Case ID: ad_106/html/0526-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "\n      Laughlin, J.:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

The People of the State of New York ex rel. Emma L. Moller and Isaac P. Smith, as Executors of and Trustees under the Last Will and Testament of Joseph H. Godwin, Deceased, Respondents, v. Frank A. O’Donnel and Others, as Commissioners of Taxes and Assessments of the City of New York, Appellants.
    
      Assessment for taxation in New York, city — the city of Greater New York constitutes hut a single tax district — assessment for personal property of their testator of two executors residing in different boroughs—presumption'that each of the assessments is for one-half of the personal estate — the presence of the names of both, executor's in one of the assessments— “ Godwin" spelled “ Goodwin."
    
    Under section 2 of tlie Tax Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 908). and section 886 of the Greater New York charter (Laws of 1901, chap. 466, as amd. by Laws of 1904, chap. 375), the city of Greater New York .constitutes but a single tax district.
    Notwithstanding this fact, where each of the two- executors and trustees of a testator whose will was admitted to probate in the city of New York resides in a different borough of that city, the assessment against the estate should be levied as though the executors and trustees lived in different tax districts and were assessed by different boards of assessors, viz., each executor, and trustee Should be assessed in the borough in which he respectivély resides for one-half the amount of the estate. - It is not proper that the entire estate should be assessed in the borough in which the will was probated.
    
      Where each executor is assessed in the borough in which he resides, it will be presumed, in the absence of evidencé to the contrary, that such assessment was for a proportionate part of the value of the estate and not for the whole thereof.
    The fact that the assessors, when assessing the executors of the estate of one “ Godwin,” spell the latter’s name “ Goodwin,” does not render the assessment invalid.
    Isaac P. Smith and Emma L. Holler, who were the executors and trustees of the estate of Joseph H. Godwin, deceased, resided respectively in the borough of Manhattan in the city of New York and in the borough of the Bronx in said, city. On the assessment toll for the borough of Manhattan for the year 1904, Isaac P. Smith, as executor and trustee, was assessed for $150,000 in personalty. On the assessment roll for the borough of the Bronx, Emma L. Moller and Isaac P. Smith, as executors and trustees, were assessed for personal property amounting to $150,000. The entry in the latter assessment roll appeared in the alphabetical order of the executrix’s name and the residence given was her residence. No complaint was made with respect to the assessment in the borough of Manhattan, but it was claimed that the assessment in the borough of The Bronx was void. It did not appear tt at the aggregate personalty of the estate was less than $300,000.
    
      Held, that as the executor and executrix resided in different boroughs, one-half of the estate might properly be assessed to the executor and one-half to the executrix in the boroughs in which they respectively resided, and that it was not necessary to assess both the executor and the executrix in the borough in which the will was admitted to probate;
    That the assessment levied in the borough of the Bronx did not constitute a, double taxation of the estate, at least as against the executor, for the reason that such assessment was manifestly not intended as an assessment against the executor, and that the addition of his name thereto might be treated as having been done with intent to describe the estate more accurately;
    That the assessment levied in the borough of the Bronx was, therefore, valid aq an assessment, against the executrix for one-half the personal property of the estate.
    O’Brien, P. J., and Ingraham, J., dissented.
    Appeal by the defendants, Frank A. O’Donnel and others, as commissioners of taxes and assessments of the city of New York, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the New York Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 26th day of May, 1905, denying the defendants’ motion to quash a writ of certiorari theretofore issued herein.
    
      E. Crosby Kindleberger, for the appellants.
    
      Howard R. Bayne, for the respondents.
   Laughlin, J.:

The petition upon which the writ issued shows that petitioners Emma L. Moller and Isaac' P. Smith aré the executors and trustees Under the last will and testament of Joseph H. ■ Godwin, deceased; that the decedent was a. resident of the county of New York and died on the 9th day of August, 1903; that his will was duly ■admitted to probate by' the surrogate of the county of New York and letters testamentary were issued to the petitioners on the -Still day of September, 1903, whereupon they qualified and entered Upon the discharge.of their duties; that upon'the completed assessment roll for the borough of Manhattan for the year 1904, under index number 1,541, Isaac P. Smith, .as executor an.d trustee of Joseph H. Godwin, residence 45 West Seventy-sixth street, was assessed $2,270.18 on a valuation of personal estáte of $150,000; that the residence thus given in the assessment roll was his correct ¡residence; that on the assessment roll for the borough of The Bronx for the'same year under, index number 76 in the column under the heading “ Personal estate assessed to ” appears Moller, Emma L. and Isaac P. Smith as executors and trustees estate of Joseph H. Goodwin;” and under the heading “Besidence” appears “ Kings-bridge Ave. and 230th St-,” which was the correct residence of said Emina L. Moller but not of said Smith and this assessment was •on personal property of a valuation of $150,000 and the tax was precisely the same in amount as that against Smith as executor and trustee in the borough of Manhattan. There is no allegation that the .personal property left by the decedent in the hands of his representatives at the time these assessments were levied was not more than the aggregate of both or upwards of $.300,000 in, value. The proceeding appears to have been instituted upon the theory that the tax levied in the borough of Manhattan was valid and it has been paid ; but that the tax levied in the borough of The Bronx was void Upon three grounds : First, that as the city of Greater New York constitutes but one tax district and the ¡personal representatives resided in different boroughs the estate was taxable in the borough in which the will was admitted to probate; second, that it constitutes double taxation against the estate, and at least as against the executor and trustee Smith; andl, third, that it is invalid on account of .the surname of the decedent being spelled Goodwin instead of Godwin. We agree with the learned judge at Special Term that by virtue of the provisions of subdivision 1 of section 2 of the Tax Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 908) and section 886 of the Greater New York charter (Laws of 1901, chap. 466, as amd. by Laws of 1904, chap. 375), the city of Greater New York constitutes but a single tax district, for the reason that it is a political subdivision of the State having a board of assessors authorized to assess property therein for State and county taxes, and that its board of taxes and assessments was vested with authority to assess both real and personal property for such purpose throughout the greater city.

Assuming for the present that notwithstanding the fact that the entire city constitutes but a single tax district, still individuals and representatives of estates must be assessed for personal property in the borough in which they reside, and that where there are two. representatives of an estate residing in different boroughs each must be assessed in the borough in which he resides for one-half the trust estate—the provisions of law by which the assessment rolls pre-. pared by the deputies in the respective boroughs do not become binding until approved by the board of taxes and assessments, which sits and acts for all the boroughs, are important in determining the questions presented by the appeal. There is no foundation for the view that the tax against the executors and trustees should be levied in the borough wherein the will was admitted to probate. No such criterion for determining the question is found in the statute. As has been seen, it is conceded that the tax against Smith, as executor and trustee in the borough of Manhattan, was valid; and it is clear under the authorities that if the executrix resided in another tax district she could and should have been assessed there for one-half the estate. (People ex rel. Beaman v. Feitner, 168 N. Y. 360; People ex rel. Kellogg v. Wells, 101 App. Div. 600.) It is likewise' clear under the authorities that in such case it would be presumed that the assessment against each executor or trustee was only one-half the value of the estate, and it would be incumbent on the relator to show the contrary. (People ex rel. Kellogg v. Wells, supra.) We have also recently decided that an assessment in form against two trustees, one of whom resided in the tax district wherein the assessment was levied, and the otlier of whom was a non-resident of the State, was valid and enforeible, and it would be presumed that although the assessment in form was against both, that it was only intended to assess the resident and not for the value of the entire estate, but only one-half. (People ex rel. Kellogg v. Wells, supra.) If it had been the intention of the deputy commissioner for The Bronx who made the assessment in the first instance, or of the board in confirming it, to assess Smith as well as the executrix, it is fair to assume that he would have assessed him Separately, as required by the law, in the alphabetical order of his surname and giving his residence, and for one-half the trust estate. Instead, we find the assessment against the executrix in the alphabetical order of her surname and with a-residence given which is hers and not his. If it was'the duty of the board having charge of the confirmation of the assessments in all of the boroughs to assess Smith as executor and trustee in Manhattan, and Moller as executrix and trustee in The Bronx, each for one-half the value of the trust estate, then, it not appearing that the aggregate, trust estate did not equal or exceed $300,000; it may justly be presumed that they were aware of their duty and of the facts shown by the respective rolls of Manhattan and The Bronx and intended to levy the assessments accordingly. The- addition of the executor’s name in the assessment in The Bronx may, therefore, be treated as having been inserted with a view to more accurately describing the estate, on account of which the executrix was assessed. It is manifest that it was not intended as an assessment against the executor and trustee Smith, and that there was not double taxation.

There is no merit in the contention that the assessment is rendered void by the extra-“o” in the surname of the decedent. That is a mere clerical error which may be disregarded as not prejudicial. (McLean v. Horn, 17 N. Y. Supp. 119; People ex rel. United States Trust Co. v. Barker, 21 id. 704.)

The remaining question is whether, on account of the city of Greater New York being a single tax district, a valid tax for personal property may be imposed in any borough upon a non-resident of the borough who, however, resides in some other borough without waiver, acquiescence or estoppel on his part. I am of opinion that the question must be answered in the negative. If all the boroughs were in a single county there might be force in the contention that it was immaterial in which borough the assessment was levied, but such, is not the case, and it is manifest that the Legislature intended, in accordance with the long-settled policy of the State, to assess the residents of each county in that county for their personal property to the end that the expenses of the county government, as well as of the State government, might be properly defrayed. As tending to support this view we find that the Greater .New York charter (§§ 892, 894, as amd. by Laws of 1903, chap. 454) requires that there shall be a separate assessment roll in each of the boroughs, upon which the residents of the boroughs shall be assessed for their personal property. We also find in the latter section a provision for transferring an assessment on personal property erroneously made in one borough against a resident of another to the appropriate assessment roll in the borough of his residence ; but even this, the Legislature recognized, could not become a valid tax without a further notice and hearing. It is quite clear, therefore, I think, that for the purpose of assessing trust property where the executors or other trustees reside in different boroughs the assessments should be levied as if they lived in different tax districts and were assessed by different boards of assessors. It follows, therefore, that the assessment sought to be reviewed is valid and regular and the writ should have been quashed.

The order should, therefore, be reversed, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements, and motion granted, with ten dollars costs.

Patterson and McLaughlin, JJ., concurred; Ingraham, J., dissented; O’Brien, P. J., dissented on opinion of Leventritt, J.

Order revérsed, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements, and motion granted, with ten dollars costs. 
      
       Godwin.— [Rep.
     
      
       The following is the opinion of Leventritt, J., delivered at Special Term:
      Leventritt, J.:
      This is an application to quash a writ of certiorari and depends for its disposition on the determination of the question whether the city of Mew York is or is not a single tax district. According to the petition Joseph H. Godwin died in Mew York county August 9, 1903. Letters testamentary on his estate were, issued on September 24, 1903, to the relators Emma L. Holler, a resident of the borough of The Bronx, and Isaac P. Smith, a resident of the borough of Manhattan. Outlie assessment roll for the borough of Manhattan for the year 1904 appeared an assessment'in the following form:
      
        
      
      This tax was paid by the relators in time to get the benefit of the rebate allowed by law, and they received a receipt,in full from 'the receiver of taxes. 'The petition" further shows that on the complete assessment roll for the borough of The Bronx for the,same year .appears this entry:
      
        
      
      It is alleged that it was the intention of the tax hoard to place upon the relators, as executors and trustees of the estate of Joseph II. Godwin, a further assessment in addition to that imposed by the roll for Manhattan borough. The additional assessment is asserted, to be illegal and -void on the ground, that the estate is assessed tw-ioe in the same year in an entire tax district. The corporation counsel seeks to sustain the assessment on the ground that the city of New York is made up- of five separate tax districts. ■ The error in the description of the estate as that of Goodwin instead of Godwin may he disregarded. The entry in the first column of the first part of the assessment roll (Tax Law, § 21, subd. 1) must be substantially accurate so as to enable a reasonably intelligent person searching the roll for an assessment against him to identify the name as intended for him or the estate as the one for which he is acting in a representative capacity. (Rumsey Taxn. 27, 179, and eases cited.) The serious question arises under sections 2 and 8 of the Tax Law and certain sections, of the Greater New York charter. Section 2 of the Tax Law defines a tax district as follows: “ ‘Tax district’ as used.in this chapter means a political subdivision of the State having a board of assessors, authorized to assess property therein for State and county taxes.” It is to be noted that the use of this term as defined was original in the Tax Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 908): Section 8 of the law provides: “Every person shall, be taxed in. the tax district where he resides when, the assessment for taxation is made for all personal property owned by him or under his control as * * * executor * * #. Where taxable personal property is in the possession or under the control of two or more * * * executors * * * residing in different tax districts, each shall be taxed for an equal portion of the value of such property so held-by them.” If the. borough of The Brou-x and the borough of Manhattan can be treated as separate tax districts The Bronx assessment, which is the sole one here involved, can be sustained on the theory of the presumption Of law in favor of the legality Of an official act; that is to say, it would be presumed that the commissioners had acted according to law and had imposed an assessment only upon one-half of the property held by the relators. (People ex rel. Kellogg v. Wells, 101 App. Div. 600; 92 N. Y. Supp. 5.) The burden would be on the relators to overcome this . presumption by proof. (Id.) Under the Tax Law and the charter, however, the borough of The Bronx cannot be considered as a separate tax district. It is not a political subdivision of the State; it has not a board Of assessors authorized to assess property therein for State and county purposes. The political subdivision is the city of New York; the department of. taxes and assessments is one of the city departments and it is the head of that department that is called the “board of taxes and assessments.” (Charter, §§ 884, 885.) There is no separate board for each of the.five boroughs constituting the city, and it is not even incumbent that each borough be represented on the board, although no borough except that of Manhattan may have more than one resident as a member. (Charter, § 885.) The charter provides for a complete devolution of the rights, power’s and duties of the several tax boards of the various municipal corporations consolidated by the act on the “ board of taxes and assessments in the city of New York,” and authorizes this single board to adopt a common seal. (§886) It vests in the new board all the functions devolved by law upon the tax departments of the various municipalities. (People ex rel. Thomson v. Feitner, 168 N. Y. 441, 448.) The main office of the board is in the borough of Manhattan;, branch offices are maintained in the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, Richmond and The, Bronx, and the books and records are required to be maintained in such offices as may be most convenient to the taxpayers. (Charter, § 890.) The branch offices are declared in law to be part of the main office. (Id.) The deputy tax assessors assigned to the various branches and drawn from various boroughs act under the direction of the board, are in no sense, independent officers and have no power to assess, revise or cancel. That power is centralized in the board acting for the entire city; it alone assesses. (People ex rel. Thomson v. Feitner, supra.) The charter and the construction it has thus received clearly make the city of New York, which is a political subdivision of the State having a single board of assessors authorized to assess property, a tax district within the meaning of section 2 of the Tax Law.. The defendants invoke various sections of the charter to show that each borough is a separate tax district. Thus they instance the making of the original assessments by the deputy tax commissioners (§ 889*), the maintenance of the branch offices in the various boroughs and the keeping of the books and records there for the convenience of the taxpayers (§ 890), the hearing of applications for the reduction of assessments at the various borough offices '(§ 898), and especially that part of section 894 which reads: “ If at anytime prior to the first day of May in any year it shall appear to the tax commissioners that a person assessed for taxation on personal estate on the books or rolls of one borough should have been assessed therefor on the books or rolls of another borough, they shall forthwith cause the assessment to be cancelled and a new assessment to be made on the proper books or rolls, and within five days thereafter shall cause written notice of the new assessment to be mailed to such person at his last known residence or business address within The City of New York, and an affidavit of the mailing of such notice to be filed in the main office.” I think none of these provisions taken singly or together sustains the claim made. They relate primarily to matters of procedure, and while they may affect the validity of a tax where directly involved, do not affect the jurisdictional question as to what is the tax district. They are not in conflict with the theory of a single centralized body acting for a single political subdivision. Though the original tentative assessment is to be primarily made by the deputies, they act only “ under the direction of the board of taxes and assessments” (§ 889) and their valuations are merely advisory. The keeping of the records in the borough branch offices is, by the terms of the section, for the convenience of the taxpayers. (§ 890). Though applications for corrections may be made at the branches, the deputies designated to act get their authority by a special appointment from the board,- have no power to act on the applications, but must simply reduce the testimony to writing and transmit it to the board, with their recommendations. (§ 898.) Nor does the provision quoted from section 894 require a construction that each borough is a separate tax district. Its purpose is in line with those provisions which contemplate that notice shall come to the taxpayer of an assessment against his real or personal property. Ordinarily no formal notice is required to be- sent, to a taxpayer of an. assessment; the sending of a written notice is. a voluntary act. The opening of the books.in the- boroughs where they are required to be kept with- an opportunity for inspection- is: the notice contemplated. The law makes adequate provision that the taxpayer may know by examination: at the designated place whether bis property has: been assessed. If he finds- no assessment he has the- right to assume that there- is none. Therefore, if by error his. name- and his property are erroneously entered on the books or rolls of a- borough other than the one in which they should have been entered, .the law req-uires a cancellation and the entry of a new assessment on the proper books coupled with actual written notice, so that the person may not be deprived of his right, to- apply for a correction. If no actual notice is.given the assessment is void, not because the person lias not been assessed in the tax district in which he resides, but because lie has. not had- the notice contemplated by law; because the procedure required by the charter, which was intended to-bring knowledge- of the assessment home to him, i. e., entry of the assessment in the proper borough, has not been, complied! with. The direction “ to-cancel,” and to make a “ new assessment ” in section 894 does not, to my mind, permit the-argument that- the use of these words, indicates an assessment in the wrong tax district, as that word is< used. in the Sta.te law. The procedure commanded by statute not. having been followed, and there being an erroneous-entry on one roll, it must of necessity be “ cancelled ” before it can properly be entered' on another. The use of the words “new assessment ” does not mean an assessment de novo
        
         No further proceedings are- required by the deputies, or by the board toward fixing the amount of the assessment. That remains. The tax commissioners are directed! “ forthwith ” tq cause the- new assessment to- be. made on the. proper books: or rolls. It requires sim-ply a transcription from the wrong to the right roll. It does not require a new assessment to- be made; it requires a new assessment on-the proper books. There being no entry on the right books-,, any thereon will: be a new one! The effect of the whole- provision is- -to direct, not the: institution of. a further original proceeding, but simply a transcription, a. transference. As a result of this review of the sections of the charter and the- Tax Law, I am of the opinion that on principle-(lie city of New York is a single tax district. This view also-finds suppor-t in authority. In People ex rel. McHarg. v. Gaus (169 N. Y. 19) the court held, in a case involving taxation in the city of Albany, that chapter 86-of the Laws of 1850; providing for the assessment and' collection of taxes in that city, should be construed in harmony with the Tax Law. The- act of 1850 required taxation to: be made-by wards and the'preparation of a separate assessment roll for each ward. The Tax Law required that each person be taxed in the tax district where he resides. Construing the sections together, the court held that the city of Albany, being a political subdivision of the. State, having a hoard of assessors authorized- to assess property therein for State and county taxes, an assessment on the roll of a. ward other than the ward of the persohs residence, was not a jurisdictional defect, although it might invalidate the assessment if it resulted in a failure of notice.to the person taxed..' “Thus the city of Albany is a single tax district under the general law, and the direction in the act of 1850 to ‘ prepare an assessment roll for each of the wards in the said city’ is a detail of procedure in exercising jurisdiction, namely, to assess every taxable person in the tax. district.; a detail not. necessary to. acquiring or retaining jurisdiction.; important, and. its; omission or irregular or erroneous- execution, no doubt, fatal, where it results in á failure to give the person assessed that timely notice which due process of law exacts, but not so where, notwithstanding the imperfection, error or irregularity, such person does receive timeiy notice and acts upon it ” (at p. 26). So, in the case at bar, the city of New York is a tax district under the general law and the, directions as to- the books to be: kept and the matters; to be done in the several boroughs are. mere details of procedure.. Where omission to comply with the statutory requirements or to make the correction in a proper case, required by section 894 of the charter, results in a failure to give the person assessed the notice-contemplated,, then the-.assessment may be.bady hut the city-of New York as a whole does not remain the less a single tax district. .It follows from this discussion that the city of New York, being a single tax district, there was no authority to make the second assessment Complained, of. The requirement of" section 8 of the Tax Law is that each person shall be taxed in the tax district where he resides for all the personal property under-his control as' executor, and it is only where the property is under the control of two or more executors, residing in different tax districts that an assessmept against each for the portion held is justified. I conclude, therefore, that the writ should not be quashed.
      Motion to quash denied.
       
      
      
        Sic.
      
     
      
      See Laws of 1896, chap. 908, § 21, subd. 1, as amd. by Laws of 1899, chap. 712-[Rep.
     
      
      Laws of 1901, chap. 466,.§§ 884, 885, as amd. by Laws of 1904, chap..757.— [Rep. ‘ ’
     
      
      As amd. by Laws of 1904, chap. 757.— [Rep.,
     
      
       As amd. by Laws of 1904, chap. 375.— [Rep.
     
      
      As .amd. by Laws of 1903, chap. 454.— [Rep.
     
      
      
         See People ex rel. Wood v. O’Donnel (—App. Div.—).— [Rep.
     
      
       See §§ 5, 6, 8.— [Rep.
     
      
       f See § 8.— [Rep.
     
      
       See § 6.— [Rep. .