Case ID: f-appx_457/html/0900-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "PER CURIAM:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jimmy MORRIS, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 11-13412
    Non-Argument Calendar.
    United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
    Feb. 13, 2012.
    
      Carol Herman, Anne R. Schultz, Wifre-do A. Ferrer, U.S. Attorney, Kathleen M. Salyer, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Miami, FL, Emalyn Webber, U.S. Attorney’s Office, West Palm Beach, FL, for Plaintiff-Appel-lee.
    Lori E. Barrist, Michael- Caruso, Federal Public Defender, Federal Public Defender’s Office, Miami, FL, for Defendant-Appellant.
    Before DUBINA, Chief Judge, MARTIN and FAY, Circuit Judges.
   PER CURIAM:

Appellant Jimmy Morris appeals from his conviction for being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). On appeal, Morris argues that his conviction under § 922(g) is unconstitutional both facially and as-applied because the possession of a firearm by a convicted felon does not substantially affect interstate commerce, and because his own possession did not substantially affect interstate commerce. Specifically, Morris argues that § 922(g)’s phrase “in or affecting commerce” does not limit the definition of commerce to “interstate or foreign commerce,” and that § 922(g) does not require that the possession of the firearm by a convicted felon “substantially” affect interstate commerce. The government argues that Morris waived his challenge to the constitutionality of § 922(g) by pleading guilty, and that his challenge is otherwise foreclosed by our precedent.

Although we generally review challenges to the constitutionality of a statute de novo, we review for plain error where, as here, the challenge is raised for the first time on appeal. United States v. Wright, 607 F.3d 708, 715 (11th Cir.2010). “Plain error occurs if (1) there was error, (2) that was plain, (3) that affected the defendant’s substantial rights, and (4) that seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “A plain error is an error that is obvious and is clear under current law.” United States v. Humphrey, 164 F.3d 585, 588 (11th Cir.1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).

A guilty plea generally waives all non-jurisdictional challenges to a conviction. United States v. Smith, 532 F.3d 1125, 1127 (11th Cir.2008). Issues not raised in an appellant’s initial brief are deemed abandoned. United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1283 n. 8 (11th Cir.2003).

In Scarborough v. United States, 431 U.S. 563, 97 S.Ct. 1963, 52 L.Ed.2d 582 (1977), the Supreme Court examined a former statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1202(a), that prohibited convicted felons from possessing firearms in or affecting commerce, and held that proof that the possessed firearm previously had traveled in interstate commerce was sufficient to satisfy the required “minimal nexus” between the convicted felon’s possession and commerce. Id. at 564, 577-78, 97 S.Ct. at 1964, 1970. In United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 115 S.Ct. 1624, 131 L.Ed.2d 626 (1995), the Supreme Court considered whether a federal statute banning the possession of firearms in school zones exceeded Congress’s authority to regulate interstate commerce. Id. at 551, 115 S.Ct. at 1626. Noting that Congress’s commerce power included the power to regulate activities that had a substantial effect on interstate commerce, and that the statute at issue contained no jurisdictional element to “ensure, through ease-by-case inquiry, that the firearm possession in question affects interstate commerce,” the Supreme Court held that the statute exceeded Congress’s Commerce Clause authority. Id. at 558-59, 561, 567-68, 115 S.Ct. at 1629-31, 1634. The Supreme Court contrasted the statute at issue in Lopez with the former 18 U.S.C. § 1202(a), noting that, unlike the statute at issue in Lopez, § 1202(a) had an express jurisdictional element limiting its reach to firearm possessions that had an explicit nexus with interstate commerce. Id. at 561-62, 115 S.Ct. at 1631. Finally, in United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598, 120 S.Ct. 1740, 146 L.Ed.2d 658 (2000), the Supreme Court held that Congress lacked the authority to regulate “noneconomic, violent criminal conduct based solely on that conduct’s aggregate effect on interstate commerce.” Id. at 617, 120 S.Ct. at 1754. The Court noted that the statute at issue, like the statute at issue in Lopez, contained “no jurisdictional element establishing that the federal cause of action is in pursuance of Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce.” Id. at 613, 115 S.Ct. 1624, 129 S.Ct. at 1751.

We previously have rejected an appellant’s claim that, in light of Lopez, § 922(g)(1) was unconstitutional because it exceeded Congress’s Commerce Clause power. United States v. McAllister, 77 F.3d 387, 388 (11th Cir.1996). We held that the “jurisdictional element” in § 922(g), requiring that the felon’s possession of any firearm or ammunition be “in or affecting commerce,” distinguished § 922(g) from the statute at issue in Lopez and defeated the appellant’s facial challenge to its constitutionality. Id. at 389-90. We also rejected the appellant’s argument that the statute was unconstitutional as applied to him because Lopez had abrogated the “minimal nexus” requirement that the Supreme Court had established in Scarborough. Id. at 390. Noting that “[njothing in Lopez suggests that the ‘minimal nexus’ test should be changed,” we held that the statute applied to the appellant because the government had demonstrated that the firearm he had possessed previously had traveled in interstate commerce. Id.

Subsequently, we rejected another appellant’s argument that our reasoning in McAllister had been abrogated by the Supreme Court’s decision in Morrison. See United States v. Scott, 263 F.3d 1270 (11th Cir.2001). We held that, even after Morrison, the jurisdictional element of § 922(g)(1) continued to immunize the statute from facial constitutional attack. Scott, 263 F.3d at 1273. Finally, we have rejected the argument that § 922(g)(1) is constitutionally invalid because the term “commerce” is not defined as “interstate or foreign commerce.” United States v. Nichols, 124 F.3d 1265, 1266 (11th Cir.1997). We held that “the phrase ‘in or affecting commerce’ indicates a Congressional intent to assert its full Commerce Clause power.” Id.

We conclude that Morris’s claim is not barred by his guilty plea because it necessarily implicates the district court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. If, as Morris claims, § 922(g)(1) is unconstitutional, either facially or as applied in his case, then the district court would lack jurisdiction to convict and sentence him for violating that statute. However, because Morris’s challenges to the constitutionality of § 922(g)(1) are foreclosed by our precedent, he has not shown any error, much less plain error, with respect to his conviction.

Accordingly, we affirm Morris’s conviction.

AFFIRMED.