Case ID: mo_158/html/0139-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "\n      GANTT, P. J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

THE STATE v. GREGORY, Appellant.
    Division Two,
    November 12, 1900.
    1. Deputation: cross-examination: general objection. One Wilson was called as a witness for defendant in a murder case to prove the general bad reputation of deceased for peace and quietude, and the prosecuting attorney on cross-examination asked him the questions “Isn’t it true, that he was a splendid, good man, and so recognized by the best people of that country?” To which defendant made a general objection, without assigning any reason for his objection. The court permitted the witness to answer. He said, “Yes, he was by me.” Meld, not error.
    2. Instructions: objections on appeal. It is too late to make objections to instructions given by the court of its own motion for the first time in the appellate court. Exceptions must he saved at the trial.
    3. -: covered by others: sele-deeense. Where the court has given correct instructions which cover every principle announced in those refused, such refusal is not error.
    4. Separation of Jury: Four of the jurors desired to go to the water closet, and the sworn deputy in charge of the jury called the other officer and left the eight jurors in their room locked up, and the officer on guard, and took the four to the closet and remained with them until they had accommodated themselves, and then returned them to their room. No one communicated with them on their way to or from the closet. Meld, that this was no such separation of the jury as the law forbids.
    Appeal from Dunklin Circuit Court. — Hon. J. L. Fori, Judge.
    Affirmed.
    
      W. B. Hall and J. P. Tribble for appellant.
    (1) Tbe court erred in permitting witness Wilson to answer tbe question in reference to tbe character of deceased, as follows: “Isn’t it true, Mr. Wilson, that Joseph Covert was a splendid good man and so recognized by the best people of that county?” His answer being: “He was by me.” This was not the proper manner of establishing good character or of contradicting proof of bad character. Opinions of the witness are not admissible. Waddingham v. Hulett, 92 Mo. 528; 1 Greenl. on Evid., sec. 461. (2) It was error for the court to refuse to permit witness Higginbotham to testify to the reputation given deceased, Oovert, by those with whom he had conversed about it. It was a matter of legitimate inquiry, and each individual witness is not required to testify as to the reputation of a man among all his neighbors. Part may be proved by one and part by others, the combined testimony of all going to establish his general reputation among his neighbors. State v. Brandenburg, 118 Mo. 181; State v. Grate, 68 Mo. 22. (-3) Instruction 6 is erroneous (a) It does not give a proper definition of self-defense— in fact no definition of self-defense at all — but merely suggests a portion ,of the negative element of that defense. The court should, in all cases, follow approved precedents in preparing instructions on well settled points. State v. Kilgore, 70 Mo. 557; State v. Murray, 91 Mo. 99. (b) It comments on the testimony; this is forbidden by law. R. S. 1899, sec. 2639; State v. Homes, 17 Mo. 379; State v. Dunn, 18 Mo. 419; State v. Sivils, 105 Mo. 530; State v. Fairlamb, 121 Mo. 137. And the fact that the comment may have been correct does not cure it of its vice. Jones v. Jones, 57 Mo. 139; Miller v. Marks, 20 Mo. App. 369. (c) Besides it declares an incorrect proposition of law. The defendant has a right to act on appearances. This was here denied him. (4) It is self-contradictory in telling the jury if they “believed defendant guilty of either murder in the first or second degree, and entertained a doubt as to which of said degrees defendant was guilty, they would give him the benefit of sucb doubt and find him guilty of murder in tbe second degree.” State v. G-rayor, 89 Mo. 600. Sucb .instruction is prejudicial to tbe defendant and unauthorized by law. State v. Martin, 124 Mo. 522.
    
      Edward O. Grow, Attorney-General, and 8am B. Jeffries, Assistant Attorney-General, for tbe State.
    Wilson was not tbe State’s witness; be was not put upon tbe stand for the purpose of establishing tbe good character of tbe deceased; be was not being examined upon matters which be bad not been previously examined upon in chief, and tbe State was not primarily attempting to prove by bim that deceased was a man of good character. Tbe questions propounded to bim on cross-examination were asked for tbe purpose of discovering and disclosing tbe extent of tbe witness’s knowledge of tbe general reputation of tbe deceased in tbe neighborhood in which be lived. Nor can it be said that tbe question was for tbe purpose of contradicting proof of bad character, but was asked for tbe purpose of discrediting tbe testimony of tbe witness and enabling tbe jury to determine tbe exact weight that should be given bis testimony. Nor was tbe question sucb as would call from tbe witness bis opinion of tbe character of deceased. It went solely to tbe general reputation which the deceased bad in tbe community in which be lived, so far as being a splendid, good man was concerned. Tbe words “splendid, good man” necessarily include bis reputation as a peaceable and law abiding citizen, and was, in every particular, a competent question c on cross-examination. Character, as used in tbe law and evidence, is tbe opinion generally entertained of a person, derived from the common report of the people who are acquainted with bim. Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, 300; State v. Smith, 88 Ala. 73; State v. Turner, 36 S. O. 534.
   GANTT, P. J.

From a conviction of murder in the first degree, the defendant appeals to this court. The homicide occurred in Dunklin county, Missouri, in which both deceased and defendant resided at the time.

Joseph Covert, the deceased, was a member of the firm of Covert &' Hill, who were in the lumber business, and owned in his own right a small store near the mill yard. The defendant is a married man, about 24 years old. Some days prior to the killing of deceased by defendant, the defendant had contracted to cut some logs for deceased and had purchased a few articles from deceased, and not having the money, pledged a silverine watch, valued at $3, as security for the goods he purchased. On the 20th of February, 1899, the defendant, his younger brother and his father were hunting in the neighborhood of the store, when the defendant and his brother left their father and came over to the mill. The defendant carried his Winchester rifle with him and when he reached the mill, went into the engine or boiler room and inquired of Ferrell, one of the workmen, where his watch was. Ferrell told him it was hanging upon the post where the fireman was. Thereupon defendant said, “I am going to get that watch, and if Mr. Covert kicks I aim to shoot him like shooting a G — d d — n rabbit.”

Defendant went in, got the watch, and put it in his pocket. He then started to the store, but before reaching it, overtook Mr. Covert, the deceased, who went to the store with him. John Wortham, one of the hands, saw defendant take the watch and went over to the store to tell Covert. When he got there, Covert was busy, and witness asked defendant if that was his watch sure enough, defendant said it was, and pulled it out of his pocket, whereupon deceased remarked, “You had better let it alone until this is settled.” The evidence of several witnesses tended to show that when defendant and deceased went into the store, the deceased, Covert, got the account booh. The amount of the account was shown by defendant to be $1.35, and that upon the settlement deceased owed him 11 cents, but deceased wanted to hold the watch until a wedge valued at 35 cents had'been paid for. Defendant contended that this was not a part of the goods for which the watch was pawned. About the time the statement of the account was handed deceased by defendant, one George Moran came into the store and called for some chewing tobacco. Covert waited on him, and walked along the counter to the end when he turned, and this brought him facing defendant and some others who were in the store, and about eight feet from defendant. Defendant then said to Covert, “If you don’t stop, I will shoot you.” Covert said, “No, you won’t,” and about that time Covert stopped and defendant shot him. The deceased fell with his head at the door and his feet toward the counter. There was evidence also that deceased was in a good humor and was making no demonstration against defendant when he was shot.

Breeden testified that about two weeks prior to the homicide, Gregory, the defendant, said he was going to cut logs for two days and then demand his watch, and if he didn’t get it he was going to shoot Covert.

Harry Schick testified that he asked Gregory on the day of and before the homicide, why he was not cutting logs, and defendant answered, he didn’t intend to cut any for a while, but he intended to have his watch or beat Covert up.

McIntosh testified that after the shooting he saw Covert lying in the door, and defendant with his gun in his hand. Some one remarked to defendant it was a bad piece of business and defendant said, “Yes, I killed him. I told him I would kill him, and I killed him. They can do as they please; they can put the rope around my neck.”

Ed Wilkes testified to a similar statement.

Er. A. S. Harrison, the coroner, testified that he held a postmortem examination on the body of Joseph Covert, the deceased, and found a gun shot wound on the right side of the neck, passing backward, striking the spinal column in the region of the neck, fracturing some of the spinal vertebrae, passing downward and striking the shoulder blade, and glancing from there, striking the spinal column again and lodging under the skin near the spinal column on the right side. That it was a mortal wound sufficient to produce instant death.

On the part of defendant, his wife and Elizabeth Black testified that on one occasion deceased was passing the home of defendant’s father and stopped to get a drink of water at the well near the road, and Mrs. Gregory, wife of defendant, was drawing water for herself; that defendant got his drink and then commenced talking to her. He said he was going up to where he was raised, and wanted her to go with him. She told him “No, sir; she couldn’t go.” He then said he liked her better than any woman he ever saw, and he intended to have her if he had to kill Milo. These witnesses both swear they never told defendant of this conversation, nor mentioned it to any one until after the homicide.

J. O. Wilson testified on his direct examination that he knew the general reputation of deceased for peace and quietude, and it was bad. This witness was cross-examined as to the persons who had given deceased a bad reputation for quietude and peace, and he named three who said he was overbearing and crabbed to his workmen. He was then asked this question: “As a matter of fact, he was a splendid, genuine man, and was so recognized by the people of that country; wasn’t he, Mr. Wilson?” To which defendant objected without assigning any reason. The court permitted the witness to answer, and he answered, “Yes, sir; he was. I can say that much.”

One other witness was called for the same purpose, but could not qualify himself to speak as to the general reputation of deceased.

The only witnesses who testified on behalf of defendant to the circumstances attending the shooting were the defendant and his half brother, a boy about fifteen years old. They corroborated each other and the other witnesses as to the settlement of the account and the fact that Moran came in and interrupted the settlement by calling for some tobacco. They differ in their story, from Moran to some extent.

Defendant says that deceased figured up his account and it showed that his log account had overpaid the merchandise he had bought, eleven cents. Defendant says he then said to deceased, “Mr. Covert, that makes the watch mine,” and he said, “Yes.” Then Moran came in and as he turned to wait on Moran, Covert said, “No, there is an iron wedge, I forgot. I will charge you 85 cents for that wedge you got at Jim Breeden’s,” whereupon defendant says, “I calculated tO' bring that wedge home before now. It is through negligence. I didn’t know it was yours at all.” Covert says, “You know it now; that watch will not leave here.” After he waited on Moran, defendant said to deceased, “Mr. Covert, I am going to take my watch,” and Covert answered, “Yes, and I will hurt you and hurt you d — n bad, before you get out of here.” “With those remarks, we both made a dash for the door. . . As he came round the corner he says, ‘I will break your d — n neck,’ and we were about six or seven feet from each other. I had my rifle in my hand and I said, ‘Don’t come on me, Mr. Covert, or I will shoot you. He says, ‘Shoot hell, you ain’t got nerve enough to shoot nothing.’ I says, ‘Yes, I will, stop or I will shoot you.’ He kept advancing and I going back. ... I raised my gun higher and says, ‘By G — , Covert, you better stop or I will shoot you.’ He says, ‘Shoot and be damned,’ and I shot him.” The evidence tended • further to show that defendant was a small man, deceased a large, tall man of great strength.

Defendant contradicted each and all of the witnesses as to threats against deceased. A number of grounds are relied on for a reversal, and they will be examined and considered.

I. It is urged as error that the court permitted the prosecuting attorney on the cross-examination of J". O. Wilson, a witness who had been called to prove the general bad reputation of deceased for peace and quietude, to aslc said witness this question (at the close of the examination for the purpose of testing his knowledge as to such reputation) : “Isn’t it true, Mr. Wilson, that Joseph Covert was a splendid, good man, and so recognized by the best people of that country?” The court permitted the witness to answer, and he said, “He was by me.”

The objection was general. No ground of objection whatever was stated. It must be borne in mind that this witness, the only one by the way, who had testified that the general reputation of deceased for peace and quietude was bad, was under cross-examination as to his knowledge of the reputation of deceased. He had finally answered that three persons had spoken to him about deceased and said he was “overbearing” and “crabbed with his men,” and at the conclusion of his examination, had volunteered that deceased had always treated him right, and thereupon the prosecuting attorney propounded the question above mentioned. The inquiry by the defendant placed the character of deceased as a peaceable, law-abiding citizen in issue, and it was competent on cross-examination to elicit from defendant’s witness the fact that deceased was considered a splendid man by the good people of his neighborhood. We think no reversible error was committed by permitting the question.

If the best people of his county considered deceased a splendid, good man, this was one way of saying his reputation was good as a peaceable, law-abiding citizen.

II. It is too clear for discussion that no error was committed in ruling that Higginbotham was not qualified to speak as to the general reputation of deceased. The court and counsel instructed him fully as to what constituted general reputation and he answered he could not answer yes or no, as to his knowledge. He was properly excluded.

III. The instructions given by the court of its own motion were not objected to and no exceptions were saved thereto. It is too late to make objections to these instructions for the first time in this court.

The only exception to instructions was taken to the refusal of two instructions asked by defendant and refused by the court. No exception was taken to the failure of the court to instruct upon all questions of law arising in the case. There was no error in refusing the first instruction asked by the defendant. The court had already given an instruction on self-defense which covered every principle announced in these instructions, and to which no objections had been made, and when this is the case it is not error to refuse other instructions even though they embody correct principles of law.

The second instruction, moreover, was erroneous in that it failed to leave to the jury to find that there was reasonable cause for the defendant to apprehend that deceased was about to kill him or do him great bodily harm, and that the danger that he was about to do so was imminent and impending.

TV". Among other grounds for a new trial a separation of the jury is alleged. The facts are these: Eour of the jurors desired to go to the water closet, and the sworn deputy in charge called the other officer and left the eight jurors in their room locked up and an officer on guard and took four to the closet and remained with them until they were accommodated and then returned them to their room. No one communicated with them on their way to or from the closet. That this was not a separation within the meaning of the law is now settled in this State. In State v. Murray, 91 Mo. loc. cit. 103, Sherwood, J., said, “If any imperious necessity demands that a juror withdraw from his fellows, in order to answer a call of nature, and this withdrawal is done under official supervision while the remaining jurors are securely locked in their room, this would be in spirit and reason, if not in the letter, a compliance with the law.” [State v. Sprague, 149 Mo. loc. cit. 425.]

V. The contention that the verdict is not sustained by the evidence is without merit. The conduct of the defendant throughout is most reprehensible. He began by possessing himself of the watch he had pledged for his debt to deceased, without any color of right. Moreover, he had announced two weeks before the homicide that he proposed to have the watch or shoot deceased. The great burden of the evidence is that he came armed with a deadly weapon to settle a trifling account; that without any provocation he threatened to shoot deceased. The disinterested evidence shows that deceased was in the best of humor, and that defendant began by ordering deceased to stop walking in his own store, and at a time when he was making no demonstration of violence toward defendant. Considering the whole conduct of defendant, his threats without occasion therefor, the trifle involved, and his shooting an unarmed man under the circumstances, the homicide can not be regarded as anything less than a wilful deliberate murder, and so the jury have pronounced it.

We see no reason for reversing the judgment, and it is accordingly affirmed, that the-sentence which the law pronounces may be executed.

Sherwood and Burgess, JJ., concur.