Case ID: ark_25/html/0225-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Bowen, J.\n    ", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Kerr v. Birnie.
    
      Fraud — onus probandi. When a deed is assailed for fraud, the onus is on tlie party attacking.
    Where B., sr., deeds land to his son, B., jr., October 30, 1858, and remains in possession until April 28,1863, and at the latter date deeds the land to Mrs. K., the onus of proving fraud is changed, and of showing the actual payment of tire consideration.
    Evidence of fraud. The allegation that B., jr., was grantee in his father’s fraudulent deed, and that the consideration named was not in fact paid, sufficiently charges him with being party to the fraud to admit the evidence on tliat point.
    Registry of deed. Constructice notice, such as the registry of a deed, is ample for the purpose of settling questions of priority between bona fide grantees, but is not sufficient to charge the last purchaser with being, even constructively, a party to the fraud intended by the grantor and the first purchaser.
    
      Fraud — actual notice to subsequent grantee. If Mrs. K. had actual notice when she purchased, of the deed to B., jr., she would have been i>ut on inquiry, and would, before she purchased, necessarily have known why the deed to B., jr., was executed; and would then have been a party to the fraud, and would not have been entitled to the’benefit of the statute protecting innocent purchasers.
    Executed contract. Where the contract is an executed one, it is well settled that the court will not inquire into the legality of the consideration.
    If the grantor in a deed not delivered causes the same to be recorded, this is a sufficient delivery to enable the grantee to hold the land as against the grantor.
    
      Appeal from Sebastian Circuit Court.
    
    lion. E. J'. ¡¿earle, Circuit Judge.
    DuVal & Kin», for appellant.'
    Tlie bill alleges that in April, A. I). 1863, Charles A. Birnie, |si\, and his wife, the father and mother of the defendants, [wore residing in the house upon the lots mentioned in the hill, and the defendant,. Charles A., jr., and his wife, were also residing with them, as a part of their family. That on the 28d day of that month the said Charles A., sr., sold to the complainants the property, and executed to them a deed, for the sum of five thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars, in which the wife joined, and Henry C. Birnie, one of the defendants, and also a son of the grantor, was a witness. That Margaret, wife of the younger Charles, was present when the deed was executed, and knew all about the sale. That, after the sale, the younger Charles was at home, and i*emained until about the first of September, A. I). 1868, when both families moved out of the house into a house on an adjoining lot, belonging to I)r. Spring.
    That, in 1865, defendant Charles A., jr., called on complainant Maria, and demanded possession of the premises, claiming them under a deed executed to him by his father, in 1858, which was refused. He afterwards instituted suit in ejectment, obtained judgment, &e.
    The hill was filed to cancel the deed executed by the older to the younger Birnie, because it was fraudulent and voluntary, and enjoined the judgment. Defendants, Charles A. and Margaret, answered the bill, claiming to bo entitled to the premises under the deed of 1856. Charles admits that he was at home in 1863, after the date of complainants’ deed, hut denies that he had any knowledge of the sale. His wife says he -was so sick that she concealed the fact from him. Denies that his father had any right to sell the property.
    Defendant Margaret, admits that she was present when the deed to complainants was executed; that she and her mother-in-law did all in their power to prevent the elder Charles from! executing it. Admits that she afterwards tried to rent the! premises from the .complainant, Maria.
    Defendant Charles A., jr., admits that at the date of the] deed to him from Ms father, that the latter was involved ii litigation, as alleged in the bill.
    The first point to be considered is: Is the deed of 1858, from] the elder to the younger Charles, fraudulent ? The Supreme Court of Georgia, in the case of Fleming v. Townsend, 6 Q.eorgia, lays down the following rule, in determining whether a deed be fraudulent:
    “ By inferring from direct evidence, or from circumstances, that it was intended to be a fraud. In many adjudicated cases in England, the courts inferred fraud from the facts of a subsequent conveyance, and held that the conveyance was void, even with notice, making the fraud to relate back from the subsequent sale to the primary conveyance.” 1 Story’s Fq., 381, sec. 402; 2 John Ch. R.,p. 46, 47.
    Fraud may be inferred from circumstances, such as the smallness of the consideration expressed, compared -with the fair price of the property conveyed, the grantor continuing in possession and exercising acts of ownership, &c. Heldville v. Sands, 2 John Ch. R., 35.
    The English courts hold that the subsequent sale is considered as proving conclusively that the voluntary deed was executed with a fraudulent intent to deceive subsequent purchasers. The law in America does not, however, go so far. But the weight of the authorities declare a conveyance, actually fraudulent, is void against a subsequent purchaser for a consideration, even with notice.. Richer v. Ham, et al., 14 Mass., 137; Clapp v. Leatherbee, 18 Bickering, 131; Clapp v. Terrell, 20 id., 247; Lewis v. Love’s heirs, 2 B. Monroe, 445,347; Mason and wife v. Baker, et al., 1 Marshall, 208, 210; Waller v. Cradle, 8 B. Monroe, 11,12; Fllioit v. Hoioe, 10 Ala.; Vertine, et al., v. Humphreys, 14 Smedcs Marshall, 143; Henry v. Fullerton, 18, 20, to 30.
    The next proposition to be considered, is: Does the registry of the prior deed preclude the complainants from showing the first deed to be fraudulent, and is the record of a fraudulent deed notice to subsequent bona fide purchasers for a valuable consideration.
    A. voluntary conveyance is, in law, fraudulent and void against a subsequent pmrehaser for a valuable consideration, even with, notice. Evelyn v. Templar, 2 Eden’s Brown, 148, ' 149; note Doe dem Ottey v. Manning, et al., 9 East; Doe v. Manage, 1 New, 838.
    The general rule is, that a voluntary conveyance, as against a subsequent bona fide purchaser for a valuable consideration, with or without notice, is fraudulent. Cairnes v. Jones, 5 Meyer, 250; Marshall v. Booker, 1 Yerger, 13, 15 ; Mason and wife v. Baker, et al., Marshall, 208,210 ; Doyle, et al., v. Sleeper, ■ et al., 1 Dana, 531; 554. Or at least prima facie fraudulent. Lewis v. Ijovc’s heirs.
    
    Registry of a fraudulent deed is not notice to a subsequent bona fide purchaser. Bolder v. Waldrip,l(3 Ga., 350.
    S. F. Clark, for same.
    The prior deed, from Birnie to his son, was made to secure the property from Birnie’s debts, and was never designed, between the parties to it, to be a valid conveyance. No court has ever held valid a deed possessing the badges of fraud this does. Chamberlayne v. Temple, 2 Band, 384; Boyd v. Ellis, 11 Iowa, (3 With.,) 97; Bingold v. Waggoner, 14 Ark., 69; Bice v. Gordon, 11 Beav., 265; Osgood v. Franklin, 2 Johns. Gh., 23; Gibson v. Hill, 23 Tex.
    
    It is the settled doctrine in this country that the subsequent deed by Birnie to Mrs. Kerr, and putting her into possession, renders the prior deed prima facie fraudulent and void, and throws the onus upon young Birnie, the claimant under the prior deed, to prove it a valid and honest transaction, or at least to prove a good and adequate consideration paid. Oath-cart v. Bobinson, 5 Bet., 265 ; Leach v. Folder, 22 Ark., 143 ; Hildreth v. Sands, 2 John. Gh., 36, 44.
    Notice to Mrs. Kerr of the prior deed was in nowise material. She had a good right to purchase and risk the chances of that deed being void for fraud, or want of consideration, or any other ground. If the prior deed was not on record, she had the better title by the registry law, without reference to any extrinsic facts. If it was, still her title was the best, unless the prior deed possessed all the requisites of a valid deed, of which she had the right to put them to the proof. 1 Am. Leading Cases, 47; Ricker v. Ham, 14 Mass., 137; Clapp v. Leather-bee, 18 Pick, 131; Clapp v. Tyrell, 20 Pick, 247; Lewis v. Lewis’ heirs, 2 B. Monroe, 345, 347; Waller v. Croll, 8 B. Monroe, 11,12 ; Mliott v. Haw-, 10 Ala., 348.
    V. Valuer, for appellee.
    The charge of fraud in the vendor is not sustained by the proof. Fraud is never presumed, it must be alleged and proved, (6 Fng., Irons v. Reyburn,) and expressly proved (12 Peters, 196). Presumption of fraud will not suffice, (Story Eg., 199; Parkhurst v. Mc&raio, 27 Miss., 134), but must be proved, (.Hempstead v. Johnson, 18 Ark., 123). Complainant’s own allegations, sworn to, are, that vendor never delivered a deed to vendee. Then, if no delivery, there was no deed, and if no deed, there was no fraud. How could he bo a fraudulent grantee who has never accepted a deed? Every case must be decided secundum allegata etprobata. 2 Story’s R., 469. Alie, gations are taken most strongly against the party making them; and, in case of contradictory allegations, the opposite party may adopt -which he pleases. Mitford Ch. PI, 42; Williams v. Flight, 5 Beav., 41.
    A voluntary conveyance is valid against a subsequent purchaser for a valuable consideration, and record is sufficient notice of such conveyance. 6 Blackf., 391; 11 111., 300; 26 Miss., 615 ; 6 Blackf., 193 ; 11 Tex., 149 ; 3 Minn.,-59.
    Subsequent purchasers for a valuable consideration, with notice, are not protected by statute of frauds. 26 Miss., 515 ; 3 id., 59 ; 11 Tex., 145 ; 1 RavAc, 231; 6 V. # S., 485 ; 4 McCord, 295; 1 Bosley, 875; 1 Robinson, (Va.,) 500; 8 Iredell, 340 ; 19 Wend., 514.
    G-allagiier & Newton, for same.
    Eecital of payment of consideration in a deed is prima facie evidence of consideration. 17 Ark., 147. From the evidence, 
      the sale from Birnie, father, to Birnie, son, was for a valuable consideration, and so the Chancellor below decided — and his decision, unless without evidence to support it, must be sustained. Edwards v. State, 22 Ark., 304; 23 Ark., 61. This rule was first established in common law cases (Conway v. State Bank, 13 Ark., 334), and applied by Supreme Court to decisions of Chancellor. 23 Ark., 346. This rule held by Supreme Court of United States. Barnard’s heirs v. Ashley, ct al., 18 Howard, 43.
    Insufficient answer must be excepted to. Complainant can not take bill as confessed as to those points. Blakeney v. Ferguson, et al., 14 Ark., 641.
    Sale to member of family, and property remaining in possession of family, is no badge of fraud. Humphries v. Me Grato, 9 Eng., 91.
   Bowen, J.

A rehearing of this case having been granted heretofore, the same was reargued at the last term of this court.

The case was fully stated by Chief'Justice Walker, who delivered the opinion of the court. We will, therefore, make no further statement, but pass at once to the consideration of the questions involved.

The 4th section of our statute provides that “ every conveyance or assignment in writing, or otherwise, of any estate or interest in lands, * * * * """ * made or contracted with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors or other persons of their lawful actions, damages, forfeitures, debts, or demands, as against creditors and purchasers, prior and subsequent, shall be void.”

“ Section 4. No such conveyance or change shall be deemed void in favor of an innocent subsequent purchaser, if the deed or conveyance shall have been duly acknowledged or proven, and recorded, or the purchaser have actual notice thereof, unless it shall appear that the grantee in such conveyance, or the person to be benefited by such change, was party or privy to the fraud intended.”

The first point claiming our attention is the alleged fraud on the part of Charles A. Birnie, sr., as against his creditors, in the matter of the conveyance of the real estate in controversy to his son, Charles A. Birnie, jr., by the deed of date October 30, 1858. As a general rule, when a deed is assailed on the ground of fraud, the onus is upon the party attacking.

'In this case, however, the grantor remained in possession of the property. The witnesses, the nearest neighbors, and one of them a brother of Birnie, sr., knew nothing of Birnie, jr.’s, claim to the property. Birnie, sr,, held it for sale as his own long after the execution of the deed to his son, and actually did, on the 28th day of April, A. I). 1863, again sell and convey the same, by deed, to Mrs. Kerr and Katharine Kerr, her daughter, the appellants. Birnie, jr.’s, wife was present at the sale, and he, though absent at that time, was present when possession was delivered to Mrs. Kerr, and made no objection nor mention of any claim or title at that time, and, indeed, never, until after the death of his parents, which occurred in December, 1863, and July, 1865. At the date of the deed by Birnie, sr., to his son, on the 30th of October, 1858, the former was in embarrassed circumstances. Two suits were pending against him in the circuit court of Sebastian county. The bill in this ease denies the payment of the consideration named in the deed from Birnie, sr., to Birnie, jr.

In our opinion, the fact of the continued possession of the property by the former, for the long space of time intervening between the date of his deed to Birnie, jr., and the date of his deed to Mrs. Kerr and daughter, and the fact of his having executed the last mentioned deed, to say nothing of the other circumstances alluded to, -would be sufficient to change the onus, and throw upon the party attempting to sustain the deed the burden of proving the actual payment of the consideration named therein. Having entirely failed to do so, we must, conclude that there was no consideration. This, in connection with ■ the fact of the embarrassed circumstances of Birnie, sr., before alluded to; the fact that Birnie, jr., ivas a young man without property ; the fact of the continued possession of Birnie, sr., of the property after the deed to Birnie, jr., his son; the fact of the subsequent sale by the former of the same property to Mrs. Kerr and daughter, and the fact that Birnie, jr., was present when possession was delivered to Mrs. Kerr, and made no objection nor mention of any claim of his to the property, all taken together, lead us irresistibly to the conclusion that the deed by Birnie, sr., to his son, on the 30th of October, 1858, ivas without consideration, and made with intent to defraud his creditors, who were at that time pressing their claims before the circuit court of Sebastian county, and Birnie, jr., was necessarily, under the circum-' stances, both party and privy to the fraud of his father — his connection therewith relating back to the date of the deed to him, he having attempted to hold the property thereunder.

It may be observed, in this connection, that the allegation in the bill that young Birnie was grantee in his father’s fraudulent deed, and that the consideration named ivas not in fact paid, sufficiently charges him with being party to the fraud of his father to admit the evidence upon that point.

From the qualifying clause of the statute, found in section 4, “ unless it shall appear,” &c., as already recited at length, it will be seen that Mrs. Kerr’s notice (constructive) of the former conveyance, by Birnie, sr., to his son, is a point of no importance in this case. The fact that the deed to Birnie, jr., ivas recorded before the purchase of the property by Mrs. Kerr and daughter, does not affect the rights of the parties in any manner, because Birnie, jr., was party and privy to the fraud of his father. "Were this fact otherwise, the registry of his deed would have given him priority, and his title could not have been successfully called in question.

The seeming conflict of judicial opinion, upon this question of notice, which we find in the authorities cited by counsel, arises, in some instances, from the fact that the statutes in relation to fraudulent conveyances are, although, similar, very different in different States. In other instances, from the fact that the word “notice,” as used, sometimes relates to notice of the fraud; at others, to notice of the former conveyance. Still there is some conflict.

Where notice is at all material, the distinction between actual and constructive notice should be observed. Whatever may be the effect of actual notice, we are clearly of opinion that while constructivo notice, such as the registry of a deed, is ample for the purpose of settling questions of priority between bona fide grantees — neither of whom are in any manner connected with the fraud of the grantor — it is not sufficient of itself to charge the last purchaser with being, even constructively, a party to the fraud intended by the grantor and the first purchaser upon the creditors of the grantor.

In this case, Mrs. Kerris notice of the former conveyance was only constructive. Had she had actual notice of the former deed to Birnie, jr., and had she purchased the property under such circumstances, she would necessarily'have known why Birnie, sr., had executed the former deed to his son, before she would have purchased. She Avould then have been as much a party to the fraud upon the creditors of Birnie, sr., as that individual himself, or his son, and could not have successfully claimed the benefit of the provisions of the statute, as an innocent subsequent, purchaser. ConstructiA’o notice, as we have already said, does not affect the rights of Mrs. lien-to such an extent. She is, therefore, an innocent purchaser, and entitled to relief.

The ansAver herein fails to deny the positi\-e allegation in the bill, that the consideration named -in the deed from Birnie,, sr., to Birnie, jr., a vas mwer, in fact, paid, but simply recites the Avords in the deed to that effect. The ansAver does, IioavOArer, allege that Charles A. Birnie, jr., remained in profound ignorance of the sale by 1ns father to Mrs. Kerr and daughter until after he had left home, AA'hich Avas on the last day of August. A. I). 1803. Tliis statement is flatly contradicted by the testimony of Dr. Main and Thomas Quinn, both of whom conversed with him upon the subject during his sojourn at home in tha¡fc month. From them we learn that he not only knew of the sale to Mrs. Kerr, but acquiesced in it. In the consideration, therefore, of this case, the answer, as a matter of evidence, has had but little, if any, weight upon the mind of the court.

Counsel for appellees raise the question of the illegality of the consideration paid by Mrs. Kerr to Birnie, sr. Upon that point we have only to say, that the contract is an executed one, and we have only to concur in the well established rule not to interfere upon the ground urged. Counsel for appellee also urge that the facts set up by this bill are not such as to warrant the interposition of a court of equity. To be brief, among other things, it is alleged that there was no delivery of the deed from Birnie, sr., to Birnie, jr., and that, therefore, Mrs. Kerr should have made her defense to the action of ejectment, the judgment wherein, she now seeks to enjoin. ¥e must consider the bill as a whole; and, in doing so, we conclude that the allegation, “that the deed was never delivered by Birnie, sr., to Birnie, jr.,” was recited as one of a chain of circumstances tending to show the fraud against the creditors of Birnie, sr. Especially, as the statement is followed up by another showing that said deed was caused to be recorded by Birnie, sr., which was of itself such a delivery as would have enabled Birnie, jr., to hold the property as against Birnie, sr., and as shown by these proceedings, to attempt to do so against the whole world.

The decree of the Sebastian circuit court is reversed. Complainants’ prayer will be granted, the deed to Birnie, jr., canceled, and the injunction made perpetual here.