benchmark_id stringlengths 2 31 | paper_citation stringlengths 10 52 | timestamp_utc stringlengths 27 27 | rep_lang_languages_list stringlengths 0 523 | rep_continents_list listlengths 0 6 | rep_countries_list stringlengths 0 3.87k | rep_dialects stringclasses 2
values | rep_scripts stringclasses 2
values | rep_underserved_groups_flag stringclasses 2
values | rep_underserved_groups_list listlengths 0 3 | rep_theory_based stringclasses 2
values | rep_theory_sources stringlengths 0 488 | rep_country_vs_culture stringclasses 2
values | cult_values int64 0 2 | cult_religion int64 0 2 | cult_social_norms int64 0 2 | cult_narratives int64 0 2 | cult_popculture int64 0 2 | cult_symbols int64 0 2 | cult_rituals int64 0 2 | cult_clothing int64 0 2 | cult_food_routines int64 0 2 | cult_holidays int64 0 2 | cult_topics_num int64 0 87 | cult_topics_list stringlengths 0 675 | cult_topics_balance_reflected stringclasses 2
values | cult_topics_justified stringclasses 2
values | cult_topics_sources stringlengths 0 804 | data_question_types listlengths 1 3 | data_doc_process_documented stringclasses 2
values | data_creation_mode stringclasses 3
values | data_creation_methods listlengths 0 4 | data_source_origin_documented stringclasses 2
values | data_selection_external_refs stringclasses 2
values | data_selection_external_refs_list stringlengths 0 639 | data_filtering_cleaned stringclasses 2
values | cultural_relevance_filter stringclasses 2
values | quality_control stringclasses 3
values | answer_consistency_check stringclasses 2
values | annotators_involved stringclasses 2
values | annotator_selection_documented stringclasses 2
values | ann_requirements_defined listlengths 0 3 | annotators_culturally_relevant stringclasses 2
values | annotator_diversity_dimensions listlengths 0 3 | annotator_recruitment_disclosed stringclasses 2
values | ann_recruitment_channels listlengths 0 4 | annotator_payment_fairness stringclasses 2
values | annotator_guidelines_available stringclasses 2
values | annotation_quality_checked stringclasses 2
values | ann_quality_control_methods listlengths 0 5 | culture_definition_exists stringclasses 2
values | culture_definition_depth stringclasses 2
values | culture_definition_with_sources stringclasses 2
values | cult_def_literature_sources stringlengths 0 593 | culture_conceptual_basis stringclasses 2
values | bias_awareness stringclasses 2
values | bias_mitigation_measures stringclasses 2
values | fairness_inclusivity_reporting stringclasses 2
values | transparency_dataset_available stringclasses 1
value | transparency_limitations_reflected stringclasses 1
value | raw_score float64 76.5 160 | max_score float64 209 209 | normalized_score float64 0.37 0.77 | grambank_coverage float64 0 0.89 ⌀ | grambank_points float64 0 13.4 | languages_parsed listlengths 0 42 | glottocodes listlengths 0 36 | location_differentiation bool 2
classes | location_points float64 0 2 | continent_count int64 0 6 | continent_points float64 0 6 | country_count int64 0 187 | country_points float64 0 9.69 | regions listlengths 0 22 | region_count int64 0 22 | region_points float64 0 10 | dialect_points float64 0 5 | script_points float64 0 5 | underserved_groups_points float64 0 5 | underserved_groups_flag bool 2
classes | theory_points float64 0 5 | theory_flag bool 2
classes | cultural_points float64 0 5 | cultural_flag bool 2
classes | cult_values_points float64 0 10 | cult_religion_points float64 0 10 | cult_social_norms_points float64 0 5 | cult_narratives_points float64 0 5 | cult_popculture_points float64 0 5 | cult_symbols_points float64 0 5 | cult_rituals_points float64 0 5 | cult_clothing_points float64 0 5 | cult_food_routines_points float64 0 5 | cult_holidays_points float64 0 5 | cult_topics_num_points float64 0 5 | cult_topics_balance_points float64 0 2 | cult_topics_justified_points float64 0 5 | data_question_types_selected listlengths 1 3 | data_question_types_points float64 1 5 | data_doc_process_points float64 0 5 | data_creation_selected listlengths 1 1 | data_creation_points float64 0 10 | data_source_origin_points float64 0 2 | data_selection_external_refs_points float64 0 5 | data_filtering_cleaned_points float64 0 2 | cultural_relevance_filter_selected stringclasses 2
values | cultural_relevance_filter_points float64 0 2 | quality_control_raw stringclasses 3
values | quality_control_points float64 0 5 | answer_consistency_check_points float64 0 2 | annotators_involved_points float64 0 1 | annotators_involved_flag bool 2
classes | annotator_selection_points float64 0 2 | annotator_selection_flag bool 2
classes | annotators_culturally_relevant_points float64 0 3 | annotators_culturally_relevant_flag bool 2
classes | annotator_diversity_selected listlengths 0 3 | annotator_diversity_points float64 0 3 | annotator_recruitment_points float64 0 1 | annotator_payment_points float64 0 1 | annotator_guidelines_points float64 0 2 | annotation_quality_points float64 0 1 | culture_definition_exists_points float64 0 1 | culture_definition_depth_points float64 0 1 | culture_definition_with_sources_points float64 0 2 | culture_conceptual_basis_points float64 0 2 | bias_awareness_points float64 0 2 | bias_mitigation_measures_points float64 0 3 | fairness_inclusivity_reporting_points float64 0 2 | transparency_dataset_available_points float64 2 2 | transparency_limitations_reflected_points float64 2 2 | weighted_total float64 0.39 0.77 | dim1_weighted float64 0.01 0.23 | dim2_weighted float64 0.01 0.28 | dim3_weighted float64 0.07 0.23 | dim4_weighted float64 0 0.1 | dim5_weighted float64 0.03 0.05 | dim6_weighted float64 0.05 0.05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIXCUBE | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.16826
| 2026-06-03T13:27:25.644190Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Europe",
"Asia",
"North America"
] | Azerbaijan, South Korea, Myanmar, United Kingdom, United States | No | No | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)",
"ethnic or Indigenous groups",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | Food, Festivals, and Clothing | Yes | No | [
"open"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | No | Yes | No | [
"native speaker"
] | Yes | [] | No | [] | No | No | Yes | [
"automated plausibility checks",
"gold-standard data"
] | Yes | brief mention | Yes | Adilazuarda, M. F., Mukherjee, S., Lavania, P., Singh, S., Aji, A. F., O’Neill, J., Modi, A., & Choudhury, M. (2024): Towards measuring and modeling "culture" in llms: A survey | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 85.531795 | 209 | 0.409243 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0.259067 | [
"Eastern Asia",
"Northern America",
"Northern Europe",
"South-eastern Asia",
"Western Asia"
] | 5 | 2.272727 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 0 | 1 | true | 0 | false | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.487268 | 0.042396 | 0.1125 | 0.149038 | 0.083333 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
WorldView-Bench | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.09595 | 2026-06-03T13:40:15.311731Z | [] | No | No | Yes | [
"ethnic or Indigenous groups",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | Yes | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | Ethical/Moral, Religious, Lifestyle, Cultural Norms, Traditions, History, Technology | Yes | Yes | Multiplexity Framework, Senturk et al. (2020) | [
"open"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"subject-matter expertise"
] | No | [] | No | [
"subject-matter experts"
] | No | No | Yes | [
"pilot studies/test rounds",
"automated plausibility checks",
"double annotation"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 119 | 209 | 0.569378 | null | 0 | [] | [] | false | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | true | 10 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 0 | false | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.565611 | 0.036765 | 0.275 | 0.153846 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||||
CVQA | https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.05967 | 2026-06-03T13:45:49.802255Z | Egyptian Arabic, Amharic, Oromo, Swahili, Igbo, Kinyarwanda, Chinese, Bengali, Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Indonesian, Javanese, Minangkabau, Sundanese, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Mongolian, Filipino, Sinhala, Bulgarian, Breton, Irish, Norwegian, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"South America"
] | Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Bulgaria, France, Ireland, Norway, Romania, Russia, Spain, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)",
"ethnic or Indigenous groups",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | Yes | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 10 | Vehicles and Transportation, Cooking and Food, People and Daily Life, Sports and Leisure, Plants and Animals, Objects, Materials, and Clothing, Brands and Products, Geography, Buildings and Landmarks, Tradition, Art and History, Public Figures and Pop Culture | Yes | Yes | Marino et al. (2019), OK-VQA: A Visual Question Answering Benchmark Requiring External Knowledge (https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1906.00067) | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | manual | [
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"native speaker"
] | Yes | [
"gender",
"age"
] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks",
"volunteers/community contributions"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"double annotation",
"pilot studies/test rounds"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 155.432027 | 209 | 0.743694 | 0.861538 | 12.923077 | [
"Egyptian Arabic",
"Amharic",
"Oromo",
"Swahili",
"Igbo",
"Kinyarwanda",
"Chinese",
"Bengali",
"Hindi",
"Marathi",
"Tamil",
"Telugu",
"Urdu",
"Indonesian",
"Javanese",
"Minangkabau",
"Sundanese",
"Japanese",
"Korean",
"Malay",
"Mongolian",
"Filipino",
"Sinhala",
"Bulgar... | [
"amha1245",
"swah1253",
"nucl1417",
"kiny1244",
null,
"beng1280",
"hind1269",
"mara1378",
"tami1289",
"telu1262",
"urdu1245",
"stin1234",
"java1254",
"mina1268",
"sund1252",
"nucl1643",
"kore1280",
"stan1306",
"sinh1246",
"bulg1262",
"bret1244",
"iris1253",
"norw1258",
... | false | 0 | 4 | 4 | 30 | 1.554404 | [
"Central America",
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"Eastern Europe",
"Northern Africa",
"Northern Europe",
"South America",
"South-eastern Asia",
"Southern Asia",
"Southern Europe",
"Western Africa",
"Western Europe"
] | 12 | 5.454545 | 5 | 5 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | true | 0 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"manual"
] | 10 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [
"gender",
"age"
] | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.707188 | 0.161515 | 0.24375 | 0.201923 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
ARADICE | https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.11404 | 2026-06-02T12:48:41.940742Z | Arabic, Egyptian, English | [
"Africa",
"Asia"
] | Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Qatar, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Yemen | Yes | No | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)"
] | No | Yes | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 9 | Events (e.g., public holidays), traditions (e.g., food and clothing), geography, history, literature, and religion, as well as public figures | No | No | [
"multiple choice",
"binary"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automatic translation",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"native speaker",
"subject-matter expertise"
] | Yes | [
"age",
"educational background"
] | Yes | [
"internal teams/existing staff",
"other"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"automated plausibility checks",
"random sample review by supervisor",
"feedback loops"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 123.479039 | 209 | 0.590809 | 0 | 0 | [
"Arabic",
"Egyptian",
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 0.569948 | [
"Northern Africa",
"Western Asia"
] | 2 | 0.909091 | 5 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | true | 5 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | [
"multiple choice",
"binary"
] | 4 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [
"age",
"educational background"
] | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.585245 | 0.067938 | 0.225 | 0.192308 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
ArtELingo-28 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.03769 | 2026-06-02T13:20:02.129250Z | English, Arabic, Chinese, Kinyarwanda, Swahili, Iszulu, Setswana, Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo, Isindebele, Isinxhosa, Emakhuwa, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Thai, Burmese, Malay, Tagalog, Tamil, Hindi, Urdu, Korean, Turkish, Darija, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | No | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 9 | (Emotion labels that capture cultural differences in perception): Contentment, Awe, Excitement, Amusement, Sadness, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Something else | Yes | No | [
"open",
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | manual | [
"manual annotation",
"manual filtering/cleaning"
] | Yes | No | Yes | No | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"native speaker",
"cultural background/knowledge",
"annotation experience"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"crowdsourcing platforms"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"automated plausibility checks",
"random sample review by supervisor",
"feedback loops"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 130.307692 | 209 | 0.623482 | 0.820513 | 12.307692 | [
"English",
"Arabic",
"Chinese",
"Kinyarwanda",
"Swahili",
"Iszulu",
"Setswana",
"Yoruba",
"Hausa",
"Igbo",
"Isindebele",
"Isinxhosa",
"Emakhuwa",
"Vietnamese",
"Indonesian",
"Thai",
"Burmese",
"Malay",
"Tagalog",
"Tamil",
"Hindi",
"Urdu",
"Korean",
"Turkish",
"Darija"... | [
"stan1293",
null,
"kiny1244",
"swah1253",
"yoru1245",
"haus1257",
"nucl1417",
"viet1252",
"stin1234",
"thai1261",
"nucl1310",
"stan1306",
"taga1270",
"tami1289",
"hind1269",
"urdu1245",
"kore1280",
"nucl1301",
"uzbe1247",
"kaza1248"
] | false | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | [] | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | 10 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | [
"open",
"multiple choice"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"manual"
] | 10 | 2 | 0 | 2 | No | 0 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.608692 | 0.115102 | 0.191667 | 0.201923 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||||
CROPE | https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.15453 | 2026-06-02T13:27:35.111253Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe"
] | Indonesia, Tanzania, Kenya, India, Sri Lanka, Türkiye, China | No | No | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 | Agriculture and Vegetation, Animal, Basic Actions and Technology, Clothing and Grooming, Food and Beverages, Motion, Speech and Language, The house, Time | Yes | Yes | Lars Borin, Bernard Comrie, and Anju Saxena. 2013. The intercontinental dictionary series–a rich and principled database for language compar- ison. Approaches to measuring linguistic differences, 285:302 | [
"binary"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"native speaker",
"specific language level",
"cultural background/knowledge"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"crowdsourcing platforms"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"pilot studies/test rounds"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 97.635422 | 209 | 0.467155 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 0.362694 | [
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"South-eastern Asia",
"Southern Asia",
"Western Asia"
] | 5 | 2.272727 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | true | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | [
"binary"
] | 1 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.475752 | 0.057483 | 0.15 | 0.168269 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
SEA-VQA | https://aclanthology.org/2024.alvr-1.15/ | 2026-06-02T14:08:00.057210Z | English | [
"Asia"
] | Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam | No | No | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | Yes | https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/, UNESCO Cultural Heritage Collection | Yes | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Yes | Yes | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation",
"automated data collection"
] | Yes | Yes | https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/, UNESCO Cultural Heritage Collection | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"subject-matter expertise"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks",
"internal teams/existing staff"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"gold-standard data",
"random sample review by supervisor"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 124.869053 | 209 | 0.59746 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0.414508 | [
"South-eastern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 5 | true | 5 | true | 5 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 5 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.591826 | 0.062019 | 0.2375 | 0.192308 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
FoodieQA | https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.11030 | 2026-06-02T14:14:24.280374Z | Chinese, English | [
"Asia"
] | China | No | Yes | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)"
] | No | Yes | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 14 Cuisine Types: Sichuan, Guangdong (Cantonese), Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Anhui, Northwest, Northeast, Xinjiang, Jiangxi, Mongolian | Yes | Yes | Na Zhang and Guansheng Ma. 2020. Nutritional characteristics and health effects of regional cuisines in china. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 7. | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | Yes | Na Zhang and Guansheng Ma. 2020. Nutritional characteristics and health effects of regional cuisines in china. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 7. | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"native speaker",
"subject-matter expertise"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"internal teams/existing staff",
"universities/research networks",
"subject-matter experts"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"double annotation",
"gold-standard data",
"random sample review by supervisor"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 89.506359 | 209 | 0.42826 | 0 | 0 | [
"Chinese",
"English"
] | [
null,
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.051813 | [
"Eastern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 0 | 5 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | true | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.44466 | 0.060685 | 0.091667 | 0.192308 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||
CULTURE-GEN | https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.10199 | 2026-06-02T14:20:24.923691Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | No | No | No | [] | Yes | Christian W Haerpfer and Kseniya Kizilova. The world values survey. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization, pp. 1–5, 2012. | No | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 8 | favorite music, music instrument, exercise routine, favorite show or movie, food, picture, statue, and clothing | Yes | Yes | Christian W Haerpfer and Kseniya Kizilova. The world values survey. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization, pp. 1–5, 2012. | [
"open"
] | Yes | fully automated | [
"automated data collection",
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning"
] | Yes | Yes | Christian W Haerpfer and Kseniya Kizilova. The world values survey. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization, pp. 1–5, 2012. | Yes | No | automatic review | Yes | No | No | [] | No | [] | No | [] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"automated plausibility checks"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 91.5 | 209 | 0.437799 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | false | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | 5 | 0 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 5 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"fully automated"
] | 0 | 2 | 5 | 2 | No | 0 | automatic review | 2 | 2 | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | false | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.446691 | 0.040441 | 0.18125 | 0.125 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||
WorldValuesBench | https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1539/ | 2026-06-02T14:28:43.819590Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | No | No | No | [] | Yes | Haerpfer, R. Inglehart, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin, and Puranen B. 2022. World values survey wave 7 (2017-2022) cross-national dataset, version 4.0.0. World Values Survey Association., Inglehart, C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, J. Diez-Medrano K. Kizilova, M. ... | No | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | Social Values, Norms, Stereotypes, Happiness and Wellbeing, Social Capical, Trust and Organizational Membership, Economic Values, Perceptions of Corruption, Perceptions of Migration, Perceptions of Security, Perceptions about Science and Technology, Religious Values, Ethical Values, Political Interest and Political Par... | Yes | Yes | Haerpfer, R. Inglehart, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin, and Puranen B. 2022. World values survey wave 7 (2017-2022) cross-national dataset, version 4.0.0. World Values Survey Association., Inglehart, C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, J. Diez-Medrano K. Kizilova, M. ... | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | manual | [
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | Yes | Haerpfer, R. Inglehart, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin, and Puranen B. 2022. World values survey wave 7 (2017-2022) cross-national dataset, version 4.0.0. World Values Survey Association., Inglehart, C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, J. Diez-Medrano K. Kizilova, M. ... | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"subject-matter expertise"
] | Yes | [
"gender",
"age",
"educational background"
] | Yes | [
"other"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"automated plausibility checks",
"gold-standard data"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 107 | 209 | 0.511962 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | false | 5 | true | 0 | false | 10 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 5 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"manual"
] | 10 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [
"gender",
"age",
"educational background"
] | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.525377 | 0.040441 | 0.154167 | 0.230769 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||
ArtELingo | https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10780 | 2026-06-02T14:35:04.810321Z | English, Arabic, Chinese, Spanish | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | China, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Spain, Algeria, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Morocco, Libya, Lebanon, Iraq, Palestine, Qatar, Syria, Tunisia, United States, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, Latin America | No | Yes | No | [] | No | No | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 | portrait, landscape, genre painting (misc), religious painting, abstract painting, cityscape, sketch and study, still life, nude painting und illustration. Emotions (9): Contentment, Awe, Amusement, Excitement, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, Anger und Other | Yes | No | [
"open"
] | Yes | manual | [
"manual annotation",
"manual filtering/cleaning"
] | Yes | No | Yes | No | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"native speaker"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"crowdsourcing platforms",
"universities/research networks"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"double annotation",
"random sample review by supervisor",
"automated plausibility checks"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 101.718088 | 209 | 0.486689 | 0 | 0 | [
"English",
"Arabic",
"Chinese",
"Spanish"
] | [
"stan1293",
null,
"stan1288"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 20 | 1.036269 | [
"Australia and New Zealand",
"Eastern Asia",
"Northern Africa",
"Northern America",
"Northern Europe",
"Southern Europe",
"Western Asia"
] | 7 | 3.181818 | 0 | 5 | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | false | 5 | 10 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"manual"
] | 10 | 2 | 0 | 2 | No | 0 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.497455 | 0.055949 | 0.139583 | 0.201923 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
CII-Bench | https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.13854 | 2026-06-02T14:40:36.494993Z | Chinese, English | [
"Asia"
] | China | No | No | No | [] | No | No | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | Life, Art , Society, Politics, Environment and Chinese Traditional Culture | Yes | No | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | manual | [
"manual annotation",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"AI-generated content"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"double annotation",
"majority voting",
"pilot studies/test rounds"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 106.506359 | 209 | 0.5096 | 0 | 0 | [
"Chinese",
"English"
] | [
null,
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.051813 | [
"Eastern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 0 | 0 | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | false | 10 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"manual"
] | 10 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.522846 | 0.005538 | 0.225 | 0.192308 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
CaMeL | https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14456 | 2026-06-02T14:46:38.184345Z | Arabic | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America"
] | Yes | No | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | No | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | people's names, food dishes, beverages, clothing items, places/cities, literary authors, religious sites, and sports clubs | Yes | Yes | Massimo Montanari. 2006. Food is culture. Columbia University Press., Fatjri Nur Tajuddin. 2018. Cultural and social identity in clothing matters “different cultures, different meanings”. European Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1(4):21–25., Adriano Gómez-Bantel. 2018. Football clubs as symbols of regional identities. ... | [
"open"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"native speaker"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"internal teams/existing staff",
"universities/research networks"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"feedback loops"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 117.5 | 209 | 0.562201 | null | 0 | [
"Arabic"
] | [] | false | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | [] | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | 5 | 10 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.561887 | 0.051471 | 0.222917 | 0.1875 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
Challenging Cross-Cultural (C3) | https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.02971 | 2026-06-02T14:54:18.903513Z | English | [
"Asia"
] | China | No | No | Yes | [
"ethnic or Indigenous groups",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | No | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | Cultural Appropriateness, Object Presence , Object Localization, Semantic Consistency, Visual Aesthetics, Cohesion | Yes | No | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | No | Yes | No | [] | No | [] | No | [] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"other"
] | No | null | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 79.006359 | 209 | 0.378021 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.051813 | [
"Eastern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | 5 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 0 | 1 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.391526 | 0.02392 | 0.152083 | 0.129808 | 0 | 0.035714 | 0.05 | ||||
CCUB | https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12073 | 2026-06-03T08:37:35.522968Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"North America",
"Europe"
] | China, Hapon, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Noruega, Merka, Vietnam | No | No | Yes | [
"ethnic or Indigenous groups"
] | No | No | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 9 | Food & Drink, Clothing , Artwork, Dance & Music, Religion, Architecture, People, City, Nature | Yes | Yes | Halpern, 1955] Ben Halpern. The dynamic elements of culture. Ethics, 65(4):235–249, 1955., Key and Comrie, 2021] Mary Ritchie Key and Bernard Comrie, editors. IDS. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 2021 | [
"binary"
] | Yes | manual | [
"manual annotation",
"automated data collection",
"manual filtering/cleaning"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"subject-matter experts",
"universities/research networks"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"double annotation",
"majority voting"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 114.73269 | 209 | 0.54896 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 0.414508 | [
"Central America",
"Eastern Asia",
"South-eastern Asia",
"Western Africa"
] | 4 | 1.818182 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | 10 | 0 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | [
"binary"
] | 1 | 5 | [
"manual"
] | 10 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.551713 | 0.041297 | 0.222917 | 0.1875 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
CDEval | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.16421
| 2026-06-03T08:45:14.485478Z | English, German, Chinese | [
"North America",
"Europe",
"Asia"
] | United States, Germany, China | No | Yes | Yes | [
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | Yes | https://worldpopulationreview.com/country- rankings/western-countries - The classification of countries as Western or non-Western is based on the World Population Review | Yes | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 | Family, Education, Work, Wellness, Lifestyle, Arts, Scientific | Yes | Yes | The structure is based on Hofstede’s theory of cultural dimensions, Hofstede, G. (2002). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations., Rabi Sankar Bhagat. 2002. Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Aca... | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"automatic translation"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | manual review | No | Yes | Yes | [
"subject-matter expertise"
] | No | [] | Yes | [
"internal teams/existing staff"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [] | Yes | brief mention | Yes | Hofstede’s theory of cultural dimensions, Hofstede, G. (2002). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 110.019077 | 209 | 0.526407 | 0 | 0 | [
"English",
"German",
"Chinese"
] | [
"stan1293",
"stan1295",
null
] | false | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.15544 | [
"Eastern Asia",
"Northern America",
"Western Europe"
] | 3 | 1.363636 | 0 | 5 | 5 | true | 5 | true | 5 | true | 10 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 5 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 0 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 0 | false | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.586137 | 0.090144 | 0.139583 | 0.173077 | 0.083333 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
CQ-Bench | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.01127
| 2026-06-03T13:05:44.635465Z | English | [] | No | No | No | [] | No | Yes | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Political, Religious, Social, Ethical. | Yes | No | [
"multiple choice",
"open"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | Yes | Haerpfer, Christian, Ronald Inglehart, Alejandro Moreno, Christian Welzel, Kseniya Kizilova, Jaime Diez-Medrano, Marta Lagos, Pippa Norris, Eduard Ponarin, and Bi Puranen. 2022. World values survey wave 7 (2017-2022) cross-national data-set, Durmus, Esin, Karina Nyugen, Thomas I. Liao, Nicholas Schiefer, Amanda Askell,... | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | No | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"subject-matter expertise"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks",
"volunteers/community contributions"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"double annotation",
"majority voting",
"random sample review by supervisor"
] | Yes | explicit and justified | Yes | Haerpfer, Christian, Ronald Inglehart, Alejandro Moreno, Christian Welzel, Kseniya Kizilova, Jaime Diez-Medrano, Marta Lagos, Pippa Norris, Eduard Ponarin, and Bi Puranen. 2022. World values survey wave 7 (2017-2022) cross-national data-set | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 103 | 209 | 0.492823 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | false | 0 | false | 5 | true | 10 | 10 | 5 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | [
"multiple choice",
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 0 | false | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.582805 | 0.018382 | 0.1625 | 0.201923 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
CULTURALVQA | https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.329/ | 2026-06-03T13:22:18.795042Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America"
] | Brazil, Canada, China, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Iran, Nigeria, Rwanda, Turkey, USA | No | Yes | Yes | [
"ethnic or Indigenous groups",
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | Yes | Haerpfer, Christian, Ronald Inglehart, Alejandro Moreno, Christian Welzel, Kseniya Kizilova, Jaime Diez-Medrano, Marta Lagos, Pippa Norris, Eduard Ponarin, and Bi Puranen. 2022. World values survey wave 7 (2017-2022) cross-national data-set | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | Traditions, Rituals, Food, Drink, and Clothing | No | Yes | Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010): Cultures and organizations: software of the mind: intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, Hershcovich, D., Frank, S., Lent, H., et al. (2022): Challenges and strategies in cross-cultural NLP. In: Proceedings of th... | [
"open"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | Yes | Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., et al. (2022): World Values Survey: Round seven - country-pooled datafile version 3.0. JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat | Yes | Yes | automatic review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"native speaker",
"specific language level"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks",
"crowdsourcing platforms"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"double annotation",
"pilot studies/test rounds",
"feedback loops",
"automated plausibility checks"
] | Yes | explicit and justified | Yes | Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010): Cultures and organizations: software of the mind: intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, Hershcovich, D., Frank, S., Lent, H., et al. (2022): Challenges and strategies in cross-cultural NLP. In: Proceedings of th... | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 129.206312 | 209 | 0.618212 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 0.569948 | [
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"Northern America",
"South America",
"Southern Asia",
"Western Africa",
"Western Asia",
"Western Europe"
] | 8 | 3.636364 | 0 | 5 | 5 | true | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | automatic review | 2 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.681943 | 0.088994 | 0.195833 | 0.197115 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
BLEnD | https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.09948 | 2026-06-03T13:35:15.350785Z | English, Chinese, Spanish, Indonesian, Korean, Greek, Persian, Arabic, Azerbaijani, Sundanese, Assamese, Hausa, Amharic | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America"
] | United States, United Kingdom, China, Spain, Indonesia, Mexico, South Korea, Greece, Iran, Algeria, Azerbaijan, North Korea, West Java, Assam, Northern Nigeria, Ethiopia | No | Yes | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)"
] | Yes | Joshi et al. (2020), The State and Fate of Linguistic Diversity and Inclusion in the NLP World, 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.560 | No | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | Food, Sports, Family, Education, Holidays/Celebrations/Leisure, and Work-Life | Yes | No | [
"open",
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation",
"automatic translation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"native speaker"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"crowdsourcing platforms",
"internal teams/existing staff"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"double annotation",
"majority voting",
"random sample review by supervisor"
] | Yes | brief mention | Yes | Hershcovich, D., Frank, S., Lent, H., et al. (2022): Challenges and strategies in cross-cultural NLP. In: Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 130.136708 | 209 | 0.622664 | 0.620513 | 9.307692 | [
"English",
"Chinese",
"Spanish",
"Indonesian",
"Korean",
"Greek",
"Persian",
"Arabic",
"Azerbaijani",
"Sundanese",
"Assamese",
"Hausa",
"Amharic"
] | [
"stan1293",
null,
"stan1288",
"stin1234",
"kore1280",
null,
"west2369",
null,
"sund1252",
"assa1263",
"haus1257",
"amha1245"
] | false | 0 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 0.829016 | [
"Central America",
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"Northern Africa",
"Northern America",
"Northern Europe",
"South-eastern Asia",
"Southern Asia",
"Southern Europe",
"Western Africa",
"Western Asia"
] | 11 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | true | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | [
"open",
"multiple choice"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.658241 | 0.125503 | 0.183333 | 0.1875 | 0.083333 | 0.028571 | 0.05 | ||
GLOBALRG | https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.00263
| 2026-06-03T08:50:38.868021Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Europe",
"Asia",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | USA, Canada, China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, Italy, Greece, France, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, Poland, Sweden, Hungary, Bulgaria, Russia, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ghana, N... | No | No | Yes | [
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | Yes | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 20 | breakfast, clothing, dance, dessert, dinner, drinks, eating habits, farming, festival, funeral, greetings, head coverings, instrument, lunch, marriage, music, religion, ritual, sports, transport | Yes | Yes | Donald E Brown. 2004. Human universals, human nature & human culture. Daedalus, 133(4):47–54., Steven Pinker. 2004. The blank slate: The modern de- nial of human nature. New York, NY, Viking. Popper, K.(1974). Unended Quest. Fontana, London. | [
"open"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"manual annotation",
"manual filtering/cleaning"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | No | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"crowdsourcing platforms"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"random sample review by supervisor",
"automated plausibility checks"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 131.772492 | 209 | 0.63049 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 50 | 2.590674 | [
"Australia and New Zealand",
"Caribbean",
"Central America",
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"Eastern Europe",
"Melanesia",
"Northern Africa",
"Northern America",
"Northern Europe",
"South America",
"South-eastern Asia",
"Southern Africa",
"Southern Asia",
"Southern Europe",
"Western... | 18 | 8.181818 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | true | 0 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 5 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 0 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.613813 | 0.098428 | 0.2375 | 0.177885 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
NusaBert | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.01817 | 2026-06-03T08:56:15.257408Z | Acehnese, Ambon, Balinese, Banjarese, Banyumasan, Batak, Betawi, Bima, Buginese, Englisch, Gorontalo, Indonesisch, Javanese, Madurese, Makassarese, Malay, Minangkabau, Musi, Ngaju, Nias, Rejang, Sundanese, Tetum, Toba Batak | [
"Asia"
] | Indonesia, Malaysia, Osttimore | Yes | No | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | Yes | David M Eberhard, Gary F Simons, and Charles D Fen- nig. 2022. Ethnologue: Languages of the world., Badan Pusat Statistik. 2010. Kewarganegaraan suku bangsa, agama, bahasa 2010. | Yes | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | No | No | [
"multiple choice",
"binary"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"manual filtering/cleaning"
] | Yes | Yes | David M Eberhard, Gary F Simons, and Charles D Fen- nig. 2022. Ethnologue: Languages of the world. | Yes | Yes | manual review | No | Yes | Yes | [
"native speaker"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"subject-matter experts"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"pilot studies/test rounds"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 81.340755 | 209 | 0.38919 | 0.415385 | 6.230769 | [
"Acehnese",
"Ambon",
"Balinese",
"Banjarese",
"Banyumasan",
"Batak",
"Betawi",
"Bima",
"Buginese",
"Englisch",
"Gorontalo",
"Indonesisch",
"Javanese",
"Madurese",
"Makassarese",
"Malay",
"Minangkabau",
"Musi",
"Ngaju",
"Nias",
"Rejang",
"Sundanese",
"Tetum",
"Toba Batak... | [
"achi1257",
"bali1278",
"bata1301",
"bima1247",
"goro1259",
"java1254",
"nucl1460",
"stan1306",
"mina1268",
"nias1242",
"reja1240",
"sund1252"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.15544 | [
"South-eastern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 5 | 0 | 5 | true | 5 | true | 5 | true | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | [
"multiple choice",
"binary"
] | 4 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 0 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.40508 | 0.102356 | 0.010417 | 0.192308 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
Rice-VL | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2512.01419 | 2026-06-03T09:01:00.625977Z | English | [
"Asia"
] | Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam | No | No | Yes | [
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | No | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 14 | Architecture and Heritage, Clothing and Attire, Dance and Music, Drinks, Festivals, Food and Desserts, Language Signs and Literature, Marriage Customs, Notable Key Figures, Painting, Religious Practices, Places of Worship, Traditional Games und Transport | Yes | No | [
"open",
"binary",
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"random sample review by supervisor",
"pilot studies/test rounds"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 108.024494 | 209 | 0.516864 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 0.569948 | [
"South-eastern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0 | [
"open",
"binary",
"multiple choice"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.525184 | 0.025825 | 0.216667 | 0.182692 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
ClicK | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.06412 | 2026-06-03T09:05:10.330474Z | Korean | [
"Asia"
] | South Korea | No | No | No | [] | No | No | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | Korean Culture (Society, Tradition, History, Law, Politics, Economy, Geography, Pop culture) und Korean Language (Textual, Functional, Grammar) | Yes | No | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"native speaker",
"cultural background/knowledge"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"internal teams/existing staff"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"double annotation",
"majority voting"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 88.506359 | 209 | 0.423475 | 0 | 0 | [
"Korean"
] | [
"kore1280"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.051813 | [
"Eastern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 0 | 0 | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | false | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.444641 | 0.005538 | 0.170833 | 0.168269 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
SocialCC | 10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.1594
| 2026-06-03T09:17:08.134981Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | Vietnam, Bangladesh, Jordan, Japan, Myanmar, Taiwan ROC, Maldives, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, China, Tajikistan, South Korea, Armenia, Russia, Hong Kong SAR, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Singapore, Lebanon, Kazakhstan, Iraq, Malaysia, Macau, SAR, Philippines, Mongolia, Mongolia, Thailand Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, N... | No | No | Yes | [
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | Yes | Christian Haerpfer, Ronald Inglehart, Alejandro Moreno, Christian Welzel, Kseniya Kizilova, Juan Diez-Medrano, Marta Lagos, Pippa Norris, Eduard Ponarin, and Björn Puranen, editors. 2022. World Values Survey: Round Seven – Country-Pooled Datafile Version 6.0. JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat., Nina Evason. 2019.... | Yes | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 12 | Cultural Commonsense: Etiquette, Dates of Significance. Cultural Value Preferences: Social Value, Migration, Corruption, Happiness, Social Capital, Economic, Religious, Ethical, Political Interest, Political Culture | Yes | Yes | Christian Haerpfer, Ronald Inglehart, Alejandro Moreno, Christian Welzel, Kseniya Kizilova, Juan Diez-Medrano, Marta Lagos, Pippa Norris, Eduard Ponarin, and Björn Puranen, editors. 2022. World Values Survey: Round Seven – Country-Pooled Datafile Version 6.0. JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat., Nina Evason. 2019.... | [
"open"
] | Yes | manual | [
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | Yes | Christian Haerpfer, Ronald Inglehart, Alejandro Moreno, Christian Welzel, Kseniya Kizilova, Juan Diez-Medrano, Marta Lagos, Pippa Norris, Eduard Ponarin, and Björn Puranen, editors. 2022. World Values Survey: Round Seven – Country-Pooled Datafile Version 6.0. JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat., Nina Evason. 2019.... | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"subject-matter expertise"
] | No | [] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"double annotation",
"feedback loops",
"gold-standard data"
] | Yes | explicit and justified | Yes | Christian Haerpfer, Ronald Inglehart, Alejandro Moreno, Christian Welzel, Kseniya Kizilova, Juan Diez-Medrano, Marta Lagos, Pippa Norris, Eduard Ponarin, and Björn Puranen, editors. 2022. World Values Survey: Round Seven – Country-Pooled Datafile Version 6.0. JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat., Nina Evason. 2019.... | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 150.784268 | 209 | 0.721456 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 59 | 3.056995 | [
"Australia and New Zealand",
"Caribbean",
"Central America",
"Central Asia",
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"Eastern Europe",
"Northern Africa",
"Northern America",
"Northern Europe",
"South America",
"South-eastern Asia",
"Southern Asia",
"Southern Europe",
"Western Africa",
"Weste... | 17 | 7.727273 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 5 | true | 5 | true | 10 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 5 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"manual"
] | 10 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 0 | false | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.7707 | 0.116854 | 0.2375 | 0.216346 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Gimmick | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.13766 | 2026-06-03T13:10:56.225463Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Fiji,... | No | No | Yes | [
"ethnic or Indigenous groups",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | Yes | https://ich.unesco.org/en/open-access-to-dive-data-01218 | No | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 57 | rituals , art , music , craftsmanship , instruments , festivals , dance , tools , food , clothing , architecture , sports , location , symbols , drinks , customs , cultural significance , theatre , education , culture , games , performing arts , language , performance , characters , practices , skills , origin , cultur... | Yes | No | [
"open"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"automated data collection",
"manual filtering/cleaning"
] | Yes | Yes | UNESCO ICH-Project | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"native speaker",
"specific language level"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"internal teams/existing staff"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"double annotation"
] | Yes | brief mention | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 125.80829 | 209 | 0.601954 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 170 | 8.80829 | [
"Australia and New Zealand",
"Caribbean",
"Central America",
"Central Asia",
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"Eastern Europe",
"Melanesia",
"Micronesia",
"Middle Africa",
"Northern Africa",
"Northern America",
"Northern Europe",
"Polynesia",
"South America",
"South-eastern Asia",
"... | 22 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | 10 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0.596058 | 0.127972 | 0.154167 | 0.211538 | 0.016667 | 0.035714 | 0.05 | ||
Hanfu-Bench | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.01565 | 2026-06-03T09:58:53.011634Z | Chinese, English | [
"Asia"
] | China | No | Yes | No | [] | No | Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | Global: Type, Gender, Period (Dynasty). Local: Sleeve, Lapel (Jin), Collar, Bottoms, Outerwear | Yes | Yes | Yes. The classification of historical clothing styles and periods is based on archaeological and historical literature, Qianqian Yu. 2024. Hanfu Culture: The Emphasis on Chinese Traditional Cultural Identity. Trans/Form/Ação, 47(5):e02400157; Kaixuan Liu, Shunmuzi Zhou, and Chun Zhu. 2022. Historical changes of Chinese... | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"automated data collection",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"subject-matter expertise",
"cultural background/knowledge"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks",
"volunteers/community contributions"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"double annotation",
"majority voting"
] | Yes | explicit and justified | Yes | Yu (2024); Liu et al. (2022); Cai and Liu (2024); Kang et al. (2024) (on the definition of historical characteristics and the evolution of clothing) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 87.506359 | 209 | 0.418691 | 0 | 0 | [
"Chinese",
"English"
] | [
null,
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.051813 | [
"Eastern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 0 | 5 | 0 | false | 0 | false | 5 | true | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 5 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.485572 | 0.042303 | 0.108333 | 0.168269 | 0.066667 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||
Palm | https://arxiv.org/html/2503.00151v1 | 2026-06-03T09:43:41.424829Z | Arabic | [
"Africa",
"Asia"
] | Egypt, Algeria, Bahrain, Dschibouti, Iraq, Yemen, Jordan, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates | Yes | No | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)"
] | No | No | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 20 | Science, Food, Sports, Politics, Religion, History, Travel, Flora & Environment, Local Geography, Celebrations, Language, Proverbs (as well as Technology/General Topics in the “General” section) | Yes | No | [
"open"
] | Yes | manual | [
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"native speaker",
"subject-matter expertise",
"cultural background/knowledge"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks",
"internal teams/existing staff"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"double annotation",
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"feedback loops"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 115.958078 | 209 | 0.554823 | null | 0 | [
"Arabic"
] | [] | false | 0 | 2 | 2 | 22 | 1.139896 | [
"Eastern Africa",
"Northern Africa",
"Western Africa",
"Western Asia"
] | 4 | 1.818182 | 5 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | 5 | 10 | 2.5 | 5 | 2.5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"manual"
] | 10 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.557557 | 0.054993 | 0.195833 | 0.206731 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
Seeing Culture (SCB) | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.16517 | 2026-06-03T09:48:19.355741Z | English | [
"Asia"
] | Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam | No | No | Yes | [
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | Music, Games, Dance, Celebrations, Weddings | Yes | No | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"automated data collection",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"native speaker",
"cultural background/knowledge",
"annotation experience"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"crowdsourcing platforms"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"feedback loops",
"double annotation"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 82.81724 | 209 | 0.396255 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 0.362694 | [
"South-eastern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.418974 | 0.025063 | 0.120833 | 0.173077 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
DIWALI | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.17399 | 2026-06-03T09:53:29.098082Z | English, Bengali | [
"Asia"
] | India | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"linguistically underrepresented groups (e.g., low-resource or minority languages)"
] | No | No | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 17 | Clothing, textiles, jewelry, food, beverages, festivals, rituals, traditions, dance forms, traditional games, religion, art, countries & capitals, places, languages & dialects, architecture, names | Yes | Yes | Yes. The definition of culture and its division into five broad categories (ecology, material culture, social culture, etc.) is explicitly based on translation studies and cultural theory, as outlined by Peter Newmark in *A Textbook of Translation* (2003). | [
"open"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"automated data collection"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"native speaker",
"subject-matter expertise"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"universities/research networks"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"random sample review by supervisor"
] | Yes | explicit and justified | Yes | Newmark (2003): A Textbook of Translation (for the categorization into five facets such as ecology, material culture, etc.). Hershcovich et al. (2022) (for the definition along the axes of “aboutness,” values, and common ground). | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 127.006359 | 209 | 0.607686 | 0 | 0 | [
"English",
"Bengali"
] | [
"stan1293",
"beng1280"
] | false | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.051813 | [
"Southern Asia"
] | 1 | 0.454545 | 5 | 5 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | false | 5 | 10 | 2.5 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 5 | [
"open"
] | 5 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.675268 | 0.060685 | 0.227083 | 0.1875 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||
CULTURALBENCH | https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.02677 | 2026-06-03T10:34:35.247827Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | Morocco, Egypt, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Nigeria, United States, Canada, Chile, Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Ukraine, Czech Re... | No | No | Yes | [
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | No | Yes | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 17 | Three broad categories: Daily Life, Social Etiquette, Society: Clothing, Food, Entertainment, Language/Communication, School, Workplace, Travel/Transportation, Dating/Marriage, Family, Greetings, Dining Out, Gifts, Visits and Punctuality, Celebrations, Politics, Religion, Miscellaneous | Yes | No | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"manual filtering/cleaning",
"manual annotation"
] | No | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"specific language level"
] | Yes | [
"gender",
"age",
"educational background"
] | Yes | [
"crowdsourcing platforms"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"double annotation",
"majority voting"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 123.104333 | 209 | 0.589016 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 45 | 2.331606 | [
"Australia and New Zealand",
"Central America",
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"Eastern Europe",
"Northern Africa",
"Northern America",
"Northern Europe",
"South America",
"South-eastern Asia",
"Southern Africa",
"Southern Asia",
"Southern Europe",
"Western Africa",
"Western Asia",
... | 16 | 7.272727 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | true | 0 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [
"gender",
"age",
"educational background"
] | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.578268 | 0.094134 | 0.20625 | 0.177885 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
CultureVerse | https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.01282 | 2026-06-03T10:41:21.294269Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | United States of America, India, Italy, China, Mexico, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, France, Russian Federation, Greece, Germany, Egypt, Armenia, Australia, Spain, Brazil, Canada, Thailand, Pakistan, Nepal, New Zealand, Portugal, Ukraine, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Peru, Poland, Bulgaria, United Kingdom of Great Britain an... | No | No | Yes | [
"ethnic or Indigenous groups"
] | No | Yes | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 15 | The dataset is divided into three main categories: Cultural Heritage and Traditions (CHT), History and Landmarks (HL), and Natural Environment and Local Resources (NELR). The 15 specific cultural concepts are: Festivals, Traditional Clothing, Handicrafts and Artifacts, Music and Dance, Religion and Belief, Entertainmen... | Yes | No | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"AI-generated content",
"manual annotation",
"manual filtering/cleaning"
] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge",
"annotation experience"
] | No | [
"age",
"educational background"
] | Yes | [
"other"
] | No | Yes | Yes | [
"double annotation",
"random sample review by supervisor"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 125.012482 | 209 | 0.598146 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 52 | 2.694301 | [
"Australia and New Zealand",
"Central America",
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"Eastern Europe",
"Northern Africa",
"Northern America",
"Northern Europe",
"South America",
"South-eastern Asia",
"Southern Africa",
"Southern Asia",
"Southern Europe",
"Western Asia",
"Western Europe"
] | 15 | 6.818182 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 0 | false | 5 | true | 0 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 0 | false | [
"age",
"educational background"
] | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.584341 | 0.093796 | 0.227083 | 0.163462 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||
NormAd | https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.12464 | 2026-06-03T10:46:28.189359Z | English | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | No | No | Yes | [
"ethnic or Indigenous groups",
"other explicitly identified underrepresented groups"
] | Yes | Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map: Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2012): The Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map. World Values Survey | Yes | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | Basic Etiquette, Eating, Visiting, Gift-Giving
| Yes | Yes | Evason, N., et al. (2024): The Cultural Atlas | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"AI-generated content",
"manual annotation"
] | Yes | Yes | Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2012): The inglehart-welzel cultural map. World Values Survey, WVS (1981): WVS Database — worldvaluessurvey.org | Yes | Yes | manual review | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"cultural background/knowledge"
] | Yes | [] | Yes | [
"crowdsourcing platforms",
"universities/research networks"
] | Yes | Yes | Yes | [
"Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA)",
"double annotation",
"majority voting",
"automated plausibility checks"
] | Yes | brief mention | Yes | Adilazuarda, M. F., et al. (2024): Towards measuring and modeling "culture" in llms: A survey (für die Nutzung sozialer Normen als semantischen Proxy für Kultur), Evason, N., et al. (2024): The Cultural Atlas (als Quelle für die validierten kulturellen Normen und Praktiken, Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2012): The ingle... | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 109.5 | 209 | 0.523923 | 0 | 0 | [
"English"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | true | 5 | true | 5 | true | 10 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | manual review | 5 | 2 | 1 | true | 2 | true | 3 | true | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.588905 | 0.077206 | 0.13125 | 0.197115 | 0.083333 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
DLAMA | https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.05076 | 2026-06-03T12:02:38.997631Z | Arabic, English, Korean and Spanish | [
"Africa",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"North America",
"South America",
"Australia/Oceania"
] | Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Fiji,... | No | Yes | Yes | [
"ethnic or Indigenous groups"
] | Yes | EuroVoc: Thesaurus of the European Union. (Used to define the geographical regions of Western and Southwestern Europe), United Nations Statistics Division: Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (M49). (Basis for the classification of Asian countries) | No | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | The topics covered are primarily factual knowledge (e.g., geography and biography), including: Geography (country P17, capital P36, continent P30, borders P47), biography (place of birth P19, place of death P20, citizenship P27, occupation P106), culture and society (religion P140, native language P103, diplomatic rela... | Yes | No | [
"multiple choice"
] | Yes | semi-automated | [
"automated data collection",
"automatic translation"
] | Yes | Yes | EuroVoc (European Union Thesaurus), UN Statistics Division (M49 Standard), Arab League | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | [] | No | [] | No | [] | No | No | Yes | [
"random sample review by supervisor"
] | No | null | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 97.326425 | 209 | 0.465677 | 0 | 0 | [
"Arabic",
"English",
"Korean and Spanish"
] | [
"stan1293"
] | false | 0 | 6 | 6 | 180 | 9.326425 | [
"Australia and New Zealand",
"Caribbean",
"Central America",
"Central Asia",
"Eastern Africa",
"Eastern Asia",
"Eastern Europe",
"Melanesia",
"Micronesia",
"Middle Africa",
"Northern Africa",
"Northern America",
"Northern Europe",
"Polynesia",
"South America",
"South-eastern Asia",
"... | 22 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 5 | true | 5 | true | 0 | false | 0 | 10 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | [
"multiple choice"
] | 2 | 5 | [
"semi-automated"
] | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | Yes | 2 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | false | 0 | false | 0 | false | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.45531 | 0.148259 | 0.091667 | 0.115385 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
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