Case ID: se2d_807/html/0817-01.html
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Author: {"author": "WALKER, Justice: LOUGHRY, Chief Justice, dissenting:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

LAWYER DISCIPLINARY BOARD, Petitioner v. Sarah CAMPBELL, Respondent
    No. 16-1036
    Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.
    Submitted: October 4, 2017 Filed: November 17, 2017
    Rachael L. Fletcher Cipoletti, Office of Disciplinary Counsel, Charleston, West Virginia, Counsel for the Petitioner
    M. Timothy Koontz, Law Offices of M. Timothy Koontz, Charleston, West Virginia, Counsel for Respondent
    Sidney Bell, Attorney at Law, Beaver, West Virginia, Counsel for the Respondent
   WALKER, Justice:

The Hearing Panel Subcommittee (HPS) of the Lawyer Disciplinary Board (LDB) found that Respondent Sarah Campbell violated two provisions of the West Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct and recommended that she be admonished and ordered to pay the costs of these proceedings. Ms. Campbell does not challenge the recommendations of the HPS; however, the Office of Disciplinary Counsel (ODC) of the LDB objected to the sanctions. This matter comes before this Court upon the objections of the ODC.

Based upon the parties' stipulations, the ODC asserts that the appropriate sanction is a suspension of Ms. Campbell's license to practice law for sixty days with automatic reinstatement, six months of supervised practice following her suspension, and that she be required to pay the costs of these proceedings.

In order to resolve this case, we must consider whether a sexual relationship between an attorney and her client predates the attorney-client relationship. Given the long history of the relationship in this case, we find that it does.

Even so, this Court finds that there is clear and convincing evidence to support the findings of the HPS that Ms. Campbell violated Rules 4.1 and 8.4(c) of the Rules of Professional Conduct because she misrepresented to her supervisor the nature of her relationship with a client. For the reasons explained below, we adopt the sanctions recommended by the HPS.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Ms. Campbell is a lawyer practicing in Summersville, West Virginia who was admitted to the West Virginia State Bar on October 24, 2013. This proceeding arises from the July 30, 2014 complaint filed by Samuel R. White, Nicholas County Assistant Prosecutor, pursuant to his mandatory reporting obligations under Rule 8.3 of the Rules of Professional Conduct.

A. Underlying Facts and Allegations

In 2002, Ms. Campbell and Mr. H began a romantic relationship; at the time, she was fourteen and he was sixteen years old. In 2003, this relationship became sexual and continued intermittently until December 2013, when both parties decided to pursue other romantic partners.

In October 2013, Ms. Campbell was admitted to practice law in West Virginia and began working for the Nicholas County Public Defender's Office. In April 2014, having practiced law for only six months, Ms. Campbell was appointed to represent Mr. H. in an abuse and neglect proceeding. Shortly thereafter, Mr. H. was arrested on felony charges stemming from the abuse and neglect proceeding and Ms. Campbell was again appointed to represent him.

That same month, due to the nature of their relationship and fully complying with her obligations under Rule 1.7(b), Ms. Campbell initiated a discussion with Mr. H. about her continued representation. Mr. H. verbally waived the conflict and asked Ms. Campbell to continue representation, adding that he believed it would "lead to more zealous representation."

In September 2014, Mr. H. told Ms. Campbell he was in love with her and asked her to restart the relationship. At that time, Ms. Campbell advised Mr. H. that they should speak with her supervisor, Chief Public Defender Cynthia Stanton, to make her aware of the preexisting sexual relationship. Mr. H. insisted on seeing Ms. Stanton alone and Ms. Campbell obliged.

During this private meeting, Mr. H. told Ms. Stanton that he was in love with Ms. Campbell, but failed to disclose the prior relationship or that Ms. Campbell had feelings for him as well. As a result, Ms. Stanton believed that Mr. H. was merely asking for permission to date Ms. Campbell. At the same time, Mr. H. led Ms. Campbell to believe that he told Ms. Stanton everything about the preexisting relationship and that she was fine with its continuance. During this meeting, Ms. Stanton did not question Ms. Campbell about the relationship and Ms. Campbell did not inquire as to the extent of Ms. Stanton's knowledge of it. Still operating on inaccurate information, Ms. Stanton advised Ms. Campbell that she did not believe a judge would grant a motion to withdraw from representation of Mr. H. and that she believed continued representation would be appropriate.

Ms. Campbell met again with Mr. H. and indicated for a second time that he could request new counsel, but informed him that she did not have a problem moving forward with representation. Shortly thereafter, Ms. Campbell and Mr. H. resumed sexual relations. From roughly October 2014 until May 2015 (when Mr. H. was indicted), aside from appointments related to his case, Ms. Campbell saw Mr. H. socially a maximum of five or six times.

In July 2015, Assistant Prosecutor White received information from Trooper Daniel White concerning a possible relationship between Ms. Campbell and Mr. H. Trooper White obtained this information during a home confinement check performed at Mr. H.'s residence. Trooper White confronted Mr. H. regarding the allegation that he was dating Ms. Campbell. Upon requesting Mr. H.'s phone, Trooper White observed "no less than seven (7) photographs" of Ms. Campbell, including "one that appeared to be [Ms. Campbell] in lingerie" on the phone. During this encounter, Mr. H. told Trooper White he was in love with Ms. Campbell and was actively seeking other representation for his criminal proceedings. During the home confinement check, which resulted in a finding of no violations by Mr. H., Trooper White also met with the owner of the home, Mr. H.'s aunt, Alma Varner. Ms. Varner provided a written statement that Mr. H. was dating Ms. Campbell.

Prior to filing his complaint with the ODC, Assistant Prosecutor White advised Ms. Stanton of the allegations. Ms. Stanton contacted Ms. Campbell by telephone and asked if the allegations were true, alerting her that her job depended on the response. Ms. Campbell denied having a sexual relationship with Mr. H. Immediately thereafter, Ms. Campbell filed a motion to withdraw as Mr. H.'s counsel and Assistant Prosecutor White filed the disciplinary complaint against Ms. Campbell. Mr. H.'s new counsel made a notice of appearance in the case that same week. Based upon Ms. Campbell's denial of the allegations, Ms. Stanton advised the Public Defender's Corporation board members and the Circuit Court of Nicholas County that the allegations were unfounded.

In August 2015, ODC sent Ms. Campbell a letter with the complaint. Ms. Campbell filed a three-sentence affidavit in which she stated her name and that she was an assistant public defender in Nicholas County and denied violating the Rules of Professional Conduct. Ultimately, in December 2015, Mr. H. pled guilty to two counts of the misdemeanor offense of Sexual Abuse in the 3rd Degree and registered with the Sex Offender Registry. At this time, the sexual relationship between Mr. H. and Ms. Campbell ended by mutual agreement.

On April 21, 2016, Ms. Campbell called Ms. Stanton to inform her she had lied about not having sexual relations with Mr. H. when directly asked in July 2015. The following day, Ms. Campbell appeared for a sworn statement at ODC pursuant to a subpoena duces tecum and testified that her relationship with Mr. H. predated her representation of him and that despite not believing there was a conflict, she nonetheless advised him of it and obtained his consent. Ms. Campbell admitted that Ms. Stanton informed her of Mr. H.'s desire to have a relationship with her and that Ms. Stanton told her not to pursue a relationship until the attorney-client relationship concluded, but that she resumed the relationship anyway in October 2014. Ms. Campbell admitted that she sent photographs to Mr. H. via her smart phone on several occasions, but denied that she was wearing lingerie in any of them.

A few days later, the ODC received a letter from Ms. Stanton indicating that neither Ms. Campbell nor Mr. H. had advised her of their sexual relationship until Ms. Campbell telephoned her the evening of April 21, 2016. In the letter, Ms. Stanton stated that, had she known, she would have advised Ms. Campbell appropriately.

In a May 2016 sworn statement, Ms. Campbell addressed the misrepresentations made to Ms. Stanton and denied violating the Rules of Professional Conduct, stating that the relationship began when the two were in junior high school and continued intermittently until 2013, when it dissipated but did not end.

B. Charges by the Lawyer Disciplinary Board

The LDB filed a formal Statement of Charges on November 2, 2016, alleging that Ms. Campbell violated Rules 1.7(b) (conflict of interest), Rule 1.8(j) (conflict of interest /prohibition on sexual relations with a client), Rule 8.4(d) (misconduct), and Rule 8.1(a) (false statements of material fact).

The ODC and Ms. Campbell reached an agreement to resolve the matter under the following terms: (1) that Ms. Campbell's law license be suspended for 60 days; (2) that upon her suspension, she must comply with the mandates of Rule 3.28 of the Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure; (3) that she be subject to automatic reinstatement of her law license; (4) that upon reinstatement of her law license, she would be subject to six months of probation with supervised practice; and (5) that she be ordered to pay the costs of these proceedings pursuant to Rule 3.15 of the Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure.

C. Report of the Hearing Panel Subcommittee

Following a hearing on March 2, 2017, the HPS filed a report with this Court on June 12, 2017. Providing a detailed analysis of the testimony and other evidence presented at the hearing, the HPS found that the evidence did not establish that Ms. Campbell violated any of the Rules of Professional Conduct asserted by the LDB, but did find violations of Rules 4.1 (truthfulness in statements to others) and 8.4(c) (misconduct generally). The HPS evaluated Ms. Campbell's conduct in accordance with applicable standards to determine whether discipline should be imposed, including mitigating and aggravating factors, and concluded that she should be sanctioned with an admonishment and with payment of the costs of these proceedings.

The HPS concluded that Ms. Campbell violated Rule 4.1 by denying the existence of a past or current sexual relationship with her client. It also concluded that Rule 8.4 was violated because she failed to inform her employer of the relationship, she further denied the existence of the relationship, and she engaged in a sexual relationship with her client when she knew that such conduct violated her employer's prohibitions.

However, as previously stated, the HPS concluded that Ms. Campbell did not violate any of the rules alleged by the LDB. The HPS found no violation of Rule 1.7, deeming it sufficient that Ms. Campbell had consulted with Mr. H. and obtained his consent for the representation, and because there was no evidence that Ms. Campbell's representation of Mr. H. was materially limited by her personal interest. The HPS further concluded that Ms. Campbell did not violate Rule 1.8(j), because a consensual sexual relationship had existed for more than ten years at the commencement of the representation. The HPS also concluded that Ms. Campbell did not violate Rule 8.1(a) because, for the reasons stated above, she believed that her client had informed Ms. Stanton of the relationship, and therefore she had not made a false statement. Finally, the HPS concluded that Ms. Campbell did not violate Rule 8.4(d) after finding that the relationship itself was not prohibited.

As for the imposition of an appropriate sanction, the HPS concluded that Ms. Campbell violated two rules, both stemming from misrepresentations made to her supervisor and her actions following those misrepresentations, and further concluded that there were no aggravating factors. Rather, the HPS concluded that there were seven mitigating factors: (1) Ms. Campbell had no prior disciplinary record; (2) Ms. Campbell, licensed in 2013, had little to no experience in the practice of law; (3) Ms. Campbell expressed true remorse at her disciplinary proceedings; (4) Ms. Campbell's supervisor, the one person most affected by the rules violation, believes that a sanction of suspension is too harsh; (5) the disciplinary proceeding itself has made Ms. Campbell endure humiliating and embarrassing situations with judges and others in her small legal community, and such conditions are likely to follow her for years to come; (6) given its heavy caseload and limited staff, the public defender's office where Ms. Campbell works, and the public more generally, would suffer unnecessary hardship if a sanction of suspension was imposed; and (7) there are no victims in this case and no one was harmed by Ms. Campbell's conduct.

In addition to the mitigating factors listed above, the HPS was particularly troubled by the fact that the disciplinary complaint was filed by opposing counsel in ongoing litigation. This fact is even more pronounced considering the investigation of the relationship ensued within 24 hours of Ms. Campbell having refused to grant a continuance to accommodate the complainant-the prosecutor-in the case against Mr. H.

Although Ms. Campbell agreed with the HPS's recommended disposition, the ODC filed an objection on the grounds that the sanctions were not sufficiently harsh. Instead, the ODC recommends that we impose the sanctions contemplated in its agreement with Ms. Campbell. Although Ms. Campbell has agreed to the sanctions recommended by the ODC and has also agreed to the sanctions recommended by the HPS, by virtue of the fact that the ODC and HPS disagree, this Court must determine the appropriate sanction to address the severity of the violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review lawyer disciplinary proceedings using the following standards:

A de novo standard applies to a review of the adjudicatory record made before the [Lawyer Disciplinary Board] as to questions of law, questions of application of the law to the facts, and questions of appropriate sanctions; this Court gives respectful consideration to the [Board's] recommendations while ultimately exercising its own independent judgment. On the other hand, substantial deference is given to the [Board's] findings of fact, unless such findings are not supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence on the whole record.

While we respectfully consider the HPS's recommendations on the sanction, "[t]his Court is the final arbiter of legal ethics problems and must make the ultimate decisions about public reprimands, suspensions, or annulments of attorneys' licenses to practice law." We are mindful of our obligation to weigh the multiple considerations in these cases:

In deciding on the appropriate disciplinary action for ethical violations, this Court must consider not only what steps would appropriately punish the respondent attorney, but also whether the discipline imposed is adequate to serve as an effective deterrent to other members of the Bar and at the same time restore public confidence in the ethical standards of the legal profession.

Keeping these standards in mind, we proceed to consider the arguments before the Court.

III. DISCUSSION

The ODC urges this Court to impose a harsher sanction than admonishment and payment of costs in this lawyer disciplinary matter and argues that the HPS erred in its application of Rule 1.8(j)/8.4(g) by finding that a dormant sexual relationship is a preexisting sexual relationship under that rule. Additionally, according to the ODC, the fact that Ms. Campbell stipulated to rule violations relieved it of its burden of proving the violations by clear and convincing evidence. Ms. Campbell consented to the sanction of admonishment and costs recommended by the HPS.

Our inquiry begins with the text of Rule 1.8(j), which states "[a] lawyer shall not have sexual relations with a client whom the lawyer personally represents during the legal representation unless a consensual sexual relationship existed between them at the commencement of the lawyer/client relationship." (Emphasis added). Thus, we must consider whether the sexual relationship between Ms. Campbell and Mr. H. predated their lawyer/client relationship. Given the unique and longstanding nature of the relationship, we agree with the HPS's finding that the relationship remained in existence at the time representation commenced, and, as such, falls within the exception expressly provided in Rule 1.8(j).

In these cases, we remain mindful of our obligation to consider facts on a case-by-case basis in determining appropriate sanctions:

In disciplinary proceedings, this Court, rather than endeavoring to establish a uniform standard of disciplinary action, will consider the facts and circumstances in each case, including mitigating facts and circumstances, in determining what disciplinary action, if any, is appropriate, and when the committee on legal ethics initiates proceedings before this Court, it has a duty to advise this Court of all pertinent facts with reference to the charges and the recommended disciplinary action.

When considering the facts underlying this proceeding, it is readily apparent that the longstanding nature of the relationship between Ms. Campbell and Mr. H. is sufficient to fall within the exception of Rule 1.8(j). This relationship is one that dates back to junior high school in 2002 and continued intermittently for over a decade. The relationship dissipated in December 2013 before beginning again in October 2014. The only thing that distinguishes this "break" in the relationship from the many others before it is the commencement of the attorney-client relationship in April 2014 when Ms. Campbell was appointed to represent Mr. H. in a criminal matter. We find the HPS's discussion persuasive:

The continuation of the relationship at the commencement of, during and even after the representation was entirely consistent with the history of their relationship up to that time. It was sporadic and intermittent. To say that their relationship ended in December of 2013 and started anew in October of 2014, the position advocated by Disciplinary Counsel, simply goes against the grain of human nature and experience. We are not looking at a prior brief encounter where the parties were not invested with emotional bonds. We are looking at a ten-year, plus, relationship.

Further, as the comments to the rule make clear, "[s]exual relationships that predate the client-lawyer relationship are not prohibited. Issues relating to the exploitation of the fiduciary relationship and client dependency are diminished when the sexual relationship existed prior to the commencement of the client-lawyer relationship." Not only does the evidence fail to support a finding that Ms. Campbell took advantage of Mr. H., but the type of longstanding relationship between the two simply does not present the same concerns associated with new relationships that truly begin after representation begins. For these reasons, we conclude that for purposes of Rule 1.8(j), a longstanding and continuous, albeit intermittent sexual relationship, though dormant at the commencement of an attorney-client relationship, is a preexisting relationship.

Having determined that Ms. Campbell did not violate Rule 1.8(j), we next consider the ODC's remaining challenges to the HPS's determinations and recommended sanctions. In doing so, we rely upon our holding in Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. Jordan :

Rule 3.16 of the West Virginia Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure enumerates factors to be considered in imposing sanctions and provides as follows: "In imposing a sanction after a finding of lawyer misconduct, unless otherwise provided in these rules, the [West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals] or [Lawyer Disciplinary Board] shall consider the following factors: (1) whether the lawyer has violated a duty owed to a client, to the public, to the legal system, or to the profession; (2) whether the lawyer acted intentionally, knowingly, or negligently; (3) the amount of the actual or potential injury caused by the lawyer's misconduct; and (4) the existence of any aggravating or mitigating factors."

In applying the first Jordan factor, the HPS found that Ms. Campbell violated her duty owed to the public and the legal system by providing false statements to Ms. Stanton, her supervising attorney. The HPS further stated that these false statements "reflect negatively on her personal integrity and are a violation of both her duty to the public and the legal system." The HPS found that Ms. Campbell violated the second Jordan factor, as well, by intentionally and knowingly lying to her supervisor about the ongoing relationship with Mr. H. Regarding the third Jordan factor, the HPS found no actual or potential injury caused by Ms. Campbell's conduct.

With regard to the fourth Jordan factor, we have explained that "[m]itigating factors in a lawyer disciplinary proceeding are any considerations or factors that may justify a reduction in the degree of discipline to be imposed." We consistently have described mitigating factors as follows:

Mitigating factors which may be considered in determining the appropriate sanction to be imposed against a lawyer for violating the Rules of Professional Conduct include: (1) absence of a prior disciplinary record; (2) absence of a dishonest or selfish motive; (3) personal or emotional problems; (4) timely good faith effort to make restitution or to rectify consequences of misconduct; (5) full and free disclosure to disciplinary board or cooperative attitude toward proceedings; (6) inexperience in the practice of law; (7) character or reputation; (8) physical or mental disability or impairment ; (9) delay in disciplinary proceedings; (10) interim rehabilitation; (11) imposition of other penalties or sanctions; (12) remorse; and (13) remoteness of prior offenses.

In contrast, "[a]ggravating factors in a lawyer disciplinary proceeding are any considerations or factors that may justify an increase in the degree of discipline to be imposed."

In this case, the HPS found seven mitigating factors: (1) no prior disciplinary record; (2) Ms. Campbell has only been licensed since 2013 with little experience in the practice of law; (3) Ms. Campbell expressed true remorse for her conduct at her disciplinary hearing; (4) Ms. Campbell's supervisor and the one most directly affected by the Rules violation believes that the sanction of suspension is too harsh; (5) as a result of this disciplinary action, Ms. Campbell has endured humiliating and personally embarrassing situations with her judge and others within the legal community; (6) imposing a sanction of suspension will create an unnecessary hardship on the public and public defender's office; and (7) there are no victims in this case and no one was harmed by Ms. Campbell's conduct.

With regard to aggravating factors, the ODC argues that four are present: (1) Ms. Campbell engaged in multiple violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct; (2) Ms. Campbell made false statements during the disciplinary process to her supervising attorney and to ODC: (3) Ms. Campbell's conduct was born of a selfish motive, to wit, engaging in a relationship with a client for her own sexual gratification; and (4) although there is no evidence of coercion or duress, based upon the inherent unequal power between a lawyer and a client, the vulnerability of a criminal defendant facing up to 70 years in prison is heightened.

We agree with the HPS that there are no aggravating factors present in this case and decline to adopt those argued by the ODC. First, having already determined that Ms. Campbell did not violate Rule 1.8(j), she is left with two rule violations, both stemming from misrepresentations made to her supervisor, not multiple rule violations for multiple instances of misconduct as the ODC asserts. Second, Ms. Campbell did not knowingly make a false statement to ODC as she believed the statement to be true when made and took steps to correct the record when she realized it was false. Third, whether or not Ms. Campbell's sexual relationship with Mr. H. was born of a selfish motive, it was not prohibited by Rule 1.8(j) and the motivation is therefore irrelevant.

The HPS's recommended sanctions are consistent with our precedent. In Lawyer Disciplinary Board v. Artimez, a lawyer violated Rule 8.4(d) by contracting with his client to obtain a release from all possible claims for professional misconduct and violated Rule 1.7(b) by having a sexual relationship with his client's wife. As a result, the lawyer was publicly reprimanded, not suspended. Similarly, in Lawyer Disciplinary Board v. Chittum, a lawyer violated seven rules, one of which involved an attempt to begin a sexual relationship with an incarcerated client in violation of Rule 8.4(a) and 8.4(d). As a result, he too was publicly reprimanded and not suspended. Further, in Lawyer Disciplinary Board v. Hussell, where a lawyer was charged with engaging in a prohibited sexual relationship with a client, his case resulted in a complete dismissal despite an agreement with the ODC to a 90-day suspension and other sanctions.

Additionally, HPS very clearly summarized the appropriateness of the sanctions we adopt today:

It is clear that Respondent was well aware of Rule 8.4(g) and Rule 1.8(j) and honestly and understandably believed that her conduct was exempted by the Rule. Such an interpretation was reasonable and rational. We believe she read the Rules accurately and correctly and, insofar as her dealings with her client were concerned, acted ethically and responsibly. The same cannot be said with respect to her dealings with her supervisor but, given the circumstances attendant to when she lied to her supervisor and the representations made by her supervisor and others, [we] believe that her transgressions in this regard, for the most part, are better dealt with by her supervisor and her employer, working with Respondent.

Taking into account the unique circumstances of this case, as well as the mitigating and aggravating factors present, we agree with HPS's recommendation that Ms. Campbell be admonished and forced to pay the costs of this proceeding.

IV. CONCLUSION

Based upon the foregoing, we adopt the HPS's recommendations and impose the following sanctions pursuant to Rule 3.15 of the Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure: (1) Admonishment of Ms. Campbell; and (2) order that Ms. Campbell reimburse the Lawyer Disciplinary Board the costs of the proceedings on the formal statement of charges.

Admonishment and Costs.

CHIEF JUSTICE LOUGHRY dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion.

JUSTICE WORKMAN dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion.

LOUGHRY, Chief Justice, dissenting:

In a blatant violation of her professional ethics, the respondent lawyer had sexual relations with a client whom she was court-appointed to represent in two cases pertaining to the client's alleged sexual misconduct. In written stipulations and during her sworn testimony before the Hearing Panel Subcommittee ("subcommittee") of the Lawyer Disciplinary Board, the respondent admitted that she violated the multiple Rules of Professional Conduct specified in the Statement of Charges. She even agreed to a sixty-day suspension of her law license. Nonetheless, the subcommittee and the majority of this Court manipulate uncontested facts and ignore key rule provisions to reach the unwarranted conclusion that the respondent did not run afoul of the very rules she conceded violating. Moreover, when choosing to impose a mere-wrist slap of discipline, the majority fails to address several of the rules that the respondent violated. Accordingly, I am compelled to dissent.

I. Improper Dismissal of Four Charges

The Statement of Charges asserted that the respondent violated Rules of Professional Conduct prohibiting sexual relations with clients, conflicts of interest, conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice, and lying to disciplinary counsel. The respondent then stipulated to facts supporting the allegations in the Statement of Charges, and agreed that she violated the specified rules. In the context of a judicial disciplinary proceeding, the Court has recognized the binding nature of stipulations entered into between a respondent and the Office of Disciplinary Counsel:

[I]t is clear that a party who stipulates facts is bound by those stipulations, that the party with the burden of proof is relieved of the duty of producing evidence to prove the facts so stipulated, and that the facts stipulated are considered to have been proven to the requisite standard of proof, whether the burden of proof be by a preponderance of the evidence, by clear and convincing evidence or beyond a reasonable doubt. These purposes seem to be, at a minimum, the reasons for entering into stipulations of facts. There would be very little point in parties entering into and a tribunal accepting stipulations of fact if the party without the burden of proof could claim that the party with the burden of proof failed to meet the burden. The party with the burden of proof would be required to prove that which has already been stipulated, defeating the very purpose of the stipulations.

Matter of Starcher, 202 W.Va. 55, 62-63, 501 S.E.2d 772, 779-80 (1998) ; accord Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Hussell, 234 W.Va. 544, 552, 767 S.E.2d 11, 19 (2014) (Ketchum, J., dissenting) ("A lawyer would not agree with a suspension if he/she hadn't breached the Rules of Professional Conduct.").

Nonetheless, after the Office of Disciplinary Counsel had already presented its case and the evidentiary hearing was concluded, the subcommittee decided to ignore the stipulations and find that disciplinary counsel had failed to prove the very matters that were stipulated. Certainly, the subcommittee could recommend a different disposition than was stipulated by the parties, and as the final arbiter of lawyer disciplinary matters, this Court is always free to reject a recommended disposition. However, there is no justification for totally ignoring stipulations of fact and the respondent's admissions regarding rule violations-particularly without providing the Office of Disciplinary Counsel prior notice that it would need to prove matters that were already stipulated.

Instead of relying upon the respondent's admissions, the subcommittee concluded, and the majority has agreed, that the respondent violated other rules that were not included in the formal charges-thus going out of their way to ensure that the respondent received a light sanction. While I agree that the respondent's conduct in lying to her supervisor constituted a violation of the uncharged rules, that certainly does not justify the dismissal of the other, also-proven claims. Indeed, even without the stipulations, there is more than enough evidence in the record to prove the allegations in the Statement of Charges by the requisite clear and convincing standard. I will address each of the dismissed charges in turn.

A. Rule 8.4(g) /1.8(j) prohibiting sexual relations with a client

The majority dismisses the formal charge that alleges a violation of the Rule of Professional Conduct which is expressly directed at situations like this. Rule 8.4(g), now delineated as Rule 1.8(j), prohibits a lawyer from having "sexual relations with a client whom the lawyer personally represents during the legal representation unless a consensual sexual relationship existed between them at the commencement of the lawyer/client relationship." The record establishes that the respondent personally represented her client Mr. H., she had sexual relations with Mr. H. during the legal representation, and their sexual relationship did not exist at the commencement of their lawyer-client relationship. As such, the majority's analysis should have been compelled to reach the conclusion that Rule 8.4(g) /1.8(j) was violated.

Instead, in an effort to avoid Rule 8.4(g) /1.8(j)'s unambiguous proscription against sexual relations with clients, the subcommittee and the majority try to retrofit the respondent's actions within the rule's exception for existing relationships. This effort fails. The plain language of the exception only allows a lawyer to have a sexual relationship with a client if the sexual aspect "existed between them at the commencement of the lawyer/client relationship." Id. (emphasis added). Both the respondent and Mr. H. testified under oath that they were not engaged in a sexual relationship when the respondent was court-appointed to represent Mr. H. in April 2014. Instead, the respondent testified about having a prior, intermittent sexual relationship with Mr. H. that had "dissipated" by December 2013, a time when they were each dating other people. The respondent admitted there was no sexual conduct between them until late September or October 2014, which was while she was already engaged in the ongoing legal representation of Mr. H.

In an analysis that would be more suited for the readers of a romance novel, the subcommittee theorized about what the respondent's and Mr. H.'s feelings were, or might have been, about their prior, intermittent relationship. Reasoning that "relationships do not stop and start with mathematical precision," the subcommittee found that this was an ongoing sexual relationship. Blindly following the subcommittee's lead, the majority somehow concludes that the respondent is exempt from the prohibition in Rule 8.4(g) / 1.8(j). However, the uncontested facts and unambiguous rule language should not be disregarded based upon the subcommittee's romantic musings.

Rule 8.4(g) /1.8(j) is plainly-worded and free from ambiguity. As such, it is not subject to interpretation or construction. See, e.g., Syl. Pt. 1, Crockett v. Andrews, 153 W.Va. 714, 172 S.E.2d 384 (1970) ("Where the language of a statute is free from ambiguity, its plain meaning is to be accepted and applied without resort to interpretation."). By permitting this prior sexual relationship-a relationship that the respondent and her client both admitted was not in existence "at the commencement" of the legal representation-the majority has erroneously construed the rule to include an additional, unwritten exception. Our law is clear that "[a] statute, or administrative rule, may not, under the guise of 'interpretation,' by modified, revised, amended or rewritten." Syl. Pt. 1, Consumer Advocate Div. v. Public Service Comm'n, 182 W.Va. 152, 386 S.E.2d 650 (1989). Because the facts show, by the requisite clear and convincing standard, that no "sexual relationship existed between" the respondent and her client, Mr. H., "at the commencement of the lawyer/client relationship[,]" the exception in Rule 8.4(g) /1.8(j) simply does not apply.

By quoting a passage in the subcommittee's report, the majority adopts the subcommittee's finding of fact that the respondent "honestly and understandably believed that her conduct was exempted by the Rule" because of her past sexual history with Mr. H. This finding is belied by the record evidence. Before she had intimate relations with her client, the respondent had Mr. H. meet with Chief Public Defender Stanton in September 2014 to ask that another lawyer take over his legal representation. If the respondent had really believed that her conduct would be exempt from Rule 8.4(g) /1.8(j), she would have had no reason to advise Mr. H. of the need to seek different counsel. Moreover, after learning during the September 2014 meeting that Mr. H. desired to "date" the respondent, the Chief Public Defender separately instructed each of them to wait until after the attorney-client representation was over. The respondent flatly ignored this directive and secretly began having sex with her client. For all of these reasons, it is clear error for the majority to dismiss this formal charge.

B. Rule 1.7 conflict of interest

In addition to alleging a violation of Rule 8.4(g) /1.8(j), the Investigative Panel of the Lawyer Disciplinary Board separately charged the respondent with a violation of Rule 1.7 pertaining to a conflict of interest arising from her own interests. Rule 1.7(b), as worded when the respondent became Mr. H.'s lawyer in April 2014, directed that "[a] lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation of that client may be materially limited ... by the lawyer's own interests" unless the lawyer "reasonably believes the representation will not be adversely affected" and "the client consents after consultation."

This rule is deeply rooted in the duty of loyalty that a lawyer owes to her client. See, e.g., Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Artimez, 208 W.Va. 288, 299, 540 S.E.2d 156, 167 (2000) ( " 'Loyalty is an essential element in the lawyer's relationship to a client.' W.Va. Rules of Professional Conduct 1.7 cmt. Loyalty to a Client."). The Hearing Panel Subcommittee has recommended that the Court dismiss this charge, and, as the final arbiter of legal disciplinary matters, the Court is responsible for deciding whether to accept the subcommittee's recommendations. Nonetheless, the majority's opinion is virtually silent regarding the Rule 1.7 charge.

Importantly, even if it is assumed, for purposes of argument, that the respondent's sexual relationship with Mr. H. fell within the "existing relationship" exception to Rule 8.4(g) /1.8(j), that would not preclude a finding that the respondent violated Rule 1.7. This is demonstrated by the case of Musick v. Musick, 192 W.Va. 527, 453 S.E.2d 361 (1994), where the Court was called upon to answer a certified question arising from post-divorce proceedings. In Musick, a party moved to disqualify opposing counsel because counsel had commenced a sexual relationship with the lawyer's client, who was the moving party's former spouse. Id. at 529, 453 S.E.2d at 363. Rule 8.4(g) was newly promulgated when Musick was decided, and had not been in effect when the lawyer engaged in sexual relations with his client. Id. In a well-reasoned opinion authored by Justice Workman, the Court acknowledged that even without Rule 8.4(g), "other rules of professional conduct may be violated by a lawyer's sexual relationship with his [or her] client." Id. at 528, 453 S.E.2d at 362, syl. pt. 1, in part (emphasis added). These other rules include Rule 1.7, the conflict of interest rule; Rule 1.8(b), which prohibits a lawyer from using information relating to the representation of a client to the client's disadvantage; Rule 2.1, which requires a lawyer to use independent professional judgment and render candid advice; and Rule 3.7, the rule prohibiting a lawyer from being both the advocate and a witness in the same matter. Id. at 530-33, 453 S.E.2d at 364-67. The Court remanded the case to the circuit court to hold an evidentiary hearing and consider whether the lawyer should be disqualified based upon a violation of one or more of the other rules. Id. at 534, 453 S.E.2d at 368.

In Musick, the Court discussed the American Bar Association's Formal Opinion 92-364 (1992), which recognized some of the myriad problems inherent when a lawyer commences a sexual relationship with a current client. For example, the ABA noted that "a sexual relationship with a client may affect the independence of the lawyer's judgment." Musick at 530, 453 S.E.2d at 364 (quoting ABA Formal Op. 93-364). In addition, "a non-professional, yet emotionally charged, relationship between attorney and client may result in confidences being imparted in circumstances where the attorney-client privilege is not available, yet would have been, absent the personal relationship." Id. at 531, 453 S.E.2d at 365 (citation omitted). Furthermore, "a sexual relationship between an attorney and client may confuse the line to be drawn in protecting client confidences." Id. Certainly these and other concerns were present during the respondent's dual roles as lawyer and intimate partner to Mr. H. What if she learned information during their personal relationship that impacted the cases or made her a witness? What if they had a personal quarrel? Because the respondent was court-appointed to represent Mr. H. in his two cases, Mr. H. could not simply fire the respondent if they had a disagreement or he became concerned about the conflict of interest. Rather, he would have been required to file a motion with the circuit court specifying grounds for her removal. Moreover, how could the respondent balance her own interests in maintaining a personal and professional reputation, with the fact that she was intimately involved with a man charged with sexual abuse of his children?

This last point is critical inasmuch as the respondent admitted, under oath, that she eventually ended her intimate relationship with Mr. H. because of the ramifications his criminal conviction would have upon her, personally. Shortly after the ethics complaint was filed and the respondent withdrew as his counsel, Mr. H., acting upon the advice of a new lawyer, accepted a plea bargain and pled guilty to a lesser-included offense. This conviction necessitated his registration as a sex offender. The respondent testified that as a new lawyer "building a career and a reputation[,]" she broke up with Mr. H. after he was convicted because it "would be in the best interest of myself and my career not to have a relationship with him after he's required to registered as a sexual offender." This admission proves she had a conflict of interest. The respondent was representing Mr. H. in felony criminal charges for which he faced incarceration for thirty to seventy years. How could she expect to provide unbiased advice to her client about that case and any possible plea offers, if she was concerned with the impact that the advice might have upon herself?

Despite her admission during the evidentiary hearing that she had an "impermissible" conflict of interest, the respondent argues that Mr. H. verbally waived any conflict of interest arising from their sexual relationship. She notes that although the current version of Rule 1.7 requires that waivers be obtained in writing, the rule in effect at the time she was appointed to Mr. H.'s cases did not require written waivers. However, regardless of which version of Rule 1.7 applies, the key consideration is that the respondent should not have sought any waiver in this situation. Both versions of Rule 1.7 provide for conditions when a waiver may be obtained, thus indicating that not all conflicts of interest are waivable. Pursuant to the prior language of the rule, the lawyer must "reasonably believe[ ] the representation will not be adversely affected" before allowing the client to waive the conflict. Under the current rule's language, a lawyer must, inter alia, "reasonably believe[ ] that the lawyer will be able to provide competent and diligent representation [.]" Under the facts of this case, no reasonable lawyer could have thought that the representation would not be impacted by the respondent's own concerns for her career and reputation. Importantly, even the respondent herself did not believe she could continue to act as Mr. H.'s lawyer if they resumed a sexual relationship. This is evidenced by the fact that before she and Mr. H. initiated their new sexual relationship in late September or October 2014, she first had Mr. H. meet with Chief Public Defender Stanton in an effort to have another lawyer take over the representation. Under these facts, the majority's dismissal of the conflict of interest claim is bewildering.

C. Rule 8.4(d) prejudice to the administration of justice

Although not discussed by the majority, the respondent also violated Rule 8.4(d) as alleged in the Statement of Charges. This rule provides that "[i]t is professional misconduct for a lawyer to: ... engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice[.]" Mr. H. was a client facing child abuse and neglect charges and related criminal sexual abuse charges. He met the financial requirements for the appointment of counsel, and the respondent was appointed by the circuit court to oversee his legal interests. Because the respondent was his court-appointed assistant public defender, Mr. H. could not simply terminate the representation and select another lawyer if their personal relationship soured or he changed his mind about the conflict of interest that their intimate relationship posed.

The respondent obviously understood that pursuing a sexual relationship with Mr. H. would be a violation of the governing Rules of Professional Conduct. Before engaging in sexual relations, she caused Mr. H. to approach her supervisor, Chief Public Defender Stanton, about taking over the case. Ms. Stanton, although not told the complete truth by Mr. H., separately advised both Mr. H. and the respondent that they must not begin a personal relationship until after the representation was over. Critically, the respondent ignored this directive and secretly reignited a prohibited relationship with her client. Later, when Ms. Stanton heard about the improper relationship, the respondent flatly lied to cover it up-which, in turn, led to Ms. Stanton's provision of false information to both her governing board and the local circuit court judge. This leaves little doubt that the respondent's actions were contrary to the administration of justice.

D. Rule 8.1(a) false statement to disciplinary counsel

By accepting the subcommittee's recommendations, the majority also erroneously dismisses the portion of the Statement of Charges contending that the respondent violated Rule 8.1(a) : "[A] lawyer ... in connection with a disciplinary matter, shall not: (a) knowingly make a false statement of material fact[.]" When giving a sworn statement to the Office of Disciplinary Counsel on April 22, 2016, the respondent represented that Chief Public Defender Stanton saw no conflict of interest for the respondent to serve as Mr. H.'s lawyer. This is misleading, if not outright false. Ms. Stanton has testified that she was not aware of the sexual relationship and, if she had been told, she would have immediately recognized its problematic nature. As the respondent's direct supervisor, Ms. Stanton was responsible for making reasonable efforts to ensure the respondent complied with the Rules of Professional Conduct. See R. Prof. Conduct 5.1(b).

The subcommittee brushed this issue aside based upon Mr. H.'s dishonesty with the respondent regarding the discussion he had with Ms. Stanton in September 2014. Mr. H. told the respondent that he had revealed their previous sexual relationship to Ms. Stanton-when, in actuality, he had not revealed this fact during the meeting. However, the subcommittee's reasoning completely misses the point. It is irrelevant whether Ms. Stanton knew about the prior, intermittent sexual relationship. The important fact is that when providing the sworn statement to disciplinary counsel, the respondent certainly knew that Ms. Stanton did not condone an assistant public defender engaging in sexual relations with a client-yet the respondent suggested otherwise. The respondent knew that Ms. Stanton had expressly told her not to begin dating Mr. H., and knew that Ms. Stanton had reacted angrily when first told of the intimate relationship. Moreover, the night before giving her sworn statement, the respondent and Ms. Stanton had a telephone conversation during which they discussed this disciplinary case and the sexual nature of the respondent's relationship with her client. By testifying that her supervisor saw no conflict of interest, the respondent made a clear misrepresentation of material fact to disciplinary counsel in violation of Rule 8.1(a). The majority weakens our professional code of conduct by trivializing this type of deception.

II. Insufficient Sanction

Despite the clear and convincing evidence that the respondent violated multiple, serious Rules of Professional Conduct by engaging in a sexual relationship with a client, having an unwaivable conflict of interest, engaging in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice, and lying to both disciplinary counsel and Ms. Stanton, the majority chooses to impose a mere admonishment and costs. I recognize that certain factors mitigate the sanction in this case, primarily the respondent's youth and inexperience in the practice of law. Even so, an admonishment is insufficient for this conduct.

When choosing a sanction, the majority limits its analysis to only the uncharged rule violations-namely, the conclusion that the respondent violated Rules of Professional Conduct 4.1 and 8.4(c) by lying to her supervisor, Ms. Stanton. Rule 4.1 prohibits a lawyer from, inter alia, "knowingly ... mak[ing] a false statement of material fact or law to a third person[,]" while Rule 8.4(c) prohibits a lawyer from "engag[ing] in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation[.]" I agree that these two Rules were compromised by the respondent's misconduct. However, even limiting the analysis to these acts of dishonesty, the majority should have imposed a sanction harsher than an admonishment. The respondent did not just lie to her boss, she stood by while Ms. Stanton relayed the false information to their governing board of directors and to the circuit court. Just a few weeks ago, when deciding a different lawyer disciplinary matter, the Court wrote that "[n]o single transgression reflects more negatively on the legal profession than a lie" and "[r]espect for our profession is diminished with every deceitful act of a lawyer." See Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Munoz, No. 16-0645, 240 W.Va. 42, ----, 807 S.E.2d 290, 299, 2017 WL 5346446 at *9 (2017), at slip op. at 18 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). In Munoz, a majority of the Court imposed a three month suspension upon a lawyer who lied to disciplinary counsel about his representation of clients in two habeas corpus cases, and lied to several judicial officers regarding his own contribution to delay in a criminal proceeding. Id.

A suspension from the practice of law is an appropriate sanction for a lawyer's sexual misconduct with a client. For example, in Lawyer Disciplinary Board v. Hewitt, No. 35515 (W.Va. Apr. 14, 2011) (unreported order), a lawyer began a sexual relationship with a client and was convicted of misdemeanor trespassing upon the property of her paramour's ex-spouse. This Court, inter alia, suspended the lawyer from the practice of law for three months. Id.

The respondent's conduct in this matter was intentional, dishonest, risked harm to her client because she valued her own personal concerns over those of Mr. H., and subjected the practice of law to extreme disrepute. The practice of law is not a dating service; lawyers are expected to maintain their professionalism at all times. In my opinion, for her multiple violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct, the respondent should receive at least the sanction to which she stipulated: a sixty-day suspension from the practice of law, six months of supervised practice, and payment of costs.

For the reasons stated herein, I respectfully dissent. I am authorized to state that Justice Workman joins in this dissent. 
      
      Rule 3.7 of the Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure provides "[i]n order to recommend the imposition of the discipline of any lawyer, the allegations of the formal charge must be proved by clear and convincing evidence."
     
      
      Rule 8.3(a) provides, "[a] lawyer who knows that another lawyer has committed a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct that raises a substantial question as to that lawyer's honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer in other respects, shall inform the appropriate professional authority."
     
      
      Because the nature of the crime for which Ms. Campbell represented Mr. H involves children and sensitive matters, we refer to him by the first initial of his surname. See W. Va. R. App. P. 40(e) ; State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W. Va. 641, 645 n. 1, 398 S.E.2d 123, 127 n. 1 (1990).
     
      
      Although Mr. H.'s conduct was egregious, the nature of the crime for which Ms. Campbell represented him is irrelevant to our analysis of whether she violated the Rules of Professional Conduct.
     
      
      Rule 1.7(b) provides, in pertinent part, "[a] lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation of that client may be materially limited by the lawyer's responsibilities to another client or to a third person, or by the lawyer's own interests, unless: (1) the lawyer reasonably believes the representation will not be adversely affected; and (2) the client consents after consultation."
     
      
      Though Ms. Campbell did not obtain a written conflicts informed consent disclosure as required by the present version of Rule 1.7(b), this was not required under the previous version of Rule 1.7(b), in effect at the time of the discussion between Ms. Campbell and Mr. H.
     
      
      In a letter dated May 2, 2016, Ms. Campbell informed the Chief Disciplinary Counsel of these events and also provided her with Mr. H.'s affidavit admitting his dishonesty in speaking with Ms. Stanton and later with Ms. Campbell. During the disciplinary hearing, Mr. H. stated:
      I went in to see Cindy. I told-you know, that-we had a sexual relationship. I was in love with her and we had-we had a sexual relationship for years and it was a lie. I lied to her. I just-you know, I wanted to keep-I didn't see any reason why I couldn't have sex with her and I didn't want to stop, so I didn't want her mad at me for not telling-or for not telling Ms. Stanton.
     
      
      In her sworn statement, Ms. Campbell explained that since she was new to the practice of law, she did not feel it would be prudent to have a romantic relationship with a registered sex offender while "building a career and reputation."
     
      
      Because the subject conduct occurred prior to January 1, 2015, the version of the Rules of Professional Conduct in effect prior to the January 1, 2015 amendments applies. The applicable version of Rule 1.7(b) provided, "[a] lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation of that client may be materially limited by the lawyer's responsibilities to another client or to a third person, or by the lawyer's own interests...." All references in this opinion to Rule 1.7(b) are made to the pre-January 1, 2015 version of the rule.
     
      
      Rule 1.8(j) provides:
      [a] lawyer shall not have sexual relations with a client whom the lawyer personally represents during the legal representation unless a consensual sexual relationship existed between them at the commencement of the lawyer/client relationship. For purposes of this rule, "sexual relations" means sexual intercourse or any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of the lawyer for the purposes of arousing or gratifying the sexual desire of either party or as a means of abuse.
     
      
      Rule 8.4(d) provides, "[i]t is professional misconduct for a lawyer to: ... engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice."
     
      
      Rule 8.1(a) provides, "[a]n application for admission to the bar, or a lawyer in connection with a bar admission application or in connection with a disciplinary matter, shall not: ... knowingly make a false statement of material fact."
     
      
      Rule 4.1 provides, "[i]n the course of representing a client a lawyer shall not knowingly: (a) make a false statement of material fact or law to a third person; or (b) fail to disclose a material fact to a third person when disclosure is necessary to avoid assisting a criminal or fraudulent act by a client, unless disclosure is prohibited by Rule 1.6."
      Rule 8.4(c) provides, "[i]t is professional misconduct for a lawyer to: engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation."
     
      
      After being made aware of the proposed 60-day suspension, Ms. Stanton testified that she would recommend to the Public Defender Corporation that Ms. Campbell be able to continue her employment after her suspension and that she believed Ms. Campbell continued to zealously represent clients.
     
      
      This Court is not bound by the agreement between Ms. Campbell and the ODC, nor is it bound by the HPS recommendations to which she consented. Rule 3.12 of the Rules of Lawyer Disciplinary Procedure states:
      [i]f the Court does not concur with the recommended disposition, the Clerk of the Supreme Court of Appeals shall promptly establish a briefing schedule and notify the parties of the date and time of oral argument or submission of the case without oral argument before the Supreme Court of Appeals.
     
      
      Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. McCorkle, 192 W. Va. 286, 452 S.E.2d 377 (1994).
     
      
      Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. Blair, 174 W. Va. 494, 327 S.E.2d 671 (1984).
     
      
      Syl. Pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. Walker, 178 W. Va. 150, 358 S.E.2d 234 (1987).
     
      
      Syl. Pt. 2, Comm. on Legal Ethics of the West Virginia State Bar v. Mullins, 159 W. Va. 647, 226 S.E.2d 427 (1976), overruled on other grounds by Comm. on Legal Ethics v. Cometti, 189 W. Va. 262, 430 S.E.2d 320 (1993).
     
      
      Rules of Professional Conduct, 1.8(j), Comment 23.
     
      
      Syl. Pt. 4, Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. Jordan, 204 W. Va. 495, 513 S.E.2d 722 (1998).
     
      
      Syl. Pt. 2, Lawyer Disciplinary Bd. v. Scott, 213 W. Va. 209, 579 S.E.2d 550 (2003).
     
      
      Id., Syl. Pt. 3.
     
      
      Id., Syl. Pt. 4.
     
      
      208 W. Va. 288, 540 S.E.2d 156 (2000).
     
      
      Id.
     
      
      225 W. Va. 83, 689 S.E.2d 811 (2010).
     
      
      234 W. Va. 544, 767 S.E.2d 11 (2014).
     
      
      In a civil abuse and neglect case and the related felony criminal charges, the DHHR and the State of West Virginia accused the respondent's client, Mr. H., of molesting his two minor daughters. The respondent was court-appointed to represent Mr. H. through her employment as an assistant public defender.
     
      
      For example, during the subcommittee's evidentiary hearing, disciplinary counsel asked the respondent, "[a]re you prepared to admit and acknowledge that you had sexual relations with your court-appointed client that created an impermissible conflict between you and your client in violation of 1.7(a)(2)" of the Rules of Professional Conduct? The respondent answered, "[y]es."
     
      
      These rules are discussed in detail in sections I-A through I-D of this dissent.
     
      
      See, e.g., syl. pt. 3, Comm. on Legal Ethics v. Blair, 174 W.Va. 494, 327 S.E.2d 671 (1984) ("This Court is the final arbiter of legal ethics problems and must make the ultimate decisions about public reprimands, suspensions or annulments of attorneys' licenses to practice law.").
     
      
      The majority opinion misstates the Office of Disciplinary Counsel's position by saying that the "ODC filed an objection on the grounds that the sanctions were not sufficiently harsh." In addition to objecting to the subcommittee's recommended sanction, the ODC also contends, quite properly, that the respondent is guilty of the rule violations specified in the Statement of Charges.
     
      
      When the respondent began having sexual relations with her client, this rule was codified at Rule 8.4(g) of the Rules of Professional Conduct. Effective January 1, 2015, minor stylistic changes were made to the rule's language and it was moved to Rule 1.8(j). The minor changes to the rule have no impact on this case. Because the respondent's prohibited intimacy with her client began in October 2014 and extended well into 2015, she violated both the prior 8.4(g) and the current 1.8(j).
     
      
      Effective January 1, 2015, which was while the respondent's representation of Mr. H. was ongoing, the Court made modifications to Rule 1.7 that do not affect this case. The current Rule 1.7 provides, in relevant part: "(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), a lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest. A concurrent conflict of interest exists if: ... (2) there is a significant risk that the representation of one or more clients will be materially limited ... by a personal interest of the lawyer." Subsection (b) allows for a written waiver of the conflict in certain circumstances-but to even seek a waiver, the lawyer must, inter alia, "reasonably believe [ ] that the lawyer will be able to provide competent and diligent representation" and the representation must not be "prohibited by law [.]" Id. at (b)(1), (2).
     
      
      See supra, note 4.
     
      
      C.f. Artimez, 208 W.Va. at 291, 540 S.E.2d at 159, syl. pt. 6 (recognizing that even though no existing Rule of Professional Conduct specifically prohibits sexual relationship between lawyer and his/her client's spouse, lawyer's conduct in this regard may violate other Rules of Professional Conduct).
     
      
      In a sworn statement taken by the Office of Disciplinary Counsel, the respondent testified as follows.
      Q. Okay. Did you continue to-after Mr. Kirkpatrick became his [Mr. H.'s] attorney, did you continue your sexual relationship with Mr. H[.] then?
      A. Yes, I did, until Mr. H[.] accepted the plea. After the acceptance of the plea, it had dissipated.
      Q. Okay. Was that your choice?
      A. My suggestion, mutual choice.
      Q. Okay. Was there a reason why you decided at that point that the relationship was ending?
      A. I am very new to the practice of law. I'm still at this time building a career and a reputation. I started practicing law October of 2013, so less than three years. I believe that having a relationship with Mr. H[.] would not be beneficial for me while trying to build the career that I'm in. That whenever one is an attorney, that the attorney really must command some type of authority in the courtroom with jurors[,] with their clients[,] and with opposing counsel, and with Summersville and Nicholas County being as small as it is, if a relationship had continued with Mr. H[.], of course, perspective [sic] jurors and perspective [sic] clients, should I ever decide to go into private practice, would be aware that this attorney is in a relationship with a registered sex offender. So I think that it would be in the best interest of myself and my career not to have a relationship with him after he's required to register as a sex offender.
     
      
      See supra, note 2.
     
      
      See Rule of Prof. Cond. 1.7(b)(4) (2015).
     
      
      See Rule of Prof. Cond. 1.7(a)(2) (1989).
     
      
      See supra, note 13.
     
      
      See supra, note 12.
     
      
      I dissented in Munoz based upon my belief that a harsher sanction was in order for that lawyer's dishonest conduct.