THE HON’BLE SRI JUSTICE K.C.BHANU CRIMINAL APPEAL No. 628 OF 2003 JUDGMENT: 1. This Criminal Appeal is directed against the judgment dated 20.06.2003 in Calendar Case No.19 of 2001 on the file of the Special Judge for C.B.I. Cases, Visakhapatnam, whereunder and whereby the appellant/sole accused was convicted of the offences under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) read with 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (for short, ‘the Act’) and sentenced to undergo simple imprisonment for a period of one year and to pay a fine of Rs.1,000/- in default to suffer simple imprisonment for one month, under each count. 2. The brief facts as depicted by the witnesses examined on behalf of the prosecution may be stated as follows: P.W.1 was doing civil contract works in O.N.G.C. for 10 years prior to the incident. During February, 2001, he was doing two contract works at Gollakoduru and Kesanapalli worth about Rs.2.19 lakhs and Rs.5.00 lakhs respectively. The appellant was working as Deputy Superintending Engineer (Civil) and in-charge of Gollakoduru contract works. The appellant demanded Rs.25,000/- for preparing the bill for part of the work done by P.W.1. But, P.W.1 told the appellant that he was not having money with him to pay the amount demanded by the appellant and he would contact him after the bills were passed and after receiving the amount. Then the appellant told him that he would pass the bill and asked him to pay the amount only after receipt of the amount. P.W.1 received Rs.1,40,000/- of the bill of Gollakoduru work on 19.2.2001. The cheque was collected and deposited in his account in State Bank of India, Rajahmundry, and he withdrew the amount from the bank. On 20.2.2001, in the afternoon, P.W.1 went to the O.N.G.C. Office to enquire about his pending bill relating to Kesanapalli works. One D.N.Rao was in-charge of Kesanapalli works, but he was not available on that day and the appellant was present in the office. The appellant asked P.W.1 whether he brought the amount demanded by him. P.W.1 told him that he did not bring the amount. On that, the appellant threatened him that if he failed to pay the bribe amount by 7.00 PM on that day, he would stop the pending bills by telling to Mr.D.N. Rao and he would not issue schedules in future to him. As P.W.1 was not willing to pay the bribe amount, he met P.W.3- Inspector of Central Bureau of Investigation (C.B.I.) who was camping at Rajahmundry on that day and presented Ex.P3-report at 3.00 PM. P.W.1 was asked to come at 5.00 PM on the same day with Rs.25,000/-. At about 5.00 P.M., P.W.1 went to the Railway Retiring Rooms. By that time, P.W.3 called mediators P.Ws. 2 and 5, and thereafter, Ex.P5-first mediators report was prepared. Later, the trap party went to the building where O.N.G.C. office is situated and when P.Ws. 1 and 5 went to upstairs of the building, nobody was present. When they got down, the appellant came on Kinetic Honda along with his wife and stopped the motor cycle on the road near the gate. P.Ws. 1 and 2 went to him. The appellant asked him whether he brought the amount. P.W.1 told him that he brought the money and took out the currency notes from his shirt pocket and handed over the same to the appellant by stretching his hand. The appellant received the amount, opened the dicky of the scooter and kept the tainted amount of Rs.25,000/- in the scooter dicky with his right hand. Then, P.W.5 gave the pre-arranged signal. Thereupon, P.W.3 and other members of the trap party came and took the accused to the upstairs of the building where the office of O.N.G.C. was situated. Sodium Carbonate solutions were prepared and when the appellant dipped his right hand fingers, the solution turned into pink. When the appellant dipped his left hand fingers the solution turned into light pink colour. Thereafter, Ex.P7-2nd mediators report was prepared. The further investigation was done by P.W.4 and after completion of investigation, charge sheet was laid. 3. The trial court framed the following charges against the appellant: “Charge No.1: That you, on 20.2.2001 at about 7.30 P.M. at your O.N.G.C. Office, Rajahmundry, being a Public servant employed as Deputy Superintending Engineer (Civil), O.N.G.C., Rajahmundry and incharge of the Gollalakodiru contract works, demanded and accepted Rs.25,000/- as bribe from Nagalla Bhavannarayana (N.B.Narayana), Civil Contractor of Sivakodu village of Rajolu Mandalam, East Godavari District in pursuance of your earlier demands for yourself, as gratification other than legal remuneration, as a motive or reward for official favour, in the exercise of your official functions for the settlement of Gollalakoduru contract works bill of Sri N.B.Narayana and as the said bill was released on 19.2.2001, you threatened him unless the bribe of Rs.25,000/- is paid to him, you will stop the payment of pending bills of Kesanapalli works by telling to Sri D.N.Rao (D.Nageswara Rao), Dy.S.E. (Civil), O.N.G.C., Rajahmundry and you will not issue schedules for contract works in future and thereby you have committed an offence punishable under Section 7 of the P.C. Act, 1988 and within my cognizance. Charge No.2: That you on 20.2.2001 at about 7.30 P.M. at your O.N.G.C. Office, Rajahmundry, being a public servant employed as Deputy Superintending Engineer (Civil), O.N.G.C., Rajahmmundry and incharge of the Gollalakoduru contract works, demanded and accepted Rs.25,000/- as bribe from Nagella Bhavannarayana (N.B.Narayana), Civil Contractor of Sivakodu village of Rajolu Mandalam of East Godavari District in pursuance of your earlier demands for yourself, as gratification other than legal remuneration, as a motive or reward for official favour, in the exercise of your official functions for the settlement of Gollalakoduru contract works bill of Sri N.B.Narayana and as the said bill was released on 19.2.2001, you threatened him unless the bribe of Rs.25,000/- is paid to him and you will stop the payment of pending bills of Kesanapalli works by telling to Sri D.N.Rao, Dy.S.E. (Civil), O.N.G.C., Rajahmundry and you will not issue schedules for contract works in future, by corrupt or illegal means or by otherwise abusing your position as such public servant obtained for yourself a pecuniary advantage to the extent of Rs.25,000/- as bribe, and thereby you have committed an offence punishable under sec. 13(1)(d) (ii) r/w. 13(2) of the P.C. Act, 1988 and within my cognizance.” When the charges were read over and explained to the appellant, he pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried. 4. To substantiate its case, the prosecution examined P.Ws. 1 to 5 and got marked Exs.P1 to P17, besides case properties M.Os. 1 to 5. 5. After closure of prosecution evidence, the appellant was examined under Section 313 Cr.P.C. with reference to the incriminating circumstances appearing against him in the evidence of the prosecution witnesses, which he denied. On behalf of the accused, D.W.1 was examined and Exs.D1 to D4 were marked. 6. The trial Court, accepting the evidence of prosecution witnesses, found the appellant guilty of the offences under Sections 7 and 13(1) (d) read with 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, accordingly convicted and sentenced him as above. Challenging the same, the present appeal is preferred by the appellant/accused. 7. Now, the point for determination is whether the prosecution proved the guilt of the appellant/accused for the charges under Sections 7 and 13(1) (d) read with 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 ? 8. The learned senior counsel Sri C.Padmanabha Reddy, appearing for the appellant contended that, there is no evidence to show that the appellant asked P.W.1 a sum of Rs.25,000/- as part payment on 20.2.2001; that P.W.1 himself admitted that he handed over the amount to the appellant to be given to D.W.1-Jaganmohan Rao, contractor, who did part of the contract work and that as the appellant was pressurizing P.W.1 to give that amount, he was under the impression that the amount of Rs.25,000/- was towards illegal gratification for motive or reward for showing official favour; that the defence taken by the appellant is also more probable. Hence, he prays to set aside the convictions and sentences recorded by the trial court. 9. On the other hand, Sri T.Niranjan Reddy, the learned Counsel appearing for the C.B.I., contended that, when P.W.1 was examined on 16.9.2002, he gave the correct version with regard to the demand and acceptance of bribe by the appellant for showing the official favour; that cross-examination was deferred on that day to enable the defence counsel to cross-examine P.W.1 along with the accompanying witness, and at that time, P.W.1 turned hostile; therefore his evidence coupled with other circumstances would go to show that the appellant received the amount; that, when sodium carbonate solution test was conducted on the fingers of both hands of the appellant, the solution turned into pink colour; that, from the evidence of P.Ws. 2 and 3, it is clear that tainted currency notes were recovered from the possession of the appellant; that, the trial court, after an elaborate consideration of the evidence on record, rightly placed implicit reliance on the evidence of P.W.1, and accordingly convicted and sentenced the appellant, and there are no grounds to interfere with the same. 10. The essential ingredients of Section 7 of the Act are: i) that the person accepting the gratification should be a public servant; ii) that he should accept the gratification for himself and the gratification should be as a motive or reward for doing or forbearing to do any official act or for showing or forbearing to show, in the exercise of his official function, favour or dis-favour to any person. Insofar as Section 13 (1) (d) of the Act is concerned, its essential ingredients are: (i) that he should have been a public servant; (ii) that he should have used corrupt or illegal means or otherwise abused his position as such public servant, and iii) that he should have obtained a valuable thing or pecuniary advantage for himself or for any other person. 11. With regard to demand, entire case of prosecution rests upon the solitary testimony of P.W.1. When a case rests upon the evidence of a solitary witness, the law is well settled that it must be unimpeachable, true, trustworthy, free from doubt and must be put in the category of ‘wholly reliable’. Then only such evidence needs no corroboration. When the evidence of a witness is put in the category of ‘wholly reliable’, then only there is no legal bar to base conviction on the solitary testimony of the witness. When the evidence of witness is neither wholly reliable nor wholly unreliable, then such evidence requires corroboration. On this aspect, it is pertinent to refer to a decision in VADVIVELU THEVAR V THE STATE OF MADRAS [1], wherein it was held thus: (para 10) “Generally speaking oral testimony in this context may be classified into these categories, namely: (i) Wholly reliable (ii) Wholly unreliable (iii) Neither wholly reliable nor wholly unreliable In the first category of proof, the Court should have no difficulty in coming to its conclusion either way it may convict or may acquit on the testimony of a single witness, if it is found to be above reproach on suspicion of interestedness, incompetence or subornation. In the second category, the court equally has no difficulty in coming to its conclusion. It is in the third category of cases, that the Court has to be circumspect and has to look for corroboration in material particulars by reliable testimony, direct or circumstantial.” Basing on the above principles in mind, it has to be seen whether P.W.1 is wholly reliable witness or not. 12. P.W.1 was declared hostile by the prosecution when he was examined on 28.1.2003 as he was supporting the case of the appellant. When a witness is declared hostile, it does not mean that his evidence would efface from record completely, but such part of his testimony which inspires confidence, can be used to corroborate the other evidence, if any, available on record. On this aspect, it is pertinent to refer to a decision reported in Sa Paul v. Delhi Administration[2] wherein it is held thus: “50. In Narayan Nathu Naik v. Maharashtra State (1971) 1 SCR 133 = (AIR 1971 SC 1656) the court actually used the evidence of the prosecution witnesses who had partly resiled from their previous statements, to the extent they supported the prosecution, for corroborating the other witnesses. 51. From the above conspectus, it emerges clear that even in a criminal prosecution when a witness is cross-examined and contradicted with the leave of the court, by the party calling him, his evidence cannot, as a matter of law, be treated as washed off the record altogether. It is for the Judge of fact to consider in each case whether as a result of such cross-examination and contradiction, the witness stands thoroughly discredited or can still be believed in regard to a part of his testimony. If the Judge finds that in the process, the credit of the witness has not been completely shaken, he may, after reading and considering the evidence of the witness, as a whole, with due caution and care, accept, in the light of the other evidence on the record, that part of his testimony which he finds to be creditworthy and act upon it. If in a given case, the whole of the testimony of the witness is impugned, and in the process, the witness stands squarely and totally discrediated, the Judge should, as matter of prudence, discard his evidence in toto.” 13. No doubt, there was a time gap between the chief- examination of P.W.1 and his cross-examination by the defence counsel, as the learned defence counsel in the trial court sought adjournment to cross-examine P.W.1 along with the accompanying witness, who was examined as P.W.5. There was justification for the defence counsel in seeking adjournment to cross-examine the witnesses. But, by that time, whatever may the reason, much water has been flown under the bridge and consequently P.W.1 did not support the case of prosecution. No doubt, entire evidence of a witness has to be taken into consideration for the purpose of evaluation of his evidence. P.W.1, in his chief-examination, supported the case of prosecution. But, that cannot be taken as basis to throw away his cross-examination. No doubt, P.W.1 stated in his chief- examination that the appellant demanded Rs.25,000/- for preparing the bill for part of the work done by him, and that on his assurance that after passing of the bill the amount would be paid, the bill was passed. But, in cross- examination, he stated that he handed over the amount of Rs.25,000/- to the appellant to hand over the same to D.W.1-Jaganmohan Rao, contractor, who did part of the contract work. He also gave explanation that as the accused pressurized him to give the said amount of Rs.25,000/-, P.W.1 was under the impression that the appellant was demanding Rs.25,000/- towards bribe to show official favour and therefore he mentioned the same in Ex.P3-complaint. Therefore, there is no legal evidence to show that the appellant demanded Rs.25,000/- for passing of the bill for the contract work done by P.W.1. 14. P.W.5 is the accompanying witness, who went along with P.W.1 on the date of trap. His evidence would go to show that when they noticed U.S.Kundu (appellant) on scooter along with his wife, he asked P.W.1 in telugu ‘DABBU THECHERRA’ (whether he brought money), for which P.W.1 replied ‘NINNA BILLU AMOUNT VACHHINDI, ANDUKANI AMOUNT THECHANU’ (as the bill amount had come on the previous day, he brought that amount), and so saying P.W.1 took out the currency notes from his left side shirt pocket with his right hand and handed over the same to the appellant by stretching his hand, and the appellant received the bribe amount of Rs.25,000/- and kept the same in his scooter dicky with his left hand. Even if this evidence of P.W.5 is to be accepted as true and correct, that would not reveal about the demand of illegal gratification as reward or motive for showing any official favour. If the evidence of P.W.1, particularly in the chief-examination, is to be accepted, then it can be said that there was a demand by the appellant to show an official favour i.e. for passing the bill of Gollakodru work done by him. But, if the evidence of P.W.1 with reference to his cross-examination by the defence counsel coupled with the evidence of D.W.1- Jaganmohan Rao, would go to show that the amount of Rs.25,000/- was paid not as bribe or illegal gratification for showing any official favour, but it was given go the appellant to hand over to D.W.1-Jaganmohan Rao, contractor. Therefore, this view can also be reasonably possible. When the two views are reasonably possible, the law is well settled that the view in favour of the accused shall be adopted. On this aspect, it is pertinent to refer to a decision reported in Kali Ram V State of Himachal Pradesh [3], wherein it was held thus: “Another golden thread which runs through the we of the administration of justice in criminal cases is that if two views are possible on the evidence adduced in the case, one pointing to the guilt of the accused and the other to his innocence, the view which is favourable to the accused should be adopted. This principle has a special relevance in cases wherein the guilt of the accused is sought to be established by circumstantial evidence. Rule has accordingly been laid down that unless the evidence adduced in the case is consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused and is inconsistent with that of his innocence, the court should refrain from recording a finding of guilt of the accused. It is also an accepted rule that in case the court entertains reasonable doubt regarding the guilt of the accused, the accused must have the benefit of that doubt. Of course, the doubt regarding the guilt of the accused should be reasonable; it is not the doubt of a mind which is either so vacillating that it is incapable of reaching a firm conclusion or so timid that it is hesitant and afraid to take things to their natural consequences. The rule regarding he benefit of doubt also does not warrant acquittal of the accused by resort to surmises, conjectures or fanciful considerations. As mentioned by us recently in the case of State of Punjab V Jagir Singh (AIR 1973 SC 2407) a criminal trial is not like a fairy tale wherein one is free to give flight to one’s imagination and phantasy. It concerns itself with the question as to whether the accused arraigned at the trial is guilty of the offence with which he is charged. Crime is an event in real life and is the product of interplay of different human emotions. In arriving at the conclusion about the guilt of the accused charged with the commission of a crime, the court has to judge the evidence by the yardstick of probabilities, its intrinsic worth and the animus of witnesses. Every case in the final analysis would have to depend upon its own facts. Although the benefit of every reasonable doubt should be given to the accused, the courts should not at the same time reject evidence which is ex facie trustworthy on grounds which are fanciful or in the nature of conjectures.” 15. The evidence of P.Ws. 2 and 3, who are mediator and trap laying officer respectively, would clearly go to show that the tainted currency notes were seized at the instance of the appellant as he kept the same in dikki of the scooter. When sodium carbonate solution test was conducted to fingers of both hands of the appellant, the solutions turned into pink colour. Even the appellant did not deny or dispute about receiving the tainted currency notes from P.W.1. But, he stated that he received the said amount to pay the same to D.W.1-Jaganmohan Rao, who did a part of the contract work. Therefore, recovery of the tainted currency notes from the possession of the appellant, is not much significant in this case, because the appellant/accused admits about receipt of the currency notes, but his case is it is not as illegal gratification for showing any official favour. 16. The learned counsel for the appellant relied on a decision in M.Abbas v. State of Kerala[4] wherein it is held thus: (para 9) “The appellant had been charged for offences under Section 5(1) (d) read with 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and Section 161 IPC. As already noticed, the factum of recovery of the amount of Rs.150/- from the person of the appellant, is not in doubt. Is the presumption under Section 4(1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 attracted to the facts of this case. From a bare reading of section 4(1) it is sent hat presumption arising under Section 4 is a rebuttable presumption and is not available to the prosecution for proving a charge under Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1)(d) of the Act. That presumption arises only in regard to cases falling under Section 161 IPC or to an offence referred to in clause (a) or (b) of Section 5(1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947. Since the presumption under Section 4(1) is not attracted to an offence under Section 5(1) (d) read with 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, it cannot be raised against the appellant for the said offence. Whether presumption can be raised in the facts and circumstances of this case with regard to the offence under Section 161 IPC is the next issue.” 17. From the foregoing discussion, there is no legal evidence to show that the appellant received the amount towards illegal gratification. These aspects have been completely overlooked by the trial court, which gave a finding relying on the evidence of a hostile witness. But, conviction cannot be maintained basing on the solitary evidence of a hostile witness, as, at best, the evidence of a hostile witness can be used to corroborate the other evidence, if any, available on record. Hence, the conviction and sentence recorded by the trial court against the appellant/accused are liable to be set aside. 18. The Criminal Appeal is, accordingly, allowed, setting aside the convictions and sentences recorded against the appellant/accused in the judgment dated 20.06.2003 in Calendar Case No.19 of 2001 on the file of the Special Judge for C.B.I. Cases, Visakhapatnam. The appellant/accused is found not guilty of the charges leveled against him and he is acquitted of the same. The bail bonds of the appellant/ accused shall stand cancelled and the fine amount, if any, paid by him shall be refunded to him forthwith. ------------------- (K.C.Bhanu, J.) 17.12.2009 DRK THE HON’BLE SRI JUSTICE K.C.BHANU CRIMINAL APPEAL No. 628 of 2003 Date: 17.12.2009 Between: Udaya Sankar Kundu …Appellant And The State of A.P., rep. by the Inspector of Police, C.B.I., Visakhapatnam …Respondent THE HON’BLE SRI JUSTICE K.C.BHANU CRIMINAL APPEAL No. 628 of 2003 17.12.2009 [1] AIR 1957 SC 614 [2] AIR 1976 SC 294 [3] AIR 1973 SC 2773 [4] 2001(2) ALD (Crl.) 60 (SC)