Case ID: ad_124/html/0006-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Gaynor, J.: \n      Hooker, J. (dissenting):", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

George Eswein, Respondent, v. Edgar R. Hodgkinson, Appellant.
    Second Department,
    January 24, 1908.
    Evidence — landlord and tenant — when custom as . to moving day admissible.
    In an action to recover .rent from a tenant who vacated the last of April, although bound for a term of one year from September first at a mpnthly rent, the defendant, claiming a release, testified that he told the plaintiff when he asked the latter to release him “that this was the moving season, that the first of May would be the time when tenants took the new property,” and the plaintiff replied that “he did not think there would be any trouble .in renting pie place' there now.” This conversation was denied by the plaintiff, and he offered to prove that steam-heated apartments of the class involved were not rented on May first but on October first.
    
      Held, that it was error to exclude such evidence as it tended to show that it was improbable that the plaintiff admitted that May first was the renting day or accepted that as a moving cause for his consent to release the defendant on payment of the April rent.
    Hooker, J., dissented, with opinion.
    Appeal by the defendant, Edgar R. Hodgkinson, from an order of the Municipal Court of the city of New York, borough of Brooklyn, made on the 30th day of September, 1907, granting the plaintiff’s motion to set aside the verdict and for a new trial.
    
      Bruce Ii. Duncan, for the appellant.
    
      A, 8. Gilbert, for the respondent.
   Gaynor, J.:

This is an action for rent of a family apartment. The lease was. in writing, and the term was one year from September first, 1906, the rent payable monthly in advance. The defendant moved out the end of the following April, and this action is to recover the rent thereafter. The defendant answered that the plaintiff released him from the lease before he moved out, and thus had the affirmative on the trial. The jury gave a verdict for the defendant, but the trial Justice granted the motion on the minutes to set aside the verdict, and the defendant appeals from -that order. The testimony of the defendant that he asked that he might mo-ve out in April and pay no rent thereafter is denied. The defendant testified that he told the plaintiff when he asked the latter to release him, “ that this was the renting season, that the first of May would be'the time when the tenants took the new property”, and that the plaintiff in answer said he did not think there would be any trouble in renting the place théye'now ”. This the plaintiff denied. To show its improbability the plaintiff sought to prove that that kind of property, namely, steam heated apartments of a fine class, were not rented on May first but on October first, but the evidence was excluded. Although the motion to set aside the verdict was made on all the grounds allowed by the Code of Civil Procedure, the trial justice granted it on the ground that the exclusion of this evidence was error. In this he was right. October first being the moving and renting day for that kind of property, it is improbable that the plaintiff admitted that May first was the day, or accepted that as a moving cause for his consent to release the defendant on payment of the April rent. The people who occupy such apartments go away for the summer vacation as a rule,.and therefore do not enter into leases on May first, which, it is said, led to the general change of the renting day of such property from May first to October first years ago. A fact, which bears on. the improbability of evidence is competent (Willson v. Law, 112 N. Y. 536).

As the order must be affirmed for this reason, it is not necessary to consider whether there was any consideration for. the alleged release.

The order should be affirmed.

Woodward, Jenks and Miller, JJ., concurred; Hooker, J., read for reversal.

Hooker, J. (dissenting):

This action-is for rent. It was tried before a' jury in the Municipal Court, which found a verdict for the defendant; and upon the plaintiff’s motion the court set aside the verdict upon the ground that “ the court erred in refusing to permit the plaintiff to answer the question as to whether May was the renting' season for this kind1 of property and' to contradict the defendant’s testimony to the same effect.” The defendant has appealed to this court from the order setting aside the .verdict. ■ - . .

The defense was that the lease was, by mutual agreement, abrogated before the end of the term. The whole rent was paid by the defendant up to the time lie'claimed such an agreement was made: In the course of his evidence as to the conversation lie had with the plaintiff at the time the subsequent agreement, was made, the defendant stated,: after explaining to the plaintiff that he had lost his position a'nd would be unable-to keep up the rent, I told him that I .wanted to get out, that this was the renting - season,- that the first of" May would be the time when the tenants took the new property and if he would release me on the first of May, that I would go out and borrow the money to pay him the April rent if he would release me; ” and that the plaintiff agreed to release him; that.he paid the April rent and moved out before the first of May. On-cross-examination the defendant was'asked why he referred to the first of May as the renting season in his conversation with plain-. tiff, and he stated that lie'tliouglit the plaintiff at that time of the year would be- able to rent the property because May and October were the'renting months at’ that time. •

When' the plaintiff was called as a witness he said, on direct examination, that he knew when the renting season of that kind of-property was. The questions “ When ” and “ Is May 1st the renting season for that kind' -of property ? ” were objected to by the defendant and the objections sustained. A little later in his direct examination the plaintiff stated that he did not remember any such statement by the defendant in their conversation referred to by the latter to the effect that' May first was a good renting season, and the question “Was it, as a matter of fact?” was again objected to by the defendant and the objection sustained. It is these rulings of the trial judge to which reference is made in the order setting aside the verdict as the' ground upon which the order was made. I think that the rulings as made upon the trial were correct and presented no error, aiid hence do not sustain the order from which this appeal is taken.

It is to be observed that the plaintiff, upon his direct examination, was simply asked to give the conversation he had. had with the . plaintiff, and he assigned as one of his arguments to . the plaintiff why he should be released from his contract of • hiring the fact that it was an opportune time for the plaintiff to obtain another tenant. •The only reference made in the defendant’s direct examination to the rental season was in connection with his conversation with the plaintiff; he was not asked and did not testify upon his direct examination in relation to the fact as to whether that was. the renting season. The issue tendered was whether the defendant had been released, and it was relevant upon that issue for the plaintiff to show that the conversation testified to by the defendant did not i 1 fact take place or that any portions of it related by the defendant had not in fact been had. It was relevant, therefore, for the plaintiff to testify as he did, that the defendant said nothing about the first of May being the renting season; but whether the first of May was in fact the renting season was not relevant, for it did not dispute the defendant’s evidence about what the conversation was. That the plaintiff brought out upon the defendant’s cross-examination that it was his opinion that the first of May was the renting season did not make the evidence any more relevant; the issue was the same, namely, whether the plaintiff had been released, and so, even after the plaintiff had elicited from the defendant what the latter’s opinion was in relation to the renting season. Mor was the evidence relevant to impeach the plaintiff. The doctrine of allowing prior inconsistent material statements has never been extended so far as this.

It is quite evident that the view I have expressed in relation to the relevancy of this evidence was in the mind of the plaintiff’s counsel during the trial. For the plaintiff had testified that when the defendant leased the premises he mentioned to the plaintiff that he had just inherited $5,000 and would be able to pay the rent very nicely; just before the evidence was closed the defendant was recalled and upon direct examination was asked whether he had ever stated to the plaintiff that he had an'inheritance for $5,000, or for any such sum, and he answered “Ho;” the question was then put to him, “ Did you ever have an inheritance from which you got $5,000 or any such sum? ” This question was objected to by the plaintiff on the ground that it was irrelevant and the objection properly sustained. The objection was, doubtless, taken and the ruling made, because the issue was whether the defendant had ever made the statement to the plaintiff and not whether the inheritance had ever fallen to the former.

The plaintiff makes the point that the order setting aside the verdict' may be sustained on the gronnd that the verdict is against the weight of evidence. 1 have examined the record with this in mind, but reach the conclusion that the point cannot prevail.

The order appealed from should, therefore, be reversed and the judgment reinstated, with costs.

Order of the Municipal Court affirmed, with costs.