Case ID: f-supp-2d_613/html/0670-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "ANDRE M. DAVIS, District Judge. SUSAN K. GAUVEY, United States Magistrate Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

LEVITON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC., Plaintiff v. SHANGHAI MEIHAO ELECTRIC, INC., et al., Defendants.
    Civil No. AMD 05-889.
    United States District Court, D. Maryland.
    May 12, 2009.
    
      Steven Edward Tiller, Gregory Milton Stone, Whiteford Taylor and Preston LLP, Baltimore, MD, James T. Hosmer, Joseph S. Presta, Joseph A. Rhoa Larry S. Nixon, Updeep S. Gill, Nixon and Vanderhye PC, Arlington, VA, Gary M. Hnath, Susan Baker Manning, Bingham McCutchen LLP, Frederick S. Frei, Andrews Kurth LLP, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
    Maurice U. Cahn, William E. Bradley, Cahn and Samuels LLP, Washington, DC, for Defendants.
   MEMORANDUM AND ORDER ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF MAGISTRATE JUDGE SUR ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS

ANDRE M. DAVIS, District Judge.

In this consolidated patent infringement action, now pending are the objections of plaintiff Levitón Manufacturing Co., Inc. (“Levitón”), to the Report and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge Susan K. Gauvey, who has recommended that defendant Shanghai Meihao Electric, Inc. (“Meihao”), be awarded attorneys’ fees and costs. For the reasons set forth by Judge Gauvey and stated herein, the court overrules Levi-ton’s objections and awards fees and costs.

I.

On March 31, 2005, Levitón filed suit against Universal Security Instruments, Inc., and USI Electric, Inc., for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,864,766 (’766 Patent), claiming a ground fault circuit interrupter (“GFCI”). On May 5, 2005, Meihao, which manufactured and supplied the products alleged by Levitón to be infringing, sought a declaratory judgment that the '766 Patent is (1) not infringed; (2) invalid; and/or (3) unenforceable. In due course, the two cases were consolidated.

Discovery on the issue of patent enforceability, i.e., inequitable conduct, proved contentious and protracted; consequently, by order entered on May 24, 2007, the court referred the case to Magistrate Judge Gauvey pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A) for the management of discovery. Judge Gauvey promptly turned her attention to that task, issuing several orders and holding a hearing on various motions to compel and/or for protective order.

Somewhat abruptly, on November 28, 2007, just as Judge Gauvey was prepared to issue a comprehensive opinion rejecting Levitón’s motion for a protective order and requiring Levitón to produce documentary and testimonial evidence regarding inequitable conduct, Levitón sought leave to dismiss voluntarily all its claims. Meihao responded that, provided its right to seek an award of fees and costs was preserved, it (and the other defendants) would have no objection to the dismissal of the claims for infringement. Thereafter, the court dismissed all claims while preserving Meihao’s right to seek fees and costs. Meihao timely filed its motion. As Judge Gauvey had become intimately familiar with the case through her extensive work on discovery issues, I referred the motion for fees and costs to her on February 25, 2008, for a report and recommendation.

Judge Gauvey reviewed the parties’ voluminous briefing on the motion for fees and costs and held a hearing on September 3, 2008. In an extraordinarily thorough and meticulous 128-page Report and Recommendation (which I adopt and attach hereto) issued pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b), she found and concluded that the case presented exceptional circumstances under 35 U.S.C. § 285 (i.e., that Levitón had been shown to have engaged in (1) inequitable conduct before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) and (2) vexatious litigation tactics in this case). Ultimately, Judge Gauvey also found and concluded that an award of fees and costs was necessary to avoid gross injustice. Thus, she recommended an award to Meihao in the amount of $84,080.20 in costs and $726,579.15 in attorneys’ fees. (She has also recommended that Meihao be awarded its reasonable costs and fees incurred in litigating the motion for fees and costs). Levitón timely filed its objections and the issues have been fully briefed by the parties. No hearing is necessary.

II.

The role of the district judge in these circumstances is clear and well-settled. See Rule 72(b)(3) (“The district judge must determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge’s disposition that has been properly objected to. The district judge may accept, reject, or modify the recommended disposition; receive further evidence; or return the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions.”); see Segal v. L.C. Hohne Contractors, Inc., 303 F.Supp.2d 790, 792-95 (S.D.W.Va.2004). After a searching, de novo review of Judge Gauvey’s Report and Recommendation, in light of Leviton’s objections, and the exhaustive briefing by the parties, the court is satisfied that Judge Gauvey committed no error of fact or law. To the contrary, her findings and conclusions reflect that she correctly identified controlling legal principles, she cogently identified and marshaled the undisputed facts bearing on the issues presented, and she faithfully applied those principles to those undisputed facts. I adopt her findings and conclusions as the opinion of this court.

III.

A.

Under 35 U.S.C. § 285 and Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d), attorneys’ fees and costs may be awarded to a prevailing party. Inland Steel Co. v. LTV Steel Co., 364 F.3d 1318, 1319-20 (Fed.Cir.2004). Here, Meihao is the prevailing party because Levitón voluntarily dismissed all of its claims with prejudice. See Power Mosfet Technologies, LLC v. Siemens AG, 378 F.3d 1396, 1415 (Fed.Cir.2004) (“The dismissal of a claim with prejudice ... is a judgment on the merits under the law of the Federal Circuit.”). As the prevailing party, Meihao is eligible for an award of attorneys’ fees upon proving the existence of an “exceptional case.” As relevant here, an exceptional case is one in which one party has (1) committed inequitable conduct before the PTO or (2) engaged in litigation misconduct (through vexatious litigation tactics) in the district court. See Epcon Gas Sys., Inc. v. Bauer Compressors, Inc., 279 F.3d 1022, 1034 (Fed.Cir.2002). Judge Gauvey properly focused on, and found that fees and costs were appropriately to be awarded, under each of these rubrics.

B.

Leviton’s objections to the Report and Recommendation comprise in the main a jumble of miscitations to legal standards; blatant ignoring of other, controlling standards; reliance on arguments that are waived (because they were not presented to the Magistrate Judge) or utterly irrelevant to the issues presented; and a veritable sea of red herrings. Most striking of all, it makes the curious assertion, which it repeatedly and vigorously advances, that “no evidence” supported the subsidiary factual findings arrived at by Judge Gauvey. None of these plaints, either singly or in the aggregate, provide a basis for rejecting the Report and Recommendation. As a concession to the shortness of life, the court here simply identifies (and rejects) the most plausible and earnestly urged challenges Levitón has mounted.

1.

Levitón objects that Judge Gauvey erred in ruling without a factual basis for her conclusions and that, in any event, in opposing the motion for fees and costs, it demonstrated the existence of genuine disputes of fact, thus precluding the resolution of the request for fees and costs absent a full-blown evidentiary hearing. Indeed, Levitón asserts that Judge Gauvey’s adjudication of the motion for fees and costs deprived it of due process. These contentions wholly lack merit.

It is well-established that, under Federal Circuit law, a court may decide a claim for attorneys’ fees under § 285 after a dismissal with prejudice. Highway Equip. Co., Inc. v. FECO, Ltd., 469 F.3d 1027, 1035 (Fed.Cir.2006); see also Tenax Corp. v. Tensar Corp., 22 U.S.P.Q.2d 1264, 1267 (D.Md.1991) (collecting cases). Judge Gauvey’s determination of inequitable conduct (one way of establishing an exceptional case under § 285) was procedurally and substantively proper. In particular, as is clear in her detailed, lengthy analysis of the issues, she relied on undisputed facts and sound interpretations of controlling legal principles. Digital Control, Inc. v. Charles Machine Works, 437 F.3d 1309, 1313 (Fed.Cir.2006) (courts may make a ruling on inequitable conduct as a matter of law). To the extent Levitón complains of the absence of an adversary evidentiary hearing, it suffices to observe that a litigant cannot be deprived of that which it never sought. Wilson v. Bd. of Trustees, 333 F.Supp.2d 392, 396 (D.Md.2004) (“It is difficult to see how one can be unconstitutionally deprived of that which one never desired or sought in the first instance.”).

2.

As previously stated, an exceptional case is one, inter alia, in which one party has committed (1) inequitable conduct before the PTO or (2) litigation misconduct (e.g., vexatious litigation tactics). See Epcon Gas Sys., Inc. v. Bauer Compressors, Inc., 279 F.3d 1022, 1034 (Fed.Cir.2002). The gravamen of Leviton’s objections is that inequitable conduct before the PTO has not been proven. Levitón is wrong.

Inequitable conduct results from an applicant’s failure to comply with his duty of candor in all dealings with the PTO. Cf. 37 C.F.R. § 1.56; Molina P.L.C. v. Textron, Inc., 48 F.3d 1172, 1178 (Fed.Cir.1995). Actions of a patent applicant’s attorney are chargeable to the applicant. See, e.g., id. An issued patent may be deemed unenforceable due to inequitable conduct where it is shown by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the patentee (or his agent/attorney) withheld or misrepresented material information and (2) did so with the intent to deceive the PTO examiner into granting the patent. See, e.g., Impax Labs., Inc. v. Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 468 F.3d 1366, 1374 (Fed.Cir.2006). Under one of several equally applicable tests, information is “material” if a reasonable examiner “would have considered such [information] important in deciding whether to allow” the application. Id. (citing Digital Control Inc., 437 F.3d at 1314; Agfa Corp. v. Creo Prods., Inc., 451 F.3d 1366, 1373 (Fed.Cir.2006)). Furthermore, an intent to deceive may be “inferred from the facts and circumstances surrounding the applicant’s overall conduct” and need not be proven, indeed, can rarely be proven, by direct evidence. Impax, 468 F.3d at 1374-75. Once materiality and intent have been established, courts must conduct a balancing test in order to determine whether to adopt the mixed factual/legal conclusion that inequitable conduct has been established by the requisite evidentiary standard. Purdue Pharma L.P. v. Endo Pharms. Inc., 438 F.3d 1123, 1128-29 (Fed.Cir.2006).

In addition, “[l]itigation misconduct and unprofessional behavior are relevant to the award of attorney fees, and may suffice to make a case exceptional under § 285.” Sensonics, Inc. v. Aerosonic Corp., 81 F.3d 1566, 1574 (Fed.Cir.1996); see also Rambus Inc. v. Infineon Tech. AG, 318 F.3d 1081, 1106 (Fed.Cir.2003); Epcon Gas Sys., Inc. v. Bauer Compressors, Inc., 279 F.3d 1022, 1034 (Fed.Cir.2002). Judge Gauvey correctly concluded that Levitón was guilty of inequitable conduct and, as well, that it had engaged in litigation misconduct in its prosecution of this case. (She acknowledged that an award on the latter ground alone would justify only a smaller award, but that it was unnecessary to conduct such an analysis in light of the determination reached on the former ground.)

3.

In challenging the determination that it was guilty of inequitable conduct, Levitón argues that the Germain application (another Levitón patent application claiming GFCI technology prepared and prosecuted by its longtime counsel, which it hid from the PTO examiner) was not material to the patentability of the '766 Patent. Levitón points to the fact that the effective filing date of the '766 is August 20, 1999, which predates the filing of the Germain application (February 3, 2003). Moreover, the Germain application and the '766 have different inventors. Therefore, according to Levitón, the Germain application “could not possibly qualify as material ‘prior art’ to the '766 Patent.” Leviton’s Objections at 23.

These arguments are largely inapposite and, in any event, as the Magistrate Judge concluded, unavailing. Levitón was required to inform the PTO of the existence of the Germain application under any reasonable understanding of the overarching “duty of candor” and specifically under 37 C.F.R. § 1.604(b), which provides, “[w]hen an applicant presents a claim known to the applicant to define the same patentable invention claimed in a pending application of another, the applicant shall identify that pending application, unless the claim is presented in response to a suggestion by the examiner.” As a matter of law, Levitón should have disclosed the Germain application to the examiner. It is undisputed that the '766 Patent and the Germain application have many claims that are either identical (word-for-word) or very nearly so. As a matter of law, the claims in the '766 Patent and the Germain application therefore claim the same subject matter. Manifestly, as Judge Gauvey found and concluded by clear and convincing evidence, the claims in the '766 Patent were copied from the Germain application.

Any reasonable examiner would have found the Germain application “important in deciding whether to allow” the '766 Patent. Impax, 468 F.3d at 1374. Aside from identical claim language, it is also undisputed that the '766 and the Germain application were both filed by Levitón and were drafted and prosecuted by the same attorney, Claude Narcisse, Esq.; however, they list different inventors. These facts led Judge Gauvey to find and conclude— rightly so — that a reasonable examiner would have thought the Germain application important in allowing the '766. As a matter of law, the Germain application would have raised in the mind of any reasonable examiner questions about (1) the '766’s inventorship, (2) whether the '766’s specification supports its claims, and (3) the possibility of double patenting. In short, the existence of the Germain application was material as a matter of law.

Levitón devotes many pages in its submission to its arguments that there is “no evidence” that: (1) the inventors of the Germain application are the inventors of the '766; (2) the specification of the '766 does not support the claims; or (3) an examiner would have issued a double patenting rejection in light of the Germain application. However, Judge Gauvey did not need to make rulings on these specific issues. For example, Judge Gauvey was not required to determine whether the specifications of either the Germain application or the '766 Patent support their respective claims. See 35 U.S.C. § 112. This determination was wholly unnecessary. Judge Gauvey found and concluded that the Germain application was material to the '766 Patent because the Germain application and the '766 patent contain the same claims and are written by the same patent prosecutor but have different specifications. In light of the Germain application, a reasonable examiner would have, at the very least, questioned whether the specification of the '766 properly supports the claims.

Notably, both the Germain application and the '766 Patent use the term “movable bridge.” This term appears no fewer than 46 times in the Germain application, including its specification. This term appears in the claims of the '766 Patent but is nowhere to be found in the '766’s specification. Judge Gauvey did not find that the absence of the term “movable bridge” in the specification of the '766 necessarily meant that the claim was unsupported, i.e., ran afoul of § 112 ¶ 1. Nor did she need to do so. What Judge Gauvey properly found and concluded was that the disclosure of the Germain application would have led a reasonable examiner to question the '766’s compliance with § 112. Thus, the Germain application is information that a reasonable examiner would have considered important in deciding whether to allow the '766 Patent. See Impax, 468 F.3d at 1374.

The same analysis applies to inventor-ship and double patenting. Judge Gauvey did not err in finding that the Germain application was indeed material (and therefore should have been disclosed to the PTO) because it puts inventorship, § 112, and double patenting into question. Contrary to Leviton’s view, Judge Gauvey did not have to rule on the ultimate issues of proper inventorship, validity under § 112, or double patenting in order to find the Germain application material. See, e.g., PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc. v. Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., 225 F.3d 1315, 1322 (Fed.Cir.2000) (“[W]hether the inventorship of the patents as issued is correct does not determine the materiality of the statements in this case.”).

Levitón also strenuously argues that only prior art is material to an inequitable conduct analysis. This argument directly contravenes Federal Circuit law. See, e.g., Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc., 326 F.3d 1226, 1234 (Fed.Cir.2003) (“Materiality is not limited to prior art but embraces any information that a reasonable examiner would be substantially likely to consider important in deciding whether to allow an application to issue as a patent.”) (citing GFI Inc. v. Franklin Corp., 265 F.3d 1268, 1274 (Fed.Cir.2001)); accord Dayco Products, Inc. v. Total Containment Inc., 329 F.3d 1358, 1363 (Fed.Cir.2003) (citing Akron Polymer Container Corp. v. Exxel Container, Inc., 148 F.3d 1380, 1382 (Fed.Cir.1998) (“Information did not need to be prior art in order to be material, but ‘instead embrace[d] any information that a reasonable examiner would substantially likely consider important in deciding whether to allow an application to issue as a patent.’ ”)). Leviton’s desire to have the court blink at these authorities, is scant reason for the court to do so.

Plainly, the Germain application is material even though it was filed subsequent to the effective filing date of the '766 Patent. Patent examiners are required to “search all applications based on the actual U.S. filing date of the application rather than on the filing date of any parent U.S. application for which benefit is claimed. Examiners should cite of interest all material prior art having an effective filing date after the filing date of the U.S. parent application but before the actual filing date of the application being examined.” Manual of Patent Examination Procedure § 700.05, Examiner Note (emphasis added). The '766 application’s effective filing date is August 20, 1999 because it claims priority to its parent application’s filing date. The '766 application was actually filed on April 19, 2004, after the Germain application was filed. The Germain application was material prior art because its effective filing date is after the filing date of the '766’s parent application but before the '766’s actual filing date.

Judge Gauvey also properly found and concluded that the Germain application was withheld with the intent to deceive the PTO. Intent to deceive must be “viewed in light of all the evidence.... Intent need not, and can rarely be, proven by direct evidence. Rather, intent to deceive is generally inferred from the facts and circumstances surrounding the applicant’s overall conduct.” Impax, 468 F.3d at 1374-75. Levitón points to the lack of direct evidence of its intent to deceive, see Leviton’s Objections at 37-41 (“Meihao never submitted evidence that attorney Narcisse made any affirmative [misjrepresentation to the PTO.”) But direct evidence, as the Federal Circuit has noted, is rarely available and is unnecessary to sustain a finding by clear and convincing evidence of an intent to deceive. Cargill, Inc. v. Canbra Foods, Ltd., 476 F.3d 1359, 1364 (Fed.Cir.2007) (“[B]ecause direct evidence of deceptive intent is rarely available, such intent can be inferred from indirect and circumstantial evidence”). “An inference of intent to deceive is generally appropriate ... when (1) highly material information is withheld; (2) the applicant knew of the information [and] ... knew or should have known of the materiality of the information; and (3) the applicant has not provided a credible explanation for the withholding.” Praxair, Inc. v. ATMI, Inc., 543 F.3d 1306, 1313-14 (Fed.Cir.2008) (internal citations omitted).

Here, Narcisse withheld highly material information in the form of the Germain application. He knew of the materiality of this information. In fact, he drafted the '766 Patent and the Germain application within a relatively short time period of one another. And, he has not offered any credible explanation as to why the information was withheld. Narcisse’s bare denials of his subjective belief that disclosure was not required contradict his own testimony that he not only was familiar with MPEP requirements and PTO regulations, but that he was also aware of 37 C.F.R. § 10.23, which prohibits copying of claims, and 37 C.F.R. § 1.604(b), which requires disclosure of material information. Having conducted a plenary de novo review of the evidence of record, the court has no hesitation in finding and concluding, as did Judge Gauvey, by clear and convincing evidence, that Levitón acted with the specific intent to deceive the PTO in prosecuting the '766 Patent.

Judge Gauvey did not err in finding inequitable conduct, where the materiality of the undisclosed prior art is extremely high and the circumstantial and indirect evidence of intent to deceive is strong. See Purdue Pharma, 438 F.3d at 1128-29 (“This requires a careful balancing: when the misrepresentation or withheld information is highly material, a lesser quantum of proof is needed to establish the requisite intent. In contrast, the less material the information, the greater the proof must be.”).

4.

Levitón complains that there is no evidence that the accused Meihao GFCIs do not infringe the '766 Patent. This statement is true; however, it has no relevance to the issue at hand. It is a non sequitur. Levitón moved to dismiss its infringement claims with prejudice, thereby making Meihao the prevailing party and therefore entitled to attorneys’ fees if this was an exceptional case. This is an exceptional case. Leviton’s strategic decision to abandon the litigation in order to avoid adjudication of the inequitable conduct defense fall short for the reasons identified herein and in the Report and Recommendation.

5.

Levitón argues that there is no evidence that the '766 Patent is invalid over prior art. But the absence of a finding of invalidity has no bearing on whether a piece of prior art, such as the Germain application, should have been disclosed to the patent examiner. The Federal Circuit is clear that “materiality of prior art is distinct from validity issues.” Agfa Corp., 451 F.3d at 1373. A finding of validity may not shield a patentee from unenforceability due to inequitable conduct. Gardco Mfg., Inc. v. Herst Lighting Co., 820 F.2d 1209, 1213 (Fed.Cir.1987) (“a patent may be valid and yet be rendered unenforceable for misuse or inequitable conduct”).

6.

Levitón objects to Judge Gauvey’s characterization of its suit as “frivolous.” Leviton’s Objections at 42. Levitón argues that the suit cannot be deemed “frivolous” because there has not been any finding of non-infringement or invalidity. Leviton’s Objections at 42. Levitón also maintains that it did not engage in vexatious litigation tactics. Leviton’s Objections at 43. Although I do not agree with Judge Gauvey’s conclusion that Levitón should never have asserted the '766 Patent in the first place, I embrace entirely her conclusion that Levitón committed egregious misconduct during litigation. Because she managed discovery in this case, Judge Gauvey was intimately familiar with all of Levi-ton’s (1) refusals to cooperate with discovery requests; (2) filing of baseless motions and objections; and (3) failure to respond to properly issued subpoenas. The following facts found by Judge Gauvey exemplify Leviton’s vexatious litigation tactics:

Leviton’s patent prosecutor, who at the time served as trial counsel, failed to appear at depositions, without proper excuse.
When Leviton’s patent prosecutors finally appeared for depositions, Levitón peppered Meihao with numerous objections based on work product immunity and attorney-client privilege, all of which Judge Gauvey found to be strategic, unsupported, baseless, and designed to hinder discovery.
When Meihao moved to compel, Levitón still failed to provide any good faith defense for its objections.
Before receiving an imminent unfavorable ruling on Meihao’s motion to compel, Levitón dismissed the case with prejudice.
Levitón made the same baseless objections to requests for documents.
Judge Gauvey found Leviton’s filings and objections to be “measured to maximize delay and costs and to thwart discovery on the key inequitable conduct defense.”

I fully adopt Judge Gauvey’s findings of fact and conclusions of law in respect to litigation misconduct. The inference is inescapable that the misguided efforts by Leviton’s counsel to resist discovery on inequitable conduct arose in significant part because it was members of that firm that had engaged in such conduct. Under the circumstances, this case played out quite predictably. Cf. ABS MB Inv. Ltd. Partnership v. Ivax Corp., 1996 WL 173131 (D.Md. April 10, 1996) (“[TJhere is good reason why many law firms whose transactional advice forms the basis for both damage claims asserted against the client-recipient of that advice, and of defenses to those claims, do not undertake the litigation of such cases on behalf of such clients.”).

IV.

For the reasons set forth herein and in the following Memorandum Opinion issued by Magistrate Judge Susan K. Gauvey, which the court adopts as its own, the motion for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs is GRANTED. (The court will soon review the briefing on the request for fees and costs incurred in connection with the motion for fees and costs).

Movant shall promptly submit a judgment order embodying the rulings set forth herein.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

SUSAN K. GAUVEY, United States Magistrate Judge.

This case is currently before the Court on Shanghai Meihao Electric, Inc.’s (“Meihao”) motion to recover costs and attorneys’ fees. (Paper No. 145.) By Order dated May 24, 2007, Judge Andre M. Davis referred to the undersigned the determination of discovery disputes. (Paper No. 111.) On December 17, 2007, Judge Davis issued an order granting Leviton’s motion to dismiss the entire case with prejudice, but granted leave to Meihao to file this application for attorneys’ fees. (Paper No. 137.) By Order dated February 25, 2008, Judge Andre M. Davis referred to the undersigned the resolution of the motion for attorneys’ fees. (Paper No. 157.) Since the motion for attorneys’ fees is a case dispositive motion, See Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b) and 54(d)(2)(D) and Local Rule 301(5)(b), this memorandum opinion is in effect a “report and recommendation” to the referring district judge, with proposed findings of fact. A hearing was held on September 3, 2008.

For the reasons set forth below, the Court recommends that Meihao’s motion be granted, having found exceptional circumstances under 35 U.S.C. § 285, having further found an award of fees and costs necessary to avoid a gross injustice and finally having found that Meihao is entitled to costs in the amount of $84,080.02 and fees in the amount of $726,579.15.

Background

The '766 Patent

Shanghai Meihao Electric, Inc. (“Meihao”) manufactures electrical devices, including ground-fault circuit interrupters (“GFCIs”) equipped with reverse wiring protection (“RW-GFCIs”) — the products at issue in this litigation. Meihao sells these devices throughout the United States, including to Universal Security Instruments, Inc., and USI Electric, Inc. (collectively “USI”).

Levitón Manufacturing Co., Inc. is a corporation and owner of multiple patents issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”), including the subject of this litigation, U.S. Patent No. 6,864,766 (“'766 patent”), which involves GFCI technology. The '766 patent is the sixth in a series of related Levitón patent applications covering similar inventions developed by the same two inventors over an extended period of time. All of these patents were prosecuted by Leviton’s patent counsel, Greenberg Traurig. Barry Magi-doff, Claude Narcisse and Paul Sutton were the Greenberg Traurig attorneys involved with the patents at issue in this litigation. The first patent in this series was filed on August 24, 1998 and issued as U.S. Patent No. 6,040,967. The second, filed as a continuation-in-part application to '967, was filed on August 6, 1999 and issued as U.S. Patent No. 6,282,070. The third, filed as a continuation-in-part to both '967 and '070, was filed on September 20, 1999 and issued as U.S. Patent No. 6,246,558. Magidoff worked on this third application, but Narcisse did not, as he was not yet employed by Greenberg Traurig.

On April 19, 2004, Levitón filed the continuation application that issued as the '766 patent. This patent claims priority from the '558 and '953 patents. It has the exact same written description as the '558 patent and lists the same two inventors, DiSalvo and Ziegler, but includes new claims not in either the '558 or '953 patents. These claims were drafted by Narcisse. Also in April 2004, Leviton’s counsel filed a Petition to Make Special, along with a supporting declaration by Magidoff, requesting expedited prosecution of the '766 application in light of infringing activity. The '766 patent issued on March 8, 2005.

The Current Litigation

On March 31, 2005, Levitón filed suit against USI for infringement of the '766 patent, alleging that USI made, used, offered for sale or sold, and/or induced the sale of GFCI products manufactured by Meihao that embodied the invention protected by the '766 patent. (Case No. 05-889). On May 5, 2005, Meihao filed a declaratory judgement action, seeking a judgment that the '766 patent is not infringed by Meihao’s products, is invalid, and is unenforceable due to Leviton’s inequitable conduct (Case No. 05-1243).

Specifically, Meihao alleges that Levi-ton’s counsel committed inequitable conduct by withholding material information — the already pending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/690, 776 (“Germain application”) — from the PTO during the prosecution of the '766 patent. (Paper No. 145, 3.) The Germain application was filed on October 22, 2003 and claims priority to February 3, 2003. It was filed and prosecuted by Greenberg Traurig attorneys Paul J. Sutton, Barry Magidoff, and Claude Narcisse. Its claims, like those in '766, were drafted by Narcisse. It lists Frantz Germain and five others as co-inventors. It is undisputed that the '766 patent and the Germain application have no common inventors. It is also undisputed that the '766 patent and the Germain application have many claims that are identical or very nearly so. Related to this fact, is Meihao’s allegation that Narcisse copied Germain claims into the '766 application, without so informing the PTO in direct contravention of PTO regulation. 37 C.F.R. § 10.23(c)(7)(‘Tt is misconduct for a patentee to “[kjnowingly withhold[] from the [PTO] information identifying a patent or patent application of another from which one or more claims have been copied.””). USI and Meihao also allege that Leviton’s counsel withheld from the PTO information about related litigation involving the '766 patent. (Paper No. 149, 11-12.)

Governing Law

A patentee commits inequitable conduct anytime he breaches his duty to the PTO of “candor, good faith, and honesty.” Eli Lilly and Company v. Zenith Goldline Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 471 F.3d 1369, 1381 (Fed.Cir.2006). Breaches of this duty include “affirmative misrepresentations of material facts, non-disclosure of material information, or submission of false material information, coupled with an intent to deceive.” Id. Because inequitable conduct may render a patent unenforceable, the defense serves as a shield to liability against infringement claims. See Nobelpharma AB v. Implant Innovations, Inc., 141 F.3d 1059, 1070 (Fed.Cir.1998); Korody-Colyer Corp. v. General Motors Corp., 828 F.2d 1572, 1578 (Fed.Cir.1987).

After dismissal of the litigation, Meihao filed this motion to recover attorneys’ fees and costs as provided by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1) and 35 U.S.C. § 285. Section 285 of the Patent Act provides: “The court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party.” 35 U.S.C. § 285. Levitón does not dispute Meihao’s “prevailing party” status, which is clear under Power Mosfet Technologies, LLC v. Siemens AG, 378 F.3d 1396, 1416 (Fed.Cir.2004). Moreover, neither the early stage of the litigation nor the dismissal with prejudice prevents an award of fees. See Highway Equip. Co., Inc. v. FECO, Ltd., 469 F.3d 1027, 1035 (Fed.Cir.2006) (concluding that as a matter of patent law, a court may decide a claim for attorneys’ fees under § 285 after a dismissal with prejudice); see also Tenax Corp. v. Tensar Corp., 22 U.S.P.Q.2d 1264, 1267 (D.Md.1991) (collecting cases in which courts recognized a right to recovery of attorney’s fees under § 285 where patent claims were dismissed with prejudice prior to trial). Furthermore, this Court need not reopen diseovery nor conduct a bench trial in order to rule on the motion; if there are no genuine disputes as to material fact, this Court may rule on the issue of attorneys’ fees as a matter of law. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (finding that judgment as a matter of law is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact); Digital Control, Inc. v. Charles Machine Works, 437 F.3d 1309, 1313 (Fed.Cir.2006) (finding that courts may make a ruling on inequitable conduct as a matter of law).

The determination to award fees is strictly in the discretion of the district court. The determination has two steps: first, the court determines whether there is clear and convincing evidence that the case is exceptional; and second, the court determines in its discretion whether to award fees to the prevailing party, in an exceptional case. Digeo, Inc. v. Audible, Inc., 505 F.3d 1362, 1366-67 (Fed.Cir.2007); see also Century Wrecker Corp. v. E.R. Buske Manufacturing Co., 913 F.Supp. 1256, 1292 (N.D.Iowa 1996).

The prevailing party seeking the fee award bears the burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence that the case is exceptional. It may do so by demonstrating one of two types of misconduct: first, misconduct of a party during the litigation, such as vexatious discovery tactics, continued pursuit of unjustified litigation, or conduct that violates Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11; or second, misconduct giving rise to the litigation, such as inequitable conduct. See Brooks Furniture Mfg., Inc. v. Dutailier Intern., Inc., 393 F.3d 1378, 1381 (Fed.Cir.2005); Reactive Metals & Alloys Corp. v. ESM Inc., 769 F.2d 1578, 1582 (Fed.Cir.1985); Mach. Corp. of America v. Gullfiber AB, 774 F.2d 467, 470-72 (Fed.Cir.1985); Tenax, 22 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1266-68. Such a demonstration may not rely on unproven factual allegations and assertions, but must present evidence of misconduct to show that the case is exceptional. See Stephens v. Tech International, Inc., 393 F.3d 1269, 1276 (Fed.Cir.2004) (“[A]n exceptional case finding is not to be based on speculation or conjecture but upon clear and convincing evidence.”). Moreover, “it is incumbent on the trial court not only to make the ultimate finding that the case is exceptional, but also to articulate the more particular factual findings from which the finding of ‘exceptional circumstances’ follows.” Reactive Metals, 769 F.2d at 1582.

The standards governing fee awards under § 285 apply equally to patentees and infringers who engage in misconduct. See Eltech Systems Corp. v. PPG Industries, Inc., 903 F.2d 805, 811 (Fed.Cir.1990)(“The balance is not tipped in favor of either side when each is required to prove the other guilty of bad faith litigation by clear and convincing evidence in light of the totality of the circumstances.”). An award of attorneys’ fees against a plaintiff (in favor of an alleged infringer) is appropriate when the plaintiff brings the suit without a good faith belief that his patent has been infringed. Insituform of North America, Inc. v. Midwest Pipeliners, Inc., 26 U.S.P.Q.2d 1125, 1126-27 (S.D.Ohio 1992). In such situations, bad faith can be inferred from the facts and circumstances. See Digeo, 505 F.3d at 1367 (“[I]f there is clear and convincing evidence that a plaintiff has brought a baseless or frivolous suit against an accused infringer, that is a sufficient basis to require a district court to deem the case exceptional under § 285.”); Eltech, 903 F.2d at 810 (“Where, as here, the patentee is manifestly unreasonable in assessing infringement, while continuing to assert infringement in court, an inference is proper of bad faith, whether grounded in or denominated wrongful intent, recklessness, or gross negligence.”).

A finding that the plaintiff engaged in inequitable conduct in procuring the patent can be sufficient to make a case exceptional. See Epcon Gas Sys., Inc. v. Bauer Compressors, Inc., 279 F.3d 1022, 1034 (Fed.Cir.2002); Beckman Instrum., Inc. v. LKB Produkter AB, 892 F.2d 1547, 1551 (Fed.Cir.1989); Stevenson v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 713 F.2d 705, 713 (Fed.Cir.1983); Century Wrecker, 913 F.Supp. at 1292; Tenax, 22 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1268-69. There is a presumption, however, that patents issued by the PTO are valid and assertions of infringement are made in good faith. Springs Window Fashions LP v. Novo Ind., 323 F.3d 989, 999 (Fed.Cir.2003).

As stated previously, a determination that the case is exceptional does not mandate an award of fees. Both the Federal Circuit and Congress have made clear that such awards under § 285 are appropriate only where necessary to prevent a gross injustice. See J.P. Stevens Co., Inc. v. Lex Tex Ltd., Inc., 822 F.2d 1047, 1052 (Fed.Cir.1987) (citing S.Rep. No. 1503, 79th Cong.2d Sess. (1946), reprinted in 1946 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1386, 1387); Forest Labs. v. Abbott Labs., Inc. 339 F.3d 1324, 1329 (Fed.Cir.2003); Insituform, 26 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1126. In determining whether to award attorneys’ fees in an exceptional case, the Federal Circuit advises trial judges “[who] are in the best positions] to weigh considerations, such as the closeness of the case, tactics of counsel, the conduct of the parties and any other factors that may contribute to a fairer allocation of the burdens of litigation as between winner and loser.” J.P. Stevens, 822 F.2d at 1051.

Discussion

This Court must first decide whether Meihao has demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence that this case is exceptional. If exceptional, the Court then will determine whether to grant Meihao an award of attorney fees and costs, and if so, the amount.

Meihao asserts that it can demonstrate exceptionality on three bases: first, Leviton’s inequitable conduct in procuring the '766 patent; second, Leviton’s pursuit of frivolous infringement claims for months; and third, Leviton’s vexatious litigation conduct, including its protracted and unreasonable efforts to resist inequitable conduct discovery. (Paper No. 147, 1.) All bases are recognized as supporting a finding of exceptionality. See Tenax, at 1266-68; Reactive Metals, 769 F.2d at 1582; Machinery Corp. of America v. Gullfiber AB, 774 F.2d 467, 470-72 (Fed.Cir.1985). Meihao seeks attorney fees and costs under § 285 on each of these bases.

Inequitable Conduct: Failure of the Duty of Candor and Disclosure

This Court must make a determination regarding Meihao’s allegations of inequitable conduct prior to determining whether the case is exceptional. See Enzo Biochem, Inc. v. Calgene, Inc., 188 F.3d 1362, 1380 (Fed.Cir.1999). As the docket reflects, this case was dismissed during the early stages of the litigation. However, neither the early stage of the litigation nor the dismissal with prejudice prevents an award of fees. See Highway Equip. Co., Inc. v. FECO, Ltd., 469 F.3d 1027, 1035 (Fed.Cir.2006); Tenax, 22 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1267. Furthermore, no trial or evidentiary hearing is needed if the Court can make factual findings on the evidence in the record. Of course, if there are genuine disputes as to material facts, which prevent the judge as factfinder from determining the facts without the taking of further evidence or assessing the credibility of the witnesses, the motion should be denied. See Digital Control, 437 F.3d at 1313. However, “[a] genuine issue of material fact is not raised by the submission of ‘merely conclusory statements or completely insupportable, specious, or conflicting explanations or excuses.’ ” Id. (quoting Monsanto Co. v. Bayer BioScience N.V., 363 F.3d 1235, 1240 (Fed.Cir.2004) (quoting Paragon Podiatry Lab., Inc. v. KLM Labs., Inc., 984 F.2d 1182, 1191-92 (Fed.Cir.1993))). Similarly, affidavits containing “bare declaration[s] of lack of intent to mislead,” supplemented by nonresponsive or unsupported explanations are insufficient. Paragon Podiatry, 984 F.2d at 1191. “The affiant must at least state facts supporting a plausible justification or excuse ...” Id.

As stated above, a finding that the plaintiff engaged in inequitable conduct in procuring the patent is sufficient to make a case exceptional for the purposes of § 285. See Stevenson v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 713 F.2d 705, 713 (Fed.Cir.1983); Tenax Corp., 22 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1268-69. Meihao alleges that Leviton’s counsel committed inequitable conduct before the PTO in two ways:

(1) by withholding material information-the already pending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/690, 776 (“Germain application”)-from the PTO during the prosecution of the '766 patent, (Paper No. 145, 3); and
(2) withholding information about related litigation involving the '766 patent.

(Paper No. 149, 11-12).

Related to the first basis is Meihao’s assertion that Levitón also failed to advise the PTO that it had copied claims from the Germain application into the '766 application. To prevail on its first claim of inequitable conduct, Meihao must provide clear and convincing evidence (1) that the Ger-main application was material to patentability of the '766 patent, (2) that Levitón failed to disclose evidence of the Germain application during the prosecution of the '766 patent, and (3) that it did so with an intent to deceive the PTO. To prevail on the second claim of inequitable conduct, Meihao similarly must provide clear and convincing evidence (1) that information about related litigation was material to the patentability of -the '766 patent, (2) that Levitón failed to disclose this evidence during the prosecution of the '766 patent, and (3) that it did so with an intent to deceive the PTO. Levitón does not assert that it disclosed either the Germain application or the related litigation in the prosecution of the '766 patent. Moreover, while Narcisse denies he “copied” the claims as a matter of law, he does not deny the similarity — indeed the identical or substantially identical language of many of the claims in both the Germain and '766 applications. More to the point, he does not claim to have advised the PTO of his “copying.” Accordingly, this Court does not have to resolve any disputes as to fact as to what was disclosed, but only whether what was not disclosed was “material” and withheld with an intent to deceive the PTO. Similarly, this Court does not have to resolve any dispute as to whether Narcisse informed the PTO of the “copying” of claims. He admits he did not. In answer to Meihao’s charge of inequitable conduct, Levitón asserts only that it was under no obligation to disclose either the Germain application or the related litigation in the prosecution of the '766 patent, as neither was material to the patentability of '766. (See Paper No. 147, 3, 5-10, 22-23.)

In making its determination, the Court must first make a determination as to whether Leviton’s admitted nondisclosure of the Germain application (and related “copying”) and related litigation rises to threshold levels of both materiality and intent. See Eli Lilly, 471 F.3d at 1381; Li Second Family L.P. v. Toshiba Corp., 231 F.3d 1373, 1378 (Fed.Cir.2000). If the facts indicate that the nondisclosure — the misconduct — meets these threshold levels, the Court then moves to the second stage of the inquiry, the balancing test, which requires that the Court weigh materiality and intent and make an equitable determination regarding inequitable conduct. Li, 231 F.3d at 1378; see also Digital, 437 F.3d at 1315-16. The more material the non-disclosure, the less intent will be required to make such a determination, and vice versa. Li, 231 F.3d at 1378; see also Digital, 437 F.3d at 1315.

Before discussing the materiality of the failure to disclose the Germain application (and related failure to report copying of Germain claims) and the related litigation, the Court shall review the broad and specific provisions of the PTO law relevant to these questions. These provide the framework for evaluating Leviton’s conduct in light of PTO expectations.

Governing PTO Regulations and Manual Provisions

All persons associated with the prosecution of a patent application are bound by a duty of disclosure, candor, and good faith in dealing with the PTO. See 37 C.F.R. § 1.56 (2000)(“Each individual associated with the filing and prosecution of a patent application has a duty of candor and good faith in dealing with the Office, which includes a duty to disclose to the Office all information known to that individual to be material to patentability as defined in this section.”). This duty is obviously imposed to facilitate the PTO doing its job. See Id. (“The public interest is best served, and the most effective patent examination occurs when, at the time an application is being examined, the Office is aware of and evaluates the teachings of all information material to patentability.”). Additionally, Title 37, § 1.604(b) of the C.F.R. states that “[w]hen an applicant presents a claim known to the applicant to define the same patentable invention claimed in a pending application of another, the applicant shall identify that pending application, unless the claim is presented in response to a suggestion by the examiner.”. Finally, Title 37, § 10.23(c)(7) of the C.F.R. states that it is misconduct to “[k]nowingly withhold[ ] from the [PTO] information identifying a patent or patent application of another from which one or more claims have been copied.” An individual who does so may be subject to reprimand, suspension, or exclusion (either generally or in a specific case). See 37 C.F.R. § 10.130(a)(2000).

Chapter 2000 of the Manual of Patent Examining and Procedure (“MPEP”) interprets and explains “the duties owed toward the [PTO] by the inventor and every other individual who is substantively involved in the preparation or prosecution of the application.” MPEP § 2000.01. The duty of disclosure, candor, and good faith includes “a duty to disclose to the Office all information known to that individual to be material to patentability.” MPEP § 2001. The duty of disclosure requires that applicants disclose all information material to patentability, including:

—information on inventorship, see MPEP § 2001.04 (“pri- or invention by another inventorship conflicts”)
—known information regarding other significant copending United States applications, see MPEP § 2001.06(b) (“information within their knowledge as to other co-pending United States applications which are “material to patent-ability” of the application in question”), and
—information regarding litigation on the subject matter for which a patent is being sought, see MPEP § 2001.06(c). (“Where the subject matter for which a patent is being sought is or has been involved in litigation, the existence of such litigation and any other material arising therefrom must be brought to the attention of the [PTO] ... such [as] ... questions of inventorship ... “inequitable conduct,” and “violation of duty of disclosure”)

The Manual also admonishes patent attorneys:

not rely on the examiner of a particular application to be aware of other applications belonging to the same applicant or assignee. It is desirable to call such applications to the attention of the examiner even if there is only a question that they might be ‘material to patentability’ of the application the examiner is considering.

See MPEP § 2004 ¶ 9. (emphasis added). Moreover, the Manual counsels attorneys to disclose information if the question of materiality is close. See MPEP § 2004 ¶ 10. (“When in doubt, it is desirable and safest to submit information. Even though the attorney, agent, or applicant doesn’t consider it necessarily material, someone else may see it differently and embarrassing questions can be avoided.”). Thus, the PTO discourages patent attorneys from arrogating to themselves decisions on materiality.

Accordingly, patent regulations and manual provisions set out a comprehensive description of the duty to disclose. It is Meihao’s position that Levitón did not fulfill its duty to disclose and in so failing deprived the patent examiner of information material to the issue of patentability of the '766 application.

Leviton’s Fulfillment of its Duty to Disclose

A review of the record demonstrates that there is no dispute as to material fact as to what Levitón disclosed to the PTO in its prosecution of the '766 patent. Levitón neither disclosed the Germain application nor any of the litigation involving the parent patents to '766, not his “copying” of claim language. There is, however, a dispute as to what Levitón was required to disclose as a matter of law and whether the information Levitón failed to disclose was “material,” satisfying the first prong of the inequitable conduct doctrine. For the reasons set forth below, the Court has concluded that Levitón failed to make disclosure of information mandated by patent law, regulation, manual provisions and case law and that the undisclosed information was information that a reasonable patent examiner would have found important to the patentability of the '766 application. Accordingly, this Court finds that Meihao has satisfied the first prong of the inequitable conduct doctrine.

Failure to Disclose the Germain Application Materiality

Meihao argues that Leviton’s failure to disclose the Germain application was “material” stating in essence that a reasonable patent examiner would have considered the information important in deciding whether to allow the application to issue as a patent.

There are several tests which have been used to evaluate materiality. See Digital, 437 F.3d at 1315-16 (noting the objective “but for” test, the subjective “but for” test, the “but it may have” test, the “reasonable examiner” test, and the new Rule 56 test). However, because a party seeking to prove inequitable conduct must establish only a threshold level of materiality in order to proceed to the balancing stage of the inquiry, the Federal Circuit has adopted the reasonable examiner test, arguably the broadest of the tests as applicable. Under the reasonable examiner standard, omissions or misstatements are considered material if “a reasonable examiner would have considered such [information] important in deciding whether to allow the ... application.” Id. at 1314 (quoting Dayco Products Inc. v. Total Containment, Inc., 329 F.3d 1358, 1363 (Fed.Cir.2003)).

The other tests remain; some, of course, seen as establishing a narrower — or higher — standard of materiality. See Digital, 437 F.3d at 1314 (“[I]n 1992, the PTO amended Rule 56, creating an arguably narrower standard of materiality.”) However, the “reasonable examiner” standard remains the “gateway” standard, testing whether withheld information meets the threshold level of materiality required for a finding of inequitable conduct. Despite this clear holding of Digital, and other precedent that materiality does not rest on whether or not the withheld information would invalidate the patent, see Li, 231 F.3d at 1383, Levitón relies solely on the “but for” test in arguing that the information it failed to disclose was not material. (See Paper No. 147, 20-23.) The PTO explicitly and firmly rejected application of such a “but for” test, as have the courts, as indicated above.

The suggested ‘but for’ standard would not cause the Office to obtain the information it needs to evaluate patentability so that its decisions may be presumed correct by the courts. If the Office does not have needed information, meaningful examination of patent applications will take place for the first time in an infringement case before a district court. Courts will become increasingly less confident of the Office’s product if they get the impression that practitioners and inventors can routinely withhold information from the Office, or that practitioners and inventors can make up their own minds about what is patentable.

See Duty of Disclosure, 57 Fed.Reg. 2021, 2024 (Jan. 17, 1992). The “but for” test is plainly a result-oriented standard, with the patent attorney pre-determining the conclusion of the PTO.

In its argument for that standard, Levitón is essentially saying “no harm, no foul”, that is, a patent examiner even with information regarding Germain application (and related litigation) would have granted the '766 patent. As stated above, this is clearly not the preferred standard under PTO guidance and case law. This Court therefore rejects Leviton’s position that the “but for” test controls and that under that test the information withheld was not “material,” in favor of the reasonable examiner standard.

Copying of Claim Language

Before discussing how the Germain application might be material to the various determinations that a patent examiner necessarily must make, the Court has concluded that information on “copying” of claims is essentially material per se under the PTO regulations. Title 37, § 10.23(c)(7) declares that it is misconduct to “[k]nowingly withhold[ ] from the PTO information identifying a patent or patent application of another from which one or more claims have been copied.” It is an absolute, unqualified duty, not dependent on applicant judgment of materiality or relevancy or anything else. If an applicant copies language from claims from one application to another, the PTO wants to know, under pain of disciplinary action. Levitón offers no legal argument, excusing Narcisse from the duty under 37 C.F.R. § 10.23(c)(7), but merely tries to change the subject in its opposition. In its attempt to address what it characterized as “Meihao’s Improperly Copied Claims Theory,” Levitón said there was “nothing presumptively wrong with having the same or similar claims in two different patent applications owned by the same company,” that the patent examiners did not reject the '766 and Germain applications under Section 112, first paragraph and that there is “no credible evidence that any Greenberg Traurig attorney intended to deceive the PTO.” (Paper No. 147, 20-21.) While Leviton’s patent counsel, Narcisse refused to admit to “copying” claims, no other inference can be drawn from his deposition testimony than that he lifted the claim language from the Germain application and used it in the '766 application. There could be no clearer, no more unequivocal statement of the duty to disclose than § 10.23(c)(7). Levitón offers no satisfactory explanation for the failure to advise the PTO of de facto copying in light of the declarative, unqualified language of § 10.23(c)(7), except that it did not choose to. Without any further discussion, the high materiality of the information on the copying of the claim language Germain application into the '766 application is established.

The Importance of the Germain Application to a Reasonable Patent Examiner

Meihao proffers several reasons under patent law why a patent examiner would find the withheld information important to the patentability of '766. Specifically, Meihao argues that the Germain application raises questions about (1) the inventorship of the '766 patent, (2) whether the '766 patent specification supports the claims, and (3) whether the Germain application could have been the basis of a double patenting rejection of the '766 patent. (Paper No. 145, 19-20.) Moreover, the Rules of the PTO, Meihao argues, expressly required disclosure of the Germain application. (See Id. (citing 37 C.F.R. § 1.56; 37 C.F.R. § 1.604(b); 37 C.F.R. § 10.23; MPEP § 2001.06(b))).

While conceding that some of the claim language of the Germain and '766 applications is nearly identical (see Paper No. 147, 19 (“There is nothing improper or unusual about two applications having common textual language and similar claims, particularly when the applications originate from the same company/assignee.”)), Levitón dismisses each of Meihao’s arguments. Levitón primarily argues that the Germain application cannot be material to the patentability of the '766 patent because Germain is not prior art to '766, as '766’s priority date predates Germain’s by three years. (Paper No. 147, 16-18.) As Meihao notes, Leviton’s argument assumes the answer to precisely the disputed issues:

“[whether] the copying of the claims from the Germain application into the '766 patent is evidence that the latter is not entitled to an earlier priority date [because the inventors of '766 predecessor patent are not the inventors of the new Germain claims or the inventors of the Germain predecessor patent had already received a patent on this subject or because the specifications do not support the new claims.]”

(Paper No. 149, 5.) These are the-issues that the patent examiner would be expected to sort out if given information about the German application. Moreover, Levi-ton’s “prior art” argument does not address what can only be said to be a PTO imperative that a patent applicant reveal any copying of claims from patent applications. 37 C.F.R. § 10.23(c)(7). This Court is convinced that Levitón did have such a duty, if on no other basis than the regulations explicitly require disclose of the Ger-main application, as it contains “copied” claims.

Levitón then contends that Meihao’s arguments regarding inventorship and double patenting rely on misinterpretations of patent law. (Paper No. 147, 19-20.) On close analysis, Leviton’s arguments can all be rejected as a matter of law. The Court has concluded that the Germain application could conceivably have raised questions (1) about the inventorship of the '766 patent, (2) whether the '766 patent specification supports the claims, and (3) whether there would have been a double patenting rejection of the '766 patent-all making the Ger-main application highly material. But, even if the legal merit of the inventorship, specifications and double patenting questions are debatable, not conclusive, the information should not be withheld but presented to the patent examiner, who can decide, as the case law and MPEP make strikingly clear.

Inventorship

The law is clear that a person is only entitled tó a patent if he himself invented the subject matter sought to be patented. 35 U.S.C. § 102(f); see also Chisum, supra, at § 2.01 (“Only a true and original inventor may obtain a patent ... The requirement bars a patent even if the true inventor does not complain or if the true inventor is not known.”). Furthermore, an inventor is only considered to have invented the features of his invention that he appreciates at the time of its conception. See Invitrogen Corp. v. Clontech Labs., Inc., 429 F.3d 1052, 1063 (Fed.Cir.2005) (“[C]onception requires that the inventor appreciate that which he has invented.”); Hitzeman v. Rutter, 243 F.3d 1345, 1358-59 (Fed.Cir.2001) (“[A]n inventor who failed to appreciate the claimed inventive features of a device at the time of alleged conception cannot use his later recognition of those features to retroactively cure his imperfect conception.”). “As a critical requirement for obtaining a patent, inventorship is material.” PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc. v. Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., 225 F.3d 1315, 1321 (Fed.Cir.2000); see also MPEP § 2001.04 (“Materiality is defined in 37 C.F.R. § 1.56(b) ... [and] includes, for example, information on ... prior invention by another, inventorship conflicts, and the like.”). The Federal Circuit has determined that misrepresentations or omissions to the PTO regarding inventorship are highly material under either the reasonable examiner standard or the new Rule 56 test. See PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc. v. Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., 225 F.3d 1315, 1321-22 (Fed.Cir.2000) (finding that misinformation about inventorship is highly material under both the reasonable examiner standard and the newer Rule 56 test, regardless of whether the inventorship of the patents as issued is actually correct). Applying these principles, and considering the strong inference of misrepresented inventorship raised by the identical or nearly identical claim language, it is clear that the Germain application was material on the issue of inventor-ship.

Levitón responds that its common ownership of the two patents makes it permissible for the two to have identical claim language. (See Paper No. 147, 20 (“[T]here is nothing presumptively wrong with having the same or similar claims in two different patent applications owned by the same company.”).) Leviton’s common ownership, however, does not undermine the requirement that each patent must issue to its true and original inventor. Although the '766 patent and the Germain application are both owned by Levitón, Levitón acknowledges that they share no common inventors. (Paper No. 147, 9.) This means that each patent, despite Levi-ton’s common ownership, must have been invented in its entirety by its listed inventors, who appreciated at that time the scope and features of their invention. See 35 U.S.C. § 102(f); Invitrogen, 429 F.3d at 1063. Levitón has conceded that the Ger-main application and the '766 application have similar claims and identical language, but contends that each was invented by its respective listed inventors. (Paper No. 147, 19.) The evidence confirms that the '766 patent and the Germain application have many claims that are identical, or very nearly so. This Court need not determine whether the Germain application and '766 patent were each invented by their listed inventors; indeed, that question is not before the Court. See PerSeptive, 225 F.3d at 1322 (“[W]hether the inventorship of the patents as issued is correct does not determine the materiality of the statements in this case, just as whether concealed prior art would actually invalidate the patent is irrelevant to materiality.”). This Court need only determine whether the Germain application raises significant questions about inventorship, enough to raise a prima facie case of unpatentability or that a reasonable examiner would have found it important. The Court is convinced that it does, as the Germain application raises important questions about potential misrepresentation of inventorship of the '766 patent. The potential of such misinformation or omissions, which would be highly material to patentability, is sufficient to establish a threshold or greater level of materiality. As Meihao aptly stated, “Leviton’s withholding of the Germain reference prevented the examiner from undertaking the relevant analysis— or even knowing to ask the question.” (Paper No. 149, 9.)

Whether the Specifications Support '766 Claims

Levitón argues that because the '766 claims are supported by the exact same patent specification (written description) filed by its inventors in 1999, the '766 patent predates the Germain application, and the Germain cannot be prior art. (Paper No. 147, 17.) Levitón continues that the fact that the PTO determined that the specification fully supported the claims of '766, including those new claims not present in the parent application, is evidence that the '766 patent was invented years before the Germain application and is not prior art. (Paper No. 147, 7.) While the specification of the invention did not change with the filing of the '766 application, and the specification does in fact predate the Germain application, the claims filed in the '766 application are not the same as those filed in its parent application, and were indeed revised before the filing of the '766 application in 2004 to cover newly discovered infringing GFCI products. (Paper No., 147, 6-8.) Meihao’s inequitable conduct argument hinges on its allegation that the new claims incorporated into the '766 patent were not invented by the listed inventors of the '766 patent, but by the inventors of the Germain application, and were included in “an obvious attempt to broaden the claim language to cover Meihao’s GFCIs.” (See Paper No. 145, 10.) Meihao asserts that Levitón copied these claims from the pending Germain application into the '766 patent in order to get the benefit of the earlier filing date accorded to '766 and eliminate years of prior art. (Paper No. 145, 24.) (“By copying the claims of the '766 patent from the Germain application, Levitón attempted to move the claimed priority date for those claims back three and a half years, from February 3, 2003 ... to August 20, 1999. That made the claims much more valuable- and more likely to issue in the first place-in the '766 patent than they would have been in the Germain application, because the change eliminated three and a half years of potentially invalidating prior art.”).

As the law cited above makes clear, claims may not be incorporated into an invention if they were not appreciated by an inventor at the time of the invention’s conception, even if the specification can support them. See Invitrogen Corp. v. Clontech Labs., Inc., 429 F.3d 1052, 1063 (Fed.Cir.2005) (“[Conception requires that the inventor appreciate that which he has invented.”); Hitzeman v. Rutter, 243 F.3d 1345, 1358-59 (Fed.Cir.2001) (“[A]n inventor who failed to appreciate the claimed inventive features of a device at the time of alleged conception cannot use his later recognition of those features to retroactively cure his imperfect conception.”). This is because the claims define the scope of protection granted by a patent. See Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312 (Fed.Cir.2005) (“It is a ‘bedrock principle’ of 'patent law that ‘the claims of a patent define the invention' to which the patentee is entitled the right to exclude.’ ” quoting Innova/Pure Water, Inc. v. Safari Water Filtration Systems, Inc., 381 F.3d 1111, 1115 (Fed.Cir.2004)); see also Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed.Cir.1996) (“[W]e look to the words of the claims themselves ... to define the scope of the patented invention.”); Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 980 (Fed.Cir.1995) (en banc), aff'd, 517 U.S. 370, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577 (1996) (“The written description part of the specification itself does not delimit the right to exclude. That is the function and purpose of claims.”). The fact that an invention is capable of features beyond those appreciated by the inventor at the time of its conception does not mean that he can later assert that those features are covered by his patent by expanding the claims. Indeed, the opposite is true. To permit such an assertion would' allow an inventor to greatly expand the scope of his patent to cover features of the invention he did not truly invent himself. Here, the revised claims of the '766 patent include terms of art (such as “movable bridge”) not present in the patent specification or any of the parent patents, but which abound in the Germain application. (Compare Paper No. 145, Ex. 11 (Germain Application) with Paper No. 145, Ex. 13.) Such evidence strongly suggests that disclosure of the Germain application may have raised a question as to whether the '766 patent specification actually supports the claims. The fact that the patent examiner did not reject the '766 claims for inadequate support under § 112 is not definitive on the question of Leviton’s duty to disclose. The Court agrees with Meihao’s conclusion: it is unknown “what analysis the examiner may or may not have performed as to the written description requirement of § 112, ¶ 1. What is clear is that the examiner acted in the dark. Levitón withheld the very reference that would have caused any reasonable examiner to question the '766 patent application’s compliance with the statute.” (Paper No. 149, 9.) This Court is not deciding whether the examiner’s decision that the '766 patent specification supported the claims is correct, nor whether disclosure of the Ger-main application would compel a decision that the specification does not support the claims. The only question that matters at this point of the inquiry is whether disclosure of the Germain application could have raised questions as to compliance with § 112, ¶ 1, such as to raise a prima facie case of unpatentability or whether a reasonable examiner would have found the information important. The Court has concluded that as to the question of compliance with § 112, the Germain application likely would have raised questions regarding inventorship or the specifications’ support for the new claims in the '766 patent to a reasonable examiner, thereby making the Germain application material.

Double Patenting

There is also a dispute as to whether the law required disclosure of the Germain application as potentially serving as the basis of a double patenting rejection, and thus whether the Germain application was material to the patentability of the '766 application on this basis. Levitón never makes a substantive, factual argument that the Germain application could not serve as the basis for a double patenting rejection of '766. Indeed, Narcisse in his deposition stated that: “if two different inventive groups tried to submit the same claim in two different applications, both were owned by Levitón, that could give rise to a double patenting rejection.” (Paper No. 117, Ex. 13.) Rather, Levitón relies solely on legal arguments, which this Court rejects.

While this Court has concluded that Narcisse violated 37 C.F.R. § 10.23(c)(7) and copied the claim language, that conclusion is not necessary to confidently say that a patent examiner would find the Germain application important. Disclosure of a copending patent application with identical or strikingly similarly worded claims is required even if the language is not “copied,” as such copending applications are clearly material when they could serve as the basis of a double patenting rejection. See MPEP § 2001.06(b) (discussing the “duty to bring to the attention of the examiner, or other Office official involved with the examination of a particular application, information within their knowledge as to other copending United States applications which are “material to patentability” of the application in question”). Disclosure of such applications is obviously necessary to facilitate the PTO doing its job. The basic premise of patent law dictates that a company or person may not claim the same invention or obvious modifications of the same invention in more than one patent. In re Paolo Longi, et al., 759 F.2d 887, 892 (Fed.Cir.1985); see also Donald S. Chisum, Chisum on Patents § 9.03 (2008). This premise stems from “the policy that the public should be able to act on the assumption that upon expiration of the patent it will be free to use not only the invention claimed in the patent. but also modifications or variants which would have been obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was made ...” Paolo Longi, 759 F.2d at 892-93 (quoting In re Zickendraht, 50 C.C.P.A. 1529, 319 F.2d 225, 232 (1963) (Rich, J., concurring)). Thus, if the PTO.determines that a person is seeking to obtain a second patent for the same invention or an obvious modification, it will issue a double patenting rejection to deny the second patent. Id. The Federal Circuit has recognized that commonly-owned patents by different inventors can serve as the basis for double patenting rejections, see Paolo Longi, 759 F.2d at 892 (collecting cases), and Congress has noted that such rejections are “necessary in order to prevent an organization from obtaining two or more patents with different expiration dates covering nearly identical subject matter.” 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5834.

The Federal Circuit has held that “under the reasonable examiner standard of materiality, ‘an application was highly material to the prosecution of an application where it could have conceivably served as the basis of a double patenting rejection.’ ” Dayco, 329 F.3d at 1365 (quoting Akron Polymer Container Corp. v. Exxel Container, Inc., 148 F.3d 1380, 1382 (Fed.Cir.1998)(emphasis added)). As previously discussed, Levitón has conceded that the Germain application and the '766 application have similar claims and some identical language, and the evidence confirms that many claims are identical, or very nearly so. These similarities alone convince the Court that the Germain application is highly material to the prosecution of the '766 patent, because it could have “conceivably” served as the basis of a double patenting rejection of the '766 patent. See Akron, 148 F.3d at 1382 (“In the light of the considerable overlapping content in the specifications and claims of the two [copending] applications [belonging to the same company and prosecuted by the same lawyers], we concluded that the Venus application was highly material to the prosecution of the '829 patent, because it could have conceivably served as the basis of a double patenting rejection.”) (referring to the court’s previous decision in Akron Polymer Container Corp. v. Exxel Container, Inc., 69 F.3d 554, 1995 WL 620148 (Fed.Cir.1995) (unreported)); see also Dayco, 329 F.3d at 1365-66. Additionally persuasive, however, is the undisputed fact that the '766 patent later served as the basis for a double patenting rejection in the Germain application. (See Paper No. 145, Ex. 12, PTO communications mailed 9/14/05 and 6/16/06.) The PTO determined that '766 disclosed nearly everything contained within the Germain application. (Id.) This determination confirms for this Court that the Germain application and the '766 patent do not contain patent-ably distinct material. Had the Germain application been disclosed in the '766 application, it may well have served as the basis for a double patenting rejection in '766.

For all these reasons, the Court finds that the Germain application was highly material to patentability under the reasonable examiner standard and should have been disclosed to the PTO.

Failure to Disclose Related Litigation

There is also a dispute as to whether the law required disclosure of related litigation, and whether this information was material to the patentability of the '766 application on this basis. The MPEP requires disclosure of related litigation:

Where the subject matter for which a patent is being sought is or has been involved in litigation, the existence of such litigation and any other material information arising therefrom must be brought to the attention of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Examples of such material information include evidence of possible prior public use or sales, questions of inventorship, prior art, allegations of ‘fraud,’ ‘inequitable conduct,’ and ‘violation of duty of disclosure. ’ ... Such information might arise during litigation in, for example, pleadings, admissions, discovery including interrogatories, depositions, and other documents and testimony.

MPEP § 2001.06(c)(emphasis added). Such information is material “because it signals the examiner that other material information relevant to patentability may become available through the litigation proceedings.” Nilssen v. Osram Sylvania, Inc., 504 F.3d 1223, 1234 (Fed.Cir.2007); see also Critikon, Inc. v. Becton Dickinson Vascular Access, Inc., 120 F.3d 1253, 1258 (Fed.Cir.1997).

Meihao alleges that Levitón failed to disclose that the parent patents of the '766 patent have been litigated in at least twelve different lawsuits filed before the '766 patent issued, and that the validity and/or enforceability of the patents had been challenged in at least eight of the twelve cases. (Paper No. 145, 8 and Ex. 18, 22-25.) Critically, in its opposition, Levitón does -not deny that the parent patents of the '766 patent were involved in such litigation and involved the same “subject matter,” and that the validity and/or enforceability of patents had been challenged in at least eight of the twelve cases. Indeed, in his deposition, Narcisse admitted knowing of the allegations in Meihao litigation of claims of invalidity and unenforceability of the patents in other litigation while prosecuting the '766 application. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 162.) Rather, Levitón argues that these other cases are not material, as none resulted in a finding that any claim of the '766 patent is invalid under 35 U.S.C. §§ 102-103, and also that the reexamination proceeding confirms that '766 was patentable over the prior art references cited in those other litigations. (Paper No. 147, 22.) Again Levitón is ignoring the plain language of the patent manual and is arrogating to itself what it determines is “material” and subject to disclosure.

As to Leviton’s first point, the Manual obviously does not require the disclosure of only successful litigation on the subject matter for which a patent is being sought. MPEP § 2001.06(c). The law clearly requires disclosure of litigation relating to an original patent when evaluating the patent-ability of a later patent, as such information is material to patentability. See Nilssen, 504 F.3d at 1234 (determining that it was inequitable conduct to fail to disclose litigation involving patents pertaining to the same general subject matter claimed in the patents in suit, while the patents in suit were pending during the time of the litigation); see also Critikon, 120 F.3d at 1258. As stated earlier, it is not this Court’s job to determine whether the related litigation, if disclosed, would have prevented the '766 patent from issuing. In this proceeding, it is sufficient that this Court is confident that a reasonable examiner would have found the existence of litigation challenging the validity of the '766 parent patent highly important in evaluating the patentability of the '766 patent. Leviton’s failure to disclose related litigation in its prosecution of the '766 patent was thus material. Notwithstanding the indisputable duty to disclose litigation involving the same subject matter, and the undisputed fact that there was litigation involving the same subject matter as of the '766 application, Levitón neither disclosed the related litigation nor provided in this case any good faith explanation for not disclosing the related patent litigation under patent law.

Leviton’s second point is also unavailing. At the September 3, 2008 hearing, Levitón argued that on re-examination it submitted the Germain application and information on related litigation, that the patent examiner considered it and nonetheless affirmed the patentability of '766. In furtherance of this argument, Levitón submitted the Declaration of James Hosmer, one of its attorneys, attaching parts of the record of the reexamination of the '766 patent, including materials Levitón submitted. The submission consisted of an August 7, 2007 letter from Claude Narcisse to the Commissioner on Patents, enclosing a memorandum style “Information Disclosure Statement (17 pages) and the Information Disclosure Statement by applicant (PTO Form PTO/SB/08a (05-07)”). (Paper No. 155, Ex. H.)

Meihao responds that any “belated disclosure would neither cure Leviton’s inequitable conduct, nor have any bearing whatsoever on the issues before this Court.” (Paper No. 156, 8.) This Court agrees. Molins PLC v. Textron, 48 F.3d 1172, 1177 (Fed.Cir.1995) is directly on point. In Molins the patentee had withheld material information during original examination. On reexamination, the examiner had the previously withheld information, indicated he had considered it and re-issued the patent. Notwithstanding this PTO action, the Federal Circuit affirmed the lower court’s finding that the patentee had committed inequitable conduct because the documents “were not cited when they should have been.” Molins, 48 F.3d at 1182. In reaching that conclusion, the Federal Circuit declared:

[T]he standard to be applied in determining whether a reference is “material” is not whether the particular examiner of the application at issue considered the references to be important; rather, it is that of a “reasonable examiner.” Nor is a reference immaterial simply because claims are eventually determined by an examiner to be patentable there over. Thus, the fact that the examiner did not rely on [the withheld reference] to reject the claims under reexamination ... is not conclusive concerning whether the reference was material.

Id. at 1179-80 (internal citations omitted). Thus, the Court agrees with Meihao that under these circumstances, the results of the re-examination shed no light on the materiality question before the Court. Moreover, this is an even stronger case than Molins as the re-examination at issue did not involve the Germain patent but four others. Further, Meihao does not concede that the Germain application and related litigation was properly before the patent examiner and/or was indeed considered by the patent examiner.

Reference to the Germain application and to related litigation was not included in the IDS form or format. See 37 C.F.R. § 1.98(a)(1)(i)-(iii). Meihao states, correctly, that the examiner does not seem to be under any obligation to consider information not complying with regulations, and that “as an experienced patent prosecutor Mr. Narcisse would know that the examiner would rely on the IDS list, not the accompanying memorandum, when determining what references to review. MPEP 609.04(a)” (Paper No. 156, 8). See 37 C.F.R. § 1.97(i); MPEP § 609 (“A separate list is required so that it is easy to confirm that applicant intends to submit an information disclosure statement and because it provides a readily available checklist for the examiner to indicate which identified documents have been considered ... use of form PTO/SB/08A and 8B, IDS to list the documents is encouraged.”).

While Narcisse’s memorandum style “IDS” does reference the Germain application (Paper No. 155, Ex. H, 14) it is one of 162 patent references and 13 non-patent documents in that memorandum. (Id.) The IDS does not reference the Germain application. (Id. at 20-48)

Narcisse, in his memorandum, discussed litigation involving the '558 patent (the parent patent to '766) (Paper No. 155, Ex. H, 4-6) and referenced litigation raising the issues of improper inventorship, claim copying, lack of specifications and support of claims. (Id. at 10-12) The IDS, though, does not reference the related litigation. Levitón did submit three litigation documents. However, as Meihao notes, these documents were three among over 200 documents disclosed. MPEP § 2004.13 (“It is desirable to avoid the submission of long lists of documents if it can be avoided ... If a long list is submitted, highlight those documents which have been specifically brought to applicant’s attention and/or known to be of most significance.”) Additionally, there is absolutely no indication that the patent examiner on appeal “considered” the Germain application nor the related litigation. While the patent examiner noted on the IDS that Levitón submitted that “ALL REFERENCES CONSIDERED EXCEPT WHERE LINED THROUGH/RB/,” neither' the Germain application nor the related litigation are scheduled on the IDS form.

Finally, the August 21, 2008 Answer of the Patent Examiner does not indicate his consideration of these documents and the issues they raised as to patentability. Rather it discusses and rejects arguments that certain claims in the '766 patent were anticipated by the. Echtler, Sherman, Dufresne and Bereskin patents.

Having concluded that the Germain application and the related litigation were highly material to the patentability of the '766 patent, both of which Levitón concedes that it did not disclose, the question remains whether the facts establish that Levitón intended to deceive the PTO in its failure to disclose. If the facts demonstrate a threshold level of intent to deceive, this Court will proceed to the balancing inquiry and make an equitable determination regarding inequitable conduct.

Intent to Deceive

Because a party can rarely prove intent to deceive by direct evidence, intent is “generally inferred from the facts and circumstances surrounding the applicant’s overall conduct.” Impax, 468 F.3d at 1374. Intent to deceive is inferred when “the involved conduct, viewed in light of all the evidence, including evidence indicative of good faith, indicated] sufficient culpability to require [such] a finding.” Id. (citing Kingsdown Med. Consultants, Ltd. v. Hollister, Inc., 863 F.2d 867, 876 (Fed.Cir.1988) (en banc in relevant part)); Li, 231 F.3d at 1381. A court “must decide whether the evidence respecting culpable intent makes the fact reasonably inferable either way or whether the evidence is so one-sided that the factual issue of intent may be decided as a matter of law.” Paragon Podiatry Lab., Inc. v. KLM Labs., Inc., 984 F.2d 1182, 1190 (Fed.Cir.1993). In a case involving nondisclosure of information, intent to deceive is inferred when the evidence shows that “the applicant made a deliberate decision to withhold a known material reference.” Molins, 48 F.3d at 1181 (Fed.Cir.1995); see also Eli Lilly, 471 F.3d at 1382.

“[A] finding that particular conduct amounts to ‘gross negligence’ does not of itself justify an inference to intent to deceive ...” Kingsdown Medical Consultants v. Hollister Incorporated, 863 F.2d 867, 876 (Fed.Cir.1988). “Gross negligence may or may not compel an inference of an intent to mislead. Such an inference depends upon the totality of the circumstances, including the nature and level of the culpability of the conduct and the absence or presence of affirmative evidence of good faith.” Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Bausch & Lomb Inc., 882 F.2d 1556, 1562 (Fed.Cir.1989). In inferring intent to deceive from the facts and circumstances surrounding gross negligence, the Federal Circuit has distinguished between situations where counsel makes an error “which by definition results from inattention,” and those “more egregious acts of omission and commission that have been seen as reflecting the deceitful intent element of inequitable conduct in our cases.” Kingsdown, 863 F.2d at 875; compare Kingsdown (finding no intent to deceive when counsel mistakenly copied a claim from an unamended version of the patent, rather than the later amended version, into a continuing application) with Molins, 48 F.3d at 1181-82 (finding that intent to deceive is properly inferred when an experienced patent practitioner, aware of the duty to disclose material information, knew of a highly material reference but did not cite it). As discussed more fully below, the facts and circumstances of this case clearly place it in the latter category. Moreover, “[i]ntent may be inferred where a patent applicant knew, or should have known, that withheld information would be material to the PTO’s consideration of the patent application.” Critikon, Inc. v. Becton Dickinson Vascular Access, Inc., 120 F.3d 1253, 1256 (Fed.Cir.1997). The Federal Circuit continued in Critikon that:

It is axiomatic that “[c]lose cases should be resolved by disclosure, not unilaterally by applicant.” This sentiment is also repeatedly reflected in The Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP), which, although it does not have the force of law, is well known to those registered to practice in the PTO and reflects presumptions under which the PTO operates.

Id. (internal citations omitted)

“A party charging inequitable misconduct may make a prima facie case by showing an unexplained violation of the duty of candor. In a responsive denial, the patentee may set forth facts which show that under the particular circumstances as the applicant and/or his attorney perceived them, an inference of wrongful intent should not be drawn. Facts showing, for example, their good faith mistake in the law or the facts or mere negligence may be enough to raise a genuine dispute. Absent explanation, the evidence of a knowing failure to disclose ... reasonably supports an inference that the inventor’s attorney intended to mislead the PTO.” Paragon Podiatry, 984 F.2d at 1192. Moreover, summary judgment on equitable conduct has been granted “where for example ‘the affidavits to explain the representations made to the PTO were’ bare declaration[s] of lack of intent to mislead’ and the explanations provided in the affidavits were either ‘non-responsive’ or lacked evidentiary support.’ [But] summary judgment [has been refused] where the plaintiff submitted an affidavit that ‘set forth a non-frivolous explanation that could lead a finder of fact to determine that his declaration [to the PTO] was not false or misleading ... or where the plaintiff state[d] facts supporting a plausible justification or excuse for the misrepresentation’ ” Digital Control, Inc. v. The Charles Machine Works, 437 F.3d 1309, 1313-14 (Fed.Cir.2006) (internal citations omitted).

The Court has reviewed all the facts and circumstances surrounding Levi-ton’s conduct at issue here including any evidence indicative of good faith. In doing so, the Court has concluded that Levitón intended to deceive the PTO, based on the following findings:

• Mr. Narcisse, of Greenberg Traurig who prosecuted both the Germain and '766 patent applications, is a highly experienced patent lawyer.
• He and his firm were longtime counsel to Levitón.
• He was knowledgeable about patent law, regulations and manual provisions which mandate, or at least strongly counsel, disclosure of the Germain application and related litigation.
• He drafted both the Germain and '766 patent applications within a relatively short time period.
• Considerable parts of the claim language in the Germain and '766 applications are identical or substantially similar.
• His (and Leviton’s) explanations (or failure of explanation) for why he did not advise the PTO of the Germain application and related litigation notwithstanding his knowledge of the duty to disclose were unconvincing and implausible in light of his experience and knowledge.
• His (and Leviton’s) explanation (or lack of same) for the identical or substantially similar claim language in the Germain and '766 applications and his failure to notify the PTO of the copying was unconvincing and implausible in light of his experience and knowledge.
• Levitón had a strong motive to deceive.
• There is no evidence of countervailing good faith in Leviton’s dealing with the PTO.

These facts and circumstances relevant to the Court’s conclusion of intent to deceive will be discussed further below. .

Narcisse’s Patent Law Experience and Knowledge

Narcisse is a very experienced patent attorney. Narcisse worked at a patent boutique firm after graduating law school in 1991 for about four years (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 11-12.) He became a member of the patent bar in 1995, at which time he says he became very familiar with the laws governing patents, including the MPEP and 37 C.F.R. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 26-28.) About two years after leaving that firm, he went to work for Lucent Technologies, where he did mostly patent prosecution work, and prepared and prosecuted at least 40 applications. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 14-17.) He then went to Greenberg Traurig, where he immediately began patent work for Levitón. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 18-19.) He has prepared more than 20 applications for Levitón. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 22.) He states that he keeps up with the changes in patent law by reading articles, noting rule changes, and attending courses. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 28-29.)

The Germain application was filed on October 22, 2003 and claims priority to February 3, 2003. It was filed and prosecuted by Greenberg Traurig attorneys Paul J. Sutton, Barry Magidoff, and Claude Narcisse. Greenberg Traurig has been patent counsel for Levitón in many cases and for many years, before Narcisse joined the firm. (Paper No. 145, n. 2 & 3 and Paper No. 70, 3.) Its claims, like those in '766, were drafted by Narcisse. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 54-55.) It lists Frantz Germain and five others as co-inventors. (Id.) On April 19, 2004, Narcisse filed the '766 application and drafted its claims. (Id. at 39, 52) It lists DiSalvo and Ziegler as co-inventors. (Id. at 69-72) Narcisse admits the language of Claim 31 of the Germain application is “identical” with the language of Claim 1 of the '766 application except that Claim 31 refers to “a moveable bridge” while Claim 1 of '766 refers to “at least one moveable bridge.” (Id. at 57-60).

.In his deposition, Narcisse admitted that he was aware of the existence of the Ger-main application during the prosecution of the '766 patent. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 116.) He stated that he did not disclose the Germain application to PTO during prosecution of the’ 766 patent, because he thought “the Germain application [was] not a prior art reference to the '766 application ...” (Id. at 116-117.)

As discussed above in regard to materiality, there are several relevant provisions of the patent law, some of which would mandate, and others at least strongly counsel, disclosure of the Germain application and related litigation.

In his deposition, Mr. Narcisse acknowledged the provisions of patent law appearing to require disclosure. Narcisse readily-acknowledged his duty of candor set out in 37 C.F.R. 1.56. Furthermore, Narcisse acknowledged that the MPEP advises practitioners to disclose information to the PTO when there is even the slightest suspicion that its disclosure is mandated by the rules, (Q; “[Is it] your understanding that in cases which are not entirely clear, it is better to disclose the information to the Patent Office and let the Patent Office decide what is material and what is not?” A: ‘Tes, that’s true.”) (Paper No. 145, Ex. 179-80.) The MPEP advises practitioners specifically on the broad scope of the duty to disclose: “When in doubt, it is desirable and safest to submit information. Even though the attorney, agent, or applicant doesn’t consider it necessarily material, someone else may see it differently and embarrassing questions can be avoided.” MPEP § 2004.10. “In short, the question of relevancy in close cases, should be left to the examiner and not the applicant.” Id. (quoting U.S. Industries v. Norton Co., 210 USPQ 94, 107 (N.D.N.Y.1980)); see also LaBounty Mfg., Inc. v. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 958 F.2d 1066 (Fed.Cir.1992).

37 C.F.R. § 10.23(c)(7) (Obligation to Disclose Copying of Claims)

As to the 37 C.F.R. § 10.23(c)(7) duty to advise PTO of information identifying patent or patent application of another from which one or more claims have been copied, Mr. Narcisse similarly admitted his knowledge of the provision. (See Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 137.)

As to the copying of claims from the Germain application into the '766 application, Narcisse does deny “copying” the claims, (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 125), but acknowledges that he alone drafted the claims in both applications. (See Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 54 (Q: “And who wrote the claims in [the Germain] application?” A: “I did.” Q: “Did anyone assist you in drafting the claims?” A: “No.”), 55-56 (Q: “Did anyone assist you in drafting the claims in the '766 patent application?” A: “I don’t believe so.”).) He also acknowledges the similarity of the claim language of the two patent applications, (“I was aware that there were claims in the '766 application that were very similar to initially filed claims in the Germain application.”) (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 208), and denies that the similarity of language was a coincidence, (Q: “Are you saying the similarity between the claim language is a coincidence?” A: “I’m not saying that.”) (Paper No. 145, ex. 20,125.) Neither in his deposition nor in any affidavit to the Court did Narcisse (or Levitón) provide any explanation — plausible or otherwise — why Levitón and its attorneys did not advise the PTO of the copying of claims from the Germain application to another.

This Court does not know by what mental device or artifice Mr. Narcisse testified that he did not “copy” the claims in the face of identical language, but the only logical inference from his testimony and the claim language itself is that he copied the claim language from the Germain application into the '766 application.

As to counsel’s obligation to disclose claims that have been copied from one application to another, see 37 C.F.R. § 10.23(c)(7), in its opposition, Levitón artfully but transparently attempts to dodge the question of copying of claims. (Paper No. 147, 20-21.) Levitón does not argue that it or its counsel did not copy claims from the Germain application into the '766 application. Indeed, Levitón does not address copying as a matter of fact at all (it would, of course, be difficult to do so now having wrongfully instructed its counsel not to answer such questions at their depositions). Rather, Levitón attempts to ignore this key issue, arguing instead (and irrelevantly to the point of inequitable conduct), that “the examiners in both the '766 and Germain applications reviewed the applications in light of Section 112 (as they are required to do) and never rejected the claims for inadequate support under Section 112, first paragraph.” (Paper No. 147, 20.) That position does not address the fact of copying (which under 37 C.F.R. § 10.23(c)(7) must be revealed to PTO) nor the materiality of the Germain application to the '766 patent with their identical or substantially similar claims — regardless of whether proven to be “copied” or not.

But, despite his knowledge of the duties of disclosure, Narcisse still failed to disclose the Germain application, (Q: “Did you ever disclose the existence of the Ger-main application to the PTO during the prosecution of the '766 patent?” A: “No.”) (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 116.) Narcisse also admitted that he freely followed language from another Levitón owned patent application (perhaps, he says, '558, parent patent to '766) in drafting the Ger-main application. (Id. at 152) He offered no explanation as to why he did not advise the PTO of the Germain application in light of its “copying.” He simply refused to admit to the technical “copying” de jure of the Germain claims into the '766 application while admitting to the de facto acts of copying. A comparison of the language of the claims of the Germain and '766 applications makes his deposition testimony incredible. (Compare Paper No. 145, Ex. 11 (Germain Application) with Paper No. 145, Ex. 13 (’766 application) and n. 14 supra). When asked if he had “ma[d]e a determination not to disclose that there claims in the '766 application that were very similar to initially filed claims in the Germain application] to the Patent Office,” Mr. Narcisse answered:

I don’t think there was any conscious determination to do it. It was simply not material, and so it was not something that you had to consciously make a determination. It was not material to the patentability of the claims of the '766 application.

(Id. at 209) Of course, 37 C.F.R. § 10.23(c)(7) does not qualify disclosure of copying only if it is “material.”

37 C.F.R. § 1.604(b) and MPEP 2001.6(b)

As to MPEP 2001.06(b) (Applicants “have a duty to bring to the attention of the examiner, or other Office official involved with the examination of a particular application, information within their knowledge as to other co-pending United States applications which are ‘material to patentability’ of the application in question.”), Narcisse said he understood it “was a requirement at the time you were prosecuting the '766 patent application?” He also admitted that the Germain and '766 applications were “co-pending” at the time of the prosecution of the '766 application. (Id. at 154) As to 37 C.F.R. 1.604(b), “[w]hen an applicant presents a claim known to the applicant to define the same patentable invention claimed in a pending application of another, the applicant shall identify that pending application, unless the claim is presented in response to a suggestion by the examiner.” Narcisse said he understood it to be part of his duty of disclosure with respect to prosecuting patents before the patent office at the time of the '766 prosecution.” (Id. at 176-77) However, Narcisse questioned whether this provision mandated the disclosure of the Germain application because the regulation refers to an application “of another,” and both applications were owned by Levitón. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 177-78.) Importantly, his opinion on this point was tentative “Im not sure if this rule applies.” (Id. at 178.) “I don’t think it does.” (Id.) But notwithstanding the tentativeness of his opinion (upon which he did not disclose the Germain application to the PTO), he did not discuss the questions with anyone. (Id. at 215.) He did, however, agree in principle that in terms of the duty to disclose “in cases which are not entirely clear, it is better to disclose the information to the Patent Office and let the Patent Office decide what is material and what is not.” (Id. at 179-180.) As to this provision, the Court has concluded that Meihao’s — not Narcisse’s — interpretation of the regulation and manual provision is correct. The language of the regulation and manual provision clearly refers to “another [applicant].” Since only inventors can be applicants and since it is undisputed that the applicant inventors in the Germain and '766 applications are different, 37 C.F.R. § 1.604(b) unambiguously mandates disclosure of this information to the PTO. Indeed, Narcisse’s bald assertion that no disclosure was required because of Leviton’s ownership of both patents is without support in the language of the regulation and Narcisse offered no other support for his position.

Moreover, case law clearly provides that common ownership does not eliminate the possibility of a double patenting rejection. See Akron, 148 F.3d at 1383-84; Dayco, 329 F.3d at 1366. In fact, in answer to the question: “if the Patent Office had two claims with different inventive entities with almost identical wording, based on your experience and knowledge of Patent Office practice and procedure, would the Patent Office examiner at least initially have issued a double patenting rejection in one of those applications?” Narcisse stated that he “[doesn’t] know what the examiner would have done.” (Id. at 211) Interestingly, earlier in the deposition, he acknowledged unequivocally that a double patenting rejection was a possibility.

Q: If two different inventive groups tried to submit the same claim in two different applications, but both were owned by Levitón, that could give rise to a double patenting rejection, isn’t that right?
A: Yes.

(Id. at 88)

When asked if the examiner would have inquired about the inventorship of the '766 patent, if faced with two claims with different inventive entities with almost identical wording, Mr. Narcisse answered: “Maybe. I don’t know.” (Id. at 211-212)

Narcisse also said during prosecution of the '766 patent, he did not think that the Germain application was “material” information (id. at 119 and 127), although his counsel did not let him answer why it was not material. (Id. at 120) His explanation as to why he did not disclose the Germain application, of which of course he was well aware, to the PTO during the prosecution of the '766 application was “[b]ecause the Germain application was not a prior art reference to the '766 application.” (Id. at 117) Levitón takes the position that the Germain application with a 2003 priority date was not a prior art reference to the '766 application because the '766 application enjoys the 1999 priority date of its parent patent. Even if this is assumed (and, of course, this is hotly contested by Meihao), the case law is clear that “[m]ateriality is not not limited to prior art but embraces any information that a reasonable examiner would be substantially likely to consider important in deciding whether to allow an application to issue as a patient.” Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc., 326 F.3d 1226, 1234 (Fed.Cir.2003); Dayco, 329 F.3d at 1363. Narcisse’s view of law of materiality was plainly wrong.

MPEP 2001.06 (Related Litigation)

It is undisputed that Levitón knowingly failed to disclose related litigation involving the parent patents of '766. Narcisse stated that he was aware that MPEP § 2001.06(c) imposed a duty to disclose related litigation. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 156) He was aware that the '558 patent— the parent patent to '766 — was the subject of litigation (id. at 156-157) and, more specifically, of the allegations of invalidity and unenforceability of the '588 patent in the instant Meihao litigation. (Id. at 161— 62) Similarly, he recalls involvement in three lawsuits involving the '558 parent patent, filed prior to the issuance of the '766 patent. (Id. at 205-206) Neither Narcisse in his deposition nor Levitón in any affidavits presented any factual explanation for failing to inform the PTO of the related litigation — MPEP § 2001.06(c). As discussed supra, Leviton’s legal arguments in its briefing were without legal merit and unconvincing. Levitón has made no attempt to provide a good faith explanation for its failure to disclose the litigation. See Critikon, 120 F.3d at 1259 (“Given the materiality and the failure at any point to offer a good faith explanation of the pattern of nondisclosure, an intent to mislead may be inferred.”). Considering the totality of the facts and circumstances, this Court finds Narcisse’s explanations for his nondisclosure unconvincing and Leviton’s otherwise failure of explanation unacceptable and without support in patent law.

Intent to deceive cannot be inferred from the decision to withhold information when the reasons given for withholding are plausible. Dayco, 329 F.3d at 1367. Conversely, as here, intent to deceive can be inferred from the non-disclosure, where the party gave unconvincing or no reasons for withholding information that patent law, regulation, MPEP and case law mandated, or strongly advised, to be disclosed. Levitón gave no explanation — plausible or otherwise — why it did not inform the PTO of its “copying” of claims into the '766 patent application from the Germain application. Narcisse simply — and incredibly — denied a de jure copying. While the only logical inference from the facts is that he did in fact copy the claim language. The Germain application was withheld from the PTO because it was not prior art or not material. The information on co-pending applications was withheld because the inventions were owned by the same entity. The information on related litigation was withheld, according to Levitón briefing because that related litigation was not successful.

The facts and circumstances indicate Narcisse’s intentional, deliberate deception of the PTO. However, even if Narcisse’s failure to disclose the Germain application, the copying of claim language and related litigation was based on gross negligence, namely, a mistaken belief that disclosure was not mandated by the laws of the PTO, this gross negligence “in this instance” is sufficient to support an inference of an intent to mislead or deceive the PTO, in light of all the facts. See Hewlett-Packard, 882 F.2d at 1562 (stating that “the proof of gross negligence may be circumstantial evidence which gives rise to an inference of intent to mislead in some instances”). Narcisse disregarded the clear command of § 10.37(c)(7) to disclose copying of claims from one application into another application. Narcisse’s crabbed view that prior art was the only information material to patentability so he didn’t have to advise the PTO of the Germain application is clearly wrong. Moreover, '766 was prior art to Germain only under his self-serving and questionable view of inventorship of the identical or substantially similar claims in both the Germain and '766 patent applications. Narcisse’s professed knowledge of the law coupled with his failure to determine the scope of that law gives rise to such an inference, including a high level of culpability, in light of his experience. When placed in the larger context of Leviton’s actions, Narcisse’s errors and failures cannot be excused as the product of rushed inadvertence of albeit even an experienced professional. His (and Leviton’s) explanations and lack of explanations are implausible, and without support. This Court therefore determines that the facts and circumstances compel an inference of Leviton’s intent to mislead or deceive the PTO in its prosecution of the '766 patent.

Levitón Had a Strong Motive to Deceive

Levitón had a strong motive to deceive the PTO, that is, to keep the previously filed Germain application from the patent examiner for the '766 application as it might raise questions of inventorship, whether the specifications support the claims or questions of double-patenting and endanger the issuance of the '766 patent, and might endanger the expedited PTO consideration through its Petition to Make Special. The '766 patent would be far more valuable than the Germain patent in Leviton’s business. The Germain application only claims priority to February 3, 2003. The '766 application claims a much earlier priority, to August 20, 1999. Meihao argued-and Levitón did not disagree— that this earlier priority date “made the claims much more valuable ... in the '766 patent than they would' have been in the Germain application, because the change eliminated three and a half years of potentially invalidating prior art” (Paper No. 145, 24) At the hearing, Meihao’s counsel reported that its product, embodying apparently a new UL standard shipped into the United States after August 20, 1999, but before February 3, 2003. Unless, she argued, Levitón could identify specifications in a patent with an earlier priority date than Meihao’s ship date, that would support these new claims (which read on Meihao’s patent), these claims would be anticipated by Meihao’s product. Thus, there would appear to have been a significant motive for Levitón to conceal the Germain application from the '766 patent examiner. Paraphrasing Meihao’s counsel at the hearing, it is irrefutable that a patent examiner might question the inventorship of the '766 claims by one set of people when the same or very substantially similar claims were said to be invented by another set of people only six months earlier in the Germain application.

This Court acknowledges as does Meihao, that “there is nothing improper, illegal or inequitable in filing a patent application for the purpose of obtaining a right to exclude a known competitor’s product from the market; nor is it in any way improper to amend or insert claims intended to cover a competitor’s product the applicant’s attorney has learned about during the prosecution of a patent application.” Kingsdown Medical Consultants, Ltd. v. Hollister, Inc., 863 F.2d 867, 874 (Fed.Cir.1988). However, as the Federal Circuit continued in Kingsdoum, “[a]ny such amendment or insertion must comply with all statutes and regulations ...” Id. The gravamen of Meihao’s inequitable conduct complaint is that Leviton’s attorneys played “fast and loose” with the governing law, ignoring their overarching duty of candor and disclosure in complying with the governing statutes, regulations and manual provisions. The Court agrees.

Absence of Countervailing Good Faith

Finally, there is no evidence of countervailing good faith in Leviton’s dealings with the PTO. Akron Polymer Container Corp. v. Exxel Container, Inc., 148 F.3d 1380 (Fed.Cir.1998) is highly instructive here. The facts, with one notable exception, are strikingly similar. It is fair to say that but for that notable exception, the Federal Circuit would have found intent to deceive and inequitable conduct. “But for the fact that Container actually disclosed the fact of co-pendency of the two applications to the PTO, while still failing to disclose the Venus application to the Katz application examiner, it could be argued that the other facts in this case are sufficient to support a threshold finding of deceitful intent by clear and convincing evidence.” Id. at 1384. The plaintiff in Akron argued that Container intended to deceive the PTO during the prosecution of the '829 patent (the “Katz” application) by failing to inform the patent examiner of the “Venus” application covering “quite similar subject matter” filed some four months later. As here, both applications were assigned to the same company. That fact was immaterial to the Court’s analysis. The Federal Circuit noted the critical factual findings of the district court:

[T]he facts show that the same law firm and the same attorneys prosecuted both applications and that those attorneys were aware of the similarity of the inventions disclosed in the two applications. Indeed the facts support inferences that the prosecuting attorneys were aware of the overlap of the two applications and the possible consequences should the PTO find the invention not patentably distinct.

Id. at 1383.

The difference between the facts in Akron and this case is that the prosecuting lawyers did ultimately reveal the Katz application to the Venus application examiner after the notice of allowance for the Katz application but before issuance of the patent. Of course, after allowance, “[a]n application may be withdrawn from issue at the initiative of the PTO ...” Herbert F. Schwartz, Patent Law and Practice § 8.V (5th ed.2006). Here, Leviton’s attorneys did not advise the patent examiner of the Germain application before the issuance of the '766. Levitón, however, argues that it did disclose the Germain application to the patent examiner during the re-examination proceedings, apparently proffering this fact as evidence of its good faith. In the Declaration of James T. Hosmer, Levitón submitted parts of the Re-examination file to the Court and asserted that several references to the Germain application were submitted to the patent re-examiner, including interrogatory answers in another '766 patent infringement suit relating to the Germain application, an earlier Meihao complaint referencing the Germain application issue and an answer in another lawsuit referencing the Germain application issue. (Paper No. 155-2, ¶¶ 6-8.) The notations of the examiner, Levitón argues, demonstrate that he considered them in reaching his decision. (Id.) The Court has considered this, but rejects it as evidence of any countervailing good faith on several grounds. As noted in the earlier discussion, supra, on the materiality of the Ger-main application and related litigation, first, the re-examination proceedings did not involve the Germain application and the substantially similar and in some instances identical claim language. In the request for Inter Partes Preexamination dated June 6, 2005, the requester stated that “the owner [s] of the '766 patent have made clear their belief that this patent is valid and enforceable, not least through recent and continuing assertion of the '766 patent in various patent infringement actions brought in federal district courts.” The requester sought to have Claims 1-22 of the '766 Patent reviewed in light of the Echtler, Sherman, Dufresne and Bereskin patents.

In its September 1, 2005 Decision Granting Inter Partes, Reexamination, Examiner Ramon M: Barrerra confirmed the scope of the reexamination request, encompassing Claims 1-22, and those four patents. Examiner Barrerra subsequently confirmed the patentability of the '766 claims, and distinguished them from the claims contained in the four patents. That was the extent of the reexamination.

, In Appellant’s June 6, 2007 Redrafted Brief on Appeal the party that originally requested the reexamination appealed the decision of the Examiner, arguing that the Examiner erred by adopting “an excessively narrow claim construction,” and that '766 was anticipated by each of the four patents. As stated in Leviton’s Brief on Appeal, submitted to the PTO in June, 2006, “[t]he issues which may properly be considered in this Appeal are whether the inventions, as defined in claims 1 and 11 are anticipated under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b) by the four patents at issue in the Reexamination.” (emphasis added). In its brief, Levitón reasserted that only four patents were considered under 102(b) by the Examiner in the Reexamination proceeding: Echtler, Sherman, Dufresne, and Bereskin.

Levitón now asserts that its disclosure of the Germain application in the re-examination is evidence of its good faith. However, a patent reexamination is “intended to deal only with substantial new questions of patentability, limited to issues concerning prior art that were not before the examiner during the earlier examination.” 69 C.J.S. Patents § 150 (citing In re Portola Packaging, Inc., 110 F.3d 786 (Fed.Cir.1997)). Reexamination is also “limited solely to a review of the claims for which reexamination was requested.” MPEP § 2643; see also Donald S. Chisum, Chisum, on Patents, § 11.07, n. 35 (“The overall legislative purpose of reexamination ... suggests that reexamination’s scope should be limited generally to' the question of patentability raised by the cited patents and printed publications.”)(citing In re Recreative Technologies Corp., 83 F.3d 1394, 1396 (Fed.Cir.1996)); In re Freeman, 30 F.3d 1459, 1468 (Fed.Cir.1994)(“the ability of a patentee to amend claims during reexamination must be seen in light of the fundamental purpose of reexamination — the determination of validity in light of a substantial new question of patentability,” raised by prior art.). The reexamination was requested for a review of the patentability of '766 claims, in light of the Echtler, Sherman, Dufresne, and Bereskin patents. Thus, the scope of the reexamination was limited to a review of those four patents. Moreover, emphasis was placed on the narrow scope of the reexamination in Leviton’s Brief on Appeal.

Levitón now points to the positive outcome achieved in the reexamination in light of the disclosure of the Germain application both as evidence of its good faith and the lack of materiality of the Germain application. As discussed earlier, it is not persuasive evidence of lack of materiality. The decision of Examiner Barrerra, both originally and on appeal, did not establish the general and absolute patentability of the '766 claims. Rather, it established patentability only against the four patents at issue. The decision was not intended to accomplish anything more. Nor, as discussed below, is it persuasive evidence of good faith. First, it should be clear that Examiner Barrerra’s decision does not bear upon whether Levitón has engaged in inequitable conduct or violated its duty of disclosure. “The PTO will not consider breach of the disclosure duty, that is, inequitable conduct, whether during the original prosecution, a prior reexamination or reissue, or the current reexamination, as a ground for rejecting the patent’s claims.” Chisum, supra, at § 11.07. Thus, Examiner Barrerra’s decision confirming the patentability of the '766 claims is not direct evidence of Leviton’s fulfillment of its duty of candor.

Second, the Court agrees with Meihao that the timing and manner of Leviton’s eventual disclosure of the Germain application to the PTO suggest bad, not good, faith and certainly brings it within Akron. (Paper No. 156, 7-8.) The disclosure was not made until August 7, 2007, during the appeal phase of the reexamination proceedings. Mr. Narcisse does mention the Germain application but indicates to the examiner that it is not material information and was one among 162 patent references and 13 non-patent documents. (Paper No. 155-6.) Moreover, Meihao observes correctly that the references cited in the August 7, 2007 memorandum are not the same as listed on the Information Disclosure Statement (“IDS”). The IDS forms disclose 196 patents or patent applications, not including Germain, as well as 13 non-patent documents. (Id.) It is only the IDS that bears the examiner’s notations of his consideration. Meihao also argues that the examiner is not bound to consider his August 7, 2007 memorandum titled “Information Disclosure Statement” “as it is in fact not an IDS because it does not meet any of the requirements for the content of each page,” citing 37 C.F.R. § 1.98(a)(1) (i)-(iii). Whether Meihao is correct or not that the examiner had no technical obligation to consider it, the presentation certainly was confusing and more importantly, there is no definitive indication that the examiner considered this non-IDS scheduled information regarding the Germain application and related litigation in his rulings. In sum, the timing and manner of Leviton’s disclosure of the Germain application and related litigation, suggests, in this judge’s view, bad, not good faith. See Molins PLC v. Textron, Inc., 48 F.3d 1172, 1184 (Fed.Cir.1995) (Burying a particularly material reference in a prior art statement containing a multiplicity of other references can be probative of bad faith.) Leviton’s “disclosure” of the Germain application and related litigation in the appeal phase of the re-examination proceedings was tailored less to enlighten and inform the PTO than to provide an argument in this litigation that disclosure was effected. The intent to deceive finding is, quite frankly, consistent with and bolstered by Leviton’s obdurate and unprincipled position on discovery during the course of this case, discussed infra.

Because the evidence demonstrates threshold levels of materiality and intent, the Court “must weigh them to determine whether the equities warrant a conclusion that inequitable conduct occurred.” Molins, 48 F.3d at 1178. A finding of inequitable conduct reflects a court’s judgment that “the applicant’s conduct is so culpable that the patent should not be enforced.” Id. (citing LaBounty, 958 F.2d at 1070). Here, the Court has determined that Leviton’s failure to disclose the Germain application was highly material to the prosecution of the '766 patent, as it raises questions about misrepresentation of inventorship, whether the specifications supported the claims and could have conceivably served as the basis of a double patenting rejection. See Dayco, 329 F.3d at 1365; Akron, 148 F.3d at 1382. In the same way, disclosure of the copying of claim language from the Ger-main application, involving the same subject matter but different inventors would have been very important to a reasonable examiner. The Court also determined that the failure to disclose related litigation was highly material. The law clearly required disclosure of such information which disclosure might have spurned the examiner to further inquiry in light of the litigation of the parent patent and allegations of inequitable conduct. The Court has also determined that the facts and circumstances indicate that Leviton’s conduct was so culpable as to require a finding of intent to deceive on these issues. The equities warrant a conclusion that inequitable conduct occurred. Furthermore, in light of the clear and convincing evidence demonstrating high levels of materiality and intent, this Court finds that Leviton’s inequitable conduct constitutes an independent basis for exceptionality under § 285. See Epcon Gas Sys., Inc. v. Bauer Compressors, Inc., 279 F.3d 1022, 1034 (Fed.Cir.2002); Beckman Instrum., Inc. v. LKB Produkter AB, 892 F.2d 1547, 1551 (Fed.Cir.1989); Stevenson v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 713 F.2d 705, 713 (Fed.Cir.1983); Century Wrecker, 913 F.Supp. at 1292; Tenax Corp., 22 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1268-69.

“Inequitable conduct in patent prosecution is an offense against the PTO and the public.” Akron, 148 F.3d at 1383. Our legal and regulatory system necessarily includes some ex parte proceedings, from a U.S. Attorney’s request for a search warrant in a criminal investigation to a party’s request for a temporary restraining order in civil litigation, to an inventor’s application for a patent. Each of these ex parte applications are dependent on the scrupulous candor and integrity of the single interested party before the decisionmaker. In the absence of the clarifying and probing of an adversary, the decisionmaker must be able to count on the applicant’s compliance with its duty to the institution of the court or the regulatory agency, not simply its duty to the narrower interests of its particular client. In its competitive rush to advance its client’s business interests, Leviton’s counsel’s stepped over the line, to the detriment of not only Meihao but the well-being of the system.

Frivolous Infringement

Meihao’s second basis for an award of fees against Levitón is Leviton’s alleged pursuit of frivolous infringement claims for months. (Paper No. 145, 8, 25.) Meihao asserts that Levitón pursued the case for nearly a year on allegations Levitón now concedes are without merit. (Paper No. 145, 9.) As discussed above, Levitón brought this infringement suit with the knowledge that the patent in suit was likely invalid due to its failure of disclosure. Based on this Court’s finding of inequitable conduct, the facts clearly show that Levitón pursued litigation that it knew, or should have known, was baseless, sufficient to violate either Federal Circuit law or Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11.

“Litigation misconduct and unprofessional behavior are relevant to the award of attorney fees, and may suffice to make a case exceptional under § 285.” Sensonics, Inc. v. Aerosonic Corp., 81 F.3d 1566, 1574 (Fed.Cir.1996); see also Rambus Inc. v. Infineon Tech. AG, 318 F.3d 1081, 1106 (Fed.Cir.2003); Epcon Gas Sys., Inc. v. Bauer Compressors, Inc., 279 F.3d 1022, 1034 (Fed.Cir.2002). A case may be found exceptional both because of unjustified or frivolous litigation, as well as conduct that violates Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11. Brooks, 393 F.3d at 1381; Beckman Instrum., Inc. v. LKB Produkter AB, 892 F.2d 1547, 1551 (Fed.Cir.1989). Federal Circuit law dictates that “[a] frivolous infringement suit is one which the patentee knew or, on reasonable investigation, should have- known was baseless.” Stephens v. Tech International, Inc., 398 F.3d 1269, 1273-74 (Fed.Cir.2004) (quoting Haynes Int’l Inc. v. Jessop Steel Co., 8 F.3d 1573, 1579 (Fed.Cir.1993), reh’g granted on other grounds, 15 F.3d 1076 (Fed.Cir.1994)). While the evidence must show that the litigation was pursued in bad faith, bad faith is inferred where the patentee is “manifestly unreasonable in assessing infringement, while continuing to assert infringement in court.” Eltech, 903 F.2d at 811.

The above conclusion that Levitón committed inequitable conduct in prosecuting the '766 patent by failing to disclose the Germain application or copying or the related litigation is sufficient to determine that Levitón knew its infringement suit was baseless at the time of its filing, and impose fees. Brasseler, U.S.A. I, L.P. v. Stryker Sales Corp., 267 F.3d 1370, 1386 (Fed.Cir.2001) (Patentee with knowledge of his inequitable conduct “should be charged with the expense of defending against this frivolous lawsuit.”) Independent of the inequitable conduct, however, there are disputes of fact which prevent resolution on this record of Meihao’s charge that Levitón pursued and maintained frivolous claims.

Levitón filed its suit on March 31, 2005. It is undisputed that Meihao discontinued manufacturing the accused product in 2007 after making a design change to its GFCI products being sold in this country, and provided evidence of its revised product to Levitón on February 2, 2007. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 17, 6.) Levitón concedes that by May 10-11, 2007, it had confirmed that Meihao had discontinued manufacturing and selling the original accused infringing products. (Paper No. 147, 12, 25 (“By switching to a new GFCI design, Meihao effectively conceded the injunction that Levitón sought against the original accused product.”).) Levitón continued-to pursue the case for nearly a year after receiving evidence of Meihao’s revised product, from February 2, 2007 until its voluntary dismissal of the case on December 17, 2008. Levitón did not move to dismiss the case either in February or May, but attempted to settle, before moving for dismissal in November. (Id. at 13.) While Meihao denies that the lawsuit motivated the change in its product design, this change at least suggests that the filing of the action was justified. The reasonableness of Leviton’s continued prosecution of the case after February 2 (for 10 months) and prosecution as to the modified Meihao product, is in dispute. Levitón claims that it needed time to review the modified product and confirm certain matters on deposition. Meihao disagrees. After the May 2007 depositions, Levitón says it was trying to settle the case. Since it sought damages as well as injunctive relief, continuation of the suit while attempting to resolve damages (or indeed the terms of a voluntary dismissal) does not seem necessarily unreasonable.

But, Meihao argues that Levitón improperly accused the modified products of infringing, demanded discovery about them and took a position directly contrary to its representations to the PTO so it could accuse Meihao’s new design of infringement. (Paper No. 145, 9.) Levitón does not address Meihao’s assertion that Levitón (through its expert, Dr. De La Ree) “rewrote the claim language ... to broaden the claim language to cover Meihao’s [new] GFCIs.” (Id. at 10.) On this record, the Court cannot judge whether prosecution of the infringement claim against the modified product for any period of time was frivolous or not. Accordingly, the Court cannot determine whether Leviton’s continued prosecution under these circumstances until November, 2007 is sanctionable. As Meihao notes, there was a great deal of litigation activity after Meihao’s submission of samples of its new product (see Id. 14.), which ultimately proved totally unnecessary given Leviton’s voluntary dismissal in November. In hindsight, a stay of proceedings should have been requested, to allow a decision on any infringement of the new Meihao product and negotiation of any damages or the terms of dismissal without the additional, significant expense to Meihao. However, the initial prosecution of the suit was improper and a ground for imposition of fees for exceptionality.

Refusal to Provide Discovery

Meihao’s third basis for asserting exceptionality is another form of litigation misconduct, Leviton’s refusal to provide discovery. Meihao asserts that Levitón did not produce documents or appear for scheduled depositions, and made groundless objections. (Id. at 11, 25-26.) Prior to the dismissal of the lawsuit, this judge, as discovery judge, had conducted a review of two motions to compel filed by Meihao, and was mere days away from releasing an opinion granting the motion to compel Messrs. Sutton, Magidoff and Narcisse to comply with subpoenas (Paper No. 117.) in its entirety and granting the motion to compel production of discoverable documents (Paper No. 116.) in substantial part. (See Paper Nos. 116 and 117.) This intimate knowledge of the discovery in the litigation, combined with a review of the record and submissions, compels the conclusion that Levitón indeed engaged in misconduct during discovery that is independently sufficient to make the case exceptional.

“Litigation misconduct and unprofessional behavior are relevant to the award of attorney fees, and may suffice to make a case exceptional under § 285.” Sensonics, 81 F.3d at 1574; see also Rambus, 318 F.3d at 1106; Epcon, 279 F.3d at 1034. Indeed, “[i]t is the judicial duty to refuse to condone behavior that exceeds reasonable litigation tactics.” Sensonics, 81 F.3d at 1575. In making determinations of ex-ceptionality based on litigation misconduct, courts have considered late production of documents, withdrawal of patents near trial, failure to list documents on a privilege log, false and misleading testimony, and misleading discovery responses. See Rambus, 318 F.3d at 1106; Nilssen v. Osram Sylvania, Inc., 528 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed.Cir.2008).

Here, Leviton’s conduct “exceed[ed] reasonable litigation tactics.” Sensonics, 81 F.3d at 1575. Its litigation position at a number of discovery points was measured to maximize delay and cost and to thwart discovery on the key inequitable conduct defense. While the trial judge may be knowledgeable of other vexatious litigation conduct, this opinion will discuss the discovery conduct that demonstrates a modus operandi, that the Court cannot ignore.

First, on January 25, 2007, Meihao served deposition subpoenas duces tecum on Leviton’s patent prosecutors, Messrs. Sutton, Magidoff and Narcisse of Green-berg Traurig for February 7, 8 and 9, starting at 9:00 a.m. (Paper No. 70, ex. AC.) None of the deponents appeared on February 7; nor were any documents produced on February 5. On February 7, Levitón belatedly (at 11:09 PM) filed a motion to quash the subpoenas and a protective order (Paper No. 70), arguing principally that the subpoenaed witnesses were also acting as Leviton’s litigation counsel and need to depose had not been established. This potential issue, of course, was known to Levitón since at least May 6, 2005, the filing of Meihao’s complaint raising, the invalidity and unenforceability of the '766 patent based on inequitable conduct. (Case No. 05-12431, Paper No. 1.) Levi-ton’s litigation position on this issue was without merit and resulted in delay and expense.

First, the majority of cases and commentators provide that a deponent (whether a party or non-party) must obtain an order excusing his appearance before the date set for discovery. 8 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Richard L. Marcus, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2035 (2008)(“At least with regard to depositions, the order should ordinarily be obtained before the date set forth discovery ... ”); 8 Moore’s Answer Guide: Federal Pretrial Civil Litigation § 8.62 (“Ensure that motion [for a protective order] ... will be filed prior to scheduled date for deposition.”); Hare v. Government Employees Ins. Co., 132 F.R.D. 448, 450 (E.D.Texas 1990) (“[A] deponent who realizes he cannot appear at a scheduled deposition bears the burden ... to get an order postponing the deposition”) Robert Billet Promotions, Inc. v. IMI Cornelius, Inc., 1995 WL 672385 *2 (E.D.Pa. Nov. 8, 1995) (“A party cannot, as defendants have done here, fail to attend a properly-noticed deposition without a court order”); Alexander v. F.B.I., 186 F.R.D. 78, 86 (D.D.C.1998) (“The filing of a motion for protective order does not automatically relieve a party from attending a deposition.”) King v. Fidelity Nat’l Bank of Baton Rouge, 712 F.2d 188, 192 (5th Cir.1983)(“motion to quash must be not only made but granted before the scheduled deposition to excuse compliance.”) Some courts are more lenient, requiring that the deponent must, at least, apply for a protective order before the time set for the deposition. See, e.g., East Boston Ecumenical Community v. Mastrorillo, 133 F.R.D. 2, 4 (D.Mass.1990) (“[A] party cannot unilaterally decide that he or she is not going to attend a duly noticed deposition without at least applying for a protective order before the time set for the deposition”). Levitón neither got a judicial order nor applied before the 9:00 a.m., February 7 deposition.

Second, the law is likewise clear that a litigant company cannot thwart discovery of patent prosecution issues through retention of its patent prosecution counsel as its litigation counsel. Notably, in its motion to quash, Levitón cites only general authorities on the propriety of depositions of opposing counsel in litigation (see Paper No. 70, 3-4), ignoring totally the sizable body of patent law recognizing the right to depose patent prosecutors, even if trial attorneys as well.

As Meihao pointed out in its opposition (see Paper No. 76, 12-13), courts regularly permit the depositions of patent prosecution counsel, finding the information sought relevant and the inquiry proper when a party raises the defense of inequitable conduct. See Genal Strap, Inc. v. Dar, 2006 WL 525794, *2 (determining that the patent prosecution attorney’s deposition was crucial to the inequitable conduct defense); aaiPharma, Inc. v. Kremers Urban Dev. Co., 361 F.Supp.2d 770, 774 n. 3 (N.D.Ill.2005) (stating that the deposition of counsel involved in the prosecution of the patents in suit was relevant to the affirmative defense of inequitable conduct); Alcon Labs., Inc. v. Pharmacia Corp., 225 F.Supp.2d 340, 344 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (allowing deposition of lead trial counsel who prosecuted patent — in suit because his “mental impressions during the patent prosecution period are at issue ... due to the inequitable conduct defense”). Environ Products, Inc. v. Total Containment, Inc., 41 U.S.P.Q.2d 1302, 1306 (E.D.Pa.1996) (“The affirmative defense of inequitable conduct makes [the attorney’s] mental impressions during the re-examination proceedings an issue in this litigation. A party is entitled to discover relevant, non-privileged information from any individual with access to such information, even when that individual is the. opposing party’s trial counsel”); Hay & Forage Industries v. Ford New Holland, 132 F.R.D. 687, 690 (D.Kan.1990) (allowing deposition of trial counsel who prosecuted the patent-in-suit because counsel “appears to be the best and perhaps only source for much of the information sought” about inequitable conduct); Amicus Communications L.P. v. Hewlett-Packard Co., Inc., 1999 WL 33117227, at *2 (D.D.C. Dec.3, 1999) (“several courts have allowed the depositions of patent prosecution counsel ... ”)

In its motion and reply, Levitón grasps at straws, citing case law that does not involve patent infringement, inequitable conduct or any analogous situation. Levitón does not cite a single patent case challenging the sizable authority supporting deposition. Rather; Levitón cites Shelton v. American Motors Corp., a product liability case which holds that trial counsel must show that “no other means exist to obtain the information [sought] than to depose opposing counsel.” 805 F.2d 1323, 1327 (8th Cir.1986). Levitón states that the Fourth Circuit follows Shelton, but does not cite a single Fourth Circuit case relying on it, in the general context or the patent situation. Moreover, as the Alcon court stated, “Shelton was not intended to provide heightened protection to attorneys who represented a client in a completed case and then also happened to represent that same client in a pending case where the information known only by the attorneys regarding the prior concluded case was crucial.” 225 F.Supp.2d at 343. Thus, there is apparent unanimity among courts that alleged infringers are entitled to the deposition of patent prosecution counsel (even if trial counsel) where inequitable misconduct is alleged. As a legal commentator noted: “Where trial counsel prosecute the patent-in-suit and inequitable conduct is pled, courts have almost without exception held that the prosecuting attorney must be made available for deposition, even though he is also trial counsel.” 18 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 421, 460 (Spring, 2005). While the author says “almost without exception,” in none of the cases he cites for this proposition was a deposition denied except ResQNet.Com, Inc. v. Lansa, Inc., 2004 WL 1627170 (S.D.N.Y. July 21, 2004). In that case, the deposition was denied at least in part because the Court found that the inequitable conduct defense had not been properly pled.

Quite simply, Levitón was unable to cite a single analogous case, involving patent prosecution counsel serving as trial counsel, where the court disallowed deposition on the issue of inequitable conduct, because there are none. Courts that have addressed this issue have made it abundantly clear: patent prosecution counsel cannot escape deposition merely because they currently serve as trial counsel in subsequent litigation. Here, the depositions of Leviton’s patent counsel were clearly relevant to Meihao’s asserted defense of inequitable conduct.

In addition to arguing that Greenberg Traurig’s status as trial counsel barred its lawyers’ depositions as patent prosecutors, Levitón further argues depositions that Meihao essentially must prove its inequitable conduct claim before deposing counsel. Levitón imposed a requirement of patent prosecution unknown to the federal rules: Meihao must prove one of the elements of the inequitable misconduct — the materiality of the information allegedly improperly withheld from the PTO — before getting discovery on any aspects of inequitable conduct. (Paper No. 70, 7-10.) In deposing Leviton’s patent counsel, Meihao sought to discover factual information relating to counsel’s actions in prosecuting the '766 patent. Without this information, Meihao would be unable to prove the facts underlying its claim of inequitable conduct — that Levitón knew of the Germain application at the time it prosecuted the '766 patent, knew of its materiality, knew of the law requiring disclosure of such material copending applications, but failed to disclose the Germain application anyway. {See discussion swpra regarding Leviton’s inequitable conduct.)

Furthermore, Levitón conceded in its motion to quash that depositions of trial counsel should be permitted if the party seeking them has shown that “no other means exist to obtain the information than to depose opposing counsel.” (Paper No. 70, 6 quoting Shelton, 805 F.2d at 1327; see also Hay & Forage, 132 at 690 (finding that the requesting party demonstrated “sufficient need for the depositions [of patent counsel]” because counsel was “the best and perhaps the only available source for much of the information sought”)). Although this concession reflects a stricter standard than perhaps warranted, even under this standard Meihao was entitled to depose Leviton’s patent counsel. The facts clearly indicate that Meihao had no other way to discover information regarding patent prosecution counsel’s actions and knowledge at the time Levitón prosecuted the '766 application. By Leviton’s own admission, the law clearly indicates that Meihao should have been permitted to depose Leviton’s patent counsel, even if trial counsel as well.

Leviton’s untimely and unjustified motion to quash resulted in Meihao’s expenditure of attorneys’ fees in opposition and delay in discovery on its inequitable conduct defense. Levitón resisted and resisted the depositions of its patent prosecutors and then appeared to capitulate before any ruling was made. On March 21, 2007, Greenberg Traurig moved to withdraw (Paper No. 85), which was granted the next day (Paper No. 87.) Subsequently, two of Leviton’s patent prosecutors — Messrs. Narcisse and Magidoff — appeared for their depositions on April 4 and May 3. However, Levitón counsel imposed numerous objections to Meihao’s questions and instructed them not to answer. On instructions from Levitón counsel, Narcisse refused to answer 37 questions and Magidoff, 38. (Paper No. 117, 13, 18 and Ex. 14 and 16), almost all on the basis of work product. These questions attempted to explore the relationship between the Germain application and the '766 patent and the decision not to disclose the Germain application to the PTO and conversations with co-counsel regarding prosecution, conversations with inventors seeking facts or technical information. The claim language and actions taken or not taken during prosecution— all highly germane — indeed critical — to Meihao’s inequitable conduct defense. (See Paper No. 142, Ex. 21 and 22.)

On the key issue of similarity of the claim language of the Germain and '766 applications, for example, Mr. Narcisse declined to answer each of the following questions, claiming the work-product exception:

• “Can you tell me with respect to Claim 1 where you got the language for Claim 1?” (Ex. 13 at 52: 13-15);
• “So isn’t it a fact that Claim 1 of the '766 application was copied from Claim 31 of. the Germain application?” (Id. at 60:15-17);
• “How can you explain [the almost identical language in the two claims]?” (Id. at 61:24);
• “Can you tell me where you got the phrase, ‘movable bridge’?” (Id. at 62:16-17);
• “Did you discuss with Mr. Sutton before the '766 application was filed whether it would be appropriate to copy claims from the Germain application?” (Id. at 96:2-5);
• “Did you consider disclosing the Ger-main application to the PTO?” (Id. at 117:12-13);
• “Prior to the issuance of the '766 patent, did you consider whether the Ger-main application was prior art to the application?” (Id. at 118:19-22);
• “Why didn’t you believe that [the Ger-main application] was prior art?” (Id. at 120:14-15);
• “So how could you say [the claims] weren’t copied?” (Id. at 125:9-10);
• “How do you explain the similarity in claim language?” (Id. at 125:22-23); and
• “Did you ever consider whether the language of the '766 patent claims that you had drafted would be in violation of [the PTO rule prohibiting ‘Knowingly withholding from the Office information identifying a patent or patent application from which one or more claims have been copied’]?” (Id. at 137:24-138:3).

Perhaps most importantly, Narcisse acknowledged that he could explain the similarities in the claim in the two applications language, (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 61) (Q: “Can you explain, Mr. Narcisse, the almost identical language in the two claims?” A: “Yes, I can.”), but when asked to do so, counsel instructed him not to answer. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 20, 61-62.) (Paper No. 117, ex. 14 and 16, Paper No. 124, ex. 11.) On July 6, 2007, Meihao filed a motion to compel seeking, inter alia, another deposition of Messrs. Narcisse and Magidoff where they would be ordered to answer the questions that they were improperly instructed not to answer. (Paper No. 117.)

During this Court’s extensive review of Meihao’s motion to compel the depositions before Leviton’s dismissal of the case, it became clear that Leviton’s conduct after producing counsel for deposition was manifestly unreasonable and vexatious. (See Paper Nos. 117, 121, and 124.) First, Leviton’s litigation position on Meihao’s proper line of inquiry in the Narcisse and Magidoff depositions is indefensible. In its motion, Meihao identified 37 questions that Narcisse refused to answer on instructions of counsel, and 38 that Magi-doff refused to answer, on instructions of counsel (Paper No. 117, 13, 18 & Ex. 14, 16.) Levitón did not attempt to justify any of its objections or instructions not to answer on a question-by-question basis, nor even mention the content of the disputed questions in its opposition. This disinterested and inadequate opposition once a motion was brought is the clearest example of the vexatious nature of Levi-ton’s litigation conduct. As Meihao observed, “[i]n the extensive briefing on this issue, Levitón did not attempt to justify a single specific objection and instruction not to answer.” (Paper No. 145, n. 9 & 14.) Instead, Levitón relies only on broad work product allegations and its incorrect stance on the law of work product as relating to inequitable conduct. (See Paper No. 121.) Levitón did not deny the relevance of the questions which obviously went to the inequitable conduct defense but merely attacked as “strained” and “unsupported” Meihao’s allegations of inequitable conduct defense. Amazingly, Levitón did not do what the law clearly requires a party who is asserting privilege to do: demonstrate that all the elements of the privilege have been met. This failure of Levitón to meet its burden in and of itself provides the basis to compel the answers. Victor Stanley, Inc. v. Creative Pipe, Inc., 250 F.R.D. 251, 266-67 (D.Md.2008). Leviton’s unsupported objections and instructions not to answer demonstrate that Levitón was clearly resisting discovery to postpone or prevent Meihao from uncovering the very facts necessary to prove its inequitable conduct defense, rather than on any good faith basis.

The burden is on the proponent of the privilege to demonstrate “not only that an attorney-client relationship existed, but also that the particular communications at issue are privileged [ (confidential) ] and that the privilege was not waived.” Id. See also In Re: Grand Jury Subpoena, 341 F.3d 331, 335 (4th Cir.2003) (citing United States v. Jones, 696 F.2d 1069, 1072 (4th Cir.1982)); Accord United States v. Martin Marietta, 886 F.Supp. 1243, 1244 (D.Md.1995). Similarly, it is the party invoking work product immunity that bears the burden of proving their preparation in anticipation of litigation. In re Minebea Co., 143 F.R.D. 494, 499 (S.D.N.Y.1992).

As the Fourth Circuit explained in United States v. (Under Seal), “[i]n practical terms, this burden requires the proponent to explain, through ex parte submissions if necessary to maintain confidentiality, the significance or meaning of an otherwise cryptic document.” 748 F.2d 871, 876 (4th Cir.1984). When the requesting party challenges the sufficiency of the privilege assertion, the producing party bears the burden of establishing an evidentiary basis (such as an affidavit) to support each element of each privilege or work product protection sought, for each question or each document. Victor Stanley, 250 F.R.D. at 266-67. If the evidentiary basis is not established, the documents should be produced. Id. (“If ... the requesting party challenges the sufficiency of the assertion of privilege/protection, the asserting party ... bears the burden of establishing an evidentiary basis — by affidavit, deposition transcript, or other evidence — for each element of each privilege ... claimed for each document or category of document produced because of the failure of the asserting party to meets its burden.”). See also Neuberger Berman Real Estate Income Fund, Inc. v. Lola Brown Trust No. 1B, 230 F.R.D. 398, 409-10 (D.Md.2005); Neighborhood Dev. Collaborative v. Murphy, 233 F.R.D. 436, 442 (D.Md.2005); Byrnes v. Jetnet Corp., 111 F.R.D. 68, 71 (M.D.N.C.1986). Thus, Levitón failed to mount any good faith defense of its obstructionist position in the Narcisse and Magidoff depositions.

Second, Leviton’s opposition to these questions on the inequitable conduct defense on work product grounds was without colorable merit. Levitón argued both in the hearing and in its opposition to the further deposition of its patent prosecutors and to the production of certain documents that, under In re Spalding Sports Worldwide, Inc., 203 F.3d 800, 807 (Fed.Cir.2000), Meihao had to establish a prima facie case of common law fraud (not just inequitable conduct) to defeat attorney-client privilege or overcome work product immunity. (Paper No. 121, 512 et seq.; Paper No. 122, 28-29). This is another of Leviton’s novel and complex arguments, which on careful examinations proves wholly without merit.

Levitón appears to have greatly confused the controlling law. First, Levitón over reads Spalding by applying its holding to work product immunity, when in fact Spalding dealt only with the attorney-client privilege. See Spalding, 203 F.3d at 803 (stating that the issue is “whether Spalding’s invention record is protected by the attorney-client privilege”). Spalding considered the applicability of the attorney-client privilege to invention records and the showing necessary to overcome that privilege under the crime-fraud exception; it did not consider what showing a requesting party must make in order to overcome work product immunity. See id. (“[A] party challenging the attorney-client privilege must make a prima facie showing that the communication was made in furtherance of a crime or fraud.”) (emphasis added). Second, Levitón neglects to note an important difference between attorney-client privilege and work product immunity. While Levitón correctly notes that both privilege and immunity can be overcome by a showing of fraud sufficient to invoke the crime-fraud exception, see, e.g., Hercules, 434 F.Supp. at 153 (considering the applicability of the crime fraud exception to both the attorney-client privilege and work product immunity), work product immunity also can be overcome by a showing of substantial need and undue hardship, which has nothing to do with the crime-fraud exception. See, e.g., id. at 150 (noting that the work product doctrine protects documents prepared in anticipation of litigation “unless substantial good cause can be shown for its production”). The law of attorney-client privilege cannot be imported wholesale to determine rights under the work product immunity doctrine, as Levitón rather indiscriminately seeks to do.

Levitón cites several cases to support its claim that Spalding established that in a patent case, work product immunity may be overcome only by showing a prima facie case of common law fraud and not by demonstrating substantial need. (Paper No. 121, 12-14.) Despite that Spalding is central to its claim, Levitón cites many cases that predate Spalding. Furthermore, like Spalding, these cases all deal only with the application of the crime-fraud exception to the attorney-client privilege and work product immunity. Levi-ton misreads these cases by conflating the showing required to obtain documents under the crime-fraud exception with the showing required to obtain documents by a demonstration of substantial need.

Given the historic and continuing differences in the attorney-client privilege and work product immunity, and the absence of any cases to support its argument that proof of common law fraud is required to overcome work product immunity in patent issues, this Court finds that Spalding’s holding cannot be read to apply to work product immunity, and that a showing of substantial need and undue hardship is sufficient to overcome fact work product immunity. Leviton’s Spalding argument was a novel and wholly meritless argument.

Levitón ignored the decisions before and after Spalding which have consistently determined in patent cases that a showing of substantial need warrants production of fact work product. See Softview Computer Products, Corp. v. Haworth, Inc., 2000 WL 351411 *4 (S.D.N.Y. March 31, 2000) (“[W]here the applicability of the work-product doctrine has been established, factual material may, nevertheless, be ordered produced upon a showing of substantial need and inability to obtain the equivalent without undue hardship.”) (internal quotations omitted); McCook Metals LLC v. Alcoa, Inc., 192 F.R.D. 242, 258-59 (N.D.Ill.2000) (“In the fact work product doctrine, the burden then shifts to the moving side to demonstrate a substantial need for the information, and that it would be exceedingly difficult to obtain the information any other way.”); Duplan Corp. v. Moulinage et Retorderie de Chavanoz, 487 F.2d 480, 484-85 (4th cir.1973) (recognizing that work product documents, in a patent case, enjoy qualified immunity and are discoverable on a demonstration of substantial need and undue hardship); Handgards, Inc. v. Johnson & Johnson, 413 F.Supp. 926, 931 (N.D.Cal.1976)(finding, in a patent case, that the “plaintiff has made a sufficient showing of substantial need and undue hardship to overcome the qualified immunity from discovery for non-mental impression work product”); SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 70 F.R.D. 508, 516 (D.Conn.1976) (finding, in patent litigation, that the discovering party failed to demonstrate substantial need or undue hardship sufficient to obtain work product documents).

Meihao was obviously unable to learn about the drafting of the Germain and '766 claims and other patent prosecution matters, except from patent prosecution counsel. Although Levitón denies the relevance of the information because it is “not directed to the prosecution of the '766 patent application,” Meihao has shown substantial need for the information by demonstrating that it is directly relevant to its inequitable conduct defense. (Paper No. 122, 6.) See earlier discussion on Levi-ton’s motion to quash and cases cited therein.

While the bar is higher for entitlement to opinion work product than factual work product, Levitón does not identify which questions it believes implicate opinion work product. From the Court’s review, few, if any, do. Nonetheless, Levitón argues vigorously about the hypothetical intrusion into the mental impressions of its patent prosecution attorneys.

In any event, Meihao’s entitlement to opinion work product would appear highly justified. While opinion work product, the “mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories ... concerning the litigation,” enjoys extreme protection from discovery, many scholars and courts have allowed that discovery of mental impressions are discoverable in certain limited circumstances.

This Court agrees that Meihao may discover the mental impressions of Leviton’s patent counsel where they have been placed directly at issue due to Meihao’s affirmative defense of inequitable conduct. Levitón concedes it its brief that: “although a few courts have permitted limited discovery of mental impressions in the context of an inequitable conduct claim, even in those circumstances courts refuse to allow such discovery of mental impressions when the work in question was also done in anticipation of litigation.” Citing only Hercules, Inc. v. Exxon Corp., 434 F.Supp. 136, 152 (D.Del.1977) (Paper No. 121, 10.) This assertion is both incorrect and illogical: if the work was not done in anticipation of litigation, of course it would not be protected as work product. Levitón is again confusing the issue. It is true that courts have found that patent prosecution documents may enjoy work product immunity if the “primary motivating purpose behind the performance of the work was to assist in the pending or impending litigation.” Hercules, 434 F.Supp. at 152. However, courts have found that alleged, infringing parties may overcome work product immunity when they need documents or testimony to prove an inequitable conduct defense. The court in Hercules did not, as Leviton’s memorandum implies, find such work product immunity to be absolute. Rather, the Hercules court found that the defendant did not demonstrate substantial need or undue hardship to overcome the immunity. Id. at 153-155. As the cases cited previously indicate, courts have articulated an exception to opinion work product immunity by allowing discovery of counsel’s mental impressions when they are at issue and necessary to the litigation. See, e.g., Environ, 41 U.S.P.Q.2d at 1306 (“Impressions protected by the work-product doctrine may be discovered when directly relevant to the litigation and when the need for production is compelling.”)(emphasis added); Alcon, 225 F.Supp.2d at 344 (finding that “a prosecuting attorneys’ mental impressions are critical to any claim of inequitable conduct on a patent infringement action.”) and other cases cited previously. Although the Fourth Circuit has not faced and ruled on the issue, this Court agrees with the Middle District of North Carolina that such a holding is consistent with Fourth Circuit precedent recognizing near absolute immunity for opinion work product. See Charlotte Motor Speedway, 125 F.R.D. at 130-131 (M.D.N.C.1989) (recognizing that a narrow exception to opinion work product immunity in circumstances where activities of counsel are directly at issue is not inconsistent with Fourth Circuit precedent because the cases are distinguishable on the facts). Furthermore, as previously discussed, such a decision is consistent with significant precedent outside the Fourth Circuit, especially dealing with entitlement to discovery on the inequitable conduct defense. Thus, Meihao could discover the opinions and mental impressions of Levi-ton’s patent counsel where those opinions directly relate to Meihao’s affirmative defense of inequitable conduct which these questions did. Leviton’s discovery stance was without substantial justification (see Fed.R.Civ.P. 37). Both the lack of merit of its position and its anemic and inadequate briefing confirms that Leviton’s principal goal was to delay Meihao’s discovery of the inequitable conduct of Levitón.

Finally, this Court also conducted extensive review of Meihao’s motion to compel documents from Levitón (see Paper No. 116), and concluded that the majority of the documents were clearly discoverable. As in the case of the litigation of the deposition questions to its patent counsel, it is Leviton’s approach to document production and resolution of disputes that is unacceptable, as well as its position on the merits of the dispute. In its opposition, Levitón charges that “Meihao never identifies any theory of relevance for any specific document.” (Paper No. 122, 7.) That is a puzzling position for several reasons. First, relevance under Rule 26 requires only some nexus between the claim and evidence sought. See United Oil Co., Inc. v. Parts Associates, Inc., 227 F.R.D. 404, 409 (D.Md.2005) (citing Wright, Miller & Marcus, supra § 2008). Moreover, Levitón appeared to have asserted this discovery objection only in opposition to the motion not earlier on its response to the document request, thereby waiving its rights. Second, the documents for which Levitón questions relevance relate to the Germain application and the parent patents to '766 (Paper No. 125, 3^4) — clearly relevant to the issue here, as Meihao describes and Levitón must have understood. Leviton’s resistence to production of documents on this limp — and likely waived basis is wholly unavailing and makeweight. It is litigation by roadblock.

Altogether Levitón produced four privilege logs: March 9, April 9, July 30 and August 9, 2007. (Paper No. 116, Ex. B and C; Paper No. 122, Ex. 4A and Paper No. 125, Ex. M.) The last privilege log identified sixty-five pages of allegedly privileged documents not previously identified to Meihao or scheduled on any of the three previous privilege logs. (Paper No. 125, 12.) This failure to identify and schedule assertedly privileged documents on an initial (or even second or third) privilege log may itself be grounds for waiver of the privilege. Neuberger, 230 F.R.D. at 418. Moreover, once Meihao challenged Levi-ton’s privilege assertions, Levitón did not discharge its burden to establish an evidentiary basis to support each element of each privilege or work product immunity sought for each document or category of documents. Neuberger, 230 F.R.D. at 418.

While Levitón did submit affidavits of Claude Narcisse and Meir Blonder of Levitón which affidavits did reference some (but not all) of the withheld documents, their affidavits did not provide support on all the elements of either the attorney-client or work product privilege. For example, Narcisse did not provide any significant factual context for the nine documents he referenced. He was neither the author nor recipient of any of the documents. He largely parroted the legalese of the United Shoe case without connecting to the actual factual context of the document’s creation, use and dissemination.

Neither was Mr. Blonder the author or recipient of any of the documents he referenced. His affidavit did belatedly identify many of the authors and addressees of the withheld documents. However, he too simply parroted the necessary legalese of the United Shoe case without connecting to actual factual context of the document’s creation, use and dissemination.

Additionally, in its opposition to production of these documents Levitón made the same faulty arguments as in its opposition to further depositions , of patent counsel.

Ultimately on in camera review, Levi-ton’s privilege/work product assertions were only valid for 17 documents which were draft applications sent to Levitón counsel for review and advice, invention disclosure materials and a few emails and faxes between Levitón and its counsel asking for or giving legal advice. Many more were clearly without privilege, or work product protection. In the latest privilege log, Levitón had scheduled 80 documents as enjoying privilege or work product status. (Paper No. 125, Ex. M.) Accordingly, under Fed.R.Civ.P. 37, Leviton’s position on the vast majority of the assertedly privileged documents was not “substantially justified” and an award of fees is appropriate under that rule, as well as under § 285 as another example of vexatious litigation conduct.

This Court therefore finds that Leviton’s litigation misconduct provides another basis for a finding of exceptionality under § 285. Were this Court to award attorneys’ fees solely on the basis of Leviton’s litigation misconduct, the award would necessarily be limited to an amount “bear[ing] some relation to the extent of the misconduct.” See Read Corp. v. Portee, Inc., 970 F.2d 816, 831 (Fed.Cir.1992); see also Rambus, 318 F.3d at 1106. Because the award of fees in this litigation is not based solely on litigation misconduct, but also on Leviton’s inequitable conduct in prosecuting the patent, such a limitation on the award is unnecessary.

Conclusion

In light of the foregoing analysis, Meihao has demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence two separate bases for a finding of exceptionality under § 285: Leviton’s inequitable conduct in prosecuting the '766 patent, and this conduct in discovery, reflecting a strategy of vexatious litigation in pursuit of its infringement claims against Meihao and in defeat of Meihao’s discovery on its inequitable conduct. See Beckman, 892 F.2d at 1552 (upholding the district court’s finding of exceptional circumstances based on a strategy of vexatious litigation). As discussed throughout this opinion, the facts and surrounding circumstances demonstrate that Levitón intentionally withheld the Germain application from the PTO while prosecuting the '766 patent, because the Germain application (and copying of claims) potentially would have raised issues of inventorship, double-patenting and whether the specifications supported the claims as would the knowledge of other related litigation. These issues could have prevented the issuance of the '766 patent or at least defeated the petition to make special. Then, Levitón brought this lawsuit for infringement based on a patent received without full disclosure to the PTO and engaged in a strategy of vexatious litigation, aimed at thwarting discovery of its inequitable conduct, finally choosing to dismiss the case before any adverse rulings.

This lawsuit is not the first time Levitón has caused undue expense and burden to Meihao. Levitón brought a suit alleging infringement of a related patent against Meihao two years before bringing the current suit. That suit ended in 2006 with this Court’s grant of summary judgment of non-infringement to Meihao, a decision affirmed by the Federal Circuit in 2007. See Shanghai Meihao Elec., Inc. v. Leviton Mfg. Co., Inc., 409 F.Supp.2d 643 (D.Md.2006), aff'd, 212 Fed.Appx. 977 (Fed.Cir.2007). While this earlier litigation did not involve the patent at issue in this litigation, it may be a further indication of Leviton’s unprincipled approach to litigation. While I cannot comment on Leviton’s litigation conduct in that case, Judge Davis, the trial judge in that (and this) case, may have a view. Moreover, Levitón has brought twelve different lawsuits on patents related to the '766 patent, including five different suits on the '766 patent alone, and Meihao reported — and Levitón did not deny-has never received a favorable judgment on the merits. (See Paper No. 145, Ex. 18, 23-24.)

This Court recognizes that Congress did not intend, in enacting § 285, for the recovery of fee awards in patent suits to become “an ordinary thing.” S.Rep. No. 1503, 79th Cong., 2d Session 1, 2, reprinted in 1946 U.S.C.C.S. 1386, 1387. Rather, the statute was intended to allow a court to prevent a “gross injustice to an alleged infringer.” J.P. Stevens Co., Inc. v. Lex Tex Ltd., Inc., 822 F.2d 1047, 1052 (Fed.Cir.1987) (citing S.Rep. No. 1503, 79th Cong.2d Sess. (1946), as reprinted in 1946 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1386, 1387). As discussed throughout the opinion, Leviton’s conduct was by no means ordinary, and an award of fees to Meihao is necessary to prevent such a gross injustice. As advised by the Federal Circuit, this judge has considered factors such as “the closeness of the case, tactics of counsel, the conduct of the parties” to achieve “a fairer allocation of the burdens of litigation as between winner and loser.” Id. at 1052. Accord Nilssen v. Osram Sylvania, Inc., 528 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed.Cir.2008). Accordingly, this judge recommends that an award of attorneys’ fees and costs be made to achieve that “fairer allocation of the burdens of litigation as between winner and loser.”

In its Application for an Award of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs related to the patent infringement case brought by Levitón. Meihao seeks $238,894.30 for services provided by Andrews Kurth (“Andrews”) and $759,168.52 for services provided by Bingham McCutchen (“Bingham”), in addition to $18,863.50 in costs, for a total request of $1,016,926.32. (Paper No. 159, 2.)

After reviewing the foregoing application, memoranda and exhibits and having considered the arguments of counsel, the Court recommends an award of $810,659.17 in attorneys’ fees and costs to Meihao.

Amount of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs

It is the responsibility of the Court to determine a reasonable award of attorney fees. Meihao correctly observes that “Levitón has never opposed, or even questioned, the amount of Meihao’s costs ... nor challenged the amount of Meihao’s reasonable attorneys fees recoverable under 35 U.S.C. § 285.” (Id. at 4) (Paper No. 159, Baker Second Declaration, 4.) The Court has considered that fact, viewing it essentially as an admission to the reasonableness of the hourly rates charged and the amount of hours worked. Nevertheless, the Court has an obligation to review the attorneys’ fees petition independently. CoStar Group, Inc. v. LoopNet, Inc., 106 F.Supp.2d 780, 787 (D.Md.2000).

Upon finding that a case is exceptional under § 285, a Court may use the lodestar approach to determine reasonable attorneys’ fees. Maxwell v. Angel-Etts of California, Inc., 53 Fed.Appx. 561, 568-69 (Fed.Cir.2002) (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433-34, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983)). The lodestar method is the appropriate standard for determining a reasonable award, by multiplying reasonable hours against the reasonable hourly rate. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933; CoStar, 106 F.Supp.2d at 787. The lodestar approach has been applied to § 285 cases by the Federal Circuit. Id. See also Herbert F. Schwartz, Patent Law and Practice § 8.V (5th ed.2006).

As a guide for determining reasonableness, some courts within this District have applied the twelve-part Johnson test.

CoStar, 106 F.Supp.2d at 787. (applying Rule 37(a)). These factors can be applied in patent cases. See Schwartz, supra § 8.V (Stating that the courts consider factors when calculating a reasonable fee, “including the results obtained; the attorney’s normal billing rate; difficulty and novelty of the case; time and labor involved; loss of other business; fees customarily charged for similar services; whether it is a fixed or contingent fee; reputation, experience, and ability of counsel; fees paid to opposing counsel; and expenses and advancements.”). The old practice in the Fourth Circuit was to calculate the lodestar award, and then adjust that award upward or downward based on the Johnson factors. See generally Anderson v. Morris, 658 F.2d 246 (4 th Cir.1981). The Fourth Circuit has explicitly revised its view following the Supreme Court’s decision in Blum v. Stenson, which articulated disfavor with that approach. 465 U.S. 886, 896-97, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984). In Daly v. Hill, the court stated:

While the Supreme Court continues to endorse use of the Johnson factors in calculating fee awards the Court has disapproved of the procedure endorsed by this court in Anderson. Out of a concern that upward adjustments of a lodestar figure can sometimes result in “double counting,” the Court has suggested that most Johnson factors are appropriately considered in initially determining the lodestar figure, not in adjusting that figure upward. According to the Court, the critical inquiry in determining reasonableness [of a fee award] is now generally recognized as the appropriate hourly rate. If the hourly rate is properly calculated, the product of reasonable hours times the reasonable rate normally provides a reasonable attorney’s fee within the meaning of § 1988.

790 F.2d 1071, 1077 (4 th Cir.1986) Thus, this Court follows in form, and considers the Johnson factors within the context of determining reasonable hourly rates.

It is the Court’s opinion that a modest reduction in the attorneys’ fees sought is necessary. In accord with the Maryland District Court Guidelines and governing precedent, this Court has reviewed the fee petition specifically as to 1) the reasonableness of the rates charged, and 2) the reasonableness of the hours billed.

Reasonable Hourly Rate

Only those Johnson factors relevant to the circumstances of the particular case need to be considered. EEOC v. Service News Co., 898 F.2d 958, 965 (4th Cir.1990) (applying lodestar method to finding of attorneys’ fees in Title VII case, and considering Johnson factors). Here, the following factors are relevant based on the facts presented: the novelty and difficulty of the questions raised; the skill required to properly perform the legal services rendered; the customary fee for like work; and the experience, reputation and ability of the attorney. Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, 488 F.2d 714, 717-19 (5th Cir.1974). To further simplify, when calculating a fee, a court should consider complexity, skill or reputation, and community rates.

Those relevant Johnson . factors have been emphasized by the courts. Rum Creek Coal Sales Inc. v. Caperton, 31 F.3d 169, 175 (4th Cir.1994) (citing Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984))(The plaintiff is entitied to compensation only at a reasonable hourly rate, determined according to “the ‘prevailing market rates in the relevant community.”); CoStar, 106 F.Supp.2d at 787-788 (quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984))(“The burden is on the fee applicant to produce satisfactory evidence ... that the requested rates are in line -with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation.”); National Wildlife Foundation v. Hanson, 859 F.2d 313, 317 (4th Cir.1988)(emphasizing that typically, the relevant community is the community where the court is located.); Montcalm Pub. Corp. v. Virginia, 199 F.3d 168, 173 (4th Cir.1999)(“If the matter is so complex and specialized that ‘no attorney with the required skill is available locally, a court may award fees from counsel located elsewhere.”); See also Rum Creek, 31 F.3d at 179. In general, complexity, skill, and relative community rates determine reasonable fees in such cases.

Two law firms represented Meihao during the subject litigation: Andrews and Bingham (both located in Washington D.C.). Meihao seeks the following rates for its Andrews attorneys and other personnel:

Name Title J.D. Year or Years Experience Hourly Rate/Years Experience
Fei-Fei Chao_Partner 1996 $500/10
Aldo Noto_Partner 1990 $600/17
Frederick Frei_Partner 1973 $500/34
Sumeet Magoon_ Associate 1999 $345/8
Michael Ye. Ph.D._Associate 2004 $275/2
Miranda Perkins_Paralegal $145/2
Carey Sakert_Paralegal $160/16
Eddy Valverde_Paralegal $170.00/10
Margaret Jane Strahl_Paralegal $170.00/10
Reference $130.00/20
Librarians
Bingham charged at the following rates:
Name Title J.D. Year Hourly Rate/Years Experience
Gary M. Hnath Partner 1983 $460/22-24
Susan Baker Manning Partner 1998 $415/7
$450/8
$500/9
Peter Mei Partner 1994 $450/11
$470/12
$525/13
Fei Fei Chao. Ph.D. Partner 1996 $385/9-10
William Hughet Of Counsel 1992 $465/15
Elizabeth Austern Associate 2005 $325/2
Gerald Chan Associate 2001 $360/4
$415/5
$460/6
Yuri Horwitz Associate 2006 $255/ < 1
$270/1
Dan Nooter Associate 2005 $325/2
Kevin Leung Associate 2001 $360/4-5
Erich Tzou Associate 2006 $270/1
Emily Bernstein Paralegal $240/18
Eliana Sugarman Paralegal $220/2
Yu-Ing Huang Paralegal $200/0
Michelle Sampilo Paralegal-$190/9
Kathleen Caulfield Paralegal $175/8
Saron Harry Paralegal $175/6
Tim Kistner Paralegal $165/7
Stephanie Brett Paralegal $140/1
Librarians/ Specialists and other personnel $85-$210

As to the hourly rates for attorneys, Meihao counsel state in their affidavits that they are “fair, compensatory and consistent with the rates charged by our competitors.” (Paper No. 142, ¶ 19 — Bingham; Paper No. 143, ¶ 7 — Andrews.) There is no doubt as to the complexity of the underlying patent litigation. Neither is there any doubt as to the reputation and skill of the attorneys at these two firms. But the Court must still undertake an analysis of whether the firm’s rates are inline with standard market rates.

“Evidence of the prevailing market rate usually takes the form of affidavits from other counsel attesting to their rates or the prevailing market rate.” CoStar, 106 F.Supp.2d at 788. “In the absence of sufficient documentation, the court may rely on its own knowledge of the market.” Id. See also Lucero v. Trinidad, 815 F.2d 1384, 1385 (10th Cir.1987). Depending upon the circumstances, courts have considered the rate charged by the petitioning attorney practicing in the appropriate locality, see, e.g., Rum Creek Coal Sales, Inc. v. Caperton, 31 F.3d 169, 178-9 (4th Cir.1994); Yamaha Motor Corp. v. Jim’s Motorcycle, Inc., 381 F.Supp.2d 499, 504 (E.D.Va.2005), or The Rules and Guidelines for Determining Lodestar Attorney’s Fees in Civil Rights and Discrimination Cases of this Court (Appendix B to Local Rules of the District of Maryland), which “provide a presumptively reasonable range of hourly rates ...” Poole v. Textron, Inc., 192 F.R.D. 494, 509 (D.Md.2000).

Bingham has stated that it

tracks its rates against historical data compiled by a major private bank, concentrating on a group of 15 leading firms of similar scope, experience and quality. Over the last five years, Bingham McCutchen’s billing rates have been at or below the median.

(Paper No. 142, ¶ 19.)

Bingham neither submitted the study to the Court, nor provided the names of the peer firms, limiting its evidentiary value. However, counsel did provide specific rates for 2006 for the asserted peer group of firms, demonstrating that the average hourly rates for Bingham partners and associates were lower than the average hourly rates for peer firms’ attorneys, although the average hourly rates were slightly higher for Bingham paralegals, than the peer firms. (See Paper No. 159, 7.) Andrews did not provide its average hourly billing rates.

Additionally, Meihao counsel offered the American Intellectual Property Law Association’s Report of the Economic Survey 2007 (“AIPLA Report”) as support for the comparability of Bingham and Andrews’ rates with those charged in the competitive marketplace. The report did not break down the rate by numbers of years of experience. That report showed that the 2006 mean average hourly billing rate for partners in the Washington, D.C. CMSA area was $435.00. The mean average billing rate for Boston CMSA was $512.00; New York City CMSA $453.00; and Philadelphia CMSA $405.00. No mean average rate was given for the Baltimore CMSA, although “Other East” was $306.00. According to the Census Bureau, the Washington D.C. consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA) for 2006 did not include Baltimore (See http://www. census.gov/population/www/metroareas/ lists/2006/Listl.txt.) Baltimore is in a CMSA of its own, with Towson and other surrounding areas, and has been for all years with available CMSA data. Id.

According to the survey, the mean average hourly billing rate for associates in the Washington, D.C. CMSA was $297.00; Boston CMSA, $310.00, New York City CMSA, $341.00 and Philadelphia CMSA, $242.00. Again, no mean average rate was given for the Baltimore CMSA although “Other East” was $216.00. The hourly rates charged for partners’ time at Bingham were $460.00 (Hnath), $415.00 (2005); $450.00 (2006) and $500 (2007); (Baker Manning) $450.00 (2005), $470.00 (2006) and $525.00 (2007); (Mei) $385.00 (Chao while at Bingham) and $465.00 (Hughet “of counsel”). These rates were slightly higher than the average billing rate in the AIPLA Report for the Washington, D.C. area in 2006 (with the exception of Chao, who had the least number of years of experience as an attorney, but significant scientific education). Of course, if the rates are compared to those in “Other East” or “Philadelphia CMSA,” they are considerably higher. The hourly rates charged for the Andrews’ partners were $500.00 (Chao), $500.00 (Frei) and $600.00 (Noto) — again higher than the AIPLA average hourly rate for the Washington, D.C. area.

Bingham associate hourly rates for Austern, Chan, Nooter and Leung were all higher — sometimes by quite a lot — than the AIPLA average for Washington, D.C. Only Tzou and Horwitz billed below the median, and only barely at $270.00, and they had only one year of experience. One Andrews associate was charged at $275.00, with two years of experience; the other at $345.00, with eight years of experience. Both above the Washington, D.C. AIPLA average hourly rate.

As for paralegal rates, Meihao counsel provided the Private Bank Study (showing that Bingham paralegals’ rates were higher than those of peer firms) and their own affidavit statements on the reasonableness of the rates charged. However, the biographical information on education and experience, submitted for some of the paralegals (especially those charged at rates $200-$240 an hour) certainly provides a basis for some marked increase from standard paralegal rates, such as those set forth in the Court’s guidelines ($95-$115, the highest presumptive range in 2008), but arguably not a doubling. Accordingly, the Court shall reduce all paralegal hourly rates by 10% in recognition of the lack of specific support for these higher Washington, D.C. rates.

Having considered the Private Bank survey, the AIPLA report, counsel’s affidavits, Leviton’s failure to object to rates, the Court’s own experience and the highly technical and specialized nature of patent law practice, the Court accepts the Bingham and Andrews hourly attorney rates as within the high range of reasonable rates for the Washington, D.C. area. Meihao has not, however, presented any support for its payment of Washington, D.C. rates, either by demonstrating that Baltimore rates are the same as those in D.C., or that there was no Baltimore firm capable of handling the defense of the patent infringement action. Montcalm Pub. Corp. v. Virginia, 199 F.3d 168, 173 (4th Cir.1999); Howes v. Medical Components, Inc., 761 F.Supp. 1193-1197 (E.D.Pa.1990).

The Court shall reduce the Bingham and Andrews’ hourly rates by 10% to reflect the Baltimore market. See Board of Education of Frederick County v. I.S. ex rel. Summers, 358 F.Supp.2d 462, 471 (D.Md.2005). (“The prevailing rates in the Baltimore community are generally lower than those in Washington, D.C.”); Compare the Local Rules Guidelines (Highest 2008 presumptive rate range for attorney with 15 + years of experience is $275-$400; highest 2008 presumptive rate range for paralegals is $95 — $115); AIPLA Reports (mean average billing rate for Washington, D.C. for partners and associates was more than 7% and 19% higher respectively than for partners and associates in Philadelphia and more than 30% and 28% higher respectively for partners and associates in “Other East” area.)

Reasonable Hours

Again, the lodestar method is the appropriate standard for determining a reasonable award, by multiplying reasonable hourly rates against reasonable hours. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933; CoStar, 106 F.Supp.2d at 787.

For a variety of reasons, the Court was unable to perform a line-by-line or litigation task-by-litigation task analysis, of Meihao counsel’s time to confirm that the hours spent were “reasonable.” Of course, as noted, Levitón does not challenge the reasonableness of the time spent. Moreover, appellate courts do not require that level of analysis of fee petitions where, as here, the fee application is complex and the records voluminous, so long as the trial court sets forth the reasons for its cuts. Maxwell v. Angel-Etts of California, Inc., 53 Fed.Appx. 561, 568-69 (Fed.Cir.2002); Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1399-1400 (9th Cir.1992). For the reasons set forth below, the Court has concluded that in the main hours spent were reasonable.

To be fair in a case like this, it is well nigh impossible — even with summaries, charts, etc. — to separate out the various litigation tasks (and sub-tasks), identify time properly attributable to these tasks and sub-tasks and make a reasoned and supportable conclusion as to the reasonableness of time spent. Moreover, without the assistance of the opposing party, it is difficult to ferret out specific examples of over-lawyering (such as multiple lawyers at a deposition or senior lawyers doing junior lawyer tasks) or excessive time on a brief memorandum.

Having said that, a summary review of the contemporaneous time records does not manifest such problems. For example, at the various depositions, Meihao appeared to have only a single attorney in attendance. At the discovery motions hearing, only Susan Baker Manning appeared from Bingham. Moreover, the firms did not seem to overstaff writing projects. For example, Meihao’s Motion to Compel, filed on March 9, 2007, was a 23 page document, with multiple exhibits, and involved somewhat complicated subject matter. (Paper No. 79.) A review of the time records reveal that only one attorney spent time preparing the motion— Susan Baker Manning — and she billed a total of 22.5 hours. That was an efficient use of time.

In determining the reasonableness of the hours billed, the Court also considers the sufficiency of the documentation supporting the award requested, and the permissibility of hours billed by non-attorney and non-paralegal personnel. Review of these factors suggest a modest downward adjustment.

The fee applicant bears the burden of establishing appropriate documentation of the hours spent by counsel litigating the discovery dispute. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983). If documentation is inadequate, the court may reduce the fee reward accordingly. Id. The burden is on Meihao to prove the number of attorney-hours expended; at a minimum the records submitted must specify, for each attorney, the date, the hours expended per task, and the nature of the work done. CoStar Group, Inc. v. LoopNet, Inc., 106 F.Supp.2d 780, 788-89 (D.Md.2000). Here, the award sought is almost $1 million; an award of that magnitude must be supported by adequate documentation. Per the Court’s request, counsel for Meihao submitted contemporaneous billing records and summaries of time and expenses. (Paper No. 159.)

A review of the contemporaneous billing records was made to verify that reimbursement was sought only for time-entries devoted solely to this case from 4/05— 12/06. The vast majority of the time entries can be identified definitively as pertaining to this litigation.- For those few entries such as “e-mails and discussions regarding deposition scheduling” and “conduct legal research and review patents,” that do not explicitly identify which matter the entry pertains to, it can be inferred from timing, etc. that they do.

However, the Court has made across-the-board reductions of the fee award to account for minor billing deficiencies. With respect to billing deficiencies, the Court has focused on three areas, which will be discussed in turn; block-billing, insufficient detail, and possible duplicative work, performed by multiple attorneys.

Andrews and Bingham attorneys utilized a téchnique called block-billing whereby timekeepers group many tasks together, and record the total time expended on those tasks as one lump entry, instead of allocating specific time increments for specific tasks. Under the block-billing system, it is difficult to determine whether work performed was duplicative, unnecessary or inefficient. In re Olson, 884 F.2d 1415, 1428-29 (D.C.Cir.1989). Typically, courts have reduced an award of attorneys’ fees because of block-billing. See Sea Spray Holdings, Ltd. v. Pali Financial Group, Inc., 277 F.Supp.2d 323, 326 (S.D.N.Y.2003)(15%); Gratz v. Bollinger, 353 F.Supp.2d 929, 939 (E.D.Mich.2005) (10%); Oklahoma Natural Gas Co. v. Apache Corp., 355 F.Supp.2d 1246, 1264 (N.D.Okla.2004) (by 10%).

The billing records contain numerous multiple-hour entries containing multiple tasks: telephone calls, meetings, research and writing, and other efforts. Here, the use of block-billing introduces a level of unreliability in time entries and thus less confidence in the documentation.

Similarly, billing records must contain sufficient detail for courts to conduct a meaningful review of the billing entries and instill confidence in the time records. League of United Latin Am. Citizens v. Roseoe Indep. Sch. Dist., 119 F.3d 1228, 1233 (5th Cir.1997). See also Tomazzoli v. Sheedy, 804 F.2d 93, 98 n. 5 (7th Cir.1986).

The goal of the fee applicant should be to provide records which demonstrate careful and precise timekeeping, upon which the Court can rely. See e.g., Gay Officers Action League v. Puerto Rico, 247 F.3d 288, 296-97 (1st Cir.2001); see also, National Association of Concerned Veterans v. Secretary of Defense, 675 F.2d 1319, 1327 (1982). The court must consider not only what type of documents Meihao has submitted, but also whether the documents enable this court to do its job.

Both Bingham’s and Andrews’ billing records contained some entries that were quite vague, (e.g. “Performing legal research on several issues;” e.g. “Researching and organizing patents”).- At the Court’s request, Meihao did submit its time according to litigation phase, which does not suggest any particular problem; nor frankly is it sufficiently detailed to be very helpful. However, counsel’s review (and re-review) of its bills seems careful and aimed at eliminating improper or insufficiently documented time relevant to this case. Additionally, Meihao counsel made a specific reduction in hours billed addressing any concern that excessive hours were billed for work done. For the April 2005 through December 2006 time period, Meihao counsel used a single billing number to record time and expenditures on this case and the appeal in Case No. 03-1701. Counsel attested that for the overlap period, “where the records do not make it explicitly clear that all of the Bingham attorney or non-attorney time for any given time entry was time devoted solely to this case, Meihao does not seek recovery of any of the corresponding fees for attorney and non-attorney time.” (Paper No. 142, ¶ 12.) Similarly, Meihao only claims § 285 costs after May 11, 2006 (the day the Court dismissed the earlier action, Case No. 03-1701), as a single billing number was used for both this case and Case No. 03-1701 and it was difficult to determine which costs should be attributed to which case. (Id. at ¶ 13). Thus, on the whole, review of Meihao’s counsel’s time records assured the Court that time spent was properly recorded and within reason.

Finally, when multiple lawyers or firms have been involved in a case, that may signal duplication of work or inefficiencies that the opposing side should not pay for.

While two law firms were involved in the defense of this litigation, the Court will not reduce the award for the inefficiencies often associated with change of firms. First, here, Dr. Chao, one of the original attorneys on the case, left the Bingham firm and joined the Andrews firm, taking the Levitón case with her. Some months later, Meihao changed its defense counsel, returning the defense to the Bingham firm, specifically to Mr. Hnath and Ms. Baker Manning who had worked on the case with Dr. Chao initially. Second, in her supplemental affidavit, Dr. Chao states that because some new attorneys were added to her defense team when the case was moved to her new firm, the client asked for, and the firm agreed to, a 10% discount of fees. (Paper No. 160.) Accordingly, the lodestar award will be adjusted downward by 10% for block-billing and some limited documentation deficiencies.

Finally, as detailed in the Second Declarations of Susan Baker Manning and Fei Fei Chao, a number of people — not attorneys or paralegals — were employed in the underlying litigation, and actually billed their time. (Paper No. 159.) These individuals include reference librarians, an office librarian, a research specialist, litigation technology specialists, and an IP coordinator. (Id.) Susan Baker Manning explains that those individuals are employed in order to reduce costs (by billing at lower rates) and to improve the quality of work-product. (Id.) While this seems like a sensible approach, courts have not widely approved payment of hourly rates for services of this kind. At least historically, as part of an attorneys’ fee award, librarian, research and similar costs were normally considered overhead, and were not separately recoverable. See 1-16 Court Awarded Attorney Fees 16.02 (2008) (clerical and other non-legal chores are not properly included in the lodestar calculation); see also M. Howes v. Medical Components, Inc., 761 F.Supp. 1193, 1200 (E.D.Pa.1990) (citing PPG Industries, Inc. v. Celanese Polymer Specialties Co., 658 F.Supp. 555, 559 (W.D.Ky.1987) (“secretarial services, word processing equipment, library and general office staff ... [t]hese services are generally considered part of an attorney’s overhead, and as such, have usually been deleted from awards made to attorneys under 35 U.S.C. § 285 ... [t]his is a sound practice.”)(internal citations omitted)); Michigan v. United States EPA, 254 F.3d 1087, 1095-96 (D.C.Cir.2001)(disallowing recovery for clerical and administrative work, and staff overtime; those things are part of “overhead” costs); In re Olson, 884 F.2d 1415, 1426-27 (D.C.Cir.1989) (stating that while fee awards may include work performed by law clerks and paralegals, work performed by librarians, clerical personnel and support staff should not be included, especially absent evidence that such fees comport with community practice.)

This may be a situation where the development of the law is lagging behind the practice in the legal community. However, Meihao did not provide any evidence that such hourly fees comport with community practice or provide any evidence that the hourly rates charged are reasonable in the relevant community. Nonetheless, the Court took a functional approach, reviewing the time entries for these nonlegal personnel attempting to distinguish (and award fees for) traditional legal work from work historically categorized as “overhead.” While there is no bright line test, it appears that much of the work of these specialists would be reimbursable if performed by an attorney or paralegal.

Librarians and Specialists (Bingham) Research Specialist Leung — work is similar to that of a paralegal (Example: “Conduct legal research regarding prosecution laches ... ”)
Reference Librarians Palmer and Jordan — work is similar to that of a paralegal (Example: “Research to obtain Phillips v. AWH decision for Ms. Manning.”)
Office Librarian Dippery — work seems less similar to that of a paralegal (Example: see entry from 01/17/07: “Performed searches to locate and purchase copies of books”)
Litigation Technology Specialists —War dell — work is not similar to that of a paralegal (Example: see entry from 12/21/06: “Produce client documents in electronic and paper format. Create production database to track the history of the production.”). His work is technology-focused and non-legal.
—Streitz—work is similar to that of a paralegal (Example: see entry from 05/06/07: “Draft timeline re comparison of the prosecution histories of DiSalvo and Germain patent applications ... ”). This work seems more substantive, and not of an administrative, overhead type.
IP Interface Coordinator DeVore— work is not similar to that of a paralegal (Example: see entry from 04/02/07: “Create file histories of 10/690,776 ... Order non-PAIR created file histories from Patent Place ... ”). Seems more like administrative overhead work.

Based on this review, the time for War-dell, DeVore and Dippery will not be awarded; the time of the rest of librarians and specialist will be awarded.

The hourly rates charged for these specialists range from $210 to $175, similar to the Bingham’s paralegal rates. As with its paralegals, the biographical information on education and experience submitted for some, especially at the higher rates, provided a basis for an increase from standard paralegal or even young associate rates.

The hourly rates charged for Andrews’ reference librarians was $130 — less than its paralegal rates. Because the work performed was similar to that .work done by paralegals and young associates and was of a legal nature, the Court will treat them as paralegals or young associates for purposes of determining and awarding an appropriate hourly rate of $130.

The Fee Award Calculation

The Court attaches as Appendix A its Fee Award Calculation, embodying the three adjustments to the Meihao fee cost petition.

• 10% hourly rate reduction for all timekeepers to reflect lower Baltimore rates;
• 10%. reduction of lodestar amount (hours billed X reduced hourly rate) to account for block billing and some documentation deficiencies;
• elimination of hourly fees for non-traditional timekeepers doing administrative, overhead type work;

These adjustments result in a recommended award of $726,579.15 in attorneys’ fees.

Costs

As for costs, “[Cjosts — other than attorney’s fees-should be allowed to the prevailing party.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d)(1). Recoverable costs include:

1) Fees of the clerks and marshal;
2) Fees of the court reporter for all or any part of the stenographic transcript necessarily obtained for use in the case;
3) Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses;
4) Fees for exemplification and copies of papers necessarily obtained for use in the case;
5) Docket fees under section 1923 of this title;
6) Compensation of court appointed experts, compensation of interpreters, and salaries, fees, expenses, and costs of special interpretation services under section 1828 of this title.

28 U.S.C. § 1920. After performing a summary review, it appears that is precisely what the Meihao has labeled “costs,” and the Court approves the request. Additionally, only where certain costs are recoverable under § 285, and not under Rule 54, has Meihao sought recovery under § 285. (Paper No. 159, 3.) Meihao has requested costs such as printing, postage and faxing costs; such costs are appropriate, and the Court approves the request. See Central Soya Co., Inc. v. Geo A. Hormel & Co., 723 F.2d 1573, 1578 (Fed.Cir.1983)(“We interpret attorney fees to include those sums that the prevailing party incurs in the preparation for and performance of legal services related to the suit.”). Similarly, the Court has reviewed the costs sought under 35 U.S.C. § 285 and has found them appropriate under the governing law. Litigation expenses such as faxing, postage, printing and other general office costs have been held to constitute litigation expenses, appropriately recoverable under fee statutes. Trimper v. City of Norfolk, 58 F.3d 68, 75 (4th Cir.1995); see also Eli Lilly and Company v. Zenith Goldline Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 264 F.Supp.2d, 753, 779 (S.D.Ind.2003)(allowing costs under § 285 almost identical to those sought under 285 in the instant case: postage, facsimile, printing and other similar costs.). The costs and expenses sought by Meihao, under § 285, are appropriate.

After multiplying the hours expended against the attorneys’ and paralegals’ hourly rates, and taking the aforementioned reductions, and adding costs the Court recommends an award of $810,659.17 to the Meihao.

Conclusion

It is hereby recommended that Levitón be ordered to pay Meihao costs in the amount of $84,080.02 and reasonable attorneys’ fees in the amount of $726,579.15. December 23, 2008.

APPENDIX A

Attorneys’ Fee Calculations

Bingham — $690,367.00 requested in fees

The following billed hours and sums are subtracted from the sum $ 690,367.00.

1. Elimination of Hours of Non-Legal Personnel.

December 2006 Hours Rate
Dippery 1.3 @ 175.00 = 227.50
Wardell 9 @200.00 = 1800.00
January 2007
Dippery 8.9 @ 190.00 = 1691.00
Wardell 0.5 @ 210.00 = 105.00
March 2007
Wardell 4.0 @ 210.00 = 840.00
April 2007
deVore 6.2 @ 85.00 = 527.00
Wardell 25.0 @210.00 = 5250.00
May 2007
Wardell 29.5 @210.00 = 6195.00
June 2007 0.5 @ 210.00 = 105.00
Wardell
July 2007
Wardell 0.7 @ 210.00 = 147.00
August 2007
Wardell 0.4 @ 210.00 = 84.00
TOTAL: $16,971.50

That sum is subtracted from the total sum billed by Bingham timekeepers.

$ 690,367.00
- 16,971.50
673,395.50

2. Reduction to Better Reflect Rates Charged in Baltimore Legal Market.

The reduced sum of $673,395.50 is reduced by 10%, representing a 10% reduction of billable rates, to better reflect standard rates charged by attorneys and paralegals in the Baltimore legal market.

$ 673,395.50 X .10 = 67,339.55
- 67,339.55
606,055.95

3. Reduction to Address Block-Billing and Documentation Deficiencies.

The adjusted sum of $606,055.95 is further reduced by 10% to compensate for the billing deficiencies discussed in the Court’s opinion.

$ 606,055.95 x .10 = 60,605.60
- 60,605.60
545,450.35

The sum of $545,450.35 is added to the $68,801.52 in Bingham expenses.

$ 545,450.35
+ 68,801.52
TOTAL 614,251.87

Andrews — $223,615.80 requested in fees.

1. Reduction to Better Reflect Rates Charged in Baltimore Legal Community.

The $223,615.80 is reduced by 10%, representing a 10% reduction of billable rates, to better reflect standard rates charged by attorneys and paralegals in the Baltimore legal market.

$ 223,615.80 x .10 = 22,361.58
- 22,361.58
201,254.22

2. Reduction to Address Block-Billing and Documentation Deficiencies.

The reduced sum of $201,254.22 is further reduced by 10% to compensate for the billing deficiencies discussed in the Court’s opinion.

$ 201,254.22 x .10 = 20,125.42
- 20,125.42
181,128.80

The sum of $181,128.80 is added to the $15,278.50 in Andrews’ expenses.

$ 181,128.80
+ 15,278.50
TOTAL 196,407.30

The Bingham and Andrews sums are added together.

$ 614,251.87
+ 196,407.30
GRAND TOTAL OF FEES AND COSTS 810,659.17 
      
      . Unless otherwise indicated, this description is based on Leviton’s complaint (Case No. 05-889, Paper No. 1), USI’s answer (Case No. 05-889, Paper No. 9), Meihao’s complaint (Case No. 05-01243, Paper No. 1), and the briefing and exhibits for this litigation. All disputed facts are taken in the light most favorable to Levitón.
     
      
      . "A continuation is a second application for a patent filed by the same inventor and containing the same disclosure as a prior application (called the "parent”). If the continuation is filed during the pendency of the parent (i.e., before issuance, abandonment, or termination of proceedings, including any appeal) and makes a specific reference to the parent, the continuation is entitled to the benefit of the patent’s filing date. A continuation can be used to secure further examination and to add claims after a final action by the examiner. A series of continuations (grandparent, parent, etc.) is possible so long as each application makes reference to all previous ones in the chain.” A continuation-in-part application "is like a continuation application except that it adds some new matter to the original or parent application. It is entitled to the benefit of the parent application to the extent that it contains common subject matter. A continuation-in-part may be used to add improvements developed after the date of filing the parent application.” Donald S. Chisum, Chisum on Patents Glossary(2008).
     
      
      . Leviton’s action against USI and Meihao’s action against Levitón were consolidated into the case presently before the Court on January 24, 2006. (Paper No. 32.)
     
      
      . Meihao also alleges that Leviton's filing of, and continued prosecution of this case and its vexatious litigation conduct in its prosecution constitutes inequitable conduct.
     
      
      . Federal Circuit law governs the § 285 analysis, as the issue is unique to patent law. Digeo, 505 F.3d at 1366 (citing Pharmacia & Upjohn Co. v. Mylan Pharms., Inc., 182 F.3d 1356, 1359 (Fed.Cir.1999)). Federal Circuit law also governs the more specific issue of determining the effect of a dismissal with prejudice on § 285. Highway Equipment Co., Inc. v. FECO, Ltd., 469 F.3d 1027, 1032 (Fed.Cir.2006).
     
      
      . The Federal Circuit has determined that since the defense of inequitable conduct in a patent suit is entirely equitable in nature, it is an issue for the judge, not the jury, including the factual element of intent. Gardco Mfg., Inc. v. Herst Lighting Co., 820 F.2d 1209, 1211-13 (Fed.Cir.1987).
     
      
      . While the MPEP does not have the force of law, it is entitled to judicial notice as an official interpretation of statutes or regulations as long as it is not in conflict therewith. Litton Sys., Inc. v. Whirlpool Corp., 728 F.2d 1423, 1439, (Fed.Cir.1984). Accord In Re Beasley, 117 Fed.Appx. 739, 744 n. 7 (Fed.Cir.2004) Similarly, “the MPEP [is] commonly relied upon as a guide to patent attorneys and patent examiners on procedural matters.” Molins v. Textron, 48 F.3d 1172, 1180 n. 10 (Fed.Cir.1995).
     
      
      . The newest of the tests, referred to as "the new Rule 56” test, was not created with the intention that it become the exclusive test, but only to provide an additional test of materiality. Id. at 1316; see also Impax, 468 F.3d at 1374 (noting that a misstatement or omission can be determined material under either the new Rule 56 test or the reasonable examiner test).
     
      
      . Under the new Rule 56 test, information is material when it is not cumulative, and
      (1) it establishes, by itself or in combination with other information, a prima facie case of unpatentability of a claim; or
      (2) it refutes, or is inconsistent with, a position the applicant takes in:
      (i) Opposing an argument of unpatentability relied on by the Office, or
      
        (ii) Asserting an argument of patentability-
      A prima facie case of unpatentability is established when the information compels a conclusion that a claim is unpatentable under the preponderance of evidence, burden-of-proof standard, giving each term in the claim its broadest reasonable construction consistent with the specification, and before any consideration is given to evidence which may be submitted in an attempt to establish a contrary conclusion of patentability.
      37 C.F.R. § 1.56(b).
     
      
      . This is not, however, to say that analysis of the withheld information under the "but for” standard is irrelevant to the materiality decision. Failure to meet this “but for” standard might suggest that while the withheld information was "material,” it was not highly so. Such a finding would be relevant at the second stage or balancing stage of the equitable misconduct analysis. See Li, 231 F.3d at 1378.
     
      
      . Meihao relied on the deposition testimony of Narcisse on this and other points. Levitón submitted no substantive affidavits on the facts of the drafting of the applications, the rationale for its actions or inactions, etc.
     
      
      . Leviton's briefing appears to recognize “prior art” as the only material information. That is a crabbed view, firmly rejected by the Courts. See, e.g., Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc., 326 F.3d 1226, 1234 (Fed.Cir.2003) ("Materiality is not limited to prior art but embraces any information that a reasonable examiner would be substantially likely to consider important in deciding whether to allow an application to issue as a patent.” citing GFI, 265 F.3d at 1274)(empha-sis in original.); Accord Dayco Products, Inc. v. Total Containment Inc., 329 F.3d 1358, 1363 (Fed.Cir.2003) citing Akron Polymer Container Corp. v. Exxel Container, Inc., 148 F.3d 1380, 1382 (Fed.Cir.1998)("Information did not need to be prior art in order to be material, but 'instead embrace[d] any information that a reasonable examiner would substantially likely consider important in deciding whether to allow an application to issue as a patent.’ ”).
     
      
      . (Compare Paper No. 145, Ex. 11, (Germain Application) with Paper No. 145, Ex. 13 (’766 Patent)). Claim 1 of the '766 patent has only three words that differ from claim 31 of the Germain application. (Compare id., Ex. 11, 9, ¶ 31 with id., Ex. 13, 11, ¶ 1). Claim 11 of the '766 patent again has only three words that differ from claim 42 of the Germain application. (Compare id., Ex. 11, 10, ¶ 42 with id., Ex. 13, 12, ¶ 11). Claims 3, 13, and 14 of the '766 patent are identical to claims 32, 43, and 44 of the Germain application. (Compare id., Ex. 11, 9, ¶ 31 with id., Ex. 13, 11, ¶ 1). Claims 5 and 15 of '766 have one word that differs from claims 35 and 46 of Germain. (Compare id., Ex. 11, 9-10, ¶¶ 35, 46 with id., Ex. 13, 12-13, ¶¶ 5, 15).
     
      
      . Additionally, Meihao disputes that the patent examiner "found” that the specification supports the claims of '766 patent “as no such finding is explicit in the prosecution history.” (Paper No. 149, 9.) While acknowledging that it may be implicit, the Court need not resolve this, as the patent examiner's ultimate finding is not controlling on the issue of duty to disclose.
     
      
      . Levitón argues that a copending patent application can serve as the basis for a provisional double patenting rejection but not a statutory double patenting rejection under 35 U.S.C. § 101. See MPEP § 706.02. While apparently aimed to confound the issue, this proposition does not undermine the materiality of the Germain application. Federal Circuit precedent confirms that a copending application that could lead to a provisional rejection can be highly material. See Dayco, 329 F.3d at 1365-66 (determining that disclosure of the - copending '196 application, filed in 1992, could have led to double patenting rejections in the applications that issued as the patents-in-suit, which all claim a 1989 filing date); Akron, 148 F.3d at 1382 (noting its prior conclusion that a copending application was highly material to the prosecution of the patent-in-suit, as it could have served as the basis of a double patenting rejection). The same Federal Circuit precedent also disproves another argument of Leviton's, that the PTO cannot issue a double patenting rejection due to the existence of a later-filed application. (Paper No. 147, 20.) ("Also, no double patenting rejection of claims in the '766 application would be appropriate because the effective filing date of the '766 case is years earlier than the Ger-main- — a fact immediately apparent on the face of the '766 application as filed in the PTO.”) See Dayco, 329 F.3d at 1365-66 (holding that disclosure of the '196 application, filed in 1992, could have led to double patenting rejections in the applications that issued as the patents-in-suit, which all claim a 1989 filing date); Akron, 148 F.3d at 1381-82 (noting with approval its prior holding that disclosure of later filed Venus application could have led to a double patenting rejection in the Katz application).
     
      
      . In an earlier submission, Levitón did question whether the "subject matter” of the related litigation (parent patents) and the '766 patent application was the same. (Paper No. 70, 5-6.) It was an incredible position which Meihao cogently debunked.
      If the '766 patent discloses different subject matter than the previously-litigated patents, it was improperly issued. The '766 patent purports to be a continuation of to patents at issue in the related cases. A continuation application is an application, filed during the pendency of an application previously filed by the same inventor, that discloses and claims only subject matter disclosed in the original or parent application, and that is entitled to the parent's filing date. See 35 U.S.C. § 120 (a continuation application may claim 'an invention disclosed ... in an application previously filed in the United States’); 37 C.F.R. § 1.53(d)(2) (a continuation application must 'disclose[] and claim only subject matter disclosed in the prior application’). The specifications of the '766 and '558 patents are identical. Levitón concedes as much in its Motion, and its actions during prosecution confirm that the patents have the same subject matter. Levitón filed terminal disclaimers as to the '766 patent to avoid double patenting rejections. Ex. B at LS03210-12. If the '766 patent claims different from its predecessor patents, there would have been no reason for Levitón to file a terminal disclaimer.
      (See Paper No. 76, 9.)
      Levitón did not make this argument again.
     
      
      . Levitón cites the motions hearing held before this Court on September 17, 2007 as evidence of Meihao’s concession to this point. (See Paper No. 130, 34.) At the motions hearing, Ms. Manning made clear that she would doublecheck applicability of these sections to patents owned by the same assignee, and would need to reread the provisions to provide a firm answer. (See Paper No. 130, 34.)
     
      
      . Levitón rejected the additional arguments made by the Appellant, which Levitón emphasized were not presented to the Examiner during the Reexamination. The goal was to defend the Examiner's decision, largely by asserting that the issues originally presented by the Appellant were narrow, and limited. In Appellant’s Brief on Appeal, it attempted to broaden the scope of the original reexamination. However, the Examiner confirmed in his August 21, 2008 answer that the appeal-able issues were limited to those considered in the original reexamination and affirmed the original decision.
     
      
      . "Rule 11 imposes a duty on attorneys to certify that they have conducted a reasonable inquiry and have determined that any papers filed with the court are well grounded in fact, legally tenable, and 'not interposed for any improper purpose.' ” Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 393, 110 S.Ct. 2447, 110 L.Ed.2d 359 (1990). The duty imposed by the rule is continuous, and requires that attorneys inquire into and acknowledge facts that reveal that their earlier reliance has become misplaced. See Meadow Ltd. Partnership v. Heritage Sav. & Loan Assoc., 118 F.R.D. 432, 434 (E.D.Va.1987). While this duty does not require the parties or counsel to dismiss the case once it appears baseless, it does apply to "every paper signed during the course of the proceedings and not only to the pleadings.” Brubaker v. City of Richmond, 943 F.2d 1363, 1382 (4th Cir.1991) (adopting the “snapshot” view of Rule 11, in which Rule 11 review focuses upon whether counsel’s conduct comported with Rule 11 at the instant the signature was placed on the document).
     
      
      . Levitón acknowledges that Meihao produced the new, revised product to counsel on February 2, 2007, but asserts that Levitón did not confirm that Meihao was no longer importing and selling the original accused product until May 10-11, 2007, when Levitón deposed Meihao officials. (Paper No. 145, Ex. 17, 6; Paper No. 147, 12.)
     
      
      . The trial judge never ruled on the merits of the motion to quash, denying the motion as moot on May 30, 2007, as Greenberg Traurig had withdrawn as trial counsel. On February 26, 2007, Meihao filed a cross motion to compel compliance with subpoenas (Paper No. 77.) affirmatively seeking relief — the depositions of Leviton’s patent prosecutors. Judge Davis held this motion sub curia on May 23, 2007, and on May 24, 2007, referred all discovery to the undersigned judge.
     
      
      . Of Narcisse’s 37 questions, 32 evoked only work product objections, 3 attorney-client privilege, and 2 both. (Paper No. 117, Ex. 14.) Of Magidoff’s 38 questions, 36 evoked only work product objections, and 2 evoked both work product and attorney-client privilege. (Paper No. 117, Ex. 16.)
     
      
      . Meihao also asked for an order for Mr. Sutton to appear for deposition as despite multiple requests. (See ex. 19-22 to Paper No. 117.) This motion was referred to the undersigned judge. While a ruling on the motion was not issued before Leviton’s dismissal of the case, the analysis was complete.
     
      
      . The different histories and rationales of the attorney-client privilege and work product immunity show that Levitón cannot simply disregard the law of work product immunity and apply in its place the law of attorney-client privilege. The attorney-client privilege is the oldest of all legal privileges for confidential communications, dating back centuries. See Upjohn v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389, 101 S.Ct. 677, 66 L.Ed.2d 584 (1981); Hunt v. Blackburn, 128 U.S. 464, 470, 9 S.Ct. 125, 32 L.Ed. 488 (1888); 3 Jack B. Weinstein & Margaret A. Berger, Weinstein's Federal Evidence § 503.30 (Joseph M. McLaughlin, ed., Matthew Bender 2d ed.1997). Although the theory behind the privilege has changed slightly throughout the years, the privilege has always been considered essential to an effective, just, and expeditious legal system. See Upjohn, 449 U.S. at 389, 101 S.Ct. 677 ("[The] purpose [of the attorney-client privilege] is to encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance of law and administration of justice.”). The privilege remains largely sacrosanct; there are only five specific enumerated exceptions: crime-fraud exception, which excepts communications made in furtherance of a crime or fraud; an exception for certain relevant communications by a deceased client; one for communications relevant to a breach of duty between the attorney and client; one for communications relevant to a document to which the attorney is a witness; and a joint client exception.
      The Supreme Court did not recognize an immunity for an attorney’s work product until 1947 in Hickman v. Taylor. 329 U.S. 495, 67 S.Ct. 385, 91 L.Ed. 451 (1947). In 1970, Congress codified the immunity in Rule 26(b)(3). Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(3). Both the Court and the Rules recognized a need for protection of a lawyer’s work product, but also that unlike the attorney-client privilege, work product protection was not absolute: “Where relevant and non-privileged facts remain hidden in an attorney’s file and where production of those facts is essential to the preparation of one’s case, discovery may properly be had.” Hickman, 329 U.S. at 511, 67 S.Ct. 385. In codifying Hickman, Rule 26(b)(3) confirmed that work product possessed only a qualified immunity, discoverable "upon a showing that the party seeking discovery has substantial need of the materials ... and is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by other means”. Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 26(b)(3). See also 8 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, & Richard L. Marcus, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2025 (2d ed.1994); Handgards, Inc. v. Johnson & Johnson, 413 F.Supp. 926, 931 (N.D.Cal.1976) (explaining the distinct and different policies behind the attorney-client privilege and work product immunity); Kirkland v. Morton Salt Co., 46 F.R.D. 28, 30 (N.D.Ga.1968) (finding that Hickman gave a lawyer's work product a “qualified immunity rather than a privilege, with qualifications to be determined upon the question of necessity or good cause as shown by the facts in each case”) (emphasis in original); City of Philadelphia v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 210 F.Supp. 483, 485 (E.D.Pa.1962) ("[T]he work product principle is not and cannot properly be described as a privilege. Some Courts have confused the situation by calling it a qualified privilege, but it is not a privilege at all; it is merely a requirement that very good cause be shown if the disclosure is made in the course of a lawyer's preparation of a case.”).
     
      
      . See Danisco A/S v. Novozymes A/S, 427 F.Supp.2d 443, 444-45 (S.D.N.Y.2006) ("Defendant Novozymes moves to compel production of certain documents withheld by plaintiff Danisco on grounds of attorney-client or work product privilege, arguing that these privileges are inapplicable because the documents were generated in furtherance of a fraud on the patent office.’’) (emphasis added); Koch v. Specialized Care Services, Inc., 437 F.Supp.2d 362, 383-84 (D.Md.2005) (“When seeking the production of opinion work product under the crime-fraud exception, the moving party must make an additional showing.”) (emphasis added); Vardon Golf Co., Inc. v. Karsten Mfg. Corp., 213 F.R.D. 528, 535 (N.D.Ill.2003) (“The crime-fraud exception provides that communication normally protected by the attorney-client privilege or work product doctrine are not protected if they relate to communications made in furtherance of a crime or fraud.”) (emphasis added); Laser Indus., Ltd. v. Reliant Tech., Inc., 167 F.R.D. 417, 425 (N.D.Cal.1996) ("[W]e agree that courts should use the more demanding common-law fraud standard when they determine whether conduct in prosecuting a patent application justifies piercing the attorney-client privilege under the crime/fraud exception.’’) (emphasis added); Monon Corp. v. Stoughton Trailers, Inc., 169 F.R.D. 99, 101-02 (N.D.Ill.1996) (“[I]n order to pierce the attorney-client privilege, it is not enough to show merely inequitable conduct. Rather, it is necessary for [defendant] to prove a prima facie case of common law fraud.”) (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted); Starsight Telecast, Inc. v. Gemstar Development Corp., 158 F.R.D. 650, 655 (N.D.Cal.1994) ("Documents or communications which otherwise are protected by the attorney-client privilege may be discoverable if made in furtherance of a crime or fraud.”) (emphasis added); Glaxo, Inc. v. Novopharm, Ltd., 148 F.R.D. 535, 541 (E.D.N.C.1993) ("In order to pierce the attorney-client privilege [because documents were prepared in furtherance of a crime or fraud], Novopharm must make a prima facie showing of fraud"); Leybold-Heraeus Tech., Inc. v. Midwest Instrument Co., 118 F.R.D. 609, 615 (E.D.Wis.1987) ("Documents which otherwise satisfy criteria for attorney-client protection may be discoverable if made in furtherance of a crime or fraud,” but require the discovering party to make a prima facie showing that the withholding party "was engaged in or planning a crime or fraud when it sought the legal advice," and also that "the communications were made in furtherance of the fraud.”) (emphasis added); Union Carbide Corp. v. Dow Chem. Co., 619 F.Supp. 1036, 1052 (D.Del.1985) ("Where, as here, the question is not whether a patent is enforceable, but whether the protective shield of the attorney-client privilege may be pierced, the patentee’s conduct must be measured against the traditional standard for fraud.”); American Optical Corp. v. United States, 179 U.S.P.Q. 682, 684 (Ct.Cl.1973) ("[T]his court also agrees that the [attorney-client] privilege, when challenged by a misrepresentation or omission before the Patent Office, should be pierced when, and only when, a prima facie case of fraud has been shown”) (emphasis added); Hercules, 434 F.Supp. at 153-55 (first finding that defendant did not demonstrate substantial need or undue hardship to vitiate the immunity, then considering whether defendant showed a prima facie case of fraud to invoke the crime-fraud exception to vitiate the privilege).
     
      
      . Supreme Court precedent is unequivocal that opinion work product remains immune from discovery unless the requesting party demonstrates much more than substantial need. See Hickman, 329 U.S. at 509-514, 67 S.Ct. 385 ("Not even the most liberal of discovery theories can justify unwarranted inquiries into the files and mental impressions of an attorney.”); Upjohn, 449 U.S. at 401-402, 101 S.Ct. 677 ("As Rule 26 and Hickman make clear, such work product cannot be disclosed simply on a showing of substantial need and inability to obtain the equivalent without undue hardship ... [A] far stronger showing of necessity and unavailability by other means would be required than is needed to justify ordinary work product.”) Although decisions in the Fourth Circuit establish that opinion work product immunity is not entirely absolute, the Fourth Circuit has protected opinion work product from discovery in all cases except in extreme cases justifying the crime-fraud exception. See In re Doe, 662 F.2d 1073, 1079 (4th Cir.1981) (finding that in extraordinary circumstances, the crime-fraud exception justifies piercing the opinion work product rule). See also Chaudhry v. Gallerizzo, 174 F.3d 394, 403 (4th Cir.1999) (finding that appellant failed to present the "very rare and extraordinary situation justifying disclosure of opinion work product.”); In re Allen, 106 F.3d 582, 607 (4th Cir.1997) (“[Ojpinion work product enjoys a nearly absolute immunity and can be discovered only in very rare and extraordinary circumstances.”) (internal citations and quotations omitted). In re Grand Jury Proceedings, Thursday Special Grand Jury, 33 F.3d 342, 348 (4th Cir.1994). Opinion work product is virtually immune to discovery and may be obtained only in extraordinary circumstances. Compare National Union, 967 F.2d at 984 (holding that tangible opinion work product is immune from discovery "to the same extent as an attorney-client communication”); Duplan II, 509 F.2d at 736 ("[I]f attorneys may not freely and privately express and record mental impressions, opinions, conclusions, and legal theories, in writing, and clients may not freely seek them, then there is justice for no one, and truth, instead of being more readily ascertainable, will become lost in the murky recesses of the memory in the minds of men, who, after all, are human and subject to the human frailty of rationalization.”). Flowever, the Supreme Court has not defined when such inquiries into the files and mental impressions of an attorney are "warranted.”
     
      
      . After the fees hearing, Meihao counsel re-reviewed their applications, reducing the request by approximately $150,000. In supplemental affidavits, Ms. Baker Manning and Dr. Chao have explained the discrepancy satisfactorily. (Paper No. 159, Baker Second Declaration, ¶¶ 16-17 and Paper No. 160, Chao second declaration ¶¶ 10-16). Indeed, this re-review gives the Court greater confidence in the accuracy of the applications.
     
      
      . It is reasonable to infer that Leviton's counsel’s hourly rates and time spent are substantially the same or more than Meihao's.
     
      
      . The Johnson factors include:
      (1) the time and labor expended; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions raised; (3) the skill required to properly perform the legal services rendered; (4) the attorney's opportunity costs in pressing the instant litigation; (5) the customary fee for like work; (6) the attorney's expectations at the outset of the litigation; (7) the time limitation imposed by the client or circumstances; (8) the amount in controversy and the results obtained; (9) the experience, reputation and ability of the attorney; (10) the undesirability of the case within the legal community in which the suit arose; (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship between attorney and client; and (12) attorneys' fees in similar cases.
      
        Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, 488 F.2d 714, 717-19 (5th Cir.1974).
     
      
      . While the Guidelines by their terms, do not apply to attorneys fees under § 285, they provide useful guidance.
     
      
      . The report also gives typical costs of litigation by amount in controversy. That data suggests Meihao's fees were within median costs in like patent infringement cases. (See Second Supplemental Affidavit ¶ 19-20.)
     
      
      . Per agreement with Meihao, Hnath and Chao’s rates were frozen at 2005 rates.
     
      
      . This “fees paid to other counsel” is a factor routinely considered in adjusting the lodestar amount. Schwartz, supra ¶ 8.V.
     
      
      . Other Johnson factors supported the rates. Schwartz, supra § 8.V. Counsel indicated that at least as to Chao and Hnath, the rates they charged were lower than their normal billing rates, as they were frozen at 2005 rates. Similarly, the Andrews lawyers gave Meihao a 10% discount of its fees when the case transferred from Bingham to the Andrews firm. (Paper No. 160.)
     
      
      . Some courts reduce the number of hours by some percent to account for these deficiencies; others, the award itself. Given the many and different kind of timekeepers with differing hourly rates, it would be unmanageable (and arguably no more targeted) to reduce the hours billed, as opposed to a reduction to the final award amount.
     
      
      . Courts have an obligation to require adequate documentation-when the documentation submitted is vague or incomplete, a court should reduce the number of hours awarded. Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. Kellstrom, 50 F.3d 319, 324-25 (5th Cir.1995) (citing Leroy v. City of Houston, 831 F.2d 576, 585-86 (5 th Cir.1987) (finding clear error and abuse of discretion when district court accepted "faulty records” without making a reduction)). The district court in Kellstrom, admitted that it failed to require adequate documentation, and to undertake a careful analysis of the time and items billed. 50 F.3d at 324-25. Because the court had failed to require adequate documentation, the appellate court reduced the fee award. Id. at 326.
     
      
      . The guidelines provide the following presumptively reasonable hourly rates:
      
        Local Guideline Rates (as amended, 2008): Less than 5 years experience ($150-190), 5-8 years ($165-250), 9-14 years ($225-300), 15+ years ($275-400). Paralegals ($95-115)
      
        (as amended 2004): Less than 5 years ($135-170), 5-8 years ($150-225), 8+ years ($200-275). Paralegals ($90)
     
      
      . Levitón does not oppose Meihao’s request for costs under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54, and, as a prevailing party in the litigation, Meihao is entitled to recover such costs. See Power Mosfet Tech., L.L.C. v. Siemens AG, 378 F.3d 1396, 1416 (Fed.Cir.2004) (determining that alleged infringer who has all claims dismissed against it with prejudice is a prevailing party for the purposes of Rule 54(d)(1)).