THE HON’BLE SRI JUSTICE K.C.BHANU CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.625 OF 2003. DATED: 16-12-2009. Between: K.V.Sarma … Appellant/Accused and State-CBI/SPE, Visakhapatnam … Respondent/Complainant THE HON’BLE SRI JUSTICE K.C.BHANU CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.625 OF 2003 JUDGMENT: This Criminal Appeal under Section 374 (2) Cr.P.C., is directed against the judgment, dated 12/06/2003, in C.C. No.26 of 2000, on the file of the Special Judge for C.B.I. Cases, Visakhapatnam, whereunder and whereby the appellant/accused was found guilty of the offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13 (1) (d) r/w 13 (2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (for brevity ‘the Act’) and sentenced to undergo simple imprisonment for one year and also to pay a fine of Rs.1,000/- and in default, to suffer simple imprisonment for one month under each count, and both the sentences were ordered to run concurrently. 2. The case of the prosecution is briefly as follows: P.W.1 was having tobacco barn in his village Mahadevapuram of Kandukur Mandal, Prakasam District. He used to raise tobacco in his lands. He insured his tobacco barn with New India Assurance Company Limited, Kandukur Branch. On 19/03/2000, there was a fire accident in his tobacco barren. P.W.1 intimated the same to the Insurance Company and also to the fire station at Tangutur. Officials of the fire station of Tangutur estimated the damage of his tobacco barn at Rs.1 lakh. On 21/03/2000, officials of the Insurance Company visited the tobacco barn and P.W.1 gave Ex.P6-representation to them. The Surveyor of the Insurance Company also came and estimated the loss. After coming to know that the Surveyor has completed the inspection estimating the damages, P.W.1 went to the office of the Insurance Company at Ongole on 10/05/2000 and met the accused who was working as Administrative Officer. The accused informed him that his claim was finalized and the cheque would be prepared and asked him to come to his (accused’s) house in the evening and gave his visiting card Ex.P-7. P.W.1 went to the house of the accused at 6 PM on 10/05/2000. The accused told him that his claim for damages was settled at Rs.35,928/- and demanded him to pay 10% of the said amount as bribe, and as such the accused informed him that he has to pay Rs.3,500/- for issuing the cheque. P.W.1 pleaded his inability to pay the said amount and went away. Again on 12/05/2000, P.W.1 met the accused and asked him to issue the cheque. The accused reiterated his demand for Rs.3,500/- for issuing the cheque. P.W.1 told him that he did not have that much amount and requested him to issue the cheque. The accused asked him to pay the money on 15/05/2000. As P.W.1 was not interested in paying the money, he gave a report, Ex.P-8 on 14/05/2000 to P.W.6, Inspector of Police, Central Bureau of Investigation (for short, ‘CBI’), who was camping at Ongole. P.W.6 seized the visiting card Ex.P-7 under Ex.P-26 memo, and directed P.W.1 to appear before him on the next day along with bribe amount of Rs.3,500/-. On 15/05/2000, P.W.1 appeared before P.W.6 along with the bribe amount. P.Ws.2 and 3 were summoned to act as mediators. P.W.1 produced the currency notes and Ex.P10-first mediator’s report was prepared. P.W.2 was asked to accompany P.W.1 to the house of the accused to observe the events that may take place at the house of the accused and he was asked to give the signal, if the accused demands and accepts money. P.Ws.1 and 2 went to the house of the accused. Wife of the accused, who is examined as D.W.1, came from inside the house and when she asked to come and sit, they went and sat in the room. Later, within a few minutes, the accused came and told P.W.1 “you promised to come on Friday but you did not come. Had you come on Friday, the cheque would have been given to you on Friday itself.” P.W.1 told him that he could not secure the amount of Rs.3,500/- on Friday and as such he could not come on Friday to pay the amount and told him that he brought the amount. The accused asked him to place the amount on the tea poy. Then P.W.1 took out the money from the shirt pocket and placed the currency notes on the tea poy. The accused placed a newspaper on the said amount and asked him to come at 10.30 AM to his office to collect the cheque. P.W.2 went out of the house of the accused and gave the pre-arranged signal. Then P.W.6 and other members of the trap party entered the house of the accused. Thereafter, the sodium carbonate solution test was conducted for both the hand fingers of the accused. There was no change in colour. Then P.W.6 requested the wife of the accused (D.W.1) to dip her fingers of both hands in sodium carbonate solution, and when she dipped, the solution remained colourless. It is further alleged that after repeated questioning, the accused led them to the second bed room and opened an almyrah and fetched a folded paper which contained the currency notes. The second mediator’s report was prepared under Ex.P-13. On 19/05/2000, P.W.6 handed over the further investigation to P.W.7. After obtaining sanction under Ex.P-1 from the competent authority and completion of further investigation, P.W.7 filed the charge sheet. 3. The learned Special Judge framed the following charges against the accused officer: “CHARGE No.1: That you, on 15/05/2000 at your residence at Guntur, being a public servant employed as Administrative Officer in the New India Assurance Company Limited, Guntur, demanded and accepted Rs.3,500/-as bribe from T.Srinivasulu in pursuance of your earlier demands on 10/05/2000 and 12/05/2000 for yourself, as gratification other than legal remuneration, as a motive or reward for official favour, in the exercise of your official functions for issuing cheque for the claim settled to T.Srinivasulu for Rs.35,928/- for the loss sustained by him in fire accident of his Tobacco Barren, and that you thereby committed an offence punishable under Section 7 of the Act and within my cognizance. CHARGE No.2: That you, on 15/05/2000 at your residence at Guntur, being a public servant employed as Administrative Officer in the New India Assurance Company Limited, Guntur, demanded and accepted Rs.3,500/- as bribe from T.Srinivasulu in pursuance of your earlier demands on 10/05/2000 and 12/05/2000 for yourself, as gratification other than legal remuneration, as a motive or reward for official favour, in the exercise of your official functions for issuing cheque for the claim settled to T.Srinivasulu for Rs.35,928/- for the loss sustained by him in fire accident of his Tobacco Barren, by corrupt or illegal means or by otherwise abusing your position as such public servant obtained for yourself a pecuniary advantage to the extent of Rs.3,500/- as bribe, and that you thereby committed the offence specified in Section 13 (1) (d) (ii) of the Act, punishable under Section 13 (2) of the Act, and within my cognizance.” 4. When the above charges were read over and explained to the accused officer in Telugu, he pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried. 5. To substantiate the charges, the prosecution examined P.Ws.1 to 7 and got marked Exs.P-1 to P-28 besides case property, M.Os.1 to 6. 6. After closure of the prosecution evidence, the accused officer was examined under Section 313 Cr.P.C. with reference to the incriminating material found against him in the evidence of prosecution witnesses. He denied the same. On behalf of the accused officer, D.W.1 was examined and no documents were marked. 7. The trial Court, upon consideration of entire oral and documentary evidence available on record, accepting the evidence of P.W.1 with regard to the demand and also accepting the evidence of P.Ws.3 and 6 with regard to recovery of M.O.1 from the house of the accused, found him guilty, accordingly, convicted and sentenced. Challenging the same, the present appeal is filed. 8 . Now the point for determination is whether the prosecution proved the guilt of the accused officer of the offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13 (1) (d) r/w 13 (2) of the Act beyond all reasonable doubt. 9 . Sri C.Padmanabha Reddy, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the accused, contended that the evidence of P.W.1 cannot be put in the category of wholly reliable; that the accused can settle the insurance claim up to Rs.1,25,000/-, that he rightly accepted the report of the surveyor and settled the claim; that when P.W.1 requested the accused officer to settle the claim for at least Rs.50,000/- accused officer did not agree, and so, P.W.1 bore grudge against the accused officer and laid false trap; that the evidence of P.W.1 with regard to demand of bribe by the accused officer on 12/05/2000, on his own showing, is found to be false, and that the demand of bribe on 10/05/2000 and on the date of trap is not substantiated with any other evidence as accompanying witness did not support the case of the prosecution; that no official favour to be shown by the accused to P.W.1, was pending with him; that as P.W.1 did not come on 12/05/2000 the cheque was not given, but in the case of other claim relating to one Brahmaiah, the cheque was given immediately; that the charge levelled against the accused for official favour to be shown by him is with regard to issuance or delivery of cheque but the cheque has not been prepared at all, and therefore, the question of delivery of the cheque does not arise; that the recovery of the currency notes by itself is not a ground to infer that the accused committed the offences for which he was charged and therefore, he prays to set aside the judgment passed by the trial Court. 10. On the other hand, Sri T.Niranjan Reddy, learned counsel appearing for the CBI Cases, contended that there is no other reason for P.W.1 to foist a false case against the accused; that the cheque has to be issued by the accused officer, and for issuing the cheque, 10% of the settled amount was asked towards illegal gratification; that the file relating to P.W.1 was pending with the accused officer and that if really, the accused has not received the amount, there is no need for him to keep that amount in almyrah; that keeping the amount in almyrah would also suggest that there was a demand; that tainted currency notes-M.O.1 was seized from the locker of the almyrah; that therefore, the trial Court after elaborate consideration of the evidence rightly found the accused guilty and there are no grounds to interfere with the same. 11. The essential ingredients of Section 7 of the Act are: a. that the person accepting the gratification should be a public servant; b. that he should accept the gratification for himself and the gratification should be as a motive or reward for doing or forbearing to do any official act or for showing or forbearing to show, in the exercise of his official function, favour or dis-favour to any person. 12. Insofar as Section 13 (1) (d) of the Act is concerned, its essential ingredients are: (i) that he should have been a public servant; (ii) that he should have used corrupt or illegal means or otherwise abused his position as such public servant, and iii) that he should have obtained a valuable thing or pecuniary advantage for himself or for any other person. 13. The specific charge leveled against the accused is that the accused demanded gratification other than legal remuneration as a motive or reward for showing official favour in exercise of official function and for issuing the cheque for settling the claim for Rs.35,928/-. Though P.W.2 was sent along with P.W.1 as accompanying witness, he did not support the case of the prosecution and he was declared hostile by the prosecution. Simply because he was declared hostile by the prosecution, his evidence would not wipe out from the record, and such part of the testimony which inspires confidence can be used for corroboration to the other evidence, if any, available. With regard to the demand made by the accused officer on 10/05/2000, 12/05/2000 and on 14/05/2000, the only evidence available on record is evidence of P.W.1. Law is well settled that when the evidence rests on solitary testimony of a witness, it must be unimpeachable, cogent, true and trustworthy. If the evidence of the witness is put in the category of wholly reliable, then there would not be any difficulty in accepting the evidence of single witness and conviction can be maintained thereon even without any corroboration. On this aspect, it is pertinent to refer to a decision reported in Vadvivelu Thevar v. The State of Madras [1], wherein it was held thus: “Generally speaking oral testimony in this context may be classified into these categories, namely: (i) Wholly reliable (ii) Wholly unreliable (iii) Neither wholly reliable nor wholly unreliable In the first category of proof, the Court should have no difficulty in coming to its conclusion either way it may convict or may acquit on the testimony of a single witness, if it is found to be above reproach on suspicion of interestedness, incompetence or subornation. In the second category, the court equally has no difficulty in coming to its conclusion. It is in the third category of cases, that the Court has to be circumspect and has to look for corroboration in material particulars by reliable testimony, direct or circumstantial.” 1 4 . P.W.1 is having a tobacco barn in his village Mahadevapuram village, Kandukur Mandal, Prakasam District, and a fire accident took place on 19/03/2000 in the tobacco barn. The tobacco barn was burnt in fire accident. It is not in dispute that barn was duly insured with the New India Assurance Company. Then the same was informed to the New India Assurance Company Limited. The accused was working as Administrative Officer of the Insurance Company at the relevant time of the incident. The fire station people were also duly informed at the time of fire accident and they came and put off the flames. The fire station officials estimated the damage of tobacco at Rs.1,00,000/-. A surveyor was appointed by New India Assurance Company to note down the damages caused to the tobacco and the Surveyor estimated the loss and went away. The surveyor estimated the damage of Rs.35,928/-. When P.W.1 went to the office on 10/05/2000, the accused asked P.W.1 to come to his house at 6 PM and when he went there, the accused informed him that the damages were settled at Rs.35,928/- and asked 10% of the said amount as a bribe and as such to pay Rs.3,500/- for issuing the cheque. The first information report also would go to show that the demand was made for the purpose of issuing the cheque. Admittedly, the cheque was not prepared even on the date of trap also. On the instructions of P.W.5, who was the Senior Divisional Manager of the Insurance Company, P.W.4, the Assistant Cashier, prepared the cheque after the trap and the cheque was handed over to the Divisional Manager. It is not in dispute that P.W.4 prepared a cheque in respect of Sri Brahmaiah on 12/05/2000 and the said person received the cheque. As a matter of fact, P.W.4 has categorically stated that he prepared the cheque in the cabin of P.W.5 and handed over that cheque to the Divisional Manager. The file relating to P.W.1 was seized not from the cabin of the accused but it was seized from P.W.5 as seen from Ex.P-25. It is not in dispute that the accused is the competent officer to settle the claim up to Rs.1,25,000/- in respect of fire insurance claims. Though the claim of P.W.1 is Rs.68,540/- and the estimation by the fire officials is about Rs.1,00,000/-, the accused officer rightly accepted the surveyor’s report and settled the claim for Rs.35,928/-. If really, the accused officer was accustomed to receive certain monies towards illegal gratification other than legal remuneration as a motive or reward for showing official favour, he would not have settled the claim of P.W.1 at all. 1 5 . The demand on 12/05/2000 allegedly made by the accused officer was found to be false on his own showing. As seen from Ex.P-9, the accused made a demand on 12/05/2000 for delivery of the cheque. In his evidence, he stated that when he and P.W.2 went to the house of the accused, he asked him in telugu stating that he (P.W.1) promised to come on Friday but he did not come and had he come on Friday, the cheque would have been given to him on Friday itself. It is not in dispute that Friday happened to be 12/05/2000. Therefore, P.W.1 is not shown to be a wholly truthful witness. He went to the extent of giving a false evidence stating that he met the accused on 12/05/2000 and the accused demanded to pay Rs.3,500/-. From the evidence of P.W.1, it is clear that he did not meet the accused officer on 12/05/2000. With regard to the demand on 15/05/2000, i.e., on the date of trap, except the oral testimony of P.W.1, there is no other evidence. Admittedly, the accompanying evidence, who accompanied P.W.1 to the house of the accused officer, did not support the case of the prosecution. He stated that he accompanied P.W.1 to the house of the accused but he did not hear what transpired between P.W.1 and the accused officer at the time of accepting the amount by the accused officer. In similar case of fire accident, the claim of one Brahmaiah was settled and as a matter of fact, on 12/05/2000, the cheque was delivered to him. From the evidence of P.W.1, it is also clear that had he gone to the office on 12/05/2000, the office would have issued the cheque on that day itself. In these circumstances, the examination of Brahmaiah may be necessary by the prosecution whether the accused officer made any similar demands to Brahmaiah or not, because the file relating to Brahmaiah and the file of P.W.1 are processed at the one and same time. 16. With regard to the official favour to be shown by the accused, it is pertinent to refer to a decision reported in Ram Krishan v. State of Delhi[2], wherein it was held thus: “It was argued that the intention of the Act was to create by means of cl.(d) an offence different from a single act of bribery and that it can come into play only when there is no offer to give and acceptance of a bribe by a public servant. Before it can be made applicable there must be proof, it was said, that the public servant adopted corrupts or illegal means and thereby obtained for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage. To force a bribe out of an unwilling person is different from the acceptance of a bribe from a voluntary giver and that before a charge under S.5(1), sub-cl.(d) could be sustained, there must be threat or inducement, or promise proceeding from the public servant or duress or extortion practised by him to obtain the pecuniary advantage. This argument proceeds upon the footing that the Act seeks to create and creates an independent offence distinct from simple bribery. In one sense, this is no doubt true but it does not follow that there is no overlapping of offences. We have primarily to look at the language employed and give effect to it. One class of cases might arise where corrupt or illegal means are adopted or pursued by the public servant to gain for himself a pecuniary advantage. The word 'obtains', on which much stress was laid does not eliminate the idea of acceptance of what is given or offered to be given, thought it connotes also an element of effort on the part of the receiver. One may accept money that is offered or solicit payment of a bribe, or extort the bribe by threat or coercion; in each case, he obtains a pecuniary advantage by abusing his position as a public servant. The word 'obtains' is used in Ss. 161 and 165, Penal Code. The other words "corrupt or illegal means" find place in S. 162. Apart from "corrupt and illegal means" we have also the words "or by otherwise abusing his position as a public servant". If a man obtains a pecuniary advantage by the abuse of his position, he will be guilty under sub-cl.(d). Section 161, 162 and 163 refer to a motive or a reward for doing or forbearing to do something, showing favour or disfavour to any person, or for inducing such conduct by the exercise of personal influence. It is not necessary for an offence under cl.(d) to prove all this. It is enough if by abusing his position as a public servant a man obtains for himself any pecuniary advantage, entirely irrespective of motive or reward for showing favour or disfavour. To certain extent the ingredients of the two offences are common, no doubt. But to go further and contend that the offence as defined in cl.(d) does not come within the meaning of bribery is to place too narrow a construction on the sub- clause. A speedy disposal of corruption cases by special courts, the benefit of investigation by higher police authorities are some of the provisions intended for the protection of public servants prosecuted under the Act while they are subjected also to increased disabilities, namely, a longer term of imprisonment as punishment and the application of the presumption referred to in sub-cl.(3).” In this case, there is no official favour shown to be shown to P.W.1 in the file pending with the accused officer because he already settled the claim. The files relating to P.W.1 and Brahmaiah were not in the custody of the accused officer though the evidence of P.W.1 and P.W.6 would go to show that these two files were brought from the cabin of the accused officer. Men may lie but not the circumstances. As seen from Ex.P-25, the files relating to P.W.1 and Brahmaiah were seized from the possession of P.W.5. P.W.1 went to the extent of saying that the cheque has been already prepared when P.W.6 got the file from the chambers of the accused officer and he saw the cheque. But his evidence is quite contrary to the evidence of P.W.4 who has to prepare the cheque being the Assistant Cashier, in-charge of receiving premium amounts and the preparation of cheques. He has not received any instructions from the person concerned with regard to the claim of P.W.1 prior to 15/05/2000 for issuing the cheque or preparing the cheque. As per the instructions of the Divisional Manager, he prepared the cheque for the amount payable to P.W.1 and gave it to the Divisional Manager. Therefore, even by the date of trap also, the cheque in question was not prepared. It is admitted by P.W.1 that his claim was settled for Rs.35,928/- as damages caused to the tobacco barn in the fire accident. A suggestion was given to P.W.1 that he requested the accused officer to enhance the compensation at least by Rs.50,000/-, for which the accused informed him that the claim was already settled. For that reason, there is every possibility for P.W.1 to entertain the grouse against the accused officer and there is every possibility or scope to P.W.1 to move the machinery of Central Bureau of Investigation so as to teach a lesson to the accused officer as the claim was settled for half of the amount claimed by P.W.1. 17. It is not in dispute that tainted currency notes-M.O.1 were smeared with Phenolphthalein powder and numbers were duly noted in Ex.P-10 pre-trap proceedings. It is not in dispute that the tainted currency notes were seized at the instance of the accused from the locker of his