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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'indirect_rule_share_pct', 'postcolonial_bureaucracy_score'}) and 2 missing columns ({'bureaucratic_effectiveness_score', 'customary_court_cases_pct'}).
This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/Jun33550336/institutional-endurance/institutional-endurance/volume1_repo/data/pilot_n18_colonial_governance.csv (at revision c4366cf3e6b4f64ef104298db6d1e37355ae43f8), ['hf://datasets/Jun33550336/institutional-endurance@c4366cf3e6b4f64ef104298db6d1e37355ae43f8/institutional-endurance/volume1_repo/data/lange_n33_customary_courts_replication.csv', 'hf://datasets/Jun33550336/institutional-endurance@c4366cf3e6b4f64ef104298db6d1e37355ae43f8/institutional-endurance/volume1_repo/data/pilot_n18_colonial_governance.csv', 'hf://datasets/Jun33550336/institutional-endurance@c4366cf3e6b4f64ef104298db6d1e37355ae43f8/institutional-endurance/volume2_repo/data/qca_extended_n24_truth_table.csv']
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1848, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 765, in write_table
self._write_table(pa_table, writer_batch_size=writer_batch_size)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 773, in _write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2378, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2306, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
...<3 lines>...
)
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
colony: string
indirect_rule_share_pct: double
postcolonial_bureaucracy_score: double
rule_type: string
-- schema metadata --
pandas: '{"index_columns": [{"kind": "range", "name": null, "start": 0, "' + 816
to
{'colony': Value('string'), 'customary_court_cases_pct': Value('float64'), 'rule_type': Value('string'), 'bureaucratic_effectiveness_score': Value('float64')}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1369, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
builder, max_dataset_size_bytes=max_dataset_size_bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
)
^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 948, in stream_convert_to_parquet
builder._prepare_split(split_generator=splits_generators[split], file_format="parquet")
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1694, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, job_id=job_id, **_prepare_split_args
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
):
^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1850, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
...<4 lines>...
)
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'indirect_rule_share_pct', 'postcolonial_bureaucracy_score'}) and 2 missing columns ({'bureaucratic_effectiveness_score', 'customary_court_cases_pct'}).
This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/Jun33550336/institutional-endurance/institutional-endurance/volume1_repo/data/pilot_n18_colonial_governance.csv (at revision c4366cf3e6b4f64ef104298db6d1e37355ae43f8), ['hf://datasets/Jun33550336/institutional-endurance@c4366cf3e6b4f64ef104298db6d1e37355ae43f8/institutional-endurance/volume1_repo/data/lange_n33_customary_courts_replication.csv', 'hf://datasets/Jun33550336/institutional-endurance@c4366cf3e6b4f64ef104298db6d1e37355ae43f8/institutional-endurance/volume1_repo/data/pilot_n18_colonial_governance.csv', 'hf://datasets/Jun33550336/institutional-endurance@c4366cf3e6b4f64ef104298db6d1e37355ae43f8/institutional-endurance/volume2_repo/data/qca_extended_n24_truth_table.csv']
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
colony string | customary_court_cases_pct float64 | rule_type string | bureaucratic_effectiveness_score float64 |
|---|---|---|---|
Bahamas | 0 | Direct | 7.4 |
Barbados | 0 | Direct | 7.5 |
Belize | 2.1 | Direct | 5.8 |
Botswana | 78.4 | Indirect | 6.2 |
Cyprus | 0 | Direct | 6.9 |
Fiji | 62.1 | Indirect | 4.5 |
Gambia | 84.5 | Indirect | 2.9 |
Ghana | 67.8 | Indirect | 3.8 |
Guyana | 0 | Direct | 4.7 |
Hong Kong | 0 | Direct | 8.6 |
Jamaica | 0 | Direct | 5.4 |
Kenya | 42.6 | Mixed | 4.1 |
Lesotho | 89.2 | Indirect | 3.2 |
Malawi | 74.3 | Indirect | 2.8 |
Malaysia | 31.5 | Mixed | 6.7 |
Malta | 0 | Direct | 7.3 |
Mauritius | 0 | Direct | 7.1 |
Nigeria | 82.3 | Indirect | 2.4 |
Papua New Guinea | 69.4 | Indirect | 3 |
Seychelles | 0 | Direct | 6.1 |
Sierra Leone | 88.7 | Indirect | 2.1 |
Singapore | 0 | Direct | 9.1 |
Solomon Islands | 76.5 | Indirect | 2.7 |
Sri Lanka | 4.2 | Direct | 5.3 |
Sudan | 79.1 | Indirect | 2 |
Swaziland | 86.4 | Indirect | 3.5 |
Tanzania | 65 | Indirect | 3.4 |
Tonga | 91 | Indirect | 4 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 0 | Direct | 6.2 |
Uganda | 78.9 | Indirect | 2.6 |
Vanuatu | 55.4 | Mixed | 3.3 |
Zambia | 61.2 | Indirect | 3.1 |
Zimbabwe | 38 | Mixed | 3.9 |
Nigeria (Northern) | null | Indirect | null |
Uganda (Buganda) | null | Indirect | null |
Ghana (Ashanti) | null | Indirect | null |
Sierra Leone (Protectorate) | null | Indirect | null |
Tanganyika | null | Indirect | null |
Kenya | null | Mixed | null |
Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) | null | Indirect | null |
Malawi (Nyasaland) | null | Indirect | null |
Sudan | null | Indirect | null |
Mauritius | null | Direct | null |
Barbados | null | Direct | null |
Jamaica | null | Direct | null |
Trinidad and Tobago | null | Direct | null |
Guyana | null | Direct | null |
Cyprus | null | Direct | null |
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) | null | Direct | null |
Singapore / Malaya Straits | null | Direct | null |
Hong Kong | null | Direct | null |
null | null | null | null |
Buganda / Uganda (1966) | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null |
Institutional Endurance: Site, Template, and the Structures That Outlast Their Builders
Volume I: The Infrastructure of Borrowed Legitimacy: Direct versus Indirect Rule, Customary Courts, and the Divergent Bureaucratic Legacies of Colonial Empires
Author: Gia Bao Huynh (Jun) · ORCID: 0009-0008-2372-5852
Affiliation: Independent Scholar / Arizona State University (huynhbao@asu.edu)
Permanent DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22255887
Preprint URL: https://zenodo.org/records/22255887
Abstract
How do institutions survive the departure of their creators? This volume explores the foundational divergence between direct and indirect colonial governance, investigating why bureaucratic capacity varies so drastically across postcolonial states. Replicating and extending Matthew Lange's pioneering work across both an initial hand-coded pilot ($N=18$) and a full sample of former British colonies ($N=33$), we demonstrate a powerful, robust negative correlation ($r = -0.83, R^2 = 0.69$) between colonial reliance on customary courts (indirect rule) and postcolonial bureaucratic effectiveness. Where colonizers built uniform, state-centered legal hierarchies (Mauritius, Barbados, Singapore), they bequeathed impersonal administrative machinery that endured. Where colonizers preserved and manipulated traditional chiefdoms and customary tribunals (Northern Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda), they institutionalized bifurcated despotisms that crippled postcolonial state capacity. Furthermore, we contextualize this finding through comparative historical analysis of imperial longevity in East Asia, explicitly noting that while direct Tang administrative commanderies in Vietnam formally concluded in 938 CE, the civilizational, tributary, and bureaucratic models they introduced endured for centuries under autonomous Vietnamese dynasties.
Replication Dataset & Metrics
| Metric | Pilot Sample ($N=18$) | Full Lange Sample ($N=33$) | Robustness Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linear Model | $\text{Bureaucracy} = 7.16 - 0.0638 \cdot \text{IndirectPct}$ | $\text{Bureaucracy} = 6.69 - 0.0450 \cdot \text{CustomaryPct}$ | Negative slope confirmed across all samples |
| Correlation ($r$) | $-0.9509$ | $-0.8293$ | Statistically significant ($p < 0.001$) |
| Variance Explained ($R^2$) | $0.9042$ | $0.6877$ | Explains over $68%$ of cross-national variance |
Citation (APA)
Huynh, G. B. (2026). Volume I: The Infrastructure of Borrowed Legitimacy: Direct versus Indirect Rule, Customary Courts, and the Divergent Bureaucratic Legacies of Colonial Empires. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22255887
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