Case ID: wheel-cr-cas_2/html/0594-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "\n      Benjamin Park, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

CIRCUIT COURT, U. S.
    CORYDON,
    Nov. 3, 1818.
    
      In the Matter of Susan, a Woman of Colour, and Fugitive Slave.
    
    The 4th art. sec. 2. of the constitution upon18 P°congress, and the law of congress in pursuance ofitin gitiveT t0 is constitutional, and is ex-elusive of state laws as they Embrace8 "
   Benjamin Park, J.

Susan, a person of colour, being brought before me, upon a warrant issued upon the complaiot of her master John L. Chasteen, a citizen of the state of Kentucky, who claims her as a fugitive from la-hour ;—it appeared that cognizance of the case had been taken under a law of this state, which provides, that a non-resident, having a claim to the service of any person jn this state, shall procure a warrant from a judge, or a justice of the peace, who being satisfied of the validity of the claim, shall, certify the case to the next term of the circuit court for the county, where a trial by jury shall be had in the ordinary mode; and upon verdict and judgment being obtained against the servant, the court shall grant a certificate, authorizing the claimant to remove the servant out of the state. That the claim of Chasteen having been asserted under this law, the case was certified to the circuit court, for the county of Jefferson, and being dismissed by the claimant, a bill-in equity was filed, and an injunction obtained against'him, for the purpose of investigating the claim of the girl to her freedom.—The claim, however, being brought before me, the case pending before the state court was dismissed, and a motion submitted for the dismissal of the warrant, upon the ground,

That the 3d clause of the 2d section of the 4th article of the constitution of the United States, confers no authority on congress on the subject of fugitive slaves; and, therefore, that the act of congress (Feb. 12, 1792) is unconstitutional.”

But admitting the constitutionality of that law, it was contended that the several states have an authority, concurrent with congress, to legislate on this subject; and therefore, that any procedure under the law of this state, (December 30, 1816,) already mentioned, operates to the exclusion of any authority derived from the act of congress.

Prior to the adoption of the constitution of the United States, the inhabitants of the states where slavery prevailed, were exposed to so many inconveniences from the escaping of their slaves into other states, where slavery was not tolerated, from the different views entertained of the subject, it was thought unnecessary or improper to aid in their restoration ; and in the states, where coloured persons were free, persons escaping from the service of their masters, became emancipated by their laws. To correct these abuses, prevent collisions between the several states, to secure the enjoyment of property according to their laws, respectively, and to enable the owners of slaves, fleeing from their service, to reclaim them, the constitution provides, that"no person held to labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due; and in conformity to this provision of the constitution,- congress accordingly enacted that any person held to service or labour, in any state, according to the laws thereof, escaping into another state, may be seizecñiy the person to whom such service or labour is due, and taken before a judge of the United States, or any magistrate of a county, &c.; who, upon • proof, to his satisfaction, that the person so seized, doth, under the laws of the state from which he or she fled, owe service or labour to the claimant, shall give a certificate thereof, and which shall be a sufficient warrant to remove back the fugitive to the state from which he or she escaped.

This case has probably furnished the first occasion on which the validity of this law has been questioned, which is cited by judge Tucker in his commentary on the constitution of the United States (Tucker’s Black. 366.) and by the supreme court of the state of New York, (in, I believe, Glen. v. Hodges, 9 Johns. Rep. 67.) with approbation, and which has been recognized in many cases before the judges and courts of this country; no reason has been suggested to influence a deviation from this current of authority; and the case, as regards this point, is considered clear of doubt or difficulty. '

Before the passage of the act of congress, owners of siav-es escaping into other states must have resorted to the ^aws °f the_se states for the recovery of their property, They had no other means -of redress; but when, in conformity to the constitutional provision, congress legislated and provided a remedy commensurate with the object in view, it superseded any state regulation then existing, or that might thereafter be adopted. The idea of another concurrent power in the federal and state governments appears to have been carried too far in the argument, and if admitted, would be pregnant with the greatest mischief, and the source of perpetual collisions between the states and the general government. The cases of taxation, &c. are not apposite. A concurrent power may be exerted, on the same subject, for different purposes, but not for the attainment of the same end. If laws of the same tenor and effect are enacted, one must be useless ; but if they differ in the remedy, and in the mode of obtaining it, their relative authority must be determined from a recurrence to the source from whence they originated. In the formation of the .constitution-' of the United States, the states parted with this authority, and devolved it upon the general government, and it is a privilege secured to the people of the states• respectively, to seek redress before the tribunals, and in the mode designated by congress.

By the law of congress, a judge, or magistrate, is competent to decide, finally, the service of the owner; but by the law of the state, if satisfied of the validity of the claim, he is to certify the case to the circuit court. The former case is to' be determined in a summary way ; according' to the latter, by a court aided by a jury : by the former, there is a discretionary power as to the reception' of evidence in support of the claim; by the latter, the cause must be conducted as is usual in suits at common law, and it is unnecessary to inquire whether one or the other ig best calculated to promote the ends of justice. It is sufficient that congress have prescribed the mode, and the motion must, therefore, be overruled.