THE HON'BLE SRI JUSTICE B.SESHASAYANA REDDY Criminal Appeal No.99 of 2005 (Dated :25 -04-2011) Between: B.Jayaraj, Mandal Revenue Officer, Manchal Mandal, Ranga Reddy District ...Appellant A n d State rep. by Additional Public Prosecutor, High Court of A.P., Hyderabad. ..Respondent THE HON'BLE SRI JUSTICE B.SESHASAYANA REDDY Criminal Appeal No.99 of 2005 JUDGMENT: This Criminal Appeal is directed against the judgment dated 31.1.2005 passed in C.C.No.8 of 1996 on the file of the Additional Special Judge for SPE & ACB Cases, City Civil Court, Hyderabad, whereby and whereunder, the learned Additional Special Judge found accused B.Jayaraj guilty for the offences under Sections 7 and 13(1) (d)(i)(ii) read with Sec.13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (for short, “the Act”) and convicted him accordingly and sentenced him to suffer rigorous imprisonment for one year and pay a fine of Rs.1000/- in default to suffer simple imprisonment for three months for the offence under Section 7 of the Act, and rigorous imprisonment for a period one year and fine of Rs.1000/- in default to suffer simple imprisonment for three months for the offence under Section 13(1)(d) (i)(ii) read with 13(2) of the Act. 2. The prosecution case, in brief, is :- Accused-B.Jayaraj worked as Mandal Revenue Officer, Manchal Mandal, Ranga Reddy District. Pw.2-K.Venkataiah was a fair-price shop dealer of Dadupally village, Manchal Mandal, Ranga Reddy District. On 8.11.1995, he approached the accused for release of essential commodities for the month of November, 1995. The accused demanded bribe of Rs.250/- for issuing release order. Pw.2 made up his mind not to pay the bribe amount. He approached Lw.9- K.Narasinga Rao, Deputy Superintendent of Police, ACB, Hyderabad range on 9.11.1995 and presented Ex.P-11 complaint before him. Lw.9 K.Narsinga Rao got the contents of the complaint verified and registered a case in Crime No.13/ACB-HR/95 and issued Ex.P-12- F.I.R. He directed Pw.2 to come with the proposed bribe amount on 13.11.1995. Accordingly, Pw.2 appeared before Lw.9 K.Narsinga Rao on 13.11.1995 with the proposed bribe amount of Rs.250/-. Lw.9 K.Narsinga Rao summoned Pw.1-S.Hanuma Reddy, Deputy Director of Insurance, District Insurance Office, Ananthapur and M.Ramakrishnan (Lw.3) to act as panch witness. He explained the contents of Ex.P-11 complaint. The panch witnesses got the contents of the complaint verified from Pw.2. Lw.-9 got the currency notes treated with phenolphthalein powder and he explained the significance of sodium carbonate solution test to the panch witnesses. A pre-trap panchanama came to be drafted, which has been exhibited as Ex.P-2. The trap laying officer (Lw-9) accompanied by his staff including Pw.5 Y.Sudhakar, Inspector, ACB, R.R. District, went to the office of the accused. The complainant (Pw.2) was instructed to handover the tainted currency notes to the accused on his demand only. Pw.2 entered the office of the accused with the tainted currency notes and handed over the same to the accused on his demand. Thereafter, he gave a pre-arranged signal to the trap laying party. Lw.9 K.Narsinga Rao accompanied by his staff including Pw.5 rushed into the office of the accused and he introduced himself to the accused. He conducted sodium carbonate solution test to the right hand fingers of the accused. The test proved to be positive. He also conducted sodium carbonate solution test to the right shirt pocket of the accused and the test proved to be positive. The tainted currency notes came to be seized from the possession of the accused. A post- trap panchanama came to be drafted, which has been exhibited as Ex.P-6. After obtaining sanction to prosecute the accused for the offences punishable under Sections 7, 11 and sub-section (2) of Section 13 read with sub-clauses (i) and (ii) of clause (d) of sub- section (1) of Section 13 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, Lw.9-K.Narsinga Rao laid charge sheet in the Special Court for trial of SPE & ACB Cases, City Civil Court, Hyderabad. 3. The learned Additional Special Judge took the charge sheet on file as C.C.No.8 of 1996. On appearance of the accused and on furnishing copies of the documents to him, the learned Special Judge examined the accused under Section 239 Cr.P.C. The accused pleaded not guilty for the offences under Sections 7 and 13(1)9d) r/w.13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, and claimed to be tried. 4. To bring home the guilt of the accused for the offences with which he stood charged, prosecution examined five witnesses as Pws.1 to 5 and proved 12 documents as Exs.P-1 to P-12 and exhibited ten material objects as MOs 1 to 12. 5. The plea of the accused is that on the date of the trap, Pw.2 thrusted money in his pocket requesting him to deposit in bank through challan for renewal of licence fee. When he called Pw.1 by name to take return of the money, the ACB officials came and seized the tainted currency notes. He also denied of his right hand fingers and right shirt pocket yielding positive result to the sodium carbonate solution test. He submitted written statement and got the same marked as Ex.D-1 on his behalf. 6. The learned Special Judge, on considering the evidence brought on record and on hearing the prosecution and the accused found accused-B.Jayaraj guilty for the offence under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) (i)(ii) read with Sec.13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and convicted him accordingly and sentenced him as stated supra, by judgment dated 31.01.2005. Hence this criminal appeal. 7. Heard Sri C.Praveen Kumar, learned counsel appearing for the appellant and the learned Special Public Prosecutor for ACB cases appearing for the respondent. 8. Learned counsel appearing for the appellant-accused submits that the prosecution failed to prove that the appellant-accused demanded bribe amount from Pw.2 since none of the witnesses examined by the prosecution speaks of such demand being made by the appellant-accused. A further submission has been made that mere recovery of money divorced from the circumstances under which it is paid is not sufficient to convict the accused when the substantive evidence in the case is not reliable. In a way, his contention is that since the material witness i.e., the complainant who has been examined as Pw.2 turned hostile to the prosecution and supported the plea taken by the appellant-accused, there is no legal evidence to sustain conviction of the appellant-accused for the offences under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d)(i)(ii) read with Sec.13 (2) of the Act. He would also contend that the statement of Pw.1 in the cross-examination as to Mos.4 and 5 resultant solutions of left and right hand fingers wash being white in colour supports the version of the appellant-accused that he has not touched the currency notes and instead, it is Pw.2, who thrusted currency notes in his right shirt pocket. Learned counsel took me extensively to the evidence of Pw.1, who acted as a panch witness for the post-trap panchanama and pre-trap panchanamas, which have been exhibited as Exs.P-2 and P-7 respectively. 9. In support of his submissions, reliance has been placed on the decision of the Supreme Court in Banarsi Dass v. State of Haryana[1]. Much emphasis has been laid by the learned counsel on paras 10 to 18 of the cited judgment. Paras 13 and 14 of the cited judgment need to be noted and they are thus:- “( 13. ) In fact, the above principle is no way derivative but is a reiteration of the principle enunciated by this Court in Suraj Mal case (supra), where the Court had held that mere recovery by itself cannot prove the charge of prosecution against the accused in the absence of any evidence to prove payment of bribe or to show that the accused voluntarily accepted the money. Reference can also be made to the judgment of this Court in Sita Ram v. State of Rajasthan [1975 (2) SCC 227], where similar view was taken. ( 14. ) The case of C.M. Girish Babu (supra) was registered under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, Section 7 of which is in pari materia with Section 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947. Section 20 of the 1988 Act raises a rebuttable presumption where the public servant accepts gratification other than legal remuneration, which presumption is absent in the 1947 Act. Despite this, the Court followed the principle that mere recovery of tainted money divorced from the circumstances under which it is paid would not be sufficient to convict the accused despite presumption and, in fact, acquitted the accused in that case.” 10. Learned counsel would contend that the defence pleaded by the appellant-accused cannot be brushed aside on the ground of there being no such plea in the spot explanation. In support of his submission, reliance has been placed on the decision of our High Court in Sudershan Pareek v. State of Andhra Pradesh[2]. It is also contended by the learned counsel that the appellant-accused can rebut the charge either through the cross-examination of the prosecution witnesses or by adducing reliable evidence and the burden of proof on the accused under Section 20 of the Act is not the same as the burden placed on the prosecution to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt. 11. Learned Special Public Prosecutor submits that Pw.1 is an independent witness and he speaks of the contents of the complaint, which has been marked as Ex.P-11 and also recovery of tainted currency notes from the possession of the appellant-accused and so also the admission of the appellant-accused in the spot explanation with regard to acceptance of the tainted currency from the complainant. All these circumstances clinchingly prove that the appellant-accused accepted money voluntarily and consciously in which case, no further burden casts on the prosecution to prove the demand by direct evidence and the demand and the motive have only to be deduced from the facts and circumstances of the case. According to the learned Special Public Prosecutor, the very fact that the accused was in possession of marked currency notes against an allegation that he demanded and received the amount is res ipsa loquitor. In support of his submissions, reliance has been placed on a three Judge judgment of the Supreme Court in Singh v. State of Punjab[3]. Learned Special Public Prosecutor further contended that the appellant- accused did not suggest to Pw.1 that he gave spot explanation to the effect that Pw.2 thrusted money in his shirt pocket and in the absence of such a suggestion, the evidence of Pw.1 remains unchallenged. The learned Special Public Prosecutor also refers the spot explanation of the appellant-accused reflected in Ex.P-7 post-trap panchanama. The spot explanation of the appellant-accused as reflected in Ex.P-7 post-trap panchanama is that Pw.2 paid money without there being any demand from his side. 12. Under Section 7 of the P.C.Act, a public servant taking gratification other than legal remuneration in respect of an official act is punishable with imprisonment which shall not be less than six months, but which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine. In order to establish an offence under this Section, it is necessary to prove that the public servant accepted or obtained or agreed to accept or attempted to obtain illegal gratification as a motive or reward for doing or for forbearing to do an official act or for showing any favour or disfavour to any person or for rendering any service or disservice to any person with a public servant, as such. The first question that requires consideration is, with what motive, or as reward for what act, was the sum paid as illegal gratification by the complainant and accepted by the accused. Where the evidence of eye witnesses was corroborated by the recovery of money from the accused and the phenolphthalein test also was positive and no explanation for recovery of money from his pocket was given by the accused at the time of recovery, the conviction would be proper. 13. Section 13 deals with criminal misconduct by a public servant. Under Sub-section (1)(d)(ii) if a public servant by abusing his position, obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable or pecuniary advantage shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year but which may extend to 7 years and shall also be liable to fine. The words `pecuniary advantage' includes cases of cash payment. The words `abuse of his position' mean that the officer do not act as a prudent man, discards all normal and statutory rules and is prepared to accommodate third party and obtain a benefit for him. In a case of bribery, mere recovery of money divorced from the circumstances under which it is paid is not sufficient to convict the accused when the substantive evidence in the case is not reliable. The Supreme Court in T.Subramanian v. State of T.N[4] held that if the accused offers reasonable and probable explanation based on evidence that money was accepted by him other than as illegal gratification, the accused would be entitled to acquittal. 14. It is well settled that in a case where the accused offers an explanation for receipt of the alleged amount, the question that arises for consideration is whether that explanation can be said to have been established. It is also well settled that the accused is not required to establish his defence by proving beyond reasonable doubt as the prosecution but can establish the same by preponderance of probability. 15. In Chaturdas Bhagawandas Patel v. State of Gujarat[5], it was held that the burden which rests on an accused to displace the statutory presumption that is raised under Section 4(1) of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 is not as onerous as that cast on the prosecution to prove its case. But such burden has to be discharged by bringing on record evidence either direct or circumstantial to establish beyond reasonable probability that money was accepted by him other than as a motive or reward as is referred in Section 161 IPC. 16. At this juncture, it is trite to note Section 20 of the Act, which reads as hereunder:- "20. Presumption where public servant accepts gratification other than legal remuneration.-(1), where, in any trial of an offence punishable under Section 7 or Section 11 or clause (a) of clause (b) of sub-section (1) of Section 13 it is proved that an accused person has accepted or obtained or has agreed to accept or attempted to obtain for himself, or for any other person, any gratification (other than legal remuneration) or any valuable thing from any person, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that he accepted or obtained or agreed to accept or attempted to obtain that gratification or that valuable thing, as the case may be, as a motive or reward such as is mentioned in Section 7 or, as the case may be, without consideration or for a consideration which he knows to be inadequate. (2) Where in any trial of an offence punishable under Section 12 or under clause (b) of Section 14, it is proved that any gratification (other than legal remuneration) or any valuable thing has been given or offered to be given or attempted to be given by an accused person, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that he gave or offered to give or attempted to give that gratification or that valuable thing, as the case may be, without consideration or for a consideration which he knows to be inadequate. (3) Not withstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1) and (2), the court may decline to draw the presumption referred to in either of the said sub-sections, if the gratification or thing aforesaid, in its opinion, so trivial that no inference of corruption may fairly be drawn." 17. The expression “may presume” and “shall presume” are defined in Section 4 of the Evidence Act. The presumption falling under former category are compendiously known as factual presumption or discretionary presumption and those falling under latter are legal presumptions or compulsory presumptions. Presumption is an inference of a certain fact drawn from other proved facts. While inferring the existence of a fact from another, the Court is only applying a process of intelligent reasoning which the mind of a prudent man would do under similar circumstances. It is well settled that the evidence of police officials cannot be discredited in a trap case merely because they are police officials, nor can other witnesses be rejected because on some other occasion they have been witnesses for the prosecution in the past. Basically, the Court has to view the evidence in the light of the probabilities and the intrinsic credibility of those who testify, vide the decision of Supreme Court in Som Prakash v. State of NCT of Delhi[6] 18. I may now briefly refer to the evidence keeping in view the said propositions. 19. Pw.1 is the panch witness for the post-trap and pre-trap panchanamas, which have been exhibited as Exs.P-2 and P-7. Pw.2 is the de facto complainant, who presented Ex.P-11 report before Lw.9-K.Narsinga Rao, Dy.S.P., ACB, Hyderabad Range. He did not support the prosecution and the prosecution declared him hostile. He even went to the extent of denying his signature on the complaint, which has been exhibited as Ex.P-11. But, he admits in the cross-examination of his visiting the M.R.O office on the date of trap and handing over the two DDs to Pw.3 and receiving the release orders. Pw.3-S.Dhananjaya is Junior Assistant in the office of M.R.O. He speaks of Pw.2 visiting M.R.O office and producing two DDs and receiving release orders. Pw.4-T.Krishna has been examined to speak of the sanction proceedings issued by the Secretary to Government to prosecute the appellant-accused for the offences under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) r/w 13(2) of the Act. Pw.5 is the Inspector of Police who assisted the trap-laying officer and subsequently, he took up investigation and fled charge sheet before the Special Judge for SPE & ACB Cases. 20. It is to be noted that the trap-laying officer-K.Narsinga Rao (LW.9), Deputy Superintendent of Police could not be examined as a witness as he was no more by the time the case came up for trial. The plea of the appellant-accused is that Pw.2 thrusted the tainted currency in his shirt pocket requesting him to pay the same towards renewal licence fee on the following day through his Attender as by that time the business hours of the bank came to be closed. In view of the defence, the admission of Pw1 in the cross-examination that Mos 4 and 5 , the resultant solutions of left and right hand wash are white in colour has no significance. Acceptance of the amount by the appellant-accused is admitted by himself. It is for the appellant- accused to explain as to under what circumstances he accepted the tainted currency notes. Ex.P-7 is the post-trap panchanama. The explanation offered by the appellant-accused is reflected in the post- trap panchanama. The copy of the post-trap panchanama has been served on the appellant-accused and he also signed thereon acknowledging the receipt of the copy of the same. As per the said explanation, Pw.2 paid the money as bribe without there being any demand. But, now the defence of the appellant-accused is Pw.2 paid the money requesting him to get the same deposited towards renewal licence fee. It is apparent that the defence taken by the appellant-accused is a subsequent thought. Pw.1 is an independent witness and he has no motive to speak false against the appellant- accused. He categorically states that the contents of the complaint lodged by Pw.2 with Lw.9 had been explained to Pw.2 and thereupon, Pw.2 admitted the contents to be true and correct. For better appreciation, I may refer the evidence of Pw.1 in his own words and it is thus:- " On 13.11.95 our Director instructed us to be present before the DSP, ACB, Hyderabad Range on the same day at 1.15 P.M. Accordingly, myself and M.Ramakishan (Lw.3) went to the office of the DSP, ACB, Hyderabad Range and met him at his chambers on 13.11.95 at 1.15 P.M. Then the DSP, ACB, Hyderabad region called the complainant K.Venkataiah and introduced him to us and gave copy of the FIR to us and asked us to go through the same and to verify whether the complaint was given by the complainant voluntarily or not. After going through the copy of the FIR, we ascertained from the complainant whether he gave the complaint voluntarily or not for which the complainant stated to us that he gave the complaint against A.O voluntarily and that there was no pressure from anybody. Myself and M.Ramakishan initialled on the copy of the FIR. It is Ex.P-1 (Xerox copy). Then the complainant K.Venkataiah produced 5 (fifty) rupee notes before the DSP, ACB. Then the DSP, ACB gave the said amount to us. Then I dictated the currency note numbers and M.Ramakishan (Lw.3) noted the currency ...." Nothing is suggested to Pw.1 in the cross-examination disputing of his making enquiries with the complainant and complainant admitting the contents of the complaint. 21. I have gone through the evidence of Pw.2. He even went to the extent of denying his signature on the complaint, which has been marked as Ex.P-11. Had he not informed to the trap-laying officer about the demand of the accused prior to 13.11.1995, there was no necessity for the trap-laying officer to be present at the office of the MRO, Manchal, Ranga Reddy District on the date of trap along with the panch witnesses and his staff. It is explicit that Pw.2 had been managed and thereby resiled from his earlier statement. The prosecution rightly declared him hostile and cross-examined him. Therefore, any admission made by Pw.2 lending support to the defence is liable to be ignored. It is evident from the evidence of Pw.3 that on the date of trap, Pw.2 came to the office of the M.R.O., Yacharam and presented two DDs and met the appellant-accused and obtained his signatures on the two DDs and thereafter, secured release orders. Pw.5-Inspector of Police, subsequently took up investigation and laid charge sheet. On all material particulars, his evidence is fully corroborated by the testimony of Pw.1. Though the appellant-accused tried to explain that he received the money from the complainant not as a bribe, but towards renewal licence fee, he utterly failed to probabilise the same. The trial Court considered the evidence brought on record in a right perspective and found the appellant-accused guilty for the offences under Sections 7 and 13(1) (d) r/w 13(2) of the Act. I do not find any valid grounds to interfere with the said finding. 22. In the result, the Criminal Appeal fails and the same is accordingly, hereby dismissed. The bail bonds furnished by the appellant/accused shall stand cancelled. He shall surrender before the trial Court to serve out the sentence of imprisonment imposed for the offences under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) r/w.13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. _____________________ B.SESHASAYANA REDDY, J Dt.25-04-2011 RAR THE HON'BLE SRI JUSTICE B.SESHASAYANA REDDY Criminal Appeal No.99 of 2005 (Dated :25 -04-2011) [1] AIR 2010 SC 1589 [2] 2008(2) ALD 840 [3] 1974 SC 560 [4] (2006)1 SCC 401 [5] 1976(3) SCC 46 [6] AIR 1974 SC 1024