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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: CastError
Message: Couldn't cast
source_dataset: string
output_file: string
tokenizer: string
min_chunk_tokens: int64
math_filter: string
parent_dedup: string
child_dedup: string
split_rule: string
stats: struct<science_nonempty_chapters: int64, parents_kept: int64, parents_dropped_under_min: int64, dupl (... 389 chars omitted)
child 0, science_nonempty_chapters: int64
child 1, parents_kept: int64
child 2, parents_dropped_under_min: int64
child 3, duplicate_child_chunks: int64
child 4, duplicate_parent_chapters: int64
child 5, output_chunks: int64
child 6, unique_parent_texts_after_dedup: int64
child 7, unique_child_texts_after_dedup: int64
child 8, child_token_min: int64
child 9, child_token_p25: double
child 10, child_token_median: double
child 11, child_token_p75: double
child 12, child_token_p95: double
child 13, child_token_max: int64
child 14, parents_with_output_chunks: int64
child 15, max_output_chunks_from_one_parent: int64
to
{'id': Value('string'), 'parent_id': Value('string'), 'parent_source_file': Value('string'), 'book_title': Value('string'), 'grade': Value('string'), 'subject': Value('string'), 'role': Value('string'), 'chapter_id': Value('string'), 'chapter_title': Value('string'), 'parent_char_len': Value('int64'), 'parent_word_len': Value('int64'), 'parent_mistral_token_len': Value('int64'), 'chunk_idx': Value('int64'), 'num_chunks_from_parent': Value('int64'), 'token_start': Value('int64'), 'token_end': Value('int64'), 'mistral_token_len': Value('int64'), 'char_len': Value('int64'), 'source_chunk': Value('string')}
because column names don't match
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1821, in _prepare_split_single
num_examples, num_bytes = writer.finalize()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 781, in finalize
self.write_rows_on_file()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 663, in write_rows_on_file
self._write_table(table)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 773, in _write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2281, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2227, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
source_dataset: string
output_file: string
tokenizer: string
min_chunk_tokens: int64
math_filter: string
parent_dedup: string
child_dedup: string
split_rule: string
stats: struct<science_nonempty_chapters: int64, parents_kept: int64, parents_dropped_under_min: int64, dupl (... 389 chars omitted)
child 0, science_nonempty_chapters: int64
child 1, parents_kept: int64
child 2, parents_dropped_under_min: int64
child 3, duplicate_child_chunks: int64
child 4, duplicate_parent_chapters: int64
child 5, output_chunks: int64
child 6, unique_parent_texts_after_dedup: int64
child 7, unique_child_texts_after_dedup: int64
child 8, child_token_min: int64
child 9, child_token_p25: double
child 10, child_token_median: double
child 11, child_token_p75: double
child 12, child_token_p95: double
child 13, child_token_max: int64
child 14, parents_with_output_chunks: int64
child 15, max_output_chunks_from_one_parent: int64
to
{'id': Value('string'), 'parent_id': Value('string'), 'parent_source_file': Value('string'), 'book_title': Value('string'), 'grade': Value('string'), 'subject': Value('string'), 'role': Value('string'), 'chapter_id': Value('string'), 'chapter_title': Value('string'), 'parent_char_len': Value('int64'), 'parent_word_len': Value('int64'), 'parent_mistral_token_len': Value('int64'), 'chunk_idx': Value('int64'), 'num_chunks_from_parent': Value('int64'), 'token_start': Value('int64'), 'token_end': Value('int64'), 'mistral_token_len': Value('int64'), 'char_len': Value('int64'), 'source_chunk': Value('string')}
because column names don't match
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1347, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 980, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 882, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 943, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1646, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1832, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
id string | parent_id string | parent_source_file string | book_title string | grade string | subject string | role string | chapter_id string | chapter_title string | parent_char_len int64 | parent_word_len int64 | parent_mistral_token_len int64 | chunk_idx int64 | num_chunks_from_parent int64 | token_start int64 | token_end int64 | mistral_token_len int64 | char_len int64 | source_chunk string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000000 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 0 | 333 | 0 | 401 | 401 | 1,920 | Chapter 1. Introduction to Life Sciences • Medical doctor or nurse: someone who uses the current latest understanding of the causes and treatments for disease to treat people who are ill or improve a person’s well-being. • Medical illustrator: someone who illustrates and draws parts of the human body to be used in text... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000001 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 1 | 333 | 401 | 801 | 400 | 1,782 | ening existing knowledge, or discovering new things, are generally used. • These methods must be repeatable and follow a logical approach. • The methods include formulating hypotheses and carrying out investigations and ex- periments to test the hypothesis. • Crucial skills are making objective observations, taking mea... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000002 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 2 | 333 | 801 | 1,202 | 401 | 1,954 | tomato plant receives affect the size of tomatoes?’ 7 Chapter 1. Introduction to Life Sciences Figure 1.1: Overview of scientific method. 2. Introduction Once you have a general question, background research needs to be undertaken. Your background research will ensure that you are not investigating something that has al... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000003 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 3 | 333 | 1,202 | 1,602 | 400 | 1,804 | • Dependent variable is the one you measure to get the results, e.g. the mass of tomatoes • Independent variable is the ONE thing you vary to see how it affects the dependent variable, e.g. how much light the tomatoes are exposed to (dark / dim light or shade / bright light) • Fixed/ Controlled variables are kept the s... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000004 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 4 | 333 | 1,602 | 2,003 | 401 | 1,871 | some new facts to light that you might not have thought of before. Therefore even if your hypothesis (prediction) turns out to be wrong, DO NOT go back and change the hypothesis! To test the hypothesis in life Sciences, you can follow the step-by-step guide which is outlined below. 5. Aim • In the aim you need to state... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000005 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 5 | 333 | 2,003 | 2,403 | 400 | 1,909 | verify that you used a suitable method, and enables them to replicate the experiment. • Write down the scientific method in bullet format for your investigation. 10 1.4. How science works • The method should be written so that a complete stranger will be able to carry out the same procedure in the exact same way and get... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000006 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 6 | 333 | 2,403 | 2,804 | 401 | 1,988 | of the investigation. ∗Vailidity: Was it a fair test and did it test what it set out to test? ∗Reliability: If the experiment were to be repeated would the results obtained be similar? – The best way to ensure reliability is to repeat the experiment several times and obtain an average. – Discuss any experimental errors... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000007 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 7 | 333 | 2,804 | 3,204 | 400 | 1,673 | increase the surface area through which gases can be exchanged. • Cells with a greater volume compared to surface area are able to metabolise more and ingest and excrete more through the membrane. Structure and function In living organisms, the structure of a particular biological feature is related to what function it... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000008 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 8 | 333 | 3,204 | 3,605 | 401 | 1,714 | ruler. – not cross each other or have an arrow at the end. – clearly indicate the structure which is being named. – be aligned neatly, one below the other and preferably on one side of the page, unless there are many labels in which both sides can be used. Activity: Identifying the key aspects of producing biological d... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000009 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 9 | 333 | 3,605 | 4,005 | 400 | 1,561 | . • Both dependent and independent variables are measured in numbers. Features of line graphs: • An appropriate scale is used for each axis so that the plotted points use most of the axis/space (work out the range of the data and the highest and lowest points). • The scale must remain the SAME along the entire axis and... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000010 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 10 | 333 | 4,005 | 4,406 | 401 | 1,574 | . Graph headings are always written BELOW the graph. Figure 1.3: Graph showing change in plant height over 10 days Bar Graphs Bar graphs are used when: • The independent variable is discontinuous (i.e. The variables on the x-axis are each associated with something different) • Independent variables are not numerical. F... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000011 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 11 | 333 | 4,406 | 4,806 | 400 | 1,151 | histogram must have a descriptive heading with is written below the graph • and the axes must be labelled. Figure 1.5: A histogram showing the number of learners in a Grade 10 Life sciences class with a particular percentage test score Pie charts DUMMY • You want to give a visual representation of percentages as a rela... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000012 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 12 | 333 | 4,806 | 5,207 | 401 | 1,585 | 7,6◦ Table 1.1: Table showing recordings and calculations for construction of a pie chart 1. Use a compass to draw the circle and a protractor to measure accurate angles for each slice. 2. Start with the largest angle/percentage starting at 12 o’ clock and measure in a clock- wise direction. 3. Shade each slice and wri... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000013 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 13 | 333 | 5,207 | 5,607 | 400 | 1,246 | , etc. Scales A scale is given in a diagram, drawing or electron micrograph so that the actual size of the object that is being shown can be determined. The object could be bigger or smaller in real life. Example: To measure the diameter of a chloroplast with a scale line of 1 µm. 1) Measure the length of the scale lin... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000014 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 14 | 333 | 5,607 | 6,008 | 401 | 956 | handed (A). 2) Count the total number of learners in the class (B). There are 48 learners and 4 of them are left handed. Therefore, % of left-handed: = A B × 100 = 4 48 × 100 = 8,3% 8,3% of the learners in your class are left-handed. The percentage of right-handed learners: = 100 −8,3 = 91,7% 91,7% of the learners in y... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000015 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 15 | 333 | 6,008 | 6,409 | 401 | 1,527 | when using acids. A good safety precaution is to have a solution of sodium bicarbonate in the vicinity to neutralise any spills as quickly as possible. • Safety goggles and/ or gloves may need to be worn when doing experimental work, working with various chemicals, or heating substances, as spitting may occur. • When l... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000016 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 16 | 333 | 6,409 | 6,809 | 400 | 1,543 | DUMMY In this chapter we will study the molecular structure and biological functions of key molecules important to life. We will study the chemistry of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and nucleic acids and will learn the role of each nutrient class in plant and animal life. We will also learn how our diet all... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000017 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 17 | 333 | 6,809 | 7,210 | 401 | 1,676 | ins consist of a long chain of amino acids that fold into a very specific three-dimensional structure. Proteins are an important building block in plants and animals and play a role in the immune system and in cell communication. • Enzymes are a type of protein that act as a biological catalyst to speed up reactions. Th... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000018 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 18 | 333 | 7,210 | 7,610 | 400 | 1,634 | are examples of elements you will come across in Life Sciences. Each element is distinguished by the composition of its atom. An atom is the basic unit of matter. Molecules are formed when one or more atoms are covalently bonded together. The atoms of a molecule can be identical, such as 02 or H2 or differ such as H2O.... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000019 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 19 | 333 | 7,610 | 8,011 | 401 | 1,804 | way, plants are cooled by the loss of water vapour from their leaves, in a process called transpiration. Form and support: water is an important constituent of the body and plays an important role in providing form and support in animals and plants. Animals, such as worms and jellyfish, 25 Chapter 2. The chemistry of li... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000020 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 20 | 333 | 8,011 | 8,411 | 400 | 1,538 | cool down. Jellyfish and worms use a hydrostatic (water pressure) skeleton to keep their body shape. Water helps maintain the upright structure of plants. Water is an important lubricant in the eye. Minerals DUMMY Dietary minerals are the chemical elements that living organisms require to maintain health. In humans, ess... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000021 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 21 | 333 | 8,411 | 8,812 | 401 | 1,528 | nucleic acids and cell membranes rickets, osteoporosis Potassium (K) bananas, meat, dairy products growth and maintenance, water balance, heart function muscle cramps; heart, kidney and lung failure Sodium (Na) table salt, fruit and vegetables regulates blood pressure and volume; muscle and nerve function muscle cramps... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000022 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 22 | 333 | 8,812 | 9,212 | 400 | 1,515 | ) Nitrogen (N) inorganic fertilisers in the form of nitrates; symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots component of chlorophyll; nucleic acids and proteins; seed and fruit production stunted growth; smaller leaves Phosphorus (P) inorganic fertilisers in the form of phosphates; low amounts in the soil photosynthetic p... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000023 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 23 | 333 | 9,212 | 9,613 | 401 | 1,645 | the soil, improve the nutrient content of the soil and promote plant growth. Inorganic nutrients (such as nitrates and phosphates) are added to the soil in the form of inorganic fertilisers. Effect of fertilisers on the environment Using large amounts of fertilisers can be harmful to the environment. Fertilisers wash o... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000024 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 24 | 333 | 9,613 | 10,013 | 400 | 1,718 | as a means of reducing the negative impact of the inorganic fertilisers discussed earlier, organic fertilisers that occur naturally can be used. Natural fertilisers con- sist of organic compounds derived from manure, slurry, worm castings, peat, seaweed etc. Natural fertilisers supply nutrients to the soil through natu... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000025 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 25 | 333 | 10,013 | 10,414 | 401 | 1,507 | called a monomer. Several monomers bond together to form polymers. Each of these polymers is characterised by a specific structure owing to the chemical bonds formed. These structures are related to the function of the compound in living organisms. We will therefore study each class of compounds under the following head... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000026 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 26 | 333 | 10,414 | 10,814 | 400 | 1,556 | Several monosaccharides join together to form polysaccharides. Examples of polysaccharides you will encounter include glycogen, starch and cellulose. Polysaccharides are usually referred to as complex carbohydrates as they take longer to break down. Figure 2.8: Examples of food sources of various monosaccharides, disac... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000027 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 27 | 333 | 10,814 | 11,215 | 401 | 1,496 | chemical test for the compound. Figure 2.10: Granules of wheat starch, stained with iodine and photographed through a light micro- scope. Investigation: Test for the presence of starch (Essential investigation-CAPS) Aim: To test for the presence of starch. Apparatus: • piece of potato or bread • lettuce leaf • petri di... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000028 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 28 | 333 | 11,215 | 11,616 | 401 | 1,493 | s or Fehling’s test. Apparatus: • 4 heat resistant test tubes • 1 beaker • bunsen burner or water bath with hot water (+50 ◦C) • test tube rack (if using a water bath) • glucose solution 33 Chapter 2. The chemistry of life • albumen solution or egg white • starch solution • water • Benedict’s solution • Fehling’s solut... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000029 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 29 | 333 | 11,616 | 12,016 | 400 | 1,498 | 2: 5 ml of 10% glucose solution • Test tube 3: 5 ml 1% albumen solution • Test tube 4: 5 ml water. 3. Add 5 ml Benedict’s solution to each tube. 4. Place the test-tubes in the beaker of hot water on the tripod. 5. Use a thermometer to monitor the water temperature and adjust the flame to maintain the water temperature a... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000030 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 30 | 333 | 12,016 | 12,417 | 401 | 1,550 | UMMY Molecular make-up 35 Chapter 2. The chemistry of life FACT When drawing organic molecules, it can easily get confusing writing out all of the ’C’s and ’H’s for carbon and hydrogen respectively. Scientists overcome this by drawing the carbon backbone, and leaving out the hydrogens. Carbon will always make 4 bonds w... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000031 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 31 | 333 | 12,417 | 12,817 | 400 | 1,681 | lipids comes from the breakdown of the fatty acid chains. Some fatty acids are essential nutrients that cannot be produced by the body and need to be consumed in small amounts. Non-essential fatty acids can be produced in the body from other compounds. Lipids are important for the digestion and transport of essential v... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000032 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 32 | 333 | 12,817 | 13,218 | 401 | 1,593 | 14: Fatty acids can be saturated, mono-unsaturated or polyunsaturated depending on the number of double bonds present. Double bonds result in ”kinks” in the fatty acid chain. Cholesterol Cholesterol is an organic chemical substance known as a sterol. You are not required to understand its molecular makeup or its struct... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000033 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 33 | 333 | 13,218 | 13,618 | 400 | 1,596 | feres with the transport of blood, and can potentially lead to a heart attack. The biggest contributor to the amount of cholesterol in your blood is the type of fats you eat. Saturated fats are less healthy than unsaturated fats as they increase the amount of LDL cholesterol in your blood. Test for lipids The test for ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000034 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 34 | 333 | 13,618 | 14,019 | 401 | 1,653 | MY Molecular make-up Proteins contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and may have other elements such as iron (Fe), phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S). Structural composition Proteins are made of amino acids. There are 20 common amino acids from which all proteins in living organisms are made. Nine of t... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000035 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 35 | 333 | 14,019 | 14,419 | 400 | 1,663 | (polar and charged regions wanting to interact with the water environment and each other). • Quaternary structure: Some proteins are complex: two or more peptide chains fold into their tertiary structures, then these complete structures associate together by hy- drophobic and electrostatic interactions to form the final... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000036 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 36 | 333 | 14,419 | 14,820 | 401 | 1,575 | g of fat. • A cup of cooked lentils has 18 g of protein and 1 g of fat. Therefore when choosing protein-rich foods, pay attention to what comes along with protein. Vegetable sources of proteins such as beans, nuts and whole grain are excellent choices and they offer healthy fibre, vitamins and Figure 2.16: Child sufferi... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000037 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 37 | 333 | 14,820 | 15,220 | 400 | 1,451 | 2. or water bath with hot water (50◦C) 3. Dropper or plastic pipette 4. Test tubes: • two with albumin solution (positive control) • two with sugar water (negative control) • test tubes with samples to be tested for the presence of protein • test tube with Millon’s Reagent • test tube with solution for Biuret test ( NO... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000038 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 38 | 333 | 15,220 | 15,621 | 401 | 1,799 | WATCH: View a video demonstration of the experiment to test for proteins: See video: SHORTCODE at www.everythingscience.co.za Figure 2.18: Biuret test: this is the expected colour change if protein is present Observations: Record your observations, noting any key differences between the positive control, negative contr... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000039 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 39 | 333 | 15,621 | 16,021 | 400 | 1,497 | The ‘lock and key’ model of enzyme action Enzymes are highly specific regarding the reactions they catalyse. The specificity depends on the bonds formed between the active site of an enzymes and its substrate. Active sites have a specific shape that allows binding of a very specific substrate. The highly specific nature of ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000040 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 40 | 333 | 16,021 | 16,422 | 401 | 1,504 | the beaker labelled ’Non-Bio’ dissolve 5 g of non-biological washing powder in 30 ml water. 4. Pour 30 ml of tap water into the control beaker. 5. Scoop out a small amount of egg yolk. 6. Place a teaspoon with the egg yolk in each of the beakers. 7. Leave the spoons in the beakers for 1 to 2 hours. 8. Observe your resu... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000041 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 41 | 333 | 16,422 | 16,822 | 400 | 1,597 | an optimal range in the 40’s, and bacteria called hyperthermophiles (lovers of very high temperatures) that live in hot springs have enzymes with optimum temperatures above 80 ◦C. Lactose is pre-digested by adding lactase to the milk. Factors affecting enzyme action 1. Temperature In humans, enzymes function best at 37... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000042 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 42 | 333 | 16,822 | 17,223 | 401 | 1,714 | effect of pH on enzyme activity. Figure 2.21: Graphs showing the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity respectively. In the investigation that follows, the effect of temperature on catalase enzyme activity will be investigated. Hydrogen peroxide is potentially toxic and so living tissues contain an enzyme nam... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000043 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 43 | 333 | 17,223 | 17,624 | 401 | 1,561 | ? 3. How could you make this experiment more accurate? 4. In addition to temperature, what other factors influence the rate of reaction? 46 2.4. Organic compounds Investigation: PART B Aim: To demonstrate the effect of temperature on catalase activity Method: • Add 3 ml of hydrogen peroxide to two separate 10 ml graduat... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000044 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 44 | 333 | 17,624 | 18,024 | 400 | 1,476 | every cell. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA): is important in transferring genetic information from DNA to proteins. It is found on ribosomes, in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. 47 Chapter 2. The chemistry of life FACT The structure and function of the nucleus will be explained in details in the next chapter: The basic units... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000045 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 45 | 333 | 18,024 | 18,425 | 401 | 1,386 | as calcium and phosphate) sunshine rickets (resulting in soft bones, with bowed legs and widened wrists) Vitamin E Acts as an anti-oxidant margarine, soybean oil, fortified cereals, condensed cow’s milk, cheese, orange juice depressed immune system, anaemia, poor nerve conduction Figure 2.23: Sources of essentials vitam... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000046 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 46 | 333 | 18,425 | 18,825 | 400 | 1,289 | milligrams fortified cereals, cow’s milk, cheese, orange juice Iodine 150 150 micrograms iodised salt Phosphorous 700 700 milligrams maize-meal, milk, wheat flour Potassium 4700 4700 milligrams potatoes, bananas, tomato paste, orange juice Sodium 1500 1500 milligrams onion soup mix, table salt Table 2.5: RDA for males an... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000047 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 47 | 333 | 18,825 | 19,226 | 401 | 1,531 | 30 g/day rice, potatoes, pasta, bread, mealie meal, fruits Protein 56 g/day 46 g/day duck, chicken, turkey, beef, fish, eggs, legumes (pulses and lentils), nuts, seeds, milk Fat 15 20% – 35% of total calories consumed* sunflower oil, olive oil, butter, margarine, lard, avocados, coconut, nuts, seeds, oily fish Cholesterol... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000048 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 48 | 333 | 19,226 | 19,626 | 400 | 954 | of the food type you consume on a daily basis. 4. Which food types do you consume in excess? Which ones do you consume too little of? What are the consequences of each? The table below lists the energy components of some common food items. Study it and answer the following questions: 1. Which food has the highest energ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000049 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 49 | 333 | 19,626 | 20,027 | 401 | 1,587 | 18 30 0 10 69 0.6 107 0 2.7 Summary DUMMY • Cells are made up of organic and inorganic molecules which in turn are made up of atoms bonded together. • Living organisms need to consume organic and inorganic compounds, which they break down for energy and use as building blocks for the components of life. • Essential com... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000050 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 50 | 333 | 20,027 | 20,427 | 400 | 1,465 | avourable conditions. • The Recommended Dietary Allowance is a measure of how much of the various or- ganic and inorganic nutrients we require in our diet. The specific allowance is different across age groups and sexes. It is a useful guide to maintaining a balanced diet. Exercise 2 – 1: End of chapter exercises 1. Whi... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000051 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 51 | 333 | 20,427 | 20,828 | 401 | 1,433 | each of the letters. 55 Chapter 2. The chemistry of life 7. Explain briefly how you would test for glucose. 8. Study the graph below. The graph shows total protein (in grams) present in a 100 grams of different food items. Use the graph to answer questions below. a) Name the two foods from which vegetarians would obtain... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000052 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 52 | 333 | 20,828 | 21,228 | 400 | 1,534 | you in answering the questions that follow. 57 Chapter 2. The chemistry of life a) How many servings does a person need to provide the RDA of energy? b) Which organic compounds are the most important energy providers? c) How much energy do the vitamins in the cereal provide? d) What deficiency disease could result if a ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000053 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 53 | 333 | 21,228 | 21,629 | 401 | 1,475 | your answer. Which compound (A, B or C) i. serves as a main source of energy in cellular respiration ii. is most likely to form part of an enzyme 13. The figure below shows the differences between the upper and lower basin of a water body. Figure 2.25 a) What has caused the key differences between the upper and lower ba... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000054 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 54 | 333 | 21,629 | 22,029 | 400 | 1,625 | and structure in order to carry out specialised functions. Cells with similar structures and functions associate to form tissues. • Plant and animal cells differ in many crucial ways. The previous chapter discussed the various organic molecules that make up living organisms. In this chapter we will look at the cellular... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000055 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 55 | 333 | 22,029 | 22,430 | 401 | 1,719 | rst scientist to describe cells and bacteria through observation under microscope. By combining two or more lenses, the magnification of the microscopes was improved, thus allowing scientists to view smaller structures. The dissecting microscope is an optical microscope used to view images in three dimensions at low res... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000056 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 56 | 333 | 22,430 | 22,830 | 400 | 1,535 | ures 3.1 to 3.3. The world through a microscope Figure 3.1: SEM: A natural com- munity of bacteria growing on a single grain of sand. Figure 3.2: SEM: These pollen grains show the characteristic depth of field of SEM micro- graphs. Figure 3.3: TEM: Image of chloroplast, showing thylakoid discs within a eukaryotic cell. ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000057 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 57 | 333 | 22,830 | 23,231 | 401 | 1,654 | structure for stability. - The frame is supported by a U-shaped foot leading to the base of the microscope. Light source / mirror - Provides a source of light so that the object can be viewed. Diaphragm and condenser The diaphragm and condenser control the amount of light which passes through the slide. Stage - The mic... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000058 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 58 | 333 | 23,231 | 23,632 | 401 | 1,625 | eyes. 8. You can readjust the light source and diaphragm for the clearest image. 9. When changing to the next objective lens use the fine adjustment screw to focus the image. WARNING: Never use the coarse adjustment screw for the strongest objec- tive lens. 10. Do not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers.... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000059 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 59 | 333 | 23,632 | 24,032 | 400 | 1,462 | observe living cells. Specimens need to be stained. Dead. Electron microscope images are produced by passing an electron beam through tissues stained with heavy metals. Example of microscope image Bacterial spores as seen under light microscope. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a single celled green algae, as seen under the ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000060 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 60 | 333 | 24,032 | 24,433 | 401 | 1,180 | known, we can estimate the size of the objects being viewed under the microscope. At 10X magnification, the field of view is 1,0 mm. If the magnification is increased to 100X, what will the new field of view be? 1,0 mm at 10 X magnification new field of view = current magnification new magnification × current field of view x mm... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000061 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 61 | 333 | 24,433 | 24,833 | 400 | 1,366 | drawing size actual size When a scale bar is provided with the diagram, the magnification is given by: magnification = drawing size × scale given measured length of scale Worked example 1: Calculating overall magnification QUESTION Calculate the overall magnification of a compound light microscope with a magnification of 10... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000062 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 62 | 333 | 24,833 | 25,234 | 401 | 1,689 | 20 mm 50 = 0,4 mm Worked example 3: Calculating actual size given of a structure given scale bar on an image QUESTION Calculate the actual length of AB from the image shown in the micrograph given with the scale bar given below. 69 Chapter 3. The basic units of life Figure 3.8: Electron micrograph showing rough endopla... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000063 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 63 | 333 | 25,234 | 25,634 | 400 | 1,695 | . Cell structure and function FACT DNA (the hereditary information of cells) is passed from ’parent’ cells to ’daughter’ cells during cell division. You will learn more about this in the following chapter: Cell division. Cells are the smallest form of life; the functional and structural units of all living things. Your... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000064 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 64 | 333 | 25,634 | 26,035 | 401 | 1,676 | amella and is mainly composed of cellulose. Secondary cell wall: lies alongside the cell membrane. It is is made up of a thick and tough layer of cellulose which is held together by a hard, waterproof substance called lignin. It is only found in cells which provide mechanical support in plants. Figure 3.10: Diagram of ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000065 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 65 | 333 | 26,035 | 26,435 | 400 | 1,596 | bilayer. It physically separates the intracellular (inside cell) space from the extracellular (outside cell) environment. All plant and animal cells have cell membranes. The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm which is part of the protoplasm and is the living component of the cell. The lipid bilayer forms spontaneous... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000066 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 66 | 333 | 26,435 | 26,836 | 401 | 1,452 | flexible enough to allow cells to grow and move. Structure of the cell membrane: the fluid mosaic model S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson proposed the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane in 1972. This model describes the structure of the cell membrane as a fluid structure with various protein and carbohydrate components d... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000067 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 67 | 333 | 26,836 | 27,236 | 400 | 1,725 | the movement of specific ions and molecules across the cell membrane. Glycoproteins Consist of short carbohydrate chains attached to polypeptide chains and are found on the extracellular regions of the membrane. These proteins are useful for cell-to-cell recognition. Glycolipids Carbohydrate chains attached to phospholi... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000068 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 68 | 333 | 27,236 | 27,637 | 401 | 1,654 | a liquid or gas medium. Due to the fact that diffusion occurs across a concentration gradient it can result in the movement of substances into or out of the cell. Examples of substances moved by diffusion include carbon dioxide, oxygen, water and other small molecules that are able to dissolve within the lipid bilayer.... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000069 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 69 | 333 | 27,637 | 28,037 | 400 | 1,698 | the two regions. Movement of water always occurs down a concentration gradient, i.e from higher water potential (dilute solution) to lower potential (concentrated solution). Osmosis is a passive process and does not require any input of energy. Cell membranes allow molecules of water to pass through, but they do not al... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000070 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 70 | 333 | 28,037 | 28,438 | 401 | 1,358 | levels in the body and blood at the correct levels. Investigation: Predicting the direction of osmosis Aim: To predict the direction of osmosis Apparatus: • 1 x 500 ml beaker • 1 x large potato • potato peeler/scalpel • 2 x pins • concentrated sucrose/sugar solution. To obtain this, add 100 g of sugar to 200 ml of wate... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000071 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 71 | 333 | 28,438 | 28,838 | 400 | 1,817 | draw based on your observation? 3. What conditions were met in this experiment that makes this type of transport different to diffusion? 3. Facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion is a special form of diffusion which allows rapid exchange of specific substances. Particles are taken up by carrier proteins which chang... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000072 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 72 | 333 | 28,838 | 29,239 | 401 | 1,611 | key organelles that make up the cell. It is important to bear in mind that structure and function are closely related in all living systems. When studying each organelle, ensure that you observe the specific structures (from micrographs) that allow the organelle to perform its specific function. Cytoplasm DUMMY The cytop... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000073 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 73 | 333 | 29,239 | 29,640 | 401 | 1,581 | all the organelles are contained within the cytoplasm except the nucleolus which is con- tained within the nucleus. Functions of the cytoplasm • The cytoplasm provides mechanical support to the cell by exerting pressure against the cell’s membrane which helps keep the shape of the cell. This pressure is known as turgor... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000074 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 74 | 333 | 29,640 | 30,040 | 400 | 1,564 | rial DNA in humans is derived from the mother’s side. FACT WATCH: Powering the cell: mitochondria See video: SHORTCODE at www.everythingscience. Schematic Diagram Micrograph Figure 3.20: Diagram showing the basic structures of the an- imal cell nucleus. Figure 3.21: An electron micro- graph of a cell nucleus showing a ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000075 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 75 | 333 | 30,040 | 30,441 | 401 | 1,676 | membrane. The inner membrane contains many folds called cristae which contain spe- cialised membrane proteins that enable the mitochondria to synthesise ATP. Inside the inner membrane is a jelly-like matrix. Listed from the outermost layer to the innermost compart- ment, the compartments of the mitochondrion, are: • Ou... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000076 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 76 | 333 | 30,441 | 30,841 | 400 | 1,521 | Endoplasmic reticulum DUMMY The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells only. The ER has a double membrane consisting of a network of hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and round 82 3.4. Cell organelles sacs. These flattened, hollow folds and sacs are called cisternae. The ER is located in the c... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000077 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 77 | 333 | 30,841 | 31,242 | 401 | 1,505 | ribosomes form a structure known as a polyribosome which is important in protein synthesis. 83 Chapter 3. The basic units of life FACT The Golgi body was discovered by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi. It was one of the first organelles to be discovered and described in detail because it’s large size made it easier t... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000078 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 78 | 333 | 31,242 | 31,642 | 400 | 1,516 | these to another location within the cell where they are required. For this reason the Golgi body can be considered to be the ’post office’ of the cell. 84 3.4. Cell organelles Vesicles and lysosomes DUMMY Vesicles are small, membrane-bound spherical sacs which facilitate the metabolism, trans- port and storage of molec... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000079 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 79 | 333 | 31,642 | 32,043 | 401 | 1,612 | ole plays an important role in digestion and excretion of cellular waste and storage of water and organic and inorganic substances. • The vacuole takes in and releases water by osmosis in response to changes in the cytoplasm, as well as in the environment around the cell. • The vacuole is also responsible for maintaini... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000080 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 80 | 333 | 32,043 | 32,443 | 400 | 1,515 | oplasts: green-coloured plastids found in plants and algae 3. Chromoplasts: contain red, orange or yellow pigments and are common in ripening fruit, flowers or autumn leaves Figure 3.30: Plastids perform a variety of functions in plants, including storage and energy production. Chloroplast The chloroplast is a double-me... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000081 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 81 | 333 | 32,443 | 32,844 | 401 | 1,558 | agram Micrograph Figure 3.31: Structure of chloroplast. Figure 3.32: Electron micrograph of chloroplast with grana and thy- lakoids. The differences between plant and animal cells DUMMY Now that we have looked at the basic structures and functions of the organelles in a cell, you would have noticed that there are key d... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000082 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 82 | 333 | 32,844 | 33,244 | 400 | 1,451 | the onion peel does not roll or fold. 3. Using a scalpel or a thin blade, cut a square piece of the onion peel (about 1 cm2). 4. Remove the thin transparent skin from the inside curve of a small piece of raw onion and place it on a drop of iodine solution on a clean slide. 5. Cover the peel with a coverslip ensuring th... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000083 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 83 | 333 | 33,244 | 33,645 | 401 | 1,787 | . Questions: 1. What are the shapes of epidermal cells of the onion peel and the human cheek cells? 2. Why is iodine used to stain the onion peel? 3. What is the difference between the arrangement of cells in onion cells and in human cheek cells? 4. Why is a cell considered the structural and functional unit of living ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000084 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 84 | 333 | 33,645 | 34,045 | 400 | 1,665 | five, learners must draw and label two so that they can demonstrate your draw- ing, labelling and interpretive skill. Pay close attention to the following: • the organelles should each comfortably occupy an A5 page • the organelles must each have a heading that includes the view, title and magnification. • Drawings must ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000085 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 85 | 333 | 34,045 | 34,446 | 401 | 1,670 | observe living cells using a micro- scope. • The development of cell theory was from the study of microscopic cells. 91 Chapter 3. The basic units of life Cell structure and function • All cells have the same basic structure. They are all surrounded by a cell membrane and contain cytoplasm and organelles. • Cells have ... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000086 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 86 | 333 | 34,446 | 34,847 | 401 | 1,568 | hesis – chromoplasts give colour to fruits and flowers – leucoplasts are white and are used mainly for starch storage 3.6 End of chapter exercises DUMMY Exercise 3 – 1: 1. Examine the three images below. Use calculations Explain which organism would be the smallest when viewed with the naked eye. Show all the calculatio... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000087 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 87 | 333 | 34,847 | 35,247 | 400 | 1,542 | for transporting substances around the cell: i. Ribosome ii. Golgi body iii. Nucleus iv. Endoplasmic reticulum d) The nucleus does not control: i. Hereditary transmission ii. Cellular respiration iii. Metabolism iv. Structure e) The energy that a molecule possesses while moving: i. Potential energy ii. Kinetic energy i... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000088 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 88 | 333 | 35,247 | 35,648 | 401 | 1,510 | separate from the nuclear 94 3.6. End of chapter exercises genome? i. lysosomes and transport vesicles ii. endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus iii. cilia and flagella iv. mitochondria and chloroplast v. ribosomes and vacuoles 6. Tabulate four differences between animal and plant cells. 7. a) Name a structural adap... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000089 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 89 | 333 | 35,648 | 36,048 | 400 | 1,586 | centromere. • Mitosis is the process by which cells distribute their replicated DNA to two daughter cells. • The mitotic phase consists of five stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. • Mitosis is the means of reproduction in unicellular organisms that undergo asexual reproduction. • Mitosis is... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000090 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 90 | 333 | 36,048 | 36,449 | 401 | 1,719 | so a more complicated cell cycle is required for replication. Figure 4.1: The sequence of events in the cell leading to division of a cell into two daughter cells is known as the cell cycle and is shown above. Interphase DUMMY Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle. During this phase the cell grows to its ma... |
tushe_science_chunk_dedup_000091 | tushe_parent_000000 | Gr10_LifeSciences_Learner_Eng.json | Grade 10 LifeSciences | 10 | LifeSciences | learner | 1 | Introduction to Life Sciences | 532,717 | 88,137 | 133,378 | 91 | 333 | 36,449 | 36,849 | 400 | 1,359 | components. We will now describe what takes place during the stages of M-phase, which includes the four broad phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and the fifth phase 99 Chapter 4. Cell division FACT Human cells have 46 chromosomes. (23 from the mother and 23 from the father). of cytokinesis: 1. ... |
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YAML Metadata Warning:empty or missing yaml metadata in repo card
Check out the documentation for more information.
Tushe Science Split Chunks Min400 Dedup
This directory contains a processed chunk dataset derived from AlaminI/tushe-grade-school-stem.
Output
tushe_science_split_chunks_min400_dedup.json: JSON list of science-only source chunks.tushe_science_split_chunks_min400_dedup_metadata.json: build metadata and counts.README.md: this explanation.
How It Was Built
- Download/read the Hugging Face dataset snapshot for
AlaminI/tushe-grade-school-stem. - Read raw JSON files under the snapshot
data/directory. - Drop math-related books when
source_file,book_title, or parsedsubjectcontainsmath. - Treat each non-empty chapter as a parent instance.
- Normalize whitespace and exact-deduplicate parent chapter text.
- Tokenize with
models/mistralai__Mistral-7B-v0.1. - Drop parent instances below
400Mistral tokens. - Split each remaining parent into
floor(parent_tokens / 400)even contiguous chunks. For example, a 2000-token parent becomes 5 chunks of about 400 tokens. - Exact-deduplicate final child chunks by
source_chunk.strip().
Key Counts
- science non-empty chapters before dedup: 826
- duplicate parent chapters removed: 244
- parents dropped under 400 tokens: 101
- parents kept: 481
- duplicate child chunks removed: 493
- final output chunks: 21,310
- child token min/median/max: 400 / 401.0 / 798
Schema
Each row has metadata from the source book/chapter plus:
source_chunk: text to feed into QA generationmistral_token_len: child chunk lengthparent_mistral_token_len: original parent lengthchunk_idx,num_chunks_from_parent,token_start,token_end: split provenance
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