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values | metadata stringlengths 251 4.24k | prompt stringlengths 45 2.07k | answer_letter stringclasses 5
values | answer_string stringlengths 1 187 | reasoning stringlengths 1.04k 28.5k | distilled_answer_string stringlengths 178 2.73k | domain_code stringclasses 76
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values | text stringlengths 1.87k 30.3k | raw_action_chain stringlengths 873 3.42k | clean_action_chain_json dict | clean_action_chain sequencelengths 4 13 | formatted_action_chain stringlengths 110 654 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': '16a999c8-5a0a-4e53-b85f-e4d20b0528e9', 'question': 'Hormone acting on nuclear receptors', 'opa': 'Calcitonin', 'opb': 'Thyroxine', 'opc': 'Glucocoicoids', 'opd': 'Vasopressine', 'cop': 1, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': 'Thyroid Hormones Increase Gene Transcription in the Cell Nucleus The thyroid hormones thyro... | Hormone acting on nuclear receptors
A. Glucocoicoids
B. Vasopressine
C. Thyroxine
D. Calcitonin | C | Thyroxine | Okay, let me try to figure out this question. It's about hormones that act on nuclear receptors. The options are A. Glucocorticoids, B. Vasopressin, C. Thyroxine, D. Calcitonin. Hmm...
First, I need to remember which hormones use nuclear receptors. I recall that hormones like steroids and thyroid hormones typically ac... | Both glucocorticoids (A) and thyroxine (C) act on nuclear receptors. Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that bind to intracellular receptors, which then translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Thyroxine, a thyroid hormone, enters cells and binds to nuclear receptors directly influencing gene transcrip... | 53 | Physiology | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Hormone acting on nuclear receptors
A. Glucocoicoids
B. Vasopressine
C. Thyroxine
D. Calcitonin<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let me try to figure out this question. It's about ho... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the mechanism of action for the given category",
"description": "Recall that hormones acting on nuclear receptors are typically lipid-soluble and can pass through the cell membrane to interact with receptors inside the cell, often i... | {
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"action": "Identify the mechanism of action for the given category",
"description": "Recall that hormones acting on nuclear receptors are typically lipid-soluble and can pass through the cell membrane to interact with receptors inside the cell, often in the nucleus.",
"s... | [
"Identify the mechanism of action for the given category",
"Evaluate each option based on the identified mechanism",
"Confirm the receptor type for each hormone",
"Reconcile multiple correct answers with the question format",
"Finalize the correct answers based on the evaluation"
] | Identify the mechanism of action for the given category -> Evaluate each option based on the identified mechanism -> Confirm the receptor type for each hormone -> Reconcile multiple correct answers with the question format -> Finalize the correct answers based on the evaluation |
2 | qiaojin/PubMedQA:pqa_labeled | {'pubid': 7482275, 'question': 'Necrotizing fasciitis: an indication for hyperbaric oxygenation therapy?', 'context': {'contexts': ['The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant t... | The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant therapy for NF, improving patient mortality and outcome. However, the beneficial effect of HBO for NF remains controversial.
A retrosp... | C | no | Okay, so I need to figure out whether hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) therapy is indicated for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) based on the provided study. The options are A. maybe, B. yes, or C. no. Let me go through the information step by step.
First, the background says that the accepted treatment is surgery and antibioti... | The study compared outcomes of 37 patients with necrotizing fasciitis (NF), 25 receiving hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) and 12 treated with surgery and antibiotics alone. Key findings included a **higher mortality rate in the HBO group (36% vs. 25%)** and a **significantly greater number of surgical débridements (3.3 vs.... | 67 | Therapy | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant therapy for NF, imp... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the clinical question and context",
"description": "Determine whether a specific therapy is indicated for a condition based on a study, considering the therapy's controversial status and the study's findings."
},
{
"st... | {
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"action": "Identify the clinical question and context",
"description": "Determine whether a specific therapy is indicated for a condition based on a study, considering the therapy's controversial status and the study's findings.",
"step": 1
},
{
"action": "... | [
"Identify the clinical question and context",
"Review study design and methodology",
"Compare baseline characteristics",
"Analyze primary outcomes",
"Assess statistical significance",
"Reconcile conflicting evidence",
"Evaluate study limitations",
"Draw conclusions based on evidence",
"Reconsider in... | Identify the clinical question and context -> Review study design and methodology -> Compare baseline characteristics -> Analyze primary outcomes -> Assess statistical significance -> Reconcile conflicting evidence -> Evaluate study limitations -> Draw conclusions based on evidence -> Reconsider initial assumptions -> ... |
1 | openlifescienceai/headqa | {'data': {'Correct Answer': 'Initial zone of the distal tubule.', 'Correct Option': 'D', 'Options': {'A': "Bowman's capsule.", 'B': 'Proximal tubule', 'C': 'Medulla area of \u200b\u200bthe loop of Henle.', 'D': 'Initial zone of the distal tubule.', 'E': 'Collecting tubule in the presence of ADH.'}, 'Question': 'Urine i... | Urine is hypoosmolar with respect to plasma in:
A. Bowman's capsule.
B. Initial zone of the distal tubule.
C. Proximal tubule
D. Medulla area of the loop of Henle.
E. Collecting tubule in the presence of ADH. | B | Initial zone of the distal tubule. | Okay, let me tackle this question step by step. The question is asking where the urine is hypoosmolar, meaning it's less concentrated than plasma. The options are different parts of the nephron and related structures.
First, I need to recall how the nephron works in terms of osmolarity. The kidneys process blood to fo... | The correct answer is **B. Initial zone of the distal tubule**.
**Key Reasoning:**
- **Bowman’s capsule (A)** and **proximal tubule (C)** maintain filtrate that is isosmotic to plasma due to balanced solute and water reabsorption.
- The **medullary area of the loop of Henle (D)** includes the descending limb (perm... | 53 | Physiology | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Urine is hypoosmolar with respect to plasma in:
A. Bowman's capsule.
B. Initial zone of the distal tubule.
C. Proximal tubule
D. Medulla area of the loop of Henle.
E. Collecting tubule in the presence of... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the key concept in the question",
"description": "The question focuses on identifying where urine is hypoosmolar relative to plasma, requiring an understanding of osmolarity changes in different regions of the nephron."
},
{... | {
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"action": "Identify the key concept in the question",
"description": "The question focuses on identifying where urine is hypoosmolar relative to plasma, requiring an understanding of osmolarity changes in different regions of the nephron.",
"step": 1
},
{
"... | [
"Identify the key concept in the question",
"Recall general nephron function",
"Evaluate each region for osmolarity",
"Eliminate regions with isosmotic or hyperosmotic properties",
"Analyze regions where dilution occurs",
"Reconsider ambiguous regions",
"Determine the final region where hypoosmolarity i... | Identify the key concept in the question -> Recall general nephron function -> Evaluate each region for osmolarity -> Eliminate regions with isosmotic or hyperosmotic properties -> Analyze regions where dilution occurs -> Reconsider ambiguous regions -> Determine the final region where hypoosmolarity is achieved |
0 | openlifescienceai/headqa | {'data': {'Correct Answer': 'L5', 'Correct Option': 'C', 'Options': {'A': 'L3.', 'B': 'L4.', 'C': 'L5', 'D': 'S1', 'E': 'L2.'}, 'Question': 'What root predominantly depends on the sensory innervation of the first toe?'}, 'id': '3c4607e1-4660-4fde-a67a-5b1df642e122', 'topic_name': 'medicine'} | What root predominantly depends on the sensory innervation of the first toe?
A. L5
B. S1
C. L4.
D. L3.
E. L2. | A | L5 | Okay, the question is about which nerve root is primarily responsible for the sensory innervation of the first toe. The options are L5, S1, L4, L3, and L2. Hmm, I need to recall my anatomy here. Let me think.
First, the nerves of the lower limb are supplied by the lumbar and sacral plexuses. The lumbar plexus comes fr... | The sensory innervation of the first toe predominantly depends on the **L5 nerve root**. This root supplies the dorsum of the foot, including the big toe, particularly the web space between the first and second toes. While L4 covers the medial leg and ankle, and S1 the lateral foot and little toe, the primary dermatoma... | 38 | Innervation | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
What root predominantly depends on the sensory innervation of the first toe?
A. L5
B. S1
C. L4.
D. L3.
E. L2.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, the question is about which nerve root ... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the problem domain",
"description": "Recognize that the question pertains to sensory innervation and requires knowledge of anatomical structures and their relationships."
},
{
"step": 2,
"action": "Recall relevan... | {
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"action": "Identify the problem domain",
"description": "Recognize that the question pertains to sensory innervation and requires knowledge of anatomical structures and their relationships.",
"step": 1
},
{
"action": "Recall relevant anatomical systems",
... | [
"Identify the problem domain",
"Recall relevant anatomical systems",
"Focus on specific anatomical structures",
"Map dermatomes to specific regions",
"Re-evaluate initial assumptions",
"Cross-reference with clinical relevance",
"Conclude the reasoning process"
] | Identify the problem domain -> Recall relevant anatomical systems -> Focus on specific anatomical structures -> Map dermatomes to specific regions -> Re-evaluate initial assumptions -> Cross-reference with clinical relevance -> Conclude the reasoning process |
1 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': 'b4150677-2bdd-4cf6-a2e5-36a8619380ba', 'question': 'Accidents happening during weekends is', 'opa': 'Cyclic trends', 'opb': 'Seasonal trends', 'opc': 'Secular trends', 'opd': 'Point source epidemic', 'cop': 0, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': None, 'subject_name': 'Social & Preventive Medicine', 'topic_name': No... | Accidents happening during weekends is
A. Seasonal trends
B. Cyclic trends
C. Secular trends
D. Point source epidemic | B | Cyclic trends | Okay, let's tackle this question about accidents during weekends and what kind of trend they represent. The options are seasonal, cyclic, secular, or point source epidemic. Hmm, I need to recall the definitions of each of these terms from epidemiology or statistics.
First, seasonal trends. Seasonal trends are patterns... | To determine the correct classification of accidents happening during weekends, let's analyze each option:
- **Seasonal trends (A)** refer to patterns recurring annually, such as flu outbreaks in winter. Weekends recur weekly, not annually, so this doesn't fit.
- **Cyclic trends (B)** involve fluctuations over perio... | 71 | Trends | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Accidents happening during weekends is
A. Seasonal trends
B. Cyclic trends
C. Secular trends
D. Point source epidemic<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let's tackle this question abou... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Recall definitions of key terms",
"description": "Review the definitions of seasonal, cyclic, secular, and point source epidemic trends to understand their distinctions."
},
{
"step": 2,
"action": "Analyze the context of ... | {
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"action": "Recall definitions of key terms",
"description": "Review the definitions of seasonal, cyclic, secular, and point source epidemic trends to understand their distinctions.",
"step": 1
},
{
"action": "Analyze the context of the problem",
"desc... | [
"Recall definitions of key terms",
"Analyze the context of the problem",
"Compare the scenario to seasonal trends",
"Compare the scenario to cyclic trends",
"Compare the scenario to secular trends",
"Compare the scenario to point source epidemics",
"Re-evaluate definitions and context",
"Conclude base... | Recall definitions of key terms -> Analyze the context of the problem -> Compare the scenario to seasonal trends -> Compare the scenario to cyclic trends -> Compare the scenario to secular trends -> Compare the scenario to point source epidemics -> Re-evaluate definitions and context -> Conclude based on closest fit |
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': '38bf6b5f-6819-49ba-8071-53d5c2fb7f7e', 'question': 'Radiation tolerance of liver is', 'opa': '15 Gy', 'opb': '30 Gy', 'opc': '40 Gy', 'opd': '45 Gy', 'cop': 1, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': 'Liver injury tends to be more common in those patients with radiation doses greater than 30 Gy or when the whole-liver ... | Radiation tolerance of liver is
A. 15 Gy
B. 45 Gy
C. 30 Gy
D. 40 Gy | C | 30 Gy | Okay, let me try to figure out the radiation tolerance of the liver. I need to remember what I studied about radiation therapy and organ tolerance doses. Hmm, radiation tolerance usually refers to the dose at which there's a 5% risk of complications within 5 years, known as TD 5/5. Different organs have different toler... | The radiation tolerance of the liver refers to the dose at which there is a 5% risk of complications (TD 5/5) within 5 years. For whole liver irradiation, the classical tolerance dose is **30 Gy** in standard fractionation (1.8–2 Gy per fraction). This aligns with established guidelines and texts such as Emami et al. (... | 58 | Radiation Effects | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Radiation tolerance of liver is
A. 15 Gy
B. 45 Gy
C. 30 Gy
D. 40 Gy<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, let me try to figure out the radiation tolerance of the liver. I need to remember... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Recall general concept",
"description": "Recall the general concept of radiation tolerance, specifically the dose at which there is a 5% risk of complications within 5 years (TD 5/5)."
},
{
"step": 2,
"action": "Assess or... | {
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"action": "Recall general concept",
"description": "Recall the general concept of radiation tolerance, specifically the dose at which there is a 5% risk of complications within 5 years (TD 5/5).",
"step": 1
},
{
"action": "Assess organ sensitivity",
"... | [
"Recall general concept",
"Assess organ sensitivity",
"Reconsider initial assumption",
"Recall specific data",
"Evaluate options",
"Consider clinical context",
"Cross-reference with established guidelines",
"Finalize reasoning"
] | Recall general concept -> Assess organ sensitivity -> Reconsider initial assumption -> Recall specific data -> Evaluate options -> Consider clinical context -> Cross-reference with established guidelines -> Finalize reasoning |
1 | openlifescienceai/headqa | {'data': {'Correct Answer': 'Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10.', 'Correct Option': 'A', 'Options': {'A': 'Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10.', 'B': 'Select t... | Among the specific objectives that have been developed in order to make a health education intervention, aimed at providing people 65 years and older with the incorporation of preventive activities for heat stroke in daily self-care, identify the one that is INCORRECTLY formulated:
A. Enunciate the activities that are ... | B | Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10. | Okay, let's tackle this question step by step. The task is to identify which of the given objectives is incorrectly formulated for a health education intervention aimed at seniors (65+) to prevent heat stroke. The options are A through E. I need to analyze each one based on how well they meet the criteria for a properl... | The incorrectly formulated objective is **B. Teach people of 65 and older the signs and symptoms of heat stroke, during the first two sessions, of the total 10.**
**Explanation**:
- Learning objectives should focus on **learner outcomes** (what participants will **do** or **know**) rather than the instructor's act... | 26 | Education | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Among the specific objectives that have been developed in order to make a health education intervention, aimed at providing people 65 years and older with the incorporation of preventive activities for hea... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the task",
"description": "Recognize the need to identify an incorrectly formulated objective in a health education intervention."
},
{
"step": 2,
"action": "Recall criteria for well-structured learning objective... | {
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"action": "Identify the task",
"description": "Recognize the need to identify an incorrectly formulated objective in a health education intervention.",
"step": 1
},
{
"action": "Recall criteria for well-structured learning objectives",
"description": ... | [
"Identify the task",
"Recall criteria for well-structured learning objectives",
"Analyze each option based on criteria",
"Identify potential issues in wording",
"Reconsider initial analysis",
"Conclude the incorrectly formulated objective"
] | Identify the task -> Recall criteria for well-structured learning objectives -> Analyze each option based on criteria -> Identify potential issues in wording -> Reconsider initial analysis -> Conclude the incorrectly formulated objective |
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | {'id': '7835af8d-0fdb-45d3-9c1f-44f2c1efb006', 'question': 'Which of the following is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy?', 'opa': 'Retinitis', 'opb': 'Uveitis', 'opc': 'Optic neuritis', 'opd': 'Scleritis', 'cop': 1, 'choice_type': 'single', 'exp': 'Ans. b. Uveitis (Ref: Impact of highly active antiretroviral thera... | Which of the following is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy?
A. Retinitis
B. Scleritis
C. Uveitis
D. Optic neuritis | C | Uveitis | Okay, I need to figure out which of the options A to D is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy. Let me start by recalling what HAART is. HAART stands for Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, which is used in the treatment of HIV infection. It's a combination of several antiretroviral medications.
Now, the question ... | The ocular side-effect of HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) most closely associated with its use is **C. Uveitis**.
**Rationale**:
- **Retinitis (A)** is typically linked to opportunistic infections like CMV in immunocompromised individuals, which HAART helps prevent by restoring immune function. It is not... | 02 | Adverse Effects | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which of the following is an ocular side-effect of HAART therapy?
A. Retinitis
B. Scleritis
C. Uveitis
D. Optic neuritis<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|im_start|>think
Okay, I need to figure out which o... | ```json
{
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"step": 1,
"action": "Identify the context of the question",
"description": "Recognize that the question is about identifying an ocular side-effect associated with a specific therapy."
},
{
"step": 2,
"action": "Recall the purpose and mechanis... | {
"reasoning_chain": [
{
"action": "Identify the context of the question",
"description": "Recognize that the question is about identifying an ocular side-effect associated with a specific therapy.",
"step": 1
},
{
"action": "Recall the purpose and mechanism of the therapy",
... | [
"Identify the context of the question",
"Recall the purpose and mechanism of the therapy",
"List potential ocular conditions",
"Evaluate each condition for potential association with the therapy",
"Consider the role of immune reconstitution",
"Re-examine specific drug-related side-effects",
"Cross-check... | Identify the context of the question -> Recall the purpose and mechanism of the therapy -> List potential ocular conditions -> Evaluate each condition for potential association with the therapy -> Consider the role of immune reconstitution -> Re-examine specific drug-related side-effects -> Cross-check and confirm the ... |
1 | qiaojin/PubMedQA:pqa_labeled | "{'pubid': 17890090, 'question': 'Can computerised tomography replace bone scintigraphy in detecting(...TRUNCATED) | "The aim of this study was to determine whether bone scans (BS) can be avoided if pelvis was include(...TRUNCATED) | B | yes | "Okay, so let's take a look at this question. The user is asking whether computerized tomography (CT(...TRUNCATED) | "The study compared CT (including thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) and BS for detecting bone metastases (...TRUNCATED) | 21 | Diagnostic Imaging | "<|im_start|>system\nYou are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\(...TRUNCATED) | "```json\n{\n \"reasoning_chain\": [\n {\n \"step\": 1,\n \"action\": \"Identify the c(...TRUNCATED) | {"reasoning_chain":[{"action":"Identify the core question and context","description":"Determine whet(...TRUNCATED) | ["Identify the core question and context","Review study design and results","Compare diagnostic perf(...TRUNCATED) | "Identify the core question and context -> Review study design and results -> Compare diagnostic per(...TRUNCATED) |
2 | openlifescienceai/medmcqa | "{'id': '21ed9239-3c08-4098-8664-616e13d947ae', 'question': 'Golden period of eye donation ?', 'opa'(...TRUNCATED) | Golden period of eye donation ?
A. 18 hours
B. 24 hours
C. 6 hours
D. 12 hours | C | 6 hours | "Okay, let's try to figure out the answer to this question about the golden period for eye donation.(...TRUNCATED) | "The golden period for eye donation refers to the optimal time frame within which the corneas should(...TRUNCATED) | 70 | Transplantation | "<|im_start|>system\nYou are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\(...TRUNCATED) | "```json\n{\n \"reasoning_chain\": [\n {\n \"step\": 1,\n \"action\": \"Identify the c(...TRUNCATED) | {"reasoning_chain":[{"action":"Identify the concept of 'golden period'","description":"Recognize tha(...TRUNCATED) | ["Identify the concept of 'golden period'","Relate the concept to the specific context","Recall gene(...TRUNCATED) | "Identify the concept of 'golden period' -> Relate the concept to the specific context -> Recall gen(...TRUNCATED) |
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