Datasets:
problem stringlengths 24 4.56k | answer stringlengths 1 64 | difficulty stringclasses 4
values |
|---|---|---|
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In the molecular regulation of erythropoietin (EPO) production by renal peritubular fibroblasts, which specific mechanism allows sustained EPO expression despite systemic activation of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes du... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In the context of Transition State Theory, which of the following statements best describes the vibrational frequencies of a true transition state structure?
A: It has no imaginary (negative) frequencies
B: It has exactly one ... | B | medium |
Given a function \( f: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N} \) such that:
- \( f(a)f(b) = f(ab) \)
- \( f(a) < f(b) \) if \( a < b \)
- \( f(3) \ge 7 \)
Find the minimum possible value of \( f(3) \). | 9 | hard |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
Consider compressible flow of air (γ=1.4) in a constant cross-sectional area duct with heat addition. The flow enters with Mach number 0.3 and is heated until the exit condition reaches the critical point (M=1). What is the rat... | G | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In a Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy (2DES) experiment on a molecular dimer with significant electronic coupling and additional vibrational modes, how does the evolution of cross-peak amplitude with the waiting time \( ... | C | medium |
Let $S$ be the sum of all fractions $\frac{a}{b}$ where $a$ and $b$ are every possible divisor of $70$. If $S = \frac{m}{n}$ where $m$ and $n$ are coprime, what is $m + n$? | 10403 | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A 3-year-old female presents with bilateral grade V VUR and recurrent febrile UTIs despite continuous antibiotic prophylaxis. Renal scintigraphy shows cortical thinning with a differential function of 35% on the left and 65% on... | J | medium |
How many integers $k$ satisfy the inequality $a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4}+d^{4}+kabcd \geq 0$ for all $a, b, c, d \in \mathbb{R}$? | 9 | hard |
Given the integer \( n > 1 \) and the real number \( a > 0 \), determine the maximum of \( \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} x_i x_{i+1} \) taken over all nonnegative numbers \( x_i \) with sum \( a \). | \(\frac{a^2}{4}\) | medium |
What is the sum of the reciprocals of the divisors of 360? | \(\frac{13}{4}\) | simple |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In a multicore processor with write-back caches using the MESI (Modified, Exclusive, Shared, Invalid) cache coherence protocol, two threads run on separate cores. Thread A frequently writes to variable X, while Thread B frequen... | B | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
During high-altitude flight operations, a pilot experiences acute hypoxia combined with moderate G-forces during evasive maneuvers. Human performance modeling must account for the interaction of these stressors. Which modeling ... | D | medium |
Find the sum of the series $\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\arctan{\frac{2k}{2+k^2+k^4}}$. | \(\frac{\pi}{4}\) | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A philosopher suffering from clinical depression experiences recurring guilt when observing unrelated expressions of sadness in others. This guilt arises despite consciously acknowledging no causal relationship between the exte... | A | medium |
Find the exact value of the series $\sum_{n=0} ^{\infty} (-1)^n \cdot \frac{n+1}{3^n (2n+1)}$. | \(\frac{3}{8} + \frac{\sqrt{3} \pi}{12}\) | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
Bisphenol A (BPA), commonly found in some plastics and food can linings, is a known endocrine disruptor. Its primary mechanism of endocrine disruption involves its ability to:
A: Block thyroid hormone receptors
B: Mimic the ... | B | medium |
A triangle has an area of $30$, one side of length $10$, and the median to that side of length $9$. Let $\theta$ be the acute angle formed by that side and the median. What is $\sin{\theta}$? | \(\frac{2}{3}\) | medium |
A function \( f(x) \) is defined on the set of real numbers with the following properties:
- \( f(2) = 7 \)
- \( f(x+2) \le f(x) + 2 \)
- \( f(x+7) \ge f(x) + 7 \)
Find \( f(2008) \). | 2013 | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
During a long-duration microgravity mission, an astronaut exhibits signs of Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS). The medical team wishes to monitor intracranial pressure (ICP) changes to inform countermeasure st... | B | medium |
Two circles with radii 8 and 18 are externally tangent to each other. The length of the external tangent connecting the two circles is \( B \). Compute the value of \( B \). | 24 | medium |
Compute the number of orderings of 10 problems such that the problem with difficulty \( i \) is before the problem with difficulty \( i + 2 \) for all \( 1 \leq i \leq 8 \). | 252 | hard |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
What is the fundamental statement of Hamilton's Principle in classical mechanics for a dynamical system?
A: The Hamiltonian is conserved over time
B: The virtual work done by inertial forces equals zero
C: The integral of ... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A patient with Waldenström macroglobulinemia presents with deep vein thrombosis. Applying Lichtman's modification to Virchow's triad in hematologic malignancies, which combination best explains the thrombotic risk in this condi... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A farmer presents with an open tibia fracture sustained when his leg was caught in tractor machinery. The wound measures 1.5 cm in length. Examination reveals no significant periosteal stripping, muscle crushing, or gross conta... | F | medium |
Find the number of subsets of the set $\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 2000\}$ such that the sum of the elements in each subset is a multiple of 5. | \(\dfrac{1}{5}(2^{402} + 2^{2000})\) | hard |
Find the value of $\arcsin(\sin24)$, where $24$ is in radians. | \(24 - 8\pi\) | simple |
On a clear night with a calm ocean, you stand on a 100-meter tall coastal bluff and see the blinking light at the top of a 60-meter tall offshore oil rig on the horizon. Assuming the radius of the Earth is 6360 kilometers, how far away from the shore is the oil rig? Round your answer to the nearest whole kilometer. | 63 km | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
Which palliative care symptom assessment tool is designed to be completed exclusively by the patient, using numerical scales to rate symptom intensity?
A: Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS)
B: Palliative Care Outcome Sc... | A | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
When analyzing the use of the lyric "I" in Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress" and John Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale", which statement best differentiates the poets' approaches to the speaker's relationship with mortality, ... | A | medium |
Let \(ABC\) be an isosceles right triangle, right at \(B\), and \(P\) a point on the hypotenuse \(AC\) such that \(AP + BP = PC\). If we define \(\alpha = \angle PBA\) and \(\beta = \angle PBC\), calculate \(\frac{6\beta}{\alpha}\). | 30 | hard |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A fragmented 13th-century English monastic deed exhibits the following paleographic characteristics: predominantly upright vertical strokes forming subtle angular joints; occasional survival of semi-uncial 'd' forms; compressed... | D | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A 68-year-old male with moderate stress urinary incontinence (SUI) following robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy presents for surgical management. His history includes external beam radiation therapy 3 years prior for local ... | A | medium |
Evaluate the integral $$\int_{0}^{1} \left( \frac{2}{x+1} - x - 1 \right)^{2022} \, dx.$$ | \(\frac{1}{2023}\) | medium |
Evaluate the integral $$\int\limits_{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{(x+1)\sin 2x}{x^2+2x+2}dx.$$ | \(\frac{\pi \cos 2}{e^2}\) | medium |
If \( m \) and \( n \) are integers, what is the highest possible value for \( m \) where \( 8m + 9n = mn + 6 \)? | 75 | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In a novel, the protagonist visits an old house and encounters a life-sized doll that bears an exact resemblance to her deceased sister, including an identical facial scar. Upon touching it, she experiences a visceral shudder o... | B | medium |
Let \( x \) and \( y \) be positive integers such that \( 2^x 3^y = \prod_{i=1}^{59} \left( 24^{\frac{1}{i+1} + \frac{1}{i+2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{60}} \right)^i \). Find \( x + y \). | 3540 | medium |
Let \( B = (-1, 0) \) and \( C = (1, 0) \) be points in the plane. Consider the locus \( K \) of the points \( A = (x, y) \) such that the difference of angles \( \angle ABC \) and \( \angle ACB \) is a right angle. Obtain an equation of the locus \( K \) (in terms of \( x \) and \( y \)). | \( x^2 - y^2 - 1 = 0 \) | hard |
Solve the equation $2024p = k^2 - 1$ for positive integers $k$ and $p$, where $p$ is a prime number. | k = 507, p = 127 | medium |
Find a recurrence for the sequence \( u_n \) where \( u_n \) is the number of nonnegative integer solutions \((a, b)\) of the equation \(2a + 5b = n\). | \( u_n = u_{n-2} + u_{n-5} - u_{n-7} \) | hard |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A 19th-century British travelogue describes people in India as inherently "mysterious," "devious," "unable to govern themselves," and "suitable only for labour under firm European guidance." According to Edward Said's work *Ori... | B | medium |
Find the period of the function \( f(x) = \left| \sin^3 \frac{x}{2} \right| + \left| \cos^5 \frac{x}{5} \right| \). | \( 10\pi \) | hard |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A heritable mutation alters a DNA sequence in the coding region of a gene from 5'-ATG CAG TTG-3' to 5'-ATG CAG CTG-3'. What is the most probable effect of this mutation on the protein product?
A: The protein length remains the ... | D | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In epidemiological studies of neurodegenerative diseases, which sleep disorder shows the strongest association with eventually developing a synucleinopathy such as Parkinson's disease?
A: Insomnia occurring in over 80% of prec... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In literary analysis through a food studies lens, the symbolic meaning of specific foods often reveals underlying social hierarchies. Which pairing of food descriptions would MOST effectively demonstrate how literature uses cul... | A | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A parallel-hole collimator has a fixed overall size with hole diameter \( d = 1 \, \text{mm} \), length \( L = 50 \, \text{mm} \), and septal thickness proportional to \( d \). For a point source at a fixed distance \( z = 100 ... | G | medium |
Let \( r \) be a real number that satisfies the equation
\[
\left[ r + \frac{19}{100} \right] + \left[ r + \frac{20}{100} \right] + \cdots + \left[ r + \frac{91}{100} \right] = 546,
\]
where \(\left[ \cdot \right]\) denotes the integer part. Find the value of \( A = \left[ 100r \right] \). | 743 | hard |
Let \( n \geq 2 \) be an integer. Define \( x_i = 1 \) or \( -1 \) for every \( i = 1, 2, 3, \ldots, n \). An operation called "adhesion" changes the string \((x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n)\) to \((x_1x_2, x_2x_3, \ldots, x_{n-1}x_n, x_nx_1)\). Find all integers \( n \geq 2 \) such that the string \((x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n)\) ... | \( n = 2^k \) for \( k \in \mathbb{N} \) | extrem |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A patient presents with severe intellectual disability, ataxia, and seizures. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing reveals hypermethylation at the promoter of the maternally inherited UBE3A allele in neurons. However, targeted res... | A | medium |
Find all differentiable functions \( f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) with the property \( f(x) + f(y) + f\left(\frac{1}{xy}\right) = 0 \) for all \( x, y \ne 0 \). | \( f(x) = 0 \) | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In the following analysis of Thomas Pynchon's *Gravity's Rainbow*, identify the primary critical apparatus operating within the sentence: "The systematic erasure of the Zone's history, refracted through the doomed quest for the... | D | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A 54-year-old patient with a history of severe asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis presents with mononeuritis multiplex, palpable purpura, and eosinophilia >10%. ANCA testing by indirect immunofluorescence shows a perinuclear pat... | F | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A group therapy researcher notices a consistent pattern: groups with moderate pre-group symptom severity show the strongest long-term outcomes when the emergence of therapeutic factors aligns with specific developmental stages.... | B | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In analyzing Derrida's deconstruction of the Western metaphysical tradition, consider his assertion that logocentrism privileges presence over absence. A text seemingly upholding this hierarchy by valorizing 'speech' (phonocent... | B | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
At 298 K, the dimerization reaction of protein P: 2P ⇌ P₂ has an equilibrium constant \(K_{eq} = 1.6 \times 10^3\) when concentrations are expressed in mol/L (molar scale). The standard free energy change for this reaction in t... | B | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In Dostoevsky's *Crime and Punishment*, which concept primarily drives Raskolnikov's justification for murdering Alyona Ivanovna?
A: The belief that all humans are inherently evil and deserve punishment
B: The theory that "extr... | B | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In the context of One Health, which of the following presents the most significant challenge when integrating environmental health surveillance data into pandemic early warning systems for zoonotic diseases?
A: Standardization... | E | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In the context of Reed's Law for group-forming networks, consider a wireless ad-hoc network with \(n\) nodes where the theoretical utility scales as \(2^n\) due to potential subgroups. However, the network is constrained by the... | G | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A pathologist examines a lung biopsy showing malignant epithelial cells forming glands and producing mucin. Immunohistochemistry is positive for TTF-1 and napsin A. Which histologic subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma is m... | A | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A cell expresses EGFR (tyrosine kinase receptor) and IL-6R (cytokine receptor activating JAK/STAT). Both pathways converge on STAT3 activation, but with distinct phosphorylation patterns: EGFR activates MAPK, which phosphorylat... | B | medium |
Evaluate the expression \(\frac{(2^{4}+\frac{1}{4})(4^{4}+\frac{1}{4})(6^{4}+\frac{1}{4})(8^{4}+\frac{1}{4})(10^{4}+\frac{1}{4})}{(1^{4}+\frac{1}{4})(3^{4}+\frac{1}{4})(5^{4}+\frac{1}{4})(7^{4}+\frac{1}{4})(9^{4}+\frac{1}{4})}\). | 221 | simple |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A 74-year-old male presents with progressive sleep disturbances. His wife reports he shouts and punches during dreams. Polysomnography confirms REM sleep without atonia. Which statement best describes the clinical significance ... | B | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
When designing lighting for a luxury jewelry display case featuring diamond engagement rings, which lighting strategy optimally balances visual appeal, color accuracy, and glare reduction?
A: Uniform 5000K LED ambient lighting... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A 75-year-old woman with severe osteoporosis (T-score -3.8, history of two fragility vertebral fractures) has completed 5 years of intravenous zoledronic acid therapy. She has chronic kidney disease (eGFR 35 mL/min/1.73m²), a h... | E | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
According to survival psychology research in aviation emergencies, which psychological factor poses the greatest immediate threat to survival during the first critical minutes following an aircraft crash or bailout, particularl... | G | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A researcher conducts a three-phase experiment on human subjects to investigate the role of attributions in learned helplessness. In Phase 1, all subjects experience inescapable, unpredictable aversive noise bursts. In Phase 2,... | A | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In a genome-wide association study of population X, researchers observe unusually high persistence (>98% linkage disequilibrium, D' > 0.98) between alleles of SNP A (c.123G>T) and SNP B (c.456C>A) located within the same gene b... | B | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A 57-year-old male with chronic hypertension presents with severe muscle cramps, fatigue, and persistent alkalosis (pH 7.49, HCO₃⁻ 34 mEq/L, Na⁺ 140 mEq/L, K⁺ 2.5 mEq/L, Cl⁻ 88 mEq/L). Despite vigorous IV normal saline resuscit... | I | medium |
Find the mass of the tetrahedron in the first octant enclosed by the coordinate planes and the plane \(x + y + z = 1\) if its density is given by \(\partial(x, y, z) = xy\). | \(\frac{1}{120}\) | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In the context of Seidel aberration theory, consider a rotationally symmetric optical system imaging an off-axis point. The system exhibits non-zero primary spherical aberration and non-zero primary coma. How does the magnitude... | F | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
Which organizational factor most strongly predicts long-term improvements in workplace safety performance metrics, based on empirical studies of safety culture?
A: Frequency of safety policy revisions
B: Number of OSHA complia... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In a bioanalytical study quantifying metabolite concentrations using LC-MS/MS, consider the following parameters for an assay:
- Certified reference material (CRM) concentration: 50.0 ng/mL ± 0.5 ng/mL (k=2)
- Mean recovery for... | E | medium |
From a row of 12 soldiers with different heights, how many ways can 5 soldiers be selected such that no two selected soldiers are standing next to each other? | 56 | simple |
Let \( f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} \) be a periodic function defined by
\[ f(x) := 1 + \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{\cos kx}{2^k}. \]
Find the Fourier expansion of \( f' \). | \( -\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{k \sin kx}{2^k} \) | medium |
Evaluate the integral \[\int \left( \frac{\ln(1+e^x) - 1 + e^x}{\ln(1+e^x) - 1 - e^x} \right)^2 \, dx, \quad x \in \mathbb{R}.\] | \(x + \frac{4(1 + e^x)}{\log(1 + e^x) - 1 - e^x} + C\) | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A multinational textile corporation implements a closed-loop water recycling system in its Bangladesh facility to reduce freshwater consumption. Despite using technology proven effective in developed markets, the system fails t... | D | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A 68-year-old patient presents with inward turning of the lower eyelid margin and eyelashes causing corneal irritation. Examination confirms significant lower lid laxity. Which surgical procedure is most appropriate as the init... | C | medium |
Find all primes \( p \) such that \( \frac{19^{p-1} - 1}{p} \) is a perfect square. | \( p = 2 \) | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A patient with bilateral damage to specific limbic structures experiences both profound anterograde amnesia (inability to form new long-term memories) and a complete lack of fear response in threatening situations. Which pair o... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
When considering the structural parallels and divergences between Linear A and its descendant script Linear B, which deciphered feature of Linear B creates the most significant methodological challenge for applying analogous de... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
During Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB) surgery for multivessel disease, optimal hemodynamic management during lateral and inferior wall revascularization is critical. Which intraoperative strategy demonstrates the *most... | J | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
Consider the following lines from a poem:
*Original Version:*
I encountered her retreat, a silent withdrawal,
fading into the evening mist.
*Alternative Version:*
I encountered her
retreat, a silent withdrawal,
fa... | B | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A biomedical engineer is designing an ECG amplifier and notes significant 60 Hz interference. They implement an isolation amplifier, but still observe saturation at the front-end due to common-mode voltage buildup. The engineer... | B | medium |
Find the largest positive integer \( k \) for which \( 49^k + 1 \) is a factor of \( 49^{125} + 49^{124} + 49^{123} + \cdots + 49^2 + 49 + 1 \). | 63 | simple |
For positive integers \(a\), \(b\), and \(c\) such that \(abc - ab - bc - ca + a + b + c = 2008\), determine the minimum value of \(a + b + c\). | 232 | hard |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) retrieval from satellite sensors primarily relies on measuring emitted thermal infrared (TIR) radiation. Why can't the measured "brightness temperature" directly provide the true SST?
A: The satel... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A research team develops two novel appetite-suppressing drugs: Drug X mimics GLP-1, while Drug Y mimics PYY. Both show potent acute satiety effects. However, in long-term primate studies, Drug Y loses efficacy after 4 weeks, wh... | B | medium |
Given a set P of 2021 points in the plane such that no three points are collinear and no two points lie on a line through the origin O, find the maximum number of triangles with vertices in P for which O is strictly inside the triangle. | \(\frac{2021 \times 2020 \times 2019}{6}\) | medium |
How many $n \times n$ matrices $\mathcal{A}$ are possible whose entries belong to $\{0,1,2\}$ and satisfy $A_{ii} > \sum_{j=1, j \neq i}^n A_{ij}$ for all $i = 1, 2, \ldots, n$? | $(n + 1)^n$ | hard |
A group of people was marching in a parade. Initially, they formed a perfect square with the same number of rows and columns. Then, they changed the formation to a rectangle with five more rows than before. How many people were marching in the parade? | 400 | simple |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
A patient presents with chronic gout and palpable nodules near the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Histopathological examination of an excised nodule reveals amorphous deposits surrounded by inflammatory cells. Which finding i... | C | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
When applying Lacan's concept of the Symbolic Order and its relation to the phallus as a structuring signifier in Shakespeare's *Hamlet*, consider the protagonist's paralysis regarding vengeance. Which interpretation best align... | B | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
In analyzing global fisheries depletion as a Tragedy of the Commons, a researcher notes that proposed solutions like privatization (assigning property rights) or centralized state control face significant challenges at the inte... | B | medium |
If \( f_0(x) = \frac{1}{1-x} \) and \( f_n(x) = f_0(f_{n-1}(x)) \), find \( f_{2015}(2016) \). | 2016 | medium |
Find the number of integers whose characteristic (the integer part) of the logarithm has 2011 digits. | \( 10^{10^{2011}} - 10^{10^{2010}} \) | medium |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
Consider an integrated plasmonic-electronic biosensor where a metallic nanostructure excites surface plasmons for label-free biomolecular detection. The photocurrent transduction efficiency is governed by the evanescent field's... | C | medium |
How many more times will the number of the Tournament of Towns evenly divide the year, given that the year 2021 is divisible by the number 43 (i.e., $2021/43 = 47$)? | 4 | hard |
Solve the following problem. Make sure to put the answer (and only answer) inside \boxed{}.
For a receptor-ligand binding reaction governed by the equation \( R + L \rightleftharpoons RL \) with dissociation constant \( K_d = 10 \, \text{nM} \), what is the concentration of free ligand \( [L] \) when half of the recep... | C | medium |
Al has 2019 red jelly beans, Bob has 2018 green jelly beans, and Carl has \( x \) blue jelly beans. The minimum number of jelly beans that must be drawn to guarantee at least 2 jelly beans of each color is 4041. Compute \( x \). | 2020 | hard |
How many ways can an $n \times n$ chessboard be colored such that each square is either red or green and every $2 \times 2$ block of adjacent squares contains exactly 2 green squares and 2 red squares? Note that for a $2 \times 2$ board, there are 6 ways, and for a $3 \times 3$ board, there are 14 ways. | \(2^{n+1} - 2\) | hard |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
YAML Metadata Warning:The task_categories "reasoning" is not in the official list: text-classification, token-classification, table-question-answering, question-answering, zero-shot-classification, translation, summarization, feature-extraction, text-generation, fill-mask, sentence-similarity, text-to-speech, text-to-audio, automatic-speech-recognition, audio-to-audio, audio-classification, audio-text-to-text, voice-activity-detection, depth-estimation, image-classification, object-detection, image-segmentation, text-to-image, image-to-text, image-to-image, image-to-video, unconditional-image-generation, video-classification, reinforcement-learning, robotics, tabular-classification, tabular-regression, tabular-to-text, table-to-text, multiple-choice, text-ranking, text-retrieval, time-series-forecasting, text-to-video, image-text-to-text, image-text-to-image, image-text-to-video, visual-question-answering, document-question-answering, zero-shot-image-classification, graph-ml, mask-generation, zero-shot-object-detection, text-to-3d, image-to-3d, image-feature-extraction, video-text-to-text, keypoint-detection, visual-document-retrieval, any-to-any, video-to-video, other
OpenReasoning-RLVR-Balanced-GRPO
A cleaned and difficulty-scored conversion of
Ksgk-fy/open-reasoning-rlvr-24k prepared for GRPO-style training.
Build
- Source dataset:
Ksgk-fy/open-reasoning-rlvr-24k - Source split:
train - Allowed domains:
math, science - Source rows processed: 24,000
- Output examples: 16,000
- Excluded-domain rows removed: 8,000
- Empty problem rows removed: 0
- Empty answer rows removed: 0
- Uploaded shards: 5
- Thinking-mode expansion: disabled — one output row per valid source problem
No reasoning field
Unlike some other OpenReasoning-derived datasets, the source
dataset was built for RLVR (reward-verified RL) rather than
distillation, so it carries no chain-of-thought / solution
trace. There is therefore no reasoning column in this output
— only problem, answer, and difficulty.
Domain filtering
The source dataset mixes three domains (math, science,
code) with different verifiers. code rows carry an empty
answer and are verified against tests (stdin/stdout pairs)
instead, so they are excluded here. Only math and science
rows are kept.
Difficulty labels
Each problem is scored with a heuristic classifier and grouped into one of 4 difficulty levels:
simplemediumhardextrem
For math rows, the score leans heavily on the source dataset's
empirical pass_rate (fraction of rollouts that solved the
problem) when available, combined with source provenance,
question length, and text signals (multi-step reasoning,
advanced-math terms, proof-heavy language). It should be
treated as an annotation rather than ground-truth difficulty.
Removed rows
Rows are removed when:
domainis not one ofmath, sciencequestionis empty or contains only whitespaceansweris empty or contains only whitespace
Output fields
problem
The problem presented to the model. (source: question)
answer
The normalized expected answer. (source: answer, unwrapped
from \boxed{...} when present)
difficulty
One of:
simple, medium, hard, extrem
Intentionally removed fields
Only question and answer are kept from the source dataset
(renamed to problem and answer). Every other source column
— including id, domain, verifier, prompt, tests, and
meta — is dropped from the output.
When thinking-mode expansion is enabled, the thinking mode is
encoded directly into the problem field rather than stored as
a separate column.
Processing
The source dataset is fully downloaded from Hugging Face before processing begins.
Data is converted and uploaded in chunks as JSONL shards.
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