Case ID: f-appx_616/html/0014-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. John C. KILLINGBECK, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 14-1898-cr.
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    Oct. 5, 2015.
    
      John C. Killingbeck, Fort Dix, NJ, pro se.
    Lisa M. Fletcher and Steven D. Clymer, for Richard S. Hartunian, United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse, NY, for Appellee.
    PRESENT: RALPH K. WINTER, DENNIS JACOBS and PIERRE N. LEVAL, Circuit Judges.
   SUMMARY ORDER

John C. Killingbeck, pro se, appeals from the judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York (Hurd, /.), convicting him of receipt and possession of child pornography, see 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A), (a)(5)(B), and sentencing him principally to a 240-month term of incarceration. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented for review.

1.Killingbeck argues that his conduct was protected by the First Amendment because child pornography is constitutionally protected speech. We review de novo a First Amendment challenge to a criminal conviction. United States v. Caronia, 703 F.3d 149, 160 (2d Cir.2012). “[I]t is settled law that child pornography is not protected expressive speech under the First Amendment.” United States v. Hotaling, 634 F.3d 725, 728 (2d Cir.2011); see also New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 756, cursor to the modern internet — does not affect the analysis. None of the statutory and regulatory provisions cited by Killing-beck stands for the proposition that the receipt of child pornography through Usenet is immunized from criminal prosecution.

2. Killingbeck argues that Usenet is not a means of commerce and that the government therefore failed to prove the interstate commerce element of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A) and § 2252A(a)(5)(B). The government proved the interstate commerce element by adducing evidence that the hard drives on which Killingbeck stored the pornography were manufactured abroad, in Thailand and Singapore. “[T]he act of using computer equipment manufactured outside the United States to produce child pornography meets the jurisdictional requirement of § 2252A(a)(5)(B).” United States v. Ramos, 685 F.3d 120, 133 (2d Cir.2012).

3. Killingbeck argues that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated because the investigating police officers lacked probable cause to interview him and to execute a search of his computers. The Fourth Amendment is not implicated simply because a police officer interviews an individual; “[rjather, a seizure takes place only when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen.” United States v. Springer, 946 F.2d 1012, 1016 (2d Cir.1991) (citation, internal quotation marks, and brackets omitted). There is no evidence that Killingbeck was seized during his interview; his subjective belief to the contrary is irrelevant. Id. The search warrant was supported by probable cause: during the (recorded) interview with the officers, Killingbeck admitted that he used his computer to access porno■graphic images involving children between the ages of five and eight, and had done so as recently as a month prior to the interview.

4. Killingbeck ■ argues that his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial was violated because the district court granted the government’s request not to display trial evidence showing images of child pornography on the monitors that were visible to courtroom spectators. (Those images were displayed on monitors visible only to the court, testifying witnesses, counsel, and the jury.) Killingbeck (who was .pro se at trial) did not object to the district court’s ruling.

The Sixth Amendment creates a “presumption of openness” in criminal trials. United States v. Gupta, 699 F.3d 682, 687 (2d Cir.2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The public trial guarantee is not absolute, however.” Id. Court proceedings may be partially or wholly closed to the public if doing so would serve some overriding interest.

A trial court’s decision to wholly or partially exclude the public from a proceeding is not subject to harmless error review, but may be subject to plain error review. United States v. Gomez, 705 F.3d 68, 74 (2d Cir.2013). Because Killingbeck did not object to the district court’s decision below, we review the court’s decision for plain error.

We need not decide whether the district court erred because even if it did, that error was not “plain” and did not seriously affect “the fairness, integrity, or public reputation” of the trial. Id. at 76. Even assuming that restricting the display of trial exhibits to the courtroom audience constitutes a partial “closure” for Sixth Amendment purposes, the government presents substantial reasons for doing so-limiting the continuing harm to victims of child pornography. Cf. Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 111, 110 S.Ct. 1691, 109 L.Ed.2d 98 (1990) (“The pornography’s continued existence causes the child victims continuing harm by haunting the children ' in years to come.”). • Moreover the restriction was narrow: the public was not excluded from the courtroom and could see the witnesses and hear their testimony. Cf. Gupta, 699 F.3d at 687 (exclusion of public from courtroom during entire voir dire violated the Sixth Amendment). A trivial closure, even if intentional and unjustified, may not rise to the level of a Sixth Amendment violation. Carson v. Fischer, 421 F.3d 83, 92 (2d Cir.2005) (“Even an unjustified closure may, in some circumstances, be so trivial as not to implicate the right to a public trial.”). On this record, we are satisfied that any error by the district court was not plain and did not seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the trial.

For the foregoing reasons, and finding no merit in Killingbeck’s other arguments, we hereby AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.