Case ID: br_520/html/0825-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "JIM D. PAPPAS, Bankruptcy Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

In re BAR GW RANCH AND TRUCKING LLC, Debtor. R. Sam Hopkins, Chapter 7 Trustee, Plaintiff, v. Kathleen A. McCallister, Chapter 13 Trustee, Defendant.
    Bankruptcy No. 13-40029-JDP.
    Adversary No. 13-8049-JDP.
    United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Idaho.
    Signed Oct. 21, 2014.
    
      James A. Spinner, Service & Spinner, Pocatello, Idaho, for R. Sam Hopkins, Chapter 7 Trustee, Plaintiff.
    Alexandra O. Caval, Boise, Idaho, for Kathleen A. McCallister, Chapter 13 Trustee Defendant.
   MEMORANDUM OF DECISION

JIM D. PAPPAS, Bankruptcy Judge.

Introduction

In this adversary proceeding, bankruptcy trustees dispute which of two respective bankruptcy estates is the rightful home for the cash proceeds from the sale of a Peter-bilt truck. Following briefing, the Court conducted a trial on July 10, 2014, after which it took the issues under advisement. This Memorandum Decision sets forth the . Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. Fed. R. Bankr.P. 7052.

Facts

.The material facts giving rise to this contest are not disputed; most are taken from a stipulation filed as an exhibit at trial. Exh. 117.

In 2004, Clyde Garry White and Geneal Garbanati White began their trucking business. They originally conducted business under the name “Bar GW Ranch and Trucking” (“Bar GW”) although they never filed a certificate of assumed business name with the Idaho Secretary of State. When they purchased a 1999 Peterbilt track, VIN 1XP5DB9X9XD483074 (“Peter-bilt”) in January 2007, they titled it in the name of “Bar GW Ranch and Trucking.” Exh. 100 at 7. However, when they filed a Sales Tax Exemption Affidavit for Authorized Interstate Carriers with the State of Utah on January 5, 2007, concerning the same transaction, they listed the purchaser of the Peterbilt as “C. Garry White DBA Bar GW Ranch & Trucking.” Exh. 100 at 10. Then, when they filed an Idaho Sales Tax Exemption Certificate for the Peter-bilt deal on January 8, 2007, they listed the buyer as “Bar GW Ranch & Trucking.” Exh. 100 at 9..

On May 3, 2010, the Whites reorganized their business into an Idaho limited liability company they called “Bar GW Ranch & Trucking LLC”. Exh. 101. They did so on the advice of their insurance agent who expressed concern to them about their risk of personal liability since the Peterbilt was being used to haul honey bees, a high value, high risk, commodity. The members of the LLC were Garry and Geneal. Id. The title certificate to the Peterbilt was not reissued following the formation of the LLC and prior to the filing of the bankruptcy cases, discussed below.

Prior to 2011, Garry and Geneal managed the trucking business themselves. However, 'after Garry developed some health problems, the LLC hired employees to manage the business. The first manager was Dillon Randall (“Dillon”) hired in approximately November 2011. Following his departure, in July 2012, the LLC hired Kelli Merrill (“Kelli”) to manage the business. Exhs. 102, 103. Kelli’s employment was terminated in September 2012.

Dillon and Kelli made several changes to the operation of the business during their tenures. First, they allowed trucks owned by others to operate under Garry’s trucking authority in exchange for monthly “rent” paid to the LLC for use of that authority. In addition, the managers made numerous changes in the financial practices of the LLC. When Dillon began to manage the business, he enlisted a different accountant than had been previously used. Prior to that time, tax returns for the business operations had always been filed as a Schedule C to the Whites’ individual return. Exh. 113. However, the new accountant advised this method of tax reporting was incorrect; he had the LLC obtain an employment identification number (“EIN”) and file a separate entity tax return.

For some reason, when Kelli was hired, she obtained a yet different EIN for the LLC, and thus in 2012, the LLC filed two tax returns, each bearing a different EIN. Exhs. 110-111. The accountant attempted to apportion that year’s income and expenses between the two returns. Exh. 112.

When Dillon was hired, changes were also made to the LLC’s insurer, and a separate bank account was opened for the LLC, which had previously been using Bar GW’s bank account. Deposition of Glyde Gary [sic] White, 18:76-77, March 25, 2014. Dillon opened up an account with Wells Fargo Bank for the LLC, but when Kelli took over the business, she moved the LLC’s account to the Bank of Idaho. White Dep. 77:4-11.

On January 11, 2013, the Whites commenced a chapter 13 bankruptcy case. Case No. 13-40027-JDP, Dkt. No. 1. Later that same morning, the LLC filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy petition. Case No. 13-40029-JDP, Dkt. No. I. On January 18, 2013, the LLC was formally dissolved via a filing with the Idaho Secretary of State. Exh. 105.

On January 28, 2013, after the bankruptcy filing, and without Court approval, the Whites sold the Peterbilt to Craig Wads-worth for $17,000; the title certificate was transferred to him on February 11, 2013. Exh. 100 at 5. Thereafter, the Whites proposed a chapter 13 plan which included a proposal to turn over the Peterbilt sale proceeds to the chapter 13 trustee for distribution to unsecured creditors. Exh. 301 at ¶ 1.1.2. The Whites’ plan was confirmed by the Court on July 9, 2013. White Dkt. No. 42. On advice of their bankruptcy counsel, the Whites forwarded the sale proceeds to Kathleen McCallister, the trustee in their chapter 13 case.

R. Sam Hopkins, the trustee appointed in the LLC’s chapter 7 case, concluded that the Peterbilt sale proceeds were property of the LLC bankruptcy estate. Consistent with this belief, when McCallister would not surrender the proceeds, on October 15, 2013, Hopkins commenced this adversary proceeding against her seeking an order compelling her to give him the money to administer in the chapter 7 case. Adv. Dkt. No. 1.

Pursuant to the order confirming Whites’ plan, 'McCallister is holding the proceeds in her trust account pending the resolution of this action; if she successfully defends against Hopkins’ claims to the proceeds, the order provides that she will distribute them to Whites’ unsecured creditors. White Dkt. No. 42.

The dueling bankruptcy trustees now ask the Court to resolve their claims so one of them can distribute the funds to the respective creditors in the bankruptcy cases.

Analysis and Disposition

When a bankruptcy petition is filed, all “legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case” are included in the debtor’s bankruptcy estate. § 541(a)(1). Property of the estate also includes the proceeds from a disposition of any estate property. § 541(a)(6); Krommenhoek v. Covino (In re Covino), 99.9 IBCR 138, 144 (Bankr.D.Idaho 1999). While the scope of the bankruptcy estate is wide, it is “not so broad as to ‘expand a debtor’s rights in property over what existed as of the date of filing.’” Gugino v. Knezevich (In re Pegram), 395 B.R. 692, 695 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2008) (quoting Farmers Ins. Group v. Krommenhoek (In re Hiatt), 00.3 IBCR 131, 132 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2000) (citations omitted)).

In a bankruptcy case, the estate’s property rights are determined according to state law. Butner v. United States, 440 U.S. 48, 55, 99 S.Ct. 914, 59 L.Ed.2d 136 (1979); In re Aldape Telford Glazier, Inc., 410 B.R. 60, 64 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2009). Relevant here, the Idaho motor vehicle title statutes provide that:

no person acquiring a vehicle from the owner, whether the owner is a dealer or otherwise, shall acquire any right, title, claim or interest in or to the vehicle until he has issued to him a certificate of title to that vehicle, nor shall any waiver or estoppel operate in favor of that person against a person having possession of a certificate of title or an assignment of the certificate of the vehicle for a valuable consideration.

Idaho Code § 49-503. The courts, including this one, have strictly construed this provision “to promote the underlying legislative policy that vehicle ownership be determined exclusively by reference to the name on the certificate of title.” In re Pegram, 395 B.R. at 695 (citing Hopkins v. Brasseaux (In re Saunders), 08.1 IBCR 16, 17 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2008)); Hopkins v. Frazier (In re Tews), 502 B.R. 566, 570 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2013). Simply put, in Idaho, a party has “no cognizable ownership interest in a vehicle where no certificate of title [has] yet been issued in that party’s name.” In re Woods, 386 B.R. 758, 762 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2008) citing Hopkins v. Shradley (In re Shradley), 03.1 I.B.C.R. 7, 8 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2003).

Unfortunately, in this case, the name on the title certificate for the Peterbilt did not precisely match the names on the bankruptcy petitions filed by either the Whites, individually, or the LLC. Hence, the disagreement between the trustees. As the trustee of the Whites’ chapter 13 case, McCallister contends that, despite titling it under Bar GW, it was the Whites who initially purchased the Peterbilt, and their ownership continued until the truck was sold after they filed the bankruptcy cases. Thus, she contends the Peterbilt belonged to the Whites on petition day, and the truck, and now its sale proceeds, became property of the Whites’ bankruptcy estate.

On the other hand, Hopkins, the trustee in the LLC’s case, argues that the Whites contributed, assigned, or transferred their legal or equitable interests in the Peterbilt to the LLC when it was formed. Hopkins further contends that because neither the Whites nor the LLC are properly listed on the title certificate for the Peterbilt, the title statutes do not control, and the Court can consider other indicia of ownership to resolve this dispute. In Hopkins’s view, that “other” evidence, such as the fact that the Peterbilt was used for years in the business, all favors the LLC.

The case presents a perplexing dilemma, indeed.

1. The Effect of an Assumed Business Name

In Idaho, an assumed business name, or “DBA” designation, is a name under which another entity does business; it is not the legal entity’s “true name.” Wicklund v. Page, 09-CV-671-EJL-CWD, 2010 WL 5572813 (D.Idaho Aug. 6, 2010) (noting that the “ ‘term “DBA” is the abbreviation for “Doing Business As,” which is a slang term for “Assumed Business Name.” ’ ”), Report and Recommendation adopted, 1:09-CV-00671-EJL, 2011 WL 98544 (D.Idaho Jan. 7, 2011); In re Aldape Telford Glazier, Inc., 410 B.R. at 63 n. 6. According to the Assumed Business Names Act of 1997, Idaho Code §§ 53-501 et seq. (the “Act”), an “assumed business name” means:

Any name under which any individual, any group of individuals or other persons, or any entity other than a formally organized or registered entity, holds itself out for the transaction of business in the state of Idaho, if that name does not include in full the true names of all individuals and other persons who have a-financial interest in the business which is or may be transacted....

Idaho Code § 53-503(l)(b). The Act requires any person who intends to conduct business under a name other than his or her true name to file a certificate of assumed business name with the Secretary of State. Idaho Code § 53-504. “The purpose of [the Act] is to ensure disclosure on the public record of the true names of persons who transact business in Idaho.” Idaho Code § 53-502. It is undisputed that the Whites never registered Bar GW Ranch and Trucking as an assumed business name with the State of Idaho.

The Act also spells out the consequences for noncompliance with Idaho Code § 53-504: 1) the noncompliant entity is not entitled to maintain any legal action in Idaho courts until compliance is achieved; and 2) losses to others due to noncompliance will result in an award of damages and attorneys fees and costs against the noncompliant entity. Idaho Code § 53-509; Noreen v. Price Dev. Co. Ltd. P’ship, 25 P.3d 129, 134 (Idaho Ct.App.2001). Notably, the Act provides no other protections or benefits for complying with the requirement to file the certificate, beyond the ability to maintain an action in Idaho courts, and eliminating the potential for damages to others due to noncompliance. Importantly, the filing of a certificate of assumed business name does not create a separate legal entity. See Salazar v. Tilley, 110 Idaho 584, 716 P.2d 1356, 1357 n. 1 (Ct.App.1986) (“Because an assumed business name is nothing more than another name for a recognized legal entity, an assumed business name is not a separate entity in its own right.”); O’Banion v. Select Portfolio Servs., Inc., 2011 WL 5572625, at *9 (D.Idaho Nov. 16, 2011) (“Under Idaho Code § 53-503(1)(a), an Assumed Business Name is a name under which a legal entity does business, but it is not the legal entity’s ‘true name’ under which it was organized and registered with the State. Because an assumed business name is nothing more than another name for a recognized legal entity, an assumed business name is not a separate entity in its own right.”).

Because the Whites’ usage of the assumed business name Bar GW Ranch and Trucking did not create a separate legal entity, the fact that the Peterbilt was titled under that name did not effectively place ownership of the vehicle in any entity other than the Whites as individuals. The ownership of, and liability for, the Peter-bilt, remained with the Whites. See Colorado Milling & Elevator Co. v. Proctor, 58 Idaho 578, 76 P.2d 438, 440 (1938) (“Like any individual, a corporation may assume a name other than its legal name and carry on business in such assumed name, but in order to apply this doctrine, incorporation by some name must be established. If a note or deed is executed by a corporation under an assumed name, it is just as much bound as if it had used its proper name, and the same is true of any other contract. A contract entered into by or with a corporation under an assumed name may be enforced by either of the parties, if the identity of the corporation is established by the proof.”) (citing Fletcher Cyc. Corporations, Permanent Ed., vol. 6, p. 87, § 2442); In re Laraway, 2010 WL 3703272, at *4 (Bankr.D.Idaho Sep. 13, 2010) (an individual registered an assumed business name but later incorporated that same name. When contracting with the plaintiffs to construct their home, the documents indicated the assumed business name was the general contractor and the defendant did not make it clear he was acting in a representative capacity for the corporation and thus he remained personally liable on the breach of contract); see also, In re Ross, 2010 WL 610369, at *1 (Bankr.D.Conn. Jan. 20, 2010) (title to property deeded to “Michael Ross dba Ross Siding Co., LLC dba RSC Construction” was held by Michael Ross as an individual). Accordingly, the Whites’ usage of an assumed business name, and their decision to title the Peterbilt under that name, did not effectively establish ownership of the Peterbilt in any entity distinct from the Whites as individuals.

In contrast, taking the necessary steps to organize the business as an Idaho LLC does give rise to the legal separation of the interests of the business from those of its members. Idaho Code § 30-6-104(1) (“A limited liability company is an entity distinct from its members”); Wandering Trails, LLC v. Big Bite Excavation, Inc., 156 Idaho 586, 329 P.3d 368, 376 (2014); Idaho Code § 30-6-304 (The debts and obligations of a limited liability company belong “solely” to the company and “[d]o not become the debts, obligations or other liabilities of a member or manager solely by reason of the member acting as a member or manager acting as a manager.”). A person may become an LLC member without making any contribution to the company. Idaho Code § 30-6-401(4). Accordingly, for ownership of their assets or properties to become a part of the LLC, the Whites necessarily had to transfer, sell, or assign that property to the company as a contribution. There is no evidence they did so with respect to the Peterbilt. The similarity in names between Bar GW and the LLC is not sufficient to show the truck was transferred to the LLC. And the fact that the Whites owned the Peterbilt as individuals while simultaneously acting as members of the LLC is likewise insufficient. Indeed, if such were true, their home, personal vehicles, and other assets would also arguably be LLC property. While, admittedly, the LLC used the Pet-erbilt extensively in conducting its business, and while the company treated the Peterbilt as LLC property, doing so was apparently consistent with an informal arrangement between the Whites and their LLC. White Dep. 69: 10-13.

Hopkins points out that creditors and others doing a title search of Idaho records under the name of the LLC would much more likely discover the Peterbilt than would a title search for vehicles owned by the Whites. Assuming this is correct, though, does not render the LLC’s claim to the Peterbilt superior to that of the Whites. The Idaho Code, and the cases interpreting it, make clear that the “legislative policy [is] that a motor vehicle may be owned by only one person at any one time — the person whose name appears on the official certifícate issued by the State.” Idaho Code § 49-503; In re Woods, 386 B.R. at 762 (citing In re Shradley, 03.1 IBCR at 8). Here, the title indicates the Peterbilt is owned by Bar GW, which, as an assumed business name, the Court has determined is the Whites individually. Therefore, according to Idaho law, title to the Peterbilt may not also rest in the LLC, despite the similarity of its name to the DBA.

From this conclusion, it necessarily follows that the Peterbilt became property of the Whites’ bankruptcy estate when they filed their chapter 13 petition. As such, when the Whites (improperly) sold the truck during the bankruptcy case, the sale proceeds also became property of the Whites’ bankruptcy estate pursuant to § 541(a)(6). As provided in the order confirming Whites’ chapter 13 plan, McCallis-ter may distribute the sale proceeds to Whites’ unsecured creditors.

2. Indicia of Ownership

To determine ownership of an Idaho motor vehicle, “indicia of ownership is only considered when no title has been issued to any party asserting rights to the vehicle.” Gugino v. Canyon Fin. of Boise, Inc. (In re Green), 410 B.R. 904, 908-09 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2009). And as explained above, the Idaho motor vehicle title laws can be reconciled with the Whites’ individual ownership of the Peterbilt. However, even if indicia of ownership were considered in resolving this dispute, the balance of the evidence would nonetheless tip in favor of the Whites.

On one side of the scales, according to the original bill of sale, there is no question Garry purchased the Peterbilt. Exh. 100 at 11; White Dep. 52:3-5. He explained at the hearing that the loan used to purchase the Peterbilt was in his and Geneal’s names, and funds from the Bar GW bank account were used to pay it off. In addition, Garry signed both of the sales tax exemption certificates, Exh. 100 at 9,100 at 10, as well as the application for the certificate of title, Exh. 100 at 7, in his own name. Moreover, when the Peterbilt was sold to Mr. Wadsworth, both the bill of sale and the release of liability form list the seller as “Clyde Garry White.” Exhs. 100 at 3,100 at 5. Simply put, there is no mention of the LLC on any of the documents, and loan payments were not made from the LLC’s bank account.

Moreover, the Idaho Uniform Limited Liability Company Act provides that a member’s,

contribution [to an LLC] may consist of tangible or intangible property or other benefit to a limited liability company, including money; services performed, promissory notes, other agreements to contribute money or property, and contracts for services to be performed.

Idaho Code § 30-6-402. Hence, the Whites could have contributed the Peter-bilt to the LLC when it was organized. However, the record before the Court includes no evidence of any transfer of title, bill of sale, assignment, or other documentation intended to effect a transfer of the Peterbilt from the Whites/Bar GW to the LLC. Garry confirmed that he never transferred the Peterbilt to the LLC, nor did the LLC pay the Whites anything to acquire the truck from them. White Dep. 62:14-19. Furthermore, Garry testified that, while his intention was to protect he and Geneal from personal liability, he did not know he needed to change the title certificate to the Peterbilt to accomplish that. White Dep. 16:20-23. He also repeatedly testified that he thought that he and Geneal owned the Peterbilt, and that it belonged to them personally, and not the LLC. White Dep. 54:7-12; 59:14-60:2.

On the other hand, it is clear from the evidence that certain expenses for the Pet-erbilt were paid by the LLC. For example, in 2012, the insurance policy for the Peter-bilt lists the LLC as the insured, Exh. 107, the insurance premiums were financed in the name of the LLC, and the payments were made through the LLC’s bank account, Exhs. 108 at 1, 108 at 3. Furthermore, the interest payments on the Peter-bilt loan were included in the LLC’s tax returns as business expenses. Exh. 106. Finally, the LLC also paid to license the Peterbilt in 2012. Exh. 110 at 1.

The remaining financial and tax return evidence is equivocal, providing mixed signals regarding ownership of the Peterbilt. To begin, when the LLC was originally formed, the Whites did not set up a separate bank account for the company. Instead, they used Bar GW’s account for LLC business until Dillon was hired, at which time an LLC bank account was opened. The rent payments indicated in the tax returns appear to be rents paid by others to Garry for the use of his authority, plus rent paid by the LLC for use of the Peterbilt while Garry was not driving due to medical problems. White Dep. 24:3-17; 40:1-23; 44:15-18; 47:15-22. It also appears that the Peterbilt rents were paid first to the LLC, and some expenses — though the nature of those expenses is unclear — were paid by the LLC prior to the remainder of the rents being paid over to the Whites. Hopkins contends the rents were paid directly to the LLC for the use of the Peterbilt, and the Whites took a draw from those rents. And from those funds received by the Whites, whether as rents remitted or a draw, the Whites paid more expenses, and possibly some involving the Peterbilt. See generally White Dep. 37:6-10 (the LLC ran the Peterbilt’s expenses through the LLC); 40:1-23 (Dillon/Kelli paid the LLC rent on the truck); ■ Depo. 44:6-14 (the LLC tax return shows $58,000 in repairs, which are mostly the Peterbilt); 67:8-20; 75:6-9 (when Garry was recovering from heart surgery and unable to work, the managers rented out the Peterbilt. The rents were paid to the LLC, expenses were paid, and the remainder went to the Whites. However, Garry testified that those funds the Whites received from the LLC were used to pay the expenses for the Peterbilt); 76:6-77:3 (the Whites tried to pay the Peterbilt’s expenses out of the Bar GW account, and used their personal account to supplement); 60:7-24 (repairs to the Peterbilt were on the LLC tax return, Exh. 110 at 1, but rental income from the LLC’s use of the truck was on the Whites’ personal tax return, at least for 2012); 58:20-25 (the LLC did not pay the Whites rent for the use of the Peterbilt until Dillon took over).

Finally, the profit and loss statements for Bar GW and for the LLC are not very helpful in divining the ownership of the Peterbilt. First, while one document is titled as the profit and loss statement for Bar GW, Garry testified it was actually the Whites’ personal profit and loss statement, despite its inclusion of what are clearly ranching expenses. Second, the Whites did not prepare those statements, but rather sent the Quick Books data files to their accountant, who used them to generate the profit and loss statements. Finally, certain items are obviously missing from the Whites’ personal profit and loss statement, such as Geneal’s monthly disability income. Given their disorganized and inconsistent contents, the Court assigns little evidentiary weight to the profit and loss statements in the indicia of ownership analysis.

Of course, this documentary and other confusion in dealing with their business, financial and asset affairs shows that the Whites were not only unsophisticated about the legal intricacies of operating their business via an LLC, but that they handled most all of the aspects of their business, including the finances, extremely informally. Indeed, it appears they were relatively distant from the decision making concerning the LLC’s operation and books and records, at least beginning in 2012 when Garry’s health concerns arose and Dillon, and later Kelli, were hired to manage the business.

In sum, while in many respects equivocal or downright unhelpful, the weight of the evidence tips somewhat in favor of demonstrating that the Whites owned the Peterbilt rather than the LLC. They no doubt believe that they continually owned the truck, despite their organization of the business into an LLC for their protection. They were simply ignorant of their need to formally transfer ownership of the Peterbilt to the LLC insulate them from liability for its use in the business. At bottom, the Whites took no steps to effect a transfer of the Peterbilt, and instead continued to treat the truck as their individual property that belonged to them personally, even though they allowed the LLC to use and share in the income it generated.

Conclusion

. Applying either the policies and principles of the Idaho motor vehicle title laws, or by weighing the contrasting indicia of ownership, the Court finds and concludes that the Whites owned the Peterbilt when they filed their chapter 13 case. Because the Peterbilt was property of the chapter 13 bankruptcy estate, the proceeds from its later sale were also estate property. Therefore, McCallister is entitled to possession of the sale proceeds to distribute under the terms of the Whites’ confirmed plan. Hopkins’ complaint seeking an order requiring her to deliver the proceeds to him will be dismissed. A separate judgment will be entered. 
      
      . The Certificate of Organization for the LLC was amended in November 2011, and again in July 2012, to add and remove employees as members or officers. Exhs. 102, 103. The name of the LLC was not changed.
     
      
      . For convenience, the Whites' bankruptcy case docket is referred to as "White Dkt.” while the LLC’s will be referred to as "LLC Dkt.”. The docket of this adversary proceeding is referred to as "Adv. Dkt.”
     
      
      . “True name,” as applied to an individual, is defined by the statute as "the name which the individual uses to bind himself or herself to legal obligations, or to obtain privileges, licenses or benefits from government.” Idaho Code § 53-503(7)(b).
     
      
      . As the case law currently stands, “[t]he only remedies or consequences of noncompliance prescribed in the Act itself are those provided in [Idaho Code] § 53-509.” Winn v. Campbell, 145 Idaho 727, 184 P.3d 852, 856 (2008). While the Idaho Supreme Court has hinted at the possibility that noncompliance may provide a basis for the tolling of the statute of limitations in which to amend a complaint, it has not yet been presented with facts to support such a stance. Wait v. Leavell Cattle, Inc., 136 Idaho 792, 41 P.3d 220, 225 (2001).
     
      
      . Idaho Code § 49-2417 provides that an "owner” of a motor vehicle "is liable and responsible for the death of or injury to a person or property resulting from negligence in the operation of his motor vehicle, in the business of the owner or otherwise, by any person using or operating the vehicle with the permission, expressed or implied, of the owner, and the negligence of the person shall be imputed to the owner for all purposes of civil damages.” The statute defines "owner” as "a person, other than a lienholder, having the property in or title to a vehicle.” Idaho Code § 49-116(3).
     
      
      . In more than one instance, the Court was left with an unclear picture of how the money flowed, and what expenses were paid from the Whites’ personal, the Bar GW, and the LLC accounts. Gariy testified they kept "somewhat” separate books for their personal finances and those of the LLC. Depo. P. 53. Moreover, the overall financial and tax picture of the LLC was complicated because of the hiring and firing of Dillon and Kelli as managers, and the changes they instituted. In addition, when Kelli was employed by the LLC, she wrongfully used the company’s credit card for her personal expenses, and thus those expenses also show up on the LLC’s bank and profit/loss statements.