Case ID: ny-2d_80/html/0657-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Hancock, Jr., J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Debevoise & Plimpton, Respondent, v New York State Department of Taxation and Finance et al., Appellants.
    Argued January 7,1993;
    decided February 11, 1993
    
      POINTS OF COUNSEL
    
      Robert Abrams, Attorney-General, New York City (Laura M. Nath, Jerry Boone and Frederic L. Lieberman of counsel), for appellants.
    I. Tax Law § 1105 (b) imposes a tax on the sale of air conditioning and heating. (Matter of Knight-Ridder Broadcasting v Greenberg, 70 NY2d 151; Matter of American Tel. & Tel. Co. v State Tax Comma., 61 NY2d 393; Jaffe Plumbing & Heating Co. v Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 51 Misc 2d 1083, 29 AD2d 1051, 26 NY2d 851; City of New York v New York City Ry. Co., 193 NY 543; New York State Cable Tel. Assn, v State Tax Comma., 59 AD2d 81; Matter of Dental Socy. v New York State Tax Comma., 148 AD2d 791; Matter of Mounting & Finishing Co. v McGoldrick, 294 NY 104; Matter of American Locker Co. v Gallman, 32 NY2d 175; Matter of International Salt Co. v New York State Tax Comma., 79 AD2d 343; Matter of Koner v Procaccino, 45 AD2d 551, 39 NY2d 258.) II. This action is not appropriate for declaratory judgment and should be dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. (Allstate Ins. Co. v Tax Comma., 115 AD2d 831, 67 NY2d 999; Seventy-Nine Delancey Corp. v Meridan Holding Corp., 286 NY 354; Dun & Bradstreet v City of New York, 276 NY 198; Church of St. Paul & St. Andrew v Barwick, 67 NY2d 510; Matter of Morgenthau v Erlbaum, 59 NY2d 150; Reed v Littleton, 275 NY 150; Matter of Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v Department of Taxation & Fin., 39 NY2d 75, 429 US 832; Watergate II Apts, v Buffalo Sewer Auth., 46 NY2d 52; Gordon v Gerosa, 16 Misc 2d 710.) III. The application of Tax Law § 1105 (b) to overtime heating and air conditioning is appropriate and does not result in double taxation. (State Tax Comma, v Aldrich, 316 US 174; Matter of Dickstein v State Tax Comma., 67 AD2d 1033; Matter of Croshier v Levitt, 5 NY2d 259; Matter of Time, Inc. v Michael, 91 AD2d 1207; Matter of Broadway Mobile Home Sales Corp. v State Tax Comma., 67 AD2d 1029; Illinois Cent. R. R. Co. v Minnesota, 309 US 157; People ex rel. New York Cent. & Hudson R. R. Co. v Roberts, 32 App Div 113, 157 NY 677; People v Home Ins. 
      Co., 92 NY 328; Matter of Finkelstein, 40 Misc 2d 910; Lincoln Serv. v City of New York, 27 Misc 2d 144.)
    
      Debevoise & Plimpton, New York City (Andrew C. Hartzell, John S. Kiernan and Robert D. Goodman of counsel), respondent pro se.
    
    I. Section 1105 (b) of the Tax Law does not embrace heating, ventilation and air conditioning. (Matter of Bloomingdale Bros, v Chu, 70 NY2d 218; American Locker Co. v City of New York, 308 NY 264; Matter of Good Humor Corp. v McGoldrick, 289 NY 452; People ex rel. Mutual Trust Co. v Miller, 177 NY 51; Kurcsics v Merchants Mut. Ins. Co., 49 NY2d 451; Matter of De Mayo v Rensselaer Polytech Inst., 74 NY2d 459; Matter of Yong-Myun Rho v Arnbach, 74 NY2d 318; Matter of Action Elec. Contrs. Co. v Goldin, 64 NY2d 213; Matter of Darien Lake Fun Country v State Tax Commn., 68 NY2d 630; Matter of Trump-Equit. Fifth Ave. Co. v Gliedman, 57 NY2d 588.) II. The supply of overtime HVAC as an incident of the over-all lease of the premises is not a taxable sale of services. (Matter of Merchants Refrig. Co. v Taylor, 275 NY 113; Matter of Holmes Elec. Protective Co. v McGoldrick, 262 App Div 514, 288 NY 635; New York State Cable Tel. Assn, v State Tax Commn., 59 AD2d 81.) III. Application of both sales tax and commercial rent tax on overtime HVAC constitutes impermissible double taxation. (Matter of Atlas Tel. Co., 273 NY 51; John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v Pink, 276 NY 421; Matter of Kesbeck, Inc. v McGoldrick, 278 NY 293; New York Steam Corp. v City of New York, 268 NY 137; Matter of Bankers Trust N. Y. Corp. v Department of Fin., 79 NY2d 457; Matter of Cooley, 186 NY 220; Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. v City of New York, 247 App Div 163, 272 NY 668; Matter of Suffolk County Fed. Sav. & Loan Assn, v Bragalini, 5 NY2d 579; Matter of First Fiscal Fund Corp. v State Tax Commn., 49 AD2d 408, 40 NY2d 940; Tennessee v Whitworth, 117 US 129.) IV. Declaratory judgment was proper in this case. (Matter of Voorhees v Bates, 308 NY 184; Matter of Good Humor Corp. v McGoldrick, 289 NY 452; Slater v Gallman, 38 NY2d 1; Watergate II Apts, v Buffalo Sewer Auth., 46 NY2d 52; Matter of First Natl. City Bank v City of New York Fin. Admin., 36 NY2d 87; Richfield Oil Corp. v City of Syracuse, 287 NY 234; Booth v City of New York, 268 App Div 502, 296 NY 573; Matter of Amsterdam Nursing Home Corp. v Axelrod, 135 AD2d 331; Matter of MacLeish v Passidomo, 123 Misc 2d 644; Matter of Veit v Barbaro, 59 Misc 2d 117.)
    
      O. Peter Sherwood, Corporation Counsel of New York City 
      (Edward, F. X. Hart and Frances J. Henn of counsel), for New York City Department of Finance, amicus curiae.
    
    Imposition of the sales tax and commercial rent tax on charges for overtime heating, ventilation, and air conditioning does not constitute double taxation. (Matter of Mobil Oil Corp. v Finance Adm’r of City of N. Y, 86 AD2d 504, 58 NY2d 95; Matter of Time, Inc. v Michael, 91 AD2d 1207; Matter of Avon Prods, v Department of Fin., 92 AD2d 1089, 60 NY2d 585; Matter of Atlas Tel. Co., 273 NY 51; People ex rel. New York Cent. R. R. Co. v Limburg, 283 NY 344; New York Steam Corp. v City of New York, 268 NY 137; Matter of Dickstein v State Tax Commn., 67 AD2d 1033; Matter of Croshier v Levitt, 5 NY2d 259.)
   OPINION OF THE COURT

Hancock, Jr., J.

The issue in this case is whether the Department of Taxation and Finance (the Department) may tax the provision of overtime heat, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) services as a sale of "refrigeration and steam service” under Tax Law § 1105 (b). We conclude that section 1105 (b) authorizes a tax on a utility service only when furnished in an identifiable sale transaction as a commodity or article of commerce. The statute, therefore, does not authorize a tax on HVAC services provided by landlords incidental to the rental of office space. Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.

Plaintiff, a partnership engaged in the practice of law, rented office space in Manhattan pursuant to a lease agreement calling for plaintiff to pay a fixed rent for the premises, which included the supply of HVAC services from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on regular business days. The lease further required plaintiff to pay "additional rent” for HVAC services during nonbusiness hours and days. The tax in dispute for the amount of additional rent for overtime HVAC services was imposed by the Department on the landlord and paid by plaintiff with the additional rent.

Plaintiff commenced this declaratory judgment action challenging the Department’s authority to tax the supply of overtime HVAC services as a sale of "refrigeration and steam service” under section 1105 (b). The IAS Court granted plaintiff’s motion , for summary judgment and the Appellate Division affirmed. Our decision depends entirely on the construction to be given section 1105 (b) which provides:

"[TJhere is hereby imposed and there shall be paid a tax of four percent upon * * *
"(b) The receipts from every sale, other than sales for resale, of gas, electricity, refrigeration and steam, and gas, electric, refrigeration and steam service of whatever nature”.

In construing section 1105 (b), as with any statute, we apply the basic rule that words "of ordinary import in a statute are to be given their usual and commonly understood meaning, unless it is clear from the statutory language that a different meaning was intended” (We’re Assocs. Co. v Cohen, Stracher & Bloom, 65 NY2d 148, 151; see, Price v Price, 69 NY2d 8, 15; McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 94). When the particular statute is one which levies a tax, it is well established that it must be narrowly construed and that any doubts concerning its scope and application are to be resolved in favor of the taxpayer (see, Matter of Bloomingdale Bros, v Chu, 70 NY2d 218, 223; Matter of American Cyanamid & Chem. Corp. v Joseph, 308 NY 259, 263; Matter of Good Humor Corp. v McGoldrick, 289 NY 452, 455). Thus, a taxing agency may not extend the meaning of legislation so as to permit the imposition of a tax in situations not embraced within the statute (see, Matter of Bloomingdale Bros, v Chu, supra, at 223).

Applying these rules, it seems evident that if the words of section 1105 (b) are given their natural and most obvious meaning, the statute authorizes a tax only on the receipts from those transactions which can be identified as independent sales of utilities or utility services. Thus, by its plain import, the statute applies only to separate transactions which have as their primary purpose the furnishing of utilities or utility services. The Department would broaden the reach of section 1105 (b) and read into it by implication the authority to impose a tax not only on sales of utilities and utility services but also on rent paid when HVAC services are supplied by the landlord to the tenant purely as an incident to a lease of premises. The Department’s broad construction, however, contravenes the accepted tenet that a tax statute must be strictly construed with any doubts being resolved in favor of the taxpayer (see, Matter of Bloomingdale Bros, v Chu, supra; Matter of American Cyanamid & Chem. Corp. v Joseph, supra; Matter of Good Humor Corp. v McGoldrick, supra).

Our construction of section 1105 (b) as not applying to additional rental for HVAC services when supplied incidentally as part of the rental of premises is consistent with this Court’s interpretation of tax statutes in analogous circumstances. In Matter of Merchants Refrig. Co. v Taylor (275 NY 113), we held that the provision of refrigeration service as an incident of the rental of cold storage in a warehouse was not taxable as a sale of refrigeration service under the New York City sales tax. The Court noted that the purpose of the transaction was the rental of storage space, not the "sale of refrigeration or a sale of refrigeration service” (id., at 119). In rejecting the City’s argument that the supply of refrigeration was a taxable sale, the Court concluded that "[t]he temperature may attract customers and increase the charge but safe storage is the service sought and paid for” (id., at 119; see, Matter of Holmes Elec. Protective Co. v McGoldrick, 262 App Div 514, 517, affd 288 NY 635 [burglar alarm service involving the transmission of signals over telephone lines not taxable as "telephonic or telegraphic” service since the purpose of the service is the "protection of the customers’ premises” and not "the sale of electric, telephone or telegraph service”]; see also, Matter of Time, Inc. v Michael, 91 AD2d 965, confirming City Audit No. UB 10437 [overtime HVAC charges are subject to the City’s commercial rent or occupancy tax and not the section 1105 (b) sales tax since section 1105 (b) imposes a tax on utilities when sold as commodities or articles of commerce —not when provided as part of the rental]).

Here, the HVAC services in question are furnished under a lease agreement for the rental of office space. In section 12.01 of the lease, the landlord agrees to furnish to the premises "sufficient chilled or hot water as may be necessary to maintain a reasonably comfortable occupancy of the Premises” during business hours on business days. Section 12.02 simply provides that if the tenant requires HVAC services at times other than business hours on business days, then "as long as this Lease is in full force and effect, Landlord shall furnish the same upon advance notice from Tenant, given prior to 2:30 P.M. on any business day, and Tenant shall pay Landlord’s then established charges therefor as Additional Rent on demand.” There is no question that the HVAC is furnished solely as an incident of the leasehold and for the purpose of assuring that the leased premises are maintained at a reasonably comfortable temperature for use by the tenant. Section 12.02 can in no way be construed as a sales clause and nothing in the lease agreement suggests that the overtime HVAC services are to be sold separately or to be furnished in any transaction independent of the lease. For these reasons we agree with the IAS Court that the furnishing of HVAC services cannot be taxed as a sale.

The Department’s position that all of the overtime services are subject to tax leads to the taxation of services that are clearly outside of its scope. The Department’s only statutory basis for taxing the overtime supply of HVAC under section 1105 (b) is that such supply constitutes a sale of "refrigeration and steam service”. But, steam and refrigeration costs constitute only a minor component of the landlord’s charges for heating and air conditioning which include purchase of electricity, labor, maintenance, depreciation and overhead and furnishing of ventilation and air circulation. Indeed, on many occasions, the landlord’s charges for HVAC on which the Department bases its tax, are for providing only ventilation and air circulation which have no connection with steam or refrigeration and could not be taxable under section 1105 (b).

Moreover, the Department’s decision to tax the landlord’s supply of overtime HVAC as the sale of "refrigeration and steam service” to the tenant is inconsistent with the Department’s position in imposing a sales tax under section 1105 (b) on the landlord’s acquisition of its supply of steam from Consolidated Edison. The provision of steam by Consolidated Edison to the landlord can only be taxed under section 1105 (b) if it is a "sale, other than * * * for resale”. Presumably, in taxing the Consolidated Edison-landlord transaction, the Department’s position is that it is not a sale for resale. This position is obviously at odds with its contention here that the landlord’s furnishing of "refrigeration and steam service” to plaintiff is a sale under section 1105 (b).

The Department’s imposition of the tax on overtime HVAC services is also inconsistent with its decision not to tax these same services when supplied during business hours on business days as part of the rental of the premises. Daytime and overtime HVAC are indistinguishable; they involve the same services; both are provided as an incident of the lease agreement. That a separate additional rent is charged for it does not alter the fact that the overtime HVAC is furnished as a part of the rental of the premises and provides no rational basis for treating it differently from business hour HVAC under section 1105 (b).

The Department argues, however, that because it has adopted a regulation authorizing the taxation of the furnishing of air conditioning as a sale of refrigeration service under section 1105 (b) (see, 20 NYCRR 527.2 [c]) that its interpretation must be upheld so long as it has a rational basis (see, Matter of John P. v Whalen, 54 NY2d 89, 95). We have held, however, that interpretations of the agency charged with administering a statute are not entitled to such deference when, as here, the issue is one of pure statutory construction (see, Kurcsics v Merchants Mut. Ins. Co., 49 NY2d 451).

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.

Acting Chief Judge Simons and Judges Titone, Hancock, Jr., Bellacosa and Weiss concur; Judges Kaye and Smith taking no part.

Order affirmed, with costs. 
      
      . Because we conclude that a tax on HVAC services is not authorized under section 1105 (b) of the Tax Law, we need not decide whether imposition of such a tax in addition to the City’s imposition of a commercial rent tax results in double taxation.
     
      
      . Designated pursuant to NY Constitution, article VI, § 2.