Case ID: ad_116/html/0404-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Ingraham, J.: Houghton, J. (dissenting):", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

R. Ross Appleton, as Receiver of the Cooper Exchange Bank, Respondent, v. The Citizens’ Central National Bank of New York, Appellant.
    First Department,
    December 21, 1906.
    Banks — when contract by national bank guaranteeing payment of debt of another is ultra vires.
    A national bank has no power to' enter into a contract of guaranty by which it becomes liable for the debts of others. It has, however, as incident to the negotiating or discounting of ., negotiable "instruments and other instruments ■ for the payment of money which it procures to be discounted"/ the power to guarantee payment.
    A complaint, setting out that the plaintiff, a bank, made a loan to one S. upon-the written guaranty of the defendant, a national bank, of the payment of said loan at maturity, does not state a cause of action, for the contract of guaranty is vltra irires, and no recovery can be had thereon. This is so although the complaint alleges that S. obtained the loan.under an agreement with the defendant to turn the sum over to it, and that the guaranty was to be made by the defendant in order that it might obtain the money.
    Houghton, J., dissented, with opinion.
    Appeal by the defendant, the Citizens’ Central "National Bank of New York, from an interlocutory judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county, of New York on the 14th day of July, 1906,. upon the decision of the court, rendered after a trial at. the New York Special Term, overruling the defendant’s demurrer to the complaint.
    
      John A. Garver, for the appellant.
    
      Roger B. Wood, for the respondent.
   Ingraham, J.:

The complaint alleges that the Cooper Exchange Bank was a domestic corporation ; that .by the judgment of the Supreme Court it was duly dissolved and the plaintiff appointed the receiver thereof; that the defendant was a banking corporation incorporated under the National Banking Act of the United States; that on or about the 4tli day of January^ 1904, Cooper Exchange Bank, at the instance and .request of one. Mikael Samuels, trading under the name of Mikael Samuels & Co.j .and the Central National Bank of the City of New York, did loan and advance unto" the said Mikael Samuels the sum of Twelve thousand dollars ($12,000) ; ” that upon the said loan and advance of money said Samuels executed and delivered an instrument in writing whereby he acknowledged indebtedness to the said Cooper Exchange Bank of the sum of $12,000, and agreed to return or repay the same on or before four months after date, with interest, and the Central National Bank did then and there, in writing, promise and agree, on the same day and year, and guarantee unto the said Cooper Exchange Bank the performance of the obligation before mentioned on the part of said Samuels,' and the said acknowledgment of debt by the said Samuels, and the said guaranty to pay the same by the said Central National Bank (defendant), were upon the loan of the said sum of $12,000 by the Cooper Exchange Bank, duly delivered and .transferred to it, the said Cooper Exchange Bank. Then follows a copy of the guaranty, which is as follows:

“ For and in consideration of one dollar and other good and valuable considerations, the Central National Bank of the City of New York hereby guarantees to the Cooper Exchange Bank the payment at maturity of a loan of Twelve thousand dollars, made this day to Mikael Samuels & Co. by the Coopei Exchange Bank.

“ The Central National Bank of the City of New York,

“ By Edwin Langdon.

Preset”

It was further alleged that the said Samuels had previous to obtaining the said loan agreed with the defendant to pay to it the sum of $10,000 of the said sum of $12,000 so obtained, and that the said loan was obtained by the said Samuels and was guaranteed by the defendant in order that the defendant might obtain the said sum of $12,000 which it did receive, and that $1,000 had been paid on account by Samuels and that the balance was unpaid.

The defendant demurred upon the ground that the complaint failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and seeks to sustain that demurrer upon the claim that this instrument of guaranty was ultra vires, a national bank, under the National Banking Act, having no authority to guarantee the debts of others even foi a valuable consideration,

. The Supreme Court of the United States has in a series of cases held that-the United States statutes relative to national banks constitute the measure of the authority of such corporations, and-that' they cannot rightfully exercise any powers except those expressly granted,, or which are incidental to carrying on the business for which they are established. (California Bank v. Kennedy, 167 U. S. 362; Concord First Nat. Bank v. Hawkins, 174 id. 364.) In the first case^ quoting from McCormick v. Market Bank (165 U. S. 549), it was held that; “ the doctrine of ultra vires, by • which a contract made by a corporation beyond the scope of its corporate powers is unlawful and void and will not support an action, rests, as this court has often recognized and affirmed, Upon three distinct. grounds: The obligation of any one contracting with a corporation to take notice of the legal limits of its powers; the interest of the stockholders not to be subject to risks which they have never undertaken; and, above all, the interest of the public that the corporation shall not transcend the powers conferred upon it by law.” L-t-is not claimed that there is‘any express power given to national banks to guarantee the obligations of- others, but it is claimed that such power is to be implied from the provisions of the Rational Banking Act (U. S. B. S-. § 5136), which gives to every bank created under the act power “to exercise by its board of ■ directors, or duly authorized-officers or agents, subject to law, all such incidental powers as . shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking; by discount- . ing and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and other evidences of debt; by receiving; 'deposits,” etc. In the case of People's Bank v. National Bank (101 U. S. 181) the Supreme Court of the United. States held that where a national bank was the owner of promissory notes of a third party' and procured them to be discounted by another national bank guaranteeing the payment of the notes, the agreement to be liable'was not ultra vires, but was within the power granted to national banks by the ■ foregoing provision. The basis of this decision was that the act in handing over to another bank, with an indorsement of guaranty, a negotiable instrument, was one of the modes of transferring the securities named, and that under the circumstances of that case i't was competent for the defendant to give the" guaranty in. question ; and in the case of Cochran v. United States (157 U. S. 286) this. decision was followed. In that case the note which was guaranteed actually belonged to a national bank and was transmitted by its president to the cashier of a New York bank by letter, which said: “ "We enclose a note of five thousand dollars, signed by Sayre and Clark, guaranteed by us, which please place to our credit.” Upon the receipt of this letter the note was discounted by the New York bank for account of the debtor bank and the proceeds paid to the latter institution. These cases, I think, establish these propositions: That a national bank has no power to enter into a general contract of guaranty by which it becomes liable for the debts of others. It has, however, as incident to the negotiating or discounting of negotiable instruments, arid other instruments for the payment of money, when it negotiates such instruments by procuring the same to be discounted, the power to guarantee the payment of such instruments. The complaint does not allege that the defendant was the owner of or had any interest in the instrument on which Samuels obtained the loan from the Cooper Exchange Bank; nor did the Cooper Exchange Bank make any loan, or advance to the defendant, or purchase from the defendant any negotiable instrument which it had acquired in the usual course of its business. The complaint alleges that the defendant requested the Cooper Exchange Bank to loan Samuels a sum of money, based upon Samuels’ obligation to repay that loan of money to the Cooper Exchange Bank, and that when the Cooper Exchange Bank loaned Samuels this sum of money upon his personal obligation to repay the loan to the Cooper Exchange Bank Samuels delivered to the Cooper Exchange Bank the instrument which was an agreement of the defendant to guarantee “the payment at maturity of a loan o£ Twelve thousand dollars, made this day to Mikael Samuels & Co. by the Cooper Exchange Bank.” If the contract of guaranty was ultra vires and, therefore, void, no action can be maintained upon it, and as this action is based solely upon the contract of guaranty, no cause of action is alleged. Whether or not the plaintiff would be entitled to recover any sum from the defendant as money had and received, or upon any other theory, it is not necessary to determine; but the mere fact that Samuels paid $10,000 of the money that he had received from the Cooper Exchange Bank to the defendant can upon no principle validate a guaranty for the repayment in full of a loan to Samuels of $12,000, which was beyond the power of the corporation to make. ' The amount that Samuels paid or agreed to pay the defendant for its guaranty is not material. - It was as much beyond the power of the defendant to guarantee Samuels’ debt on. payment of $10,000 as on payment of $100, as it was not an incident of its business which it was authorized to conduct to guarantee Samuels’ debts, nor is it necessary to determine upon this, appeal whether the defendant would be liable if it was alleged that the arrangement was one entered into for the purpose of paying the indebtedness of Samuels to the defendant, as there is no allegation that Samuels was indebted to the defendant .in any amqtint, the only allegation being that it was a part of the agreement between Samuels and the defendant that Samuels would pay $10',000 of the loan that he had received from the Cooper Exchange Bank to the defendant.

I think, therefore, that this complaint, based as it is exclusively upon a guaranty by the defendant of the indebtednéss of. Samuels, which was ultra vires, alleged no cause of action.

It follows that the judgment appealed from must be reversed, with costs, and the demurrer sustained, with costs, with leave to .the plaintiff to amend the complaint within twenty days on payment of costs in this court and in the court below.

Patterson, McLaughlin and Clarke, JJ., concurred; Houghton, «L, dissented.

Houghton, J. (dissenting):

I agree to the proposition that national banks cannot engage in the business of guaranteeing obligations of third parties, and that stick contracts are ultra vires. I think, however, by.fair intendment and inference, plaintiff’s complaint alleges that the Cooper Exchange Bank loaned $12,000 to Samuels, at theijoint request of himself and this defendant, for the purpose of enabling him- to pay to defendant $10,000 of such amount on an indebtedness owing by him to defendant, which was done as a part of the agreement of guaranty. The ground of demurrer is that the. complaint states no cause of -action! I think it states facts sufficient to permit a recovery of the $10,000 which the defendant received.

’ If the note had been for only $10,000 and all of the avails had "been paid to the defendant, and defendant had guaranteed the payment of the note, the transaction would have been wholly completed and the defendant would not have been permitted to plead that its contract of guaranty was ultra vires. "After performance and acceptance of benefits a defendant corporation is estopped from interposing the defense that it had no power to make the contract which it benefited by. (Vought v. Eastern Building & Loan Assn., 172 N. Y. 509 ; Bowers v. Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp., Ltd., 110 App. Div. 695.) The fact that the note was for $12,000 and that judgment is demanded for that sum, less payments made by Samuels, I do not think changes the situation. The defendant cannot keep the fruits of its act and insist that it had no right to act at all.

The plea of ultra vires is ordinarily a defense. If there be instances in -which the plea can be invoked to sustain a demurrer, I do not think this is one of them.

• The interlocutory, judgment should be affirmed.

Interlocutory judgment reversed, with costs, demurrer sustained, with costs, with leave to plaintiff to amend the amended complaint on payment of costs in this court and in the court below. Order filed.