Case ID: us-ct-cl_122/html/0641-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Howell, Judge, Whitaker, Judge, Howell, Judge, Whitaker, Judge,\n    ", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

FERDINAND E. MARCOS v. THE UNITED STATES
    [No. 50278.
    Decided February 5, 1952.
    Defendant’s motion for rehearing denied July 15, 1952]
    
      
      Mr. Harold H. Martin for the plaintiff. Mr. George A. Nugent and Mr. William R. Ives were on the brief.
    
      Mr. Thomas 0. Fleming, with whom was Mr. Assistant Attorney General Holmes Baldridge, for the defendant.
    
      Mr. Matthew E. McCarthy filed a brief on behalf of Juan D. Quintos, et dl., as amicus cwriae, in support of plaintiff.
   Howell, Judge,

delivered the opinion of the court:

On August 14,1951, plaintiff filed suit to recover $594,900, which represents the alleged value of 2,366 head of cattle requisitioned from his ranch during the period from December 9, 1941 to January 28, 1942 by the United States Army forces operating on the Island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Defendant has moved, pursuant to Kule 16 (b), to dismiss plaintiff’s petition on the ground that the claim is barred by the Statute of Limitations, 28 U. S. C. (Supp. IV) § 2501, 62 Stat. 976. Defendant concedes that the running of the Statute of Limitations is suspended in time of war as to persons who are without access to the courts, but contends that the suspension was lifted as to the Philippine Islands on April 16, 1945, on which date commercial mail service between the United States and Manila was resumed. Plaintiff insists that one of several suggested later dates should be selected as marking the .lifting of the wartime suspension on the running of the Statute.

Section 2501 of Title 28 of the United States Code, Supplement IY, which forms the basis of defendant’s motion,, provides in part as follows.:

Every claim of which the Court of Claims has jurisdiction shall be barred unless the petition thereon is filed, or the claim is referred by the Senate or House of Representatives, or by the head of an executive department within six years after such claim first accrues.
* i]i * * #
A petition on the claim of a person under legal disability or beyond the seas at the time the claim accrues may be filed within three years after the disability ceases.

Although this Statute does not mention war, we have had occasion in a recent case to consider the effect of war on the Statute of Limitations. In Standard-Vacuum Oil Company v. United States, 112 C. Cls. 137, remanded on other grounds, 339 U. S. 157, we reviewed the authorities and noted that the outbreak of war by implication suspends the running of the Statute of Limitations in the case of persons to whom the courts are closed or inaccessible. We relied principally upon the case of Hanger v. Abbott, 6 Wall. 532, 539, wherein the Supreme Court stated that:

Absolute suspension of tbe right, and prohibition to exercise it, exists during war by the law of nations, and if so, then it is clear that peace cannot bring with it the remedy if the war is of much duration, unless it also be held that the operation of the statute of limitation is also suspended during the period the creditor is prohibited, by the existence of the war, and the law of nations, from enforcing his claim. Neither laches nor fraud can be imputed in such a case, and none of the reasons on which the statute is founded can possibly apply, as the disability to sue becomes absolute by the declaration of war, and is a conclusion of law. Ability to sue was the status of the creditor when the contract was made, but the effect of war is to suspend the right, not only without any fault on his part, but under circumstances which make it his duty to abstain from any such attempt.

Such a suspension necessarily occurs because of the prohibition in wartime of all commercial dealings and correspondence with persons in enemy or enemy-occupied territories. Likewise, the courts of the United States are closed during the war to the persons within such territories. The purpose of the Statute of Limitations is to bar stale claims which a party has been lax in asserting, but it is not intended to bar claims which war prevents a party from presenting to the court.

The problem of computing the period of time available to a claimant to present his cause of action after the war ceases and the suspension of limitations is lifted was not considered in the Standard-Vacuum case. However, according to recognized principles of international law, war simply suspends the running of the Statute as of the date of the outbreak of hostilities, (Note) 137 A. L. E. 1454, 1456-; and where the cause of action accrues after war has commenced, the claimant is entitled to the full six-year period after the war’s end within which to file suit. Sierra v. United States, 9 C. Cls. 224; Green v. United States, 17 C. Cls. 174. Where the Statute has begun to run prior to the commencement of war it has been held that the claimant is also entitled to the full statutory period of six years, and that the exact period of the war’s duration should be deducted in determining the day on which the bar of limitations arises. Chuchuru v. Chutchurru, 185 F. 2d 62; see Semmes v. Hartford Insur ance Co., 13 Wall. 158, 160. In Salvoni v. Pilson, 181 F. 2d 615, 618, the court stated that:

Statutes of limitation * * *. assume that the one to whom an obligation is owed may sue in a court. If he does not avail himself of the opportunity so to do within a stated time his remedy is barred and the matter is put at rest. But if war intervenes so that the remedy indeed does not exist during all of the statutory period, the time thus taken from it is added when the end of the war brings a resumption of intercourse, communication and access to a court.

We hold, therefore, that the war with the Japanese merely suspended the running of the Statute, and at the termination of the war the plaintiff,- whose claim arose during the period of suspension, was entitled to the full six-year period within which to bring his action.

The next problem confronting us is to determine the event which terminated the war and brought to a close the period of suspension of the Statute of Limitations. A number of dates and events have been presented for our consideration, in this case, and in the related cases of Flaviana Tan, No. 50277; Francisca De Guia and Beatriz B. Palmares, No. 50342; Paulino Lorenzo, No. 50357; and Baymundo F. Navarro, No. 50358; this day decided. We shall here discuss the various contentions urged in all five, cases with regard to the lifting of the suspension of the Statute. Because the practice of this court has been to permit the filing of petitions by mail, defendant urges us'to adopt April 16,1945, the date on which commercial mail service between the United States and Manila was resumed.' However, this, date would be manifestly unjust to some of the claimants who resided on islands other than Luzon, and which were not liberated until a later date. Certain of the plaintiffs suggest that December 31, 1946, the date of the President’s Proclamation No. 2714, 61 Stat. 1048, officially declaring a “Cessation of Hostilities of World War II,” should be selected because it has been regarded as marking the termination of the war for many other purposes. Other dates suggested include July 4,1946, the date of the Philippine Independence, Presidential Proclamation No. 2695, July 4, 1946, 60 Stat. 1352; September 2, 1945, the date of the formal surrender by Japan, 59 Stat. 1733; and V-J Day, August 14,1945, the day of the Japanese cease-fire order.

The logical date to select as lifting the suspension of the Statute of Limitations under the circumstances of this case is the day of the formal surrender of the Japanese, September 2,1945. It was on this occasion that the above-mentioned reasons for suspending the running of the statute ceased to exist, inasmuch as commercial intercourse by the United States with the Philippine Islands was thereby restored, and likewise, access to this court by all Filipinos once again became possible. In Green v. United States, supra, p. 187, this court reached a similar conclusion, holding that the suspension of the running of the Statute during the Civil War was lifted at the time the courts of the United States were reopened to inhabitants of the seceded states. More recently, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia recognized this view in Salvoni v. Pilson, supra, and held that the Statute commenced to run again, as to persons residing in Italy during the war, on October 2,1945, at which time the restrictions on business communication between the United States and Italy were lifted. We conclude that plaintiff was entitled and required to present his claim at any time during the period from September 3,1945, through September 2,1951; and, as plaintiff’s claim was filed on August 14,1951, it is timely.

The court has also considered the question of whether a Filipino may now entertain a suit in this court. Citizens of the Philippine Eepublic have been aliens within the meaning of Section 2502 of Title 28, 62 Stat. 976, since July 4, 1946, when the Philippine Islands were granted their independence. Section 2502 provides as follows:

Citizens or subjects of any foreign government which accords to citizens of the United States the right to prosecute claims against their government in its courts may sue the United States in the Court of Claims if the subject matter of the suit is otherwise within such court’s jurisdiction.

Plaintiff alleges that a similar right is granted to citizens of the United States under the provisions of Public Law No. 3083 of the Philippine Legislature, March 16, 1923, 18 P. L. of Philippines 169, which Act continues to be the law of the Philippine Republic. By virtue of Section 1 of this Act, the Government of the Philippine Islands consented to be sued “upon any moneyed claim involving liability arising from contract, express or implied, which could serve as a basis of civil action between private parties.” From an examination of the remaining sections it appears that American citizens are granted the same right to prosecute such claims against the Philippine Government as is granted to the citizens of the Philippine Republic. The admission of American citizens to the Philippine courts with all of the rights of Philippine citizens as against the Philippine Government satisfies the requirements of Section 2502, and the fact that the consent of the Philippine Government to be sued is more restricted than the consent of the United States Government to be sued, is not controlling. Brodie v. United States, 62 C. Cls. 29, 46; cf. United States v. O'Keefe, 11 Wall. 178. Plaintiff is, therefore, entitled to maintain this action.

We conclude that although plaintiff is a Filipino and an alien, he may sue the United States in the Court of Claims because a reciprocal right against the Philippine Government is granted to United States citizens; that although plaintiff’s cause of action arose in 1941 and 1942, after the outbreak of hostilities, it was not barred by the Statute of Limitations which was suspended during the war; that the suspension was lifted on September 2, 1945, giving plaintiff six years thereafter to sue; and, that plaintiff’s suit, having been filed on August 14,1951, is timely. Accordingly, defendant’s motion to dismiss is denied.

It is so ordered.

Madden, Judge; Littleton, Judge; and Jones, Chief Judge, concur.

Whitaker, Judge,

dissenting:

I cannot agree that a litigant in this court is entitled to the full statutory period of six years in addition to the time during which he was denied access to the courts on account of war. I think the same limitation should apply to a person unable to sue because of war as applies to those persons specifically excepted from the six-year limitation by section 262 of Title 28 TJ. S. C. Section 262 was the predecessor of section 2501 of Title 28 U. S. C. (62 Stat. 976) quoted in the majority opinion. Title 28 was amended to read as quoted in the majority opinion after this cause of action arose and, therefore, I think section 262 of thei old Title 28 is applicable, although both sections perhaps mean the same thing.

It is true that prior cases, holding that the statute of limitations is tolled so long as the courts of a country are closed to a litigant on account of war, have allowed the full statutory period, plus the time during which the courts were closed to the litigant. The leading case is Hanger v. Abbott, 6 Wall. 532. The rule established by this case was subsequently approved in Brawn, v. Sauerwein, 10 Wall. 218, 222. These are the only decisions of the Supreme Court on this question. Neither of them, however, relate to suits in the Court of Claims.

However, in Sierra v. United States, 9 C. Cls. 224, 230-231, this court held that the statute was suspended during war, and that after the war was over the litigant had the full statutory period within which to bring suit. This case was cited with approval by this court in a subsequent case, Green v. United States, 17 C. Cls. 174. In neither of these cases, however, was consideration given to the fact that the statute of limitations applicable to the Court of Claims made an exception of claims of persons under certain disabilities and allowed only three years after the disability had ceased, instead of the full six, for the assertion of the claim. No consideration was given to this by either of these two cases. The court merely followed the rule laid down in Hanger v. Abbott, supra, without any discussion as to whether or not this rule applied in the Court of Claims, in view of the peculiar wording of the statute applicable to this court.

Section 262 of Title 28 U. S. C. provides that every claim against the United States cognizable by this court “shall be forever barred” unless the petition is filed within six years, but it makes these exceptions to this rule, to wit, married women, minors, idiots, lunatics, insane persons, and persons beyond the seas. As to these, it provides that they may file a petition within three years after the disability has ceased.

Mr. Harold H. Martin and Mr. John Ward Cutler for the plaintiff. Mr. George A. Nugent and Mr. Prew Savoy were on the brief.

Mr. S. R. Gamer and Mr. Thomas 0. Fleming, with whom was Mr. Assistant Attorney General Holmes Baldridge, for the defendant. Mr. Harry Davidson and Mr. Bernard Wohlfert were on the briefs.

Messrs. Shearman <& Sterling <Sb Wright filed a brief on behalf of Oerlihon Machine Tool Works Buehrle & Co., as ■amicus curiae, in support of plaintiff.

Then it says, “but no other disability than those enumerated shall prevent any claim from being barred.”

Now, we say that there is another disability that will prevent a claim from being barred after six years, to wit, the fact that the litigant did not have access to the Court of Claims because of war. In so holding we are in fact doing what the Act prohibits; we are adding another disability that prevents a claim from being barred. I think we are justified in doing so, but if we do so hold, then it seems to me we must place the same limitation on a suit by a person under this disability that the statute places on a suit by those under ihe disabilities it mentions.

On Defendant’s Motion for Rehearing

[No. 50278.

Decided July 15, 1952]

Howell, Judge,

delivered the opinion of the court:

On February 5,1952, this court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s petition as being barred by the Statute of Limitations, 28 TJ. S. C. § 2501, 62 Stat. 976. We concluded that the outbreak of war in the Philippine Islands on December 8, 1941, suspended the normal operation of the Statute of Limitations, that this suspension was lifted on September 2, 1945, by the formal surrender of Japan, and that Filipino claimants, such as plaintiff, whose causes of action arose after the outbreak of hostilities and during the period of the suspension of the Statute of Limitations, bad six years following September 2, 1945, within which to institute action in this court. Hence, plaintiff’s suit to recover the value of cattle allegedly requisitioned by the United States Army, having been filed on August 14, 1951, was held not to be subject to the defense of limitations. Thereafter, defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which might have been more properly designated a motion for rehearing, and because of the importance of the issues involved, and the number of similar cases now pending, the court agreed to hear additional oral argument upon this subject.

Defendant first urges that this court’s present Statute of Limitations, Section 2501 of recently revised Title 28, does •not contain an enumeration of any specific disabilities but broadly provides that all legal disabilities shall give rise to a three-year period following their removal within which to file suit. Defendant insists that war is a disability within the meaning of this comprehensive language and, accordingly, that following the end of World War II in the Philippine Islands claimants such as plaintiff had only three years .within which to file their suits against the United States.

This argument is predicated upon two false assumptions. First, war is not a legal disability and prior to the 1948 revision of Title 28 had not been treated as such. Cf. Campbell v. United States, 13 C. Cls. 108, Second, we are unable to find any indication that Congress in drafting Section 2501 intended to change this interpretation so as to include war -as a disability. Section 2501, which forms the basis of defendant’s argument, provides in part, as follows:

Every claim of which the Court of Claims has jurisdiction shall be barred unless the petition thereon is filed, or the claim is referred by the Senate or House of Representatives, or by the'head of an executive department within six years after such claim first accrues.
$ $ ífc íji ‡
A petition on the claim of. a person under legal disability or beyond the seas at the time the claim accrues may be filed within' three years after the disability ceases.

As we pointed out in our earlier decision, Section 2501 replaced 28 U. S. C. (1946 Ed.) ¡§ 262, 36 Stat. 1139, which was in effect at the time plaintiff’s cause of action accrued. Section 262 provided as follows:

Every claim against the United States cognizable by the Court of Claims shall be forever barred unless the petition setting forth a statement thereof is filed in the court, or transmitted to it by the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House of Eepresentatives, as provided by law, within six years after the claim first accrues. The claims of married women first accrued during marriage, of persons under the age of twenty-one years first accrued during minority, and of idiots, lunatics, insane persons, and persons beyond the seas at the time the claim accrued, entitled to the claim, shall not be barred if the petition be filed in the court or transmitted, as aforesaid, within three years after the disability has ceased; but no other disability than those enumerated shall prevent any claim from being barred, nor shall any of the said disabilities operate cumulatively.

The reasons for the change in the language of Section 262 to that now contained in Section 2501, supra, are set forth in the Eeviser’s Note to Section 2501, and are as follows:

Words “a person under legal disability or beyond the seas at the time the claim accrues” were substituted for “married women first accrued during marriage, of persons under the age of twenty-one years first accrued during minority, and of idiots, lunatics, insane persons, and persons beyond the seas at the time the claim accrued; entitled to the claim,”. The revised language will cover all legal disabilities actually barring suit. For example, the particular reference to married women is archaic, and is eliminated by use of the general language substituted.
Words “nor shall any of the said disabilities operate cumulatively” were omitted, in view of the elimination of the reference to specific disabilities. Also, persons under legal disability could not sue, and their suits should not be barred until they become able to sue. * * *

It is significant that both the Statute and the Eeviser’s Note are careful to specify that Section 2501 applies to “legal disabilities.” The term “legal disability” has had a fixed and well-defined meaning since provision for relief therefrom was first made in 1623 in the Statute of 21 Jac. I, c. 16. In fact, the “legal disabilities” enumerated in the earlier versions of this court’s Statute of Limitations, vis., claims of married women, infants, insane persons, and persons, beyond the seas, were the same as those enumerated in the English Statute of 1623.

While war is in the nature of a disability, it has never technically been regarded as a “legal disability” within either the coverage of the disability provision of this court’s Statute of Limitations or within the general law usage of the term. There is no indication that Congress intended to depart from this well-defined meaning to include war as a disability when it substituted in Section 2501 the general expression “legal disability” in place of the specific conditions heretofore denoted by this expression. Eather, it is apparent from the Eeviser’s Note that Congress was primarily endeavoring to bring the Statute up to date by eliminating the reference to the outmoded disabilities such as coverture. We conclude that the revision contained in Section 2501 does not embrace the situation presented by the existence of war.

History supplies the principal explanation as to why the effect of war on the Statute of Limitations developed independently of the provision for legal disabilities. At the time of the passage of the original English Statute of Limitations in 1623, the common law regarded all debts, contractual rights, and property rights of subjects of nations at war as being canceled and subject to confiscation by the warring governments. Thus, no reason existed for the inclusion of war within the disability provision of the Statute of 1623, and the lawmakers of the day never thought of providing for the collection or restoration of these rights with the return of peace between the belligerents. Hanger v. Abbott, 6 Wall. 532; Greenwald v. Appel, 17 Fed. 140, As the views of the civilized world gradually changed with respect to the conduct of war, the modern day practice evolved to suspend absolutely the rights and remedies between citizens of countries at war, so as not to provide aid for the enemy, and to revive the rights and remedies upon the restoration of peace instead of confiscating them. Today it is a firmly established principle of international law that the outbreak of war by implication suspends the normal operation of the Statute of Limitations in the case of persons to whom the courts are closed or inaccessible, and this rule extends not only to enemies but also to residents of enemy-occupied countries such as the Philippine Islands. Cf. (Note) 137 A. L. R. 145.4, et seq.

As a result of its historical background, the treatment afforded the suspension of the running of the Statute of Limitations occasioned by the existence of a state of war has developed in a manner which materially differs from the' treatment afforded to legal disabilities. There are several cogent reasons why courts have seen fit to create and perpetuate these differences. Generally it is stated that the. effect of the running of the Statute, of Limitations upon a cause of action is to destroy the remedy but not the right. 34 Am. Jur., Limitation of Actions, § 11. The effect of the legal disability provision of a Statute of Limitations is to restore this remedy for a designated period beyond the normal period of limitations. However, the effect of war is to suspend not only the remedy but also the right to sue as well. The right and the remedy are suspended in status quo, and at the cessation of hostilities are restored to the litigant. The result which necessarily would be achieved if war were treated in any other manner is pointed out by the Supreme Court in Hanger v. Abbott, supra. The Court stated, at pages 538 and 542, that:

Unless we return the remedy with the right the pre-tence of restoring the latter is a mockery, as the power to exercise it with effect is gone by lapse of time during which both the right and the remedy were suspended.
* * * $ $
* * * Peace .restores the right and the remedy, and as that cannot be if the limitation continues to run during the period the creditor is rendered incapable to sue, it necessarily follows that the operation of the statute is also suspended during the same period.

Similar statements are contained in United States v. Wiley, 11 Wall. 508; Levy v. Stewart, 11 Wall. 244; Borovitz v. American Hard Rubber Co., 287 Fed. 368; Siplyak v. Davis, 276 Pa. 49, 119 Atl. 745; cf. Frabutt v. New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Co., 84 F. Supp. 460, 464.

Another basis for the difference in the treatment of war and of legal disabilities with respect to the Statute of Limitations lies in the factors which give rise to these conditions. The legal disability provisions of Statutes of Limitations are designed to provide relief from some personal handicap or impediment affecting the individual litigant and preventing him from bringing a timely suit. Such provisions are based on the presumption that the courts are open and that every litigant free of such a handicap will not unreasonably delay in filing suit. If the cause of action accrued to the litigant prior to the occurrence of the disability, the disability affords no relief from the running of the Statute because the litigant has had some period of time prior to the occurrence of the disability within which to file suit. De Arnaud v. United States, 151 U. S. 483; Whitney's Adm’x. v. United States, 18 C. Cls. 19. In order to bring the disability provision into operation, the litigant must be under the disability at the time the cause of action accrues. The effect of the disability provision in many statutes of limitations, and especially in Section 2501 of Title 28, is not to suspend the running of the Statute during the period that the disability continues, but is to create a designated additional period, a period of grace, beyond the normal period of limitations within which to file suit after the removal of the personal defect.

On the other hand when a suit cannot be filed within the normal period of limitations because of the existence of a state of war, the result is not attributable to any personal defect of the claimant, but rather to the international acts of nations for which all citizens are responsible. A superior power closes the courts to litigation with the enemy during such a period. The effect of the outbreak of war is to suspend the normal operation of the Statute of Limitations, and with the return of peace the Statute revives and continues to operate in the normal manner. This result is contrary to the way in which legal disabilities affect the Statute. The legal rule heretofore applied to war by English and American courts does not allow the Statute to continue to run during the existence of hostilities, and does not provide an additional period following the end of the war within which to present suits. Instead, the rule simply suspends the Statute in status quo as of the time hostilities occur. Thus, if the cause of action accrues after the outbreak of war, the party has the full normal period of limitations after the end of the war within which to sue. If the Statute has begun to run before the outbreak of war, the period during which war lasts is deducted in computing the normal period of limitations. As this position has been consistently followed by the Supreme Court, Brown v. Hiatts, 15 Wall. 177; Semmes v. Hartford Insurance Co., 13 Wall. 158; Braun v. Sauerwein, 10 Wall. 218; we can conceive of no reason for adopting an inconsistent interpretation in the present action.

In urging the contention that war is a legal disability giving rise to only a three-year period following the return of peace within which to institute suit, defendant has disregarded the consequences of such a construction upon causes of action accruing prior to the start of war. The case of Flaviana Tan v. United States, No. 50277, decided February 5,1952, presents an example of such a situation. Plaintiff Tan’s cause of action against the United States Army accrued on November 3, 1941, and the Statute of Limitations began to run against it at this time. War broke out in Manila on December 8, 1941. If we were to adopt defendant’s contention and were to conclude that war is a legal disability, the outbreak of war would have no effect on Tan’s cause of action because, as indicated above, once the Statute has begun to run, intervening legal disabilities do not give rise to an additional period of grace following the removal of the disability within which to bring suit. To reach such a conclusion, we would have to disregard the fact that resort to this court by Filipinos was both impossible and illegal during the period here in question. It is clear that defendant’s argument is erroneous and is contrary to the more logical conclusion reached in the leading decisions which have considered this problem. We, therefore, reaffirm the principle adopted in our earlier decision in this case that war, unlike “legal disabilities,” impliedly suspended the normal operation of the Statute of Limitations, and that with the return of peace, plaintiff, whose cause of action accrued after the outbreak of war, bad six years within which to file his suit.

The fact that plaintiff was an “enemy” under the definitions of the Trading With The Enemy Act, 40 Stat. 411, as amended, 50 U. S. C. App. §§ 1-40, does not alter our above-stated conclusions. Rather, we find that Congress expressly provided in Section 8 (c) of the Act that the running of the Statute of Limitations should be suspended in certain designated situations, not herein material, and then concluded as follows:

* * * Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the suspension of the running of the statute of limitations in all other cases where such suspension would occur under existing law.

In enacting this provision Congress had before it, as part of the Senate Reports accompanying the bill, a legal memorandum which listed the authorities holding that war suspended the operation of the Statute of Limitations. S. Rept. 111, 65th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 21,22; S. Rept. 113, 65th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 21, 22. In light of the fact that Congress was fully informed of the leading dcisions, it is our opinion that Congress did not intend by enacting the Trading With The Enemy Act to alter the existing state of the law, but merely intended, by incorporating Section 8 (c) into the Act, to confirm the general principle which suspends the running of the Statute of Limitations against the “enemy” while that status exists. First National Bank of Pittsburgh v. Anglo-Oesterreichische Bank, 37 F. 2d 564, 567.

Defendant also argues that the date of the formal surrender of Japan, September 2, 1945, which we selected for the lifting of the suspension of the Statute of Limitations was too remote, and has presented two earlier dates for our consideration. The first of these dates is May 25, 1945, when the Secretary of the Treasury, acting pursuant to the authority vested in him by the Trading With The Enemy Act, supra, issued General Ruling 18,10 F. R. 6170,31C. F. R. § 131 (1945 Supp.), which, according to defendant, had the effect of removing the liberated portions of the Philippine Islands from the designation of “enemy territory.” This, defendant insists, made possible the immediate resumption of normal trade and business intercourse between the United States and the Philippine Islands.

We are unable to attribute such a far-reaching result to General Ruling 18 for several reasons. In the first place, General Ruling 18 does not purport to remove the Philippine Islands from the designation of “enemy territory” for the purpose of authorizing trading, but rather, its purpose is to redefine the status of the Philippines with respect to the freezing regulations previously imposed upon certain types of property located therein. Section (a) of the Ruling makes this clear in stating as follows:

(a) Status of the Philippine Islands under the freezing regulations. For the purpose of administering the freezing regulations and complying with the provisions thereof:
(1) The liberated portions of the Philippine Islands hereafter shall be included within the term “United States” as defined in paragraph B of section 5 of the order and shall not be included within the term “foreign country” as defined in paragraph D of section 5 of the order;
(2) Any portions of the Philippine Islands controlled or occupied by the military, naval or police forces or other authority of Japan shall immediately upon liberation thereof be included within the term “United States” and shall cease to be included within the term “foreign country.”

In the second place, Section (a) of the Ruling provides that only the liberated portions of the Philippine Islands are relieved of the operation of the freezing regulations as of May 25,1945, and that the remaining portions of the Philippines shall be so relieved upon the date of their liberation. Thus, it is apparent that instead of adopting the date of the issuance of General Ruling 18 as urged by defendant, we would have to adopt the very terms of Section (a) itself in order to have a basis from which to determine when the lifting of the suspension of the Statute took place. In so doing we would involve ourselves in the complex problem of determining different dates for the lifting of the suspension for the various claimants depending upon which island they resided in. Even defendant is forced to concede that such a decision would impose upon us an impractical and virtually unworkable rule. Moreover, Section (b) of General Ruling 18 provides that tbe status of the individual Filipinos is not affected by the removal of the freezing regulations from the liberated islands, and that unless they are licensed as a generally licensed national in accordance with the Trading With The Enemy Act, they will continue to be deemed nationals of a blocked country. Hence, we might even have to determine when individual litigants were relieved of the operation of this Section.

Instead of becoming involved in the many refinements which would necessarily follow the adoption of the terms of General Ruling 18 as marking the lifting of the suspension, we believe it is far more desirable to adopt the one date, September 2, 1945, which uniformly marks the restoration of the right of free commercial intercourse, and of access to this court, to every Filipino in all parts of the several Philippine Islands.

The second date which defendant suggests would fulfill the necessary qualifications is July 5, 1945. On this day General MacArthur and President Osmena of the Philippines each issued statements officially proclaiming the complete-liberation of the Philippine Islands. Philippine Official Gazette, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 289-290. Defendant again insists that normal relations between the United States and the Philippines were resumed following this occasion, which is two months prior to the September 2,1945 date named by us as marking the resumption of these activities.

While the liberation of the islands appears to have been sufficiently advanced to justify the issuance of such proclamations for political and military purposes, we find that the-complete liberation was not accomplished at this time, and! that many areas and many persons continued to be subject, to the control of elements of the Japanese Army until the-Japanese Government formally surrendered to the United. States on September 2,1945. Army General Order 105, November 19, 1945, which defines time limitations for the various Philippine battle campaigns, reveals the true state-of affairs existing in the Philippine Islands. This order contains the following statement:

Note. — Battle participation credit for this campaign may be awarded by the theater commander to units or individuals who actually engaged the enemy after the closing dates, 1 July 1945 and 4 July 1945, respectively.

Furthermore, a complete resumption of commercial intercourse was not possible on July 5,1945, because the war with Japan continued in other areas of the Pacific theater of operations with the result that the wartime restrictions on private shipping remained in force and sea lanes remained closed to private traffic. Hence, we repeat our earlier conclusion that the first date which, in the interest of uniformity and fairness to all residents of the Philippine Islands, may be selected for the lifting of the suspension of the normal operation of the Statute of Limitations is September 2,1945.

Plaintiff has once again presented arguments concerning the further suspension of the Statute of Limitations during the pendency of his claim before the Army Claims Commission. Inasmuch as all of these arguments have been considered at length in our decision in a companion case to the present action, Tan v. United States, supra, there is no point in discussing them further. Accordingly, defendant’s motion for rehearing is denied, and this action is remanded to a commissioner for proceedings on the merits of plaintiff’s claim.

It is so ordered.

Madden, Judge; Littleton, Judge; and Jones, Chief Judge, concur.

Whitaker, Judge,

dissenting:

The distinction which the majority attempts to make between a so-called war disability and a legal disability is to me a distinction without a difference. The law, to wit, the Trading With The Enemy Act, prohibited plaintiff from suing. If this is not a legal disability, I do not know how you could have one.

The law prohibits an insane person to sue, it prohibits a minor to sue, etc., because they are supposed to be incompetent to act intelligently. Plaintiff here was prohibited by law to act at all; but it is by law that all of them are disabled to sue.

In my former dissent in this case, I was under the impression that this suit was brought when section 262 of Title 28 U. S. C. (1946 Ed,) 36 Stat, 1139, was in effect. I now find I was then in error; but even under that statute I thought a person denied access to the courts because of war should not have a longer period within which to bring his suit than a person under one of the disabilities enumerated in that statute.

Now I find that section 2501 of revised Title 28 (1948 Ed.) was in effect when this suit was brought. Section 2501 does not enumerate the disabilities which permit a person to sue within three years after the disability is removed, whether or not this is longer than six years after the cause of action accrued, but it says that “a person under legal disability” may sue within three years after the disability ceases.

I have no doubt that under this section plaintiff had only three years after the disability was removed within which he might have brought his suit, if the six-year limitation had expired before.

That plaintiff was under a “legal disability” is easily .demonstrable. Section 3 (a) of the Trading With The Enemy Act (40 Stat. 411; 50 U. S. C. App. section 1, et seq.) prohibits a person in enemy territory “to trade” with anyone in the United States. The act contained a prohibition forbidding any person in the United States to “complete, or perform any contract, agreement, or obligation,” and “to have any form of business or commercial communication or intercourse” with a person in enemy-occupied territory.

The inhabitants of the Philippine Islands became alien enemies under the Trading With The Enemy Act on December 8,1941. Section 2 of the Trading With The Enemy Act defines an “enemy” as:

(a) Any individual * * * .resident within the territory (including that occupied by the military and naval forces) of any nation with which the United States is at war * * *.

The courts have construed this to include even citizens of the United States who were resident within enemy territory. Salvoni v. Pilson, 181 F. 2d 615, cert. den., 339 U. S. 981; United States v. Krepper, 159 F. 2d 958, cert. den., 330 U. S. 824.

Plaintiff’s cause of action arose after December 8, 1941. Not until the Philippine Islands were liberated from Japanese control was plaintiff able to sue because of the legal disability imposed upon him ■ by the Trading With The Enemy Act.

Plaintiff’s case, therefore, it seems to me, comes necessarily within the provision of section 2501 which permits him to file his petition “within three years after the disability ceases.” Plaintiff’s petition was filed long after this three-year period and, therefore, was barred by the statute. 
      
       This section replaced 28 U. S. C. (1946 Ed.), § 262, 36 Stat. 1139, which was in effect at the time plaintiff’s cause of action accrued. Section 262 provided as follows:
      “Every claim against the united States cognizable by the Court of Claims shall be forever barred unless the petition setting forth a statement thereof is filed in the court, or transmitted to it by the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House of Representatives, as provided by law, within six years after the claim first accrues. The claims of married women first accrued during marriage, of persons under the age of twenty-one years first accrued during minority, and of idiots, lunatics, insane persons, and persons beyond the seas at the time the claim accrued, entitled to the claim, shall not be barred if the petition be filed in the court or transmitted, as aforesaid, within three years after the disability has ceased; but no other disability than those enumerated shall prevent any claim from, being barred, nor shall any of the-said disabilities operate cumulatively.”
     
      
      
         Cf. 12 Stat. 767; R. S. § 1069 (1878) ; 36 Stat. 1139.