Case ID: ne3d_22/html/0646-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "CRONE, Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

CRYSTAL VALLEY SALES, INC., Charles Kline, and Nancy Kline, Appellants-Plaintiffs, v. Jonathan ANDERSON, National Sales Company, Inc., Rodger Anderson, Camco Manufacturing, and Norm Geible, Appellees-Defendants.
    No. 20A04-1402-PL-83.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana.
    Nov. 26, 2014.
    
      Mark F. Criniti, Paul Edgar Harold, LaDue Curran & Kuehn LLC, South Bend, IN, Attorneys for Appellants.
    Rebecca Butler Power, Amber J. Bres-sler, Butler Power Law, P.C., Elkhart, IN, Attorneys for Appellees National Sales Company, Inc., and Rodger Anderson.
    James M. Lewis, Mark D. Kundmueller, Tuesley Hall Konopa LLP, South Bend, IN, Attorneys for Appellees Cameo Manufacturing, Inc., and Norm Geible.
   OPINION

CRONE, Judge.

Case Summary

Crystal Valley Sales, Inc. (“Crystal Valley”) appeals the trial court’s dismissal of its civil conspiracy claims against National Sales Company, Inc., Rodger Anderson, Cameo Manufacturing, Inc., and Norm Geible (collectively “Appellees”) for failure to state a claim. Crystal Valley contends that its amended complaint sufficiently states a claim against Appellees for civil conspiracy, and Appellees assert that a civil conspiracy allegation is insufficient absent an allegation of an underlying tort. Finding that Crystal Valley’s amended complaint failed to sufficiently allege an underlying tort against Appellees, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

The facts as alleged in Crystal Valley’s amended complaint are as follows:

10. Crystal Valley warehouses and sells a variety of products to various OEM [original equipment] manufacturers in Elkhart, Indiana, including RV manufacturers, manufactured-home builders, cargo-trailer dealers, and marine-craft fabricators.
11. Crystal Valley’s business is highly competitive without much product differentiation amongst competitors. As a result, Crystal Valley and its competitors rely significantly on the goodwill they generate through representative contact with their customers and suppliers and by keeping sensitive customer, supplier, and other business information confidential.
12. [Jonathan] Anderson began working for Crystal Valley in July 2002.
13. From July 2002 through June 30, 2007, J. Anderson served as .a sales manager for Crystal Valley.
14. From July 1, 2007 through February 15, 2013, J. Anderson was Crystal Valley’s Vice President and general Manager, and was also one of three shareholders in the company. J. Anderson is currently still an owner of Crystal Valley, holding a 5% percent [sic] interest in the company at all times since July 1, 2007.
15. At all times since July 1, 2007, the remaining 95% of Crystal Valley has been owned by Charles Kline and Nancy Kline.
16. As Crystal Valley’s Vice President and General Manager, J. Anderson had contact with Crystal Valley’s customers in the OEM industry, including, but not limited to, Keystone RV (“Keystone”) and RV Surplus and Salvage, Inc. n/k/a RV Parts Nation (“RV Parts”).
17. For many of Crystal Valley’s customers, J. Anderson was Crystal Valley’s primary sales representative and frequently worked at the customer’s facility performing cycle-counting for the products that Crystal Valley sold to the customer.
18. Through his contacts with Crystal Valley’s customers, J. Anderson generated goodwill between Crystal Valley and its customers while working for, and receiving compensation from, Crystal Valley.
19. Through his contacts with Crystal Valley’s customers and also through his work as Crystal Valley’s Vice President and General Manager, J. Anderson also learned confidential information about Crystal Valley’s customers, including, but not limited to: contact information, product specifications, customer priority, buying patterns, rates of usage, payment history, and pricing information.
20. As Crystal Valley’s Vice President and General Manager, J. Anderson also had contact with Crystal Valley’s suppliers, including, but not limited to, Cameo Manufacturing, Inc. (“Cameo”).
21. Through his contacts with Crystal Valley’s suppliers, J. Anderson generated goodwill between Crystal Valley and its suppliers while working for, and receiving compensation from, Crystal Valley,
22. Through his contacts with Crystal Valley’s suppliers and also through his work as Crystal Valley’s Vice President and General Manager, J. Anderson also learned confidential information about Crystal Valley’s suppliers including, but not limited to: supplier identity, net-pricing information, profit margins, and credit terms.
The Employment Agreement
23. On July 1, 2007, Crystal Valley and J. Anderson entered into a Stock and Employment Agreement (the “Agreement”) ....
24. Section 5 of the Agreement (the “Non-competition Provision”) contains the following restrictive covenants against J. Anderson:
[Noncompete. During his employment and for one year thereafter, J. Anderson agrees not to engage directly or indirectly in competition with Crystal Valley by doing business or assisting another person or enterprise in soliciting any customer of Crystal Valley on behalf of another business or enterprise other than for Crystal Valley or by soliciting or placing orders with any of Crystal Valley’s suppliers for critical products purchased by Crystal Valley from that supplier for the preceding twelve months.]
While employed at Crystal Valley, J. Anderson diverted supplier Cameo to his dad’s company, National Sales
26. While still employed as Crystal Valley’s Vice President and General Manager, J. Anderson diverted one of Crystal Valley’s -critical suppliers, Cameo, to National Sales, for the purpose of competing against Crystal Valley.
28. From November 2007 through February 1, 2013, Crystal Valley warehoused and sold Cameo products to the OEM market in Elkhart, Indiana.
29. During the entire period of Cameo and Crystal Valley’s business relationship, J. Anderson was Crystal Valley’s primary contact with Cameo.
30. At all relevant times, J. Anderson’s primary contact at Cameo was Norm Geible.
31. Since 2008, Norm Geible has known that J. Andérson had a non-compete agreement with Crystal Valley.
32. During the time that Crystal Valley was distributing Cameo’s products, Norm Geible worked closely with J. Anderson.
33. During the time that Crystal Valley was distributing Cameo’s products, J. Anderson regularly advised Norm Geible and Cameo regarding improvements to Cameo products.
34. Norm Geible and Cameo relied on J. Anderson’s advice regarding improvements to Cameo products.
35. Norm Geible and Cameo valued J. Anderson’s input and advice regarding product developments and improvements.
36. Norm Geible and Cameo benefited from J. Anderson advising on new products form Cameo.
37. Through his relationship with Cameo, J. Anderson generated goodwill with Cameo on behalf of Crystal Valley, while working for, and being compensated by, Crystal Valley.
38. Through his relationship with Cameo, J. Anderson also learned confidential business information related to Cameo, including, but not limited to, net-pricing information, profit margins, and credit terms.
39. From 2007 through 2012, Crystal Valley’s sales of Cameo products steadily increased.
40. Crystal Valley’s sales of Cameo products reached an all-time high in 2012.
41. On December 4, 2013, [sic] despite these increased sales, and while still under contract with Crystal Valley, Cameo signed a distribution agreement with National Sales, which would become effective February 1,2013.
42. National Sales is owned and operated by J. Anderson’s father, [Rodger] Anderson.
43. Unlike J. Anderson, R. Anderson has no experience selling Cameo products to the OEM industry in Elkhart.
44. On or about January 3, 2013, Cameo notified Crystal Valley that Cameo would be terminating Crystal Valley as its distributor.
45. After terminating Crystal Valley, Norm Geible solicited J. Anderson to advise on new and/or improved Cameo products that Cameo planned to sell through National Sales.
46. After terminating Crystal Valley, Norm Geible solicited J. Anderson to write down Crystal Valley’s delivery schedule for the benefit of National Sales.
47. After terminating Crystal Valley, Norm Geible solicited J. Anderson to provide customer information for the benefit of National Sales.
48. Norm Geible solicited J. Anderson (as set forth in paragraphs 45-47 above) knowing that J. Anderson was an employee and shareholder of National Sales [sic],
49. Norm Geible solicited J. Anderson (as set forth in paragraphs 45-47 above) knowing that J. Anderson had a non-compete agreement with Crystal Valley.
50. After learning that Cameo had terminated Crystal Valley and would be switching to National Sales, and while still an employee and shareholder of Crystal Valley, J. Anderson advised Cameo regarding new and/or improved products that Cameo planned to sell through National Sales.
51. After learning that Cameo had terminated Crystal Valley and would be switching to National Sales, and while still an employee and shareholder of Crystal Valley, J. Anderson shared customer information with Cameo, for the benefit of National Sales.
52. J. Anderson actively diverted. Cameo to National Sales for the purposes of competing against his employer, Crystal Valley.
53. J. Anderson, R. Anderson, Norm Geible, and Cameo planned, conspired, and worked together to move Cameo’s business from Crystal Valley to its competitor, National Sales.
J. Anderson also sold and attempted to sell competitive products to Crystal Valley’s current customers on behalf of National Sales
54. While employed with Crystal Valley, J. Anderson also sold and attempted to sell competitive products to Crystal Valley’s current customers, RV Parts, for the benefit of National Sales.
56.Crystal Valley sells RV Parts á variety of products, including but not limited to, tables, chairs, tire carriers, and scissor jacks;
57. In or around the fall of 2012, while employed with Crystal Valley, J. Anderson, alongside his father, R. Anderson, sold tables and chairs to RV Surplus for the benefit of National Sales.
58. From fall of 2012 up until his termination from Crystal Valley, J. Anderson, alongside his father, R. Anderson, also made multiple attempts to sell tire carriers to RV Surplus, for the benefit of National Sales.
59. Upon information and belief, while still employed by Crystal Valley, J. Anderson sold and/or attempted to sell tire carriers and scissor jacks to another Crystal Valley customer, Keystone, for the benefit of National Sales.
60. On Friday, February 15, 2013, Crystal Valley terminated J. Anderson.
64. On Sunday, February 17, 2013, J. Anderson eventually returned his company computer, phone, and iPad to Crystal Valley. By that time, however, J. Anderson had already wiped his phone and computer clean, ported his telephone number, and deleted Crystal Valley emails and other information from his work computer.
65. J. Anderson has diverted Crystal Valley’s business and suppliers to National Sales.
66. By stealing Crystal Valley property and wiping his phone and computer clean, there is a real and substantial threat that, unless enjoined, J. Anderson will continue to divert Crystal Valley business and suppliers to National Sales and otherwise breach his contractual and other obligations to Crystal Valley.
67. By diverting Crystal Valley’s business and suppliers to National Sales, J. Anderson has and will continue to cause Crystal Valley to lose business and has and will continue to damage Crystal Valley’s goodwill.
68. The damage that Crystal Valley has suffered and will continue to suffer, especially to its goodwill and business reputation, is difficult, if not impossible, to calculate.

Appellants’ App. at 73-75, 78-82.

The amended complaint designated four counts, three against Jonathan Anderson (for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of loyalty) and one against all defendants (Appellees plus Jonathan Anderson) for civil conspiracy. Crystal Valley filed a petition for a temporary restraining order. After a hearing on the petition, the parties filed a proposed agreed temporary restraining order, which the trial court granted.

Crystal Valley amended its complaint, and Cameo and Geible filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 12(B)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. After Rodger Anderson and National Sales filed their responsive pleading, they filed a motion to dismiss under Trial Rule 12(B)(6) and a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Trial Rule 12(C).

The trial court held a hearing on the motions and issued an order in favor of Appellees, dismissing the complaint against them without prejudice. Crystal Valley filed a motion under Indiana Trial Rule 54, asking the trial court to enter final judgment on the dismissal. The trial court granted the motion, and final judgment was entered in favor of all defendants except Jonathan Anderson. Crystal Valley now appeals.

Discussion and Decision

Crystal Valley challenges the trial court’s dismissal of its claims against Appellees for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Because a Trial Rule 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss involves a pure question of law, we apply a de novo standard when reviewing a trial court’s grant or denial of the motion. Gordon v. Purdue Univ., 862 N.E.2d 1244, 1250 (Ind.Ct.App.2007).

A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(B)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint: that is, whether the allegations in the complaint establish any set of circumstances under which a plaintiff would be entitled to relief. Thus, while we do not test the sufficiency of the facts alleged with regards to their adequacy to provide recovery, we do test their sufficiency with regards to whether or not they have stated some factual scenario in which a legally actionable injury has occurred. A court should accept as true the facts alleged in the complaint, and should not only consider the pleadings in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, but also draw every reasonable inference in favor of the non-moving party. However, a court need not accept as true allegations that are contradicted by other allegations or exhibits attached to or incorporated in the pleading.

Trail v. Boys & Girls Clubs of Nw. Ind., 845 N.E.2d 130, 134 (Ind.2006) (citations and quotation marks omitted). In determining whether any facts will support the claim, we look only to the complaint and may not resort to any other evidence in the record. Town of Plainfield v. Town of Avon, 757 N.E.2d 705, 710 (Ind.Ct.App.2001), trans. denied (2002). We need not accept as true conclusory, nonfactual assertions or legal conclusions. Richards & O’Neil, LLP v. Conk, 774 N.E.2d 540, 547 (Ind.Ct.App.2002).

Crystal Valley submits that Ap-pellees conspired with Jonathan Anderson to unlawfully divert business to its competitor National Sales. The amended complaint specifies only one theory of recovery against Appellees: “Count IV—Defendants’ Civil Conspiracy.” Appellants’ App. at 86. “Civil conspiracy is defined as a combination of two or more persons [who take] concerted action[ ] to accomplish an unlawful purpose or to accomplish some purpose, not in itself unlawful, by unlawful means.” Huntington Mortg. Co. v. Debrota, 703 N.E.2d 160, 168 (Ind.Ct.App.1998). “[C]ivil conspiracy is not an independent cause of action.” Heyser v. Noble Roman’s, Inc., 933 N.E.2d 16, 20 (Ind.Ct.App.2010), trans. denied (2011). Rather, civil conspiracy must be alleged with an underlying tort. Id. Crystal Valley failed to do so in its amended complaint. Instead, its three remaining counts comprised allegations against Jonathan Anderson only, not against Appellees. Count I alleges that Jonathan Anderson breached his noncompete agreement; Count II alleges that Jonathan Anderson breached his fiduciary duty; and Count III alleges that Jonathan Anderson breached his duty of loyalty. Appellants’ App. at 83-86. Appellees correctly assert that they were not parties to the noncompete agreement and that they did not otherwise owe a duty of loyalty or other fiduciary duty to Crystal Valley.

Relying on Winkler v. V.G. Reed & Sons, Inc., 638 N.E.2d 1228 (Ind.1994), Crystal Valley contends that its conspiracy claim is not dependent upon its pleading an underlying tort by each and every alleged conspirator. In Winkler, a discharged employee filed a contract action against his former employer and also alleged that the employer and its successor business engaged in a conspiracy to tor-tiously interfere with the employee’s fifteen-year employment contract. Id. at 1230-31. Our supreme court affirmed a summary judgment order in favor of the defendants on the claims of civil conspiracy and tortious interference with a contract. In conducting its analysis, the Winkler court addressed the plaintiffs civil conspiracy and tortious interference allegations together, emphasizing that “civil conspiracy is not an independent cause of action.” Id. at 1234.

Crystal Valley did not include an allegation that Appellees committed an underlying tort. Notwithstanding, it relies heavily on language tucked in a Winkler footnote contrasting the practical inability of a party to tortiously interfere with his own contract with the party’s ability to conspire with others to tortiously interfere with his own contract. Id. at 1234 n. 7 (citing Wade v. Culp, 107 Ind.App. 503, 508, 23 N.E.2d 615, 617 (1939)). However, the complaint must allege some unlawful act underlying the defendants’ concerted action. In other words, it is not enough that the alleged conspirators acted in concert and that the result amounted to a breach of a contractual or fiduciary duty by one of them; rather, Winkler makes it clear that there must be some intentional underlying act of wrongdoing by each of the cocon-spirators. This is not to say that each alleged conspirator must participate at an equal level, for rarely would that be the case in any conspiracy. Nevertheless, at a minimum, the plaintiff must put each defendant on notice of the unlawful act that he/she/it is alleged to have agreed to commit. In Winkler, the plaintiff specifically alleged that the defendants conspired to tortiously interfere with his employment contract, and our supreme court held that while the defendants did act in concert and while the result amounted to a breach of plaintiffs contract, tortious interference was not established because the plaintiff failed to show an absence of justification for defendants’ actions. Id. at 1235-36.

As stated, here, Crystal Valley did not directly allege any underlying tort against Appellees in its four-count amended complaint. “Count IV-Defendants’ Civil Conspiracy” lists the following allegations:

97. Defendants worked in concert to unlawfully divert business from Crystal Valley to its competitor, National Sales.
98. Defendants diverted business from Crystal Valley to its competitor, National Sales, by unlawful means.
99. Defendants have committed civil conspiracy, which has caused and will continue to cause Crystal Valley damages.

Appellants’ App. at 86-87.

On its face, Count IV not only fails to delineate the differences in positions among the various Appellees, but it also fails to specify the varying “unlawful” actions taken or means used by each Appel-lee. For example, with regard to positions, National Sales and Rodger Anderson were never in privity of contract with Crystal Valley; Cameo was a contracted supplier for Crystal Valley but had terminated its contract with notice before its contract with National Sales became effective. Geible and Jonathan Anderson had been in a longstanding business relationship, whereas (until February 2013) Rodger Anderson’s relationship with Jonathan appears to have been merely familial.

In attempting to ascertain whether the amended complaint as a whole raises factual allegations sufficient to state a claim for an underlying tort against Appellees, we note that Count IV incorporates by reference the allegations contained in the remainder of the amended complaint. As noted, Counts I through III allege breach of contract and breaches of fiduciary duty and duty of loyalty, all against Jonathan Anderson. As between Crystal Valley and Appellants, privity of contract and fiduciary relationships were lacking. Nevertheless, Crystal Valley appears to allege that the lack of contractual and/or fiduciary relationships is not an impediment to liability.

In other words, Crystal Valley contends that its civil conspiracy count is sufficient to state a claim that Appellees “helped” Jonathan Anderson breach his contractual and/or fiduciary duties to Crystal Valley. To the extent that the amended complaint bears some vestiges of a claim of tortious interference with Jonathan Anderson’s noncompete agreement, we will examine the allegations against the required elements of tortious interference with a contract, which are: “(1) the existence of a valid and enforceable contract; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of the existence of the contract; (3) the defendant’s intentional inducement of the breach of the contract; (4) the absence of justification; and (5) damages resulting from defendant’s wrongful inducement of the breach.” Guinn v. Applied Composites Eng’g, Inc., 994 N.E.2d 1256, 1267 (Ind.Ct.App.2013) (citations omitted), trans. denied (2014).

In its dismissal order, the trial court found as follows with respect to tortious interference with a contract:

[E]ven without a specific claim [of tor-tious interference with a contract], Plaintiff does not allege sufficient facts to support such a claim. Although Plaintiff alleges a valid contract and [Appellees’] knowledge of the contract, Plaintiff has not alleged the [Appel-lees’] intentional inducement of the breach of the contract or the absence of justification. Plaintiff alleges only that [Appellees] solicited information from [Jonathan Anderson] after Cameo had terminated using Plaintiff. Further, Plaintiffs claimed damages is the loss of Cameo business. Plaintiffs only allegations regarding [Appellees] here relate to after the Camco/Plaintiff relationship was terminated. Moreover, Plaintiffs allegations may be sufficient to allege conspiracy, but they lack the required underlying tort and are not sufficient to allege a tortious interference with contract.

Appellants’ App. at 12.

We agree that the amended complaint sufficiently alleges that there existed between Crystal Valley and Jonathan Anderson a valid and enforceable employment contract which contained a noncom-pete provision. With respect to Appellees’ knowledge of the noncompete agreement, the amended complaint addresses only Geible (and, presumably vicariously, Gei-ble’s employer Cameo). See Id. at 55, 57 (“30. At all relevant times, J. Anderson’s primary contact at Cameo was Norm Gei-ble. 31. Since 2008, Norm Geible has known that J. Anderson had a non-compete agreement with Crystal Valley 49. Norm Geible solicited J. Anderson ... knowing that J. Anderson had a non-compete agreement with Crystal Valley.”). Crystal Valley makes no similar allegation concerning any knowledge by Rodger Anderson (or, presumably vicariously, National Sales) about Jonathan Anderson’s noncompete agreement. Instead, the amended complaint simply asserts that National Sales is owned and operated by Jonathan Anderson’s father Rodger Anderson and that, unlike Jonathan, Rodger “has no experience in selling Cameo products to the OEM industry in Elkhart,” and it further asserts that “J. Anderson diverted supplier Cameo to his dad’s company.” Id. at 55-56. These assertions do not amount to an allegation that Rodger Anderson had knowledge of Jonathan Anderson’s noncompete agreement. See Stocker v. Cataldi, 483 N.E.2d 461, 463 (Ind.Ct.App.1985) (mere family relationship insufficient to hold mother liable for son’s actions where mother had no actual knowledge of son’s intoxication when she entrusted vehicle to son), trans. denied (1986). In short, the allegations against Rodger Anderson and National Sales are seemingly based solely on the father/son relationship. Because there is no adequate factual allegation concerning their knowledge of the noncompete agreement, it follows that there is no allegation of intentional inducement to breach it.

With respect to whether Cameo through Geible intentionally induced Jonathan Anderson to breach his noncompete agreement, we cannot piece together a sufficient factual allegation. The amended complaint simply avers, “J. Anderson, R. Anderson, Norm Geible, and Cameo planned, conspired, and worked together to move Cameo’s business from Crystal Valley to its competitor, National Sales.” Appellants’ App. at 57. This allegation addresses conspiracy but does not address the requisite intentional inducement to breach a contract. Cameo provided notice to Crystal Valley of its termination of their vendor agreement and, as such, was free to “move” its business as desired without contractual impediment. Thus, Crystal Valley failed to sufficiently allege that Cameo’s decision to move its business amounted to acting without justification in an attempt to intentionally interfere with Jonathan Anderson’s contract.

, To the extent that the allegation that Appellees “helped” Jonathan Anderson breach his fiduciary duties resembles a claim of aiding and abetting a fiduciary in the breach of a fiduciary duty, we note that Indiana does not recognize such a cause of action. See DiMaggio v. Rosario, 950 N.E.2d 1272, 1274 (Ind.Ct.App.2011) (affirming trial court’s grant of Rule 12(B)(6) dismissal on grounds that Indiana does not recognize a cause against third-party nonfiduciary for aiding fiduciary in breach of duty, but finding that even if such cause were recognized, complaint failed to sufficiently allege elements of underlying breach). We believe that the decision to adopt a new cause of action for aiding and abetting in the breach of fiduciary duty is a decision better left to the legislature or our supreme court. However, as the DiMaggio court noted, cases from jurisdictions that recognize such a tort require that the nonfiduciary act knowingly or intentionally when joining the fiduciary in an enterprise constituting a breach of fiduciary duty. Id. at 1276. We find that the amended complaint does not sufficiently allege that Appellees acted with such knowledge or intent concerning Jonathan Anderson’s fiduciary duties to Crystal Valley. As previously discussed, with respect to Appellees’ knowledge concerning Jonathan Anderson’s duties, whether contractual or fiduciary, the amended complaint alleges only that Gei-ble was aware of Jonathan’s noncompete agreement. It fails to allege knowledge by any of the Appellees (except possibly Gei-ble) concerning Jonathan Anderson’s position as a Crystal Valley shareholder, and it likewise fails to allege that Appellees were aware of Jonathan’s fiduciary duties attendant to that position. With respect to Rodger Anderson, we find no allegation that he knowingly or intentionally aided and abetted his son in breaching a fiduciary duty and note the complaint’s allegation that Rodger was a novice in the business with no expertise as to the industry’s workings. In short, we are left to infer knowledge and intent based solely on the father/son relationship. Thus, even if Indiana recognized such a tort, we find the allegations insufficient.

In sum, Crystal Valley’s amended complaint fails to sufficiently allege against Appellees a recognized, underlying tort to accompany its civil conspiracy allegations as required by Indiana law. Thus, the trial court properly dismissed the action without prejudice pursuant to Indiana Trial Rules 12(B)(6) and 12(C). Consequently, we affirm.

Affirmed.

RILEY, J., and MATHIAS, J., concur. 
      
      . Crystal Valley's majority shareholders Charles Kline and Nancy Kline are parties of record in the proceedings below and in this appeal. Ind. Appellate Rule 17(A). However, because the allegations in the amended complaint are framed on behalf of Crystal Valley as an entity and not in terms of the Klines in their individual capacities, we address the arguments accordingly.
     
      
      . Jonathan Anderson is a party of record and participated in the proceedings below. Ind. Appellate Rule 17(A). Because Crystal Valley's claims against him were not part of the dismissal order, he is not participating in this appeal and did not file a brief.
     
      
      . We note that in their briefs, both Crystal Valley and National Sales use footnotes rather than citation sentences to cite sources in contravention of Indiana Appellate Rule 22, which requires that parties adhere to Blue-book rules concerning citation form. See The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation R. B2, at 4 (Columbia Law Review Ass’n et al. eds., 19th ed. 2010) ("In non-academic legal documents, citations appear within the text of the document as full sentences or as clauses within sentences direedy after the propositions they support.”).
     
      
      . We note that National Sales and Rodger Anderson also filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 12(C), to which we also apply a de novo standard of review. Veolia Water Indianapolis, LLC v. Nat’l Trust Ins. Co., 3 N.E.3d 1, 5 (Ind.2014).
     
      
      . In the amended complaint, "Defendants” refers to Appellees plus Jonathan Anderson.
     
      
      . We note the following ambiguous allegation: "48. Norm Geible solicited J. Anderson (as set forth in paragraphs 45-47 above) knowing that J. Anderson was an employee and shareholder of National Sales." Appellants' App. at 57 (emphasis added).