Case ID: ad_41/html/0066-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "McLennan, J.:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Jacob Marks, Appellant, v. The Rochester Railway Company, Respondent.
    
      Negligence — emergency employee—when the servant employing him is the alter ego of the master and when he is not — a hoy, driving a horse car, pushed therefrom hy other hays frightened hy the conductor— the accident is not the proximate result of the conductor's act.
    
    The conductor of a bob-tailed horse car, which encountered another car on a-single track, being obliged to take it back to a switch, procured a boy eleven years of age, who chanced to be on the street, to stand on the rear platform and drive the horse, which it was necessary to hitch to the rear end of the car, while the conductor remained on the front platform and managed the brake, there being none at the rear end.
    While the boy was driving, some other boys got upon the car, and, upon their refusal to get off, the conductor made a pretense of catching them, whereupon they scrambled from the car, and in doing so pushed the boy who was driving the car from the platform, in consequence of which he was run over by the car and injured.
    
      In an action brought by the boy’s father against the railroad company, it appeared that it had been adjudged in a previous action brought by the boy against the company that the boy was sui juris, and that the defendant’s conductor was not negligent in employing him to drive the horse; that the rear platform was not an unsafe place, and that the conductor was not guilty of negligence in placing him there.
    
      Held, that, assuming the boy to have been an emergency employee, the conductor ceased to be the representative of the master after he had found the boy to be a suitable person to perform the duty enjoined upon him, and had furnished him with a safe place in which to perform such duty; that when the conductor went to the other end of the car and commenced operating the brake he became a co-employee of the boy, and that for injuries sustained by the latter through the conductor’s negligence, the railroad company was not liable;
    That, assuming the boy to have been a trespasser, and that the act of the conductor in making a feint to catch the other boys, who were also sui juris, constituted negligence as to them, the railroad company was not liable for the injuries sustained by the plaintiff's son, as the conductor’s act was not the proximate cause of such injuries, which resulted from the acts of other persons not reasonably to be anticipated as a consequence of the conductor’s act.
    
      Semble, that if a person who is sui juris accepts a gratuitous ride at the invitation of a conductor of a railroad company, he assumes the risk of in j ury resulting from the negligence of the conductor or other employees of the company.
    How far a servant acts as the representative of his master, when engaging an emergency employee, considered.
    Appeal by the plaintiff, Jacob Marks, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Monroe on the 17th day of January, 1898,. upon the dismissal of the complaint by direction of the court after a trial at the Monroe Trial Term.
    The action was brought on the 1st day of February, 1895, to recover damages alleged to have been sustained by the plaintiff on account of injuries received by his son, Haskell H. Marks, through the alleged negligence of the defendant, a street railroad corporation.
    The plaintiff’s son, at the time eleven years and four months of age, Avas run over by one of the cars of the defendant upon St. Joseph street in the city of Rochester, FT. Y., on the 23d day of February, 1892, in consequence of which his leg was crushed so as to make amputation necessary just below the hip.
    The defendant was engaged in operating a single-track railroad on St. Joseph street; the cars passing each other by means of sidings located at convenient distances apart. The cars were drawn by one horse; were what are known as the bob-tail pattern, and each car was in charge of a single employee who was at the same time driver and conductor. The conductor’s or driver’s place in operating the car was on an inclosed platform at the front end, where the brake was located with which to control the movements of the car. Passengers entered and left the car at the rear platform.
    Upon the day in question the plaintiff’s son was engaged in chopping ice in front of his father’s house, when he discovered that two of defendant’s cars had met on the single track immediately in front of his father’s premises. The nearest siding where the two cars could pass each other was some distance to the south from where the cars stood, and it became necessary to move the southerly car far enough south to enable it to take the siding in order to permit the other car to pass it. After some altercation between the conductors of the two cars, this course was determined upon.
    In order to take the car back to the siding it was necessary to hitch the horse to the rear or other end of the car, and to do this safely it is apparent that the conductor believed the services of two persons were required, one to drive the horse and one lo manage the brake. The conductor thereupon called to the plaintiff’s son and asked him to drive the horse. The plaintiff’s son complied with the request, drove the horse to the rear end of the car, and, after the conductor had fastened the whiffletree to the car, the plaintiff’s son got upon the rear platform with the lines in his hands, and the conductor told him to go ahead, he (the conductor) going to the other end of the car to manage the brake.
    After the car had proceeded a short distance a number of other boys jumped upon the car. Some of them got in the car, and commenced jolting or swinging it by dancing. At this time the car was-moving quite rapidly, the horse being on a trot. The conductor halloed to the boys to get off; they did not do so, and he halloed again, stamped his foot, and made a rush or feint as though he were coming through the car to catch them, at which the boys took fright and scrambled off the car as fast as they could, and in doing so pushed the plaintiff’s son off the platform; he fell under the car and received the injuries complained of.
    The evidence is undisputed, and at the close of the plaintiff’s case the learned trial justice granted the defendant’s motion for a nonsuit-
    
      
      Eugene Van Voorhis, for the appellant.
    
      Charles J. Bissell, for the respondent.
   McLennan, J.:

The plaintiff's son, Haskell H. Marks, by his guardian, brought an action against the defendant to recover the damages which he sustained on account of the accident in question. That action was tried, and resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff for the sum of $7,000. The trial justice subsequently set the verdict aside for what he regarded as his own error in refusing a nonsuit, and made an order granting a new trial. From that order an appeal was taken to the General Term, the order was reversed and judgment was directed for the plaintiff on the verdict. (77 Hun, 77.) From that judgment an appeal was taken to the Court of Appeals, and the judgment of the General Term was reversed and the order of the Special Term granting a new trial affirmed. (Haskell H. Marks, by Guardian, v. Rochester Railway Company, 146 N. Y. 181.) The facts in that case and in the case at bar are identical; indeed, the facts above quoted are substantially from the opinion of the Court of Appeals.

The only negligence of the defendant specified in the complaint in the Haskell Marks Case (supra) was that the platform upon which the plaintiff was placed, for the purpose of driving the horse, was an unsafe and unsuitable place upon which to put a boy of the age of the plaintiff’s son to perform the duty imposed upon him. The Court of Appeals held that the platform of the car was not an unsafe place; that the plaintiff’s son was sui juris, and that the defendant was not guilty of negligence in placing the plaintiff’s son, through its conductor, upon the platform of the car for the purpose of driving the horse. That being the only allegation of negligence, it was held that the plaintiff in that case could not recover.

The complaint in the case at bar alleges, in addition, that the injury to the plaintiff’s son was caused by the negligence of the driver or conductor of the car in question in driving the other boys from the car; that this "was done in a negligent and careless manner, and that such negligence was the proximate cause of the injury.

In view of the decision of the Court of Appeals in the case of Haskell H Marks v. Rochester Railway Company (supra), it is only necessary to inquire whether the facts disclosed by the evidence establish a cause of action in favor of the plaintiff, when the additional allegations of the complaint charging negligence on the part of the defendant are considered. We start with the proposition that the place in which the boy was stationed to drive the horse was safe and suitable for the purpose ; that he was sui jioris, and that the defendant was not guilty of negligence in employing him, through its conductor, to drive the horse back to the siding.

It would appear by the evidence that such an emergency arose in the management of the defendant’s cars that it was necessary for the conductor to obtain another person to assist him in taking the car back to the siding. The evidence is uncontradicted that there were passengers upon the car; that there was no brake at the end of the car to which it was necessary to hitch the horse, and that only by means of the brake at the other end could the car be prevented from running upon the horse, or be stopped. Under those circumstances it would seem that it would have been grossly negligent for the defendant’s conductor to have driven the horse himself and left the brake unattended. The driver of the other car had his own car and horse to look after, and there was no other employee of the defendant in the vicinity.

In the opinion of the General Term (77 Hun, 77) it was said: Whether such was the emergency in this case was a question properly submitted to the jury, but if the answer to it had been in the negative, the verdict might properly have been' set aside as contrary to the evidence. It is a matter of demonstration that this car could not have been drawn backward, with safety to the passengers and property of the defendant, with only one man to manage both the horse at one end and the brake at the' other end of the car.”

The Court of Appeals, however, held in the Haskell H. Marks Case (supra), although such holding was not necessary to the decision rendered by it, whether or not an emergency existed such as to justify the calling in of outside assistance was a question of fact for the jury.

It becomes important, therefore, to determine what the rights of the plaintiff are in case his son was an emergency employee, and what his rights are in case he was not an emergency employee, but a trespasser on defendant’s cars. (Haskell Marks Case, supra.) It is believed that there is no construction which can be placed upon the evidence which would justify the conclusion that the plaintiff’s son was a volunteer, or that he was a passenger upon defendant’s car.

First, then, assuming that the plaintiff’s son was an emergency employee, what are his rights, and what is the liability of the defendant for injuries sustained by him while so employed % Concededly, in the employment of the plaintiff’s son the conductor stood in the place of the master, the defendant. Any contract which he made in that. regard. was enforcible against the master. If, under those circumstances, the person so representing the master employs an incompetent person, or a less number of persons than is requisite for the performance of the work, or puts the person so employed in an unsafe place, or furnishes him imperfect or unsafe tools or appliances, and injury results because of such failure, the master is liable. (Bradley v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 62 N. Y. 99; Flike v. B. & A. R. R. Co., 53 id. 549.)

The contention of the plaintiff is that as to an emergency employee the relation of co-employee does not exist; but that for every injury sustained by such emergency employee through the negligence of the employee employing him, the master is liable. In support of that contention the learned counsel for the plaintiff cites Beach on Contributory Negligence, section 342 (2d ed.), where the rule is stated as follows: But wherever there is a temporary employment of a bystander, in an emergency, by a servant, who may be held to have had the authority to contract for the assistance, the master will be liable if such an assistant is injured by the negligence of his servants.”

The author cites in support of the rule thus stated by him Central Trust Co. v. Texas & St. L. Ry. Co., 32 Fed. Rep. 448; Bradley v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 62 N. Y. 99; Terre Haute & Indianapolis R. R. Co. v. McMurray, 98 Ind. 358 ; Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Ry. Co. v. McVay, Id. 391.)

Upon an examination of the cases cited it will be found that they do not support the rule as stated by the author, and as contended for by the plaintiff’s counsel. In the Central Trust Company Case (supra) the plaintiff was employed in an emergency by the yardmaster, to act as brakemau in making up a train of cars. He was injured because of a defective brake, which defect had existed for such length of time that, in the exercise of ordinary care and prudence, the defendant railroad company ought to have known of its existence, and it was held that the plaintiff ivas entitled to recover. The well-settled rule .was simply reiterated in that case, namely, that if a master, directly or through his duly authorized agents, furnishes an employee an unsafe place in which to work, or provides him with defective tools or appliances with which to work, and injury results solely on account thereof, the master is liable.

In the Bradley Base (supra) the defendant’s trackmaster had authority to employ men temporarily to keep its tracks clear from snow. The trackmaster- employed the plaintiff to go upon the tracks and aid in removing an accumulation of snow therefrom, and expressly agreed with the plaintiff that if he would do so the track-master would keep watch and notify the plaintiff of an approaching train. This the trackmaster failed to do, and as a result the plaintiff was struck by a train and received the injury complained of. Under those circumstances the court held that the defendant was liable, solely because of the fact that the trackmaster failed to keep and perform the agreement which he had made with the plaintiff, which was an inducing cause which led him to enter upon the work in question.

In the Terre Haute Case (supra) a conductor, who was the highest agent of the defendant at the place of an accident, and who had implied authority to do so, engaged a surgeon to attend an injured brakeman, and it was held that the railroad company was liable for the value of the services rendered by such surgeon.

In the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis R. R. Company Case (supra) it was simply held that a general manager had implied authority to bind the railroad company'by which he was employed, by contracts, for nursing, etc., of employees injured on the line of the railroad.

Beach on Contributory Negligence (2d ed. § 343) also says: “ But where one assists the servants of another, at their request, for the purpose of expediting his own business, or the business of the master, the rule is otherwise, and if he is injured by the servant’s negligence the master is liable. In such a case the relation of fellow-servants is held not to exist, and in case of injury the rule of respondeat superior applies.”

In support of the proposition thus stated the learned author cites Holmes v. Northeastern Ry. Co. (L. R. [4 Ex.] 254; Wright v. London & Northwestern Ry. Co. (1 Q. B. Div. 252).

We think that upon an examination of those cases it will be found that they are in no sense authority for the proposition stated. In the case last cited the plaintiff was an emergency employee, •assisting in loading some stock upon one of the defendant’s cars. He was injured and it was held that the defendant was liable, but the liability of the defendant was put upon the express ground that the loading was attempted to be done by the defendant with an insufficient number of servants, to the defendant’s knowledge, and that the injury resulted by reason of that fact.

The learned counsel for the plaintiff also calls attention to the rule as laid down by Thompson on Negligence (Vol. 2, p. 1040, § 39), in which the rule is stated as follows : “ If, in an emergency, a foreman or superintendent of work calls in a stranger to perform a special service, and while so engaged the stranger is injured in consequence of the negligence of such foreman, he may recover damages of the master. In such a case the foreman, acting within his authority, is deemed the alter ego of the master, and his negligence is the master’s negligence.”

No case is cited in support of the proposition other than those already referred to. Attention has not been called to any case which supports the plaintiff’s contention.

We have found no case which changes or modifies the rule laid down in Loughlin v. State of New York (105 N. Y. 159), which is stated as follows: “ If the co-servant whose act caused the injury was at the time representing the master in doing the master’s duty, the master is liable. If, on the other hand, he was simply performing the work of a servant, in his character as a servant or employe merely, the master is not liable.”

In the employment of an emergency man the servant of the master making such employment acts for and stands in the place of the master, and he is charged with all the duties and responsibilities that the master would have been chargeable with if he had made the employment direct. He is charged with the duty of seeing to it that a reasonably safe place is provided for such emergency man to work in. He is charged with the duty of seeing to it that such emergency man is furnished with reasonably safe tools and appliances with which to perform the work. He is charged with the duty of seeing to it that the. other employees with whom such emergency man is to work are not incompetent, and to exercise ordinary care and prudence in ascertaining whether they are incompetent or not, and having properly discharged all those duties, when such servant employer returns to the performance of his duties as servant, he ceases to occupy the relation of master and becomes co-employee as to the person employed by him, and as to every other person in the master’s service.

If an engineer upon an engine drawing a train upon a railroad discovers that it is necessary to procure a fireman, by reason of the sudden illness of the fireman the master has employed, while so acting he represents the master. Having fully discharged the duty of the master, so far as the employment is concerned, when he commences to operate his engine he ceases to act in the capacity of master, and sustains the relation of co-employee to the fireman whom he employed in the emergency, the same as to the brakemen and to the other employees upon the train.

It cannot be of consequence that the employment of an emergency man is continued but a few moments, as in the case at bar, or that the service continues for hours or days. The moment that the employee has completed the hiring of the emergency man, properly discharged the duty of the master in that regard, and resumes his place as servant, and enters upon the performance of his work as such, he ceases to represent the master, and for all purposes is a co-employee, and the master is not liable, even to an emergency employee, for his negligence.

In the Haskell Marks Case (supra), upon the same facts disclosed by the record in this case, the Court of Appeals said that the defendant’s conductor or driver fully discharged his duty to the plaintiff’s son, so far as the employment was concerned; that he was a proper person to employ for the performance of the duty required of him, and that he was furnished a safe place in which to perform. such duty. Having done all that, it would seem clear that when the defendant’s conductor went to the other end of the car and commenced operating the brake and managing the car, he became a. co-employee with the plaintiff’s son, assuming that he was. an emergency employee, and if his negligence caused the injury sustained by the plaintiff’s son' it was the negligence of a co-employee,, for which the defendant is not liable.

Second. Assuming that the jury, upon the evidence, might have found that the plaintiff’s son was not an emergency employee, but that he was a trespasser upon defendant’s car, and sustained that relation to the defendant when injured, can the plaintiff recover?

A railroad company owes the duty to a trespasser riding in its-cars or upon its trains, in case his removal therefrom is attempted, to remove him in a reasonably safe and prudent manner. In the performance of such duty the employees of a railroad company stand in the place of the company, and for any negligence in the performance of such duty by an employee, which causes injury to-such trespasser, the master is liable, provided such negligence is the proximate cause of the injury, and the person injured is free from contributory negligence. (Clark v. N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Co.,. 40 Hun, 605; affd., 113 N. Y. 670; Ansteth v. Buffalo Railway Co., 145 id. 210; McCann v. Sixth Avenue R. R. Co., 117 id. 505.)

Upon the evidence in this case it is important to determine whether the act of the conductor in driving the boys from the car, assuming he acted in a negligent manner as to them, was the proximate cause of the injury sustained by the plaintiff’s son. It will be borne in mind that it has been settled by the decision in the Haskell Marks Case (supra), that the defendant’s conductor was not guilty of negligence in placing the plaintiff’s son upon the platform where he was, and employing him to drive the horse attached to the car, and also that he was sui juris.

It also quite clearly appeal’s by the evidence that each of the other-boys was sui juris. Under those circumstances was the act of the conductor in making a feint to catch the other boys, for the purpose-of scaring them off the car, such an act that it could have been reasonably expected to result in injury to the plaintiff’s son? If not, under the authorities, it was not the proximate cause, and the. defendant is not liable to the plaintiff for the injury. The act of the conductor was not directed to the plaintiff’s son, and'was not so understood by him. The direction given by the conductor to the hays to leave the car was not spoken or given to the plaintiff’s son, did not include him, and was not so understood by him. Ho word or act of the conductor caused the plaintiff’s son to change his place or attitude in the least. He was not frightened; he knew that he was not to be caught or punished by the conductor. He was fully aware that all the acts of the conductor were for the purpose of driving the other boys from the car, and were in no way intended to influence his action, or in any way directed toward him. In order that the plaintiff may recover upon this theory of the case, the evidence must be such as to justify the conclusion that the act of the conductor was of such character that it reasonably could have been expected that when the other boys left the car they would throw the plaintiff’s son from the platform upon which he was standing.

In Wharton on Hegligence (§ 134) it is said: “ Supposing that if it had not been for the intervention of a responsible third party the defendant's negligence would have produced no damage to the plaintiff, is the defendant liable to the plaintiff ? This question must be answered in the negative, for the general reason that casual connection between negligence and damage is broken by the interposition of independent responsible human action. I am negligent on a particular subject-matter. Another person, moving independently, comes in, and either negligently or maliciously so acts as to make my negligence' injurious to a third person. If so * * * he is the one who is liable to the third person injured. I may be liable to him for my negligence in getting him into difficulty, but I am not liable to others for the negligence which he alone was the cause of making operative.”

The above was quoted with approval by the Court of Appeals in Laidlaw v. Sage (158 N. Y. 73). The court in that case also quotes with approval the following definition : “ A proximate cause is one in which is involved the idea of necessity. It,is one the connection between which and the effect is plain and intelligible. It is one which can be used as a term by which a proposition can be demonstrated. That is, one which can be reasoned from conclusively. A remote cause is one which is inconclusive in reasoning, because from it no certain conclusion can be legitimately drawn. In other words, a remote cause is a cause the connection between which and the effect is uncertain, vague or indeterminate.”

In the case at bar we think there' was no circumstance which would lead any reasonable mind to suspect that the action of the conductor, which was directed towards the other boys upon tbe car, would 2'esult in causing the plaintiff’s son to fall from the car, and to sustain the injury which he did. If so, in any case, if a conductor orders a trespasser from a car peremptorily, he should know or anticipate that such person may rush out of the car in such manner as to cause injury to other passengers.

We think, also, that the result of the action of the conductor was so unusual that the defendant is not liable. (Dougan v. Champlain Transportation Co., 56 N. Y. 1; Cleveland v. New Jersey Steamboat Co., 125 id. 299; Knox v. N. Y. L. E. (& W. R. R. Co., 69 Hun, 63.)

It is concluded that, under the authorities, the acts of the defendant’s conductor were not the proximate cause of the injury sustained by the plaintiff’s son, but that it resulted through the independent acts of other persons, which could not reasonably be anticipated, and for which the defendant is not liable.

The contention of the plaintiff’s counsel, that the jury would have been justified in finding, upon the evidence, that the plaintiff’s son was a passenger upon the defendant’s car, is untenable There is not a particle of evidence in the case to indicate that the plaintiff’s son was a passenger for hire or that it was intended, either by him or by the conductor, that that relation should exist. At the most it could only have been found that he was invited by the conductor to take a gratuitous ride to the siding.

It is not believed that it is the law of this State that a railroad company may be made liable to a person who is sui juris and who accepts a gratuitous ride, upon the invitation of the company’s conductor, in violation of his duty, for injuries sustained by him while occupying that relation. Whatever may be the rule as to the liability of a railroad company which, through its conductor or other employee, invites or induces helpless children to enter upon its cars for other purposes than to become passengers, who while so situated are injured through the negligence of such employee, it can have no ■applicability to a person who is sui juris and fully knows and appreciates the nature of the invitation.

It is held that a conductor or other subordinate employed by a railroad corporation, who invites a person who is sui juris to take a gratuitous ride upon the cars of such corporation, in violation of his •duty, in case such invitation is accepted and injury results to such person through the negligence of such conductor or other employee, •cannot thus make the corporation liable for the injuries sustained by •such person.

It follows that the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.

All concurred, Follett, J., not sitting.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.