Case ID: us-ct-cl_158/html/0575-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Davis, Judge,\n    ", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

PENN-TEXAS CORPORATION (FORMERLY COLT’S MANUFACTURING COMPANY) v. THE UNITED STATES
    [No. 299-58.
    Decided October 3, 1962]
    
      
      George D. 'Webster for tbe plaintiff. Jules Levinson and Davies, Riohberg, Tydings, Landa <& Duff, were on tbe briefs.
    
      John F. Palmer, witb whom was Assistant Attorney General Louis F. Oberdorfer, for tbe defendant. Edward S. Smith, Lyle M. Turner and Philip R. Miller were on tbe brief.
   Davis, Judge,

delivered tbe opinion of tbe court;

Tbe Penn-Texas Corporation (formerly Colt’s Manufacturing Company) sues for a refund of portions of the income taxes it was required to pay for 1951. There are two separate but related issues, both involving treasury stock acquired by tbe company prior to tbe taxable year. Tbe first is whether tbe taxpayer realized taxable gain, in 1951, in exchanging 8,927 shares of tbe treasury stock at their appreciated value for property transferred to it. Tbe second is whether in tbe computation of tbe taxpayer’s excess profits credit for 1951, under tbe invested capital method, its treasury stock was includable in its total assets under Section 487 of tbe Internal Eevenue Code of 1939 and as inadmissible assets under Section 440 of tbe 1939 Code. Tbe latter issue, witb respect to the following year (1952), has recently been presented to and decided by tbe Court of Appeals for tbe Second Circuit in favor of tbe company. Colt's Manufac turing Co. v. Commissioner, 806 F. 2d 929 (C.A. 2, 1962), (reversing the Tax Court, 35 T.C. 78 (1960)). The Second Circuit’s opinion, which bears directly on the second issue before us, is also pertinent to the resolution of the first question.

Colt’s, the well-known arms-manufacturing concern, was a Connecticut corporation brought into being in 1855. In 1923 the General Assembly amended the charter to permit the company to purchase and hold a limited number of shares of its own stock “for the purpose of resale from time to time to employees.” This power was broadened in 1947 to allow the sale or disposition of acquired treasury stock “at such times and to such persons, firms or corporations and in such manner as to the said board of directors may seem advisable.” Under this authorization, Colt’s reacquired, prior to December 31, 1949, 4,100 shares of its own stock in the open market, at a cost of $109,394. The purpose of this initial stock-purchase program was to resell the shares to the company’s existing employees, as well as for possible distribution under stock options to new executives whom it hoped to enlist; but in fact the shares were never so used.

Another project for the purchase of treasury shares developed out of the company’s extraordinary growth during World War II as a result of the increased arms purchases by the Federal Government. After the end of the heavy wartime sales in 1946, Colt’s sought employment for its greatly expanded capital in other fields, but found no acceptable venture. Some stockholders, beginning in 1948, voiced dissatisfaction with the large amount of unused capital and solicited proxies for the election of independent directors who would be pledged to bring about a substantial distribution of superfluous assets; at the annual meeting in April 1949, three such dissidents were chosen for the eleven-man board. At the same time, the company’s directors and officers were considering the possibility of making a distribution to stockholders which would not be taxable to them as ordinary income.

To attain the parallel ends of making such a distribution and also of buying out the minority directors, the board adopted the plan (in February 1950) of purchasing shares from stockholders at prices some $5 to $6 above the then market level (up to a total amount of $7,000,000), and of holding these reacquired shares until disposition “in such manner and upon such terms as the Directors may deem advisable.” The stockholders confirmed this plan in March 1950; and by May of that year 124,827 shares had been purchased (at a cost of $6,543,780). The dissident stockholders were bought out and the minority directors ended all participation in the management of the company.

The total of 128,927 treasury shares thereafter possessed by Colt’s remained dormant; the company had no specific plans for their use. They were not treated as an asset on the books but were classified as treasury stock and deducted from the issued stock in published financial reports. The company did not vote them, pay dividends on them, or use them as collateral for any loans. During this period, the treasury shares were not retired; that portion of the 200,000 issued shares which remained outstanding was regularly traded on the New York Curb Exchange (the American Stock Exchange); the company was authorized to issue 200,000 additional shares.

In May 1951, Colt’s began negotiations with Walter P. Jacob Industries, Inc. for the acquisition of the latter’s business and assets, including certain patents, license agreements, and equipment related to the manufacture of box-making machinery. The arrangement was consummated on July 18, 1951, and included the exchange of 8,927 shares of Colt’s treasury stock for $564,632.75 worth of patents and license agreements belonging to Jacob (equivalent to $63.25 per share). Walter P. Jacob became the taxpayer’s Executive Vice President.

The Jacob transaction left Colt’s with 120,000 treasury shares. These were formally retired by a resolution of the board in December 1952, and a certificate of retirement filed with the Connecticut Secretary of State in January 1953.

■The first question we have to answer arises because the Commissioner of Internal Kevenue determined that Colt’s made a long-term capital gain of $90,277.73 when it transferred the 8,927 treasury shares to the Jacob company in exchange for the acquisition of patent and license rights. The taxpayer insists that, in the circumstances shown by the record, the issuance of this treasury stock was not a taxable transaction under the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 and Regulations.

As the court recently pointed out in General Electric Company v. United States, 156 Ct. Cl. 617, 299 F. 2d 942, cert. denied, 371 U.S. 940 (1962), the starting point for cases of this type governed by the 1939 Code must be Section 29.22 (a)-15 of Treasury Regulations 111 which basically provides that acquisition or disposition by a corporation of its own shares does not give rise to taxable gain or deductible loss unless the “corporation deals in its own shares as it might in the shares of another corporation,” and that this standard must be applied to “the real nature of the transaction, which is to be ascertained from all the facts and circumstances.” This Regulation has been upheld, explicitly or impliedly, by the Supreme Court, five circuits, the Tax Court, and this court. See General Electric Co. v. United States, supra, at 624, 299 F. 2d at 946. But the generality of its phrasing has inevitably led to difficulties in individual cases and the courts have found that they cannot avoid grappling directly with the particular circumstances before them.

The difficulties are compounded by the courts’ rejection of all rules-of-thumb for characterizing treasury stock transactions as taxable or not. Failure to retire the shares does not require a result favoring the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (United States v. Anderson, Clayton & Co., 350 U.S. 55, 60 (1955), affirming 129 Ct. Cl. 295 (1954)). On the other hand, the fact that the disputed transaction is single, unique, or nonrecurrent is not necessarily decisive for the taxpayer (Edwin L. Wiegand Co. v. United States, 104 Ct. Cl. 111, 60 F. Supp. 464 (1945)). Nor is speculative trading a prerequisite to taxability (Commissioner v. Air Reduction Co., 130 F. 2d 145, 148 (C.A. 2, 1942), cert. denied, 317 U.S. 681). It is likewise not controlling, one way or the other, that the shares have no voting rights; that no dividends are paid on them; that the stock is or is not carried as an “asset” on the company’s books; or that the taxpayer might conceivably have used authorized but unissued shares, instead of treasury stock, to reach the same objectives (Hercules Powder Co. v. United States, 149 Ct. Cl. 77, 180 F. Supp. 363 (1960); General Electric Co. v. United States, supra. Similarly, it is not enough to assure taxability that, if the company had desired, cash could have been substituted for the stock, with the same general end-result; that would almost always be true and therefore cannot serve as the cardinal touchstone. None of these elements is conclusive in itself, but all may be important, together with other factors, in swinging the balance.

We are thus left to weigh all the “facts and circumstances” of Colt’s exchange with Jacob on a scale calibrated only with this very general guide: Has the company “deal[t] in its own shares as it might in the shares of another corporation” (Treas. Reg. Ill, § 29.22(a)-15 ? Or, to put it another way, has it employed the treasury stock “as an ordinary asset as the stock of another corporation [or cash] would be” (Com missioner v. Air Reduction Co., supra, 130 F. 2d at 148; see also Anderson, Clayton & Co. v. United States, 129 Ct. Cl. 295, 304-05, 122 F. Supp. 837, 843 (1954), aff'd, 350 U.S. 55 (1955))? Using that measure as best we can, we agree with the plaintiff that the transaction did not give rise to taxable gain. Colt’s did not acquire its treasury stock as an ordinary asset or for investment and it did not hold or use the shares for those purposes; the exchange with Jacob was an adventitious use of treasury stock instead of unissued shares, on a particular occasion,, to give the Jacob interests, which were then joining Colt’s, a substantial stake in the company.

Of the taxpayer’s treasury shares, 4,100 were purchased (in 1949) for the twin objectives of sale to Colt’s employees and of possible distribution to new executives who might subsequently become affiliated with the company. In other circumstances such purposes could form an integral part of a company’s plan to use treasury shares in discharge of its obligations, in place of cash, other stock, or other property (see General Electric Co. v. United States, supra). But in this case the company, unlike General Electric, had no such continuing program. The possibility of a sale of the shares was still inchoate and potential. Colt’s was under no obligation to make stock available to its employees, existing or future, and in fact the 4,100 shares were never so used. There was thus no aim to use treasury shares to fulfill regular obligations to employees — as cash or other assets might be used— but rather the desire to accumulate stock for the “wholly in-tracorporate purpose” of possibly distributing stock in the future among key members of the organization, should that be thought desirable. See United States v. Anderson, Clayton & Co., supra, 350 U.S. at 59, 60.

In purchasing the remaining 124,827 shares of treasury stock in 1950, the company intended (a) to give its stockholders who wished to realize their share of the increased corporate assets the chance to receive their money free from ordinary income tax, and also (b) to eliminate stockholders and directors antagonistic to the management and to the majority of the board of directors. These two purposes are, of course, poles removed from treating the treasury shares as if they were stock in another company, or as an ordinar, asset. For these aims, Colt’s own shares were peculiarly required and peculiarly fitted. See Anderson, Clayton & Co. v. United States, supra, 129 Ct. Cl. at 302-03, 122 F. Supp. at 842. And the fact that Colt’s reacquired over 60 percent of its issued and outstanding capital stock in this project emphasizes that this transaction was in the nature of an adjustment to its capital structure, and did not resemble the mere acquisition of an asset for use in the business.

The acquisitions of the treasury stock in 1949 and 1950 thus had their genesis in specific projects which do not suggest that Colt’s was dealing in its shares in the manner prescribed by the Treasury Eegulation for taxability. It might be said, however, that the taxpayer held the stock, once purchased, for broader objectives since the directors and stockholders had resolved (under the authorization of the amended charter) that the acquired shares could be held, sold, exchanged, transferred, or retired “from time to time, to such an extent, in such manner and upon such terms as the Directors may deem advisable.” We do not regard this broad boiler-plate resolution as significant in view of our factual finding that in May 1950 Colt’s had no specific plans to use the 124,827 shares then reacquired for any particular venture, plan, or purpose. The mere possibility that this block of stock could legally be used as an ordinary asset does not override the fact that in 1950 and 1951 it was not being so used and was not anticipated to be so used.

We come, then, directly to the Jacob transaction in July 1951. The exchange of Colt’s stock for the Jacob property was unrelated, as we have seen, to the purposes of the two acquisitions of stock in 1949 and 1950. It was an isolated event, and formed no part of a general pattern of using treasury shares to purchase property or discharge obligations in lieu of cash or other property. It was never repeated, and the remaining shares were shortly retired in accordance with the original design of the directors and stockholders. Nevertheless, the Government argues, to give treasury stock in exchange for property is simply to substitute the shares for cash (or another marketable commodity) and therefore must necessarily be to deal with the shares as an ordinary asset. But we do not believe that every use of treasury shares to purchase property automatically falls into that class. If that were true, the specific limitation of the Treasury Regulation — that the firm must be dealing with its own shares “as it might in the shares of another” — would be inoperative for all such exchanges, regardless of the particular facts or “the real nature of the transaction.” The Regulation expressly directs, however, that the individual circumstances and the true character of the transaction must not be overlooked.

Here, for instance, we have the unusual element that the original negotiations for the Jacob assets were in terms of a cash payment and the change to a partial-stock transaction was made at the suggestion and for the convenience of the Jacob interests, who apparently wished to acquire a proprietary connection with the company they were about to join. This uncommon factor, combined with the isolated character of the transaction and the absence of any plan on the part of Colt’s to use treasury stock to make purchases or fulfill its obligations, confirms to us that the corporation was not treating its own shares like those of another company or as the equivalent of cash or some other normal asset. Rather, the treasury stock was used for the special end of tieing the Jacob people to Colt’s — an intracorporate purpose which would not be satisfied by cash or other property. See Anderson, Clayton & Co. v. United States, supra, 129 Ct. Cl. at 302-03, 122 F. Supp. at 842. The fact that treasury shares were used, instead of unissued stock, seems to have been due to nothing more than the coincidence that sufficient reacquired shares were lodged at that moment in the company’s treasury.

Our conclusion that the Jacob exchange did not lead to taxable gain is consistent, as we have already indicated, with General Electric Co. v. United States, supra. Neither the acquisition nor the disposition of General Electric’s treasury shares is comparable to the taxpayer’s. General Electric received a large portion of its stock, on liquidation of its subsidiary, in return for the latter’s stock held by the parent; this transaction was deemed covered by the part of the Treasury ^Regulation specifically providing that “if the corporation receives its own stock as consideration upon the sale of property by it” the gain or loss must be taken into account. The other major difference between the cases is that General Electric regularly used its own stock to satisfy recurring needs. The shares not received through liquidation were deliberately acquired in order to fulfill the obligations of the parent company and its affiliates under various employee compensation plans and for charitable contributions (which could have been satisfied in cash, at least partially) — and-treasury shares were regularly disposed of for those purposes under what was in effect a continuing program. On these findings, the court concluded that General Electric “was engaged in the enterprise of acquiring [its own stock] for the purpose of using it in the discharge of its obligations, in lieu of the payment of them in cash or using other stock to discharge them”; and that it actually and regularly used the shares so acquired in lieu of cash or stock in other corporations. That pattern and those circumstances do not exist in Golfs case.

The second issue is whether the treasury stock, should be considered, in computing the taxpayer’s excess profits credit for 1951 under the invested capital method, to.be an asset within Section 437 of the 1939 Code (as well as an inadmissible asset under Section 440). Section 437 (c) provided that the “equity capital of the taxpayer as of any time shall be the total of its assets held at such time in good faith for the purposes of the business, reduced by the total of its liabilities at such time.” In passing upon this same question in connection with the tax for 1952, the Second Circuit has held that Colt’s treasury stock was not an “asset” under this provision and was not held in good faith for the purposes of the business. Colt's Manufacturing Co. v. Commissioner, supra 306 F. 2d 929. We concur with those rulings.

None of the treasury shares, as we have shown in discussing the first issue, was acquired for investment or productive use or general purposes; and the great majority (124,827 out of 128,927) not even acquired for a purpose directly connected with the carrying on of the business. There was no intention, at the inception of the purchase programs or thereafter, to use this block of stock as cash or other property would be used. And in fact the shares were not dealt with by the company as a business asset or as property; except for those transferred to the Jacob group, the stock was retired in 1952. The Jacob transaction, as we have noted, was isolated, unforeseen, and primarily motivated by the interests of the other party; even if those 8,927 shares could conceivably be viewed as assets under Section 437, the other 120,000 shares would still be unaffected.

Moreover, as the Second Circuit also suggested, the high proportion of treasury shares — 128,927 out of a total of 200,000 issued (some 60%) — strongly indicates that this stock was not an asset but rather served, in substance, to reduce the company’s equity capital. This result was officially recognized at the end of 1952 when the remaining 120,000 shares were formally retired. Although the accounting profession may not be wholly uniform in all of its views on the treatment of treasury shares, there appears to be agreement that a very large dormant segment of treasury shares, such as that held by Colt’s in 1950 and 1951, should not be considered an asset.

For these reasons, the plaintiff is entitled to recover on both issues, with interest as provided by law, and judgment will be entered to that effect. The amount of recovery will be determined pursuant to Eule 38 (c).

It is so ordered.

Dtjrfee, Judge; Laramore, Judge; Whitaker, Judge; and Jones, Chief Judge, concur.

FINDINGS OF FACT

The court, having considered the evidence, the agreed statement of facts, the report of Trial Commissioner Saul Eichard Gamer, and the briefs and argument of counsel, makes findings of fact as follows:

1. The corporate charter of Colt’s Manufacturing Company (hereinafter referred to as Colt’s) was duly granted it by special act of the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut in 1855. At all times relevant to the purposes hereof Colt’s was a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Connecticut. In 1955, Penn-Texas Corporation, the plaintiff herein, acquired Colt’s in a tax-free reorganization. On or about January 30, 1956, a certificate of dissolution was filed for Colt’s with the Secretary of State of the State of Connecticut pursuant to the laws of said state.

2. Colt’s had its principal offices and place of business at Hartford, Connecticut, where it was engaged in the business of manufacturing and selling arms (including Colt’s revolvers and machine guns) to various buyers, including the defendant.

3. Colt’s was during the taxable years herein involved on the accrual method of accounting and its books were kept on the calendar year basis.

4. On or about March 15, 1952, Colt’s filed its income and excess profits tax return for the year 1951 with the Director of Internal Eevenue for the District of Connecticut showing income and excess profits taxes due as follows:

Income tax_ $883,200. 61
Excess profits tax_ 213,646.42
Total_$1,096, 847. 03

5. On or about December 12, 1952, Colt’s filed an amended income and excess profits tax return for the year 1951 with the aforesaid Director showing income and excess profits taxes due as follows:

Income tax_ $860,483.18
Excess profits tax_ 200,217.39
Total_$1,060,700.57

6.Colt’s paid its income and excess profits taxes for the year 1951 as follows:

Date (On or about) Amount
March 15, 1952_ $383, 896.46
June 12,1952_ 383, 896.46
September 12,1952_ 164, 527.06
December 12, 1952_ 128,380.59
October 5, 1956_ 36,146.46
Total_$1,096, 847.03

7. By letter dated June 24, 1955, to Colt’s, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue redetermined its net income and excess profits tax liabilities for the year 1951. Included in the “Adjustments to Net Income” which the Commissioner made was a long-term capital gain in the amount of $90,277.73 resulting from the “Gain realized upon issuance of 8,927 shares of Treasury stock as part consideration for the acquisition of patent and license rights.” The Commissioner also determined that treasury stock valued at $109,393.56 should be included as an asset as well as an inadmissible asset for the purpose of computing Colt’s excess profits credit based on invested capital.

8. On December 5, 1956, a timely claim for refund for the year 1951 was duly filed by Colt’s (referred to therein as “Colt’s Manufacturing Company, In Dissolution”) with the District Director of Internal Revenue in Connecticut.

9. At all times herein material, Colt’s was authorized to issue 400,000 shares of common stock having a par value of $25 per share, of which, prior to January 1, 1950, 200,000 shares were issued and regularly traded on the New York Curb Exchange.

10. The original charter granted by the special act of the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut to Colt’s provided as follows:

Section 8. The said Corporation shall, within the period of thirty days next after the same shall become organized, lodge a certificate with the Secretary of this State, containing the amount of capital stock actually paid in, and belonging to said Company, which certificate shall be signed by the president and secretary and verified by their oath.
And also a like certificate of all the installments subsequently paid in, and new shares thereafter created shall be certified and lodged in like manner, within thirty days after the same shall have been paid in, and said stock shall have been created.
And the amount of capital stock thus certified, shall not be withdrawn so as to reduce the same below the amount stated in said certificates.
And if any part of the capital stock paid in and certified, shall be withdrawn without the consent of the general assembly first had and obtained therefor, the directors ordering, causing or allowing such withdrawal or reduction of capital, shall be liable jointly and severally as traders in company, in case of the insolvency of said corporation at any period afterwards, for all debts owing by said corporation at the time of or subsequently to the reduction or diminution of the capital aforesaid.
Section 9. This act shall be subject to be altered, amended or repealed, at the pleasure of the general assembly.

11. By act of the January 1923 session of the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut, approved April 19, 1928, Colt’s charter was amended as follows:

Section 2. Said company may, in the discretion of its directors, purchase and hold shares of its capital stock for the purpose of resale from time to time to employees of the company, provided the shares so held by the company shall at no time ■ exceed five per centum of its capital stock issued and outstanding.

12. By act of the January 1947 session of the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut, approved April 16, 1947, Colt’s charter was amended as follows:

Section 2. Said company may, in the discretion of its directors, sell or otherwise dispose of the shares of its capital stock heretofore acquired, pursuant to the provisions of Section 2 of an act amending said company’s charter, approved April 19, 1923, at such time or times and to such persons, firms or corporations and in such manner as to the said board of directors may seem advisable.

13. The General Assembly of the State of Connecticut at its January 1949 session adopted the following law which was approved April 25, 1949:

Section 1. Colt’s Manufacturing Company shall have power to amend its charter in the same manner and to the same extent that a corporation organized under the general corporation law has power to amend its certificate of incorporation.
Section 3. Said company may merge into or consolidate with one or more other corporations in the same manner and to the same extent that a corporation organized under the general corporation law may merge or consolidate.
Section 3. The company may fix, by by-law, at not less than three, the number of its directors.

14. The minutes of the meeting of the board of directors of Colt’s held August 25, 1949, are, in part, to the following effect:

Mr. Goodkind reported that since the last Directors Meeting held July 28, no additional stock had been purchased by the Company, due to the fact the stock had been selling beyond the price authorized.
The Chairman then advised the Directors that although he was not free to disclose any definite information, however, he was presently negotiating with an outstanding individual regarding consolidation of his Company and his future employment with this Company in a senior capacity. He furthermore stated it was likely that part of the consideration of such a man becoming associated with this Company was the opportunity for him to acquire from the Company some of its capital stock. In order that a sufficient amount of shares could be accumulated for this purpose, the Chairman recommended continuance of the policy by the Company to purchase its shares in the open market, as authorized at the Directors Meeting held June 30,1949.

15.Prior to December 31,1949, at a cost of $109,394, Colt’s reacquired 4,100 shares of its own stock on the open market pursuant to permission granted by the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut, as hereinabove set forth, for the purpose of reselling them to the employees of Colt’s as well as for possible distribution under stock options to new executives which the company hoped to bring in. These shares were never so used.

16. The extraordinary expansion of the operations of Colt’s during World War II by reason of large purchases by the United States Government resulted in such an accumulation of assets that the net book value of Colt’s outstanding capital stock by 1946 became and thereafter continued in excess of $13,000,000, its net working capital above $10,000,000, and cash and cash equivalents exceeded $7,500,000. Upon the cessation of its heavy wartime armament sales in 1946, Colt’s sought employment for its capital in other business fields, but found no acceptable venture. At about this time, Colt’s directors and officers began to investigate the possibility of making a distribution to stockholders which would not be taxable to them as ordinary income. As early as 1948, some stockholders made known their dissatisfaction with the large unused capital structure and began to solicit proxies from their fellow stockholders for the election of directors in opposition to management’s nominees upon the pledge that they would bring about a substantial distribution of superfluous assets. At the annual stockholders’ meeting in April 1949, the dissidents were successful in electing three members of the eleven-man board of directors.

17. Prompted by the desire to make a distribution which would not be taxable to stockholders as ordinary income and for the purpose of buying out and removing the hostile directors from management, Colt’s board of directors, on February 24,1950, adopted a plan which called for the solicitation of tenders of stock by stockholders at prices not to exceed $53 per share, which was approximately $5 to $6 above the then open market price, and authorized the corporation to purchase all shares so offered to the extent of $7,000,000, and to hold as treasury stock and “to * * * sell, exchange, transfer or retire said shares, from time to time, to such an extent, in such manner and upon such terms as the Directors may deem advisable.” The plan was thereafter duly adopted at a special meeting of tbe Colt’s stockholders held March 29, 1950, by the affirmative vote of the holders of 84.4 percent of Colt’s outstanding stock, resulting in the adoption of the following resolution:

Besolved that the Directors of the Company be and hereby are authorized to purchase or otherwise acquire outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Company and to hold, sell, exchange, transfer or retire said shares, from time to time, to such an extent, in such manner and upon such terms as the Directors may deem advisable.

Thereupon notice was given to all stockholders inviting them to tender their stock to the corporation.

18. The holders of 124,827 shares tendered them at prices not exceeding $53 per share and their stock was acquired by the corporation in May 1950 at an aggregate cost of $6,548,780. The stockh.old.ers and directors who had opposed management were bought out by the acceptance of their stock among the shares acquired pursuant to the stock tender plan and the directors who had been hostile to management thereafter desisted from management and failed to appear at any of the subsequent meetings of the board of directors.

19. The record does not indicate that in May 1950, Colt’s had any specific plans for the use of the 124,827 shares then reacquired for any particular venture, plan, or purpose. By the aforesaid acquisition it was Colt’s intention to give stockholders who wished to realize their share of the corporate assets the opportunity to receive their money free of ordinary income tax, and to eliminate stockholders who had been dissatisfied with management. However, the shares were subject to use for the same purposes as the 4,100 shares previously reacquired by the corporation prior to December 31, 1949, pursuant to authorization of the board of directors, as set forth in findings 14 and 15. On October 10, 1950, Colt’s filed with the Connecticut Secretary of State a “Certificate of Purchase ox its Own Shares” which stated in part:

That at a meeting of the stockholders of said Corporation specially warned for that purpose, held at Hartford, in said State, on the 29th day of March 1950, a resolution approving the acquisition by said Corporation of shares of its own stock was adopted by a vote of more than three-fourths of the entire outstanding capital stock, at which meeting said Corporation did not vote npon any shares of its own stock held by it;
That the authorized capital stock of said Corporation is all of one class, viz., capital stock of the par value of $25 per share; and
That, since the adoption of said resolution, said Corporation has acquired 124,827 shares of its own capital stock and now holds said shares together with 4,100 shares heretofore acquired pursuant to the provisions of its charter as amended by Act of the General Assembly (Section 2) approved April 19, 1923, or a total of 128,927 shares. The following is a copy of the foregoing resolution:
Resolved: That the Directors of the Company be and hereby are authorized to purchase or otherwise acquire outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Company and to hold, sell, exchange, transfer or retire said shares, from time to time, to such an extent, in such manner and upon such terms as the Directors may deem advisable.

20. In May 1951, Colt’s entered into negotiations with Walter P, Jacob Industries, Inc. for the acquisition of its business and assets, including certain patents and equipment related to the manufacture of box making machinery. On July 18, 1951, Colt’s acquired certain assets valued at $564,-632.75 from Walter P. Jacob Industries, Inc. in exchange for 8,927 shares of Colt’s treasury stock,' being equivalent to $63.25 per share. In its income and excess profits tax return for 1951, Colt’s referred to.this transaction as follows:

July 18, 1951 issued stock for $564,632.75 patents and license agreements.

After such acquisition, Walter P. Jacob became Colt’s “Executive Vice President”, and was so described in Colt’s list of officers set forth in such return. At the beginning of the negotiations, the basis of discussion was that Colt’s payment for the property to be acquired was to be all cash. Jacob’s representative first brought up the matter of a stock transfer and suggested that it would be better for the Jacob group to accept stock (plus cash which also was given as part of the whole transaction).

21. As shown by finding 15, Colt’s had, prior to December 31,1949, acquired 4,100 shares of its own stock, and as set forth in finding 18, it bad in addition acquired 124,827 shares of its own stock in May 1950, thus making a total of 128,927 shares of such reacquired stock which it had as of July 18, 1951, when it issued the 8,927 shares referred to in finding 20 for the Walter P. Jacob Industries, Inc. assets therein described. The 8,927 shares so issued consisted of said 4,100 shares acquired prior to December 31, 1949, plus 4,827 of the 124,827 shares acquired in May 1950. This transaction left Colt’s with 120,000 shares of reacquired stock.

22. In its books and records Colt’s referred to the reacquired stock as treasury stock and did not treat it as either an asset or a liability. In its published reports it listed both its entire issued stock and the treasury stock, subtracting the treasury stock from the issued stock to arrive at net stock. Colt’s did not vote these shares, did not pay any dividends thereon, nor use them as collateral for any loans.

23. (a) Consistent with the tender plan referred to in findings 17 and 18, Colt’s completed the formal retirement of the 120,000 reacquired shares of its stock pursuant to a resolution of its board of directors duly adopted on December 18,1952. Said resolution and the discussion with respect thereto, as set forth in the minutes of the board meeting, were as follows:

The President stated that the authorized capital stock of the Company was $10,000,000, that of this amount 80,000 shares having a par value of $2,000,000 were issued and outstanding, that 120,000 shares having a par value of $3,000,000 were held in the treasury, that this treasury stock had been acquired by the Company by purchase pursuant to the stockholder authorization of March 29, 1950. He further stated that the Directors, pursuant to said stockholder authorization, had full authority to sell, retire, or otherwise dispose of these treasury shares, that he believed it to be in the interest of the Company that these shares be retired. After discussion, the following resolution was presented and unanimously adopted:
Resolved : That the 120,000 shares of the stock of the Company now held in the Company’s treasury be and the same hereby are retired and the Treasurer be and hereby is directed to cancel the same.

(b) On January 28,1953, Colt’s filed with the Connecticut Secretary of State a “Certificate of Retirement of Shares of Capital Stock”, which stated in part as follows:

That at a meeting of the stockholders of said Corporation specially warned for that purpose and held at Hartford, m said State, on the 29th day of March 1950, the Directors of the Company were authorized by a resolution adopted by a vote of more than three-fourths of the entire outstanding capital stock, at which meeting said Corporation did not vote upon any shares of its own stock held by it, to purchase or otherwise acquire outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Company and to hold, sell, exchange, transfer or retire the same as they might deem advisable. The following is a copy of the resolution:
Resolved : That the Directors of the Company be and hereby are authorized to purchase or otherwise acquire outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Company and to hold, sell, exchange, transfer or retire said shares, from time to time, to such an extent, in such manner and upon such terms as the Directors may deem advisable.
That pursuant to the foregoing resolution the Corporation acquired by purchase 124,827 shares of its own capital stock; that 4827 of said shares, together with 4100 shares theretofore acquired pursuant to the provisions of its charter as amended by Act of the General Assembly, approved April 19, 1923, viz. 8927 shares in the aggregate, were, pursuant to and under the authority of the provisions of said resolution and of the Company’s charter, exchanged for property in excess of the par value of said stock; that the 120,000 shares of capital stock then remaining in the treasury were, on December 18,1952, by unanimous vote of the Directors, retired; and that as a result of said acquisition, exchange and retirement the issued and outstanding capital stock of the Company was reduced from the sum of $5,000,000 to the sum of $2,000,000 and the number of shares outstanding was proportionately decreased from 200,000 shares of the par value of $25 each to 80,000 shares of the par value of $25 each.

24. More than 6 months have elapsed since the filing of the claim for refund referred to in finding 8, and defendant has neither rejected same nor given notice, as required by statute, of any action thereon.

25. No part of the aforesaid sum (finding 6) of income tax and excess profits tax paid for the year 1951 has been refunded or repaid to Colt’s or to plaintiff, although plaintiff has duly demanded the same.

26. This action is commenced within the time limited by statute therefor.

CONCLUSION or LAW

Upon the foregoing findings of fact, which are made a part of the judgment herein, the court concludes as a matter of law that plaintiff is entitled to recover on both issues and judgment will be entered to that effect. The amount of recovery will be determined pursuant to Kule 38 (c).

In accordance with the opinion of the court and on a memorandum report of the commissioner as to the amount due thereunder, it was ordered on November 23, 1962, that judgment for the plaintiff be entered for $62,336.14, together with interest as provided by law. On May 20, 1963, plaintiff’s motion to amend the judgment was granted and it was ordered that a supplemental judgment be entered for plaintiff for $8,245.85, as deficiency interest, together with interest as provided by law. 
      
       We shall refer to the taxpayer as Colt’s, the name It bore during the period involved in this suit. Penn-Texas acquired Colt’s in 1955, and in January 1956 a certificate of dissolution was filed for Colt’s with Connecticut’s Secretary of State.
     
      
       This problem does not arise under the 1954 Code, Section 1032 of which excludes from gross income any gain or loss in an exchange of treasury stock for money or other property.
     
      
       The pertinent text of the Regulation is as follows:
      “Acquisition or disposition by a corporation of its own capital stock.
      Whether the acquisition or disposition by a corporation of shares of its own capital stock gives rise to taxable gain or deductible loss depends upon the real nature of the transaction, which is to be ascertained from all its facts and circumstances. The receipt by a corporation of the subscription price of shares of its capital stock upon their original issuance gives rise to neither taxable gain nor deductible loss, whether the subscription or issue price be in excess of, or less than, the par or stated value of such stock.
      ' But if a corporation deals in its own shares as it might in the shares of another corporation, the resulting gain or loss is to be computed in the same manner as though the corporation were dealing in the shares of another. So also if the corporation receives its own stock as consideration upon the sale of property by it, or in satisfaction of indebtedness to it, the gain or loss resulting is to be computed in the same manner as though the payment had been made in any other property. Any gain derived from such transactions is subject to tax, and any loss sustained is allowable as a deduction where permitted by the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.”
      The history of the Regulation is detailed in General Electric, supra, at 622-23, 299 F. 2d at 945-46, as well as in Anderson, Clayton & Co. v. United States, 129 Ct. Cl. 295, 300-03, 122 F. Supp. 837, 840-42 (1954), aff’d, 350 U.S. 55 (1955).
     
      
      
         Rejecting such cases as Commissioner v. Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn, Inc., 171 F. 2d 474, 476 (C.A. 2, 1948), and Commissioner v. Landers Corp., 210 F. 2d 188, 191-92 (C.A. 6, 1954).
     
      
      
        Commissioner v. Air Reduction Co., supra, 130 F. 2d at 146, 148 (C.A. 2), held sales of treasury stock to corporate officers to be taxable, but there the sales were apparently made under an existing plan and pursuant to options previously granted. The company was therefore under a real obligation which it discharged by means of these sales. It is not clear, in any event, to what extent this portion of Air Reduction Co, has survived Anderson, Clayton. G.C.M. 16651, which the Second Circuit specifically noted as dealing with similar sales to corporate officers (130 P. 2d at 148), has been revoked on the basis of Anderson, Clayton. See Rev. Rul. 60-328, 1960-2 Cum. Bull. 427.
     
      
       In the context of the Issue with which it was dealing, the Second Circuit agrees that the treasury stock was not acquired as an asset and not held as such. Colt’s Manufacturing Co. v. Commissioner, supra, 306 F. 2d at 932.
     
      
      
         The Second Circuit has reached the same conclusion in its Colfs Manufacturing Co. ease, supra, 306 F. 2d at 932.
     
      
       See Commissioner v. Air Reduction Co., supra, 130 F. 2d at 146, 148 (C.A. 2), in which the taxpayer had previously bought the same type of property making payment partly in cash and partly in treasury shares.
     
      
       Colt’s then president (Graham H. Anthony) testified that the treasury stock “was available, so we used it.”
     
      
       Since the plaintiff must prevail if the treasury stock was not an asset held in good faith for the purposes of the business, within the meaning of Section 437, we need not decide whether the stock was also an inadmissible asset under Section 440.