Case ID: ad_98/html/0499-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Spring, J.: McLennan, P. J. (dissenting):", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Clarence O. Bigelow and Others, as and Constituting the State Board of Pharmacy, Appellants, v. John H. Drummond, Respondent.
    
      Pleading—what pn'efatory matter showing the plaintiff’s capacity to sue need not be repeated in eaeh subsequent cause of action — incorporation of allegations of prior causes of action by a reference to numbered paragraphs — statement under oath by the proprietor of a drug store to the State Board of Pharmacy— a defense to an action for a penalty which does not allege it is demurrable.
    
    The complaint in an action alleged as follows: “ Plaintiffs, as the State Board of Pharmacy, complain of defendant, and allege that they constitute the State Board of Pharmacy of the State of New York, duly elected, qualified and acting as such; and that prior to the commencement hereof, said Board has duly authorized this action to be brought in its name."
    It then set forth three causes of action without repeating or incorporating by reference the statement above quoted.
    
      Held, that the omission did not render any of the causes of action set forth in the complaint demurrable.
    McLennan, P. J., dissented.
    Where a complaint sets forth three causes of action, and in the first cause of action allegations common to all of the causes of action are set forth at length in separately numbered paragraphs, the pleader may properly incorporate such allegations in the second and third causes of action by stating in such causes of action that he realleges the paragraphs (referring to them by numbers) of the first cause of action, in which the allegations in question are contained.
    The complaint in an action brought by the State Board of Pharmacy against the proprietor of a drug store to recover the penalty imposed by section 196 of the Public Health Law (Laws of 1893, chap. 681, as amd. by Laws of 1900, chap. 667), alleged: “ II. That during the month of January, 1903, the defendant did not make any statement, under oath, to the State Board of Pharmacy, showing what licensee was in charge of the pharmacy above described, and showing what other licensees or registered apprentices were engaged or employed therein, nor either or any of those facts. In consequence of said omission defendant has not obtained from the State Board of Pharmacy, and has not, during said year, conspicuously displayed in said place a certificate of registration. And that defendant did not make such statement until about June of said year. All of which defendant was commanded to do in January by section 196 of chapter 667, Laws of 1900, amending article XI of chapter 661, Laws of 1898.
    “ Wherefore, plaintiffs, as the State Board of Pharmacy, demand judgment against defendant for the sum of seventy-five dollars, with interest,” etc. The defendant, for a defense to said cause of action, alleged “ the due payment of two dollars and his request for registration of said alleged State Board of Pharmacy during the year commencing January 1, 1903, hut that such sum was never returned to him nor any certificate issued to defendant by the said alleged State Board' of Pharmacy for that year."
    
      Held, that the defense was demurrable, as it did not allege the making of the statement which is the essential part of the procedure justifying the issuance of the certificate.
    Appeal by the plaintiffs, Clarence O. Bigelow and others, as and constituting the State Board of Pharmacy, from an interlocutory judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Jefferson on the 14th day of March, 1904, upon the decision of the court, rendered after a trial at the Oneida Special Term, overruling the plaintiffs’ demurrer to the second defense to the third cause of action contained in the defendant’s answer, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 12th day of March, 1904, upon which said judgment was entered.
    The allegations of the complaint and answer are more fully set forth in the dissenting opinion of McLennan, P. J.
    
      Harold D. Alexander, for the appellants.
    
      William D. Morrow, for the respondent.
   Spring, J.:

The action is commenced by the State Board of Pharmacy to recover three penalties of twenty-five dollars each for alleged violations of section 196 of the Public Health Law (Laws of 1893, chap. 661, as amd. by Laws of 1900, chap. 667).

The complaint contains an introductory statement showing plaintiffs’ authority to maintain the action and alleges that the plaintiffs constitute the State Board of Pharmacy and have been duly authorized by said board to bring this action. It then contains three causes of action setting forth in numbered paragraphs the essential facts and those which are necessary to the maintenance of the other two causes of action, for the violations charged are the same in all three except that they relate to different years.

The facts common to each cause of action are not realleged specifically in the second and third causes of action, but only by reference to the paragraphs containing these averments.

The demurrer to the answer was overruled on the ground that the complaint is defective in substance. We cannot concur in this view.

The preliminary allegations setting forth the capacity of the plaintiff to sue should not be repeated in each cause of action. It is an introductory statement showing the plaintiff’s legal capacity to maintain the action. The complaint then proceeds to set forth the causes of action in favor of this plaintiff and against the defendant. The introductory statement is a matter of inducement and common to each cause of action and its connection therewith is apparent from the position it occupies in the pleading. In effect the complaint in the way of premises alleges that the plaintiff, whose official status is then described and is also contained in the title of the action, has the causes of action subsequently recited against the defendant. This is a “ clear, precise and unequivocal” method of pleading and is not cumbersome or tautological. (See Code Civ. Proc. § 481, subd. 2, as amd. by Laws of 1904, chap. 500.) The defendant upon reading the complaint would not have any doubt as to the character of the plaintiff or that it claims to recover three penalties from him. In an action by one corporation against another the careful pleader sets out in the complaint in the form of distinct preliminary averments the incorporation of the parties and then proceeds with the claims of the plaintiff. The antecedent allegations once for all settle the status of the parties so far as that pleading is concerned. The rule is thus stated in Pomeroy on Code Remedies (4th ed. § 592): “ It should be observed also, that in the case of answers containing several defences, as well as of complaints containing several causes of action, certain allegations may be introductory, not forming a portion of either defence in particular, but belonging alike to all, so that they should be once made at the commencement of the answer, before any one of the separate defences is stated.” (See, also, 1 Abbott Tr. Brief Pl. [2d ed.] 36; Ronnie v. Ryder, 28 N. Y. St. Repr. 141.)

The case of Wallace v. Jones (68 App. Div. 191) is cited in hostility to this position. That was an action by a taxpayer against three supervisors and the treasurer of the county of Nassau. The complaint contained six preliminary paragraphs describing the official status of the several defendants. Five causes of action followed the separate paragraphs not reciting the introductory statements, but saying at the commencement of each of these paragraphs “ making the first six sections herein apart hereof.” Each cause of action was against a separate defendant, nor was any one against all the defendants, and there was no joint liability, and judgment was asked for a different sum against each defendant. An order was granted at Special Term, on motion of the defendants, requiring the complaint to be amended so that each paragraph would show on its face the particular audits by the different supervisors complained of, and also specifically the illegality charged against the treasurer. The order was affirmed. It is obvious that the six introductory statements each showing the official character of one of the defendants were not applicable to each defendant. As the misconduct charged and the relief sought were not common to all the embodiment of all these preliminary statements in each cause of action was improper and obviously not a truthful statement. Again, the question did not arise on demurrer, but on a motion to make more definite and certain ahd to strike out, in which the proceedings are not similar or governed by the rules of practice applicable to a demurrer.

Nor do we think the complaint was demurrable for realleging in the second and third causes of action distinct paragraphs by number of the first count of the complaint. The authorities cited in condemnation of referring in a pleading to the antecedent allegations are where the repetition is made by reference to folios which creates confusion and upon a review may be unintelligible, as the pleading folioing may not be followed in the printed record. If the reference is to a distinctly numbered paragraph no misapprehension or embarrassment will occur.

The answer in its 3d paragraph sets out what purports to be a defense to the third cause of action. This cause of action charges that the defendant did not make to the State Board of Pharmacy in the month of January, 1903, the statements required by section 196 of the Public Health Law (as amd. by Laws of 1900, chap. 667). The defendant, a proprietor of a drug store, is required to make a statement under oath in each January to this board “showing what licensee is in charge of the same,” who were his “ registered apprentices,” and to pay a fee of two dollars to said board, whereupon he receives from the board a certificate of registration which at all times must be “ conspicuously displayed ” in the place of business of the pharmacist. The Legislature, therefore, has committed to the State Board of Pharmacy the supervision and regulation of this business, and the omission to make the statement and display the certificate renders the defendant amenable to the payment of the penalty prescribed by subdivision 4 of section 201 of the Public Health Law (as amd. by Laws of 1900, chap. 667).

The second defense referred to avers the “ due payment ” of the two dollars, but does not allege the making of the required statement, which is the essential part of the procedure justifying the issuance of the certificate. The object of the statute is to safeguard the public and by the certificate “ conspicuously displayed ” to advise those who patronize the defendant that the qualifications of the persons employed by him have received the sanction of the State Board of Pharmacy.

The interlocutory judgment should be reversed, with costs of this appeal, and the demurrer sustained, with costs, and upon payment of which the defendant to have leave to plead over.

All concurred, except McLennan, P. J., who dissented in an opinion.

McLennan, P. J. (dissenting):

The action was commenced November 30, 1903, to recover from the defendant three penalties of twenty-five dollars each because of his alleged failure to comply with the requirements of section 196 of the Public Health Law (Laws of 1893, chap. 661, as amd. by Laws of 1900, chap. 667).

The complaint, so far as is important to note, is as follows:

“ Complaint.
“ Plaintiffs, as the State Board of Pharmacy, complain of defendant, and allege that they constitute the State Board of Pharmacy of the State of New York, duly elected, qualified and acting as such; and that prior to the commencement hereof, said Board has duly authorized this action to be brought in its name.
“ On information and belief:
First cause of action:
“I. That at all the times hereinafter mentioned the defendant was duly licensed as a pharmacist and druggist to retail drugs, medicines and poisons and compound physicians’ prescriptions in this State; and that he conducted a pharmacy pursuant to said license throughout said time at the village of Theresa, in Jefferson county, New York, as proprietor.
“II. That neither in the month of January, 1901, nor at any other time during that year, did the defendant make a statement, under oath, to the Board of Pharmacy, showing what licensee was in charge of the pharmacy above described, and showing what other licensees or registered apprentices were engaged or employed therein, nor either or any of those facts. In consequence of said omission defendant did not receive from the Board of Pharmacy during said year a certificate of registration to he granted for the purpose of being conspicuously displayed in said place. All of which the defendant was commanded to do by section 196 of Chapter 667, Laws of 1900, amending art. XI of chap. 661, Laws of 1893.
“ III. That by reason of the premises, defendant has forfeited to the State Board of Pharmacy the sum of twenty-five dollars, * * *. ‘ Second cause of action:
(The same as the first cause of action, except relating to the year 1902.)
Thi/rd cause of action:
I. Plaintiffs repeat and reallege all the statements contained in paragraphs I and III of the first cause of action, but as relating to the omissions of defendant hereinafter mentioned.
“ II. That during the month of January, 1903, .the defendant did not make any statement, under oath, to the State Board of Pharmacy, showing what licensee was in charge of the pharmacy above described, and showing what other licensees or registered apprentices were engaged or employed therein, nor either or any of those facts. In consequence of said omission defendant has not obtained from the State Board of Pharmacy, and has not, during said year, conspicuously displayed in said place a certificate of registration. And that defendant did not make such statement until about June of said year. All of which defendant was commanded to do in January by section 196 of chapter 667, Laws of 1900, amending article XI of chapter 661, Laws of 1893.
“ Wherefore, plaintiffs, as the State Board of Pharmacy, demand judgment against defendant for the sum of seventy-five dollars, with interest,” etc.

The defendant, in his answer, as a second defense alleged: “III. For a second and further defense to the third cause of action set forth in said complaint, defendant alleges the due payment of two dollars and his request for registration of said alleged State Board of Pharmacy during the year commencing January 1, 1903, but that such sum was never returned to him nor any certificate issued to defendant by the said alleged State Board of Pharmacy for that year.”

The plaintiffs demurred to such alleged defense on the ground “ that it is insufficient in law upon the face thereof.”

It seems to me that the demurrer in this case was properly overruled. The answer demurred to related only to the alleged third cause of action set forth in the complaint. It is well settled that if the facts stated did not constitute a cause of action, a demurrer by the plaintiffs would not lie to an answer to it, no matter how defective such answer might be. The rule is stated in Baxter v. McDonnell (154 N. Y. 432): “ A demurrer searches the record for the first fault in pleading and reaches back to condemn the first pleading that is defective in substance ; because he who does not so plead as to invite an issue cannot compel his adversary to so plead as to accept it. * * * As a bad answer is good enough for a bad complaint,’ it is necessary * * * to see whether the allegations of the complaint are sufficient to constitute a cause of action.” Under this rule it is necessary to determine whether or not the alleged third cause of action set forth in the complaint states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against the defendant. It may be conceded that by the reference in the alleged third cause of action to paragraphs I and III in the alleged first cause of action in the complaint they were properly added to and made a part of the allegations respecting said third cause of action; but we think that with those two paragraphs added in full no cause of action was stated. There would then be no allegation that the persons named as plaintiffs in the complaint constituted the State Board of Pharmacy, that they were duly elected, had qualified and were acting as such, nor would there be any allegation to the effect that the commencement of this action by the State Board of- Pharmacy was duly authorized by said board. It seems to me that this was an essential requisite in order to entitle the plaintiffs to the relief demanded. In Wallace v. Jones (68 App. Div. 192) the court said : “ The complaint should state in each paragraph setting out a separate cause of action, the official position of the defendant against whom a judgment is asked, and the capacity in which he acted, and all the facts necessary to make that cause of action complete on its own face.”

We think the rule thus stated is equally applicable to the plaintiffs and that it is necessary that the complaint in each paragraph setting upa separate cause of action should state the official position of the plaintiffs who ask judgment and the capacity in which they acted and all the facts necessary to make that cause of action complete on its own face. In the case at bar if the meaning of the complaint be interpreted in accordance with the contention of the plaintiffs we should read the 1st and 3d paragraphs in the first alleged cause of action set forth in the complaint and then paragraph 2 in the third alleged cause of action. Reading those three together and giving full significance to all the allegations therein contained, we think the complaint fails to state a cause of action because, as above suggested, it fails to state that the plaintiffs constitute the State Board of Pharmacy ; that they were duly elected, qualified and were acting as such or that they were authorized by action of the board to bring the action for and on its behalf. These allegations are made in the introductory part of the complaint, but when the pleader attempts to set up the third cause of action they are in no manner referred to and he does not seek to incorporate them into the allegations respecting his alleged third cause of action.

For these reasons I conclude that the interlocutory judgment overruling plaintiffs’ demurrer should be affirmed, with costs.

Interlocutory judgment and order reversed, with costs, and demurrer sustained, with costs, with leave to the defendant to plead over upon payment of the costs of the demurrer and of this appeal.