1 IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY BENCH AT AURANGABAD. SECOND APPEAL NO.66 OF 1993. WITH CIVIL APPLICATION NO.7857 OF 2008 WITH CIVIL APPLICATION NO.11922 OF 2008. Deoram Bandu Kurhade, since deceased through L.Rs. 1. Ganga Deoram Kurhade, Age major, Occ.Agriculture, R/o Chitali, Taluka Shrirampur. 2. Manik Deoram Kurhade, Age major, Occ.Yelamvashi, Chitali, R/o Chitali, Taluka Shrirampur. 3. Bhagubai Deoram Kurhade, Age major, R/o Chitali, Taluka Shrirampur. 4. Sonubai Maruti Shinde, Age major, R/o Thangaon Padli, Taluka Sinnar, District Nasik. 5. Tanhubai Kalu Gaikwad, Age major, R/o Kokamtha, Taluka Kopargaon. 6. Venubai Bapu Shinde, Age major, R/o Chitali, Taluka Shrirampur, 7. Gitabai Baburao Gaikwad, 2 Age major, R/o Chitali, Taluka Shrirampur. ... Appellants. Versus 1. Fakira Tatyaba Gaikwad, Age 47 years, Occ.Agriculture, Labour,R/o Chitali, Taluka Shrirampur, District Ahmednagar. 2. Vinayak Vasantrao Wagh, Age 32 years, Occ.Agri., R/o hitali, Tq. Rahata, District Ahmednagar. 3. Suresh Vasantrao Wagh, Age 42 years, Occ.Agri., R/o Chitali, Tq. Rahata, Dist. Ahmednagar. ... Respondents. ... Mr.N.K.Kakade, advocate for the appellant. Mr.B.G.Sagade, advocate for the Respondent Nos.1 to 3. Mr.S.T.Shelke, advocate for the applicant in C.A.No.11922/2008. ... CORAM : V.R.KINGAONKAR,J. Date : 17.11.2009. ORAL JUDGMENT : 1. By this Second Appeal, legal representatives of original defendants challenge concurrent judgments rendered by the trial Court 3 and the first appellate Court, whereby it was held that Respondent No.1 Fakira is entitled to seek redemption of mortgage in respect of agricultural land bearing Gat No.149, admeasuring 9 acres, on making payment of Rs.700/- to original defendant. 2. The added Respondent Nos.2 and 3 are the subsequent purchasers of the suit land. They have purchased the suit land after filing of the Second Appeal and while interim order was issued by this Court on stay application filed by the legal representatives of original defendants. 3. They sought their transposition in place of the appellants. Since they are the purchasers during pendency of the appeal and after the grant of interim stay, they can not get any independent right as such. Hence, their request for transposition as appellants stands rejected. 4. Briefly stated, the plaintiff's case in the trial Court was that he is owner of the suit 4 land (Block No.149) situated at village Chitali under Shrirampur Tahsil (District Ahmednagar). It is his ancestral property. He was minor in the year 1952. His father was not alive then. His mother mortgaged the suit land with defendant Deorao for Rs.700/- (Rupees seven hundred). She executed a document dated 22.4.1952 in his favour which is mortgage by conditional sale. He demanded redemption of the mortgage after attaining majority when he came to know about the transaction entered into between his mother and defendant Deorao. He issued notice dated 27.1.1981 to defendant Deorao and called upon him to accept the mortgage money and to reconvey the suit land in his favour. The latter did not, however, comply with the notice. Consequently, the suit for redemption of mortgage as well as for removal of certain encroachment was filed. 5. By filing his written statement (Exh. 13) deceased defendant Deorao resisted the suit. He denied the averments as regards demand put forth by the plaintiff for redemption of the mortgage. He contended that at the time of 5 execution of the deed it was to be treated as out right sale. He further submitted that he made improvements in the suit land. He asserted that plaintiff Fakira filed the suit by misjoinder of causes of action in respect of the redemption and encroachment which was sought to be removed. 6. The parties adduced oral and documentary evidence in support of rival contentions over issues which were framed by the trial Court. The trial Court held that the transaction was of mortgage by conditional sale. The trial Court further held that there was no proof regarding encroachment over 26 Ares land. Considering the terms and conditions incorporated in the document styled as "................" (conditional sale) dated 24.2.1954 (Exh.30), the trial Court came to the conclusion that it was a mortgage by conditional sale and not out and out sale with option to the executant to seek reconveyance on condition of repayment. The suit was, therefore, decreed. The first appellate Court also endorsed the same 6 findings and dismissed the appeal (RCA No. 38/1985). Hence,the Second Appeal. 7. Heard learned counsel. 8. The substantial question of law involved in the Second Appeal were treated as ground Nos.6,7,8,9 and 14 shown in the Memorandum of Appeal. I find that repeatedly identical questions are indicated in the said grounds and, therefore, the following substantial question of law is redrafted and crystalised for determination of the Second Appeal : "(i) Whether in the facts and circumstance of the present case, the document styled as "................." (conditional sale deed) purportedly executed by mother of the plaintiff vide Exh.30 is mortgage by conditional sale or that it is an absolute sale with grant of option to the vendor to seek reconveyance on condition of redemption of the amount 7 of consideration within five (5) years period and whether the interpretation of the said document is erroneously done by the Courts below.?" 9. Before I proceed to consider the merits, it may be stated that the parties gave cryptic oral evidence. There is oath against oath. PW Fakira (plaintiff) as well as DW 1 Ganga have no personal knowledge as regards the nature of the transaction. Both of them were minors when the transaction was entered into between mother of PW Fakira and father of DW Ganga. Obviously, oral evidence of these witnesses is of no much assistance. It is necessary, therefore, to see the terms of the document (Exh.30) and to examine the attending circumstances in order to find out the true nature of the transaction. 10. At this juncture, it would be useful to notice the purport of Section 58(c) of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882. It is explicit from definition of the word "mortgage" that it is the transfer of an interest in specific immovable 8 property for the purpose of securing the payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan, an existing or future debt, or the performance of an engagement which may give rise to a pecuniary liability. The expression "mortgage" by conditional sale is defined in Section 58(c) as follows : "58(c) Mortgage by conditional sale.- Where the mortgagor ostensibly sells the mortgaged property - on condition that on default of payment of the mortgage-money on a certain date the sale shall become absolute, or on condition that on such payment being made the sale shall become void, or on condition that on such payment being made the buyer shall transfer the property to the seller, the transaction is called a mortgage by conditional sale and the mortgagee a mortgagee by conditional 9 sale;" Provided that no such transaction shall be deemed to be a mortgage, unless the condition is embodied in the document which effects or purports to effect the sale." It is worthwhile to note that proviso is appended to sub-clause (c) in order to clarify that unless the condition is embodied in the document which effects or purports to effect the sale, the transaction shall be deemed to be a mortgage. It is obvious, therefore, that where such a condition is embodied in the document itself, ordinarily the document will have to be presumed to be mortgage by conditional sale. In absence of such condition stipulated in the document itself, however, the legal position would be otherwise. 11. Coming to the factual matrix of the present case, first I shall advert to the terms of the document (Exh.30). The recitals of the document styled as 10 "..................." (conditional sale) would show that it was executed by mother of the plaintiff as his guardian. It is manifest from terms of the conditional sale deed that the plaintiff's mother agreed to repay the principal amount of Rs.700/- (Rupees seven hundred) within five (5) years during any of Falgoon month as per the Hindu calendar. It was agreed between the parties that she will be entitled to obtain reconveyance on such payment within the stipulated period. The most important condition stated in the document is that in case such amount was not paid within the stipulated period, the document was to be treated as permanent sale deed and thereafter the defendant was to continue his possession as owner of the said property. 12. The following attending circumstances are worth consideration. (i) The conditional sale deed (Exh.30) does not indicate the agreed amount of rate per acre at which the land was to be alienated. It only shows that amount of Rs.700/- (Rupees seven 11 hundred) was received by mother of the plaintiff and in lieu thereof the suit land was given by way of conditional sale to deceased defendant - Deorao. (ii) The transfer of full ownership was deferred up till the completion of stipulated period of five (5) years from date of execution of the sale deed. The document does not show that the full ownership was transferred immediately after execution of the conditional sale deed. In other words, deceased defendant Deorao did not acquire full ownership soon after the execution of the conditional sale deed. (iii) There is nothing on record and recitals of the conditional sale deed (Exh.30) do not show that the plaintiff's mother had obtained permission of competent Court to alienate the minor's property. The mother could not be treated as "dejure guardian" of the plaintiff. Section 8 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 was not complied with. It is well settled that alienation by the mother can not bind the minor. 12 (iv) The recitals of the document (Exh.30) do not show that Rs.700/- (Rupees seven hundred) was the agreed consideration for the 9 acres land purportedly transferred under the terms of the document. 13. The terms of the document (Exh.30) further indicate that within five (5) years the "..........." (Principal amount) could be repaid at end of agricultural year in the month of Falgoon of either year and in such a case deceased defendant Deorao was to reconvey the property. The expression ".........." (Principal amount) clearly reveals intention of the parties to treat the amount paid by defendant Deorao as the principal amount of loan and not to treat the same as consideration for transfer of full ownership. In the written statement (Exh.13), defendant Deorao stated that when he had taken the suit land as "mortgage" at that time real transaction was of permanent sale and there was no agreement to give up the land. 13 14. Mr.N.K.Kakade and Mr.S.T.Shelke, would submit that the word "conditional" as used in the document (Exh.30) would imply that the parties wanted to bring about sale deed with condition to reconvey the property if the amount of consideration was repaid within the stipulated period. Reliance is placed on "Nana Tukaram Jaikar Vs. Sonabai and others" AIR 1982 Bombay 437. This Court considered the true purport of the document in the given case and held that it was a sale with condition of repurchase. It is significant to notice that in the given case the period of five (5) years was stipulated within which the transferor had option to purchase the land after making payment of the amount for which it was originally transferred. It was further explicit from the terms of the document that in view of the peculiar circumstances of the said case the transaction was sale with condition of repurchase and not a mortgage by conditional sale. It was found that there was no relationship of creditor and debtor between the parties. In the present case, however, in absence of specific agreement regarding fixation of price in 14 accordance with area to be sold i.e. rate of the land per acre, and use of the word ".........." (principal amount) go to show relationship between the parties as of creditor and debtor. The learned counsel further invited my attention to observations in "Yeomanry Laramie Rosales and others Vs. Vithal Tukaram Kadam and another" 2006 (1) Mh.L.J.867. The fact situation in the given case is quite different. It was found that the contents of the document were unambiguous and no right was created in favour of the plaintiff to seek return of the land after ten (10) years from date of execution of the sale deed. 15. Mr.S.T.Shelke, learned advocate seeks to rely on "Tamboli Ramanlal Motilal (dead) by L.Rs. Vs. Ghanchi Chimanlal Keshavlal (dead) by L.Rs. and another" (AIR 1992 Supreme Court 1236.) The Apex Court, held that the document was a conditional sale with option to repurchase because option was given to the vendor for repurchase of the property within the period of five (5) years. In the given case, it is 15 observed with emphasis that the recitals of the document proceeded to state "therefore, you and your heirs and legal representatives are hereafter entitled to use, enjoy and lease the said houses under the ownership right (emphasis supplied). Thus, the emphasised portion in the document clearly indicated transfer of the ownership right soon after the execution of the sale deed. That is not the fact situation in the present case. Needless to say, the case of "Tamboli Ramanlal Motilal (dead) by L.Rs. Vs. Ghanchi Chimanlal Keshavlal (dead) by L.Rs. and another (Supra) is clearly distinguishable on facts. 16. So far as construction of the document is concerned, mere reference to case law is not likely to help the parties. The undercurrents appearing from the terms of the document and the attending circumstances are required to be seen. Herein, transfer of ownership was deferred till the repayment was made within the period of five (5) years. In case of "Vasantrao Manoharrao Neb since deceased by L.Rs. and others Vs. 16 Kishanrao Shankarrao Neb and others" 2007 (6) Bom. C.R.744, this Court held that the document was of mortgage by conditional sale. It is further held that the condition that the document will be deemed as permanent sale after the stipulated period provided for repayment was a clog on redemption and could not be treated as legal embargo to seek redemption of the mortgage. In "Vasantrao Vinayakrao Deshmukh Vs. Tulsabai W/o Karbhari Bondare and others" 2005 (3) Mh.L.J. 943, yet another Single Bench of this Court clarified distinction between the expression "mortgage by conditional sale" and "sale with a condition of repurchase". The fact situation in the given case was somewhat identical to the fact situation of the present case. 17. In "Tulsi and others Vs. Chandrika Prasad and others" 2007 (1) Mh.L.J.893 (S.C.), the Apex Court held that when the sale was to become absolute only when the transferee failed to pay the amount within the stipulated period, it could be gathered that the parties intended to enter into mortgage and not sale. The said 17 observations of the Apex Court are applicable to the fact situation of the present case. Having regard to the nature of the document and the legal position, I have no hesitation in holding that both the Courts below correctly interpreted the document (Exh.30). The finding that it is a mortgage by conditional sale does not call for any interference. 18. In my opinion, the legal position is that when the term regarding reconveyance is embodied in the same document then presumption ought to be drawn that it is a conditional mortgage deed and not a sale deed with option to repurchase unless there are strong circumstances and the recitals of the document spell out otherwise. Hence,the Second Appeal is without merits. The appeal is dismissed with costs. The Civil Applications are disposed of. (V.R.KINGAONKAR,J.) asp/office/sa6693