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Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the failed trajectory into avoidance rules: the core mistake and warning signs that agent should avoid. Important constraints: - Write episode_...
{"episode_summary": "The agent inefficiently searches drawers 1-4 and dresser 1 multiple times before finally checking desk 1, where it finds and takes a CD. It then attempts an invalid 'move' action to place the CD on the dresser, resulting in task failure.", "episode_skill": "When placing a carried item onto a target...
pick_and_place_076_5620930459:4
pick_and_place_076_5620930459
pick_and_place
false
30
true
Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the successful trajectory into workflow: the core decision rule and action ordering that made this trajectory work. Important constraints: - Wr...
{"episode_summary": "The agent searched through several drawers without finding a spatula, then located it on countertop 1. After some unnecessary back-and-forth and a detour cleaning a fork, the agent took the spatula to sinkbasin 1, cleaned it, and placed it back on countertop 1 to complete the task.", "episode_skill...
pick_clean_then_place_in_recep_018_9049ae50c7:3
pick_clean_then_place_in_recep_018_9049ae50c7
pick_clean_then_place_in_recep
true
25
true
Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the failed trajectory into avoidance rules: the core mistake and warning signs that agent should avoid. Important constraints: - Write episode_...
{"episode_summary": "The agent searched cabinets 1-4 and sinkbasin 1 before finding two spraybottles on countertop 1. It picked up spraybottle 1 but then failed to put it in a cabinet, instead wandering back and forth between countertop 1 and cabinet 1. The agent repeatedly tried to go to countertop 1 when already ther...
pick_two_obj_and_place_023_1aff5d466a:0
pick_two_obj_and_place_023_1aff5d466a
pick_two_obj_and_place
false
30
true
Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the failed trajectory into avoidance rules: the core mistake and warning signs that agent should avoid. Important constraints: - Write episode_...
{"episode_summary": "The agent successfully found two cellphones on desk 2 and placed cellphone 2 on shelf 1, but then repeatedly moved cellphone 1 back to desk 2 instead of placing it on a shelf, and even picked cellphone 2 back up from shelf 1, ultimately failing to have two cellphones in a shelf at the same time.", ...
pick_and_place_055_4be85cbc8c:6
pick_and_place_055_4be85cbc8c
pick_and_place
false
30
true
Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the failed trajectory into avoidance rules: the core mistake and warning signs that agent should avoid. Important constraints: - Write episode_...
{"episode_summary": "The agent was tasked with examining a CD using a desklamp. It found a CD on shelf 3 and repeatedly examined it, picked it up, and moved it back, but never located or used a desklamp. The agent wasted many steps in repetitive loops (examining the CD, checking inventory, looking at the same shelf) wi...
pick_two_obj_and_place_071_bf37a733db:2
pick_two_obj_and_place_071_bf37a733db
pick_two_obj_and_place
false
30
true
Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the successful trajectory into workflow: the core decision rule and action ordering that made this trajectory work. Important constraints: - Wr...
{"episode_summary": "The agent located a potato in the fridge, took it, heated it using the microwave, then returned to the fridge and placed the heated potato inside, completing the task.", "episode_skill": "When tasked with heating an item and putting it in the fridge: locate and take the target item, navigate to the...
pick_heat_then_place_in_recep_001_f2f4a97bbd:1
pick_heat_then_place_in_recep_001_f2f4a97bbd
pick_heat_then_place_in_recep
true
8
true
Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the failed trajectory into avoidance rules: the core mistake and warning signs that agent should avoid. Important constraints: - Write episode_...
{"episode_summary": "The agent failed to clean a kettle and put it in a cabinet. It spent the entire episode repeatedly searching the same few locations (countertop 1, cabinets 1-3, cabinet 10, sinkbasin 1) without ever finding a kettle. The agent got stuck in loops, revisiting the same empty locations multiple times a...
pick_clean_then_place_in_recep_006_267f94f32e:1
pick_clean_then_place_in_recep_006_267f94f32e
pick_clean_then_place_in_recep
false
30
true
Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the failed trajectory into avoidance rules: the core mistake and warning signs that agent should avoid. Important constraints: - Write episode_...
{"episode_summary": "The agent picks up a tomato from the dining table but repeatedly fails to place it in the fridge by using the invalid 'move' command instead of 'put'. It also completely forgets to heat the tomato as required by the task. After finally navigating to and opening the fridge, the agent mistakenly clos...
pick_cool_then_place_in_recep_039_7c04b2ce7a:1
pick_cool_then_place_in_recep_039_7c04b2ce7a
pick_cool_then_place_in_recep
false
30
true
Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the failed trajectory into avoidance rules: the core mistake and warning signs that agent should avoid. Important constraints: - Write episode_...
{"episode_summary": "Agent failed to put a clean mug in coffeemachine. It searched several cabinets and countertops but never found a mug. It picked up an irrelevant kettle from cabinet 1 and carried it throughout, wasting steps revisiting already-searched locations (cabinet 1, countertop 1, fridge 1) multiple times. T...
pick_clean_then_place_in_recep_014_c452a28d71:7
pick_clean_then_place_in_recep_014_c452a28d71
pick_clean_then_place_in_recep
false
30
true
Analyze the following agent episode and return ONLY valid JSON. You need to complete two fields: 1. Write a concise episode_summary. 2. Write one episode_skill that extracts the failed trajectory into avoidance rules: the core mistake and warning signs that agent should avoid. Important constraints: - Write episode_...
{"episode_summary": "The agent failed to cool a cup and put it in the microwave. It searched cabinets 1 and 2, the fridge, and the sinkbasin but never found a cup. It got distracted by irrelevant items (peppershaker, apple), picked them up, cooled the apple instead of a cup, and repeatedly revisited the same empty loca...
pick_cool_then_place_in_recep_071_e79ac31a28:1
pick_cool_then_place_in_recep_071_e79ac31a28
pick_cool_then_place_in_recep
false
30
true
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

RSIPO Stage-1 Skill SFT Data

The exact Stage-1 training and validation sets used to initialize the six RSIPO runs reported in the paper, together with the underlying policy trajectories and GLM-5.2 trajectory-to-summary/skill annotations.

Configurations

Config Base model Benchmark Train Validation Valid annotations SFT checkpoint
qwen25-3b-alfworld Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct ALFWorld 3,595 399 3,994 Karl28/RSIPO-SFT-Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct-ALFWorld
qwen25-7b-alfworld Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct ALFWorld 3,595 400 3,995 Karl28/RSIPO-SFT-Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct-ALFWorld
qwen3-1.7b-alfworld Qwen3-1.7B ALFWorld 3,590 399 3,989 Karl28/RSIPO-SFT-Qwen3-1.7B-ALFWorld
qwen25-3b-search Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct Search-based QA 3,598 400 3,998 Karl28/RSIPO-SFT-Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct-Search
qwen25-7b-search Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct Search-based QA 3,587 399 3,986 Karl28/RSIPO-SFT-Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct-Search
qwen3-1.7b-search Qwen3-1.7B Search-based QA 3,589 399 3,988 Karl28/RSIPO-SFT-Qwen3-1.7B-Search

The train and validation Parquets are byte-for-byte copies of the files consumed by Stage-1 SFT. Their hashes are in SOURCE_SHA256.json. Each model collected 8 policy rollouts on each of 500 training tasks; GLM-5.2 then wrote an episode summary and reusable episode skill for every trajectory that parsed successfully. The released split is the exact approximately 90/10 split used by training.

Load the SFT splits

from datasets import load_dataset

data = load_dataset("Karl28/RSIPO-SFT-Data", "qwen25-7b-alfworld")
print(data["train"][0]["prompt"])
print(data["train"][0]["response"])

The Parquet columns are:

  • all configurations: prompt, response, skill_id, task_id, task_type, source_success, source_num_steps, parse_ok;
  • search configurations additionally include row_index, data_source, source_final_task_score and analysis_prompt_version.

Trajectories and annotations

Each configuration directory also contains:

File Contents
sampled_tasks.jsonl.gz The 500 tasks sampled for rollout collection
trajectories.jsonl.gz 8 base-policy trajectories per task, including actions/observations and outcome
annotations.jsonl.gz GLM-5.2 analysis prompt, raw output, parsed episode_summary and episode_skill
sft_records.jsonl.gz All valid prompt/response SFT records before the train/validation split
metrics.json Counts and aggregate statistics from data preparation
metadata.json Configuration-level generation and SFT metadata

For example:

import gzip
import json
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download

path = hf_hub_download(
    "Karl28/RSIPO-SFT-Data",
    "qwen25-7b-alfworld/annotations.jsonl.gz",
    repo_type="dataset",
)
with gzip.open(path, "rt") as f:
    first_annotation = json.loads(next(f))
print(first_annotation["episode_summary"])
print(first_annotation["episode_skill"])

Data generation and SFT

The pipeline follows SEED and is reproduced in scripts/sft/ of the code repository:

  1. sample 500 training tasks;
  2. collect 8 trajectories per task from the corresponding base model (Qwen3 runs in non-thinking mode);
  3. use GLM-5.2 to write a trajectory summary and reusable skill;
  4. discard outputs that do not parse into the required JSON structure;
  5. fine-tune for 3 epochs with learning rate 5e-6 and global batch size 8.

The six task selections are recorded in each configuration's sampled_tasks.jsonl.gz. In brief:

  • qwen25-3b-alfworld: 84/83 examples from each of the six ALFWorld task types.
  • qwen25-7b-alfworld: 84/83 examples from each of the six ALFWorld task types.
  • qwen3-1.7b-alfworld: 84/83 examples from each of the six ALFWorld task types.
  • qwen25-3b-search: 500 questions from NQ, TriviaQA, PopQA-like, HotpotQA, 2WikiMultiHopQA and MuSiQue.
  • qwen25-7b-search: 100 questions each from NQ, TriviaQA, HotpotQA, 2WikiMultiHopQA and MuSiQue.
  • qwen3-1.7b-search: 500 questions stratified across NQ, TriviaQA, PopQA-like, HotpotQA, 2WikiMultiHopQA and MuSiQue.

Licensing

This release contains derived examples from ALFWorld and public QA datasets distributed through Search-R1 and FlashRAG. It is marked license: other because the upstream datasets use different licenses. Users must comply with the licenses and terms of ALFWorld, NQ, TriviaQA, PopQA, HotpotQA, 2WikiMultiHopQA, MuSiQue, Search-R1 and FlashRAG as applicable. The GLM-5.2 annotations are provided for research and reproducibility.

Citation

@misc{zhang2026rsipo,
      title={RSIPO: Recursive Self-Improving Policy Optimization for Agentic Reinforcement Learning via Skill-Policy Co-Evolution},
      author={Fan Zhang and Hao Wu and Jinyang Wu and Hongyu Qu and Zheng Lian and Xiao Luo and Yefeng Zheng and Bo Zhang and Haoxuan Li and Pheng-Ann Heng},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2610.15772},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.15772},
}
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