G-reen/model-family-detector
Text Classification • Updated
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This dataset aggregates text from sources with non-commercial, research-only or no-redistribution terms (listed per config in the README and in metadata.license). It is kept for the owner's own research; access requests are reviewed manually and are normally not granted.
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Model-family detector: step 1 (train)
Step 1 of a pipeline that trains a classifier to predict which LLM family (OpenAI / Anthropic / Gemini / Other)
wrote a piece of long-form writing, with an auxiliary human-vs-AI head. This repo holds the TRAINING pool,
unfiltered and uncleaned: every public source has been parsed into one shared schema and nothing has been
removed except exact source bugs (row misalignments) and a few sources dropped for provenance reasons. Later steps
(writing-only filtering with an LLM judge, boilerplate cleaning, balancing) are published as separate datasets.
The companion repo is G-reen/model-family-step1-test.
Each source is its own config so it can be loaded, inspected or excluded independently; all configs share the exact same Arrow schema. Load one with:
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("G-reen/model-family-step1-train", "ahmadreza_human_vs_ai", split="train")
Schema
| column | type | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| text | string | the AI (or human) text exactly as the source provides it; no cleaning has been applied in step 1 |
| model_family | string | OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, Other, Human. Gemma models count as Other; PaLM-2 counts as Gemini |
| model_id | string | normalized lowercase model identifier (human for human rows); the source's raw id is in metadata.model_id_raw |
| metadata | struct | identical 19 fields in every row (below) |
metadata fields:
| field | type | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| source_dataset | string | Hugging Face id / URL of the source |
| source_split | string | split, config or file within the source |
| source_index | string | row id within the source (traceability) |
| group_key | string | <config>:<id> to group on when splitting train/val (prompt id, battle id, source document, pair key); rows sharing a group_key share a prompt or human source |
| is_human | bool | human-written text |
| is_fully_ai | bool/null | true = written by the model from a prompt; false = AI edit / paraphrase / blend of a human text; null for human rows |
| model_id_raw | string | model identifier as given by the source |
| model_era | string | 2022-23, 2024, 2025+ (from generation date, else model id) or human |
| generation_date | string/null | date or range the source states or implies |
| language | string/null | ISO-639-1 where known, else the source's label |
| word_count | int32 | whitespace tokens in text |
| domain | string/null | coarse: news, fiction, essay, blog, review, opinion, nonfiction, academic, academic_review, web_edu, social, email, qa, chat, instruct, code, legal, business, other |
| genre | string/null | the source's finer label (theme, section, category, WebOrganizer format, prompt type) |
| prompt | string/null | user prompt / instruction / title when the source provides it |
| system_prompt | string/null | system prompt when the source provides it |
| upstream | string | the human corpus the text or prompt derives from |
| license | string | the source's stated license and the main caveat |
| quality_flags | list | source-level flags, e.g. ai_edited, self_paraphrased, writing_enhancement, prompt_unreliable, duplicate_of:<source>, is_erotica, ui_scrape_junk, is_error_string, context_dependent, wf_bot_template, wf_code, wf_longform_writing, flag_preamble, flag_refusal_head, redacted_*, toxic_*, label_unreliable, source_subsampled, rewrite_of_human_source, gradtex_<scenario> |
| extra | string | JSON object with every remaining source-specific field (scores, battle winners, moderation, temperatures, ...) |
Family mapping rules: ids containing gpt, chatgpt, o1/o3/o4, davinci, gpt-oss are OpenAI; claude
are Anthropic; gemini, palm, bard are Gemini; gemma and every other open or third-party model are Other.
gpt4all, gpt-j, gpt-neo are Other. Human rows are labelled Human.
Totals
| family | rows |
|---|---|
| OpenAI | 800,752 |
| Anthropic | 308,863 |
| Gemini | 135,441 |
| Other | 1,573,699 |
| Human | 644,951 |
| all | 3,463,706 |
Configs (one per source)
| config | rows | OpenAI | Anthropic | Gemini | Other | Human | top model ids | license |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ahmadreza_human_vs_ai | 290,323 | 148,451 | 36,254 | 1,000 | 0 | 104,618 | gpt-4 (104,690), human (104,618), unknown-openai-gpt4-label (43,761), unknown-anthropic (32,037), claude-3-opus-20240229 (4,217), gemini-1.5-pro (1,000) | apache-2.0 (card; relabels upstreams with other/no licenses) |
| anthropic_persuasion | 1,313 | 0 | 1,139 | 0 | 0 | 174 | claude-2 (243), claude-3-haiku-20240307 (224), claude-3-opus-20240229 (224), claude-instant-1.2 (224), claude-1.3 (224), human (174) | cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 |
| biscope | 48,390 | 18,056 | 18,052 | 7,770 | 0 | 4,512 | gpt-3.5-turbo (9,028), gpt-4-turbo-preview (9,028), claude-3-sonnet (9,026), claude-3-opus (9,026), gemini-1.0-pro (7,770), human (4,512) | cc-by-nc-nd-4.0 (HF card; GitHub says cc-by-sa-4.0) |
| claude_opus_instruct | 13,664 | 0 | 13,664 | 0 | 0 | 0 | claude-3-opus-20240229 (13,664) | apache-2.0 (prompts from unlicensed Norquinal set) |
| crownelius_opus45 | 2,538 | 0 | 2,371 | 0 | 0 | 167 | claude-3-opus-20240229 (1,871), claude-opus-4-5 (500), human (167) | apache-2.0 (card; invalid for the 1,871 rows copied from Gryphe, which inherit 'none stated') |
| defactify_valtest | 21,927 | 3,138 | 0 | 0 | 15,670 | 3,119 | gpt-4o (3,138), mistral-7b (3,137), yi-large (3,137), qwen-2-72b (3,133), llama-3-8b (3,132), gemma-2-9b (3,131), +1 more | none stated (HF default all rights reserved) |
| editlens_iclr | 80,582 | 17,033 | 17,089 | 16,306 | 4,540 | 25,614 | human (25,614), claude-sonnet-4-20250514 (17,089), gpt-4.1-2025-04-14 (17,033), gemini-2.5-flash (16,306), meta-llama/llama-3.3-70b-instruct-turbo (4,540) | none stated; gated with non-commercial-only access terms |
| fastdetector_train_stat | 528,524 | 4,298 | 2,600 | 0 | 185,539 | 336,087 | human (336,087), llama-3.3-70b-instruct (35,396), mistral-small-4-119b-2603 (35,155), qwen3.8-27b (34,616), gemma-4-31b-it (33,525), laguna-s-2.1 (18,187), +6 more | none stated (own data; Common Crawl upstream, ODC-By) |
| ghostbuster_essay | 6,958 | 4,970 | 994 | 0 | 0 | 994 | gpt-3.5-turbo (4,970), claude-2023-unknown-version (994), human (994) | cc-by-3.0 (third-party re-upload); human essays IvyPanda (copyrighted) |
| ghostbuster_news | 7,000 | 5,000 | 1,000 | 0 | 0 | 1,000 | gpt-3.5-turbo (5,000), human (1,000), claude-2023-unknown-version (1,000) | cc-by-3.0; human text Reuters RCV1 (research agreement) |
| ghostbuster_stories | 6,998 | 5,000 | 998 | 0 | 0 | 1,000 | gpt-3.5-turbo (5,000), human (1,000), claude-2023-unknown-version (998) | cc-by-3.0; human text r/WritingPrompts |
| gradtex | 142,214 | 5,314 | 1,981 | 1,985 | 61,825 | 71,109 | human (71,109), gemma-4-31b-it (29,310), mistral-small-3.2-24b-instruct-2506 (28,550), gemini-3.5-flash (1,985), gemma-4-e4b-it (1,983), gpt-5.4-mini (1,982), +5 more | cc-by-4.0 over MAGE (apache-2.0); upstream corpora incl. non-commercial sources |
| gryphe_gpt4o_wp | 3,741 | 3,741 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | chatgpt-4o-latest (3,741) | none stated (HF default all rights reserved) |
| gryphe_opus_wp | 8,972 | 3,008 | 5,964 | 0 | 0 | 0 | claude-3-opus-20240229 (5,964), gpt-3.5-turbo (3,008) | none stated (HF default all rights reserved) |
| gsingh_claude_sonnet | 5,968 | 0 | 4,989 | 0 | 0 | 979 | claude-3.5-sonnet (4,989), human (979) | none stated; NYT content |
| gsingh_gemini_flash | 5,857 | 0 | 0 | 4,878 | 0 | 979 | gemini-1.5-flash (4,878), human (979) | none stated; NYT content |
| gsingh_train | 51,181 | 7,321 | 0 | 0 | 36,565 | 7,295 | gpt-4o (7,321), yi-large (7,319), mistral-7b (7,316), qwen-2-72b (7,314), gemma-2-9b (7,310), llama-3-8b (7,306), +1 more | none stated; NYT content (Defactify-4 train) |
| hc3 | 85,431 | 26,885 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58,546 | human (58,546), chatgpt-dec-2022 (26,885) | cc-by-sa-4.0 (stricter upstream licenses apply) |
| imbue_demo | 86,186 | 19,190 | 19,093 | 19,145 | 0 | 28,758 | human (28,758), gpt-5.3-chat-latest (19,190), gemini-3-flash-preview (19,145), claude-sonnet-4-6 (19,093) | cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 |
| lmarena_100k | 212,123 | 42,359 | 29,137 | 23,460 | 117,167 | 0 | claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620 (14,852), gpt-4o-2024-05-13 (10,616), gemini-1.5-pro-api-0514 (10,316), gemma-2-27b-it (8,385), llama-3-70b-instruct (7,625), gemma-2-9b-it (7,415), +49 more | none stated in YAML; README: prompts cc-by-4.0, outputs under provider ToS |
| lmarena_140k | 271,092 | 43,095 | 57,418 | 40,228 | 130,351 | 0 | claude-opus-4-20250514 (10,086), gemini-2.5-flash (9,659), gemini-2.5-pro (9,216), mistral-medium-2505 (9,133), qwen3-235b-a22b-no-thinking (9,074), o3-2025-04-16 (8,524), +47 more | cc-by-4.0 (prompts); outputs under provider ToS |
| lmarena_55k | 114,818 | 31,405 | 16,137 | 4,898 | 62,378 | 0 | gpt-4-1106-preview (7,380), gpt-3.5-turbo-0613 (7,076), gpt-4-0613 (6,157), claude-2.1 (5,581), claude-instant-1 (4,130), gpt-4-0314 (4,121), +58 more | apache-2.0 (Kaggle re-host) |
| lmsys_chat_1m | 990,462 | 14,875 | 30,879 | 5,534 | 939,174 | 0 | vicuna-13b (486,862), koala-13b (81,325), alpaca-13b (61,993), chatglm-6b (35,610), llama-13b (31,340), llama-2-13b-chat (29,944), +19 more | LMSYS-Chat-1M Dataset License Agreement (gated; no redistribution) |
| lmsys_gpt5 | 192,462 | 192,462 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | gpt-5-chat (192,462) | cc-by-4.0 (card); prompts from LMSYS-Chat-1M (no redistribution) |
| norquinal_claude | 33,190 | 0 | 33,190 | 0 | 0 | 0 | claude-2023-unknown (33,190) | none stated (HF default all rights reserved) |
| opus_storygen | 5,667 | 0 | 5,667 | 0 | 0 | 0 | claude-3-opus-20240229 (5,667) | none stated (HF default all rights reserved) |
| storyscope | 51,225 | 10,251 | 10,247 | 10,237 | 20,490 | 0 | deepseek-v3.2 (10,254), gpt-5.4 (10,251), claude-sonnet-4.6 (10,247), gemini-3-flash (10,237), kimi-k2.5 (10,236) | MIT (prompts derived from Books3) |
| wildchat | 194,900 | 194,900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | gpt-4o-2024-08-06 (73,766), gpt-3.5-turbo-0613 (43,348), gpt-3.5-turbo-0301 (13,369), gpt-4-1106-preview (12,850), gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18 (12,749), gpt-4-0125-preview (8,718), +8 more | ODC-BY |
Source notes
ahmadreza_human_vs_ai: ahmadreza13/human-vs-Ai-generated-dataset. Undocumented compilation; traced to OpenOrca GPT-4 FLAN answers (median 74 words), Norquinal claude_multi_instruct_30k, Claude-3-Opus-Instruct-15K v1, an unidentified 'GPT4' block (13% say 'As an AI language model', label unreliable), 1k short 'gemini-1.5-pro' rows and 2.09M Wikipedia leads. This shard is SUBSAMPLED (every 10th 'GPT4' row, every 20th Wikipedia row). Its Claude rows duplicate norquinal_claude / claude_opus_instruct (flagged).
anthropic_persuasion: Anthropic/persuasion: 1,313 persuasive arguments (median 243 words) on 75 claims by claude-1.3, claude-instant-1.2, claude-2, claude-3-haiku, claude-3-opus, plus 19 Control rows (Claude 2) and 174 human arguments. Ratings collapsed to one row per argument.
biscope: HanxiGuo/BiScope_Data: essays (IvyPanda), creative (r/WritingPrompts), Yelp, Arxiv and code by gpt-3.5-turbo, gpt-4-turbo-preview, claude-3-opus, claude-3-sonnet, gemini-1.0-pro (2024), with self-paraphrased variants (flag self_paraphrased). 885 of its human essays also appear in ghostbuster_essay.
claude_opus_instruct: nothingiisreal/Claude-3-Opus-Instruct-15K (v1 + v2 + extra): single-turn claude-3-opus-20240229 responses to Norquinal prompts (Bedrock, mid-2024).
crownelius_opus45: Crownelius/Opus-4.5-WritingStyle-1000x: only 500 rows are claude-opus-4-5 (30 instructions x ~20 samples, 150 are markdown reasoning answers); 1,871 rows are verbatim copies of Gryphe Claude 3 Opus stories (flag duplicate_of:Gryphe/Opus-WritingPrompts); 167 'gutenberg' human fiction chunks of unclear provenance.
defactify_valtest: Defactify-4 text task validation + test splits (Rajarshi-Roy-research/Defactify_Text_Dataset): NYT-abstract-prompted news articles by gpt-4o, gemma-2-9b, mistral-7b, qwen-2-72b, llama-3-8b, yi-large plus scraped NYT human pages. Prompts recovered from the generation file; the open-model texts were row-shifted in the source and are re-aligned here.
editlens_iclr: pangram/editlens_iclr (gated, non-commercial terms): human text (news, FineWeb-Edu, r/WritingPrompts, Amazon/Google reviews, Enron) plus fully AI 'synthetic mirroring' generations and AI edits by gpt-4.1-2025-04-14, claude-sonnet-4-20250514, gemini-2.5-flash and Llama-3.3-70B (test splits). metadata.extra carries cosine_score (1.0 = fully AI); ai_edited rows are flagged.
fastdetector_train_stat: G-reen/fastdetector-train-stat-train: Common Crawl prose filtered to contiguous text, rewritten by 12 generators (gpt-5.6-luna, gpt-4.1-mini, claude-haiku-4-5, deepseek-v4.1-flash, Gemma-4-31B, Qwen3.8-27B, Llama-3.3-70B, Mistral-Small-4, Granite-4.2, Ornith-1.5, Laguna-S-2.1) with rewrite/revise/direct/indirect-reference prompts. Only rows with cosdist > 0.1 (Qwen3-Embedding-4B) are kept; every human original is included once. metadata.genre = WebOrganizer format, extra has cosdist/jaccard/levenshtein/prompt_type.
ghostbuster_essay: polsci/ghostbuster-essay-cleaned: IvyPanda student essays vs gpt-3.5-turbo (5 prompt variants) and Claude (2023, version unstated). Claude prompt alignment is unrecoverable (flag prompt_unreliable).
ghostbuster_news: Ghostbuster reuter/ folder (vivek3141/ghostbuster-data): Reuters RCV1 articles vs gpt-3.5-turbo (3 prompt variants) and Claude 1.x (2023). claude/{i} files were generated for prompt i+1 and are re-aligned here.
ghostbuster_stories: Ghostbuster wp/ folder: r/WritingPrompts stories vs gpt-3.5-turbo and Claude 1.x (2023), same alignment fix. All 1,000 human stories also appear in biscope.
gradtex: elisabeth-pl-pl/GRADTEX (built on MAGE): mostly human-text edits (polish/completion/paraphrase/style) by Gemma-4, Mistral, and in the test split claude-sonnet-4.6, gpt-5.4-mini, gemini-3.5-flash, qwen3.5-27b, gemma-4-e4b, plus old MAGE davinci/gpt-3.5 rows. is_fully_ai marks fully generated rows; scenario in quality_flags.
gryphe_gpt4o_wp: Gryphe/ChatGPT-4o-Writing-Prompts: chatgpt-4o-latest (Aug-Sep 2024) stories for ~3,000 r/WritingPrompts prompts (median 1,172 words; 45% contain markdown).
gryphe_opus_wp: Gryphe/Opus-WritingPrompts: two claude-3-opus-20240229 generations per prompt (May-Jun 2024) plus a gpt-3.5-turbo file over the same prompts. 13-18% tagged Erotica (flag is_erotica). ~2,990 prompts shared with gryphe_gpt4o_wp.
gsingh_claude_sonnet: gsingh1-py/Claude-sonnet: NYT-abstract + RAG-context prompted news articles by Claude 3.5 Sonnet at 5 temperatures (0.2-1.0) over 989 URLs; human rows are scraped NYT pages with navigation text.
gsingh_gemini_flash: gsingh1-py/Gemini_1.5_flash: same 989 NYT prompts as gsingh_claude_sonnet answered by Gemini 1.5 Flash at 5 temperatures.
gsingh_train: gsingh1-py/train = Defactify-4 train split: 7,321 NYT prompts answered by gpt-4o, gemma-2-9b, mistral-7b, qwen-2-72b, llama-3-8b, yi-large, plus scraped NYT human pages. Open-model prompt row-shift in the source corrected (metadata.extra.prompt_alignment_fixed).
hc3: Hello-SimpleAI/HC3 (English): ChatGPT (Dec 2022 web UI) vs human answers for ELI5, open QA, finance, medicine, wiki_csai. Q&A style, mostly short; 172 rows are scraped UI junk (flag ui_scrape_junk).
imbue_demo: DarrenJiaImbue/ai-detection-demo-dataset: EditLens-style design with claude-sonnet-4-6, gpt-5.3-chat-latest, gemini-3-flash-preview over news, FineWeb-Edu, r/WritingPrompts, Amazon/Yelp reviews, Twitter. 12% of gpt-5.3 rows are wrapped in ':::writing' canvas fences.
lmarena_100k: lmarena-ai/arena-human-preference-100k (Jun-Aug 2024): one row per battle side (first assistant turn), 55 model ids; metadata.extra has winner, opponent, criteria, is_code/is_math, refusal tag.
lmarena_140k: lmarena-ai/arena-human-preference-140k (Apr-Jul 2025): one row per battle side, 53 model ids incl. Claude 4, Gemini 2.5, o3, GPT-4.1; extra has creative_writing tag, criteria, evaluation_order (context_dependent flag = later turn of a hidden session).
lmarena_55k: lmarena-ai/arena-human-preference-55k (2023-24, Kaggle train split): one row per battle side, 64 model ids incl. claude-1/2, palm-2, gpt-4-0314 and many ChatGPT-distilled open models.
lmsys_chat_1m: lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m (gated): first assistant turn of 1M 2023 conversations from 25 models incl. claude-1/2/instant, palm-2, gpt-3.5/4, vicuna, llama-2; moderation scores in extra.
lmsys_gpt5: ytz20/LMSYS-Chat-GPT-5-Chat-Response: LMSYS-Chat-1M prompts re-answered by gpt-5-chat (Aug-Nov 2025, exact snapshot unpublished). 66% of responses end with a 'Would you like me to...' offer (flag wf_chatty_* / see extra).
norquinal_claude: Norquinal/claude_multi_instruct_30k (+1k): 2023 Claude (version unstated; claude-1/instant/2 era) single-turn instruct responses.
opus_storygen: nothingiisreal/Short-Storygen-v2: 5,668 claude-3-opus-20240229 short stories; 521 carry 'By the AI ...' bylines, 60% open with a title line.
storyscope: jjrussell10/storyscope (arXiv 2604.03136): 10,272 Books3-derived prompts answered by gpt-5.4, claude-sonnet-4.6, gemini-3-flash, deepseek-v3.2, kimi-k2.5 (median 2.6k-6.4k words). Human stories not released. Refusal/preamble/word-count-trailer flags in quality_flags.
wildchat: allenai/WildChat-4.8M public release (3.2M conversations, Apr 2023-Jul 2025, 15 OpenAI model ids): first assistant turn of every conversation whose response passed the loose long-form filter (English, >= 250 words, no code). Writing heuristics wf_* in quality_flags/extra; PRESIDIO redaction tokens flagged.
Known caveats carried from step 1
- Text is raw: markdown, chat preambles ("Sure, here is..."), closing offers, titles, bylines,
<br>tags, canvas fences, placeholders and truncation are all still present. Formatting differs systematically by family inside almost every source, so a classifier trained on this data as-is will partly learn typography. - Human rows are not paired with AI rows in every source; where a pairing exists it is expressed through
metadata.group_key(same key = same prompt or same human source document). Split bygroup_key. - Duplicates exist across configs (e.g. the same IvyPanda essays in biscope and ghostbuster_essay, the same
Claude 3 Opus stories in crownelius_opus45 and gryphe_opus_wp, Norquinal/Opus rows inside
ahmadreza_human_vs_ai). They are flagged with
duplicate_of:where known; deduplicate before training. - Leakage check: the first 200 normalized characters of every row were hashed and compared across all configs of both repos; no training row collides with any evaluation row.
- Licenses are heterogeneous and several sources forbid redistribution; this is why the repo is gated and access is not granted to third parties.
Safety purge
Rows containing sexual content involving minors or other severe content (bestiality, sexual content about real people, mass-casualty weapon or hard-drug synthesis instructions) were removed from the chat-derived, instruct and fiction configs after a two-pass full-text LLM review of every row (biscope: 4, claude_opus_instruct: 5, editlens_iclr: 28, ghostbuster_stories: 2, gryphe_opus_wp: 58, imbue_demo: 22, lmarena_100k: 145, lmarena_140k: 37, lmarena_55k: 32, lmsys_chat_1m: 8111, lmsys_gpt5: 20, opus_storygen: 1, storyscope: 111, wildchat: 64), and the repository history was squashed. Adult-only content is retained.
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Models trained or fine-tuned on G-reen/model-family-step1-train