context |
str or null | Passage the question refers to, if any |
options |
list[dict] | [{"original_key": "A", "text": "..."}] |
answer |
dict | The matching option: {"original_key": "D", "text": "..."} |
metadata |
dict | Source fields that do not fit the schema |
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("Layered-Labs/benchbase-pubmedqa")
print(ds["train"][0])
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