IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE, ANDHRA PRADESH AT HYDERABAD THE HON'BLE SRI JUSTICE P. DURGA PRASAD CRIMINAL APPEAL No.1185 of 2003 Date:24.11.2010 Between: Sri M. Nageswara Rao .....Appellant. AND State, Inspector of Police, A.C.B., Visakhapatnam. ....RESPONDENT The Court made the following: THE HON'BLE SRI JUSTICE P. DURGA PRASAD CRIMINAL APPEAL No.1185 of 2003 JUDGMENT: This is an appeal filed under Section 374(2) Cr.P.C against the judgment passed in C.C.No.55 of 2000 by the III Additional District and Sessions Judge-cum-Special Judge for A.C.B Cases, Visakhapatnam. The appellant herein was prosecuted for the offences punishable under Sections 7, 11 and 13(1) (d) of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (in short, the Act). The unfolded case of the prosecution is that P.W.1 V. Ramakrishna, Head Constable No.633 is having a house in the name of his wife in Chengalraopeta, Visakhapatnam bearing Door No.20-102-1/C, which required electricity service connection for its first floor and in that connection, P.W.1 has contacted the appellant/ accused on 29.09.1994 and on that day the accused had filled up the necessary printed application on behalf of P.W.1 and gave it back to P.W.1 for obtaining signatures of his wife. Accordingly, P.W.1 submitted application for electrical connection duly getting signed by his wife on 30.09.1994. After receiving the said application on 30.09.1994, the accused had demanded Rs.440/- as illegal gratification for giving electrical service connection to the house of P.W.1 and Rs.460/- towards electrical service charges and asked P.W.1 to bring Rs.900/-. On 04.10.1994, P.W.1 met the accused officer at his office and requested the accused to give electrical service connection for his house, and accused had reiterated his demand of illegal gratification and instructed P.W.1 to pay the total amount of Rs.900/-. The accused further asked the P.W.1 unless he pays Rs.440/- towards illegal gratification and Rs.460/- towards service charges, he would not do the official favour. On 05.10.1994, the trap party and P.W.1 went to A.P.S.E. Board office situated in Howrah Bridge road at about 10.25 a.m and then P.W.1 and P.W.2 entered the office room of the accused and the accused asked P.W.1 whether he brought the demanded bribe amount. Then P.W.1 took out Rs.460/- from his pant pocket and handed over to the accused. The accused received it and counted it and asked P.W.1 that he asked him to bring Rs.900/- and throw away Rs.460/- towards P.W.1. Then P.W.1 gave Rs.440/- to the accused having taken out of from his pocket. Then the accused gave Rs.50/- to P.W.1 saying that he is incapable of giving illegal gratification. Then the raid party found the accused in the veranda and he was taken into his office room. Sodium carbonate solution test was conducted on both the hand fingers of the accused, which proved positive. The accused produced Rs.850/- from the right side drawer of the table in the office room from out of the papers. The notes produced by the accused tallied with the notes produced by P.W.1 prior to trap. The papers from which he produced the bribe amount was subjected to sodium carbonate solution and they yielded positive result. The Superintendent Engineer (Operation) Circle, A.P.S.E. Board., Visakhapatnam has granted sanction for prosecution of the accused. Hence the charge. The lower court has framed the charges under Sections 7 and 13(2) read with 13(1)(d) of the Act against the accused and the accused pleaded not guilty for both the charges. The prosecution in order to prove the charges, examined P.Ws.1 to 5 and got marked Exs.P-1 to P.14 and M.Os.1 to 7. The accused in defence examined D.Ws.1 to 3 and got marked Exs.D-1 to D-5. After taking into consideration of the said oral and documentary evidence, the lower court has found the accused guilty for the charges under Section 7 of the Act and also the charge under Section 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(d) of the Act and convicted the accused under Section 248(2) of Cr.P.C and sentenced him to under go simple imprisonment for six months and to pay a fine of Rs.1,000/- in default to suffer simple imprisonment for one month for the charge under Section 7 of the Act and the accused also sentenced to undergo simple imprisonment for one year and to pay a fine of Rs.1,000/- in default to suffer simple imprisonment for one month for the charge under Section 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(d) of the Act. Aggrieved by the said conviction and sentence, the present appeal is filed. The learned counsel for the appellant has not questioned with regard to the accused being a public servant within the meaning of Section 2( c ) of the Act and with regard to the sanction granted for prosecution of the accused officer but he questioned with regard to the proving of the charges beyond all reasonable doubt. Therefore, the point now arises for consideration is that 1. Whether the prosecution proved the guilt of the accused officer for the charges under Sections 7, 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(d) of the Act beyond all reasonable doubt. According to the prosecution, the P.W.1 has approached the accused officer for getting an electrical service connection to his first floor and the accused demanded for an illegal gratification of Rs.440/- and Rs.460/- towards electrical service charges and asked him to bring Rs.900/- and immediately he gave a complaint to the P.W.3 and thereafter a trap was arranged and on 05.10.1994, the trap party and P.W.1 went to the office of the accused situated at Howrah Bridge road, Visakhapatnam at 10.25 a.m and P.Ws.1 and 2 entered into the office and the accused demanded them for payment of bribe amount and P.W.1 took out of Rs.460/- from his pant pocket and the accused counted the same and threw it on him saying that he asked him to bring Rs.900/- and thereafter P.W.1 gave Rs.440/- from his shirt pocket and the accused returned back Rs.50/- saying that he is not capable of giving illegal gratification. Therefore, raid party came into the picture and conducted sodium carbonate test for the fingers of the accused and it proved to be positive and they verified the notes produced by the accused from his right side drawer of the table and tallied with the notes produced by the P.W.1 before the trap. The papers from which he produced the bribe amount was subjected to sodium carbonate solution and they yielded positive result. The version of the prosecution was supported by the evidence of the P.W.1 V. Rama Krishna who is the complainant, and P.W.2 L. Jaanakeswara Rao who is the accompanying witness of P.W.1. He also supported the version of the prosecution with regard to the recovery of the amount of Rs.850/- from the accused. P.W.3 is the Deputy Electrical Engineer who was examined to speak about the procedure for obtaining electrical service connection. P.W.4 is the retired Chief engineer, A.P.S.E. Board who has issued sanction order for prosecuting the accused. P.W.5 is the investigating officer and he has narrated the procedure followed in conducting the trap on the accused and he has also corroborated the evidence of P.Ws.1 and 2. The learned counsel for the appellant has not disputed about the receiving of the amount of Rs.900/- from P.W.1 and also the accused returning Rs.50/- to the P.W.1 but he pleaded that the said amount was paid towards expenses for providing electrical service connection to the house of P.W.1. According to the appellant he received Rs.400/- towards meter charges and Rs.60/- towards security deposits and remaining amount of Rs.440/- is towards the service wire and electrical board and the said amount was not received by the accused towards illegal gratification. P.W.1 himself has requested the accused to make necessary arrangements for providing electrical service connection to him, as he has received the said amount. In support of the said defence, the accused has examined D.Ws.1 to 3. D.W.1 is M.S.N. Raju who is a retired foreman of the A.P.S.E. Board and he has spoken about his visiting the house of P.W.1 and verifying the electrical wiring and found there was no wiring and meter board and connecting pipe for providing service connection and he has estimated the cost at about Rs.400/- to Rs.500/- for wiring and meter board and the accused-officer has requested him to attend the above said work. D.W.3 is B.V.N. Murty, Electrical Contractor who has stated that he has estimated the cost of service wiring and meter board and pipe at Rs.450/- and at the instance of accused officer as P.W.1 who is working as Head Constable in A.C.B, he agreed to reduce Rs.10/- from out of his labour charges. D.W.2 is M.S.L. Kumar, Electrician who has estimated the cost of wiring from the pole to the meter board at Rs.500/- which includes the service wire, meter board and pipe and according to him the accused-officer has paid Rs.400/- on 06.10.1994 for the purpose of the said work and he started the work on 08.10.1994 and completed on 10.10.1994. The lower court by taking into consideration of the evidence produced by the prosecution, disbelieved the evidence produced by the accused stating that they are interested witnesses as D.W.1 is an employee of the A.P.S.E. Board and D.W.2 and D.W.3 are Electrical Contractors and the accused-officer entrusted works to them on previous occasions. Thus, they are interested in the accused officer. The lower court has observed that the only evidence available on record is the P.W.1 on behalf of the prosecution and as the accused has not denied about the evidence of P.W.1 and as the prosecution could be able to establish the successful trap conducted by them and by relying upon the presumption contained under Section 20 of the Act, found the accused guilty for the charges. The counsel for the appellant contended that the accused has put forth his defence by giving spontaneous explanation immediately after ride and the same was not taken into consideration by the lower court and further pleaded that the accused need not prove his defence version beyond all reasonable doubt as that of the prosecution and the proof required by the accused is only preponderance and probability. With regard to the explanation of the accused immediately after ride, P.W.1 in his cross-examination admitted that the Deputy Superintendent Engineer confronted him with the version of the accused that he has received Rs.390/- for obtaining certificate from the Certificate Holder and to get the wiring work. He also admitted that he has stated to the Deputy Superintendent of Police that the work of obtaining certificate is entrusted to the accused and that the wiring work was got performed by him. The accused submitted a written statement denying the incriminating in his 313 examination and according to him P.W.1 contacted him on 30.09.1994 and submitted an application for electrical service connection and paid Rs.25/- towards registration charges and he has issued receipt to him and he informed him that he has to obtain a demand draft for Rs.400/- in favour of the Electricity Board for installation of new meter and Rs.60/- towards Security Deposit of the electrical meter and he has to make arrangement for installation of electrical wire from the nearest pole to his wife’s house and the wiring expenses should be borne by him and the duty of the A.P.S.E. Board officials is only to give connection from the nearest pole to the meter. According to accused, he has received Rs.460/- towards payment of Rs.400/- by demand draft in favour of Electricity Board and Rs.60/-towards Security Deposit and Rs.440/- towards service wire, electricity board and pipe to be fixed for giving service connection and as Electrical Contractor has reduced the amount by Rs.50/- has returned back to P.W.1. The said version of the accused was admitted by P.W.1 as stated above in his cross- examination. With regard to the procedure to be followed for obtaining service connection, P.W.3 H.Y. Dora has stated that the applicant has to pay Rs.400/- for meter charges and Rs.60/- towards security deposit by way of demand draft and the said charges for single phase domestic service connection. In the cross-examination, he has stated that consumer has to bear the cost of the wire from the electrical pole to the point of installation of the meter and if the commencement certificate is not furnished along with the application, the service connection will be given only after receiving the commencement certificate and completion certificate. Only to safeguard the consumer, these certificates are made compulsory. Therefore, as per the evidence of P.W.3 itself, it is evident that the applicant has to pay Rs.400/- towards meter charges and Rs.60/- towards security deposit and he has to bear the cost of wire from the electrical pole to the point of installation of meter and also obtain a commencement and completion certificate from the certified contractor. P.W.2 has already admitted in the cross-examination that a separate statement of the accused was taken by the Inspector K. Rama Krishna Rao and while Deputy Superintendent of Police was questioning the accused and the signature of the accused is also obtained on the said statement. P.W.4 is the retired Chief Engineer of A.P.S.E. Board who has granted sanction has also admitted in the cross-examination that he has received the final report from the Director General, A.C.B which was addressed to the Director-Personnel, A.P.S.E. Board, Hyderabad and the Director Personnel in turn asked him to give sanction order after verifying records. In the final report received, it was mentioned that the accused gave a separate statement stating that he informed the complainant that he has to take demand draft for Rs.400/- and another demand draft for Rs.60/- towards security deposit and that the expenses would be about Rs.800/- or Rs.900/- and that out of Rs.900/- he has to pay for getting certificate of wiring apart from wiring charges and the complainant asked to meet all his work and in pursuance of this, he paid the amount of Rs.900/- to him and he has received Rs.850/- only and returned Rs.50/- to the complainant. The copy of the said statement was not sent to him. Therefore, in the final report sent to the P.W.4, it was also mentioned about the statement given by the accused. Therefore, from the above evidence, it is evident that the accused has given his statement immediately after the trap giving explanation for receiving of the amount from P.W.1. The counsel for the appellant in support of his contention that the immediate reaction of the accused is relevant to show the conduct of the accused and in support of his contention, he relied upon a decision reported in Maha Singh v. State[1] wherein the Supreme Court has considered: “that a question arose whether the statement of the accused before the Inspector admitting to have received the bribe was admissible in evidence and observed that it is apparent from the evidence of the Inspector that these cases are investigated by the Anti-Corruption Department which carries on its work on its own. On a complaint made to the Inspector he recorded the same and arranged the raid by noting each step taken thereafter in a regular manner. What has been done by the Inspector in this case in order to detect the accused while taking the bribe comes within the term ‘investigation’ under Section 4(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. The moment the Inspector had recorded the complaint with a view to take action to track the offender, whose name was not even known at that stage, and in this case proceeded to achieve the object, visited the locality, questioned the accused, searched his person, seized the note and other documents, turns the entire process into an investigation under the Code. Indeed the Inspector himself stated that he examined the witness under Section 161, Cr.P.C and completed the investigation. The fact that he had also later on forwarded the complaint for formal registration of the case at Lahori Gate Police Station does not do away with the character of the investigation already commenced by the Inspector on recording the complainant’s statement disclosing a cognisable offence. Therefore, any statement made by the accused in answer to questions put by the Inspector is inadmissible under Section 162 Cr.P.C and neither the prosecution nor the accused can take advantage of these answers. These are, therefore, excluded from consideration in this case by us. But, all the same the conduct of the accused would be relevant under Section 8 of the Evidence Act if his immediate reactions to the illegal overture of the complainant or his action in inserting unwanted something in his pocket were revealed in the form of acts accompanied then and there or immediately thereafter by words or gestures reliably established. There is no evidence to support an innocent piece of conduct. In the entire circumstances of the case we agree with the High Court that it was not against the wishes of the accused that the money passed from the hands of the complainant into his pocket.” As per the above decision, immediate conduct of the accused relevant under Section 8 of the Evidence Act. Therefore, in the case, the accused immediately reacted and given an explanation for the amount received by him and the same has to be taken into consideration for establishing the case of the prosecution. The learned counsel for the appellant has further pleaded that the proof required by the accused is not beyond all reasonable doubt and it was only preponderance of probability and in support of his contention, he relied upon a decision rendered in Punjabrao v. State[2] wherein the Apex Court has observed that: “It is too well settled that in a case where the accused offers an explanation for receipt of the alleged amount, the question that arises for consideration is whether that explanation can be said to have been established. It is further clear that the accused is not required to establish his defence by proving beyond reasonable doubt as the prosecution, but can establish the same by preponderance of probability. It is undisputed that from 24th to 26th the Patwari was collecting loans in a collection campaign. It is, of course, true as observed by the High Court that when the Investigating Officer seized the amount from the Patwari-accused, he did not offer the explanation that it was in relation to a collection of loan, but that by itself would not be sufficient to throw away the explanation offered by the accused in his statement under Section 313 when such explanation could be held to be reasonable under the facts and circumstances of the case, as indicated by the learned Special Judge while acquitting the accused. It also transpires that the High court, while setting aside an order of acquittal recorded by the Special Judge, has not focussed its attention to the reasoning advance by the Special Judge, and by mere re-appreciation has come to the conclusion, and in our view the conclusion is based upon a mis-reading of the relevant evidence including the evidence of P.W.2. In the aforesaid circumstances, we have no hesitation to come to the conclusion that the High Court erred in interfering with the well reasoned judgment of the Special Judge in an order of acquittal. We, therefore, set aside the impugned conviction and sentence passed by the High Court. The appeal is allowed. The accused-appellant is acquitted of the charges levelled against him.” Therefore, in the above said decision, the accused has not given immediate explanation about his possession of the amount but he has explained only in his 313 examination and the same was taken into consideration. In the present case, the accused immediately after trap has given his explanation and also reiterated the same in his 313 examination. Therefore, the said explanation of the accused has to be taken into consideration while proving the guilty of the accused. The other decision relied upon by the learned counsel for the appellant in C.M. Girish Babu v. C.B.I Cochin, High Court of Kerala[3] wherein the Apex Court has observed: “The only evidence available in this regard is that of P.W 10 who did not support the case of the prosecution. The appellant at the earliest point of time explained that it was not the bribe amount received by him but the same was given to him by P.W.10 saying that it was towards repayment of loan taken by his Manager, P.W.2 from accused 1. this is evident from the suggestion put to P.W.2 even before P.W.10 was examined. Similar suggestion was put to the investigating officer that he had not recorded the version given by the appellant correctly in the post-trap mahazar, Exhibit P-9 and no proper opportunity was given to explain the sequence of events. The Apex Court has also observed: “It is well settled that where the burden of an issue lies upon the accused, he is not required to discharge that burden by leading evidence to prove his case beyond a reasonable doubt. That is, of course, the test prescribed in deciding whether the prosecution has discharged it onus to prove the guilt of the accused; but the same test cannot be applied to an accused person who seeks to discharge the burden placed upon him under Section 4(1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. It is sufficient if the accused person succeeds in proving preponderance of probability in favour of his case. It is not necessary for the accused person to prove his case beyond a reasonable doubt or in default to incur a verdict of guilty. The onus of proof lying upon the accused person is to prove his case by a preponderance of probability. As soon as he succeeds in doing so, the burden is shifted to the prosecution which still has to discharge its original onus that never shifts i.e., that of establishing on the whole case the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt” In view of the above said decisions, the proof that is required by the accused is only preponderance of probability and not beyond all reasonable doubt. It is to be considered whether the accused/appellant could be able to discharge the burden which is cast on him for rebutting the presumption available under Section 20 of the Act to the prosecution. The accused pleaded in his 313 examination that he has received Rs.850/- from P.W.1 i.e., Rs.400/- for deposit towards electrical meter and Rs.60/- towards security deposit and Rs.390/- towards service wire, electricity board and plastic pipe for providing the service connection and also for obtaining a certificate from the certifying contractor with regard to the commencement and completion of the work in the house of P.W.1’s wife. As admitted by P.W.1 in the cross-examination that the accused undertook the responsibility of obtaining the necessary certificate from the certificate holder and on 30.09.1994 when the P.W.1 submitted application to the accused he came to know that the accused did not obtain certificate from the certificate holder but it was obtained from the Electricity Department. He also admitted that he entrusted the work of obtaining certificate from the certificate holder to the accused and wiring work also to be done by him and he has stated that he thought that the amount of Rs.400/- out of Rs.900/- is towards bribe. Therefore, as admitted by P.W.1 he has not obtained certificate from the Certificate holder with regard to the completion of the work in the house of his wife and he also not provided the service wire and board and pipe required for providing service connection and according to him obtaining service certificate from the competent authority was entrusted to the accused. D.W.1 who is the retired foreman of A.P.S.E. Board has also stated that he has visited the house of P.W.1 and found that there was no wiring and meter board and connecting pipe. Then P.W.1 met accused and requested accused, to attend the above work. The accused stated that Rs.400/- for meter, Rs.60/- for security deposit