Training — unified schema
Collection
The 15 training sources in one strict schema across 13 repos: 9 pair sets, 3 DPR query sets on a shared corpus, 3 BEIR train splits. • 14 items • Updated
Datasets:
Tasks:
Text Retrieval
Modalities:
Text
Formats:
parquet
Sub-tasks:
document-retrieval
Languages:
English
Size:
100K - 1M
License:
id stringlengths 20 20 | title stringclasses 1
value | text stringlengths 28 1.02k |
|---|---|---|
00003d4793cef17ccba8 | > Would each individual sperm in an ejaculation of millions create a completely unique individual? Do we even have any way of telling this? Last week we didn't have any way of telling this. [Today we do](_URL_0_). Yay science! > Researchers from Stanford University mapped out the entire genomes of 91 separate sperm ce... | |
00004cfc61da4ee5364f | The molecules in liquids have space between them. The molecules of sugar and water in solution are much more concentrated than the molecules of water alone. When sugar dissolves in water, the sugar molecules take up space between the water molecules. The mass of the total solution equals the mass of its components, so ... | |
000074e0648bed890428 | Not quite. Protons and electrons aren't just combined, they're squeezed together because of the immense gravitational forces associated with the mass of a neutron star. Remember, a neutron star has a mass much larger than our sun, but the volume would only take up the size of a small city. The temperature and forces in... | |
0000d9ddcbe19000d7f0 | I found this article: _URL_0_ . "Persian" and "Iranian" can be used interchangeably but some people may use "Persian" instead because of political context. | |
0000ebe0ff92f9b46a69 | You've read wrong, at least for the U.S. The public sector generally pays pretty poorly by comparison to the private, although with the upside of a very secure job. | |
000221c63cf6844f808f | The term you're looking for is childhood amnesia or infantile amnesia. As far as I know, it is not yet clear what causes this. There are, however, hints to specific mechanisms. There are several types of memories. Semantic memory (more factual memories, e.g. what is a cat), procedural memory (how to do things, e.g. ri... | |
000221cfb0acb1bded9f | Not for a wheel like you'd see on a car. Say a wheel is 50% empty space, and 50% spokes. When it's stationary, light passing through it at some random point has a 50% chance of hitting a spoke, and a 50% chance of just passing through. No matter how fast you spin it, light will pass through the wheel quickly enough tha... | |
0002b3272d35dd3fb2e7 | There was a wild cow called an auroch that, amazingly, didn't go extinct until 1627. It's easier to imagine if you think of them like buffalo, and then remember what we did to the buffalo here in America. They're actually in the same family (bovinae) as bison, water buffalo, and yaks. They looked kindof like modern cow... | |
0002e2c009ed3ff33f3c | Some games are easier to mod than others. Most have no official modding tools, unlike games like Skyrim or Valve games. | |
0002eb23fbd44da29ee7 | Also, how does it compare to the overal suicide rate for non-veterans of similar demographic background? | |
0003608ba27d89b186cb | I know little about such things but I think, after all the destroying their industries thing, the countries mint started to produce a lot more money to compensate. This some how leads to like hyper inflation and the price of items goes through the roof. Larger bank notes have to be printed as smaller ones become like p... | |
00039aa22d1528c3b122 | Clean water resources are limited. Not all water is immediately usable like lake water or ocean water. It needs to be purified and reserved. This process takes time and is expensive. We don’t have “unlimited water” in the sense we can turn on our faucets and water will come out forever. It won’t. I think you’re confus... | |
000422bed8059059029f | There are a number of different ways to get the effect you're asking about, which is sometimes referred to as [structural color](_URL_0_) when it's found in nature. Thin films of materials with different refractive indexes can be used to make filters that reflect or absorb certain wavelengths and reflect others - this ... | |
00042c291a5c6df836cf | Bullet train lines are expensive to build, expensive to operate, and expensive to maintain. A certain combination of factors is required to make high-speed rail even close to self-supporting: a high number of passengers over a route that is too long or congested to reasonably drive but too short to make flying a practi... | |
000456922ae170dbf197 | No. If you have water coming out of your faucet at 60 Celsius, it does not change temperature as it stops moving in your glass, excluding heat transfer. Now running water might *feel* hotter or colder because of forced convection. Still water has to transfer heat through mostly conduction (and slow natural convection).... | |
000457085a881ccba1e8 | basically demographics , those kids in japan are the main audience so hence kid soldiers, what 13 year old dont want to be a hero ? with a big ass mech? | |
00045edf9ed9070305c5 | Sometimes family members were able to care for them. There were also churches that could assist. If they were wealthy, then they could hire people. If they were not, then they would most likely die from disease, starvation, etc. | |
0004f049ae310e7d1cde | In general you are right, you might be looking at confounding variables. To make the conclusion go through you generally have to assume that there is no correlation between x (number of units produced) and the hidden variables. This might not be the case, but it's not an all-or-nothing thing either (the correlation can... | |
0005339c5ee4eb3dff60 | If you were to take all of the honey out of a hive you could deplete food supplies such that they starve, but that is not what a professional honey farm does. In general the most they take from a hive at any given point in time is 50% of the honey. Honey bees naturally make far more honey than they need so that they ca... | |
000555b76d7c6fc97e60 | Your brain needs enough food to work right. If you don't eat enough, your brain goes weird, which can make people moody. For the 12y/o version: brain function is tied vey closely to blood sugar levels. Believe it or not, there's truth to those snickers commercials. | |
0005aab06b6748827f23 | The [Tunguska event](_URL_0_) had somewhere in the neighborhood of tens of petajoules of energy. I'm going to assume that it was 40 PJ. Methane has a [heat of combustion](_URL_1_) of about 55.5 MJ. This means that in order for the Tunguska event to be due to methane, we'd be talking about ~800,000 tons of methane. This... | |
0005ff6f927c18772e34 | They were never the majority group of Shi'ia. You're thinking Zaydis who were the majority and became the minority. Ismailis had a caliphate but the lands they controlled were majority Sunni (and Ithna Ashari) | |
000607ff1d85f04b9607 | They can use all the garbage bits. Remainders and the like. All the meat that's left when you take all the good cuts out. | |
000628d8cc1808f64b82 | Simple ELI5 answer - Tea isn't as popular over here as coffee. You might find a coffee pot in as many American houses as kettles in British ones. As for electric kettles - Most homes in the US operate on 100-127 volts, whereas the UK and many other countries use between 220 and 240 volts. The lower voltage in the... | |
0006d655db4a3c0ac52a | They are often at risk populations like the elderly, children, or immune-compromised. What typically kills them isn't "flu" exactly but that it causes potentially fatal situations such as pneumonia, sepsis, electrolyte imbalances triggering arrythmias or seizures, worsening existing health problems such as COPD, CHF, e... | |
0007190e528d71b2b5eb | FM radio suffers from *multipath interference* in which the signal bounces off of buildings and other objects, reflecting back and interfering with itself. These spots of interference can be quite localized, so a small motion can move you in and out of them. | |
000723b0dcf05bd3a3f6 | (England only answer - this is wholly wrong in Australia and Canada certainly, however is similar in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland) Solicitors do all sorts of legal work - conveying property, contracts, family law, estate planning and litigation (whether civil or criminal). They also deal directly with client... | |
00079ef76f683a938d3b | A long north-south stretch of relatively flat terrain known as the Great Plains. The cold air in the north wants to push toward the equator because of centrifugal force, which in turn displaces warmer, lighter air currently near the equator. By the quirks of the Great Plains' geography, these can pick up a lot of speed... | |
0007a6b9a558bdd9f23f | They went to their local barber or blacksmith and that kind person took a pair of pliers to their mouths. | |
000806b2f360dc9b1311 | Tylenol's active ingredient is acetaminophen Advil's is ibuprofen, a NSAID They are similar, but NSAIDs help reduce inflammation. So if you your knee hurts due to inflammation, use ibuprofen | |
0008094351e1907a312a | There's always more than can be said about Alexandria itself, but /u/cleopatra_philopater's answer [here](_URL_0_) can provide some context that may be helpful. | |
000873582c3f0e897962 | Many of them collect metadata to target ads. Others require a small portion of the program to function. A dangerous few snoop in on your calls and messages. Quite a few are ones that send premium phone calls/messages to steal your money. There's a great variety of reasons. | |
0008c10fd918cf754d59 | Follow up question, why is it called "The anarchy," instead of "The war of English succession," or something along those lines? | |
0008c943747cc4e88fe1 | Not every country has the necessary electronic and technological infrastructure to transmit and receive the crisp video and audio that's most easily found in such countries as you named. | |
0009047d69e4dc6bc97a | No. First, 1 ly is around 10^15 meters, so depending on thickness and material, your stick will have the mass of a large asteroid / small moon. To move it, you'd have to apply an appropriately large force to one end of it, and that will pretty much crack / crumple that end. Otherwise you'll create a compression wave th... | |
0009088716d55ce4c293 | When you see something (e.g. a tree, a car, a tornado), you're actually seeing two images at the same time, one from your left eye and one from your right eye. Your brain interprets these images and comes up with a perception of the world with depth. A stereogram exploits this idea by showing your right eye one image ... | |
000930b28cbd0f43739a | NH3 has four pairs of electrons attached to the nitrogen atom: three of them are shared with hydrogens, and form the NH bonds. The fourth is not. These four pairs of electrons repel each other, and that pushes them into a pyramid configuration. [Illustration](_URL_0_) | |
000948e7fb5acb6f5c24 | No, your blood vessels divide into smaller vessels, into capillaries. Its like an almost infinite tree, the smallest capillaries are only a few cells wide. The distance between adjacent capillaries is less than a hundredth of a millimetre. They also overlap. Imagine like tree roots. You couldn't cut a trench through a ... | |
000964e3248ed6051dba | To parrot a phrase, "The dose makes the poison." There is nothing wrong with white sugar, per se. It is just another sweetener that can be used. The issue is the shear amount of it that the average American consumes - upwards of [60 lbs a year](_URL_0_). With the increasing issues with obesity and diabetes in America, ... | |
000a277e61200dae8689 | Their sort of two sides to the same coin. Natural selection implies that creatures with unfavorable traits die before they get a chance to breed and pass on their genetics. Sexual selection implies that creatures have evolved to sexually favor mates that have favorable traits. Creatures with poor traits don't necessari... | |
000a2ce7ff5b61a0e6ee | Probably because sex and masturbation for most normal human beings involve pleasing your desires and libido, which is a form of lust. So to give in to those desires is to be a human being, but most religions like Christianity try and reach a higher state of mind, including not being distracted by such primitive desires... | |
000a38b49ffeb5e25fce | The core is actually composed of two pieces, the inner and outer core. The inner core us composed of solid iron, where as the outer core is molten rock and other metals constantly shifting. The constant shifting in the outer core is one of the sources of heat. The others being the decaying of radioactive materials and... | |
000a702a99f1ff4df5cd | It depends on the source material. First, let's define mastering: it's taking the final mix and then creating the "master copy" that will be reproduced. This copy is generally adjusted to get the dynamics and EQ correct for the distribution media. On one end of the spectrum, they take the original recordings, mix ever... | |
000aabea39d4375a996e | [Generally, no](_URL_0_). This observation was originally referred to as the "C value paradox", as people thought it didn't make sense that there was no relationship between DNA content and perceived organismal complexity. The resolution comes chiefly from the fact that most DNA in most genomes (and especially the larg... | |
000acbf825f344fe1706 | Gravitons (if they exist) only interact through gravity, and don't couple at all to the other forces. The force of gravity between two protons is about 10^36 times weaker than the electromagnetic force between them, so a quick estimate suggests that gravitons would be 10^36 times less likely to be produced than photons... | |
000acd19f82f5381daf2 | Neutron stars form when the energy available from gravitational collapse is greater than the energy needed to overcome electron degeneracy pressure by forming neutrons from protons and electrons. Theoretically a higher available gravitational energy would overcome the neutron degeneracy pressure and form an even denser... | |
000af6921c2233b45140 | Instead of having transgender people choose which bathroom to use (usually the gender they changed to), the law says they have to go with what's on their birth certificate. Meaning you'll have [this guy](_URL_1_) and [this guy](_URL_0_) legally required to use the women's restroom. It also overrides any local law that ... | |
000b082f207815995d3d | Centripetal force is the force applied to an object to keep it rotating. If you are swinging a bucket of water on a rope, the centripetal force is the force that the rope applies on the bucket to "pull" it in. Centrifugal force is the fictitious force that arises in that object's frame of reference. If you're in that b... | |
000b266bcd0883ecdfb9 | Niagara Falls will stop being Niagara Falls well before it reaches Lake Erie. the Falls are created by a hard limestone cap rock layer. That bed is tilted to the south, aka it gets deeper and deeper as you head south. eventually (~4 miles upstream) the cap rock descends below the gradient of the river bed. once the e... | |
000b7427241a0e50ef56 | [Africa has had a multitude of historical empires](_URL_0_) I am entirely unsure how to address this question if it's based on a false assumption. | |
000ba08bdcdea74298d9 | No. Each individual blade is like a leaf for a certain organism, with several blades being a part of the same organism,but there are multiple organisms of grass in the same area. [link](_URL_0_) | |
000bb69d0fef520c163b | Tradition. Dental and vision insurance is a relatively new thing (last 50 years) compared to regular medical insurance. Your parents probably paid for these services entirely out of pocket for most of their lives. | |
000beb306567a5062377 | Most people who write articles have a genuine interest in the subject. Also, although the world is full of tossers, idiots and vandals, there are more people out there who want to do good things than people who want to do bad things. Hard to believe sometimes, but it's true. That means that when a page does get vandali... | |
000bfde50fd594a9e053 | On short, no. The action of dodging a punch would require input that suggests a punch is coming and where it is going to land (left vs right), which will most likely be visual (or possibly auditory stimuli if someone threatens you, but it would be difficult to dodge based only on sound), so the action will always be pr... | |
000c73d1dc7b4cb7011c | You divert it around the construction site and then close the channel when you are done or build the lake and then divert a river afterwards to fill it. | |
000c89188a6cf187debb | We've addressed the issue of crime in the seventies in a couple of earlier threads ... while you're waiting for fresh answers to your question, you might like to review [A Serial Killer expert on the podcast 'Accused' claimed that the late 70s saw such a high number of serial killers because they were raised by men who... | |
000cbd6fa69f53b2e080 | Normally it's whoever gets there first with a catchy name that spreads to tech news agencies. Important vulnerabilities are assigned spooky-sounding names to try and sound dangerous and important and resolved. It sound more important to "remove the Spectre vulnerability" than to "fix CVS-1458" or similar. If there's a... | |
000cee4f52b4cbdf4c9f | Think about it: there's already a giant vacuum--the giantest vacuum, in fact--in contact with Jupiter's atmosphere. Jupiter's gases don't go flying away because its gravity is stronger than the pressure differential that's repelling them. If you had a gargantuan pump and removed Jupiter's atmosphere, then assuming that... | |
000d76e7b49113dba936 | There are two effects occurring here: 1. Your liquid is evaporating, and 2. There is a capillary effect due to the adhesive property of water that lets water cling onto the side of your mug. It's the same effect that makes a [meniscus](_URL_0_). So these two effects combined actually drives a current in your solution t... | |
000d7ca79c93e84a5aa7 | If they can't fly faster than the local wind speed, they can't fly forwards against the wind. As easy as that. | |
000da0bd7573dc0586ff | The speed you gain from the gravity of the planet as you approach is basically zero sum, that is, you will lose that extra speed when you try to escape the gravity of the planet, but what you do get to keep is the speed from the planet orbiting the sun... Try to imagine a planet orbiting the sun like a handle on the e... | |
000dc9c7e8533e7b8b6f | That's because your perception of taste largely relies on your sense of smell. When you get a cold, things will taste strange simply because the congestion of your sinuses restricts your ability to smell. That's why when people eat something they don't like the taste of, they may hold their nose to supress the taste of... | |
000e0aadaf9202379918 | From what I ubderstand,a fter long periods of time without sleep your body realizes its not going to get sleep so you start producing small amounts of adrenaline to keep yourself awake, which makes it hard to fall asleep | |
000e1740369171a0a3ba | What prosethetic hand? Every one is different, and as far as I know, there are not any on the market that are anything near realistic. [These are the most common type of prosthetic that you see](_URL_1_). [On the high end, there are more realistic prosthetics that use cables or gas cyllinders with a switch or button ... | |
000e2dd9938285ff352f | Spaghettification is more a black hole thing, I'm not aware of it being used to apply to non-black hole cases. As to the planet being torn apart, the distance one body has to be from a larger one and NOT have this happen is called the Roche limit. For the sun, that body has to be within a couple radii. The distance doe... | |
000e3efef197e4381451 | Yes, a cosmological horizon will also produce particles, just like a black hole event horizon and the Unruh/Rindler horizon! This was also worked out by Hawking, in collaboration with Gibbons. [Physical Review has made the original paper open access](_URL_0_) in tribute to Hawking. | |
000e4b310bc12a363b4c | Spiderwebs have two types, strong or sticky. So a spider will just spin out some sticky followed by some strong, and it will drift on the breeze until it hits something and sticks. It's so light it doesn't take much to get it going across a large distance. Then they move where they want to attach the other end and p... | |
000e605c41fbcf741498 | There's always room for discussion, but perhaps these previous topics will answer your inquiry. * [ Did pre-Columbian native Americans have a widely recognized system of money?](_URL_3_) by /u/400-rabbits * [The Aztec and precolonial economy of Mexico: Did they really use Cocoa beans for money and were there any other ... | |
000e75195f1d2dcb464a | The black market is not some structured market like the stock market or a flea market that focuses on a certain location and/or good and/or service. The "Black market" is simply a name given for the demand and supply of goods which are illegal to buy or sell. Anywhere people are selling and buying drugs, sex, insider i... | |
000e77c7f7962e3f2fad | Dyes and other things that give items colors have a color based on particular characteristics of their chemical bonds. The UV radiation in sunlight can break or modify these bonds, creating a bleaching effect. Other types of radiation present in sunlight can do the same. A more reflective item can better resist this bl... | |
000eba577add0702477c | Probably none. The rating is a tool that measures how confident someone who lends money to the US can be that the country will give back that money. The lower it gets, the riskier it is and so people ask for more interest in the money they lend, so the government loses money. So, at best, the interest rates may rise a ... | |
000ee2f4a806589380ea | A dogs sense of smell is 1,000 to 10,000,000 more complex then humans. A human has about 5 million scent glands, compared to a dog, who has anywhere from 125 million to 300 million and the section of their brain for analyzing smells is 40 times larger despite their brain being 10% of the size. In effect dogs see the w... | |
000f48199dbc206e8c8b | What they eat, how active they are, where they live and millions of other factors go into the texture and taste of meat. | |
000f511d78045793b2d8 | Lower-case letters are more visually distinct than upper-case letters, and that makes them easier to recognize. In particular, some (but not all!) lower-case letters have descenders and ascenders. Descenders are parts that stick out below the base-line, as seen in y and g. Ascenders stick out above the median, and seen... | |
000f572aeeaf20f7858f | It is a safety measure. The narrow blade connects to the *hot* side, while the wider blade connects to the *neutral* side. The neutral wire in the outlet is very close to being the same voltage as ground, so if you accidentally touch the neutral wire, chances are nothing will happen. Inside the appliance, the neutral s... | |
000f5c9eb199523223fe | It isn't a question of "knowing", the body simply does what the chemistry dictates. Think about a set of interlocking gears, how do they "know" to turn in sync? They don't of course, they don't have any way to do otherwise. This is basically how the body works, just with chemicals rather than gears. | |
000f628635b5aee5b40a | Muscle cramping is caused by a process in your body that usually started because of a lack of oxygen to that particular muscle. When no oxygen is present, the cells try to milk as much energy as it can to keep the muscle going. The product of this process is called lactic acid, and this burns your muscle until it is re... | |
000f6882b0271c06eb1e | [This blog post](_URL_0_) goes into more detail about how faithful the "clones" can be to the original state, and has an interesting connection to black hole physics. The short answer is that if you're making two states out of one, each of them has at most a 5/6 chance of being measured as the original state. So even t... | |
001001a519090fdb0e7b | Most of the time there's grooves to give way to more traction. Think of concrete in playgrounds, most of the time it has grooves in them to keep the kids from slipping if it gets wet. It adds extra traction | |
00101b312348994e2f5b | Compulsive: you can't really help it, even though you know you're lying. Pathologic: you don't realize you're lying and you do it often. Plain old lying: you know it's wrong but you made the choice to lie. | |
0010217f9183381fced7 | As the name suggests Municipal Fiber Internet is provided by the municipality (local government). The organization and funding of this is up to the municipality as is the same for any municipal utility like water, sewage and roads. It is not uncommon for the local taxes to pay for some of it however most strive for the... | |
00109fb4e02800123d3b | Remember that they're not necessarily trying to hide from primates that have good color vision (like us). | |
00111f8fd95229a5aa93 | For the most part, this is just a widely perpetuated myth. It's mostly just something parents tell their children so the kids will eat the crust because children are notoriously picky eaters. There's some *minor* evidence that there's a few exotic nutrients that are more prevalent in the crust but it's a recent study &... | |
00112696723548ed54dd | A shock wave is a region where the pressure changes instantaneously on one side to the other. The region where the jump in pressure occurs is called the shock front. & #x200B; A shock wave that's large enough to kill you has to be quite powerful, with a significant pressure change across the shock front. The moment th... | |
00116db4c5a7edfad9c2 | The wavelength of light is measurable. I'm relatively sure you can measure it directly, but it's much easier measuring it indirectly. One way to measure the wavelength of a beam of monochromatic light is to suspend a thin wire through the beam. This separates the light into two beams, which when projected against an o... | |
001176fd88a3e7aeb82a | There is a [archived post](_URL_0_) by /u/Rittermeister from a few years ago that addresses Roanoke. | |
0011c6889337c76f2bd5 | Start with 8.5^x = 614.125 Assert that 8.5 = 10^y so 10^xy = 614.125 Assert that 614.125 = 10^z so 10^xy = 10^z Assuming all of these are non-negative, that means xy = z So our original x = z/y It follows directly from the algebra, even if you don't use logarithms. | |
0011d4590611b7e026c3 | I don't know because Iraq, Sudan, Nigeria, Burma, Uganda, Egypt, etc, doesn't fit the description of "faring well" to me. Or it is simply because the British Empire was much, much larger than the French's, therefore comprising much more countries, cultures, etc, which repectively end up in completly different social, e... | |
0011e3c73f8cb2a67f60 | No, not really, because "how bad" it's going to be is largely a function of who you are and where you live and what kind of resources you have available. The effects will be very different, for example, between a farmer in Iowa and a fisherman in Tahiti. For some whose livelihood and survival aren't really that tied to... | |
0011f36d06631488c05e | Small ones that survive the trip slow down enough that they land like any rock. They may shatter, or plunk down in one piece if they're sturdy enough. Bigger ones don't lose much speed and carve out craters if they hit land. Most of them fall in the oceans, where they sink to the bottom. They're really not that hot whe... | |
0011feb5353277a73c2c | Relevant - _URL_1_ "researchers point to a body of research that suggests otherwise, including papers where brain tissues were removed from patients several hours after death and the cells revived" So it would appear at least for some time anyway the cells are fine. | |
001206e64acb72ed547e | For these kind of distances the most popular way is to use a particular type of super novae. The progenitor system of these SN is usually a white dwarf and a larger companion. The white dwarf sucks in matter from the companion star until it reaches some critical limit and then goes super nova. This happen always at the... | |
001211235a18bc26c57e | When you give your position on the surface of the earth you use *latitude* and *longitude*. When you give the position of something in the sky you use *declination* and *right ascension*. **Declination** is the equivalent of **latitude**. Simple as that. Just project a plane on the sky outward from the equator of the e... | |
0012515fdfda18408416 | Not to discourage further discussion, but this has come up a couple of times before, such as [here](_URL_0_) with u/XenophonTheAthenian. | |
0012644701378ed75078 | Salt mist as in sea mist is literally tiny drops of sea water splashing into the air, so it contains everything from the sea, including the salts. Water vapour is evaporated, the water boils into a gas and then condenses onto a cooler surface or in the cooler air, so it is chemically pure h2o. | |
0012665dace6933b0926 | The crystal bits inside of snowflakes are very pointy and small, and there are a lot of them. All of these jagged edges make light bounce off in different ways and what we see is white. Regular ice is smooth and doesn’t have a lot of rough edges so the light goes through instead. | |
00127b968c7549dc6ab1 | * Ease of preparation - most school districts have many schools, and coordinating daily deliveries of multiple fresh ingredients to all of them is tough. They focus their energy on classroom activities. * Cost. * Inertia - it's a bunch of work to change something like that, and that means someone has to stop what they ... | |
0012a472a496d533cd12 | Cancer is believed to be a [stochastic](_URL_0_) effect. This means that the probability of getting a disease is proportional to your exposure to cigarette smoke. So a light smoker would have a lower chance of getting cancer but not a zero chance, ie there is no safe amount of tobacco smoke that won't give you cancer. ... | |
0012b56c0cc246c81927 | It doesn't. v^2 is a quadratic term, not exponential. Kinetic energy and momentum are simply distinct concepts, I'm not sure if there is a satisfying answer to "why aren't they the same?" You can derive K=1/2mv^2 from a few simple principles, but I'm not sure if that will be enlightening either. | |
0013653fd4aa59f5e14f | I'm sure you'll find a lot of answers to that question by rummaging through the FAQs about pre-Columbina America ([see: FAQ, Americas Before Columbus and Native American History](_URL_11_)). About sources, we've got a wide diversity of sources ranging from oral tradition and written records ([Aztec codices, for instanc... |
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ELI5 — Training, unified schema
A normalised copy of the dataset behind the mteb task ELI5, a retrieval training set built from sentence-transformers/eli5. Same queries, documents
and relevance judgements as the benchmark evaluates — reshaped into one strict schema shared by every dataset
in this collection.
| Source | sentence-transformers/eli5 @ 6e3b20a7a427 (the revision pinned in mteb) |
| Domain · languages | long-form QA (Reddit) · eng |
| Queries / documents / qrels | 323,136 / 325,293 / 325,473 |
| Qrels per query | min 1 · mean 1.007 · max 110 |
| Score values | 1 ×325,473 |
| Layout | queries · corpus · qrels · hard-negatives · teacher-scores, split train |
| Splits | corpus: train · hard-negatives: train · qrels: train · queries: train · teacher-scores: train |
| Hard negatives | none yet — config present with 0 rows |
| Teacher scores | none yet — config present with 0 rows |
| Reading empty configs | datasets cannot return a 0-example split (load_dataset raises "corresponds to no data"); until rows exist, read the Parquet directly with pyarrow/polars/pandas. The schema is declared in the file and in configs: above |
| Ids | sha1(text)[:20]; identical texts collapse to one document (182 collapsed) |
| Pair recovery | 325,473 of 325,473 source pairs reconstructed from queries × qrels × corpus with byte-equal text |
| License | unspecified |
Schema
| config | columns | rules |
|---|---|---|
queries |
id: string, text: string |
ids unique and non-empty; every query has ≥ 1 qrel |
corpus |
id: string, title: string, text: string |
title is always present ("" when the source has none) |
qrels |
query-id: string, corpus-id: string, score: int32 |
referential integrity to both tables; no duplicate pairs; no floats |
hard-negatives |
query-id: string, corpus-id: string, rank: int32, source: string |
one row per mined negative; (query-id, corpus-id, source) unique; never a labelled positive of the same query |
teacher-scores |
query-id: string, corpus-id: string, teacher: string, score: float32 |
one row per scored pair (positives included); a row means scored — never a placeholder |
Files are Parquet, sorted by id, zstd-compressed, sharded at 500 MB. Every rule above is enforced by a validator
before publishing; provenance.json records the source file hashes, what changed, and the output file hashes.
What changed from the source
- byte-preserved all text — no whitespace, newline, or control-character normalisation
Load it
from datasets import load_dataset
queries = load_dataset("Hyukkyu/train-eli5", "queries", split="train")
corpus = load_dataset("Hyukkyu/train-eli5", "corpus", split="train")
qrels = load_dataset("Hyukkyu/train-eli5", "qrels", split="train")
License and attribution
The data is redistributed under the source's terms — unspecified. All credit belongs to the
original authors; see the source repository and the references in mteb's task metadata (https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/eli5).
This repository is an independent repackaging and is not affiliated with the RTEB or MTEB maintainers.
No license declared upstream. Neither the source repo nor its origin states redistribution terms. This copy is published for reproducibility of the RTEB benchmark only; check with the original authors before any other use.
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