Case ID: sw_254/html/0296-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "CUBETOÑ, C. J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

HUMPHREYS-MEXIA CO. et al. v. GAMMON et al.
    (No. 3899.)
    
    (Supreme Court of Texas.
    June 30, 1923.)
    1. Mines and minerals i&wkey;48 — Word “minerals” includes both oils and minerals.
    The word “minerals” is sufficiently broad to include both oils and minerals.
    [Ed. Note. — For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Minerals.]
    2. Mines and minerals <&wkey;55(I) — “Minerals” in place may be severed by appropriate-conveyances.
    Minerals in place may be severed from the remainder of the land by appropriate conveyances as by exceptions or reservations in a deed.
    3. Mines and minerals <&wkey;55(4) — Estates after severance of minerals in place may be either freehold or fee simple.
    Where a severance of minerals in place has been accomplished, each estate, that in the minerals in place and that in the remainder of the land, may be a freehold or an estate in fee simple.
    4. Mines and minerals <S=»55( I) — Reservation of vendor’s lien does mot render deed ex-ecutory so as not to sever minerals therein excepted.
    A deed which is otherwise sufficient to sever the minerals from the land conveyed is not prevented from having such effect by the fact that the deed reserves a vendor’s lion to secure the purchase price and that such price has not been paid; the reservation of such lien not rendering the deed an executory contract in this respect.
    5. Vendor and purchaser <@=257 — Deed retaining vendor’s lien not executory contract except as requiring payment to vest title.
    ' A deed retaining a vendor’s lien to .secure purchase money is executory as between the vendor and vendee only in the sense that the naked legal title remains in vendor to be automatically vested in vendee upon payment of the purchase money, and in all other respects the deed is not executory but is an executed contract.
    6. Vendor and purchaser &wkey;>26l (6) — Vendor of realty retaining legal title to secure payment of purchase-money notes after sale of notes hold to hold title only as trustee for purchaser of notes and his vendee.
    Where a vendor of land who had reserved a vendor’s lien to secure payment of purchase-money notes indorsed and delivered such notes to another, held, that such a transaction, though it gave the • holder of the note the right to foreclose the vendor’s lien, did not amount to a transfer of the legal title held by vendor to secure such payment, but that such vendor thereafter had no 'beneficial interest in the title, but held it as a naked trustee for the benefit of the holder of the notes and for the vendee.
    7. Estates &wkey;>IO-(2) — Sale of purchase-money notes by vendor holding legal title to secure payment thereof held not by doctrine of merger a conveyance also of reserved oil and mineral rights.
    The doctrine of merger applies to estates in land and not to the different divisions of a tract of land,i whether these divisions be horizontal or vertical, and where a deed reserved to the vendor all oil and mineral rights and also reserved the legal title in himself as a vendor’s lien to secure the payment of purchase-money notes, held, that a subsequent transfer by the vendor of such purchase-money notes did not by reason of the doctrine of merger operate also as a transfer of the oil, and mineral rights reserved in the deed; the two estates sought to be merged being both fee-simple estates and incapable of merger.
    8. Estates <&wkey;IO(2) — For merger to result, estates must be held in same right.
    According to common law, which is controlling, in order that a merger may occur, it is ordinarily necessary that one person hold the two estates in the same right; and, consequently, if he holds one in behalf of himself and the other as trustee, there can be no merger.
    9. Estates <@=I0(I) — Estates cannot merge if there is an intermediate estate.
    In order for estates to merge, there must not be an intermediate estate.
    10. Estates <&wkey;!0(I) — Doctrine of merger inapplicable where parties do not intend it to apply.
    The doctrine of merger does not apply in any case where it is the intention of the parties that it should not.
    11. Mines and minerals <&wkey;55(2) — Intention of parties to separate title in fee to minerals from title in fee to remainder of land will be given effect.
    Where parties.to a deed intend to separate the title in fee to the minerals in place from the title in fee to the remainder of the land, effect will be given this intention.
    12. Mines and minerals <&wkey;55(7) — Assignment of vendor’s lien notes held not to operate as transfer of oil and mineral rights reserved in the vendor.
    Where a deed conveyed certain tracts of land but reserved to the vendor all oil and mineral rights and also a vendor’s lien to secure payment of the purchase-money notes, held, that a subsequent assignment of such vendor’s lien notes, which recited that a vendor’s lien had been reserved in “said land,” and which purported to convey the'vendor’s lien on “said land,” did not operate as a conveyance of the oil and mineral rights reserved by the vendor; the words “said land” being deemed in each instance necessarily to refer to the land previously designated as having been conveyed, which did not include the oil and mineral rights.
    Error to Court of Civil Appeals of Fifth Supreme Judicial District.
    Suit by J. L. Gammon and others against the Humphreys-Mexia Company, the Shear Company, and others. The Court of Civil Appeals reversed judgment for defendants except the Shear Company (244 S. W. 162), and they bring error.
    Judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals reversed in so far as it changed or modified the decree of the trial court, and judgment rendered affirming judgment of the trial court.
    W. J. Bryant, of Wortham, Vinson, Elkins, Wood & Pollard, of Houston, and O. S. & J. E. Bradley, of Groesbeck, for plaintiffs in error.
    J. D. Williamson, of Waco, for Shear Co.
    J. L. Gammon, of Waxahachie, Callicutt & Johnson, of Corsicana, De Leon Harp, of San Antonio, and Templeton, Beall, Williams & Worsham and A. S. Hollins, all of Dallas, for defendants in error.
    
      
       Rehearing denied October 31, 1923.
    
   CUBETOÑ, C. J.

This suit was filed in the district court of Limestone county by J. L. Gammon, John F. Wyatt, B. J. Col-burn, M. B. Bay, and A. H. Paillett, against Humphreys-Mexia Company, a corporation, C. A. Kennedy, H. W. Freeman, W. D. Freeman, H. C. Freeman, J.. E. Winans, J. W. McLendon, Jack Womack, Max Guteman, and the Shear Company, defendants, in the form of trespass to try title to part of the Pedro Varilla 11-league grant, situated about 1% miles west of the town of Mexia, in Limestone county.

In the trial court judgment was rendered in favor of the defendants named, except the Shear Company. On appeal, the Court of Civil Appeals reversed and. rendered the judgment in favor of the defendants in error here, who were plaintiffs below. 244 S. W. 162. The case is here on writ of error.

Defendants in error owned the land in dispute, except the oil and minerals in the same. C. A. Kennedy was the common, source of the title to the whole of the land, including the oil and minerals, and all parties claim under him.

On September 30, 1899, C. A. Kennedy executed and delivered a general warranty deed in the usual form to the land in controversy to F. M. Sanches; the consideration being $1,500, evidenced by five promissory vendor’s lien notes, each for the sum of $300, payable as therein specified. The deed, after describing the land by field notes, and preceding the habendum and warranty clauses,. contained an exception reading as follows:

“But it is expressly agreed and understood that said C. A. Kennedy reserves all the oil and minerals in said land and he and' his heirs assigns and legal representatives shall have the right at all times to enter on the above-describ'ed lands and to bore wells and make excavations and to remove all the oil and minerals found thereon.”

The deed also contained an express reservation of the vendor’s lien to secure the payment of the purchase-money notes.

At the time of the execution of this deed, Kennedy, who was, or had been, a merchant, was indebted to the Rotan Grocery Company, which was crowding him for settlement of his account. A short time after the execution of the deed, Kennedy carried the notes received by him therefor to Mr. Shear, the president of the company, who accepted them and gave him credit on his account therefor. Kennedy states that Mr. Shear “knew full well the reservations in the deed, and he told me it was not worth one cent to me or anybody else.” Some three or four-months thereafter Kennedy, at the request of the company, and without any additional consideration therefor, executed and delivered a transfer of the notes to the company. This instrument reads as follows:

“The State of Texas, County of .Limestone.
“Whereas heretofore, to wit, on the 30 day of September, A. D. 1899, F. M. Sanches, made, executed and delivered to C. A. Kennedy his five several promissory notes payable to the order of said C. A. Kennedy as follows: Dated September 80,1899, due November 1st, respectively, 1900, 1901,1902,1903, and 1904, for $300.00 each, bearing 10 per cent, interest per annum from January 1» 1900, with interest on each of said notes at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum and providing for the payment of 10 per cent, additional as attorney’s fees upon the contingency therein specified.
“And whereas, said notes were given in payment of the purchase money for the following described parcel of land, situated in Dime-stone county, Tex., viz., being two tracts or parcels land out of the Pedro Varilla Eleven League gránt this day sold to F. M. Sanches on September 30, 1899.
“And whereas, a vendor’s lien is reserved and-retained on said land to secure the payment of said notes and each thereof:
“Now, therefore, know all men by these presents, that I, the said C. A. Kennedy, for a valuable consideration, have assigned, transferred and delivered said five notes to the Rotan Grocery Company and in consideration of the premises and the sum of one dollar to me in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have bargained, sold and conveyed, assigned and set over to the said the Rotan Grocery Company my lien on said land and have and do hereby bargain, sell and quitclaim all my right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both legal and equitable, in and to said land and every part thereof, together with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto appertaining. To have and to hold unto the said the Rotan Grocery Company successors and assigns and his heirs and assigns forever;
“In testimony whereof, witness my hand at Mexia, this 29th day of January, A. D., 1900.
“C. A. Kennedy.”

On February 24, 1903, Sanches and wife conveyed the land described in the deed to him from Kennedy to the Rotan Grocery Company, the consideration being the cancellation of the notes shown in the deed. This conveyance contained a recitation as follows:

“The land herein conveyed being the same land deeded to F. M. Sanches by C. A. Kennedy by deed recorded in volume 36, page 547, Deed Records of Limestone County, Tex., and this conveyance is subject to the mineral rights reserved'in said conveyance.”

On March 30, 1905, the Rotan Grocery Company conveyed the land to Mrs. Jasper K. Smith, with the following in the deed:

“This land herein conveyed being the same land deeded to F. M. Sanches by C, A. Kennedy by deed recorded in volume 36, page 547, Deed Records of Limestone County and after-wards conveyed to Rotan Grocery Company by said F. M. Sanches by deed dated February 24, 1903, recorded in deed records of Limestone county and is subject to the mineral rights reserved in said conveyance.”

On September 4, 1908, the Rotan Grocery Company released the lien reserved in its deed to Mrs. Jasper K. Smith to secure the purchase-money notes. ■ therein described, which release, among other things, recited:

“Said Rotan Grocery Company has no other or further claim against said land or any part thereof.”

The word “minerals” is sufficiently broad to include “oil and minerals,” the words used in the reservation in Kennedy’s deed to Sanches, and for convenience will be used in tbis «opinion as comprehending both oil and minerals.

The plaintiffs in error Humphreys-Mesia Company et al., claim the minerals in the land in controversy under the exception in the deed above described from Kennedy to Sanches.

The defendants in error claim by mesne conveyances solely under Mrs. Jasper K. Smith. The Shear Company, successor to the Rotan Grocery Company, claims that it took title to the minerals by reason of the transfer of the vendor’s lien notes to it by Kennedy, set out above.

The Shear Company and the defendants in error both contend that the title to the minerals passed out of Kennedy by virtue of the transfer of the vendor’s lien notes heretofore described, and that thereafter when Sanches conveyed the land to the company, the latter had title to not only the surface, but to the minerals as well. Defendants in error, Gammon et al., assert, however, that the deed and release of the purchase-money notes to Mrs. Jasper K. Smith transferred the title to both the minerals and surface to her, and they claim the whole under her. The Shear Company denies this, and insists that the reference to the mineral reservation contained in the Rotan Grocery Company’s deed to Mrs. Smith was sufficient to' keep the title to the minerals in the company, and that the release executed, by it to her, described above, did not convey the title to the minerals. • Plaintiffs in error, the Hum-phreys-Mexia Company et al., assert that the title to the minerals never passed out of Kennedy by the assignment of the notes executed by the latter.

The contention of defendants in error and the Shear Company is that the transfer of the vendor’s lien notes, in the light 'of a proper construction of the deed to Sanches, conveyed the minerals in the land, as well as transferred the vendor’s lien notes, to the Rotan Grocery Company. In view of our conclusion, this is the only question necessary for us to discuss.

It is elementary that the minerals in place may be severed from the remainder of the land by appropriate, conveyánees. Stephens County v. Mid-Kansas Oil & Gas Co., 254 S. W. 290, by this court, but nót yet [officially] reported; Texas Co. v. Daugherty, 107 Tex. 226, 235, 176 S. W. 717, L. R. A. 1917F, 989; State v. Downman (Tex. Civ. App.) 134 S. W. 787, 795 (writ of error denied); Downman v. Texas, 231 U. S. 353, 34 Sup. Ct. 62, 58 L. Ed. 264; Washburn on Real Property (5th Ed.) vol. 2, pp. 400, 401; Tiffany on Real Property, vol: 1, §§ 252, 253.

The severance may be made by an exception or reservation in the deed. Dyles v. Dodge (Tex. Civ. App.) 228 S. W. 316, 317; Luse v. Parmer (Tex. Civ. App.) 221 S. W. 1031, 1032; Luse v. Boatman (Tex. Civ. App.) 217 S. W. 1096; Wallace v. Hoyt (Tex. Civ. App.) 225 S. W. 425; DeMoss v. Sample, 143 La. 243, 78 South. 482; Snoddy v. Bolen, 122 Mo. 479, 24 S. W. 142, 25 S. W. 932, 24 L. R. A. 507, 510; Tiffany on Real Property, vol. 1, § 253, p. 876; volume 2, § 436, p. 1609; Thornton on Oil and Gas (3d Ed.) vol. 1, § 342, p. 496.

When the severance is accomplished, each estate, that in the minerals • in place, and that in the remainder of the land, may be a freehold, or an estate in fee simple. Washburn on Real Property (5th Ed.) vol. 2, pp. 400, 401; Tiffany on Real Property, vol. 1, § 253, pp. 866, 871; Lillibridge v. Lackawanna Coal Co., 143 Pa. 293, 22 Atl. 1035, 13 L. R. A. 627, 24 Am. St. Rep. 544, and cases therein cited; Kincaid v. McGowan, 88 Ky. 91, 4 S. W. 802, 13 L. R. A. 289; Snoddy v. Bolen, 122 Mo. 479, 24 S. W. 142, 25 S. W. 932, 24 L. R. A. 507, 510, 511. See also, Texas Co. v. Daugherty, 107 Tex. 226, 235, 176 S. W. 717, L. R. A. 1917F, 989; Houston Oil Co. v. Hamilton, 109 Tex. 270,206 S. W. 817; and Lodwick Lumber Co. v. Taylor, 100 Tex. 270, 98 S. W. 238, 123 Am. St. Rep. 803.

We do not understand that these propositions are controverted, but the insistence is that the severance of the minerals in place from the remainder of the land cannot be effected by a general warranty deed in which a vendor’s lien is reserved to secure the payment of purchase-money notes—at least until the notes have been paid.

The» language of the exception in Kennedy’s deed is admittedly sufficient to sever the minerals from the land conveyed, unless this purpose is defeated by the reservation of .the vendor’s lien to secure the purchase-money notes. Defendants in error’s position -is definitely stated in their third proposition, as follows:

“The deed from C. A. Kennedy to E. M. Sanches, dated September 30, 1899, having expressly reserved a vendor’s lien to secure the payment of the five purchase-money notes, was an executory contract, and the superior title to the land remained in Kennedy until his conveyance became executed by the payment of the notes. The minerals having been reserved in the deed :by apt language, the title thereto never passed from Kennedy by the deed, but at all. times reposed in Mm, so that under the doctrine of merger the retention of the superior title to the land, which included the minerals, as well as the surface, precluded the technical severance attempted by the reservation. Therefore, the conveyance of the superior title and of his right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both legal and equitable, by the deed and transfer dated January 29, 1900, divested him of any title to the minerals, and vested same in the Rotan Grocery Company.”

We will first inquire as to whether or not the deed from Kennedy to Sanches was an executory contract in the sense that it was ineffective to sever, tlie minerals in the land from the remainder.

The opinions of this court have uniformly referred to deeds of the character here involved as executory contracts in' which the legal title to the land conveyed remains in the vendor until the purchase-money notes are paid. Counsel for the Shear Company cite Poster v. Powers, 64 Tex. 249, Farmers’ Loan Co. v. Beekley, 93 Tex. 267, 54 S. W. 1027, and Russell v. Kirkbride, 62 Tex. 455, in support of the doctrine. Many other cases might have been mentioned. , But an examination of the opinions of this court shows that, while the deed here involved is an executory contract as between the vendor and vendee, and those in privity with them, it is so only in the sense that the naked legal title remains in the vendor, to be automatically vested in the vendee • upon payment of the purchase money, and that in all other respects, between such parties, and in all respects in so far as strangers to the transaction are concerned, the deed is not executory, -but is an executed contract. Carey v. Starr, 93 Tex. 508, 515, 56 S. W. 324; Stitzle v. Evans, 74 Tex. 596, 12 S. W. 326; Ogburn v. Whitlow, 80 Tex. 239, 15 S. W. 807; Brown v. Montgomery, 89 Tex. 250, 253, 34 S. W. 443; Chase v. Swayne, 88 Tex. 218, 224, 30 S. W. 1049, 53 Am. St. Rep. 742; Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Co. v. Fox (Tex. Civ. App.) 228 S. W. 1021, 1024; Rooney v. Porch (Tex. Com. App.) 239 S. W. 910; Dealey v. Lake, 62 Tex. Civ. App. 429, 131 S. W. 441, 442; Frantz v. Masterson (Tex. Civ. App.) 133 S. W. 740, 742; Blewitt v. Greene, 57 Tex. Civ. App. 588, 122 S. W. 914, 916; Smith v. Jarvis (Tex. Civ. App.) 24 S. W. 854, 855.

In the case of Carey v. Starr, 93 Tex. 508, 515, 56 S. W. 324, 325, just cited, this court said:

“From the time it was first announced that the reservation of lien in a deed reserved the superior title to the vendor, there has been a continuous and persistent effort to push it to the limit of executory contracts for the sale of land, but this court has steadily resisted that effort and has uniformly limited the vendor’s title to the character of security for the purchase-money debt, and, when the debt has been paid, the title of the vendor ceases. Ogburn v. Whitlow, 80 Texas, 241; Brown v. Montgomery, 89 Texas, 250. In Ogburn v. Whitlow, the vendee sought to defend against the purchase-money notes on the ground that there was a defect in the title to the land and claimed that the deed was an executory contract; but this court said: ‘While such deeds have been held by this court to be executory for some purposes, we think it should not be. so held for all purposes, and that the one now in question should, upon the issue now presented, be treated as an executed contract.’
“When the purchase money has been paid, the title of the vendee in a deed of the character in question becomes absolute as to the vendor without any action on his part. It is not executory in any sense, except that the title awaits the payment of the purchase money for the land. Stitzle v. Evans, 74 Texas, 596; Russell & Seisfeld v. Kirkbride, 62 Texas, 455.”

This excerpt announces the correct doctrine, from which, as we understand them, there is no dissent in the opinions of this court.

The rule is elementary that — •

“A contract may be partly executed and partly executory; and may be executory as to one party and executed as to another.” 13 Corpus Juris, pp. 245, 246, and cases cited in the notes.

It is this rule which has been applied by this court in dealing with deeds in which vendor’s liens have been retained to secure purchase money. Such a deed or contract is executory in the sense that upon default in the payment of the purchase money, the vendor may rescind the trade and sue for the land; but it is an executed contract for all other purposes.

The deed from Kennedy to Sanches not only conveyed the right of possession, use, and profits in the land, but transferred to the latter the equitable title, giving him a title and right of occupancy sufficient to enable him to bring or defend suits in trespass to try title against all the world, except the grantor or those in privity with him. As to all persons except the grantor holding the purchase-money notes, or another to whom he had transferred both the notes and the so-called superior title, such a conveyance was absolute, and vested title. Pomeroy’s Equity-Jurisprudence (3d Ed.) vol. 1, § 368, p. 611; (4th Ed.) vol. 3, § 1261; Tiffany on Real Property, vol. 1, § 125, p. 457; section 214, p. 750; Stephens v. Motl, 81 Tex. 115, 121, 16 S. W. 731; Mason v. Bender (Tex. Civ. App.) 97 S. W. 715, 718; Whitehead v. Fisher, 64 Tex. 638, 642, 643; White v. Cole, 9 Tex. Civ. App. 277, 29 S. W. 1148, 1151; Carey v. Starr, 93 Tex. 508, 56 S. W. 324; Robinson v. Kampmann, 5 Tex. Civ. App. 605, 24 S. W. 529; State v. Dayton Lumber Co., 106 Tex. 41, 45, 155 S. W. 1178; Minter v. Burnett, 90 Tex. 245, 38 S. W. 350; Daugherty v. Manning (Tex. Civ. App.) 221 S. W. 983, 986, 987; G., C. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Blount (Tex. Civ. App.) 136 S. W. 566, 568.

The vendee under a deed retaining a vendor’s lien to secure the purchase money is the “owner” under our statutes authorizing the making of contracts, fixing mechanics’, materialmen’s, and other liens. Security Mortgage & Trust Co. v. Caruthers, 11 Tex. Civ. App. 430, 32 S. W. 837, 841. Such a vendee not only acquires the right to possession, rents and profits, but the right to incumber, sell, and transfer, the property, subject only to the payment of the purchase money, and to damages for injuries to his land. Gilbough v. Runge, 99 Tex. 539, 91 S. W. 566, 122 Am. St. Rep. 659; Tom v. Wollhoefer, 61 Tex. 277; Denison & P. S. Ry. Co. v. O’Malley, 18 Tex. Civ. App. 200, 45 S. W. 225. The vendee in such a deed is the entire, sole, and unconditional “owner” of the property within the meaning of these terms as used in a fire insurance policy. Liverpool, etc., Ins. Co. v. Ricker, 10 Tex. Civ. App. 264, 81 S. W. 248; Hamburg-Bremen Ins. Co. v. Ruddell, 87 Tex. Civ. App. 80, 82 S. W. 827; Wright v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 54 Tex. Civ. App. 6, 118 S. W. 192. The land of such a vendee is subject to execution and the laws of descent and distribution. Minter v. Burnett, 90 Tex. 245, 249, 88 S. W. 850.

On the other hand, the bare legal title held by the vendor after the transfer of the purchase-money notes is an insufficient defense against a suit in ejectment brought by the purchaser. Roy v. Clarke, 75 Tex. 28, 12 S. W. 845. Nor could the holder of such a title maintain a suit for the land. Raley v. D. Sullivan & Co. (Tex. Com. App.) 207 S. W. 906. The title of the vendor under such conditions is not subject to attachment or execution. Ross v. Bailey (Tex. Civ. App.) 143 S. W. 961, 963; Traders’ National Bank v. Price (Tex. Com. App.) 228 S. W. 160; Rutherford v. Mothershed, 42 Tex. Civ. App. 360, 92 S. W. 1021; Willis v. Sommerville, 3 Tex. Civ. App. 509, 22 S. W. 782. And although the naked legal title of the vendor, who has disposed of the purchase-money notes, on his death may pass to his heirs, they take no beneficial interest therein, but receive and hold it in trust, for the holder of the notes. Atteberry v. Burnett, 102 Tex. 118, 122, 113 S. W. 526.

The contract is so completely an executed one that the courts hold that the vendor, although holding, as between himself and his vendee, the superior title, cannot maintain a suit in trespass to try title against one claiming adversely to his vendee. State v. Dayton Lumber Co., 106 Tex. 41, 155 S. W. 1178; Stephens v. Motl, 82 Tex. 81, 18 S. W. 99. His right, at most, as to others than his vendee, is that of a mortgagee out of possession. Carey v. Starr, 93 Tex. 508, 56 S. W. 324; Stephens v. Motl, 82 Tex. 81, 18 S. W. 99.

A consideration of the eases cited shows conclusively that the deed from Kennedy to Sanches was an executed contract for all purposes, except to defeat the payment of the purchase-money notes. For that purpose it was executory, in so far as the right of rescission existed in favor of Kennedy. But in so far as Kennedy’s action was concerned, the contract was completely executed. Nothing remained for him to do. He had signed, acknowledged, and delivered the- only conveyance which the law or the contract required of him, or made necessary for him to execute. Upon the payment of the purchase money, the legal title to the land held by Kennedy would, ipso facto, vest in Sanches. Burnett v. Atterberry, 105 Tex. 119, 125, 145 S. W. 582; Russell v. Kirkbride, 62 Tex. 455.

Since the contract, in so far as any act on the part of the vendor was concerned, was complete, it follows that every constituent element .(hereof, every act devolving upon him to perform, including the severance of the minerals in place from the remainder of the land, had been performed and was fully executed.

Shortly after the execution of the deed to Sanches, Kennedy indorsed and delivered the purchase-money notes to the Rotan Grocery Company. - This gave that company the right to sue on the notes, foreclose the vendor’s lien 'reserved to secure the same, but did not transfer the legal title, also held by Kennedy, to secure the payment thereof. Hamblen v. Folts, 70 Tex. 132, 135, 7 S. W. 834; 17 Michie’s Digest of Texas Repts. pp. 255, 258.

However, thereafter Kennedy had no beneficial interest in the legal title to the land conveyed to Sanches, and held it' in trust as a naked trustee for the benefit of the holder of the notes and for the vendee. Ross v. Bailey (Tex. Civ. App.) 143 S. W. 961, 962; Hamblen v. Folts, 70 Tex. 132, 7 S. W. 834; Russell v. Kirkbride, 62 Tex. 455; Brotherton v. Anderson, 27 Tex. Civ. App. 587, 66 S. W. 682.

But the insistence is made that under the principles of merger the deed to Sanches was inoperative to separate the minerals in place from the residue of the soil, and since the transfer from Kennedy to Rotan Grocery Company conveyed the legal title to the land sold to Sanches, it also carried the legal title to the minerals as well; that is, the one could not be conveyed without at the same time transferring the other. In effect, the proposition is thát the doctrine of merger of estates under a deed retaining a vendor’s lien prevents the severance of the minerals in place from the remainder of the land.

The doctrine of merger can hav'e no application to the state of facts before us. This doctrine applies to estates in land into which the original estate in fee simple may have been divided, as an estate for years or for life, and not to the different divisions of a tract of land, whether these divisions are horizontal or vertical. It is only when these less estates meet in one and the same person that the doctrine of merger applies, and the lesser estates are merged in a larger, or in the estate in fee simple. Tiffany, on Real Property, vol. 1, §§ 17 to 34, inclusive.

The authorities cited by defendants in error, Gammon and others, to wit: Smith v. Cooley (Tex. Civ. App.) 164 S. W. 1050; Watts v. Bruce, 31 Tex. Civ. App. 347, 72 S. W. 258; Ackerman v. Smiley, 37 Tex. 211; Thornton on Oil and Gas, § 69, and other authorities — support the doctrine just announced. They have no application to the transaction here before us, where the minerals in place were severed by the conveyance from the residue of the soil, and the original land as effectively divided into two tracts as if the division had been made by superficial lines, or had been severed vertically by horizontal planes.

There can be but one estate in fee simple to a particular described tract of land .(Washburn oh Real Property, vol. 1 [5th Ed.] p. 83), and therefore there can never be a merger of two estates in fee simple to the same land. Only estates subordinate to the fee in duration or privilege may merge with it or with each other. 21 Corpus Juris, § 235, pp. 1035, 1036. But in the case before us, Kennedy’s deed effectively severed the minerals in place from the remainder of the land; and ■ each division of the land, the mineral division retained by Kennedy, and the remainder conveyed to Sanches, thereafter was held in fee, each carrying with it full power of occupancy, control, unlimited duration, right of alienation, inheritance, and every other attribute of an estate in fee simple, except the title of Sanches was not indefeasible until the purchase-money notes were paid.

If a third party had owned the land here involved, selling the minerals in place to Kennedy and the remainder of the soil to Sanches, and after having transferred the vendor’s lien notes to the Rotan Grocery Company had then conveyed the legal title reserved to secure the notes to Kennedy, then we would have a state of facts much more favorable' to illustrating the doctrine of merger than the actual facts in the case— and yet the doctrine of merger would not apply. The retained legal title subsequently conveyed could not merge in the title to the minerals in place, nor the latter in the former. According to the common law, by which we must be guided, in order that a merger may occur, it is ordinarily necessary that one- person hold the two estates in the same right; and, consequently, if he holds one in behalf of himself, and the other for another, then there can be no merger. Tiffany on Real Property, vol. 1, § 34, p. 93; 21 Corpus Juris, § 235, p. 1036, • and cases cited in the notes. In the instance suggested, Kennedy would hold the minerals in his own right, but the legal title subsequently conveyed to him would not be in his own right, but as trustee for the vendee, and for the owner of the notes. His legal title would be merely a nalsed legal title, in which he had no interest, held in trust for others. It is manifest, under the authorities, that his title as trustee would not merge with his title in fee to the minerals.

It is likewise elementary that in order for estates to merge, there must not be an intermediate estate. Tiffany on Real Property, vol. 1, § 34, p. 89; Kent’s Commentaries (13th Ed.) vol. 4; p. 107 (102); 21 Corpus Juris, § 235, p. 1036; Smith v. Cooley (Tex. Civ. App.) 164 S. W. 1050, 1052.

In the case suggested the estate of Sanches would intervene between the so-called legal title to the land conveyed to and the fee-simple title held by Kennedy to the minerals. Hence the doctrine of merger could not apply. The two estates, if the division accomplished by the deed should be regarded as a separation of the original fee — that is, the mineral estate and the estate to the' residue of the soil — could not merge and become one without the annihilation of the equitable title and possession of Sanches, and that could not be annihilated except upon default in the payment of the purchase-money notes. It is therefore clear that there could not be a merger of the estates.

Under the doctrine of merger the less estate disappears. In the instance before us, the estate to the minerals is a fee-simple estate, and, therefore, if the legal title merged with it, the latter would disappear. But in the case suggested the legal'title could not disappear, because both the vendee and the owner of the notes are interested, are the actual beneficial parties to the legal title, and their rights could no more be destroyed by merger than in any other way contrary to the contract.

Since it is clear that the legal title retained. to secure the payment of the notes could not merge with the fee-simple title to the minerals held by Kennedy, on facts analogous to those under which the doctrine of merger applies, it is conclusive that the doctrine of merger does not militate against the creation of the two divisions of the land, the minerals in placq and the remainder of the land, by Kennedy’s deed to Sanches.

Aside from this, the rule is a familiar one that the doctrine of merger does not apply in any case where it is the intention of the-parties that it should not apply. Kent’s Commentaries (13th Ed.) vol. 4, p. 107 (102); Tiffany on Real Property, vol. 1, § 34, p. 92; Cole v. Grigsby (Tex. Civ. App.) 35 S. W. 680, 690; Hapgood Shoe Co. v. First Nat. Bank, 23 Tex. Civ. App. 506, 50 S. W. 995; Ferguson v. Ragland (Tex. Civ. App.) 243 S. W. 721, 724.

By analogy, as well as under the general rules of construction, we may say that where it is the intention of the parties to a conveyance of land to separate the title in fee to the minerals in place from the title in fee to the remainder of the land, effect will be given to this intention. See Miley v. Deer, 93 S. C. 66, 76 S. E. 28; Washburn’s Law of Real Property (5th Ed.) vol. 2. § 262, p. 638; 21 Corpus Juris, p. 1007; Michie’s Digest of Texas Repts.- vol. 6, pp. 215 to 218.

This was Kennedy’s status when called upon to execute the assignment of the vendor’s lien notes in evidence. He was the holder of the fee-simple title to the minerals in place, severed from the remainder of the land, and to the latter he held the naked legal title as trustee, without any beneficial interest whatever. An examination of the assignment of the vendor’s lien notes, quoted abtive, leaves no doubt as to which of the titles or estates he conveyed to the Rotan Grocery Company. This assignment has been quoted. As a matter of inducement, explanatory of the occasion and purpose of the instrument, it refers to the execution of the vendor’s lien notes heretofore described, secured by the lien on “two tracts or parcels of land out of the Pedro Varilla 11-league grant this day sold to F. M. Sanches on September SO, 1899,” which, as we have seen, did not embrace the minerals in place. The instrument then states:

“And whereas a vendor’s lien is reserved and retained on said land to secure the pay-' ment of said notes and each thereof: Now, therefore know all men by these presents, that I, the said C. A. Kennedy, for a valuable consideration, have assigned, transferred and delivered said five notes to the Rotan Grocery Company and in consideration of the premises and the sum of one dollar to me in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have bargained, sold and conveyed, assigned and set over to the said the Rotan Grocery Company my lien on said land and have and do hereby bargain, sell and quitclaim all my right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both legal and equitable, in and to said land,” etc. (All italics ours.)

The word “said” is often used in deeds and other instruments to refer to some antecedent provision, person, or object. 7 Words and Phrases, First Series, p. 6286; 4 Words and Phrases, Second Series, p. 430; Moss v. State, 47 Tex. Cr. R. 459, 83 S. W. 830, 11 Ann. Cas. 710; Cubine v. State, 44 Tex. Cr. R. 596, 73 S. W. 396, 397.

In the transfer of the vendor’s lien notes before us the words “said land” in each instance necessarily refer to the land previously designated as that conveyed by Kennedy to Sanches on September 30, 1899. This reference is plainly to the deed from Kennedy to Safiehes by which the notes. were created and the lien retained, and the assignment must toe construed in connection with that deed. 5 Corpus Juris, pp. 943, 944; Sandborn v. Crowdus Bros., 100 Tex. 605, 102 S. W. 719; Brown v. Chambers, 63 Tex. 131, 135; Clopper v. Sage, 14 Tex. Civ. App. 296, 37 S. W. 363; Combs v. Virginia Iron, Coal & Coke Co., 197 Ky. 476, 245 S. W. 896; Devlin on Real Estate, vol. 2, § 1020. Therefore the general words in the assignment describing the land are necessarily limited to the land conveyed to Sanches, which did not embrace the minerals in place.

The only “right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both legal and equitable, in and to said land and every part thereof,” which Kennedy had in “said land” at the time he executed the assignment of the vendor’s lien notes, was the naked legal title held in trust to secure the payment of the notes previously transferred to the Rotan Grocery Company, and this was the only title conveyed by the instrument.

A further discussion of the question is unnecessary. It is clear to us that the assignment of the vendor’s lien notes, executed by Kennedy, when construed in connection with the deed, conveyed to the Rotan Grocery Company only the notes, the lien reserved to secure them, and the naked legal title retained by Kennedy for the same purpose; and did not convey the minerals in place excepted in the Sanches deed, and held by Kennedy in fee. This is the common sense construction, and in our opinion produces the result contemplated by, and effectuates the intention of, the parties to the instrument.

Having reached this conclusion, it is unnecessary to consider other assignments or propositions urged either by the defendants in error, Gammon and others, or by the Shear Company.

The errors of the trial court, if any were made, become immaterial, in view of the fact that a correct judgment was rendered by that court for the plaintiffs in error.

From the foregoing it follows that the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals must be reversed in so far as it changed or modified the decree of the trial court, and judgment here rendered in all things affirming the judgment of the district court; and it is so ordered. 
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