Case ID: f-appx_45/html/0126-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "GARTH, Circuit Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

UNITED STATES of America, v. Roberto HERNANDEZMOTA, Appellant.
    No. 01-3433.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted Tuesday, May 14, 2002.
    Decided May 21, 2002.
    
      Before AMBRO, FUENTES, and GARTH, Circuit Judges.
   OPINION OF THE COURT

GARTH, Circuit Judge.

Defendant/Appellant Roberto Hernandez-Mota (“Mota”) appeals from the District Court’s denial on March 5, 2001 of his motion to suppress evidence in connection with a charge of illegal drug trafficking under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Mota pled guilty to the charge on March 6, 2001, but reserved the suppression issue for appeal. He was sentenced on July 26, 2001 to sixty months imprisonment and three years of supervised release. This Court has jurisdiction over his timely appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.

I.

Because the facts of this case are well known to the parties and were recited in full in the District Court’s opinion, we merely summarize them here.

On December 5, 2000, Mota arrived by airplane in St. Croix at approximately 2 p.m. St. Croix was his final destination on a one-way ticket, purchased with cash, originating in Puerto Rico and continuing through St. Maarten.

Upon arriving in St. Croix, Mota was stopped by U.S. Customs Officials for routine questioning. Mota’s answers to the Custom Officials’ questions, however, were illogical and confusing, and he appeared to be in ill health. Mota refused to consent to either medical attention or an x-ray.

Approximately four hours after arriving in St. Croix, Mota became so ill that it became clear that he needed professional medical attention. He was taken to a local hospital where an emergency room doctor, Dr. Lyn Campbell, diagnosed Mota as having foreign objects in his stomach and ordered an x-ray and, subsequently, surgery.

The ensuing operation revealed approximately twenty-five containers of material that had been hidden in Mota’s alimentary canal. Customs Inspectors seized the containers without a warrant and found at least some of them to contain heroin.

II.

Mota contends that the warrantless seizure of physical evidence as a result of his operation should have been suppressed as unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. His contention is without merit.

“Routine” searches of entrants to the United States at an international border “are not subject to any requirement of reasonable suspicion, probable cause, or warrant.” United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531, 538, 105 S.Ct. 3304, 87 L.Ed.2d 381 (1985). The detention of a traveler beyond the scope of a routine search, however, is justified if customs agents “reasonably suspect that the traveler is smuggling contraband in her alimentary canal.” Id. at 541. This standard requires that border officials have a “particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person of alimentary canal smuggling.” Id. at 541-42 (citing United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981)). A detention for a period of time “necessary to either verify or dispel the suspicion” is not unreasonable. Id. at 544.

The Supreme Court has also held that warrantless border searches based on reasonable suspicion may take place at an “extension” of the border. An extended border search occurs “after the first point in time when the person or package might practicably have been stopped and searched.” United States v. Caminos, 770 F.2d 361, 364 (3d Cir.1985); see also United States v. Hyde, 37 F.3d 116, 120 n. 2 (3d Cir.1994). In addition to reasonable suspicion, extended border searches require that “the searched person or item is shown to have crossed the border, [that] there has been no opportunity for the object or person to have materially changed since the crossing, and [that] the search is conducted at the earliest practicable time and place.” Caminos, 770 F.2d at 364.

In his briefs before this Court, Mota does not contest the District Court’s finding that Customs Officials were reasonable in their suspicion that he was smuggling drugs in his alimentary canal. Instead, he ignores the existence of the extended search doctrine altogether, citing consent as the only relevant exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement. He then asserts that, due to his refusal to consent to an x-ray before the operation and his anesthetized state after the operation, he did not consent to the seizure of the containers removed during surgery.

The District Court, however, denied Mota’s motion to suppress based on the extended border search doctrine. The court found that the Customs Officials were reasonable in their suspicion that Mota was smuggling drugs, that he was only detained for as long as was necessary to verify that suspicion, that he crossed the border, and that the seized materials had not changed since his crossing. We review the District Court’s factual findings for clear error, and its application of law to those facts de novo.

The District Court was correct. Customs Officials had a reasonable suspicion that Mota was smuggling drugs in his alimentary canal. He traveled from a known source location for drug trafficking on a one-way ticket purchased with cash. He provided confused and illogical answers to the inspectors’ initial questions, and expressed numerous physical signs of drug overdose and smuggling. These signs ranged from a hardened abdomen and shaking legs to his eyes rolling back in his head and his becoming comatose with liquid running from his nose and mouth. He also faded to provide a consistent explanation for his illness, claiming first to have fluid on his knees, and then an ulcer. All of these facts are more than sufficient to constitute a particularized and objective basis for suspecting Mota of alimentary canal smuggling.

Mota’s detention was also not for a period of time longer than that needed to either verify or dispel the suspicion that he was smuggling drugs. He was detained for about ten hours from the time he landed in St. Croix until he underwent the emergency operation. Because he would not consent to an x-ray, this time period was absolutely necessary to resolve the Custom Officials’ reasonable suspicion that he was smuggling drugs in his alimentary canal. Had surgery not become necessary, his detention would have been justified for much longer, i.e., until the containers were expelled naturally. Other courts applying this standard have found much longer detention periods reasonable. See, e.g., Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. at 544 (4 days); United States v. Esieke, 940 F.2d 29, 35 (2d Cir.1991) (3 days); United States v. Yakubu, 936 F.2d 936, 939 (7th Cir.1991) (20 hours); United States v. Odofin, 929 F.2d 56, 61 (2d Cir.1991) (24 days).

Furthermore, the circumstances surrounding this case satisfy the remaining criteria for an extended border search. Mota had clearly crossed the border when he was first detained by Customs Officials. There was no chance that either he or the contraband had materially changed since his crossing, as he was under surveillance from his arrival in St. Croix until the containers were retrieved. Finally, the search occurred as soon as practicable in light of Mota’s lack of cooperation with the authorities.

III.

The Customs Inspectors were justified under the Fourth Amendment’s extended border search doctrine in their warrantless detention of Mota and in the resultant search and seizure of the containers that were surgically removed from him.

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s denial of Mota’s motion to suppress. 
      
      . Although Mota refers specifically to the seizure of the containers, the alleged violation of his Fourth Amendment rights that was reviewed by the District Court was the constitutionality of his detention upon entering the country. Once the material in the containers was removed from Mota, whether naturally or by life-saving surgery, police were free to seize and search it without running afoul of the Fourth Amendment.
      First, Mota had no expectation of privacy either in the material or in the operating room and, in any event. Customs Inspectors did not enter the operating room. Second, the material was handed over to police by hospital personnel; it was not seized directly from Mota. Third, the material was in plain view during its removal from the operating room. Other cases addressing the detention of suspects and the seizure of their biological waste in alimentary canal smuggling cases have not even questioned the authorities' right to seize and search the waste once it has left the detainee's body. See, e.g., Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. at 544; United States v. Cardenas, 9 F.3d 1139, 1153 (5th Cir.1993); United States v. George, 987 F.2d 1428, 1432 (9th Cir.1993). The resolution of Mota’s appeal should therefore focus on the legality of his detention, not that of the Customs Officials' post-operative search and seizure of the surgically removed material.