IN THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM PRESENT : THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE P.BHAVADASAN WEDNESDAY, THE 10TH MARCH 2010 / 19TH PHALGUNA 1931 SA.No. 539 of 1996() ---------------------------- AS.58/1993 of SUB COURT, PAYYANNUR OS.273/1992 of MUNSIFF COURT, THALIPARAMBA .................... APPELLANT(S): RESPONDENT/ DEFENDANT ----------------------- 1. MAMMEN VARGHESE, PRINTER AND PUBLISHER, MALAYALA MANORAMA , KOZHIKODE. 2. P.GOPI, STAFF REPORTER, MALAYALA MANORAMA, KANNUR. BY SMT.SUMATHY DANDAPANI, SENIOR ADVOCATE BY ADV. MR.K.JAJU BABU RESPONDENT(S): APPELLANT/PLAINTIFF -------------------------- SHRI T.M.JOSHI, S/O. T.C.MICHAEL THULUVENENICKAL HOUSE, PEYYAVOOR AMSOM, DESOM, POST CHANDANAKAMPARA, PAYYAVOOR VIA. BY ADV. MR.M.SASINDRAN THIS SECOND APPEAL HAVING BEEN FINALLY HEARD ON 01/03/2010, THE COURT ON 10/03/2010 DELIVERED THE FOLLOWING: P.BHAVADASAN, J. ------------------------------------- SA No.539 of 1996-E ------------------------------------- Dated 10th March 2010 Judgment The defendants in OS No.273/92 before the Munsiff's Court, Taliparamba, who suffered a decree at the hands of the First Appellate Court, are the appellants. 2. The parties and exhibits are hereinafter referred to as they are available before the Trial Court. 3. Alleging that Ext.P2 publication made by the defendants amounted to defaming the plaintiff, the suit was laid. In the said news item, it was stated that there was a strong rumour that the plaintiff had a role in the murder of a Congress worker. According to the plaintiff, the publication was made without any basis and without making any enquiry. As a result of the publication, his reputation suffered and he has fallen in the esteem of his friends and relatives. The publication, according to the plaintiff was made with the intention of defaming him and it was without SA 539/96 2 any justification. It was made out of ill motive and malice. Claiming damages, the suit was instituted. 4. The defendants resisted the suit. They pointed out that the plaintiff is not entitled to any reliefs. They admitted that the publication alleged, had been made, but they tried to justify the same. According to them, there was no mala fides or ill-will against the plaintiff. The newspapers had simply reported the common feeling in the locality consequent to the death of a worker of the Congress party. It is also claimed by them that the publication was made after making due enquiries and on being satisfied that there is such a rumour. They, therefore, prayed for dismissal of the suit. 5. The Trial Court raised necessary issues for consideration. The evidence consist of the testimony of PW1 to 4 and exhibits marked as Ext.A1 to A5 from the side of the plaintiff. The defendants examined DW1. 6. The Trial Court, on an evaluation of the evidence in the case, came to the conclusion that there SA 539/96 3 was no mala fides or ill-will on the part of the defendants in making the publication and also that they had simply published the general feeling that was among the people of the locality. There was nothing to defame the plaintiff in the publication made by the defendants. The suit was accordingly dismissed. 7. The plaintiff carried the matter in appeal as AS No.58/93 before the Sub Court, Payyannur. The Appellate Court felt otherwise and came to the conclusion that the publication amounted to defamation. The Appellate Court seems to have relied on the fact that the defendants were unable to justify their action and there was nothing to indicate that it was made after due enquiry and on being satisfied about the truth of the information received by them. Accordingly, the appeal was allowed. The said Judgment and decree are assailed in this Appeal. 8. In the memorandum of Second Appeal, notice has been issued on the following substantial questions of law : SA 539/96 4 “1). Whether the Lower Appellate Court justified in allowing damages to the plaintiff, when it is without the support of any materials and are on a wrong understanding of the legal provisions ? 2) Whether the Lower Appellate Court justified in relying on the decisions rendered in 1964 Kerala Law Times 317 and 1961 Kerala Law Times 2006 in a suit for damages ? 3) Whether the conclusions drawn on facts by the Lower Appellate Court are correct ?” The learned counsel for the appellants pointed out that the lower Appellate Court was not justified in interfering with the Judgment and decree of the Trial Court. The Trial Court had evaluated the evidence in the proper perspective and had come to the conclusion that there was no malice or ill- will in the publication and that the publication was only a general feeling among the people of the locality at the relevant time. SA 539/96 5 9. The learned counsel pointed out that it could not be said that the publication to which objection is taken is, per se defamatory. In fact, according to the learned counsel, reference had been made to the plaintiff in the First Information Statement, which was earlier in point of time. It is also claimed that the evidence is clear to the effect that the defendants had made enquiries and were satisfied that there was an accusation that the plaintiff was also involved in some manner, in the murder of the Congress worker. The lower Appellate Court, according to the learned counsel for the appellants, was not justified in discarding the evidence on record and holding that there was no enquiry made by the defendants. At any rate, according to the learned counsel, it could not be said that the view taken by the Trial Court was not a plausible view and that it was perverse. If that be the position, according to the learned counsel, the lower Appellate Court was not justified in interfering with the Judgment and decree of the Court below. SA 539/96 6 10. The learned counsel for the respondent, on the other hand, contended that the Trial Court did not address to the actual questions involved in the case and went on a tangent. The question really involved is not malice or ill-will, but whether the enquiries said to have been made, satisfy the test of defence in a defamation case. The lower Appellate Court has clearly found that there is no evidence at all to show that any enquiry was made by the defendants before making the publication and there was no bona fides in their claim that they had ascertained the veracity of the accusation. It was incumbent on the part of the defendants, according to the learned counsel, to have made due enquiry about the information received by them and it was only thereafter, that they could have published the same. According to the learned counsel, the findings of the lower Appellate Court are fully justified and do not call for any interference. SA 539/96 7 11. The statement, which according to the plaintiff, is defamatory, reads as follows : 12. The plaintiff has a case that he had no role to play in the incident and that the publication made is contrary to truth and facts. The defendants, on the other hand, would say that there was a strong rumour in the locality that the plaintiff had a role to play in the incident and also that they had verified the information received by them. 13. Ext.A2 which is the First Information Statement does mention the name of the plaintiff. True, in Ext.A2, only the names of two accused persons are shown and the name of the plaintiff does not appear as an accused. But, there is some mention about him in relation to an incident, which took place earlier in the day and SA 539/96 8 according to the information received by the police at the initial stage, which culminated in the murder of a Congress worker. It is also significant to notice that at a later stage during the investigation, the Investigating Officer came to understand that the plaintiff had tried to harbour one of the accused and therefore, he was also arrayed as an accused for the offence punishable under S.212 IPC. It is also true that later, when the report was filed, the name of the plaintiff was shown as the third accused. May be, his name was later deleted from the array of accused because of the difficulty in proving the case against him. 14. If the statement in the publication is per se defamatory, then, it is for the defendants to justify the statement. Normally, it is not for the claimant to prove that the statement was untrue. All that the claimant has to show is that the statement is a defamatory one. The mere assertion by the defendants that they believed it to be true, is not a defence at all. They have to prove that they had made necessary enquiries and then had come to the SA 539/96 9 reasonable conclusion that the information was true. Of course, one has also to scrutinize the statement involved in the proceedings. 15. The comments about the claimant's conduct in connection with the matter of public interest stands on a different footing. Such comments must be in the form of reasonable remarks. They must be made by a person, who did not believe the statements to be untrue and that there was no ill-will or malice. The onus is on the defendants to show that the matter is of public concern and the comments were made honestly. If that is established, then the burden shifts to the claimant to prove that the defendant was actuated by malice. 16. In order to found an action for libel, it must be proved that the statement complained of is (i) false, (ii) in writing, (iii) defamatory, and (iv) published. Normally, defamation of a person is taken to be false until it is proved to be true and if a man has stated a fact, which is false and defamatory, then malice is also presumed. Any words will SA 539/96 10 be deemed defamatory which (a) expose the plaintiff to hatred, contempt, ridicule or obloquy; or (b) tend to injure him in his profession or trade ; or (c) cause him to be shunned or avoided by his neighbours. The test is to see whether the words complained of tend to lower the complainant in the estimation of right-thinking members of the Society generally. The test applied is that of a Layman. 17. Newspapers are also subjected to some rules as other critics and have no special right or privilege. They are not entitled to make unfair comments or to make false imputations against the character of a person. A Journalist has got a greater responsibility to guard against untruth. True, newspapers cannot be compelled to disclose the source of information. This is known as 'the Newspaper Rule' and the Rule has been made applicable in India as well. SA 539/96 11 18. The reportage defence would be established where the judging thrusts of the report as a whole, the effect of the report was not to adopt the truth of what has been said, but to record the fact that the statements which were defamatory had been made. The protection was lost if the journalist adopted what had been said and made it his own or if he failed to report the story in a fair, disinterested natural way. To justify the attack on the claimant's reputation, the publication must meet the standard of responsible journalism the burden being, on the defendant. No matter how overwhelming the public interest, it was not reportage simply to report with perfect accuracy and the most neutral way the material was just as bad as making the statement directly. 19. Whether or not the matter was properly in public interest and whether or not the standard of responsible journalism had been met, had to be considered in the context of the news item as a whole. Added emphasis is often given to see if steps had been taken to verify the information. Weight should also be given to the professional SA 539/96 12 judgment of the journalist. The report need not carry every detail. Even if there are minor inaccuracies, that does not matter. It should be possible to come to the conclusion that sufficient enquiries were made and that the information published was in public interest. 20. Bearing the above principles in mind, an endeavour shall be made to see whether the news item is per se defamatory and whether defendants have set up a proper defence in the present case. 21. The statement which is said to be defamatory, has already been extracted. All that is stated is that there is a widespread rumour that the plaintiff had a role in the incident. It is not in dispute that the plaintiff is a member of the Marxist party. The news item has also disclosed that the incident was the sequel of an earlier incident between the two parties regarding impersonation in a recent election. One cannot omit to note that even though the plaintiff is not shown as an accused in Ext.A2, which is the First Information Statement, there is a mention of his name in it. In fact, what is stated is that under the SA 539/96 13 leadership of plaintiff, the CPI(M) workers have turned against the workers of the Congress Party as a result of the mischiefs committed in a recent election. In Ext.A3, the Investigating Agency has sought to make the plaintiff an accused. But, in Ext.A4, the Investigating Officer has sought to delete the name of the plaintiff. The learned counsel for the respondent pointed out that the publication was soon after Ext.A2 and therefore, the defendants cannot rely on Exts.A3 and A4. 22. The question is not whether the defendants can rely on Exts.A3 and A4 etc. The issue is whether the defendants were justified in making the publication based on the information said to have been received by them and whether they had verified the same. 23. Now, one may refer to the evidence of PW1. The plaintiff himself, in his chief examination, voices his complaints and also says that he has been defamed. He admitted that it was a political issue. He also admitted that with regard to the incident, there was a dharna conducted by the workers of the Congress party. They also alleged SA 539/96 14 that the incident had occurred under the leadership of the plaintiff. 24. The members, who conducted dharna also demanded that action should be taken against the plaintiff. He also concedes that the two accused persons shown in the F.I. Statement are his close friends and that one of them was his employee. He also accepted that there is an allegation in Ext.A2 involving him, but he took no steps regarding the said statement. 25. DW1 examined on behalf of the defendants had stated about the enquiries made by him. True, he has not adduced evidence to substantiate his claims. But, that by itself may not be fatal. The materials now available would show that there was a talk in the locality about the involvement of the plaintiff in the incident. Whether he was actual involved or not, is not very relevant in the present context. It is also significant to notice that the plaintiff had instituted criminal proceedings with respect to the same matter and in that proceedings, the accused, who is the first defendant herein was discharged and the complaint was SA 539/96 15 quashed, pointing out that there were no materials to proceed against the accused. It is true that the Judgment of a Criminal Court is not very relevant in the civil proceedings, but the fact remains that there was such proceedings and that ended in the discharge of the accused. 26. The lower Appellate Court focused its attention to the enquiry conducted by the defendants. It has not addressed to the question as to what is the impact of the publication made. One must recollect here that all that has been stated here is that there was an accusation by the public that in the incident, the plaintiff also had a role to play. Newspapers did not make any accusation of allegation against the plaintiff, but reported a fact which the public had entertained regarding the incident. The newspaper did not make any independent accusation. It only reflected the public feeling and opinion. 27. The fact that the public was agitated about the incident and that there was a dharna etc. and also the fact that they demanded that action should be taken against the plaintiff, would show that there was resentment among SA 539/96 16 the public about the conduct of the plaintiff. 28. It is not possible to ignore the fact that one of the accused was an employee of the plaintiff. The lower Appellate Court engaged itself in ascertaining whether the defendants have made searching enquiries regarding he information received by them. It went on to hold that since those persons with whom enquiries were said to have been made, had not been examined, the defence set up cannot be accepted. 29. The Court below omitted to note the nature, character and source of information regarding the publication. The Trial Court on the other hand, had addressed to the questions in the proper perspective and it had come to the conclusion that the plaintiff has not succeeded in establishing the case against the defendants. There is absolutely no evidence at all in this case to show that the defendants had any ill-will or malice towards the plaintiff and one may notice that all that the publication had done was to express the views of the public in the locality regarding the incident, in other words, the opinion the SA 539/96 17 people had about the involvement of the persons in the incident. 30. Viewed from the above angle, it is difficult to accept the findings of the lower Appellate Court. The lower Appellate Court was not justified in interfering with the Judgment and decree of the Court below. It is not possible to sustain the Appellate Judgment and decree. In the result, this appeal is allowed. The Judgment and decree in AS No.58/93 before the Sub Judge, Payyannur are set aside and the Judgment and decree of the trial Court are restored. Considering the fact and circumstances of the case, there will be no order as to costs. P.BHAVADASAN, JUDGE sta SA 539/96 18 P.BHAVADASAN, J. ======================== SA NO.539 OF 1996-E ======================== JUDGMENT DATED 10TH MARCH 2010 ========================= SA 539/96 19 P.BHAVADASAN, J. ------------------------------------- SA No.54 of 1996-F ------------------------------------- Dated 18th February 2010 Judgment P.BHAVADASAN, J. -------------------------------------------------------- SA No.261 OF 1995 -------------------------------------------------------- Dated 30th June 2009 Judgment SA 539/96 20