Case ID: f-appx_184/html/0224-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "LOURIE, Circuit Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

UNITED STATES of America v. Betty SHUSTERMAN, Appellant.
    No. 05-3904.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) June 13, 2006.
    Filed: June 13, 2006.
    Robert A. Zauzmer, Office of United States Attorney, Philadelphia, PA, for Appellee.
    Elliot M. Cohen, Louis T. Savino & Associates, Philadelphia, PA, for Appellant.
    Before: FISHER, ALDISERT, and LOURIE, Circuit Judges.
    
      
       Honorable Alan D. Lourie, United States Circuit Judge for the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation.
    
   OPINION OF THE COURT

LOURIE, Circuit Judge.

Betty Shusterman (“Shusterman”) appeals from the District Court’s decision sentencing her to 51 months of imprisonment and ordering her to pay $1.3 million in restitution for conspiracy to commit bank fraud and mail fraud, bank fraud, mail fraud, tax evasion, and making false statements on income tax returns. Because the District Court properly made factual findings that were supported by a preponderance of the evidence that enhanced the term of Shusterman’s sentence, and the sentence was reasonable, we will affirm.

Shusterman was formerly the bookkeeper for Temple Sinai, a synagogue in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The crimes that Shusterman were convicted of, inter alia, involved writing checks on the temple’s primary bank account, giving the checks to Barry Wilf (‘Wilf’), her accomplice and co-defendant, and having him deposit the checks into a secondary Temple Sinai bank account that Wilf actually controlled, after which he withdrew the funds for their personal use. In addition, Shusterman and Wilf engaged in fraudulent bookkeeping in order to conceal their scheme, viz., entering false explanations for the checks issued from the temple’s primary account and deposited into the secondary account. Shusterman and Wilf were also accused of taking donations to the temple and directly depositing them into the secondary account. Shusterman was also accused of taking “retirement” payments from the temple’s operating account in addition to her regular salary even though she was not entitled to any retirement or pension from the temple.

On April 11, 2002, Shusterman was indicted for her part in the alleged scheme to defraud Temple Sinai and the federally insured banks that were involved. Shusterman was also charged with evading personal federal income taxes. On September 30, 2003, a jury returned a guilty verdict on all 46 counts presented against her, consisting of conspiracy to commit bank fraud and mail fraud (one count), bank fraud (one count), mail fraud (34 counts), tax evasion (five counts), and making false statements on income tax returns (five counts).

On May 25, 2004, the District Court sentenced Shusterman to 51 months of imprisonment and ordered her to pay $1.3 million in restitution. In reaching that sentence, the Court determined that Shusterman’s base offense level for fraud was 6, which was increased by 11 levels because of a loss of between $800,000 and $1.5 million. The Court further enhanced Shusterman’s offense level by 2 levels because more than minimal planning was involved in carrying out the crimes, another 2 levels because the offense involved a religious organization, and another 2 levels for abuse of trust. Combined with her tax-related offenses, the Court determined that Shusterman’s final total offense level was 24. As a defendant with a criminal history in category I, the sentencing range for Shusterman’s offenses under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) is 51-63 months.

Shusterman appealed her sentence and, following the United States Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), this Court remanded for resentencing. On August 12, 2005, after conducting a second sentencing hearing, the District Court reimposed the same sentence of 51 years imprisonment, a term of supervised release of five years, restitution in the amount of $1.3 million, and a special assessment of $4,600. Shusterman timely appealed her sentence, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a).

On appeal, Shusterman does not challenge the sufficiency of the jury’s guilty verdict. Nor does she dispute that the District Court’s factual findings leading to enhancement of her prison sentence were supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Rather, she assigns error to the Court for engaging in any fact finding at all to enhance her prison sentence, which she asserts should have been made by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt, viz., the amount of loss caused by the fraud, whether she engaged in more than minimal planning, and whether she abused a trust. According to Shusterman, the Court’s factual findings violated her Sixth Amendment rights. Shusterman contends that the Court should have presented those factual questions to a jury in the form of special interrogatories.

We agree with the government that a sentencing court may make factual findings supported by a preponderance of the evidence relevant to sentencing enhancements, as the District Court did here. In United States v. Miller, 417 F.3d 358, 362 (3d Cir.2004), we noted that the district court in that case, as here, engaged in “a fair amount of judicial fact finding” in enhancing the defendant’s prison sentence. Nonetheless, we determined that there was no legal error in the sentencing court’s fact finding, so long as, inter alia, the court recognized that the Guidelines were advisory rather than mandatory, pursuant to United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005). Miller, 417 F.3d at 362-63; see also United States v. Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 330 (3d Cir.2006) (stating “[a]s before Booker, the standard of proof under the guidelines for sentencing facts continues to be preponderance of the evidence”). Thus, the District Court did not violate Shusterman’s Sixth Amendment rights by not specifically submitting the enhancement factors for consideration by a jury. Shusterman does not otherwise contend that the District Court erred in its consideration of the Guidelines or the sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s decision sentencing Shusterman to 51 months of imprisonment, a term of supervised release of five years, restitution in the amount of $1.3 million, and a special assessment of $4,600.