Case ID: abb-pr-ns_3/html/0350-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "\n      By the Court.—Miller, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

WHITNEY against WHITNEY.
    
      Supreme Court, Third District; General Term,
    
    
      March, 1867.
    Wife’s Separate Pbopebty.—Suit against Husband.
    An action may be maintained by a wife against her husband, to recover for wrongfully taking and converting to his own use, money which was the separate property of the wife.
    In such actionTihe complaint is not open to objection because it demands judgment for the sum of money alleged to have been converted. A prayer for an accounting is not only form of relief allowable.
    Appeal from judgment on a demurrer to a complaint.
    The action was brought by Cornelia E. Whitney against her husband, Hampden Whitney, and was founded upon facts which are stated in the opinions given below.
    The defendant demurred to the complaint, contending that a wife could not maintain such an action against her husband. The demurrer was argued before Justice Ingalls, at Rensselaer special term, November, 1866, who overruled it; rendering the following opinion:
    Ingalls, J.
    The demurrer to the complaint admits the material allegations of the complaint. The facts thus admitted are that on the first day of April, 1866, the plaintiff was possessed in her own right of $618 50 which was in her pocket-book, and placed under her pillow, and was, without her consent, taken by her husband, who refused to surrender the same to her upon demand. This action is instituted to recover the same. The only question presented is whether the action can be maintained against the defendant, who was, at the time the money was taken, and still is, the husband of the plaintiff.
    It is clear that a common law action could not have been sustained previous to the act of the legislature concerning the rights and liabilities of husband and wife, passed April 10, 1862. A court of equity not unfrequently interposed to protect the rights of married women in regard to their separate property. The seventh section of the act of March 20, 1860, as amended by section 3 of the act of 1862, provides :
    
      “ Any married woman may, while married, sue and be sued in all matters having relation to her sole and separate property, or which may hereafter come to her by descent, devise, bequest, purchase or the gift or grant of any person in the same manner as if she were sole.” This statute expressly declares that a married woman may sue and be sued in regard to her separate property the same as if she were sole. Language more explicit could not be employed to declare the apparent intention of the legislature. The effect of modem legislation has been to confer upon married women rights and immunities in regard to their separate property which at common law they did not possess, particularly in regard to the manner of enjoying and controling the same.
    Several cases have been cited to the effect that a married woman cannot maintain an action against her husband for slander, &e.; but the disposition of this case does not necessarily involve the question presented by that class of cases. Here the action is in relation to the separate property of the plaintiff, which is the subject expressly referred to by the statute of 1862, and in regard to which the married woman may sue and be sued. By the common law the husband, by virtue of the marital relation, succeeded to the ownership of the personal property of the wife and was authorized to reduce the same to possession and to retain the same. Legislation has to a great extent divested the husband of such right, and placed the property under the direct control of the wife. The act of 1862 provides a remedy fdr any violation of the rights of a married woman in respect to her separate property. As the legislature has thus conferred upon married women the right to receive and hold property free from the control of the husband; and the act of 1862 has provided a remedy by which such right is to be protected and enforced, viz: by action in her own name the same as though sole ; I am of opinion that the present action can be maintained by the plaintiff. This view harmonizes the remedy with the right, and carries out the obvious intention of the Legislature. With the policy of such an innovation the courts have nothing to do. The legislature possesses the power to enact such laws, and it is the duty of the courts to enforce them in good faith.
    It is contended by the plaintiff’s counsel that the complaint is in equity, and therefore the demurrer cannot be sustained. Whatever force there may be in this position, I prefer to put the decision upon the ground that the action can be sustained under the act of 1862, without regard to the consideration whether the action is to be regarded as in equity or otherwise.
    The plaintiff must have judgment upon the demurrer, with leave to the defendant to answer in twenty days on payment of costs of the demurrer.
    The defendant'now appealed to the general term.
    
      J. Wagner, for the appellant.
    
      Beach & Smith, for the respondent.
   By the Court.—Miller, J.

The plaintiff’s complaint in this action sets forth with some particularity the nature of the plaintiff’s claim and its origin. It appears thereby that the plaintiff was the Owner of considerable property, part and most of which consisted of a house and lot which had been exchanged for another parcel of real estate. That she sold the house and lot, and that a portion of the avails of the sale, in bank bills, was placed by her, on retiring to bed at night, in a pocket-book, under her pillow, and was taken from there by the defendant, before she arose on the following morning, and disposed of and converted to his use. She asks judgment for the amount thus taken, against the defendant. It will be seen that the complaint is not in the ordinary form of a complaint in an action of trover for the conversion of personal property, but is drawn to conform to the facts as they are alleged to exist.

I am inclined to think that the action can be maintained in the form in which it is presented in the pleadings. At common law the wife could not maintain a civil action against her husband, but in equity she could maintain an action against her husband for the protection of her property and to restrain him from its improper use and destruction. (Freethy v. Freethy, 42 Barb., 641.) He was also liable to account to her for her separate estate received by him without her knowledge ; and equity would interfere to protect her in the enjoyment of it. (Clancy, Rights of Marr. Wom., 35; Devin v. Devin, 17 How. Pr., 514.)

If, before the Code was enacted, the defendant had appropriated his wife’s property without her knowlege or consent, or if he had threatened its destruction, or injury to it, there cannot, I think, be any doubt but what he would be hable to a suit in equity to compel him to return it, or to prevent his improper interference with it. Now, by the Code, the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, and the forms of all such actions and suits, heretofore existing, are abolished. There is to be but one form of action for the enforcement and protection of private rights and for the redress of private wrongs. (Code, § 69.) The remedies, therefore, heretofore sought in a court of equity, are now only to be obtained by the ordinary forms of proceedings according to the established practice of the court. By that practice ah forms of pleading previously existing were abohshed. (Code, § 140.) And it was provided that the complaint should contain a statement of the facts constituting the cause of action, and a demand of the rehef to which the party claimed to be entitled. (Code, § 142.)

In the case under consideration the facts are stated as they are supposed to exist, and I do not discover but that they are presented in conformity with the provisions cited, and the design and intentions of the law makers to simplify pleadings so as to present briefly a concise statement of the ease.

The only objection which it seems to me can be urged with any appearance of being well founded, against the complaint is, that a money judgment is demanded. Is there any foundation for this objection? The money was actually taken, and the plaintiff seeks to recover it back. If the circumstances alleged are established upon a trial, the judgment of the court should be that the money be refunded, or that the plaintiff have judgment for the amount.

If the prayer for relief had been for an accounting, then the decree would have been that the defendant pay over the money, if the plaintiff was successful; so, in reality, it makes no sort of difference. Whatever the prayer for relief may be, the judgment of the court will be according to the facts alleged and proved. And even if the party err in the nature of the relief demanded, the court will grant it according to the facts proved. (Emory v. Pease, 20 N. Y., 62 ; Dwight v. Newton 10 Id., 51; Denman v. Prince, 40 Barb., 219.) I think, at common law, this action was maintainable in equity, and as the Code has abolished the distinction between equitable actions and actions at law, and the old forms of pleadings, that a case is presented in the plaintiff’s complaint which makes out a good cause of action. The complaint therefore is not demurrable.

If I am correct in the views which I have expressed, then it is not necessary to examine the question whether the action can be maintained under the act of 1862. The order of the special term should be affirmed and judgment rendered for plaintiff on the demurrer, with leave to the defendant to answer on payment of costs.

Peckham, J., concurred in the result

Hogeboom, J., dissented.

Judgment affirmed 
      
       Present—Peckham, Miller and Hogeboom, JJ.