Case ID: ad_57/html/0590-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Rumsey, J.: Ingraham, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Aaron Pennington Whitehead and Welcome S. Jarvis, as Ancillary Executors of Louis Heidenheimer, Deceased, Plaintiffs, v. Charles Heidenheimer and Louis Heidenheimer, Defendants.
    
      Drafts — when governed by, and usurious under, the law of the German Empire'— the defense of usury must be pleaded —pleading and proof of usury — the constructian of a foi'eign statute presents a question of fact—right of an accommodation acceptor to be credited with collaterals held by the payee of a draft—the question of their value is for the jury.
    
    Where drafts were drawn by a firm doing business in Germany with the intent that they should be sent directly to the payee, who also lived in Germany, and that whatever money was advanced ou the faith of them should be advanced in Germany, and that the payee was to forward the drafts to the drawees, who, after acceptance, were to return them to the payee, the question whether such drafts were usuriously negotiated should be determined by the law of Germany, notwithstanding the fact that the drafts were accepted at the drawees’ place of business in New York city and were made payable there.
    Where the advances made by the payee to the drawer uponthefaith of the drafts were intended as a loan of money by the payee to the drawer and not as a.purchase by the payee of drafts drawn against funds in the hands of the drawees, who in fact accepted them for the drawer’s accommodation, the retention by the payee from the moneys advanced by him upon each draft, of considerably more than the legal rate of interest, under the circumstances stated in the German statute on that subject, will render the drafts usurious.
    
      A defendant cannot take advantage of the defense of usury unless all the facts which constitute the usury complained of are pleaded.
    An answer and evidence considered, and held to be insufficient to establish usury under a German statute which provides that “ a person who takes advantage of the necessities or the recklessness or the inexperience of another person, accepts for a loan,” advantages “ so much in excess of the customary rate of interest that, considering the circumstances of the case, the pecuniary advantages are strikingly disproportionate to the service rendered,” shall be guilty of usury.
    The question whether a particular transaction constitutes usury under a foreign statute pleaded and put in evidence is one of law for the court, notwithstanding that expert witnesses may have expressed their opinions upon the subject.
    Where the payee of drafts, holding certain collateral as security for the drafts and for other advances to the drawer, retains a portion of such collateral and discharges the balance, with knowledge that the drawer of the drafts was the principal debtor and that the drawees had accepted the same for the accommodation of the drawer, the drawees are entitled, in an action brought against them by the payee to recover the amount of the drafts, to be credited with the value of the collateral so retained and released.
    Where such collateral has a face value of 520,000 marks, the drawees are entitled to go to the jury upon the question of its value, notwithstanding that the payee testifies that the collateral had no value whatever.
    Motion by the defendants, Charles Heidenheimer and Louis Heidenheimer, for a new trial upon a case containing exceptions, ordered to be heard at the Appellate Division in the first instance, upon" the verdict of a jury in favor of the plaintiffs, rendered by direction of the court after a trial at the Hew York Trial Term on the 2d day of May, 1898.
    
      George A. Strong, for the plaintiffs.
    
      Samuel Untermyer, for the defendants.
   Rumsey, J.:

The action was brought by Louis Heidenheimer in his lifetime against Charles and Louis Heidenheimer to recover upon eighteen drafts drawn by parties transacting business under the firm name of 'Wilhelm Heidenheimer upon the firm of C. & L. Heidenheimer and accepted by them, of which drafts the plaintiff claimed to be the holder for value. One defense was that all the drafts were void for usury. As to thirteen of the drafts, it was claimed that they were drawn by Wilhelm Heidenheimer upon the firm of C. & L. Heidenheimer and accepted by the drawees for the accommodation of the drawers, and that this fact was known to Louis Heidenheimer. ' It was alleged that as to those drafts, Louis Heidenheimer had in his hands securitiés put there by the drawers of the drafts to secure their payment, that he released those securities at the request of the drawers, and for that reason-the accommodation acceptors were discharged.

After the case was at issue, Louis Heidenheimer died, and the action was continued in the name of the present plaintiffs, who were appointed ancillary executors under his will. The court, at the close of the evidence, Ordered a verdict- for the plaintiffs for the full amount of the'drafts, and directed the exceptions to-be heard in the first instance in this court. '

The drawers of the drafts were doing business in Nuremberg, Germany, under the firm name of Wilhelm Heidenheimer. The original plaintiff lived at Frankfort, Germany. The defendants lived in the city of New York, and did business there under the firm name of C. & L. Heidenheimer. There was no dispute that each one of the drafts was drawn in Nuremberg to the order of Louis Heidenheimer and was addressed to the firm of O. & LHeidenheimer in the city of .New York. They were sent by the drawers to Louis Heidenheimer, who remitted to them a certain sum of money on each draft, and he then sent the drafts to 0. & L. Heidenheimer, by whom they were accepted and returned to him. It is not disputed that the amount deducted by Louis Heidenheimer upon each draft was more-than the legal rate of interest either in Germany or in New York, and it was insisted that because of that usurious discount the' drafts were void both by the law of Germany and by the law of New York.'. Whether they were void for usury is the first question -presented upon this motion.

There can be no doubt that when these drafts were drawn it was intended that they should he sent directly to the payee named in them; that whatever money was advanced on the faith of them should be advanced in Germany; that the payee was to forward them to the drawees, and they, after acceptance, were to return ■them to him. It appeared, however, that the drafts were accepted at the place of business of the acceptors in New York and were payable there, and because of that fact it is claimed by the defendants that the drafts are New York drafts, and that, as they were negotiated at a rate of interest which would be usurious under the laws of Hew York, they are void in this jurisdiction, and, therefore, the plaintiffs are not entitled to recover upon them.

We do not deem it necessary to enter upon a prolonged discussion of the question of the place whose law applies as to the validity of a contract. It is difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile all the cases on that question to be found in the books. In view, however, of the undisputed facts, that it was understood by the parties that these drafts should be negotiated in Germany; that they were drawn for that purpose; that the money was actually advanced upon them there, we think that as to their validity the law of Germany controls and not the law of Hew York,.although by their terms they were j>ayable in this State. The case is precisely within the rule laid down in the case of Tilden v. Blair (21 Wall. 241). That case seems to have been accepted as settling what law governs negotiable paper made and intended to be used as this paper was. The cases on this subject will be found in volume 8 of Hotes on United States Reports (Rose) at page 416, where the annotator has collected the various cases in which Tilden v. Blair has been considered. It is quite true that the cases of Jewell v. Wright (30 N. Y. 259) and Dickinson v. Edwards (77 id. 573) seem to be adverse to the proposition laid down in Tilden v. Blair, but the later cases of Wayne County Savings Bank v. Low (81 N. Y. 566) and Sheldon v. Haxtun (91 id. 124) have followed it. We do not think it necessary to attempt to reconcile the cases, but simply to say that in our judgment Tilden v. Blair and those cases which follow it must be applied to the case at bar.

The contracts then were German contracts. But the defendants claim that even if the contracts are to be governed by the law of Germany, yet they are usurious under that law. The plaintiffs insist, however, that the transaction was not a loan of money to Wilhelm Heidenheimer by the payee of the drafts, but was a purchase by him of drafts drawn against funds of Wilhelm Heidenheimer in the hands of the drawees, and that, therefore, it was a mere purchase of negotiable paper already having an inception, and whatever might be the price paid for them, there could be no usury. To that the defendants reply that as to five of these drafts the •transaction was undoubtedly a loan of money to C. & L. Heidenheimer upon the faith of .them; that the excessive interest was deducted in Germany at the time of the loan, and that, therefore, as to those drafts, if the law of Germany, applies, they were undoubtedly usurious.

As to the other thirteen drafts, there is no dispute that the money was paid directly to Wilhelm Heidenheimer by the plaintiff,-and .that. the drafts were sent by him to the firm of -C. & L. Heidenheimer .for acceptance. It was held by the learned justice in the court below that those drafts were accommodation paper, and the ■ case was decided by him upon that theory. Although that is disputed by the plaintiffs, yet we: are satisfied that the evidence was sufficient, either to warrant that conclusion as a necessary inference or, at least,- to require the question of fact to be submitted to the jury. Upon that point it is necessary only to call attention to the evidence of Edmond Heidenheimer, one of the firm of Wilhelm Heidenheimer, who . was sworn as a witness on behalf of the plaintiffs. He testifies that the transaction between his firm and Louis Heidenheimer, who was his uncle, began by his uncle giving credit to a firm in Hew York of 100,000 marks. That credit terminated in 1888. The firm of Wilhelm-Heidenheimer then applied for that credit of 100,000 marks, and after some negotiation the credit was transferred to that firm. He says that the loans of this 100,000 marks made to the firm of Wilhelm Heidenheimer were represented by drafts drawn by Wilhelm Heidenheimer on the Hew York firm, and that money went to -the firm of Wilhelm Heidenheimer; and he says, further, that the firm of Wilhelm Heidenheimer had and retained the benefit of all these thirteen drafts, and that 0. & L. Heidenheimer had no part of it. That testimony is positive and direct on that subject. It was given by a person who was sworn oh -the part of the plaintiff, and who, so far as appears, had no interest ■ ■in the transaction, and certainly his testimony tending to make him a principal debtor was contrary to his interest. . But the testimony of the plaintiff, taken by commission, not only corroborates the testimony of Edmond Heidenheimer, but is of itself sufficient to justify the conclusion that the thirteen drafts were not only drawn for .the benefit .of Wilhelm Heidenheimer, who made the loan in Germany, but that it was so understood by the plaintiffs’ intestate. Therefore, either the learned justice below was correct in holding as a matter of law that the drafts were accepted by the defendants for the accommodation of the drawers, or there was certainly sufficient evidence to go to the jury to prove it, and, in either case, this motion must be decided as though that were the fact in the case. Assuming that to be the fact as to the thirteen drafts, and that the money ■ was advanced upon those drafts to the drawers as a loan, and that, as is undisputed, the amount retained from each advance was considerably more than the legal rate of interest in the Empire of Germany, the evidence would at least warrant a finding that the drafis were usurious, if the defendants had properly and sufficiently pleaded the usury under the law of Germany, so as to make it available to them here.

In pleading the defense of usury it is necessary to set out all the facts which constitute the usury complained of, and, unless that is done, the defendants cannot take advantage of that defense. (Manning v. Tyler, 21 N. Y. 567.) When it was pleaded in this jurisdiction that these drafts were usurious under the law of Germany, it was necessary that the law of Germany should be pleaded as a fact, like every other fact establishing that defense. The defendants attempted to set up that law, but it is claimed and was held by the learned justice below that it was not sufficiently pleaded, and that there was a fatal variance between the pleading and the proof in that regard, and that the statute as established did not warrant any inference that the drafts were usurious. In that conclusion we agree.

The allegation was that by the law of Germany it was provided that whoever for a loan of money should ask for or receive a promise which should exceed the customary rate of interest to such an extent that, according to the circumstances of the case, the interest on the capital was in remarkable disproportion to the services rendered, should be imprisoned, etc. It will be noticed that under that pleading all that it was necessary to prove to establish the fact of usury under the German law was that the payment for money received should exceed the customary rate of interest to such an extent that, according to the circumstances of the ease, the interest on the capital should be remarkably disproportionate to the services rendered. But unfortunately for the defendants these two facts are not sufficient to constitute usury under the German statute. By the law of the German Empire,, as proved, it was provided that “ a person, who takes advantage of the necessities or the recklessness or the inexperience of another person, accepts for aJoan ” or for the extension of a loan of money, profits or benefits, and “ which advantages are so much in excess of the customary rate of interest that, considering the circumstances of the case, the pecuniary advantages are strikingly disproportionate to the service rendered,” shall be guilty of usury. It will be noticed that under the German statute, as proved, it was necessary to show, not only that the pecuniary advantages were strikingly disproportionate to the services rendered, but that the person receiving them took advantage of the necessities, recklessness or inexperience of the person giving- them,- and unless they were taken under those circumstances the transaction was not usurious. There was no proof that the retention of the excess over the legal rate of interest in this case was obtained by taking advantage of the recklessness, inexperience or the necessities of the person to whom the loan was made, and in the absence of that proof it is quite clear that the plaintiff could not be saicl to have been guilty of usury.

But it is. said that the evidence of the experts offered by the defendants tends to show that the retention of this amount, under, the circumstances shown here, was sufficient to constitute usury under the laws .of Germany,-and, therefore, that it was at least a question of fact for the jury. But the rule is that where the law in question is a statute which is put in evidence, and the court , is called upon to construe it, the proper construction is a question of law and not one of fact. (Bank of China v. Morse, 44 App. Div. 435, and the cases cited at p. 440.) It was not error for the court, therefore, to determine this question, and we think he was correct in determining it as he did.

But the defendants insist that, as they were accommodation acceptors of these thirteen drafts, they were released by the release - of the securities which the plaintiff held to secure their payment. The answer of the plaintiff to this is, in the f/rst place, that such a release was not sufficiently pleaded; and, seeondl/y, that if it were pleaded, ’ the facts do not warrant a finding that there was any such release of securities as to discharge the defendants from their liabih ity. As to these accommodation drafts, it is alleged in the answer that in the month of October, 1893, the plaintiff held as security for the payment of the indebtedness represented by them a large number of valuable securities, including a mortgage upon certain . property belonging to Wilhelm Heidenheimer, and that the defendants, relying upon such security, accepted the drafts without consideration and for the purpose of accommodating Wilhelm Heidenheimer. It is further alleged in the same connection that while the plaintiff owned said drafts he entered into an agreement with Wilhelm Heidenheimer whereby he released Wilhelm Heidenheimer from all liability on the drafts and upon other drafts included in ■ the settlement, and that in consideration of such release and discharge it was agreed that the plaintiff should retain at a certain valuation certain of the securities which he held as security for the payment of the aforesaid indebtedness represented by the said draft, and should receive certain moneys for the release to the said Wilhelm Heidenheimer of certain other securities which were then in plaintiff’s possession and which he held as security for the payment of said draft, and should further release, discharge and cancel the mortgage which he also held as security for said claim and others, and that the said agreement was fully and duly performed by the said Wilhelm Heidenheimer and the plaintiff, and the plaintiff, pursuant to the aforesaid agreement, did release, discharge and cancel the liability of said Wilhelm Heidenheimer on said draft and others. * * * That by reason of the said agreement and its performance by the parties thereto, these defendants have been greatly damaged, and their liability upon the acceptance of the aforesaid draft, if any existed, was released and discharged and cancelled.”

This is clearly a sufficient allegation of the release of the securities ; and the only question is whether there was any evidence tending to show that there was an agreement for the release of securities which was in fact carried out, and the value of them. The plaintiff held as security for these drafts and for other advances to the drawers, two mortgages upon property in Nuremberg, certain acceptances called Strauss acceptances, and 220 shares of the stock of the Schaffenberg Brewery. The amount of the drafts representing the loans to Wilhelm Heidenheimer on which the defendants were accommodation acceptors, was about $86,000, or about 360,000 ' marks. . It appeared that while the plaintiff was-the'owner of these drafts,, the firm of Wilhelm Heidenheimer became insolvent, and that an agreement was entered into between the plaintiff and Wilhelm Heidenheimer, and the Heidenheimer Guarantee Association, ■ which it seems was an association of the creditors of the. insolvent firm, by which the plaintiff assumed the seeuritiés in his possession, except the Strauss acceptances, for which he was to be charged the sum of 100,000 marks, and agreed that the two mortgages' for the sum of 200,000 marks should be canceled. It was testified by the . plaintiff that the mortgages and the Strauss acceptances, so called, were of no value; and the defendants sought to show 'the value of these securities, claiming that they were entitled to be credited with the value of the securities retained. This was excluded on the ground that it was improper, incompetent and not properly pleaded. This we think was error.

The defendants, as to these thirteen drafts, were accommodation ' acceptors, and, therefore, in respect of them, occupied the position of sureties. As such,.they were entitled either to be subrogated to so much of these sécurities as were held to protect these drafts, or to be credited upon the drafts for the fair value of whatever part of the securities was held as security for them. (Third National Bank v. Shields, 55 Hun, 274; Guild v. Butler, 127 Mass. 386 ; Vose v. Florida Railroad Co., 50 N. Y. 369.) Even if no evidence of their-value had been offered, it having appeared that some of these securities were retained, and that certain others were discharged, the ■ defendants would. have been entitled to go to the1 jury upon that question. The Strauss acceptances had a face, value of 100,000 marks; the brewery stock was of the par value of 220,000 marks, being 220 shares of the par value of 1,000 marks each; and the mortgages on the residences in Nuremberg were given to : secure ■ 200,000 marks. The only evidence in the case. upon the value of these securities was that of - the plaintiff, who testified that the mortgages and the Strauss acceptances were of no value whatever. Their face values are prima facie the value of the securities (Ingalls v. Lord, 1 Cow. 240; Griggs v. Day, 136 N. Y. 152); and if the evidence of the plaintiff be considered as bearing upon that point, still, he being a party to the action, the weight of his testimony was properly to be considered by the jury; and they might have found, had the question been submitted to them, that the securities which were retained by the plaintiff were of the value of 520,000 marks, a sum which is considerably more than the amount of the thirteen drafts sued upon. We think that in disposing as he did of the question arising from the effect of the release of these securities, the learned justice erred, and that upon the evidence as it appeared it might have been said that the plaintiff, having in his possession securities of the face value of over 500,000 marks, retained those securities or released them; and that the defendants, being accommodation sureties, were damaged by that act, and that they were . entitled at least to have a credit of the value of these securities allowed them.

For this reason, the exceptions must be sustained and the motion for a new trial granted, with costs to the defendants to abide the result of the action.

Van Brunt, P. J., McLaughlin and Hatch, JJ., concurred.

Ingraham, J.

(concurring) :

I concur with Mr. Justice Rumsey in his conclusion that the defense of usury was not sustained by the evidence, and also concur, though with some hesitation, in sustaining the exceptions to the direction of a verdict upon the ground that there was a question for the jury as to whether, by the acceptance of these drafts, the defendants became sureties for the drawers, and that, if the jury should so find, then the defendants would be entitled to credit for any securities that the plaintiffs’ testator had delivered up to the drawers of the draft as the principal debtors. It is undoubtedly true that under the agreement between Wilhelm Heidenheimer, the drawers of these drafts and the original plaintiff, the plaintiff was to give Wilhelm Heidenheimer a credit which was to be made available by the plaintiff’s purchasing drafts drawn by Wilhelm Heidenheimer upon the defendants in New York ; and it was under this arrangement that the drafts in question were delivered to the plaintiff, who paid to the drawers the amount called for by the drafts after deducting certain commissions and interest; the plaintiff then transmitted the drafts to New York to the defendants for acceptance. This transaction upon its face would be simply a sale of commercial paper, and, upon the acceptance,of the drafts, the defendants would become the principal debtors, the drawers occupying the relation of indorsers and liable only upon a failure of the acceptors to pay. I do not understand that the fact that the acceptor has no funds of the ■ drawer of the draft in his hands makes any difference in the legal obligation of the acceptor to pay ; it would not of itself make the . drawer of the draft the principal debtor and the' acceptor a surety. If the defendants accepted the drafts upon the credit of the drawers, or upon their promise to supply funds to pay the drafts at maturity, the liability of the acceptors would be the same as though . they had in their hands money0to pay the drafts at the time of the acceptance. Tó change the actual relations of the drawers and acceptors to the plaintiff, there must be evidence to show that, although the transaction was in form the transfer of these drafts, the substantial agreement between the parties, including the defendants, was a loan of money to the drawers of the drafts, to whom the plaintiff looked for repayment, and that it was understood, although the defendants in. form became the principal debtors by the acceptance of the drafts, that the real relation was that they were to be sureties and that their obligation to the plaintiff was conditional upon the failure of the drawers of the drafts to make provision for then-payment.

I am inclined to think that there was testimony which required the submission of this question to the jury, and that if the jury should find that the real agreement between these three parties was a loan of money to the drawers of the drafts, the drawers being the principal debtors, and that the plaintiff had knowledge' that' the acceptance was Without consideration and to carry into effect this agreement to give Wilhelm Heidénheim'er a credit, then the question ■ suggested by Mr. Justice Rumset as to the right of the defendants to have applied on account of these drafts the value of the securities held by the plaintiff would arise. I do not agree, however, that the mere fact' that they accepted these drafts without funds in their hands to pay them at maturity, would change the relation of the plaintiffs to the drafts so as to prevent a recovery. If the plaintiff in Germany had purchased these drafts before acceptance, he would have had a right to secure himself against a failure of the drawees to accept them,, and to hold any securities received for that purpose; and the defendants, the acceptors, would have no right to demand that such securities be applied to the payment of the drafts, for by the acceptance, whether made strictly for accommodation or not, the acceptors became the principal debtors, and they then by their contract .became bound to pay the drafts at maturity and liable to the holders of the drafts in case of non-payment.

Van Brunt, P. J., concurred.

Exceptions sustained and motion for new trial granted, with costs to defendants to abide event.