Case ID: iowa_86/html/0698-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Robinson, C. J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

The State of Iowa, Appellee, v. Clarence Proctor, Appellant.
    Practice: argument to jury in criminal cause: misconduct of counsel for state. Where the prosecuting attorney in a criminal cause made remarks in his closing argument to the jury which were calculated to encourage violations of the law, inflame the minds of the jury against the defendant, and lead them to regard their duty lightly, and to find the defendant guilty, whether such verdict was justified by the evidence and the charge of the' court or not, held, that the defendant was entitled upon such ground to a new trial.
    
      
      '.Appeal from Fremont District Court. — Blots. H. E. Deemer, Judge.
    Tuesday, October 25, 1892.
    The defendant was convicted of the crime of seduction, and adjudged to be imprisoned in the penitentiary at Ft. Madison, at hard labor, for the term of two years. Prom that judgment he appeals.
    
      JReversed.
    
    
      Albert B. Anderson and Walter L. Anderson,- for appellant.
    
      P. II. Hoop, County Attorney, for the State.
   Robinson, C. J.

This cause is submitted on a transcript of the record and printed arguments of counsel. On a former submission it was dismissed, for the reason that the record failed to show that an appeal had been taken. After the opinion was filed, the judgment of dismissal was set aside, on a showing that an appeal had in fact been duly taken, and that the failure of the record to show it was due to an oversight on the part of the clerk of the district court, without fault on the part of the defendant or his attorneys. The caséis now submitted for a decision on the merits.

The appellant discusses certain questions founded upon rulings of the court in regard to the admission of evidence, and upon portions of the charge to the jury, which we do not find it necessary to determine, for the reason that they may not arise on another trial.

The chief ground upon which the appellant relies for a reversal of the judgment of the district court is alleged misconduct on the part of the attorney who on the trial-in the district court made the closing argument to the jury on the part of the state. The prosecuting witness was nineteen years of age at the time of the alleged seduction. She testifies, in effect, that she received the attention of defendant as a suitor, and accompanied him to and from religious and social gatherings, and received him at her brother’s house frequently during the latter part of the year 1888 and the first part of the year 1889; that they became engaged to marry each other, and that in consequence of that engagement they had sexual intercourse three times, and that such intercourse resulted in the birth of a child. The sexual intercourse is admitted by the defendant, but the alleged agreement of marriage is denied.

' The argument in question is set out at length in the record, and is a very able and adroit presentation of the views of the attorney who made it. The first part is devoted to an explanation of the duties of the attorney as a representative of the state, and exhibits much anxiety lest he should transcend the bounds of propriety in presenting the case on behalf of the state, and thereby do an injustice to the defendant. The fact that it was not his duty to secure a conviction if the defendant was innocent of the crime of which he. was accused was given due prominence, and an unusually large portion of the argument was devoted to an attempt to convince the jury that he was wholly disinterested in the matter, excepting to aid in securing a result which should do exact justice in the case. What was said upon that subject was expressed forcibly and well, and was calculated to win the confidence of the jury, and incline them to give weight to the remainder of the argument. The attorney then devoted some time to a discussion of the evidence in a manner which was justified by the facts it tended to prove, but, as he proceeded, his remarks- began to manifest a vindictive spirit towards the defendant, and finally references to him were coupled with opprobrious epithets, expressed in language unwarranted by anything contained in the record, some of which we do not care to repeat. Among other statements he made were the following: “She [referring to the prosecuting witness] ought to have sent a bullet crashing through his black heart, and sent him down to the infamous depths of hell, from which he came; and I say if she had done that, there could not be a jury of twelve men impaneled in this county but what would have said to her: ‘Go hence; you have done well.’ Yes; ought to have followed that boar hog up and insisted on matrimony. * * * Why, I say, in place of tagging him over the country, and wanting him 'to marry her, she ought to have killed him. And when she told her brokenhearted mother, her gray-haired father, of the situation she was in, if John W. Jackson had taken his revolver or his shot gun, and hunted up' the villain and scoundrel that had been the author of his daughter’s infamy and ruin, and sent a bullet crashing through his brain, I say there is not a jury in Fremont county but what would have said: ‘John Jackson, God help you; you could not have done better.’” Also: “Has not Clarence Proctor done just what the law said he would do, when it said the presumptions were and the chances were that ninety-nine times in one hundred he would commit perjury if he got on the stand at all?” •Also: “I wish we had a right to leave this case to the verdict of the community; but we haven’t. We are leaving it to these twelve men.”

These and other remarks of a similar nature were designed to inflame the minds of the jurors against the defendant, and to secure from them a verdict of guilty, without regard to the value and weight of the evidence. They were calculated to encourage violations of the law, and to lead the jury to regard their duty lightly, and to find the defendant guilty whether they were justified in so doing by the evidence and the charge of the court or not. It is true the attorney said that it would not have been lawful for' the father to shoot the defendant, and that he did not recommend that course, hut the explanation could have had little influence in counteracting the effect of the inflammatory appeals which the attorney had made, and is entitled to little weight. The reference to the supposed feeling of the community against the defendant was without excuse, and the statement to the effect that the law presumes that the defendant had committed perjury was wholly unwarranted. The remarks we have quoted and others of a similar character, were not only objectionable, but they were of a nature to work great prejudice to the defendant. This is especially true for the reason that they were made' by a representative of the state, who had expressed a just estimate of his duties, and a desire to avoid convicting the defendant unless his guilt had been proven; and for the further reason that the" attorney for the defendant had no opportunity to respond to them. It is not always easy to discriminate between what is and what is not legitimate argument in a cause based upon. facts disclosed upon the trial and claims made by counsel, and in most cases much is necessarily left to the sound discretion of the trial court. But in this case the violation of the rules which govern such arguments were so serious and so persistent, notwithstanding objections made by the defendant, that, we do not think the verdict which they aided to procure should have been permitted to stand. As sustaining, to some extent, the conclusion we reach, see State v. Williams, 63 Iowa, 140; People v. Quick, 58 Mich. 322; 25 N. W. Rep. 302; Ferguson v. State, 49 Ind. 33; Stone v. State, 22 Tex. App. 191; 2 S. W. Rep. 585; Cartwright v. State, 16 Tex. App. 489; Martin v. State, 63 Miss. 505; Coble v. Coble, 79 N. C. 590; 4 Am. and Eng. Encyclopedia of Law, 875.

The judgment of the district court is reversed.