Case ID: ariz_23/html/0325-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "FLANIGAN, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

[Civil No. 1924.
    Filed January 20, 1922.]
    [203 Pac. 565.]
    ALVA B. WISER, Appellant, v. AYLMA CANNON COPELAND and STANLEY COPELAND, Her Husband, Appellees.
    1. Appeal and Error — Finding on Defense of Contributory Negligence by Jury is Binding on Courts. — In an action for negligent injuries by an automobile, where there was sufficient evidence of defendant’s negligence to send the case to the jury, under Constitution, article 18, section 5, providing that the defense of contributory negligence or assumption of risk shall in all cases be a question of fact and be left to the jury, the finding of the jury upon the defense of contributory negligence is binding on the courts.
    2. Trial — Admonition of Court Against Objections to Argument of Counsel, Without Stating Specific Grounds Therefor, was not Error. — Where the disparity between the argument of plaintiff’s counsel and the evidence concerning the condition of a sidewalk was very slight, the action of the court in admonishing defendant’s counsel, who had made several objections, not to interrupt counsel, was not a comment on the evidence where objections were not specific.
    3. Trial — Objections to Argument of Counsel Should be Stated With Specific Reasons. — Where objections are made to argument of counsel, they should be specific, and the reasons for them stated.
    4. Municipal Corporations — Refusal to Charge That Person About to Cross Street, and Neglecting to Look Both Ways fob Vehicles, is Negligent as a Matter of Law Held not Error.— In an aetion for damages because of injury by au automobile, a refusal to charge that person about to cross a street, neglecting to look both ways for vehicles, is negligent as a matter of law, was not error, as a pedestrian is required under such circumstances to exercise only reasonable care.
    
      4. Rights and duties of pedestrians and vehicles on highways, notes, 4 Ann. Cas. 398; Ann. Cas. 1914A, 249.
    
      5. Municipal Corporations — Trial—Requested Instruction, Which was Misleading and Unduly Stressed Evidence, was Properly Refused.. — In an aetion for injuries by an automobile in which the gravamen of the aetion is that defendant was negligent in the use of the road, an instruction that defendant had a right to drive his automobile on any part of the right side of the road, and that he could not be found guilty of negligence merely because he drove his automobile partly on the unpaved portion of the road, was misleading, as treating defendant’s rights without relation to the rights of the plaintiff, and erroneous as laying undue stress on one fact to the exclusion of all others proper to be considered in determining the issue of negligence.
    APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of the County of Maricopa. P. H. Lyman, Judge.
    Affirmed.
    Mr. F. C. Struckmeyer and Mr. C. E. Johns, for Appellant.
    Mr. F. H. Swenson and Mr. M. J. Dougherty, for Appellees.
   FLANIGAN, J.

The appellee, Aylma Cannon Copeland, between the hours of 8:30 and 9 o’clock of the night of June 9, 1920, while walking in a westerly direction on the north side of McDowell road, near Phoenix, in Maricopa county, was run down and injured by an automobile driven by appellant, traveling in the same direction with her on said road. This action was brought by appellee, and Stanley Copeland, her husband, against appellant, Wiser, as /defendant, to recover in damages for the injuries so occasioned. The complaint alleged that the collision and the consequent injuries to the appellee were the result of the acts of the defendant in driving his car in a negligent and reckless manner, and, amongst other particulars of such negligent operation, alleged the failure of defendant to give warning of the approach of the car, or to have it under control, or to bring it to a standstill, or to slacken its speed after defendant had discovered the presence of said appellee on the road. The answer of the defendant was a denial of these allegations of negligence and a plea of negligence on the part of appellee, in that she failed to take due precautions for her own safety, or to observe the approach of the automobile, and that she had voluntarily left a place of safety on the sidewalk on the north of the road and stepped in the path of vehicles passing upon said road, including the vehicle - of defendant. The case was tried before a jury, which returned a verdict in favor of plaintiffs, and the defendant has appealed from the judgment rendered on such verdict and an order denying him a new trial.

The first assignment of error is that the verdict and judgment were not justified by the evidence, and are contrary to law, in that the evidence adduced at the trial conclusively shows appellee to have voluntarily left a place of safety and gone into a place of peril or danger, to her injury. The place of safety which appellee left was the sidewalk on the north of the road, and it is contended that appellee had no right to choose whether she would walk there or on the road, the latter being a path of danger, but must perforce have continued on the walk, even though it was, as she testified, muddy and unfit for the use of a pedestrian. And, say counsel, assuming that the sidewalk was impassable and an emergency therefore existed releasing appellee from the operation of this rule then, because, in fact, appellee was attempting to cross the road, her contributory negligence was no longer a question of fáct for the jury, but one of law for the court. The assumption that appellee was atiempting to cross the road was founded, however, merely upon the evidence of appellant and his witnesses that when struck by the automobile appellee was facing in a southwesterly direction; and, as the fact itself was denied by appellee in her testimony, it would appear that the assumption made was in very truth, as counsel for appellant say in their brief, “one of the theories of the defense,” in the sense at least that the assumption was disputed.

Notwithstanding this admitted conflict it is claimed on the authority of Twohy Bros. Co. v. Kepon, 21 Ariz. 606, 193 Pac. 297, that as the whole testimony and all legitimate inferences therefrom show that plaintiff was injured by reason of her own want of ordinary care, the question of her negligence is for the court, and not for the determination of the jury. In the case cited the undisputed facts were that the injured person, after being warned of the impending danger from a blast, had left a place of safety, and gone into a place of danger to his injury, and the decision was expressly based upon the unquestioned facts in the case, which established that the sole cause of plaintiff’s injuries was his own negligent and reckless act.

The appellant would have us disregard also the evidence showing that he himself was negligent, which we cannot do if we are to consider “the whole testimony and all inferences therefrom.” That there was testimony tending to prove that the injuries to appellee were occasioned by the negligence of the defendant is not questioned, nor (other than as above stated) has any attempt been made to show its insufficiency to that end. The questions made are therefore within the ruling of Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. v. Conwell, 21 Ariz. 480, 190 Pac. 88, and Davis v. Boggs, 22 Ariz. 497, 199 Pac. 116, to the effect that, as under our constitutional provision “the defense of contributory negligence or of assumption of risk shall, in all cases whatsoever, be a question of fact and shall, at all times, be left to the jury” (Const., art. 18, § 5), the jury is the sole arbiter of the existence or nonexistence of. contributory negligence in all actions for personal injuries. As the record shows that there was sufficient evidence of the appellant’s primary negligence to send the case to the jury, the finding of the jury upon the defense of contributory negligence is therefore binding upon the courts, and the assignment of error must be held to be without merit.

The next assignments of error are based upon the alleged improper statements of counsel for appellee (Mr. Dougherty) and the remarks of the court in answer to the objections of counsel for appellant (Mr. Struckmeyer) in the argument to the jury:

“Mr. Dougherty: They talk about a sidewalk out there. The testimony there is the remains of one, an old sidewalk that has been grown over with grass, that had been flooded—
“Mr. Struckmeyer: I object to that, if your honor pleases.
“Mr. Dougherty: —that it is unfit for a pedestrian and—
“Mr. Struckmeyer: I object to that.
“Mr. Dougherty: I haven’t time to fool with you. The necessity therefore for traveling upon the road is very apparent. There is the only road that—
“Mr. Struckmeyer: I object.
“The Court: Don’t interrupt counsel when he is addressing the jury.”

The substance of the contentions made by appellant is that there was no evidence upon which appellee’s counsel could base his assertions even as a reasonable inference, and that the remark of the court constituted a comment on the weight of the evidence favorable to appellee and unfavorable to appellant.

There was ‘testimony to show that the sidewalk at the place where appellee left it was but little used, and that it was grown up on the sides with grass, and had been flooded numerous times; appellee testified that water was standing on the sidewalk that night, that it was muddy there, and that she walked on the street to keep out of the mud and water.

It is to be noted that the disparity of fact between the testimony on that issue and the argument of counsel is not only very slight, but that counsel for appellant did not enter on the record the specific grounds of his objections in any of his interruptions. The objections should have been specific, and the reason for making them should have been stated. 38 Cyc. 1508. The admonition of the judge was made only after appellant’s counsel had objected to the statements by counsel of the inferences that,the sidewalk was unfit for a pedestrian, and that it was necessary therefore to travel on the road. We think the remarks of the court must be taken as an admonition to counsel not to continue to interrupt the argument by objections for which no ground appeared or was stated, and in no respect constituted a comment on the weight of the evidence. ’

The court’s refusal to give the following instruction :

“I charge you that if a man or woman starts— although he or she has a right to do so — across a street without looking for vehicles in both directions passing across his path, or likely to cross his path, as she or he goes to cross the street, that man or woman is negligent as a matter .of law, because he or she has neglected a duty which both the law and common sense cast upon all persons, namely, to take reasonable precautions to avoid dangers reasonably to be anticipated.”

—is assigned as error. Even assuming that the evidence (already adverted to) was sufficient to justify the inference that appellee was about to cross the street, the instruction asked was wrong for the reason that the law imposes no such duty upon a pedestrian under the circumstances supposed. A pedestrian is not bound, before attempting to cross a street, as a matter of law, to look both ways for approaching automobiles. The requirement is to exercise reasonable care. 2 R. O. L. 1186.

“The simple rule is that drivers on the streets and pedestrians, each recognizing the rights of the other, are required to exercise reasonable care.” Barbour v. Shebor, 177 Ala. 304, 58 South. 276.

Finally, complaint is made of the refusal of the judge of the trial court to give the following instruction, requested by appellant:

“You are instructed that the defendant had the legal right to drive his vehicle upon any part to the right of the said McDowell road, whether the same was that part described in evidence as paved or unpaved, and you cannot find him guilty of negligence merely because you may find that he drove his machine in part upon the unpaved portion of said road” — and asserts that in the trial of the case below counsel for appellee “ever pointed his finger to the fact that at the time of ■ the accident appellant was driving with- his two right wheels off the pavement. It was to correct any erroneous impression which the jury might gather from the stress of that point that counsel asked for the declaration by the court of the substantive law relating to the respective rights and duties of users of the highway, to be met with refusal. ’ ’

We think the instruction requested had a tendency to mislead the jury by treating appellant’s rights without relation to the rights of appellee, and by laying undue stress on one fact in the case to the exclusion of all others proper to be considered in determipirig the vital issue of negligence. Appellant’s legal right to drive his car on any part of McDowell road was not to be exercised without respect to the rights of others who might be lawfully using that highway. It was his duty, while driving his car, to exercise ordinary care to avoid injury to persons lawfully in the street, and the duty of such persons to exercise the same degree of care for their own safety. The law implies reciprocal obligations. Huddy on Automobiles, 5th ed., § 414, and cases cited; 2 E. O. L., p. 1186.

The gravamen of this action is that the appellant was guilty of negligence in his use of the road, to the injury of appellee. The jury might well have concluded that if the appellant had not been negligent in the driving of his car (in fact, partly upon the unpaved portion of the road) that the injuries would not have been inflicted. The instruction in such event, that negligence could not be predicated of the act of appellant merely because it took place in part upon the unpaved portion of the road, would inevitably tend to mislead and confuse the jury as to the precise legal bearing of the act of appellant thus singled out on the issue of negligence — -an issue properly to be determined only upon consideration of all the circumstances of the case.

No error appearing, the judgment must be affirmed.

EOSS, C. J., and MoALISTEE, J., concur.