Case ID: ad_36/html/0191-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Patterson, J.:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Margaret Kleiner, by her Guardian ad Litem, Charles Kleiner, Respondent, v. The Third Avenue Railroad Company, Appellant.
    
      Negligence—a person riding in a ca/t'riage'is not .chargeable with the negligence of the driver not under her control—competency of evidence as to the consequences of . injuries to the plaintiff.
    
    A person riding inside a carriage, the driver of which is not under her control, nor subject to her direction, is not chargeable with the negligence of such driver.
    Where the complaint in an action to recover damages for personal injuries alleges that as a result of the injuries the plaintiff “sustained severe nervous shock and concussion of the hrain, and in j ured her eyesight, and she was for a time rendered • unconscious, and she thereby sustained permanent injuries, and was injured , for life,” testimony that as a consequence of the injury the plaintiff was suffering from neurosis, meningitis, neurasthenia, curvature of the spine and heart trouble, is admissible where it is testified that such affections were directly connected with and resultant from the nervous shock.
    Appeal by the defendant, The Third Avenue'Railroad Company, from a'judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the cleric of the county of New York on the 12th day of April, 1898, upon the verdict of a jury for $2,500, and also from an- order entered in said clerk’s office-on the léth day of April, 1898, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made .upon the minutes.
    
      Clifford Seasongood, for the appellant.
    
      I Newton Williams, for the respondent.
   Patterson, J.:

From a judgment entered on a verdict in-favor of the plaintiff in an accident case, and from an order denying a motion for a new trial, the defendant appeals. .The injuries sustained by the plaintiff were caused by a collision óf one of the defendant’s cars with a carriage in which-she was riding in company with three other women. The carriage.was drawn by two horses, was proceeding along Twenty-sixth street, and was in the act of crossing the westerly track of the defendant’s road on Third avenue when the collision occurred. The negligence -attributed to the defendant consists in the failure of the motorman operating the car, from inattention, to stop in time to avoid the collision, the plaintiff’s claim being that the carriage was observable to the motorman for a sufficient distance to have enabled him to prevent the accident, it being stated by some of the witnesses that his .car was' moving at very great speed and that he was looking to the left after a car that had passed on the other track. •' Upon the issue concerning the negligence of.the defendant’s servant, there Was a serious conflict of testimony. The witnesses called by the plaintiff place the carriage in which the plaintiff was riding at various distances from the car when that car was first noticed by them. Some state it was near the corner of Twenty-seventh street and Third •avenue,- nearly a block away; others bring it to within a distance of about fifty feet, but these discrepancies are unimportant, as the least distance testified to in this connection was about fifty feet, and it is ' not suggested that the car could not have been stopped within that distance. There is also a difference in the statements of witnesses concerning the rate of speed at ■ which the car was traveling, hut they all agree that it was going very fast. The driver and some of the plaintiff’s witnesses say that the carriage was crossing the track at a slow walk; others say that the driver whipped up. his horses when they reached the westerly track; but the effect of the testimony of every one of the plaintiff’s witnesses who-saw and testified to all the details of the occurrence, is that the motorman could have avoided the collision had he been attentive to his duty. On behalf of the defendant, there was testimony to the effect that the speed of the car was checked at about the middle of the block between Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh streets; that there was a large grocery truck covered with canvas on the easterly track which obstructed- the view of the motorman,, and he swears that when he first saw the carriage it was distant obliquely from him on the east side some fifteen feet,-and- that he could not stop his car within that distance; that bis car struck the carriage, which he describes as having been drawn by one horse, which last statement is manifestly wrong. Another witness for the defendant, who was riding on the truck, testified that he first saw the carriage fifteen feet from the car and that the horses were approaching on a trot.

This is not a case in which a question of contributory negligence can arise. The plaintiff was riding inside the carriage, the driver of which was not under her control nor subject to her direction, and, therefore, his act, even if he were imprudent, cannot in any way be-attributed to her. The issue as to the negligence of the defendant’s servant is, therefore, the only one to be considered on the principal question of liability; and the testimony of the plaintiff’s witnesses-abundantly establishes prima facie the affirmative of that issue. The trial judge in his main charge left that issue, upon the conflicting testimony, to the jury, under correct instructions. After they were given, various requests to give further instructions were made* by the respective parties. The defendant’s counsel asked the court: to charge that if the jury believed that the accident happened in. "the manner described by the defendant’s witnesses, their verdict must be for the defendant. The court so charged. Whereupon, the counsel for the plaintiff said, “ I ask your honor to charge, if the jury believe that the accident occurred, according to the manner described by plaintiff’s witnesses, then .the plaintiff is entitled to recover.” To which the court replied, “ I have charged that; I ■charge it again and the defendant"excepted. It is apparent that

the trial judge could not have understood the exact import of this entirely unnecessary request, for he replied that he had charged it, which is a mistake,' for he had not given any such instruction. Evidently he had in mind what he previously stated to the jury respecting the preponderance of proof, and he doubtless meant, that if by the preponderance of testimony the plaintiff had established that the accident occurred in the manner testified to by the plaintiff’s witnesses, then the plaintiff was entitled to recover. But literally read, this request means something more than that.

. Fortunately for the plaintiff, it was not incorrect, for the testimony of all of the plaintiff’s witnesses who saw the occurrence from the time at which- the car was first observed until its contact with the carriage, is susceptible of no other construction, than that the accident happened in such manner as to make the motorman charge-, able with negligence.

The record contains a great many exceptions taken by the defendant, none of which require consideration, except those relating to the .admission of evidence as to the extent, character and consequences of the injuries sustained by the plaintiff, and the instructions of the trial judge given to the jury in connection therewith.

It was shown that the plaintiff before the accident was in good-health, and that afterwards, and as a consequende of her injuries, she suffered,' among other effects, from curvature of the spine, chronic meningitis, neurasthenia and heart trouble. . The testimony as to these several matters was objected to when offered, the objection being that they constituted special- damage not pleaded and -■ henee_ not provable.

In actions to. recover damages for personal injuries, a plaintiff proving negligence and injury may recover under a general allega-' tion of damage for such consequences as necessarily and immediately follow from the injury, but for consequences which do not necessarily and immediately result from such injury he cannot recover unless the special damage is alleged in his complaint. (Gumb v. Twenty-third St. R. Co., 114 N. Y. 411; Uransky v. The D. D., E. B. & B. R. R. Co., 118 id. 308 ; Hergert v. Union Ry. Co., 25 App. Div. 218.)

The rule was not violated in this case. The testimony was properly admitted and the instructions of the judge in connection ■ therewith were properly given. The allegation cf the complaint, after the statement of the occurrence, is as follows, viz., “ thereby injuring the plaintiff and knocking her against said coach by the force of said collision, and causing her to be thrown from said coach to the pavement of said street, striking on her head and side whereby the plaintiff received severe and painful contusions to her head and body and arms, and lacerated her scalp, and whereby she sustained severe nervous shock and concussion of the brain and injured her eyesight, and she was for a time rendered unconscious, and she thereby sustained permanent injuries and was injured for life.”

When, upon the trial, the inquiry was first opened respecting the alleged special damage, the trial judge in effect construed the complaint and held that testimony concerning the curvature of the spine (and subsequently as to the other matters claimed to be in the nature of special damage) was only admissible under the allegation relating to nervous shock. Being admitted under that allegation, the question is, as to there being testimony to show that those consequences resulted directly or immediately from the injuries the plaintiff sustained and as the necessary result thereof; the word necessary,” not signifying inevitable, but meaning being connected naturally and inseparably with and as a consequence of the nervous shock. The evidence given was of the character required. The neurosis, meningitis, neurasthenia, curvature of the spine and heart trouble were testified to as being directly connected with and resultant from the nervous shock; and the trial judge did not misapprehend the tendency of that testimony in his rulings upon the evidence and in his instruction to the jury. There is also testimony of a reasonable certainty.” of the permanency of the consequences of the injuries sustained.

The judgment and order appealed from must be affirmed,- with costs.

Van 'Brunt, P. J., Barrett, Rumset -and O’Brien, JJ., concurred.

Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.