Case ID: mich_23/html/0063-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Cooley, J. Campbell, Ch. J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Henry Stewart v. The People.
    
      Challenge for came. A juror’s belief, merely, that the crime with which the prisoner is charged has been committed by some one, is not ground for a challenge for cause. — Holt y. People, 13 Mich., 22k.
    
    Campbell, Ch. J. reserving his opinion.
    
      Proof of loss of written instrument: What sufficient to admit parol evidence of contents. Proof that a letter had been entrusted to the prosecuting attorney, and that he had looked for it in the places where he believed he had reason to expect to find it, sufficiently establishes the loss of the letter to admit parol evidence of its contents.
    
      Statements of witness made out of court: When may be given to corroborate his testimony. After an attempt to impeach a witness by showing that he has made out of court statements inconsistent with those sworn to in court, where the testimony is conflicting as to whether such statements were in fact made or not, his evidence may in some instances be supported by the written statement of the witness, put in writing at a lime when it would be reasonably free from suspicion, and by the testimony of other witnesses as to statements made to them when under no temptation to misrepresent, corroborating his testimony in court. The reasonable discretion which ought to be allowed circuit judges in such cases should not be disturbed except in a clear case of abuse.
    Campbell, Ch. J. dissenting.
    
      Sight to poll jury not waived by consenting to sealed verdict. The fact that a prisoner on trial has consented to a sealed verdict, does not deprive him of the right to poll the jury on their bringing in such verdict.
    
      Specific exception: When not necessary. When the record shows that such prisoner . demanded this right and it was refused, and he strenuously insisted upon it and protested against the verdict being recorded without such polling, the absence of specific exception in any other form does not preclude the raising of this question.
    
      Talesman need not be tax-payer. The fact that one of the jurors who was summoned as a talesman was not named on any of the assessment rolls for the county, either for the year in which the trial took place, or for any preceding year, did not disqualify him from acting as a juror . — Peninsular Sailway Co. v. Howard, 20 Mich., 26.
    
    Campbell, Ch. S. reserving his opinion.
    
      Heard April 21.
    
    
      Decided May 2.
    
    Error to Bay Circuit.
    Stewart was informed against in the circuit court for the county of Bay, for breaking and entering in the night-time with intent to commit larceny, an office not adjoining to, or occupied with, a dwelling-house, no person lawfully therein being put in fear, and for feloniously stealing, taking, and carrying away from said office, eighteen spoons, one cake basket, six knives, and six forks, of the value of sixty dollars, of the goods and chattels of Henry A. Braddock, then and there being found.
    On the trial, before the jury were sworn, one of the jurors, Van H. Parmley, was challenged by the counsel for the defendant, and the cause assigned therefor was that said juror had seen the office mentioned in the information, soon after the alleged breaking and entering of the same, and had formed an opinion that the same had been broken and entered by somebody with the intent alleged in said information. And said juror being challenged as aforesaid, and being duly sworn, testified that he had seen said office at said time and had formed such an opinion, but had formed no opinion as to the guilt or innocence of said defendant, which challenge was then and there overruled by the court, and said juror permitted to remain on said jury.
    Benjamin F. Meyrs, on behalf of the prosecution, testified that in the month of July, 1867, he had a conversation with defendant in Chicago, in which defendant told him where certain silver-ware was concealed in Bay City, that others were with defendant when said silver-ware was taken, and that said Meyrs came to Bay City afterwards, and in company with his brother, Frederick A. Meyrs, went and found the silver-ware in the place mentioned by said defendant. Hpon cross-examination he denied that he had a conversation with Edward O’Connor one morning during the examination of the defendant before the justice, in which conversation he told said O’Connor that defendant was not the man with whom he had said conversation at Chicago; also that he told Robert McKinney, one morning about ten o’clock, on Water street, that defendant was not the man with whom he had the last mentioned conversation at Chicago; also denied that he told said O’Connor, said McKinney and Michael Kilduff, the Sunday previous • to said defendant’s examination before the justice, at said Meyrs’ house, that the defendant was not the man with whom said Meyrs had said conversation at Chicago. And upon further cross-examination he testified that at the time of the said defendant’s examination before the justice, he, said Meyrs, had been arrested for and was charged with the crime of murder, and was out on bail.
    On re-direct examination said Meyrs testified that before said O’Connor, McKinney and Kilduff went to his house aforesaid, he had given evidence before the justice, preliminary to the issuing of the warrant for the defendant for the offense charged in said information; that after he had given such evidence before the justice, they came to his house and told him if he testified against the defendant they would throw up his bail, and that said Kilduff, McKinney and one Hamilton were his bail, and that, he gave testimony as a witness against said defendant on the examination before the justice, and that afterwards he, said Meyrs, was surrendered up by his bail. And the prosecuting attorney thereupon introduced in evidence a portion of the statement made by said defendant in the case of The People v. Henry Stewart, in Saginaw county, under an. information for the murder of William Gregory, in East Saginaw, in July, 1867, in which said defendant stated that he was in Chicago several weeks in July, 1867.
    0,n the part of said defendant, said Edward O’Connor, Michael Kilduff, and Robert McKinney were called as witnesses and testified respectively that they were at saidMeyrs’ house on said Sunday, and that said Meyrs then and there told them that said defendant was not the man with whom he, said Myers, had said conversation at Chicago, and the said O’Connor testified on behalf of said defendant? that on said morning during said examination before the justice, said • Meyrs told said O’Connor that said defendant was not the man with whom he, said Meyrs, had said conversation at Chicago; and the said McKinney testified, that one morning about ten o’clock, on Water street, said Meyrs told him that said defendant was not the man with whom said Meyrs had said conversation at Chicago.
    In reply to the testimony introduced by defendant’s counsel as aforesaid, Augustus Meyrs was called as a witness on behalf of the People, and testified that he was the brother of said Meyrs, and that he received a letter from his said brother while in Chicago in July, 1867, and that he remembered most of its contents.
    The prosecuting attorney was thereupon sworn as a witness on behalf of the People, and testified as follows: “I'had such a letter on the examination and I have seen it in my office since then, probably a month after the examination. Before this term of court commenced I made a careful examination among my papers in my office for the purpose of finding it, and I could not find it.”
    On cross-examination he testified that he examined thé safe where he generally put such papers belonging to criminal matters, and examined through some but not all his drawers; that he had two safes, but that one of them he did not examine, as nothing of that kind was ever put in that; that he did not examine the files in this case because he saw the letter in his office since, and the files were not brought there; that he didn’t examine one-quarter of the papers in his office, that he simply examined those places where it was likely to be or where if it was mislaid he would be likely'to find it, but that he didn’t go through all the files in the civil cases.
    Thereupon, under objection from defendant’s counsel, said Augustus Meyrs was asked to state what that letter was, and replied as follows, viz:
    
      “That he was sick and there in Chicago. He says, ‘ Corcoran is here, — do yon want him F Curley is here, too. If you want him, send word.’”
    The said Frederick A. Meyrs testified further on behalf of the People to the effect that said “ Curley ” meant the said defendant.
    John Doman, on behalf of the People, testified that he had been engaged during the past year and a half or two years in keeping jail; that Benjamin F. Meyrs was in his custody in that jail for about ten months, previous to the arrest of the defendant for. this charge; that he had a conversation with him at that time relative to this offense.
    He was then asked to state that conversation, and, under objection from defendant’s counsel, was permitted to answer, and replied that he, Meyrs, said he had a conversation with the defendant in Chicago, and he had told him where the silver was, and he, Meyrs, had given information to his brother.
    After the evidence was closed by both parties and the arguments of counsel heard, and the jury charged by the court, the jury retired from the bar of the court to cqnsider of their verdict, and, it being the usual time to adjourn the court until the next morning, the court inquired of John McNamara, one of the counsel for said defendant, in the presence of said defendant, if he would consent that said jury render a sealed verdict, and that the usual instructions for that purpose be given them through the officer in charge of them, to which said counsel for said defendant, after some hesitation, gave his consent, and thereupon the court adjourned until the next morning at nine o’clock, the 23d day of April, A. D. 1870, on which day the said jury rendered a sealed verdict pursuant to said instructions. After the jury answered to their names, and on being asked if they had agreed upon their verdict, their foreman answered they had,' and handed the sealed verdict to the court, which the court broke open in the presence of the said jury and of said defendant and his counsel, and said, “You find the defendant guilty, — so say you all?” in the usual form, and then and there, before said jury had left their seats and before said verdict was put upon the records of the court, John •McNamara, one of said defendant’s counsel, requested the court that said jury be polled, in answer to which request the court said that the respondent having consented to a sealed verdict and one having been made and the jury separated, they could not be polled, except to ascertain that the jurors had all joined in the verdict written before they separated. And the said counsel insisted then and there that said jury should be polled as a matter of right to the defendant, and still persisted in requesting that said jury be polled, and said court refused to permit said jury to be polled, no question having been, raised in respect to the jurors having all joined in the sealed verdict returned to the court and such sealed verdict purporting to be signed by all the jurors.
    
      John McNamara, for the plaintiff in error.
    The juror Parmley was disqualified because he was not impartial in respect to facts constituting an ingredient of' the crime. The constitution guarantees to the individual the right of a trial by an impartial jury. — Const., Art, VI.,. Section 28. When the statute enumerates several elements as combining to create an offense, every such element must be alleged and proven. — Koster v. The People, 8 Mich., 431; Crippen v. The People, 8 Mich., 117.
    
    Secondary evidence as to the contents of a letter written by Meyrs from Chicagp to his brother in Bay City, stating; that respondent was in Chicago, should not have been admitted. The only evidence accounting for the absence of the letter is the testimony of Isaac Marstoh, which does not show that a diligent search had been made for the letter.
    The evidence of previous outside statements máde by the witness, Méyrs, given to support his testimony against impeaching testimony of other witnesses as t'a contrary statements made by him, was hot admissible. — 2 Phillips Ev. {4th Am. Ed.), 978-4-8. The reason why such evidence is objectionable is as follows: “ The probability is, that in almost every case the witness who swears to a certain state of facts at the trial has been heard to assert the same facts' before the trial; and it is not so much in support of his character, that he has given' at' other times the same account, as it would be to his discredit that he' should ever have made one different. The imputation on his veracity results from the fact of his having contradicted himself, and this is hot the least controverted or explained by the evidence in question. If a witness has made a statement a dozen times in one way, and- a dozen times another way, directly contrary, the only inference is that he is utterly destitute of all title to credit.”
    The polling of the jury is one of the great safeguards established by the law for the protection of the accused. The respondent did not waive this right by consenting to a sealed verdict. — ! Bish. Grim. Pro., 827 to 881. This being one of the incidents attached to jury trials is, therefore, a constitutional right. — Cooley’s Const. Lim., 819. And such a right cannot be waived. — Hill v. The People, 16 Mich., 351.
    
    The fact that the juror was' not assessed on any of the assessment rolls of the county, is “a total disqualification to' be a juror in any case.” — 2 Comp. L., § 4351 ; Hill v. The People, 16 Mich., 351; Lee v. Marsh, 19 Mich., 11.
    
    
      
      Isaac Marston and Dwight May, Attorney General, for the People.
    The challenge to the juror was properly overruled by the court. — Holt v. The People, 13 Mich., 224; The State v. Potter, 18 Conn., 171; Thompson v. The People, 24 Ill., 65; Commonwealth v. Webster, 5 Cush., 295; The State v. Davies, 29 Mo., 397.
    
    The loss of the letter was sufficiently proved by the testimony of the witness Marston, to admit secondary evidence of its contents. — Rush v. Whitney, 4 Mich., 505; King v. Stourbridge, 8 B. & C., 96; Roscoe's Criminal Ev., 12; Spaulding v. Bank of Susquehanna Co., 12 Barr., 29; Kelsey v. Homer, 18 Conn., 310; Taunton Bank v. Richardson, 5 Pick., 435; Renner v. Bank of Columbia, 9 Wheaton, 581; Harper v. Scott, 12 Geo., 125; Whittier v. Lathan, 12 Conn., 899. The rule is the same in criminal as in civil cases. — Commonwealth v. Snell, 8 Mass., 82; Rex v. Chadwick, 6 Carr. & Payne, 181. As to the amount of diligence required in searching for a document, no definite rule can be laid down, as this must depend upon the importance of the document. — Harper v. Scott, 12 Geo., 125; Kelsey v. Homer, 18 Conn., 311; Walter v. School District of Milfort, 22 id., 362.
    
    The testimony as to corroborative statements of the witness Meyrs, made out of court, was properly received. The rulings of courts upon the admissibility of such testimony has not been uniform. — Lutterell v. Reynell, 1 Mod., 282; Buller’s Nisi Prius, 294; 1 Greenl. Ev., § 469; 2 Phil. Hv., C. & H. notes, 974 ; Robb v. Hackley, 26 Wend., 50; 4 Blackf, 395, and cases cited; 4 Ind., 222 ; 28 Ind., 285. At most, in this case it was a harmless error, and could not have prejudiced the rights of the defendant. If, as claimed by him, Meyrs was thoroughly impeached, it is difficult to see how this piece of evidence harmed him. It was a matter of no consequence what statement Myers made. It is claimed by the defendant that, “if a witness has made a statement a dozen times in one way, and a dozen times in another way directly contrary, the only inference is that he is utterly destitute of all title to credit.”
    The court did not err in refusing to allow the jury to be polled. — Commonwealth v. Roly, 12 Pick., 513; State v. Allen, 1 McCord (S. C.), 525; State v. Wise, 7 Rich. (S. C.), 412; Fellow’s Case, 5 Greenleaf, 289; Rapps v. Barker, 4 Pick., 239; Martin v. Maverick, 1 McCord (S. C.), 24.
    
    The court did not err in denying the motion for a new trial on the ground that one of the jurors was not assessed on any of the assessment rolls of the county. — King v. Sutton, 8 B. & Cres., 417; Fellow’s Case, 5 Greenl., 289; Williams v. State, 37 Miss., 407; Epps v. State, 19 Geo., 102; Quinebeck Bank v. Lavens, 20 Conn., 86; Haywood v. Calhoun, 2 Ohio St., 164; Hilliard on New Trials, 67. The objection should have been made before the juror was sworn and accepted.
   Cooley, J.

The challenge to the juror Parmley we think was correctly overruled. It was not based upon the ground that he had any bias or prejudice against the prisoner, or that' he had formed any opinion or received any impression of the prisoner’s guilt; but it had for its sole foundation the juror’s belief that the crime charged had been committed by some one. The argument in support of the challenge is, that inasmuch as the first step in the case for the prosecution was to prove that the alleged offense had actually been committed by some one, and this point might possibly prove to be the one of principal contest iu the case, a juror who had already made up his mind concerning it, could not possibly eonie to the trial of the case with that freedom from prejudicial impressions, and that readiness to receive and weigh with impartiality the evidence given, which ought to exist when the liberty of the citizen is at stake; in other words, that he could not possibly be indifferent on this important branch of the case. There is some force in this argument, and if it were practicable in all cases to select a jury composed of persons- who were entirely free from any impressions whatever upon any question which might become one of. dispute in the" case, it might be exceedingly desirable to lay down some rule which would require it. But the rules upon this subject must be reasonable, and must keep in mind, the main purposes to be accomplished by jury trial. An intelligent jury is as important to a correct conclusion as one free from preconceived impressions; but it would- be impossible in a great many cases to summon twelve men of intelligence, who Were in the habit of availing themselves of the information on public affairs to be obtained from the usual channels, who would at the same time be free from any opinion regarding the commission of the offense. To exclude persons from the jury in a case of homicide because from the newspaper accounts they believed a felonious' killing had taken place, or in a case of treason, because they had sufficient knowledge of public events to' know that a rebellion had existed, would be to take a long step towards making stupidity the test of legal, capacity.' The ruling of the circuit judge was justified by the decision in Holt v. People, 13 Mich., 224, to which we adhere.

Nor do we think the objection that the loss of the Chicago letter was not sufficiently established to admit of. the introduction of parol evidence of its contents was well taken. The letter was shown to have been intrusted to the prosecuting attorney, and- he had looked for it in such places as he believed he had reason to expect to find it in. What search is sufficient in these cases is a mixed question of law and- fact, upon which the opinion of the person who has made it has more or less weight, and some intendment should be made in favor of the ruling of the circuit judge, who can generally judge better of the witness, and- of the good faith and thoroughness of his examination for the missing paper, than it is- possible for us to do.

The most important question in this connection is not whether the loss of the letter was- sufficiently accounted for, but whether the letter itself, if produced, would have been competent evidence. The writer of the letter,- it appears, was the principal witness against the prisoner, and had testified to a conversation had with him in Chicago, in which- the prisoner made statements indicating' his- participation in this offense'. On his cross-examination he was asked whether- he did not have a conversation with Edward O’Connor, Eobert McKinney and Michael Kilduff, - one morning during the examination of the prisoner before the justice, in which he told said O’Connor, McKinney and Kilduff that the prisoner was not the man with whom he had the conversation at Chicago; and he replied- in the negative.- He made, however, the following statement: McKinney, Kilduff, and one Hamilton were his bail on a criminal charge pending' against him at the- time Stewart was arrested on his complaint, on the charge now being tried. O’Connor, Kilduff and McKinney came to his house and told him if he gave evidence against Stewart they would throw up his bail. He did give such evidence and was surrendered by his bail as they had threatened. These three persons were then called by the defense and testified-that the- witness did say to them at the time inquired about that the prisoner was not the man with whom he had the conversation in Chicago. In reply to this testimony, the prosecution claimed the right to put in evidence the letter in question, which was written by the witness in Chicago to his brother in Bay City, after the time of the-alleged conversation with the prisoner in Chicago, and which spoke of the prisoner being there, and said, “If you want him, send word.” The prosecution also offered to show by the jailor that before.'the prisoner was arrested, and before there was any talk of arresting him, the witness had made to him the same statement in regard to the conversation at Chicago which he had sworn to in court. The circuit judge admitted this evidence, and the defense-excepted.

The question upon this branch of the case appears to-be this:. Whether after an attempt to impeach a witness by showing that he has made out of court statements inconsistent with those sworn to, his evidence can be supported by the testimony of witnesses who show that on other occasions his account of the transaction has corresponded with that given in court. This question appears to us to be one of no ordinary difficulty.

If it were an established fact that the witness had made the contradictory statements, we should say that the supporting evidence here offered was not admissible. If a witness has given different accounts of an affair on several different occasions, the fact that he has repeated one of these accounts oftener than the opposite one, can scarcely be said to entitle it to any additional credence. A man untruthful out of court is not likely to be truthful in court and where the contradictory statements are proved, a jury is generally justified in rejecting the testimony of the witness altogether. But in these cases' the evidence of contradictory statements is not received until the witness has denied making them, so that an issue is always made between the witness sought to be impeached and the witness impeaching him. The jury, therefore, before they can determine how much the contradictory statements ought to shake the credit of the witness, are required first to find from conflicting evidence whether he made them or not; and the question we now are to decide is, whether upon an issue of this character evidence like that received by the circuit judge was admissible.

The proper test for the admissibility of evidence ought to be, we think, whether it has a tendency to affect belief in the mind of a reasonably cautious person, who should receive -and weigh it with judicial fairness. Now there are many cases in' which, if evidence is given of statements made by a witness in conflict with those he has sworn to, his previous statements should not only be received in support of his credit, but would tend very strongly in that direction. If, for instance, the witness is himself the prosecutor, and has already made sworn complaint, there could be no doubt, we suppose, that the pendency of this complaint, its contents and the relation of the witness to it, might be put in evidence, and that they would raise a strong probability that the testimony to conflicting accounts as having been given about the same time, was either mistaken or corrupt. Suppose a person to be testifying in a case in which he had spent a considerable period of time and- a large sum. of money in pursuing an alleged criminal to conviction, and he is confronted with evidence of his own conflicting statements; the rule would be exceedingly unjust, as well as unphilosophical, which should preclude his showing, at least by his own evidence, such circumstances of his connection with the case as would make the impeaching evidence appear to be at war with all the probabilities. And other cases may readily be supposed in which, under the peculiar circumstances, the fact that the witness has always previously given a consistent account of the transaction in question, might well be accepted by the jury as almost conclusive that he had not varied from it in the single instance testified to for the purposes of impeachment.

It is impossible to lay down any arbitrary rule which could be properly applied to every case in which this question could arise; but we think there • are some cases in which the peculiar circumstances would render this species of evidence important and forcible. The tender age of the principal witness might sometimes be an important consideration, and the fact that the previous statement was put in writing, — as it was in this instance, — at a time when it would be reasonably free from suspicion, might very well be a controlling circumstance. We think the circuit judge ought to be allowed a reasonable discretion in such cases, and that though such evidence should not generally be received, yet that his discretion in receiving it ought not to be set aside except in a clear case of abuse; such as, we think, did not exist here.

The court was clearly in error, we think, in declining to allow the jury to be polled. It was objected that this question was not open here, because no exception was taken; but we think that what took place was sufficient to save the prisoner’s rights. He demanded the right to poll the jury, and,- when the court denied it, he strenuously insisted and protested against the verdict being recorded without such polling. Specific exceptions' are required in order to show beyond question that the party intends no waiver, but fairly notifies the opposite party and the court that the objection is to be insisted upon. The notification was ample in this case and the circuit judge must have fully understood it, as otherwise it is not to be supposed he would have incorporated what took place on this subject in the bill of exceptions. It is to be borne in mind that all this took place at the conclusion of the trial, and after the time when exceptions are commonly taken, and more liberality may, therefore, be properly extended to the party in respect to the form of his exception than if it related to earlier proceedings. Considering it sufficient, we proceed to a discussion of the judge’s ruling. The ground of the refusal was that the prisoner had consented to a sealed verdict; and one having been returned accordingly, he was precluded by this consent from the inquiries which would have been admissible otherwise, But why this should preclude him is not very evident. There is certainly “nothing in the mere fact that a juror’s name is appended to a written conclusion which negatives the possibility that the conclusion is one he does not assent to. Hpw is the prisoner to know that this is really the verdict of all; that all have personally signed it, and no one has been coerced, cajoled or deceived into assenting to that which his judgment does not concur in ? There is no mode of trying a question of this description, except by taking the evidence of the jurors themselves when they return into court; the case cannot stop to await the result of a suit in chancery to set aside the verdict for fraud or oppression. It is not claimed by the prosecution, as we understand it, that the jurors are so far concluded by their signatures that no questions whatever are to be put to them afterwards, but it is insisted that the prisoner has no right to have the inquiry pushed beyond the formal question which is always put to the whole jury together, whether this is the verdict of all. •

In other cases it is conceded that the right to have the jury polled cannot be questioned; and experience shows that notwithstanding the formal response, there are many cases in which individual jurors refuse to assent on being polled. This formal response is consequently not evidence of a very conclusive character, and unless a juror is absolutely bound by his signature to the written verdict, or unless the signature is such conclusive evidence of his deliberate assent that all other inquiries must be regarded as frivolous and useless, we do not discover any safe ground for denying to the prisoner the same right to have the jury polled in these cases which is conceded to exist in all others.

That the juror is not estopped by his signature from refusing his assent to the verdict when it is returned in open court is very clear. There is nothing in the nature of an estoppel in the case, and if on more mature reflection he could not concur in the verdict he has a right to refuse to be bound at any time before it is finally recorded; and we think the, prisoner has the same right to have the question of assent put to each individual juror in case a sealed verdict is returned that he has in any other. The sealed verdict is assented to only as a matter of convenience, and he has no reason to understand that he thereby waives any substantial right, or deprives himself of the privilege of determining, on the most conclusive evidence, that the verdict the jurors return is one which has the solemn and deliberate assent of all.

■ The only remaining question we have occasion to consider is, whether the circuit judge erred in refusing to grant a new trial on the ground that, after the verdict, it was discovered that one of the jurors who was summoned as a talesman, was not named on any of the assessment rolls for the county, either for the year in which the trial took place, or for any preceding year. We think he. did not.

The defense appear to suppose that no one is a competent juror unless he is assessed for taxation. But we do not find that the statute makes this a necessary qualification. It is true that the selection of persons to be returned as jurors is to be made from the assessment rolls; but the qualifications required, are only those of electors, — S. L 1861, p. 21, — and when once returned, the names remain in the box until others are returned in their places, whether they appear upon the successive assessment rolls or not.— Oomp. L, § 4856. It is not, therefore, a necessary qualification of a juror that he be a tax-payer. See Peninsular Railway Co. v. Howard, 20 Mich., 26; and as talesmen are to be summoned from the bystanders in court, or from the neighboring citizens, there is no occasion for inquiring whether their names appear upon the assessment rolls or not.

For the error in denying to the prisoner the right to have the jury polled, the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered.

Graves, J., concurred.

Campbell, Ch. J.

I concur in holding the conviction should not be maintained, on the ground that the jury should have been polled.

I do not, however, think that it is competent to corroborate a witness by his own declarations, to overthrow the force of an impeachment. I have seen no authority which can fairly be said to sustain such á doctrine, and it is in my opinion a doctrine not safe or desirable.

Upon the various questions of the qualifications of jurymen, I reserve the expression of any opinion.

Christiancy, J., did not sit in this case.