Case ID: wis_131/html/0659-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Kerwin, J. Winsnow, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Boyden and others, Appellants, vs. Roberts and others, Respondents.
    
      February 19 —
    May 21, 1907.
    
    
      Agreement restricting ush of land: Equitable servitude: Enforcement by subsequent purchasers inter sese: Notice: “Conveyance” entitled to record: Violation of agreement: Maintenance of clubhouse, etc.
    
    1. Where an instrument restricting use was executed in pursuance oí a general scheme for the purpose of preserving the character of real estate as first-class residence property “by present owners and future purchasers of the same,’’ the restriction created an equitable servitude.
    '2. Such a restriction must he regarded as of value to the whole property and inserted for the benefit of -those who become owners of separate parcels, and is binding in equity on a grantee of a portion of the premises with notice.
    3. Where a covenant in the form of a restriction is appurtenant to the land, the right to enforce it in -equity passes with the land.
    4. The doctrine of equitable servitude is one largely of intention to be deduced from the agreement!
    5. The controlling question in determining whether an equitable servitude exists is whether the original parties so intended.
    6. The form of an agreement used to create a restriction in the nature of an equitable servitude is not material. Words of covenant are as effectual as words of grant.
    7. The owner of a tract of land with lake frontage, at the time of conveying a portion thereof and as part-of the same transaction, made an agreement with the grantee that the character of the whole tract as first-class residence property should be preserved by them and by future purchasers, and that no part thereof should at any time he occupied, sold, or used by either of them or their heirs, executors, or assigns for hotel, club, or camping purposes, or for any reformatory, charitable, or penal institution. The agreement provided that it should be binding upon the respective heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns of the parties thereto and should constitute a covenant running with the land. The deed made no reference to the agreement. Held, that the instruments, construed together, impressed upon the whole tract and upon every part thereof an equitable servitude for the benefit of all purchasers and binding upon all purchasers having notice thereof, and that the specified restrictions upon the use of the property could be enforced by subsequent purchasers of parcels of the portion, originally retained by the owner against other such purchasers chargeable with notice of the agreement, although all claimed under mesne conveyances from such owner containing no restriction and no reference to the agreement.
    8. The restriction being for the benefit of all portions of the property, each purchaser took his portion with the right to enforce the restriction against other grantees of portions of the property with notice.
    9. No reference to the agreement in deeds of portions of the premises was necessary in order to enable grantees with* notice to enforce the restriction inter sese.
    
    10. Said agreement being an instrument “by which the title to any real estate may be affected in law or equity,” was a “conveyance” as defined in sec. 2242, Stats. (1898), and the record thereof was constructive notice to all subsequent purchasers.
    11. The maintenance on said tract of a neighborhood clubhouse for social purposes in connection with golf grounds, and of a pier and boat landing for the accommodation of members and their families and guests, would constitute a violation of said agreement. I
    [Syllabus by Kebwin, X]
    Winslow and Dodge, XT., dissent.
    Appeal from a judgment of the circuit court for Walworth county: E. B. BeldeN, Circuit Judge.
    
      Affirmed.
    
    This action was brought to quiet title to certain land owned by the plaintiff 'Edward 0. Uihlein against claim of defendants that a restriction existed limiting the use, created by a certain agreement hereafter designated as the Johnston-Weiss agreement. The defendants answered, among other defenses, by way of counterclaim, setting up the agreement and demanding affirmative relief against the violation thereof by the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs replied to the counterclaim, and the case was submitted to the court upon the pleadings, stipulation of parties, and depositions of John Johnston, Jr., and George A. Weiss. The facts established by the admission of parties and the findings are substantially as follows:
    On May 1, 1891, one John Johnston, Jr., became the owner of about 106 acres, known as Forest Glen, situate on the north shore of Geneva Lake in Walworth county, Wisconsin, and having a shore line of abont 2,000 feet, which tract included all the lands referred to in the pleadings herein and •owned by any of the parties to this action. On October 20, 1892, Johnston sold and conveyed 13.41 acres of said land, being about 700 feet of the shore, to George A. Weiss, and as a part of .said transaction Johnston and Weiss entered into the following agreement:
    “This agreement, made and entered into the 20th day of October, 1892, by and between John Johnston, Jr., of the city of Chicago, county of Oook, and state of Illinois, of the first part, and George A. Weiss, of the same place, of the second part, witnesseth: Whereas, said John Johnston, Jr., is the owner of certain real estate situated in section eleven (11), township one (1) north, of range sixteen (16) east, in the county of Walworth and state of Wisconsin, said property being otherwise known as Forest Glen, and being more particularly described in a deed executed by Joel O. Rockwell to said John Johnston, Jr., under date of May 1, 1891, and which deed is recorded in the recorder’s office of said county, in volume eightyrone (81) of Deeds, page 690; and whereas, said Johnston has sold a portion of said property to said Weiss and is about to convey the same to him by deed bearing this date; and whereas, it has heretofore been and is now agreed and understood between said parties that the character of all of said property known as Forest Glen as first-class residence property shall be preserved by the present owners and future purchasers of the same: Therefore, and in consideration of one dollar ($1) by each of said parties paid to the other, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, it is hereby covenanted and agreed between said parties for themselves and their respective heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, that no part or portion of said Forest Glen property hereinbefore mentioned shall at any time be occupied, sold, or used by them, or either of them, or by either of their heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns, for hotel, club, or camping purposes or for any reformatory, charitable, or penal institution. This agreement shall be binding upon the respective heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns of the parties hereto, and shall constitute a covenant running with the land.”
    
      Both, the deed from Johnston to Weiss and the agreement were duly signed, sealed, witnessed, and acknowledged so as to be entitled to record, and were filed for record in the office of the register of deeds of Walworth county, Wisconsin, on the 7th day of November, 1892, and duly recorded. The land referred to in tire agreement of October 20, 1892, as about to-be conveyed by said Johnston to Weiss was the identical land described in the deed of same date from Johnston to Weiss, but such deed contained no reference to the Johnston-Weiss agreement. At the-time of the execution of said agreement Geneva Lake was an attractive and much frequented summer resort, and property situate upon its shore was greatly sought after for summer residences. After recording said deed and agreement Weiss erected upon the property conveyed to him an expensive summer residence and thereafter occupied it during the summer months until sold in September, 1899, to plaintiff TJililein; and in said deed conveying the premises was inserted the following:
    “Subject also to an agreement regarding the use of said property entered between John Johnston, Jr., and said George A. Weiss on the 20th day of October, 1892, and-recorded in the office of the register of deeds for Walworth county, state of Wisconsin, in volume 65 of Mortgages, on page 435.”
    Defendants John Roberts, Jeremiah J. Mogg, and Millard E. Mogg are each owners of separate parcels of land situate on the north shore of Geneva Lake, and formerly constituting parts of Forest Glen, title to which each of them acquired through mesne conveyances from Johnston subsequent to the execution and recording of said Johnston-Weiss agreement, but none of said conveyances contained any reference to said agreement. At the time of their purchases, respectively, each of said defendants was furnished with an abstract of title to the premises and upon each abstract was shown said agreement. Said abstracts were examined and title accepted with full knowledge of said agreement and believing it to be in force and valid. Said Roberts and Millard E. Mogg bad personal knowledge of said agreement at tbe time of their respective purchases, and Jeremiah J. Mogg was informed thereof immediately after the purchase, and each of said defendants accepted the same in good faith as binding and regarded it as enhancing the value of such property. Since purchasing,- defendants have severally improved the premises at large expense by the erection of summer residences. On October 26, 1903, plaintiff Uihlein purchased through mesne conveyances from Johnston all that .remained of Forest G-len property, which he thereupon subdivided into lots and caused a plat thereof to be recorded. Said purchase and platting were subsequent to the purchase and improvements made by defendants. TJpon lot 1 in said subdivision plaintiff Uihlein and the other plaintiffs have laid out golf links, and upon lot 3 they are proposing to erect a clubhouse, locker house, and pier or boat landing, all to be used for club purposes. Title to both of said lots 1 and 3 is in Uihlein individually. Other lots in Uihlein subdivision have been conveyed to plaintiffs Sarah W. Boyden, Edgar O. Steams, John H. Dawson, and Herbert G. Brinsley, and none of them had his attention called to said agreement. In deed to Uihlein of Johnston, Jr., tract no reference was made to the agreement, nor in the deeds from Uihlein to his' coplaintiffs; and when making said purchases Uihlein had forgotten, if he had ever known, that said agreement in terms included the land so purchased. It is the intention of plaintiffs to erect and maintain the proposed clubhouse on lot 3 as a neighborhood and social clubhouse, to be used in connection with the golf grounds and for other social purposes. It is not intended to limit the membership of the proposed club for whose use the clubhouse is to be erected. The pier proposed to be erected in front of lot 3 is to be for the accommodation of members, their families and guests. It is expected that during the summer season both public and private boats will call frequently at the proposed pier for the purpose of receiving and discharging passengers; that said clubhouse and grounds will be in use for playing golf and other social diversions on all days of the week, including Sundays; that boats calling at said landing will announce their approach by whistle;'that private boats bringing members or guests will frequently tie up at said landing while the passengers are engaged in play; and that such coming and going and lying to of steamboats will cause more or less noise, disturbance, and the emission of smoke in the vicinity; and that such proposed use of the premises, or other use thereof for club purposes, is objectionable to defendants and is regarded by them as distracting and interfering with the privacy of their homes and the quiet, seclusion, and rest which they sought in purchasing and building the same.
    The conclusions of law by the trial court were in substance as follows: The Johnston-Weiss agreement did create a valid and binding restriction upon the use thereafter of all said premises known as Forest Glen. Said restriction created by said agreement constituted and became a covenant running with the land and binding upon the parties thereto; The record of said agreement was notice thereof, and of said restriction therein contained, to all subsequent purchasers of said Forest Glen tract and binding upon them. The proposed use of lot 3 in said TJihlein subdivision for club purposes is within the terms of said restriction, and if carried into effect would constitute a violation thereof. The plaintiffs severally purchased their respective holdings of land with notice of, and hence subject to, said restriction. Defendants, as grantees or assigns of said Johnston, Jr., are entitled to the benefits of said restriction. Defendants' are entitled to judgment dismissing the complaint and enjoining the plaintiffs from erecting, maintaining, or operating the proposed clubhouse or any hotel or other building or institution prohibited by said agreement.
    Judgment was entered dismissing the complaint, and restraining plaintiffs as prayed in the counterclaim, from which plaintiffs appealed to this court, and assign the following errors: (1)' In adjudging that the defendants are entitled to the benefit of the restrictions in the Johnston-Weiss agreement and hare the right to enforce them against plaintiffs. (2) In finding that express reference to the Johnston-Weiss agreement in the conveyance from Weiss to Uihlein of'the Weiss tract rendered the restriction therein contained binding upon Uihlein in his subsequent purchase of a part of the Johnston tract. (3) In finding that the Johnston-Weiss agreement was an instrument entitled to record within the recording acts; and that the record thereof rendered the contents of such agreement notice to subsequent purchasers and binding upon them. (4) In construing the Johnston-Weiss agreement to include within its restrictions the neighborhood or social clubhouse planned by plaintiffs.
    
      Jay F. Lyon, for the appellants,
    contended, inter rnlia, that, in order to enable subsequent grantees from a common grantor to enforce a restriction inter sese, such restriction must have entered into and formed a part of the conveyance to them from such grantor; and that it is not sufficient that the land in the hands of the common grantor is subject to a restriction imposed thereon in pursuance of a general plan or scheme. De Gray v. Monmouth Beach 0. 3. Co. 50 1ST. J. Eq. 329, 835, 24 Atl. 388; Trout v. Lucas, 54 dST. J. Eq. 361, 35 Atl. 153; Ciarle v. McGee, 159 Ill. 518, 42 E. E. 965; Sharp v. Ropes, 110 Mass. 381; Beals v. Case, 138 Mass. 138; Hemsley v. Marlborough H. Co. 62 1ST. J. Eq. 164, 50 Atl. 14; Jeffries v. Jeffries, 117 Mass. 188 (second case) ; Parker v. Nightingale, 6 Allen, 341; Mulligan v. Jordan, 50 1ST. J. Eq. 363, 24 Atl. 543; Jewell v. Lee, 14 Allen, 145; Keates v. Lyon, L. R. 4 Oh. App, 218; Graham v. Hite, 93 Ey. 474, 20 S. W. 206; Haines v. Finwachter (E. J. Eq.) 55 Atl. 38; Summers v. Beeler, 90 Md. 474, 78 Am. St. Rep. 446'; King v. Diclceson, L. R. 40 Oh. Div. 596. 58 L. J. Oh. 464. 60 L. T. 785. 37 W. R. 553; Lewis v. Ely, 100 App. Div. 252, 92 N. Y. Supp. 705.
    For the respondents there was a brief by Franklin J. Tyrrell and Simmons, Nelson & Walker, and oral argument by John B. Simmons.
    
   The following opinion was filed March 19, 1907:

Kerwin, J.

The important question presented for consideration under the assignments of error is the effect which should be given to the Johnston-Weiss agreement set out in the statement of facts as regards the property described therein. The deed to Weiss and the Johnston-Weiss contract were executed contemporaneously ás parts of one transaction, and hence upon familiar principles must be read together as one instrument. Blakeslee v. Rossman, 43 Wis. 116; Gillmann v. Henry, 53 Wis. 465, 10 N. W. 692; Stapleton v. Brannan, 102 Wis. 26, 78 N. W. 181; Security T. & L. Ins. Co. v. Ellsworth, 129 Wis. 349, 109 N. W. 125. Both instruments were executed in pursuance of a general scheme, as set forth in the agreement, for the purpose of preserving the character of the Forest den property as first-class residence property “by the present owners and future purchasers of the same.” The agreement expressly prohibiting the use of the property for other purposes named therein clearly refers to all property described, as well that retained by Johnston as that conveyed to Weiss. The deed and agreement were recorded in the office of the register of deeds of the proper county. It seems manifest from the express terms of the agreement, to the effect that it should be binding on all purchasers of any portion of the property and upon the heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns of each party, and that the covenant should run with the land, that the parties intended to impress the property with an equitable servitude in the nature of a restriction. This restriction obviously was re-garcled of value to the whole property and. inserted for the benefit of those who might become owners of separate parcels and for their mutual protection. No reason is perceived why such a restriction should not be as binding in equity upon any grantee of a portion of the premises with notice as if inserted in a deed to him. Clearly the restriction was impressed upon all the property, and upon the transfer of any portion it passed to the grantee burdened with the restriction. It is apparent from the established facts that the agreement was executed in pursuance of a general scheme for the benefit and improvement of the property and not for the benefit of the grantor alone, and that each purchaser with notice took the portion conveyed with the right to enforce the restriction against other grantees of portions of the property charged with the restriction. 2 Pom. Eq. Jur. (3d ed.) § 689; 4 id. § 1342; 3 id. § 1295. The very object of the restriction was to enhance the value of the property by making it desirable for residence property, and such enhanced value was obviously intended to-be secured by imposing upon all the property a servitude in the nature of a restriction which could be enforced by the grantees inter sese.

It is insisted, however, by appellants that the restriction cannot be enforced because not inserted in the deeds to either defendants or plaintiffs; that there was no agreement that the restriction should be inserted in the deed from Johnston of the Johnston tract; that there is-no evidence that subsequent purchasers of the Johnston tract should have the benefit of the covenant against each other; and that there is no evidence that the covenant was part of the subject matter of the purchase by any defendant. The agreement itself meets all these objections. It was designed by its terms to be a general plan or scheme for the enhancement of the value of the property by the protection of all purchasers of any portion of the property from the use of any other portion otherwise than for first-class residence property. It was by the terms of the agreement made a covenant running with the land, for the manifest purpose of securing its observance by the owner of any portion as against the owner of any other portion. This right by each grantee was a valuable right, and was therefore a part of the subject matter of the purchase. So the covenant in the form of a restriction being appurtenant to the land and every parcel of it, the right to enforce it at least in equity by any grantee against any other grantee passed with the land. The whole tract of land being by the Johnston-Weiss agreement impressed with an equitable servitude for the benefit of all purchasers under the scheme that the property should be preserved for first-class residence property, and other uses named prohibited, each grantee is entitled to enforce such restriction in equity. 2 Pom. Eq. Jur. (3d ed.) § 689; 1 Jones, Real Prop. in Conv. § 780. Where the general plan or scheme of an agreement restricts property to a certain use and prohibits other uses, it is immaterial whether the cove: nant runs with the land or not, where the agreement is made for the mutual benefit of all the land though held by different owners. In such case equity will enforce such servitude as between the several grantees of parts of the premises with notice. 1 Jones, Real Prop. in Conv. §§ 780, 781, 782; Austerberry v. Oldham, L. R. 29 Ch. Div. 750; Jeffries v. Jeffries, 117 Mass. 184, 188; De Gray v. Monmouth Beach C. H. Co. 50 N. J. Eq. 329, 24 Atl. 388; Coles v. Sims, 5 De Gex, M. & G. 1; Nottingham P., B. & T. Co. v. Butler, L. R. 15 Q. B. Div. 261; Winfield v. Henning, 21 N. J. Eq. 188. Most of the cases cited by counsel for appellants turn upon the fact that the restrictive covenant was for the benefit of the grantor alone, hence was not enforceable between grantees. But in these cases the right to enforce a restrictive covenant appurtenant to the property between grantees is recognized: Badger v. Boardman, 16 Gray, 559; Sharp v. Ropes, 110 Mass. 381; Haines v. Einwachter (N. J. Eq.) 55 Atl. 38; Hemsley v. Marlborough H. Co. 62 N. J. Eq. 164, 50 Atl. 14. In Badger v. Boardman, 16 Gray, 559, 560, the court said:

“If it appeared that the parties to that conveyance intended' to create or reserve a right in the nature of a servitude or easement in the estate granted, which should he attached to and he deemed an appurtenance of the whole of the remaining-parcel belonging to the grantor, of. which the plaintiff’s land forms a part, then it is clear, on the principles declared in the recent decision of Whitney v. Union R. Co. 11 Gray, 359, that the plaintiff would he entitled to insist on its enjoyment, and to enforce his rights hy a remedy in equity.”

The controlling question in all cases seems to he whether the grantor intended to create an equitable servitude which should he appurtenant to the estate or intended for the mutual benefit of the respective grantees of portions of the estate for whose benefit the covenant was made. Beals v. Case, 138 Mass. 138; Tobey v. Moore, 130 Mass. 448; Hano v. Bigelow, 155 Mass. 341, 29 N. E. 628; Badger v. Boardman, 16 Gray, 559; Summers v. Beeler, 90 Md. 474; 45 Atl. 19; Hopkins v. Smith, 162 Mass. 444, 38 N. E. 1122; Clark v. McGee, 159 Ill. 518, 42 N. E. 965. Whenever it fairly appears from the words of the grant that it was the intention of the parties to-preserve a right in the nature of an equitable servitude in the property granted for the benefit of -other land owned by the grantor and embraced within the same tract as the parcel granted, such servitude becomes appurtenant to the land of the grantor, and the burden thus created will pass to and be binding upon subsequent grantees of different portions of such-tract. Whitney v. Union R. Co. 11 Gray, 359; Parker v. Nightingale, 6 Allen, 341; Linzee v. Mixer, 101 Mass. 512; Peck v. Conway, 119 Mass. 546; Clark v. Martin, 49 Pa. St. 289; Watrous v. Allen, 57 Mich. 362; St. Andrew’s L. Ch. Appeal, 67 Pa. St. 512; Mann v. Stephens, 15 Sim. 377. The question is one resting upon the intention of the grantor respecting the restriction or servitude, and whether the restriction in the conveyance should apply ..to the portion conveyed only, or to the other lands of the grantor included in a general scheme for the benefit of all the lands of the grantor embraced within such scheme, and the form of the instrument used to create such restriction or servitude is not material. Words of covenant are as effectual as words of grant. Hogan v. Barry, 143 Mass. 538, 10 N. E. 253; Ladd v. Boston, 151 Mass. 585, 24 N. E. 858; Jones, Easements, § 113; Tallmadge v. East River Bank, 26 N. Y. 105; Curtiss v. Ayrault, 47 N. Y. 73; Schwoerer v. Boylston M. Asso. 99 Mass. 285; Gilmer v. Mobile & M. R. Co. 79 Ala. 569, 58 Am. Rep. 623; Trustees v. Lynch, 70 N. Y. 440; Wetmore v. Bruce, 118 N. Y. 319, 23 N. E. 303; Atlantic City v. New A. P. Co. 67 N. J. Eq. 284, 58 Atl. 729; Horn v. Miller, 136 Pa. St. 640, 20 Atl. 706. In Greene v. Creighton, 7 R. I. 1, tenants in common by deed dedicated a strip of land to be used as a highway, upon which their lots, on both sides of it, were to front, inserting in such deed a covenant “for themselves, their heirs and assigns, respectively,” that no building should, be erected within eight feet of the street line. This covenant was held “a grant, in fee, to each, of a negative easement in the land of all, and as such capable, upon the disturbance of the easement, of being enforced by the appropriate remedies at law and in equity.” It is considered that the Johnston-Weiss agreement was sufficient to impress all of the Forest Glen property, as well that portion retained by Johnston as that conveyed to Weiss, with a servitude in the nature of a restriction which passed as appurtenant to the property. 1 Jones, Real Prop. in Conv. § 784; Jones, Easements, § 110; Peabody H. Co. v. Willson, 82 Md. 186, 32 Atl. 386; Burbank v. Pillsbury, 48 N. H. 475; Amerman v. Deane, 132 N. Y. 355, 30 N. E. 741. Some point is made by counsel for appellants to the effect that the restriction in question did not enter into the consideration for the purchase by defendants of their respective parcels. Upon the facts established by the findings it cannot be said that the Testriction was not an inducement to purchase. On the contrary it is quite obvious that it materially affected the value of the property for first-class residence purposes. The defendants all had notice of this restriction, and it cannot he .said that it did not furnish an inducement, or enter into the consideration of the purchase. Hills v. Miller, 3 Paige Ch. 254; Tallmadge v. East River Bank, 26 N. Y. 105. The restriction being intended to apply to all of the property included in the Forest Glen tract, no covenant was necessary in the deeds from either Weiss or Johnston in order to enable the respective grantees with notice of the terms of the agreement to enforce the restriction inter sese. Jones, Easements, §§ 110, 113; Whatman v. Gibson, 9 Sim. 196; St. Andrew's Luth. Ch. Appeal, 67 Pa. St. 512; Watrous v. Allen, 57 Mich. 362, 24 N. W. 104; Curtiss v. Ayrault, 47 N. Y. 73; Rowland v. Miller, 139 N. Y. 93, 34 N. E. 765; Ladd v. Boston, 151 Mass. 585, 24 N. E. 858; Greene v. Creighton, 7 R. I. 1; Gilmer v. Mobile & M. R. Co. 79 Ala. 569, 58 Am. Rep. 623; Wetmore v. Bruce, 118 N. Y. 319, 23 N. E. 303; Barrow v. Richard, 8 Paige Ch. 351; 1 Jones, Real Prop. in Conv. §§ 784, 791, 792; Burbank v. Pillsbury, 48 N. H. 475.

Under the second and third assignments of error the question of notice is discussed. It is not claimed by appellants that record of the agreement would not constitute constructive notice if it were entitled to record, but it is insisted that it was not entitled to record within the recording acts. It is argued that the agreement does not create an “estate or interest” in land. But the statute goes further than merely providing that only an instrument which creates an' “estate or interest” in land shall be entitled to record. It provides that “every instrument in writing by which any estate or interest in real estate is created, aliened, mortgaged, or assigned, or by which the title to any real estate may be affected in law or equity,” is a “conveyance” within the meaniiag of the recording act. Even if it be conceded that the restriction in the agreement does not create “an estate or interest in real estate” witbin tbe meaning of sec. 2242, Stats. (1898), it seems clear under tbe authorities that tbe instrument is one by which tbe title to tbe real estate therein described is “affected in law or equity.” We think the authorities heretofore cited are ample upon this point, but in addition thereto we call attention to the following : Parker v. Nightingale, 6 Allen, 341; Crawford v. Witherbee, 77 Wis. 419, 46 N. W. 545; Linzee v. Mixer, 101 Mass. 512; Scudder v. Watt, 98 App. Div. 228, 90 N. Y. Supp. 605; Uihlein v. Matthews, 172 N. Y. 154, 64 N. E. 792; Halle v. Newbold, 69 Md. 265, 14 Atl. 662. It is argued by respondents that the plaintiff TJihlein had actual notice, but we do not deem it necessary to consider this question, since we hold that the agreement between Johnston and Weiss was entitled to record, and, having been duly recorded, was constructive notice.

It is further contended that the erection of the proposed clubhouse, and boat landing to be used in connection therewith, does not constitute a violation of the restriction imposed upon the Forest Cien property under the Johnston-Weiss agreement. The restriction is against the sale or use of any portion of the Forest Cien property “for hotel, club, or camping purposes, or for any reformatory, charitable, or penal institution.” It is quite clear from the language of the restriction as well as from the provisions in other parts of the agreement that it was intended by the parties to the agreement that the use of the property by all clubs should be restricted. Obviously the word “club” in this agreement was used in its most comprehensive sense, and intended to embrace just such a clubhouse as the plaintiffs propose to construct. The term “club” is defined by Webster as “An association of persons for the promotion of some common object, as literature, science, politics, good fellowship, etc.” The clubhouse here-intended to be constructed, as appears by the' established facts, to be used in connection with a pier, or landing place for steamboats, and tbe noise, smoke, and inconvenience necessarily attendant upon tbe nse of sncb landing place by steamboats, and tbe nse of sncb clnbbouse and golf gronnds in connection therewith, wonld be not ^only a violation of tbe. letter bnt of tbe spirit of tbe agreement. It cannot be donbted npon the established facts, as well as npon tbe face of the agreement itself, that the purpose of tbe parties was to preserve tbe character of tbe property as first-class residence property and to exclude sncb clubs and clubhouses therefrom as tbe plaintiffs propose to establish. But it is not necessary to go outside of tbe express terms of tbe agreement itself, because upon its face it clearly and in unequivocal terms prohibits tbe use of the property for hotel, club, or camping purposes, so that tbe restriction includes clubs of all kinds.

Tbe case presents many interesting questions, all of which have received careful consideration by tbe court, and for tbe reasons given in tbe foregoing opinion it is considered by tbe court that tbe judgment below should be .affirmed.

By the Gourt. — Tbe judgment of tbe court below is affirmed.

The following opinion was filed April 30, 1907:

Winsnow, J.

(dissenting). I think tbe judgment in this case should be reversed, and will briefly state my reasons for my conclusion: John Johnston, Jr., originally owned tbe entire properly, and in October, 1892, sold 13.40 acres thereof to Weiss, and at tbe same time Johnston and Weiss made a written agreement that tbe character of tbe whole property as first-class residence property should be preserved by them and by future purchasers and that no |>art thereof should be at any time occupied, used, or sold by them or by their heirs, personal representatives, or assigns for club purposes. This agreement was duly recorded and was. entitled to record, and could doubtless be enforced by either party or bis privies by appropriate action against the other party or his privies. This, however, is not ¡such an action. The parties here, both plaintiffs and defendants, are subsequent purchasers of parcels of the part reserved by Johnston, and they all claim under mesne conveyances from Johnston which contain no restrio tions on the use. None of them are purchasers under Weiss or are in privity with Weiss, hence it is clear that they have succeeded to none of Weiss’s rights under his contract with Johnston. The right of one purchaser from Johnston to compel a restricted use of a part of the property by another purchaser must therefore depend, not upon contract or covenant, but upon the application of some equity arising out of the facts surrounding their purchases. There is a well-established equitable principle that when the owner of a tract of land adopts and makes public a general scheme for the improvement of the tract and divides it into lots or'parcels, and conveys the lots with uniform restrictions on their use, these restrictions are held to be for the benefit of all the purchasers, and may be'enforced by one purchaser against another. 1 Jones, Real Prop. in Conv. § 771. In such cases the question whether the restriction creates a right which inures to the benefit of all purchasers is a question of the intention of the grantor, to be gathered from the terms of the various grants or from the surrounding circumstances, or both; and, where the intention is to be gathered from circumstances only, the circumstances relied on must be such as to show such intention by necessary and unavoidable implication. In the present case there is absolutely no evidence to show that Mr. Johnston had any intention to subdivide his reserved land when he made the contract with Weiss. The contract itself contains nothing more than would ordinarily be inserted in such an agreement between two adjoining owners of lands who had no intention to subdivide or improve, but simply intended each to bind himself and his grantees to certain restrictions in favor of the other party and his grantees. Not only this, hut it further appears that when some years later Mr. Johnston began to subdivide his oto. property, he inserted no clause in any of the deeds restricting the use of the property, nor was there a word said concerning such a restriction between Johnston and his grantees. If he had any such intention when he ■dealt with "Weiss there is absolutely^ nothing to show that he had any such intention when, at a later period, he subdivided his remaining land. On the contrary, the implication seems to me clear that he had no such intention from the total failure to mention the subject in any way in his deeds to the plaintiffs and defendants. The plaintiffs are here with absolutely no contract rights against the defendants, and they have utterly failed to show that, when their common grantor subdivided and deeded his land, he had any intention to impose general restrictions on its use, and much less that he made any such intention public by. word or act.

The law does not favor perpetual restrictions upon the alienation or lawful use of lands, and in my judgment no case was made here calling upon a court of equity to create restrictions.

Dodge, J. I concur in the foregoing'dissenting opinion of Mr. Justice Winsnow.

A motion for a rehearing was' denied May 21, 1907.