Case ID: ny-st-rep_48/html/0025-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Merwin, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

The People, Resp’ts, v. John Connor, App’lt.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Fourth Department,
    
    
      Filed September 30, 1892.)
    
    1. Criminal law—Jury—Plea of former conviction.
    Where a plea of former conviction or acquittal is pleaded with that of not guilty, both issues are properly triable before the same jury, as both constitute the defense interposed, and the defendant is not entitled to reexamine the jury after a finding for the people on the special plea.
    
      2. Same—Disqualification of judge.
    The verdict on a former trial was set aside on the ground that one of the members of the court was related to the defendant within the sixth degree. Held, that such former trial was void, and the conviction thereon formed no basis for a defense of former conviction on a subsequent trial for the same offense.
    
      Appeal from judgment of conviction of the crime of grand larceny, second degree, rendered against the defendant in the. court of sessions of Delaware county on the 25th March, 1891. A case containing exceptions was made and settled, and the hearing here is upon that and the judgment roll.
    
      Abram C. Crosby, for app’lt; J. P. Grant, district attorney, for resp’ts.
   Merwin, J.

The defendant was indicted at the Delaware oyer and terminer, September, 1889, and was there arraigned and pleaded not guilty, and the indictment was thereupen sent to the court of sessions for trial. At a term of the latter court, commencing November 17, 1890, both of the justices of the sessions who had been designated according to statute failed to appear, one being dead and the other absent The county judge thereupon, by order duly entered, designated S. Forman Adee, a justice of the peace of the county, to serve as justice of sessions during the term, and also designated Charles McPhail, a justice of the peace of the county, to serve as justice of sessions until the-absent justice attended. The court being so constituted, the. trial of the defendant was moved and had before the court and a jury,, and a verdict of guilty rendered, which was received by the court and recorded by the clerk upon its minutes, and the jury discharged from the case. The defendant then moved to set aside the verdict on the ground of alleged misconduct of one of the jurymen, but this motion was denied. On the 26th November, 1890, at the time fixed for pronouncing judgment on the verdict, the defendant upon affidavits made a motion in arrest of judgment upon the following grounds:

First. That the court of sessions, at which the trial of the defendant had been had and in the minutes of which the verdict of guilty has been entered, was and is illegally constituted in this,, to wit: that S. Forman Adee, one of the members of said court, is related to said defendant within the sixth degree, and that by reason of such relationship he was and is incapacitated from sitting as a justice of sessions and member of said court during said trial, and from pronouncing the sentence of the cpurt upon the-defendant, pursuant to the verdict of guilty.

/Second. Upon the further ground that the proceedings had and statements made in the presence of the jury during said trial regarding the misconduct of a juryman were unauthorized, irregular, illegal and prejudicial to the rights and interests of said defendant.”

This motion was denied, the following being the order as-entered upon the minutes of the court: “Motion denied, as it is not founded on any of the defects of the indictment mentioned in § 331 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and is not founded upon any facts appearing on the face of the record. But it appearing to the satisfaction of this court that the defendant is related to one of the members thereof, within the sixth degree, ordered that the verdict of the j ury hereinbe,and the same hereby is, set aside.” The defendant duly excepted to each branch of the order, and also moved that the defendant be discharged from custody upon each of the grounds stated in the motion in arrest of judgment. This motion was denied, and. defendant excepted. After the verdict was set aside, another justice was substituted in place of Adee, and an order was made sending and continuing all criminal business, not otherwise disposed of, to the next court of sessions.

The indictment was again moved for trial at a court of sessions commencing 16th March, 1891. The defendant then interposed a plea of former conviction, setting out the proceedings on the former trial. To this the People replied. Then on motion of the district attorney the court ordered that a jury be drawn to try the indictment The defendant objected to the trial of the issues together and to the drawing of a jury generally in the action. The objection was overruled, and defendant excepted. The jury was empanelled, and the court announced that the special plea would be disposed of before entering upon the plea of not guilty, and ruled that the defendant had the affirmative. The trial then proceeded, the evidence consisting mainly of the record of the proceedings on the former trial and proof that Adee, one of the justices of the sessions, was related by consanguinity to the defendant within the sixth degree. The court charged the jury that the plea of former conviction is only supported by proof of lawful trial and verdict; that the only question for the jury to determine on this issue was whether the court before whom the defendant was tried was improperly constituted and without jurisdiction ; that if not so constituted, the former trial was no bar to another trial; that if the jury found that the justice, Adee, was related to the defendant within the sixth degree, the court was improperly constituted, there would be a mistrial, and that this would be no bar to another trial, and the verdict on this issue should be for the People. The defendant duly excepted. The jury found for the People, and the verdict was received and recorded.

The court then directed the parties to proceed to the trial of the issue formed by the plea of not guilty. The defendant objected to the trial before the same jury and asked that all further proceedings upon the indictment be suspended until the questions already tried might be reviewed by appeal. The objection was overruled and request denied. The defendant then asked “ to be permitted to examine each individual member of the jury as to his present opinions and qualifications to sit as a juror, in order to determine whether or not, from what has transpired on the trial, which he has heard, he has at present any bias that disqualifies him from sitting as a juror.” This application was denied. The district attorney then opened the case and gave the evidence on the part of the People. The defendant gave no evidence. A verdict of guilty was rendered and sentence was afterwards pronounced.

The main questions upon this appeal are: 1. Whether it was proper to try before the same jury the issue of former conviction and the issue upon the merits, and 2. Whether the proceedings on the first trial, assuming the relationship of the justice Adee to be as shown, furnished a sufficient basis for the defense of former conviction.

1. By § 332 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, it is provided that a plea of a former judgment of conviction or acquittal may be -pleaded either with or without the plea of not guilty. In the-present case, when the plea of former conviction was put in, the plea of not guilty was not withdrawn. Both pleas stood upon the récord together, as they properly might under § 332. Upon each an issue _ of fact existed. Code Crim. Pro., § 354. Both together constituted the defense-interposed by the defendant. When the trial upon the indictment was moved and ordered, it brought up-for the consideration of the court both pleas. Ho provision is made by the Code for a separate trial in case there is more than one issue. A complete trial involved the disposition of both, so far as it was necessary in order to arrive at a final judgment. By § 388, Code Crim. Pro., which regulates the course-of the trial, it is provided that the evidence "in support of the indictment must be first given, and then the defendant must give-his evidence in support of “ his defense.” This section seems to-apply to all trials without reference to what kind of defense the-defendant has put in. In the present case, the court for the benefit of defendant permitted him to give first his evidence upon the-plea of former conviction. Of this the " defendant does not complain. If it was irregular, the defendant is not in a position to-raise the question. Ho claim was made that the whole case should be presented to the jury at once. In this respect the practice before the Code was followed. See 1 Colby Crim. Law, 277.

In Bishop Cr. Pro., § 812, it is said: “When the special plea, and not guilty are pleaded together, the better practice is not to try them together, but to submit the former to the jury first. Still some American courts appear to allow it, when accompanied by the instruction to the jury to pass on the former first, and disregard the latter if they find on the former for the defendant.”' In 1 Whar. Cr. Law, § 572, it is said that “ in cases where thedefeudant pleads over to the felony at the same time with the-issue in the plea of autrefois acquit, the jury are charged again to inquire of the second issue, and the trial proceeds as if no plea in bar had been pleaded.” In Roches case, 1 Leach, 134, it .is-said, in such'a case, that the issues are always tried upon separate-charges to the jury. The reason was that if the jury found for-the defendant on the plea in abatement, there would be no occasion to proceed to the other issue. There is,’ however, in these-authorities no suggestion that, if it became necessary to have the-main issue passed upon, another jury should be empanelled. The inference is to the contrary.

In People v. Trimble, 60 Hun, 364; 38 St. Rep., 997, the defendant pleaded only a former conviction. This issue was tried before a jury, and verdict for the People. The defendant was= then allowed to'plead anew, and his plea of not guilty was received and the new issue subsequently tried before another juiy. Upon the appeal the claim was made by the defendant that both issues should have been tried by the same jury, and the court. say, “ it is evident that such is not the intention of the statute in case the two pleas are separately interposed.”

We think the court did not err in declining to call another jury. The proceedings on both issues constituted but one continuous trial The Code permitted them to be put in together, and as no provision was made for trial before different juries, it is to be inferred that no such trial was contemplated.

2. If the first trial was void by reason of the relationship of one member of the court, it would follow that there would be no> basis for the defense of former conviction. Canter v. People, 1 Abb. Ct. App. Dec., 308. It would be a case of mistrial, Shepherd v. People, 25 N. Y., 420, citing 2 Hawkins’ Pleas of the Crown, chap. 36, § 15, and that would be no trial. If the court,, as constituted, was without authority in the premises, the defendant was not in jeopardy. 1 Bish. Cr. Law, § 1028. Want of jurisdiction may be shown collaterally. Ferguson v. Crawford, 70 N. Y., 265.

In Baldwin v. McArthur, 17 Barb., 414, it was held that where-one of the members of a court of sessions granting an order of maintenance is one of the persons who, as superintendents of the poor, apply for the order, the court has no jurisdiction and the proceedings and order are void. The action was to recover the-amount allowed by the order. The same principle was held in Rivenburgh v. Henness, 4 Lans., 208, in regard to an order of affiliation made by a court of special sessions composed of two justices, one of whom was related to the complainant within the prohibited degree. The action was for false imprisonment. The same-thing seems to have been held in Oakley v. Aspinwall, 3 Coms., 547. It was there held that when one of the judges of the court of appeals was disqualified to sit in a case by reason of consanguinity to one of the parties, he cannot sit even by consent of both the parties, and if he do, the judgment will be vacated. If the judgment was only voidable it would seem that the consent would cover the irregularity. See, also, Schoonmaker v. Clearwater, 41 Barb., 204; aff’d in court of appeals, 1 Abb. Ct. App. Dec., 341. In this case in the court of.appeals, at page 345, Judge Denio says that the decision of the court of appeals in the Oakley case was that such a judgment was not simply erroneous but utterly void. These decisions were under a provision of the statute similar to § 46 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which provides that a. judge shall not sit as such in a case or matter if he is related by consanguinity or affinity to any party to the controversy within the sixth degree.

With regard to statutes of this kind it is said in Freeman on Judgments, 2d ed., § 146, that the general effect of the statutory prohibition in the several states is undoubtedly to change the rule of the common law so far as to render those acts of a judge involving the exercise of judicial discretion, in a case wherein he is disqualified from acting, not voidable merely but void. See, also,. 12 Am. & Eng. Encyc. of Law, 43. The adjudications of the different states are not entirely in harmony on this subject See 1. Black on Judgments, § 174.

Following the adjudications in this state, it must, I think, be held that the trial in question was void.

If the first trial was not void, but only voidable, the question, might arise whether the order setting aside the verdict, which was made by the same court upon the fact of relationship appearing, would not conclude the defendant until reversed. That order was not appealed from. It was held in Gay v. Monroe General Sessions, 12 Wend., 272, that a court of general sessions had power to set aside a verdict for irregularity. It is not, however, necessary to decide upon the validity of that order.

There are no other questions that call for special consideration. The defendant claims that the order continuing the unfinished business made at the close of the first term to the following term was invalid. It was, however, not necessary that any order should have been made for that purpose. The defendant claims that he was entitled to a separate judgment on the verdict upon the issue of former conviction. We think not. The Code does not seem to provide for this particular contingency. The former practice may therefore be followed. See People v. Trimble, 42 St. Rep., 718. Section 442, Code Criminal Procedure, to which the counsel refers, applies only to judgment in case of special verdict. Nor was the defendant entitled to re-examine the jurors after they had passed upon the question first submitted 'to them. The jury was empanelled to try the indictment. Before it was sworn the defendant had and exercised the right of examination, and there is no claim that he did not then fully exhaust the subject.

The foregoing considerations lead to the affirmance of the judgment.

Judgment of the court of sessions of Delaware county affirmed, and proceedings remitted to that court for the execution of the judgment.

Hardin, P. J., and Martin, J., concur.