Case ID: barb_65/html/0473-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "\n      By the Court, Mullin', P. J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

The People, ex rel. John W. Akin, vs. William A. Morgan and others, Assessors of the town of Scipio, and Calvin Tracy and others, Railroad Commissioners of the same town.
    Although it has been held, in several cases, that a tax-payer cannot maintain an action, in his own name, to restrain the collection of a tax assessed upon the inhabitants of a town, village or city of which he is a resident, nor to set aside the proceedings of municipal corporations which only affect him as they do other tax-payers or inhabitants of such corporation; yet he can maintain such an action when he sustains some specific injury.
    It does not follow that because a tax-payer may not maintain an action to restrain the assessment or collection of a tax, or to restrain or set aside proceedings of a municipal corporation, he may not be entitled to a certiorari to review the proceedings of those who assessed the tax, or performed the corporate act, and to set it aside if found to have been done in violation of law.
    The decision of assessors, under the statutes relative to the bonding of towns in aid of railroads, that the consents of the required number of tax-payers have been obtained, and that they represent the requisite amount of property, is a judicial decision.
    Such decision being a judicial one, the officer or body making it is not liable" for any errors committed, and the mischief is complete and irremediable the moment the bonds get into the hands of a bona fide holder for value without notice of the error or defect relied on to avoid them,
    And as a tax-payer is precluded from maintaining an action in equity to set aside the proceedings, and cannot bring any legal action to protect himself against an unlawful issue of bonds, he is remediless, however unjust the proceedings to bond the town may be, unless he is entitled to review the proceedings by certiorari.
    
    The pendency of a suit in equity, brought to cancel the bonds issued by a town, is no bar to the remedy of a tax-payer, to review the proceedings by certiorari.
    
    A party is entitled to a common law certiorari to review the determination of a body or officer acting judicially, when he has no other remedy.
    A town is not the proper party to be the relator for the review of proceedings to bond the town in aid of a railroad company.
    To entitle a party to a certiorari, he, or it, must have an interest in the proceedings that are intended to be brought up by it.
    After assessors have considered and decided the question whether the required number of tax-payers have signed consents to the bonding of a town, and all that is thereafter done is done by the commissioners, in preparing the bonds and subscribing for the stock, the determination of the assessors is so far-final that a certiorari may issue to bring the proceedings up .for review.
    
      The court, in reviewing proceedings, on certiorari, is governed by the return of the officers or body to whom the writ is directed. It will not take into consideration papers annexed to the return.
    "When a statute prescribes the evidence that shall be furnished to an officer or tribunal in order to authorize the issuing of process, or the performance of any other duty, jurisdiction is acquired when such evidence is furnished; and" no further or other evidence can be required.
    There may be cases in which proof, in'addition to that in terms required by the statute should be made, in order to confer jurisdiction; but in such eases, the officer or court would have power to administer oaths, &o. When the officer or tribunal has no such power, the proof specified in the statute need only be furnished.
    By an act of the legislature, a railroad company was authorized to extend and construct its road from Auburn or any point on the line of its road, easterly or southerly from said city, through such counties as it should deem most feasible, to any point on Lake Erie or Niagara river, and any town in any county through or near which said railroad, or its branches, might be located, (with certain exceptions,) might aid the construction of said railroad and its branches, by the issue and sale of bonds. Held that these provisions made it quite certain that the money raised was to be applied to tlie construction of the road, including in that term all its branches; and was not to be raised to aid in the construction of the branches, only, but might be applied wherever the company deemed proper; subject to the general restriction that it was not to be applied to the construction of the road, or its branches, beyond the county, except upon a specified condition.
    When a local or private bill contains provisions which apply to the whole State, the act is valid, although the title does not refer to such provisions. But when a statute which applies to the State at large contains provisions of a local or private nature, not disclosed .in .the title, the latter provisions are void as being in violation of the constitution.
    Where the title of an act was “An act to facilitate the construction of the New York and Oswego Midland Railroad, and to authorize towns to subscribe to the capital stock thereofand the provisions of the statute gave effect to the objects and purposes disclosed in the title; held that such an act was not a violation; of the constitutional prohibition, however numerous or various its provisions might be.
    If the return to a writ of certiorari is not sufficiently full in relation to the matters which the relator desires to have reviewed, he should apply for a further and more specific return. If he omits to do so, the return will be held sufficient if it sets forth the determination made, and the facts upon which it was founded.
    If the return shows, affirmatively, that upon the facts found by assessors, in a proceeding for bonding a town, the determination was correct, that is sufficient. It is not necessary for the assessors to state the number of tax-payers whose consents were adjudged to be valid, and how many were rejected as invalid. That detail, if admissible, can only be obtained by a further return.
    Assessors, like other officers, must act upon legal proof when the statute under which they act gives them the means of obtaining it. But when they are required to act upon evidence that is not what is known as legal evidence, their action is valid, however the evidence may be obtained.
    The statute having furnished no mode of proving the identity of the persons whose names are signed to consents, with those whose names appear on the assessment roll, except by the personal knowledge of the assessors, it is incumbent on them to bring their personal knowledge to their aid, in determining the question of identity.
    Besides, it is obvious that the duty of determining that question was conferred on the assessors because of their acquaintance with the tax-payers of the town.
    The court, upon a return to a certiorari, determines whether the officer or body making the return acquired jurisdiction to do the act, or make the determination, which is complained of, and whether it has conformed to the statute by which he, or it, was authorized to act.
    When assessors show that in a proceeding for bonding a town, they had before them the assessment roll and consents, the signatures to yrhieh were proved as conveyances of real estate are required to be proved, they will be held to have been authorized, aided by their personal knowledge of the tax-payers, to determine whether the requisite number had signed the consents; and they can return no other matter or fact.
    Such determination, when accompanied by the affidavit of the assessors, is, from the very necessity of the. case, conclusive in such proceeding.
    The affidavit is declared to be evidence that the consent of a majority of the taxpayers has been obtained, and that it, or a copy of it, shall be admitted in evidence in any court, and before any judge or justice thereof. "Whether it is conclusive in any other action or proceedings ? Qucsre.
    
    After assessors have determined that' a majority of the tax-payers of a town have consented to bond the town, and the assessors have filed the affidavit required by the statute, their decision must, for the purposes of a certiorari to review their proceedings, he held to be conclusive. It must be reviewed by the Supreme Court upon the evidence before the assessors, and not upon • any other or different. And as the court cannot get the benefit of the assessors’ personal knowledge as to the identity of persons, it cannot, declare their determination erroneous.
    CERTIORARI to the assessors and railroad commissioners of the town of Scipio, in the county of Cayuga, to review the proceedings of those officers in bonding said town in aid of the New York, Oswego and Midland Railroad Company.
    
      Chapter 398 of the laws of 1866, section 1, provides that on the application in writing of twelve or more freeholders, residents of any town in certain counties named in it, of which Cayuga was not one, it should be the duty of the county judge wherein such town is situated, or the Supreme Court at any Special Term thereof, to appoint not more than three freeholders, residents of said town, commissioners to carry into effect the purposes of said act.
    By the next section the commissioners are authorized to borrow on the credit of the town such sum of money as the tax-paying inhabitants shall fix upon by their consent in writing, not exceeding thirty per cent of the assessed valuation of the real and personal estate of said town, as shown by the assessment roll of said town for 1865. The power thus conferred could be exercised only on the condition that the consent in writing of a majority of the tax-payers of the town, owning or representing more than one-half of the taxable property appearing on the said assessment roll should be first obtained. The consent is required to be proved or acknowledged in the same manner as conveyances of real estate.
    The consent was also required to state the amount óf money authorized to be raised. The fact that the consent of a majority of the tax-payers representing a majority of the taxable property has been obtained and acknowledged or proved, should be proved by the affidavit in writing of one of the assessors, or by the affidavit of the town or county clerk endorsed on such consent, which are then required to be filed.
    These things being done, the commissioners may borrow the money, issue bonds and subscribe and pay for stock in the company designated in the consent.
    By section 3 of chapter 917, of the laws of 1867, the directors of the New York and Oswego Midland Railroad Company are authorized to construct a branch road from any part of its line in the counties of Chenango or Madison, through those counties and Cortland and Cayuga to the city of Auburn, whenever in their judgments it should be for the interest of the company so to do, and the towns along the line of said branch or interested in the construction thereof in any county through which said road should run, should have the same right and authority to subscribe for stock and issue bonds to aid in the construction thereof as is given by the act above referred to.
    By section 1 of chapter 61 of the laws of 1868 it is provided that in every case where consents in writing shall have been obtained as required in the statutes above referred to, they shall be valid and effectual for all purposes for which they are authorized to be given, and shall not be invalidated, avoided or in any manner affected by reason of the fact that the consents so obtained are based partly on the assessment roll of 1865, and partly on that of 1866, or for any other error, irregularity, omission or defect, provided the consent of the requisite number owning or representing the requisite amount of property, have been obtained as appears by the assessment roll for either of those years.
    • By section S, it is declared that no consent of taxpayers of any town, in writing, nor the bonds issued upon the faith of such consent, shall be invalidated or held void or in any manner affected by reason of any formal, clerical or other defect, irregularity or omission in the proofs or acknowledgments of such consents, or in the making or entry in the minutes of any determination, or in the affidavits required to be made by any assessor, town or county clerk, or other person or body, or in any filing or recording in any town or county clerk’s office, provided the requisite consents have been obtained.
    Section 6 of chapter 84 of the laws of 1869 makes the provisions of the last two sections, above mentioned, applicable to all consents obtained since the passage of said sections, and to all such as might be afterward obtained. All consents are required to be based on the assessment roll of 1868.
    By section 1 of chapter 298 of the laws of 1871, the directors of the said company are authorized to extend their road from the city of Auburn, or from any point on said road easterly or southerly from, said city, upon such route, and through such counties, as the directors shall deem most feasible, to any point on Lake Erie or the Niagara river. Any town in any county through or near which said road or its branches may be located, except such as are excepted from the provisions of the general bonding act, may aid the construction of such road and its branches and extensions by the issue of bonds in the manner provided for in the act of 1866, and the acts amendatory of and supplementary thereto.
    By the 2d section of the same act the last assessment roll preceding the time of obtaining consents shall be adopted as the basis of such bonding.
    Upon the application of the required number of the tax-payers of the town of Scipio," commissioners were appointed to borrow money and subscribe for the stock of said railroad company. A paper was filed purporting to be, and which the assessors of said town, by affidavit endorsed thereon, swore contained, the consent of a majority of the tax-payers of said town, representing a majority in amount of the taxable property of said town, and thereupon the commissioners proceeded to borrow money to the amount specified in the consent, and to issue bonds therefor. The assessors make return to the certiorari that on the 26th of August, 1871, they met at the town of Scipio and had present the last preceding assessment rolls of said town, together with the consents,, and the assessors’ affidavit, and after due computation, examination and deliberation, and from their own knowledge of the persons whose names were signed to said consents, did adjudge that it was signed by the requisite number representing the requisite amount of property, and. that the signatures had been duly proved.
    The objection relied on by the relator’s counsel to set aside the proceedings is considered by the court in its examination of the points presented by his counsel.
   By the Court, Mullin', P. J.

The relator is met attire threshold of the investigation, with three objections, either of which being well taken renders it unnecessary to consider any of the points presented by the relator’s counsel.

The 1st is, that there is no proper relator—a taxpayer .and resident of the town having no such status as entitles him to a certiorari to review the proceedings to bond said town; he town of Scipio being the only proper party as relator.

2d. A suit in equity is pending to cancel the bonds for the same errors and defects on which the proceedings are sought to be set aside in this proceeding, and a certiorari will not lie if the party has another remedy.

3d. A certiorari will not issue in this case to bring up the proceedings, as there is no final determination to be reviewed.

I. Is the relator, as a tax-payer of the town of Scipio, entitled to a writ of certiorari to review the proceedings of the assessors ?

It has been held, in several cases, that a tax-payer cannot maintain an action in his own name to restrain the collection of a tax assessed upon the inhabitants of a town, village or city of which he is a resident; nor can he maintain an action to set aside the proceedings of municipal corporations which only affect him as they do the other tax-payers or inhabitants of such corporation. But he can maintain such an action when he sustains some specific injury. (Doolittle v. Supervisors of Broome, 18 N. Y. 155. Roosevelt v. Draper, 23 N. Y. 318. Kelsey v. King, 32 Barb. 410.) It does not follow that because a tax-payer may not maintain an action to restrain the assessment or collection of a tax, or to restrain or set aside proceedings of a municipal corporation, he may not be entitled to a certiorari to review the proceedings of those who assessed the tax, or performed the corpórate act, and to set it aside if found to have been done in violation of law.

The decision of the assessors, that the consents of the required number of tax-payers have been obtained, and that they represent the requisite amount of property, is a judicial decision. They are required to examine the rolls, calculate the number of tax-payers, and the amount of property represented by them, and upon this and their own personal knowledge of the identity of the persons whose names are found upon the roll with those who sign the consents, they determine whether the required majority have consented to the bonding.

Again; the tax-payer has no other adequate remedy. The decision being a judicial one, the officer or body making it is not liable for the error, if they have made one, and the mischief in this class of cases is complete and irremediable- the moment the bonds get into the hands of a bona fide holder for value, without notice of the error or defect which is relied upon to avoid them. Again; the cases above cited preclude the tax-payer from maintaining an action in equity to set aside the proceedings, and I know of no legal action the taxpayer can bring to protect himself against an unlawful issue of bonds.

It does not require the citatio.n of authorities to show that a party is entitled to a common law certiorari to review the determination of a body or officer acting judicially, when he has no other remedy. (The People v. Van Alstyne, 32 Barb. 131. Le Roy v. The Mayor of N. Y., 20 John. 430. Lawton v. Coms, of Cambridge, 2 Caines, 179. The People v. The Mayor, 2 Hill, 9. Matter of Mount Morris Square, Id. 14. Western R. R. Co. v. Nolan, 48 N. Y. 513.)

If the relator is not entitled to review the proceedings by certiorari he is remediless, however unjust or illegal the proceedings to bond the town may be. I trust the time will never come in the history of the judiciary of this State when the courts will refuse to the citizen relief against injustice and oppression because of any supposed public policy that forbids it, or of the inconvenience it may occasion to either the public or individuals.

The great number of actions that tax-payers might bring, if each is held entitled to maintain one in this class of cases, should not be allowed to influence the question, further than to require that one suit, only, shall be maintained, and that in behalf of all.

II. Is the town the proper party to be the relator for the review of such proceedings ?

It has not a particle of interest in the proceedings to bond it. To entitle a party to a certiorari, he or it must have an interest in the proceedings that are intended to be brought up by it. The town is not bound to pay the bonds; on the contrary, the law provides for their payment by the tax-payers thereof. What, then, has the town to do with the question?

The town represents the tax-payers for most purposes; but in proceedings to bond it" in aid of railroads, the consent of a majority of the tax-payers must be obtained, before a suit can be brought, or proceedings instituted, to review the action of the assessors. A vote of a town meeting must be obtained in favor of bringing such suit or proceeding. The majority that consented to bond the town can defeat an attempt to get a vote of the town in favor of bringing the suit, and thus the minority are left without any protection against the action of the majority, however illegal or oppressive it may be.

It is easy to say that in a government like ours the majority must govern, and it is not to be supposed that they will act unjustly toward the minority, and if they do, the wrong must be redressed by an appeal to their sense of justice and magnanimity,. rather than by a resort to the judicial tribunals.

When one man wrongs another, the doors of the court are thrown wide open to admit the injured party to obtain redress. But when a majority mortgage the property of the minority against their will, and in violation of law, they are turned over to the wrongdoers to obtain redress. Such a proposition adds insult to injury.

When a candidate for office is deprived of his office by illegal voting, or the fraudulent action of those whose duty it is to canvass the votes, he has a remedy to redress the wrong; but when he is made a" stockholder in a railroad company against his will, and his property taken to pay for the stock, he is without remedy. This cannot be so in a land in which the commandment, '■'■thou shaltnotsteaV is not deemed to be abrogated.

III. Is the suit in equity a bar to the remedy by certiorari ?

I have referred to cases holding that a tax-payer cannot maintain an action in equity to restrain the collection of a tax that is imposed upon all the inhabitants of a municipality, in common with himself; nor to set aside a corporate act affecting the same class of persons. If this is the law the suit relied upon by the respondent’s counsel cannot bar the remedy by certiorari, as the plaintiffs in it can never obtain, by it, a particle of relief.

IV. Is the determination of the assessors final, so that a certiorari may issue to bring the proceedings up for review %

If 'the determination was not final when the certiorari was brought, then it never will be. The question whethér the required number of tax-payers had signed the consents was finally disposed of, and all that was thereafter done was done by the commissioners in preparing the bonds and subscribing for stock—acts purely ministerial.

For myself I entertain no doubt but the relator was entitled to the writ, and this court has the power, under it, to review the proceedings of the assessors, and, if found to be illegal, to set them aside.

I have examined the book handed up that contains the writ and the return thereto, and I find in it no return other than that an abstract of which is given above; and that sets forth the meeting of the assessors, the inspection of the tax-rolls and consents, and their adjudication upon them, and their own knowledge of the identity of the persons signing the consents with those whose names are on the assessment roll.

The respondent’s counsel evidently intends to use this adjudication as a bar to the right to go behind it, and review the action of the assessors.

The court, in reviewing the proceedings, are governed by the return of the officers or body to which the writ is directed. (Matter of Eightieth St., 16 Abb. 169. The People v. The Mayor of New York, 2 Hill, 9. The People v. Wheeler, 21 N. Y. 82.) It will not take into consideration papers annexed to the return. (Case last cited, and Allyn v. Coms, of Schodock, 19 Wend. 342.)

The relators’ first point is that the assessors had no jurisdiction to make the affidavit endorsed on the consents, as it does not appear by the return that the road of the ¡New York arid Oswego Midland ¡Railroad Company was located in the town of Scipio, or any other town of the county of Cayuga.

When a statute prescribes the evidence that shall be furnished to an officer or tribunal in order to authorize the issue of process, or the performance of any other duty, jurisdiction is acquired when such evidence is furnished ; and no further or other evidence can be required.

The railroad commissioners of Scipio were authorized and required to borrow money and issue bonds when it was proved to them by the affidavit of the assessors or town clerk, or by that of the county clerk, that the consents required by the statute had been obtained. Bo proof is, required that the Midland Railroad Company had been incorporated, or its line located in Scipio, or elsewhere in the county of Cayuga.

If these facts must have been proved, how was the proof to be made, orally or by affidavit '$ Who should administer the oaths, and how and by whom was the evidence to be perpetuated so that it could be returned when called for, by the courts or parties interested %

BTeither the assessors nor commissioners have power to administer oaths; nor does the statute seem to contemplate that evidence on any subject should be given, except such as is derived from the assessment rolls, consents and the personal knowledge of the assessors.

There may be cases in which proof in addition to that in terms required by the statute should be made, in order to confer jurisdiction. Should a statute authorize an order of arrest on proof that the defendant was a non-resident, it would probably be implied that proof of indebtedness or other cause of action should be made, in order to confer jurisdiction. But in such cases, the officer or court would have power to administer oaths, and could perpetuate the evidence taken before him; but when the officer or tribunal has no such power, the proofs specified in the statute need only be furnished. The legislature alone is responsible for the injustice, if any, resulting from such unguarded and unwise legislation.

It is not necessary, under the act of 1866, which is the first act authorizing bonding in aid of the Midland company, that any road should be built or located before the bonds may be issued by the towns in the counties named in the first section of that act. The only security the people of the towns iy those counties had that the moneys raised would be used for the construction of a railroad was the integrity of the directors.

The acts of 1867 and 1869 authorized the directors of said railroad company to construct a branch road from the main line through the counties named in it, and of these Cayuga is one, whenever it should, in their judgment, be for the interest of said corporation, and the towns and cities along the line of said branch roads, or interested in the construction thereof in any county through which said road shall run, were authorized to bond themselves to aid in the construction thereof.

The company to be aided is the New York and Oswego Midland, and the road for which the money raised is to be applied is the road of such company, which embraces the main line and its branches. The section seems to have been carefully prepared, and the distinction between the branches and the road of the company observed. The towns and cities along the line of the branches through which said road shall run were authorized to bond in aid of the construction thereof; that is, in aid of the road, not of the branches only.

By the-act of 1871 the Midland company is authorized to extend and construct its road from Auburn or any point on the line of its road, easterly or southerly from said city, through such counties as it should deem-most feasible, to any point on Lake Brie or Niagara river, and any town in any county through or near which said railroad or its branches may be located, with certain exceptions not material to be referred to, may aid the construction of said railroad and its branches by the issue and sale of bonds.

This section makes it quite certain that the money raised is to be applied to the construction of the road, including in that term all its branches, and is not to be raised to aid in the construction of the branches only, but may be applied wherever the company deems proper, subject to the general restriction that it is not to be applied to the construction of the road or its branches beyond the county, except upon a condition not important to be stated.

The counsel for the relator insists, in his second and third points, that the acts which authorize the bonding of towns in aid of railroads are unconstitutional and void, because the legislature has no power to pass su'd), acts; and that the acts, under which it is sought to bond the town of Scipio are unconstitutional for the reason that the acts of. 1866 and 1871 embrace more than one subject, and that is not expressed in the title, and there are provisions in it thus affecting the public as well as private rights and interests.

The constitutional power of the legislature has been affirmed by the Court of Appeals, and it is not for this court to consider that question.

The objection to the title of the acts of 1866 and 1871 is not well taken.

It is difficult, if not impossible, to deduce from the cases any rule by which to determine what provisions in a local or private bill, not expressed in the title, render it void as being in violation of that provision of the constitution, (§ 16 of art. 3,) which provides that such bills shall not embrace more than one subject, and that shall be embraced in the title.

But it seems to be decided. that when a local or private bill contains provisions which apply to the whole State, the act is valid, although the title does not refer to such provisions. (The People v. McCann, 16 N. Y. 58. Williams v. The People, 24 id. 405. 2 Dwarris on Stat. 472.) But when a statute which applies to the State at large contains provisions of a local or private nature, not disclosed in the title, the latter provisions are void as being in violation of the constitution. (The People v. The Sups, of Chautauqua, 43 N. Y. 10.)

The title of the act of 1866 is, “ an .act to facilitate the construction of the New York and Oswego Midland railroad, and to authorize towns to subscribe to the capital stock thereof.” The provisions of the statute give effect to the objects and purposes disclosed in the title ; and such an act is not a violation of the constitutional prohibition, however numerous or various they may be. (The Sun Mutual Ins. Co. v. The Mayor, 8 N. Y. 241. DeCamp v. Eveland, 19 Barb. 81. Brewster v. City of Syracuse, 19 N. Y. 116. Conner v. The Mayor, 5 N. Y. 285.)

These remarks apply to, and dispose of, the objection to the act of 1871.

The relator’s fourth point is, that the affidavit of the assessors should be vacated because the return is wholly defective.

If the return is not sufficiently full in relation to the matters which the counsel desires to have reviewed, he should have applied for a further and more specific return. Not having done so, the return must be held sufficient if it sets forth the determination made, and the facts upon which it was founded.

This the return states as fully as the writ requires. It was not necessary for the assessors to state the number of tax-payers whose consents were adjudged to be valid, and how many were rejected as invalid, This detail, if admissible, could only be obtained by a further return. The return shows, affirmatively, that upon the facts found by the assessors the determination is correct.

The counsel’s fifth point is, that the assessors could not adjudge and determine, from their own knowledge, as to the identity of the persons whose names were signed to the consents with those whose names appeared on the assessment.

Without the identity of these persons being established, the fact that a majority on the roll had signed the consents could not be established.

The statute furnished no mode of proving those facts, except by the personal knowledge of the assessors, and it was therefore incumbent on them to bring their personal knowledge to their aid in determining the question of identity. It is obvious, moreover, that the duty of determining this question was conferred on the assessors because of them acquaintance with the tax-payers of the town. Assessors, like other officers, must act upon legal proof when the statute under which they act gives them the means of obtaining it. But when they are required to act upon evidence, that is not what is known as legal evidence their action is valid, however the evidence may be obtained.

The sixth point is, that it is a mistake to suppose that the legislature has made these affidavits any proof whatever of the conclusions stated therein, in a direct proceeding to vacate and set them aside.

The court, upon a return to a certiorari, determines whether the officer or body making the return acquired jurisdiction to do the act, or make the determination, which is complained of, and whether it has conformed to the statute by which he, or it, was authorized to act.

When the assessors in this case show that they had before them the assessment roll and consents, the signatures to which were proved as conveyances of real estate are required to be proved, they were authorized, aided by their personal knowledge of the tax-payers, to determine whether the requisite number had signed the consents, and they could return no other matter or fact.

The determination when accompanied by the affidavit, is, it seems to me, from the very necessity of the case, conclusive in this proceeding. The affidavit is declared to be evidence that the consent of a majority of the taxpayers has been obtained, and it, or a copy of it, shall be admitted in evidence in any court; and before any judge or justice thereof. Whether it is conclusive in any other action or proceedings it is not important to consider.

[Fourth Department, General Term, at Buffalo,

June 3, 1873.

Mullin, Talcott and M. D. Smith, Justices.]

Before any errors in the proceedings other than in determining whether a majority has consented to bonding under sections 1 and 2 of the act of 1861 are alleged, it is indispensable that it should be established that a majority has consented to the bonding, and it is to be presumed that the proof of those facts, for such a purpose, must be by evidence other than the affidavit of the assessors; but I will not attempt to dispose of that question.

The counsel, in his ninth point, examines the consents and the assessment rods, and insists'that a majority has not consented to bond the town. I have already expressed the opinion that the decision of the assessors must, for the purposes of this case, be held to be conclusive. The determination of the assessors must be reviewed here upon the evidence before them, and not upon any other or different. We cannot get the benefit of then* personal knowledge as to the identity of persons, and it is therefore impossible for us to declare their determination erroneous.

If we were at liberty to enter upon the investigation of the question whether a majority has signed the consents, without any other evidence of identity than is declared in the return, I should be of the opinion that it did not appear that a majority had signed the consents.

The eighth and ninth points do not, it seems to me, require any further examination. They have been incidentally considered in the examination of the other points.

The proceedings and determination of the assessors should be affirmed, and the certiorari quashed.

Writ quashed.