Case ID: la-ann_15/html/0154-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "• Buchanan, J.\n    ", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Franklin Perin, Tutor, v. Charles McMicken’s Heirs et als.
    A disposition, in a testament, having for its object tho foundation and maintenance of colleges under tho administration of a municipal corporation, as trustee forever, is a prohibited fulei commissum and substitution.
    As personal properly has no situs, Article 483 of the Civil Code, which declares that persons who reside out of the State, cannot dispose of tho property which they possess here, iii a manner different from its laws, will not apply to such personal property, as, at the death of the testator abroad, happens to ho within our territorial limits.
    The trust estates of the common law were intended to be prohibited under the general term oi' fidci commism.
    
    The right of the cestui que trust, under the common law, cannot bo assimilated to the usufruct under our law.
    The absence of interest in tho trustee, will not take tho trust out of tho prohibition of our Civil Code.
    A bequest vesting a merely legal or apparent estate in a person, to be preserved and returned to his children and grandchildren, with the obligation upon such person, during his possession, to apply the fruits and revenues of the property devised to the benefit of a third person, who is neither owner nor usufructuary in tlu* sense of the Louisiana law, constitutes a fidci commissum reprobated by that law.
    PI’EAL from tlie Second District Court of New Orleans, Morgan, J.
    
      F. Perin, in pro. per., and C. Roselius, for plaintiff and appellant.
    
      Benjamin, .Bradford <& Finney, for defendants and appellant.
    
      Race & Foster and H. T. Hays, for intervenors and appellees.
   • Buchanan, J.

Charles McMicken died at Cincinnati, leaving a will, which has been admitted to probate in Cincinnati and in New Orleans, and by which he disposed of a large estate, real and personal, in Ohio, Louisiana and other States.

Mr. McMicken died without ascendants or descendants. His nearest of kin, him surviving, were one sister, and the descendants of another sister, and of a brother previously deceased.

The plaintiff is the surviving husband of a neice of the said McMideen, and brings this suit in behalf of his three minor children, who are, collectively, heirs at law, for one-ninth part, of the said McMichen’s estate, by representation of their mother, deceased.

His petition alleges that the will of Charles McMicken is null, so far as it disposes of his property in Louisiana, for the following reasons:

1st. That a certain bequest to the city of Cincinnati, in said will contained, is contrary to the law of Louisiana, prohibiting substitutions and fidei commissa.

2d. The said city of Cincinnati is a foreign corporation, and without capacity to take the property situated in this State.

3d. The said city is without the constitutional and legal capacity to take or hold property in trust for any purposes whatever.

4th. Tho said bequest involves a perpetuity of ownership, putting the property forever out of commerce.

oth. The colleges mentioned in said will, for whose use the said bequest was intended, were not in being at the testator’s death; and the “ white boys and girls” for whose benefit the said colleges were designed to be created, maintained, &c., are not described with sufficient certainty to show for whom the donation was intended; they are not designated as a class of persons belonging to any corporate or territorial limits ; the bequest is, therefore, void for a want of a devisee.

Gth. The will is not clothed with the formalities prescribed by the laws of Louisiana, to devise the immovable property situated in this State.

The city of Cincinnati, and the testamentary executor of Charles McMicken, have severally appeared and pleaded to this action, asserting' the validity of the will and of the bequests therein contained, to the city of Cincinnati.

To this suit has also intervened, Andreiu McMicken, who joins the testamentary executor in maintaining the legality-of the last will of Charles McMicken, and specially avers that the bequest contained in article four of said will, vested title, in fee, to all the property designated in the first seven sections of said article four, in the three minor children, issue of the marriage between Andreiu Mc-Micken and Rachel Ann, his wife; all of which children were alive at the death of said Charles McMicken ; and that the said Rachel Ann McMicken, their mother, has the usufruct thereof, during her life.

Plaintiff, answering the petition in intervention of Andrew McMicken, denies that the will has any legal effect or validity as regards the property mentioned in said intervention, and pleads that the devise of said property to said Andrew, in trust for his wife and children, is contrary to the laws of this State, prohibiting substitutions and fidei. commissa.

The District'Judge, upon these pleadings and the evidence adduced, decided, that the will of Charles McMicken, so far as it relates to the movable property in this State, left to the city of Cincinnati, and the bequest to Andrew McMicken. be maintained ; and so far as relates to the bequest of immovables in this State to the city of Cincinnati, that said will be declared null and void.

Prom this judgment, the plaintiff, the city of Cincinnati, and the testamentary executor of Charles McMicken, have appealed.

The dispositions of the testament under consideration, in relation to the city of Cincinnati, have for their object, the founding and maintaining of two colleges in that city, and under the administration of that municipal corporation, as trustee, forever.

These dispositions are identical in principal with those contained in the will of Isaac Franklin, (7 An. 399,) the legality of which was very maturely considered, and pronounced upon by all the Judges of this court seriatim. Throe of the four Judges who composed this court, concurred in a decree, that the bequest contained in the will of Isaac Franklin, in favor of James and William. Franklin, in trust for the purposes therein specified, be set aside, so far as it bears upon real estate, slaves and immovables in the State of Louisiana.

Upon the authority of that case, the first and fourth grounds of objection to the testamentary dispositions in favor of the city of Cincinnati, in plaintiff’s petition set forth, must be maintained.

The Civil Code, Article 483, declares that persons who reside out of this State, cannot dispose of the property which they possess here, in a manner different from its laws.

As personal property has no situs, this Article has not been considered to apply to property of that kind, which, at the death of the testator, resident abroad, happens to be within our territorial limits. See the case of Wehre's Succession, lately decided.

Bnt it is contended in argument, in conformity to one of the grounds of nullity charged in the petition, that the city of Cincinnati was without legal capacity to take or hold property in trust. Upon this point, the counsel for plaintiff rely apon the Constitution of Ohio, Article viii, section 6, Swan’s Rev. Stat., 22, and'the'Ohio Statutue of May, 3d, 1852, Swanfpp. 960 and 979.

We are spared the necessity of examining this subject, however, for it is admitted in argument, that the question of the capacity of the city of Cincinnati to execute this trust, has been decided by the Circuit Court of the United Slates in Ohio, affirmatively. It appears that an‘appeal is now pending from that decision, before the Supremo Court of the United States. A reservation will lie made in our decree, to meet the contingency of a reversal of the judgment of the Circuit Court.

The, decision of the intervention of Andrew McMicken, in this cause, turns upon the construction of clause IV of the will of Charles McMicken, which reads as follows:

• “ 1 give and devise to my nephew, Andrew McMicken, in trust, for the use and benefit of his wife, Rachel Ann, during the lerm of her life, and after her death, to their children, in fee, share and share alike : the issue, however, of any such child or children of the said Andrew, now or hereafter born, to take by representation, as I have already provided in Item No. 1 (one), in the words of the devise to the children of Charles M. Carr, deceased, and of his sister, Mary Carr, the following- real and personal estate, to wit: 1

1. All my real-estate in the county of Madison, and State of Illinois, with power on the part of the said Andrew, to sell at public and private sale, any or all of the said laud, and to convey the same to the purchasers in fee ; the proceeds of such sale to be invested in other real estate, or in good securities, to be hold for the use and benefit of said Rachel 'Ann and the said children, in trust as aforesaid.

2. All that tract of land in the parish of West Feliciana and in the State of Louisiana, in the Tunica settlement, containing five hundred arpents, and known as theOarendinc Core Tract,” and which was purchased at the sale of the estate of William Collins, about the year eighteen hundred and forty.

3. All my lots and lands in the town of Bayou Sarah and. other lands on Thompson’s Creek, in the parish of West Feliciana, in the State of Louisiana.

, 4. All that traet of land, containing about two hundred and fifty arpents, situated in the.parish of East Baton Rouge, on ihe Cypress Bayou, known as the James McGill tract. ■ ■

5. All that tract of land in the State of Kentucky, on the Big Sandy River, containing about ten thousand acres, and known as the Benjamin Wyncop tract or patent, and which is now the subject of a suit in ejectment; reserving-, however, if recovered, to the heirs of Joshua F. Doyle, one-third of the net proceeds, after the sale thereof, and after the payment of all costs and charges, and expenses.

6. All my land in the State of Texas, except the granfs in the names of Adam Carraway and James Brown, which are hereinafter devised to Levi S. McMicken. All the lands as above devised, (o he sold and disposed of by said Andreis, at his discretion.

7. All that lot of ground in Spring Grove Cemetery, near ■ Cincinnati, as a burial place for the family of my brother and sister, and of my nephews and neices, and of their descendants ; and also- my pew, No. 75, in the Ninth street Baptist Church. "

8. All debts now-due me in Cincinnati. New Orleans, or elsewhere, by judgment. bom], note, accounts, or otherwise ; all the rents, issues and profits, which at the time of my death may be due me, from the land above specifically devised to my nephew, Andrew McMidcen; my carriages and horses; all.my library and household furniture, of every description, and any other personal property not hereinafter specifically devised, which said library, furniture and personal property, shall be equally divided by the said Andrew, with my neice, Lizzie McMidcen.

9. I permit my nephew, the said Andrew McMidcen, and my neice, Lizzie Mc-Midcen, if either see fit, to occupy, free of rent, and for the period of five years after my decease, the house in which I now reside. This permission, however, shall not interfere with Ihe objects oí my devise to the city of Cincinnati, as to tlie lot by which the said building is surrounded.”

It will have been observed, that the above clause or item of the will, makes mention of the Item No. oue, as governing the heritable rights of the issue of the children of Andrew McMidcen, devised to such issue by the Item No. IV, now under consideration. It becomes, therefore, necessary to a perfect understanding of the scope and operation ,ol this item, that we should copy so much of the Item No. one, as is referred to therein. It is as follows :

“ I give and devise to Charles M. Carr and Andrew McMidcen, and to the survivors of them, his executors and administrators, ail my real estate in Clinton county, Illinois, and >St. diarios county, Missouri, in trust, nevertheless, for the use aud benefit of the children of the said Charles M. Carr and of Mary Carr, who intermarried with Henry Lear, who is now deceased, to be divided between the said children and their heirs, share and share alike, when the last child shall have attained the age of twenty-one years; that is to say, the said lands shall be divided by the said children into parts of equal value, and each child shall choose his or her respective portion by lot; but if the whole, or any portion of the said laud cannot be equally divided, or the said children should fail to agree upon a division, then such portion which cannot be divided, or upon a division of which said children fail to agree, I direct, shall be sold by the said trustees, who shall divide the proceeds thereof, equally among tho said children or their heirs. The issue of any child or children of the said Charles M. Carr, or of his sister, the said Mary Carr, or any grandchild, shall take, by representation of their parents respectively, such share, of tho said lands or of the proceeds thereof, as the said child would have been entitled to receive, had he or she been living at the time of the division or sale of the said estate.

. It is contended by plaintiff’s counsel, that tho item of the will No. IV contains a double trust, or fulei commissum; that the legal ownership is given to one, to preserve for another, for the term of a life ; and then to return to persons, even in tho fourth generation removed from the testator, in fee. C. C. 1507; Provost v. Provost, 13 An. 574.

This clause in the will created, and was intended to create, a trust estate of the common law. The property devised under it was situated in Illinois, Kentucky. Ohio, Texas and Louisiana ; and it cannot be supposed that the testator intended his words to be construed in a different sense in Louisiana, from their received signification in Ohio.

The trust estates of the common law, with their refined distinctions and complicated limitations, were intended to be prohibited under the general term of Jidei comrmssa. The legal estate, by that system of laws., is vested in the trustee. He alone can defend the possession in the courts of law • but the income ami profits thereof belong wholly or in part to another, tho ceslui que trust, The duties of the trustee are to permit the cestui que trust to receive the profits; to account; to execute such conveyances in accordance with the provisions of the trust, as the cestui que trust shall direct; and to defend the title to the land in any court of law or equity. The cestui quo trust is entitled to the beneficial interest in the estate, and may receive the profits, and even possess the estate, where he is the only person interested, or the duties of the trustee do not render it necessary to retain possession. Seo 2 Bouvier, 332, No. 1911 et seq.

Now, as the legal estate vests in the trustee, who alone can appear in justice to defend the title, the rights of the cestui que trust cannot be assimilated to the usufruct, whore the usufructuary has a real right and may stand in judgment to defend it. O. 0. 549.

Again, the trustee holds the legal title, not only for the benefit of the present cestui que trust, but for the benefit and protection of the remainder men and those claiming by representation, and in this case, until the partition which was to be made after the death of the cestui que trust, and the, last child had attained 21 years. 7 An. 419; 2 Howard 650, Gaines v. Chew.

It cannot bo said that this trust is one of those not prohibited by the Civil Code, because it is not coupled with interest in thetrusl.ee. Very few of the common law trustees have any interest. They merely stand seized of the estate for the benefit of others. Neither was it necessary, under the Roman law, in its origin, that the testamentary heir should derive any advantage from the execution of the fidei commissum. The Ealcidian and Trebellianic portions were invented for the purpose of making it the interest of the instituted heir charged with fidei commissa, to accept the succession; and, because substitutions and fidei commissa were prohibited by the Code, these portions wore also abolished. U. 0-1507,1008 ; Domat, Book 4, Tit. 3, and Book 5, Tit. 4.

The bequest contained in item IV of the will of Charles McMiclcen, vesting a merely legal or apparent estate in Andrew McMiclcen, to bo preserved and returned to his children and grandchildren, with the obligation upon the said Andrew, during liis possession, to apply the funds and revenues of the property devised to the benefit ol a third person (his wife,) who is neither owner nor usufructuary in the sense of the Louisiana law, constitutes a fidei commissum reprobated by that law.

It is clear, that the testator did not intend to confer any benefit upon the apparent legatee, Andrew McMiclcen, who is merely a person interposed for the purpose of creating and perpetuating through several generations an estate or title far removed from the simplicity of estates known to our laws; an anomalous estate in Louisiana, although familiar to, and even favored by the system of laws which governs Ohio and the other States of the Union. This complicated and artificial estate, it is the policy of our legislation to exclude from Louisiana. It becomes therefore our duty to declare the whole disposition in question, void, asió the property situated in Louisiana; which must consequently he divided among-the hoirs-at-law, as ah intestato.

The objection to the will, that it was not made in the form required by the law of Louisiana, seems to have been waived in argument.

It is, therefore, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the District Court, as regards the city of Cincinnati, be amended by reserving to plaintiff, in his capacity of tutor of his minor children, his action for the recovery of the personal effects bequeathed by the testator, Charles McMiclcen, to the city of Cincinnati, ja case the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, upon the appeal now pending from the Circuit Court of Ohio, should be adverse to the city of Cincinnati; and that, as so amended, tho judgment of the District Court between the plaintiff and the city of Cincinnati, be affirmed; that the judgment of the District Court upon the intervention of Andrew McMicken, bo avoided and reversed ; and that- there be judgment upon the said intervention, against the said intervenor, and in favor of the plaintiff, annulling and avoiding the item IV of the will of Charles McMicken, as to immovable property situated in tho State of Louisiana; that the minor children of plaintiff named in the petition be recognized and sent into possession, through the plaintiff as their tutor, of the estate of Charles McMicken, their grand-uncle, deceased, situated in the State of Louisiana, as heirs-at-law, for one-ninth of said Charles McMichen’s succession ; that this cause be remanded to tho District Court, for the purpose of making a partition among the heirs-at-law of said Charles McMicken, of the property of his succession in Louisiana; and that the costs in both courts heretofore iucurred (inclusive of this appeal,) be paid by the city of Cincinnati and the executors of Charles McMicken, defendants, with the exception of the costs of the intervention o£ Andrew McMicken, which are to be paid by the intervenor.

Duffel, J., took no part in this decision.