Case ID: neb_78/html/0703-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Albert, C.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

State of Nebraska, appellee, v. Several Parcels of Land et al., appellants.
    
    Filed April 4, 1907.
    No. 14,747.
    1. Statutes: Validity. In legal contemplation an unconstitutional statute is as inoperative as though never passed, conferring no right, imposing no duty, and affording no protection.
    2- -: Cities: Boundaries. An annexation ordinance, adopted in pursuance of an unconstitutional statute, and without lawful authority, is ineffectual to extend the corporate limits of a municipality.
    3.--: Impeachment. Ordinarily the validity of such ordinance may be collaterally impeached in a proceeding brought to enforce a city tax levied against real estate in the annexed territory.
    4. -: Unauthorized Tax. Such tax is one levied for an “unauthorized purpose,” within the meaning of section 15 of the scavenger act (Comp. St. 1905, ch. 77, art. IX, sec. 15), and may be adj udged void in a proceeding brought under the act.
    Appeal from tlie district court for Oass county: Paul J essen, Judge.
    
      Reversed with directions.
    
    
      tfamuel M. (Jhapman, A. L. Tidd and Matthew Goring, for appellants.
    
      C. A. Raiols and S. D. Travis, contra.
    
    
      
       Rehearing allowed. See opinion, 80 Neb.-.
    
   Albert, C.

Since 1882, Heman Burgess, whom we shall call the defendant, has been the owner of a tract of land containing about 12 acres, lying near the original corporate limits of the city of Plattsmouth. It has never been platted or subdivided into lots, and has been used exclusively for agricultural purposes. In 1888 the city in pursuance of the provisions of chapter 14, laws of 1885, entitled “An act to amend the title and sections 1, 2, 3, and 4 of an act entitled ‘An act to provide for the organization, government, and powers of cities of the second class having more than ten thousand inhabitants/ approved March 1, 1883/’ undertook merely by the passage of an ordinance to extend its corporate limits to include the defendant’s land. Ever since the adoption of said ordinance, down to and including the year 1903, taxes for general city purposes were levied against this land. The taxes thus levied were paid by the defendant from year to year until 1894, but, according to his uncontradicted testimony, such payments were made under protest, and since that year he has paid no taxes levied against the property for city purposes. A proceeding under what is commonly known as the “Scavenger” act, instituted in 1904 to enforce the payment of the unpaid city tax levied against the defendant’s property, was resisted by the defendant, on the ground that the annexation ordinance was invalid and ineffectual to bring the land within the corporate limits of the city, and, consequently, that the taxes levied against the land for city purposes were levied without authority and void. The court entered a decree for the enforcement of the taxes against the land, and the defendant appealed.

The amendatory act of 1885 was declared unconstitutional in Webster v. City of Hastings, 59 Neb. 563. The general rule is that an unconstitutional statute is invalid from its inception, and as ineffectual as though it had never passed. Boales v. Ferguson, 55 Neb. 565; Finders v. Bodle, 58 Neb. 57. As was said in Horton v. Shelby County, 118 U. S. 425: “It confers no rights; it imposes no duties; it affords no protection; * * * it is, in legal contemplation, as inoperative as though it had never been passed.” It would follow, then, that the amendatoryact of 1885, under which the city attempted to extend its limits by ordinance so as to include defendant’s land, conferred no authority to annex adjacent territory by ordinance, and, as there was no valid law then in force conferring such authority, that the attempted annexation was unauthorized. As was said in Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. City of Nebraska City, 53 Neb. 453: “It is a familiar doctrine that municipal corporations can exercise only such, powers as are conferred by law, either express or implied. Where the statute points out the mode of procedure for the extension of the boundaries of a city, the same must be substantially followed, else it will be of no validity.” There, as in this case, the validity of a city tax 'levied against certain property over which the city had attempted to extend its jurisdiction was assailed on the ground that the annexation proceedings were unauthorized. The court held that, the annexation proceedings being unauthorized, the taxes were void, and allowed an injunction to restrain their collection.

But it is contended that the validity of the annexation proceedings cannot be impeached collaterally by a private individual. This contention seems to be met and disposed of by the case just cited, but authorities are not wanting to sustain it. Such authorities, however, so far as we have been able to examine them, are cases where the city had authority to annex the territory, but exercised it irregularly, or Avhere the annexation proceedings had been acquiesced in for so long a time that public and private rights had intervened, Avhich would be injuriously affected by an annulment of the proceedings. But this is a case, not of an irregular exercise of lawful authority, but of a "want of laAvful authority, and the annexation proceedings, therefore, Avere not merely defective and voidable;, but ultra vires and void. Neither have any public or private rights intervened Avliieh Avould be prejudiced by a refusal to recognize the jurisdiction of the city over the property in question. So far as the record discloses, the city has laid out no streets, made no improvements, and expended no money on this property, and has made no attempt to exercise jurisdiction over it, save by levying taxes against it. Neither does it appear that the city has expended any money, incurred any liability, or changed its position to its prejudice in any way on the assumption that the defendant’s land was subject to taxation for city purposes. What"taxes were paid by the defendant for that purpose were paid under protest. The record, therefore, discloses no reason for a departure from the general rule that a void proceeding may he assailed at any time and by any person.

Another contention of counsel for the state is that Ihe validity of the annexation ordinance cannot be assailed in this proceeding, because the jurisdiction of the court to declare a tax void in proceedings under the scavenger act is expressly limited to cases where the property was exempt from taxation, or the levy made for an illegal or unauthorized purpose, or the tax was based on fraud, gross injustice, or mistake. See Comp. St. 1905, ch. 77, art. IX, sec. 15. We do not deem it necessary to undertake to define the jurisdiction of the court in a proceeding of this character, nor to determine whether the grounds upon which it can relieve against void taxes are limited to those just enumerated, because this case easily falls within those limitations. If the taxes were levied in the belief that the property was subject to city taxation, they were based upon mistake; if they were levied by the city authorities with knowledge that the property was outside the city limits, and not subject to city taxation, they were based on fraud. Besides, it was held in Thatcher v. County of Adams, 19 Neb. 485, that school district taxes levied upon real estate outside the district were levied for an unauthorized purpose, within the meaning of the revenue act. On the authority of that case, the taxes in question may be said to have been levied for an unauthorized purpose within the meaning of the scavenger act.

The equities are with the defendant. His land is unplatted. It is used exclusively for agricultural purposes. It derives no benefit from the city government. No fact or circumstance is shown justifying an application of the hard doctrine of necessity or estoppel. The taxes are void, and the district court erred in decreeing their enforcement.

It is therefore recommended that the decree of the district court be reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to enter a decree in accordance with the views herein expressed.

Duffie and Jackson, CC., concur.

By the Court: For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the decree of the district court is reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to enter a decree in conformity herewith.

Reversed.