Case ID: miss_22/html/0120-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Mr. Justice Smith", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Wash, a Slave, vs. The State of Mississippi.
    Whether it is essential to warrant the conviction of a slave, charged with the commission of a capital offence, to prove his ownership as laid in the indictment. Qucere?
    
    However that may be, it is sufficient if the indictment charge him as being the property of A., and he is proved to be the property of A. and B., to uphold a verdict of guilty, and judgment of condemnation.
    And the exclusion of proof, therefore, on the trial, after there had been some proof of property in A., when offered by the prisoner to show title in A. and B., would not be error to the prisoner’s prejudice.
    By the statute, (Hutch. Dig. 918, § 21,) it is provided that no person shall be convicted of an assault with intent to commit a crime, or any other attempt to commit an offence, when it shall appear that the crime intended, or the offence attempted, was perpetrated by the accused person at the time of such assault or in pursuance of such attempt. By the 55th section of the act concerning free negroes and mulattoes, (Hutch. Dig. 521,) it is provided, that it shall be a capital offence for “ any slave to attempt to commit a rape on any free white woman or female child under the age of twelve years.” By the 22d section of the penitentiary code, the punishment attached to the commission of a rape was imprisonment in the penitentiary; no statute affixed any penalty to the commission of a rape by a slave : held, in view of these legislative provisions, that the act referred to, exempting a party from trial for an attempt to commit an offence which he had actually committed, did not apply to the case of an attempt to commit a rape by a slave.
    Nor does the act, making the commission of a rape a penitentiary offence, apply to a rape committed by a slave ; for such an offence it seems no provision is made by the laws of this state, unless it be found in the statute making an attempt to commit an offence, as there could be no consummation of the offence, without the attempt to commit it.
    It is irregular to join in the same indictment counts for distinct felonies of different degrees ; yet it seems if it he done, and no objection is made to it, by a motion to quash, or before plea pleaded, or by motion to compel the prosecutor to elect on which count he will proceed, it will be too late after a general verdict of guilty, to move in arrest of judgment.
    If there be two counts in an indictment charging distinct felonies, one of which is bad and the other good, and there be a general verdict of guilty, it will be sufficient to justify the court in passing judgment for the offence contained in the valid count.
    In error from the circuit court of Warren county; Hon. G. W. L. Smith, judge.
    The facts sufficiently appear in the opinion.
    
      R. H. Tompkins, for plaintiff in error, made an oral argument.
    
      D. C. Glenn, attorney-general, for state.
    1. There were no exceptions taken to the judgment of the court overruling the motion in arrest and for a new trial. Objections thereto cannot be heard in this court. Code, 855, 856. '
    
      2. The instructions of the court were not excepted to, or placed before this court by bill of exceptions. The law making instructions given or refused part of the record, does not apply to criminal cases. The statute of 1846, Code, 893, applies only in the trial of all civil suits.
    3. A memorandum by a clerk, that exceptions were had to various opinions of court, which, however, it seems were never signed and sealed, is insufficient. 1 S. & M. 326; 3 lb. 533; 7 How. 346.
    4. The offence charged is fully proved by the only bill of exceptions taken.
    5. The only error charged, which this court can notice, is the ruling of the court in regard to the ownership of defendant.
    On this point he cited 10 Missouri, 232; 1 Hawks, 24; 2 Bailey, 67; Riley’s Law Cases, 298, 299; 8 S. & M. 584, and cases cited; and 'argued at length, that it was not necessary to aver or prove title to a slave charged with crime.
   Mr. Justice Smith

delivered the opinion of the court.

The prisoner at the bar was tried in the circuit court of Warren, upon an indictment which charged, first, the commission of a rape upon Catharine Windrider, an infant under the age of ten years; and second, an attempt to commit a rape upon the same' party, described as a “free white female child under the age of twelve years.” The jury returned a general verdict of guilty, and the court pronounced sentence of death upon the prisoner.

Three exceptions are taken to the proceedings in the circuit court, one of which will not be noticed. It is the objection to the charge of the court. It is settled that in criminal prosecutions, no alleged error in the instructions to the jury will be noticed, unless the party objecting excepts, and by means of a bill of exceptions places the objectionable charge on the record. This the plaintiff in error neglected to do.

Pending the trial before the jury, the plaintiff in error offered to read, in evidence, a bill of sale for the prisoner from one Werlein to Buchanan and Steigleman, and also offered Steigle-man as a witness, to prove that the prisoner was the joint property of himself and Buchanan. The court excluded the bill of sale and the testimony of Steigleman. In this it is insisted the court erred.

Steigleman is described in the indictment as the owner of the prisoner. Evidence was adduced by the prosecution, tending to show that Steigleman was the owner, sufficient to authorize the jury to find that fact. The evidence rejected was offered by way of rebuttal, or to disprove the allegation of ownership contained in the indictment.

The question which would naturally first present itself, is, whether it is essential to warrant the conviction of a slave charged with the commission of a capital offence, to prove his ownership as laid in the indictment. But as we are informed that a more thorough argument of this question is desired, and as we can decide the point raised -by the exclusion of the evidence on other grounds, we will defer any expression of opinion on the subject.

By the common law, it was necessary to insert in the indictment the name of the owner of the goods alleged to have been stolen, and to prove the ownership as charged, for the reason that a restitution would be ordered of the stolen property, if found, to the owner. We may safely apply the rules in reference to the proof of the ownership of stolen goods, in prosecutions for larceny to the subject under consideration.

When goods, the subject of larceny, are the joint property of two or more persons, it is sufficient if they be described in the indictment as the property of any one of the joint owners. Arch. Cr. Pl. 160. And where goods are stolen from the possession of a bailee, they may be described as the property of either the bailor or bailee. 2 Haile, 181; Rex v. Remnant, R. & R. 136; 2 East, P. C. 658. Upon these principles the evidence excluded, so far from contradicting the averment of ownership, was sufficient to sustain it. Hence, as the introduction of the evidence could in no respect have benefitted the prisoner, he was not injured by its exclusion.

The indictment, as we have seen, contains two counts. The first was framed under the statute, Hutch. Dig. 959, § 22, defining the crime of rape. The second was predicated on the 55th section of the act concerning slaves, free negroes, and mulattoes. Hutch. Dig. 521. This latter statute makes it a capital offence for “any slave to attempt to commit a rape on any free white woman or female child under the age of twelve years.” By the former, the punishment attached to the actual commission of the offence is punished only by imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term not less than ten years. By the statute, Hutch. Dig. 983, § 21, it is provided, that no person shall be convicted of an assault with intent to commit a crime, or any other attempt to commit an offence, when it shall appear, that the crime intended, or the offence attempted, was perpetrated by the accused person at the time of such assault, or in pursuance of such attempt.

It is insisted in argument, that one of the counts in the indictment is bad. Hence, that as the verdict was a general finding of guilty on both charges, the court could not pronounce a judgment subjecting the prisoner to the punishment attached to the highest of the offences charged.

The objection is pointed at the second count, and if it be well taken, the judgment should be reversed and a new trial awarded. The argument of counsel, however, shows that it is not an exception to the count itself, but to the finding of the jury upon it. It is not pretended that the offence created by the 55th section of the statute concerning slaves, free negroes, and mulattoes, is not properly and sufficiently charged; but it is said that the statute (Hutch. Dig. 983) above referred to, interposed and prevented the conviction of the prisoner upon that count, as it distinctly appeared from the evidence in the cause, that the attempt to commit a rape, the offence charged, was actually perpetrated by the prisoner.

Without going into a minute examination of the testimony, the whole of which appears in the bill of exceptions, it is sufficient to observe that we do not think that the evidence established an actual commission of a rape, but only an attempt to perpetrate the offence. Hence the finding of the jury upon the count under consideration was sustained by the evidence.

In the case at bar the indictment charges two distinct felonies of different degrees, and assuming that both counts are good, was it competent for the court, by its judgment, to subject the prisoner to the penalty attached to the highest offence; or in other words, could the court pronounce any judgment whatever? In propounding the question,-we have stated another exception to the judgment in this case.

The same indictment against the same individual may contain counts for several felonies of the same degree, and it is no ground for either demurrer or motion in arrest of judgment. State v. Crank, 2 Bailey, R. 66; Chitty, Crim. L. 252, 253. The reason of this rule is obvious. The same plea may be tendered to, and the same judgment may be given on, all the counts. It follows, hence, that if several felonies of the same degree, be included in the same indictment, and there be a general verdict, judgment may be given on any or all of the counts, according as they may be supported by the evidence. But in the case under examination distinct felonies of different degrees are included in the indictment.

It appears to be settled that it was irregular to do so. A prisoner ought not to be charged with distinct felonies in different counts of the same indictment. But this irregularity does not constitute a ground for a motion in arrest of judgment. If the objection had been made before plea pleaded, it might have been good ground for quashing the indictment; and even after the case had been put to the jury, the court, upon the application of the prisoner, might have compelled the prosecuting attorney to his election, as to which charge he would proceed on. Rex v. Young et al., 3 Durnf. &. E. 106; Arch. Crim. Pl. 56; Reg. v. Strange, 34 Eng. Com. R. 341. In the last case cited, which was an indictment under the statute of 7 Will. 4, and 1 Victoria, the offences of stabbing and cutting with intent to murder, with intent to maim, and with intent to do grievous bodily harm, were all included in the same indictment; and notwithstanding the judgment is by the statute different, being for the offence charged in the first count capital, and for the others transportation, ail application to compel the prosecutor to elect on which count he would proceed, was refused.

The statute, Hutch. Dig. 959, was not intended by the legislature to apply to the commission of the prohibited offence by a slave. This intention is manifest when we regard the character and degree of punishment attached to the crime of rape, and the penalty denounced against a bare attempt, by a slave, to perpetrate the offence upon a free white woman, or a female child under the age of twelve years. We are not permitted to indulge the supposition, that the legislature designed to punish the same individual capitally, for a mere attempt to commit a rape, but if he should succeed in perpetrating the offence, to subject him only to imprisonment in the penitentiary. The completion of the act of rape, necessarily includes an attempt to commit it; but rape by a slave upon a free white woman, or female child under the age of twelve years, is not made an offence by the statute law of this state. Hence the first count, framed under the statute above referred to, was bad. It remains then to be seen whether the second count, which is valid, will sustain the verdict in this case. In disposing of this, we shall settle the remaining objection to the judgment.

It is well settled in this state, that in prosecutions for misdemeanors, where there is a general verdict of guilty, and there is any good count in the indictment, it will be referred to that and supported. Kliffield v. The State, 4 How. 304; Friar v. State, 3 Ib. 422; Miller v. State, 5 Ib. 250; Brantley v. State, 13 S. & M. 468. The reason is because the jury, on the law and the facts, have found the prisoner’s guilt; and enough appearing on the record to enable the court to see his crime, and to award the appropriate legal punishment, there is nothing to prevent the rendition of judgment. The same rule applies in civil cases by express statutory enactment. How. & Hutch. 591, § 12. We do not find, however, that this rule has been applied in any case where the defendant was capitally charged. But there can be no good reason why it should not be sanctioned as well in capital cases as in prosecutions for misdemeanors. In England the rule is applied to both; 1 Chitty, Crim. L. 249; although a different principle is recognized there in civil cases. In South Carolina the same rule governs in both classes of offences. State v. Crank, 2 Bailey, R. 66.

Let the judgment be affirmed.