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2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': '16a999c8-5a0a-4e53-b85f-e4d20b0528e9', 'question': 'Hormone acting on nuclear receptors', 'opa': 'Calcitonin', 'opb': 'Thyroxine', 'opc': 'Glucocoicoids', 'opd': 'Vasopressine', 'cop': 1, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': 'Thyroid Hormones Increase Gene Transcription in the Cell Nucleus The thyroid hormones thyro... | Hormone acting on nuclear receptors
A. Glucocoicoids
B. Vasopressine
C. Thyroxine
D. Calcitonin | C | Thyroxine | Okay, let me try to figure out this question. It's about hormones that act on nuclear receptors. The options are A. Glucocorticoids, B. Vasopressin, C. Thyroxine, D. Calcitonin. Hmm...
First, I need to remember which hormones use nuclear receptors. I recall that hormones like steroids and thyroid hormones typically ac... | Both glucocorticoids (A) and thyroxine (C) act on nuclear receptors. Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that bind to intracellular receptors, which then translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Thyroxine, a thyroid hormone, enters cells and binds to nuclear receptors directly influencing gene transcrip... | 53 | Physiology | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Hormone acting on nuclear receptors
A. Glucocoicoids
B. Vasopressine
C. Thyroxine
D. Calcitonin<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let me try to figure out this question. It's about ho... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What is the definition of hormone acting on nuclear receptors?", "critical": true},
{"question": "Which of the given options is a type of steroid hormone such as glucocorticoids?", "critical": true},
{"question": "Is vasopressine an example of a hormone that acts ... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What is the definition of hormone acting on nuclear receptors?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "Which of the given options is a type of steroid hormone such as glucocorticoids?"
},
{
"critical": false,
"index": ... |
2 | qiaojin/PubMedQA:pqa_labeled | {'pubid': 7482275, 'question': 'Necrotizing fasciitis: an indication for hyperbaric oxygenation therapy?', 'context': {'contexts': ['The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant t... | The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant therapy for NF, improving patient mortality and outcome. However, the beneficial effect of HBO for NF remains controversial.
A retrosp... | C | no | Okay, so I need to figure out whether hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) therapy is indicated for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) based on the provided study. The options are A. maybe, B. yes, or C. no. Let me go through the information step by step.
First, the background says that the accepted treatment is surgery and antibioti... | The study compared outcomes of 37 patients with necrotizing fasciitis (NF), 25 receiving hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) and 12 treated with surgery and antibiotics alone. Key findings included a **higher mortality rate in the HBO group (36% vs. 25%)** and a **significantly greater number of surgical débridements (3.3 vs.... | 67 | Therapy | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant therapy for NF, imp... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What is the first concept that needs to be understood?", "critical": true},
{"question": "What treatment protocol is mentioned for necrotizing fasciitis?", "critical": true},
{"question": "How was the mortality rate among the HBO-treated patients compared to the n... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What is the first concept that needs to be understood?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "What treatment protocol is mentioned for necrotizing fasciitis?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 3,
"subproblem": "How ... |
1 | openlifescienceai/headqa | {'data': {'Correct Answer': 'Initial zone of the distal tubule.', 'Correct Option': 'D', 'Options': {'A': "Bowman's capsule.", 'B': 'Proximal tubule', 'C': 'Medulla area of \u200b\u200bthe loop of Henle.', 'D': 'Initial zone of the distal tubule.', 'E': 'Collecting tubule in the presence of ADH.'}, 'Question': 'Urine i... | Urine is hypoosmolar with respect to plasma in:
A. Bowman's capsule.
B. Initial zone of the distal tubule.
C. Proximal tubule
D. Medulla area of the loop of Henle.
E. Collecting tubule in the presence of ADH. | B | Initial zone of the distal tubule. | Okay, let me tackle this question step by step. The question is asking where the urine is hypoosmolar, meaning it's less concentrated than plasma. The options are different parts of the nephron and related structures.
First, I need to recall how the nephron works in terms of osmolarity. The kidneys process blood to fo... | The correct answer is **B. Initial zone of the distal tubule**.
**Key Reasoning:**
- **Bowman’s capsule (A)** and **proximal tubule (C)** maintain filtrate that is isosmotic to plasma due to balanced solute and water reabsorption.
- The **medullary area of the loop of Henle (D)** includes the descending limb (perm... | 53 | Physiology | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Urine is hypoosmolar with respect to plasma in:
A. Bowman's capsule.
B. Initial zone of the distal tubule.
C. Proximal tubule
D. Medulla area of the loop of Henle.
E. Collecting tubule in the presence of... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What is the first concept that needs to be understood about urine osmolality?", "critical": true},
{"question": "Where in the nephron does urine become hypoosmolar compared to plasma?", "critical": true},
{"question": "What role does ADH play in the osmolality of ... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What is the first concept that needs to be understood about urine osmolality?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "Where in the nephron does urine become hypoosmolar compared to plasma?"
},
{
"critical": false,
"ind... |
0 | openlifescienceai/headqa | {'data': {'Correct Answer': 'L5', 'Correct Option': 'C', 'Options': {'A': 'L3.', 'B': 'L4.', 'C': 'L5', 'D': 'S1', 'E': 'L2.'}, 'Question': 'What root predominantly depends on the sensory innervation of the first toe?'}, 'id': '3c4607e1-4660-4fde-a67a-5b1df642e122', 'topic_name': 'medicine'} | What root predominantly depends on the sensory innervation of the first toe?
A. L5
B. S1
C. L4.
D. L3.
E. L2. | A | L5 | Okay, the question is about which nerve root is primarily responsible for the sensory innervation of the first toe. The options are L5, S1, L4, L3, and L2. Hmm, I need to recall my anatomy here. Let me think.
First, the nerves of the lower limb are supplied by the lumbar and sacral plexuses. The lumbar plexus comes fr... | The sensory innervation of the first toe predominantly depends on the **L5 nerve root**. This root supplies the dorsum of the foot, including the big toe, particularly the web space between the first and second toes. While L4 covers the medial leg and ankle, and S1 the lateral foot and little toe, the primary dermatoma... | 38 | Innervation | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
What root predominantly depends on the sensory innervation of the first toe?
A. L5
B. S1
C. L4.
D. L3.
E. L2.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, the question is about which nerve root ... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What is the first concept that needs to be understood about sensory innervation?", "critical": true},
{"question": "Which spinal nerves are responsible for innervating the lower extremities?", "critical": true},
{"question": "How does the distribution of the spina... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What is the first concept that needs to be understood about sensory innervation?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "Which spinal nerves are responsible for innervating the lower extremities?"
},
{
"critical": true,
... |
1 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': 'b4150677-2bdd-4cf6-a2e5-36a8619380ba', 'question': 'Accidents happening during weekends is', 'opa': 'Cyclic trends', 'opb': 'Seasonal trends', 'opc': 'Secular trends', 'opd': 'Point source epidemic', 'cop': 0, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': None, 'subject_name': 'Social & Preventive Medicine', 'topic_name': No... | Accidents happening during weekends is
A. Seasonal trends
B. Cyclic trends
C. Secular trends
D. Point source epidemic | B | Cyclic trends | Okay, let's tackle this question about accidents during weekends and what kind of trend they represent. The options are seasonal, cyclic, secular, or point source epidemic. Hmm, I need to recall the definitions of each of these terms from epidemiology or statistics.
First, seasonal trends. Seasonal trends are patterns... | To determine the correct classification of accidents happening during weekends, let's analyze each option:
- **Seasonal trends (A)** refer to patterns recurring annually, such as flu outbreaks in winter. Weekends recur weekly, not annually, so this doesn't fit.
- **Cyclic trends (B)** involve fluctuations over perio... | 71 | Trends | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Accidents happening during weekends is
A. Seasonal trends
B. Cyclic trends
C. Secular trends
D. Point source epidemic<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let's tackle this question abou... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What type of trend is being described by the occurrence of accidents during weekends?", "critical": true},
{"question": "Are seasonal trends, cyclic trends, secular trends, or point source epidemics related to regular patterns or specific events?", "critical": true},
... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What type of trend is being described by the occurrence of accidents during weekends?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "Are seasonal trends, cyclic trends, secular trends, or point source epidemics related to regular pattern... |
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': '38bf6b5f-6819-49ba-8071-53d5c2fb7f7e', 'question': 'Radiation tolerance of liver is', 'opa': '15 Gy', 'opb': '30 Gy', 'opc': '40 Gy', 'opd': '45 Gy', 'cop': 1, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': 'Liver injury tends to be more common in those patients with radiation doses greater than 30 Gy or when the whole-liver ... | Radiation tolerance of liver is
A. 15 Gy
B. 45 Gy
C. 30 Gy
D. 40 Gy | C | 30 Gy | Okay, let me try to figure out the radiation tolerance of the liver. I need to remember what I studied about radiation therapy and organ tolerance doses. Hmm, radiation tolerance usually refers to the dose at which there's a 5% risk of complications within 5 years, known as TD 5/5. Different organs have different toler... | The radiation tolerance of the liver refers to the dose at which there is a 5% risk of complications (TD 5/5) within 5 years. For whole liver irradiation, the classical tolerance dose is **30 Gy** in standard fractionation (1.8–2 Gy per fraction). This aligns with established guidelines and texts such as Emami et al. (... | 58 | Radiation Effects | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Radiation tolerance of liver is
A. 15 Gy
B. 45 Gy
C. 30 Gy
D. 40 Gy<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let me try to figure out the radiation tolerance of the liver. I need to remember... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What is the standard radiation tolerance level for liver in medical treatment?", "critical": true},
{"question": "How does the radiation tolerance of liver compare to other organs in the body?", "critical": false},
{"question": "Which of the given options (15 Gy, ... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What is the standard radiation tolerance level for liver in medical treatment?"
},
{
"critical": false,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "How does the radiation tolerance of liver compare to other organs in the body?"
},
{
"critical": true,... |
1 | openlifescienceai/headqa | {'data': {'Correct Answer': 'Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10.', 'Correct Option': 'A', 'Options': {'A': 'Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10.', 'B': 'Select t... | Among the specific objectives that have been developed in order to make a health education intervention, aimed at providing people 65 years and older with the incorporation of preventive activities for heat stroke in daily self-care, identify the one that is INCORRECTLY formulated:
A. Enunciate the activities that are ... | B | Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10. | Okay, let's tackle this question step by step. The task is to identify which of the given objectives is incorrectly formulated for a health education intervention aimed at seniors (65+) to prevent heat stroke. The options are A through E. I need to analyze each one based on how well they meet the criteria for a properl... | The incorrectly formulated objective is **B. Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10.**
**Explanation**:
- Learning objectives should focus on **learner outcomes** (what participants will **do** or **know**) rather than the instructor's act... | 26 | Education | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Among the specific objectives that have been developed in order to make a health education intervention, aimed at providing people 65 years and older with the incorporation of preventive activities for hea... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What is the primary goal of the health education intervention?", "critical": true},
{"question": "During which sessions should people learn about the signs and symptoms of heat stroke?", "critical": true},
{"question": "Which session should focus on selecting appr... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What is the primary goal of the health education intervention?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "During which sessions should people learn about the signs and symptoms of heat stroke?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"ind... |
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': '7835af8d-0fdb-45d3-9c1f-44f2c1efb006', 'question': 'Which of the following is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy?', 'opa': 'Retinitis', 'opb': 'Uveitis', 'opc': 'Optic neuritis', 'opd': 'Scleritis', 'cop': 1, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': 'Ans. b. Uveitis (Ref: Impact of highly active antiretroviral thera... | Which of the following is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy?
A. Retinitis
B. Scleritis
C. Uveitis
D. Optic neuritis | C | Uveitis | Okay, I need to figure out which of the options A to D is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy. Let me start by recalling what HAART is. HAART stands for Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, which is used in the treatment of HIV infection. It's a combination of several antiretroviral medications.
Now, the question ... | The ocular side-effect of HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) most closely associated with its use is **C. Uveitis**.
**Rationale**:
- **Retinitis (A)** is typically linked to opportunistic infections like CMV in immunocompromised individuals, which HAART helps prevent by restoring immune function. It is not... | 02 | Adverse Effects | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which of the following is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy?
A. Retinitis
B. Scleritis
C. Uveitis
D. Optic neuritis<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, I need to figure out which o... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What is the first concept that needs to be understood about HAART therapy?", "critical": true},
{"question": "What ocular conditions are known to exist?", "critical": true},
{"question": "How are retinitis, scleritis, uveitis, and optic neuritis related to ocular ... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What is the first concept that needs to be understood about HAART therapy?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "What ocular conditions are known to exist?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 3,
"subproblem": "How a... |
1 | qiaojin/PubMedQA:pqa_labeled | {'pubid': 17890090, 'question': 'Can computerised tomography replace bone scintigraphy in detecting bone metastases from breast cancer?', 'context': {'contexts': ['The aim of this study was to determine whether bone scans (BS) can be avoided if pelvis was included in CT thorax and abdomen to detect bony metastases from... | The aim of this study was to determine whether bone scans (BS) can be avoided if pelvis was included in CT thorax and abdomen to detect bony metastases from breast cancer.
Results of 77 pairs of CT (thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) and BS in newly diagnosed patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) were compared prospec... | B | yes | Okay, so let's take a look at this question. The user is asking whether computerized tomography (CT) can replace bone scintigraphy (BS) in detecting bone metastases from breast cancer. The options are Maybe, Yes, or No.
First, I need to recall the study details provided. The study had 77 pairs of CT scans (thorax, abd... | The study compared CT (including thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) and BS for detecting bone metastases in 44 patients. CT detected 98% of cases (43/44), missing a solitary femoral shaft lesion. BS demonstrated 100% sensitivity but had 11 false positives. While CT had a slightly lower sensitivity, it showed fewer false posi... | 21 | Diagnostic Imaging | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The aim of this study was to determine whether bone scans (BS) can be avoided if pelvis was included in CT thorax and abdomen to detect bony metastases from breast cancer.
Results of 77 pairs of CT (thorax... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What is the primary aim of the study?", "critical": true},
{"question": "How many pairs of CT and BS results were compared?", "critical": true},
{"question": "Were the scans assessed by the same radiologists?", "critical": true},
{"question": "Did both scans u... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What is the primary aim of the study?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "How many pairs of CT and BS results were compared?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 3,
"subproblem": "Were the scans assessed by the sam... |
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': '21ed9239-3c08-4098-8664-616e13d947ae', 'question': 'Golden period of eye donation ?', 'opa': '6 hours', 'opb': '12 hours', 'opc': '18 hours', 'opd': '24 hours', 'cop': 0, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': 'Ans. is \'a\' i.e., 6 hours "Donor corneas are harvested from cadaveric donors within 6 hours after death, s... | Golden period of eye donation ?
A. 18 hours
B. 24 hours
C. 6 hours
D. 12 hours | C | 6 hours | Okay, let's try to figure out the answer to this question about the golden period for eye donation. Hmm, the options are A. 18 hours, B. 24 hours, C. 6 hours, D. 12 hours. I remember that the term "golden period" usually refers to the time window in which something needs to be done to be effective. For organ donation, ... | The golden period for eye donation refers to the optimal time frame within which the corneas should be retrieved to ensure viability for transplantation. This period is critical because corneal tissues begin to deteriorate after death, especially without refrigeration.
Medical guidelines, including those from organiz... | 70 | Transplantation | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Golden period of eye donation ?
A. 18 hours
B. 24 hours
C. 6 hours
D. 12 hours<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let's try to figure out the answer to this question about the golden p... | ```json
{
"sub_problems": [
{"question": "What is the golden period of eye donation?", "critical": true},
{"question": "How long is the golden period typically after death for eye donation to be successful?", "critical": true},
{"question": "Which time frame among the given options is considered the golde... | [
{
"critical": true,
"index": 1,
"subproblem": "What is the golden period of eye donation?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 2,
"subproblem": "How long is the golden period typically after death for eye donation to be successful?"
},
{
"critical": true,
"index": 3,
"subprob... |
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