Case ID: ad_75/html/0486-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Patterson, J.:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

In the Matter of the Application of Sarah Asch, Individually and as Executrix of and Trustee under the Last Will and Testament of Simon A. Asch, Deceased, and as Guardian of the Property of the Infants, Edgar Asch and Others, Edward A. Isaacs, as Executor of and Trustee under the Last Will and Testament of Simon A. Asch, Deceased, and Others, Respondents, for an Order Directing the Sale of the Premises Number 308 West Fifty-sixth Street, in the City of New York, and of the Estate and Interest of the Said Trustees and of the Said Infants Therein. John J. Danahar, Purchaser, Appellant.
    
      Will—devise to the widow for life, and on Tier death to trustees for the minorities of infants surviving her —sale by trustees and by general guardian of the infants — sale of infants’ estate “contrary to the provisions of a will”—contingent remainders given to infants may be sold—interest of the trustees before the widow’s death — death prior to that of the widow of some or all of the children—protection of the interests of the remaindermen.
    
    The will of Simon A. Asoh contained the following clause: “To my dear wife Sarah, daughter of Emanuel Stern, during her life-time, the house No. 308 W. 56 street, in which wé are at present living, together with the income from my half share in the houses No. 230, 282, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328 & 330 : East 72 Str. No. 826 (329) W. 38 Str. and * * * 434 W. 27 Str. This income to be paid to her in installments, at least once every three months, or oftener, if convenient. At her death, the whole of the above named property to he kept in trust for our children then living and to be divided in equal shares amongst them on their reaching their twenty-first birthday.” An action to construe the will was brought and resulted in a determination that the testator’s widow had a vested life estate in the premises 308 West Fifty-sixth street; that on her death the trustees would hold the premises upon several distinct trusts for the benefit of those' children of the testator who survived their mother; that on the termination of the minority, of any child, or upon the death of any child during minority, the trust for that child would absolutely cease and determine, and that each of the children of the testator who might be living at the death of the mother would take a vested estate in remainder, expectant upon the termination of the trust at majority; that in the event of the death of any child before attaining majority, the share or portion held for the benefit of such child would he freed from the "trust and the same would pass absolutely to his or her heirs or deviséés; and further that the trusts and remainders limited thereon did not cause an unlawful suspension of the power of alienation and that the same were in all respects valid and effectual. The decree did not expressly determine who would be entitled to the property in case of the death of all the children before their mother, in which event the trust estate would not arise.
    After the rendition of this decree, the trustees under the will, the widow and ' the guardian of the infant remaindermen instituted a joint proceeding for the sale of the property known as 308 West Fifty-sixth street. The application, so far as the trust interest was concerned, was made under sections 85 and 87 of the Real Property Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 547), and, so far as the legal estates in remainder were concerned,' under the provisions of section 2348 of the Code of Civil Procedure. An order was entered in the proceeding directing that the premises be sold, including the estates both of the trustees and of the infants, and authorizing the special guardian for the infants to contract for the sale of the premises for a sum not less than $18,000, and that, if required by the purchaser, the widow individually and the executors and trustees under the will should join with the special guardian in a deed of the premises.
    Thereafter one Danahar entered into a contract with the widow, the executors and trustees under the will, Edgar Asch, one of the children of the testator who had attained his majority at the time the contract was made, and the guardian ad litem for the infant children, by which Danahar agreed to pay $18,250 for the fee simple of the premises free from all incumbrances. After the court had approved the contract, Danahar made a motion to be relieved therefrom, on the ground that he would not receive a good title to the premises. No question was raised as to the form of the proceeding or as to the propriety of making the sale.
    
      Held, that the sale of the infants’ interests was not prohibited by section 2357 of the Code of Civil Procedure providing that real property of an infant should not be sold “ contrary to the provisions of a will by which it was devised,” as there was no clause in the will in question from which an implication might be drawn that a sale of the property would be contrary to the provisions thereof;
    That the. fact that the estates of the infants were, contingent remainders in fee did not prevent the court from exercising its jurisdiction to direct a sale of such interests;
    That, inasmuch as the trust estate could never attach to the interest of the child of the testator who had attained his majority, the trust estate embraced an undivided part of the real estate, and that the court had authority to direct a sale of such trust estate under section 85 of the Real Property Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 547);
    That, although there was no present right of possession in the trustees and the trust estate was future and contingent, the trustees had such an interest in the property as would incumber the purchaser’s title unless that interest was lawfully extinguished or transferred to the proceeds of a sale of the land, and that such interest was capable of being sold by order of the court;
    That, as all of the testator’s children were parties to the proceeding, the purchaser’s title would not be affected by the death of some or all of the children of the testator before the life tenant for the following reasons, viz.: In case of the death of some of them the interest of the children dying would pass to the other children. In case of the death of all (which circumstance was not provided against in the will) there would be intestacy as to the remainders and the children would take as heirs at law of the testator as of the time of the testator’s death;
    That the fact that unborn grandchildren of the testator might hereafter become interested in the property would not affect the title which the purchaser would acquire, as the rights of such unborn grandchildren were represented in this proceeding by their parents;
    That the interests of all who were or might become entitled to. any of the proceeds of sale were protected by the provision of the order directing a conveyance, requiring the special guardian to report to the court the disposition and investment of the proceeds, and that he render annual accounts of the disposition and investment of the proceeds remaining in his hands until the termination of the life estate and the trusts.
    Appeal by John J. Danahar, the purchaser at a judicial sale in the above-entitled proceeding, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the New York Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 9th day of September, 1902, denying his motion to be relieved from his purchase.
    
      George IE. Coney, for the appellant.
    
      .Benjamin N. Cardozo, for the respondents.
   Patterson, J.:

John J. Danahar, the appellant, a purchaser at a judicial sale of real estate, applied to the court to be relieved from his purchase,' alleging that there could not be conveyed to him a good title to the premises purchased, for the reason that the proceeding in which the sale was ordered was ineffectual to transfer such a title, and that the court had no power to dispose of the interests in the land, as those interests existed when the proceeding was begun and when the oi’der directing the sale was entered.

That proceeding was a joint application of trustees under a will, and of the guardian of infant remaindermen, for the sale of a piece of real estate situate in the city of New York and known as 308 West Fifty-sixth street. The. property belonged to Simon A. Asch, who died seized of it and left a last will and testament which was duly admitted to .probate and which contained the following clause : “ To my dear wife Sarah, daughter of Emanuel Stern, during her life-time, the house No. 308 W. 56 street, in which we áre at present living, together with the income from my half share in the houses. No. 230, 232, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, & 330 East 72 Str., No. 326-(329) W. 38 Str., and * * * 434 W. 27 Str. This income to be paid to her in installments, at least once every three months, or oftener, if convenient. At her death, the whole of the above-named property to be kept in trust for our children then living and to be divided in equal shares amongst them on their reaching their-twenty-first birthday.”

That clause of the will was the subject of judicial construction in a properly constituted action to which all persons then in interest were made parties, and the decree therein adjudged the rights of those parties in and to the premises. It was determined that Sarah Asch, the widow of the testator, had a vested life estate in the premises 308 West Fifty-sixth street; that on her death, the trustees, would hold the premises upon several distinct trusts for the benefit of those children of the testator who survived their mother; that on the termination of the minority of any child or upon the death of any child during minority, the trust for that child would absolutely cease and determine, and that each of the children of the testator who might be living at the death of the mother would take a vested estate in remainder, expectant upon the termination of the trust at majority; that in the event of the death of any child before attaining majority, the share or portion held for the benefit of such child would be freed from the trust and the same would pass absolutely to his or her heirs or devisees ; and further that the trusts and remainders limited thereon did not cause an unlawful suspension of the power of alienation and that the same were in all respects valid and effectual. This decree settled the rights of all the parties, with the exception that it was not expressly determined who would be entitled to the property in case of the. death of all the children before their mother, in which event the' trust estate would not arise.

The application for the sale of the land, so far as the trust interest was concerned, was made under sections 85 and 87 of the Real Property Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 547), and of the legal estates in remainder, under the provisions of section 2348 of the Code of Civil Procedure. We do not understand that objection is taken to the form in which the applications were made, namely, the combination of the two. in one proceeding. Nor do we understand that the appellant now "Contends that a proper case was not made for a sale of the real estate. The order confirming thé sale recites that the 'appellant stipulated that no question would be raised by him as to the sufficiency of the grounds stated in the papers to justify the court in finding that the interests of the parties will be promoted by a sale ; and we do not Understand that that recital is questioned or the stipulation repudiated. In any event, that matter was inquired into in the proceeding at Special Term and it was there shown that “ peculiar Teasons” or “-peculiar circumstances” existed which were sufficient to authorize a sale of the infants’ interests under subdivision '2 of section 2348 of the Code of Civil Procedure. In the proceeding an order was entered appointing a referee to report the facts, and he reported that “the facts stated in the petition ” were - true, and that the interests of the infants and the trust estate would be promoted, by a sale of the property for the sum of $18¿000 — after which an order was entered confirming the referee’s report and directing that the premises be sold, including the estates both of the trustees and of the infants, and authorizing •a special guardian of the infants to contract for a sale of the premises for a sum not less than $18,000. The order also contained a provision that the guardian report under oath the terms and conditions made by him for the sale of the premises, and that if required ■by the purchaser, Sarah Asch, individually and as executrix and trustee, and Edward Isaacs, as executor and trustee, should join With the special guardian in a deed of the premises. That order Was entered on the 26th of March, 1891. In January, 1902, the special guardian reported to the court that a contract had been made by him with Danahar for a sale of the premises for the sum of ¡$ 18,250. That agreement or contract of sale was made between ¡Sarah Asch, individually and as trustee under the last will and testament of Simon A. Asch, deceased^ Edward Isaacs, as trustee under said last will and testament, Edgar Asch, individually (he being one of the children of the testator who had attained majority at the time the contract was made and as to whom the trust had ceased Herman A. Hyde, as guardian ad litem for four infant children •of the testator, and' Danahar. By this agreement Danahar contracted to buy, not only the estate of the trustees and the remainders of the children, but also the life estate of Sarah Asch and the vested remainder of Edward Asch. The contract is for the purchase of "the premises 308 West Fifty-sixth street, subject to its confirmation and approval by the Supreme Court. Danahar agreed to purchase the whole premises at the consideration of $18,250, to be paid in a certain way, and the parties of the first part at their own proper cost and expense agreed to execute, acknowledge and deliver to Danahar or his assigns a proper deed for conveying and assuring to him or them the fee simple of the said premises, free from all incumbrances.

It is evident from this contract of sale that Danahar, the purchaser, expected and was entitled to acquire the fee of the premises — that is, the whole estate, and that was the contract approved by the court. He was to acquire the life estate of the widow and the vested remainder in fee of Edgar, the adult child, by contract with them and the trust estate and the legal interests in remainder of the infant children, through the action of the court to be evidenced by its order confirming the contract. Such an order was duly made on the 28th of January, 1902. It recites that a sale of the premises had been directed by the court subject to its approval; that it had been made to appear that a contract had been entered into and that the interests of the trust estate and the interests of the infants would be substantially promoted by such sale for divers peculiar reasons and by virtue of divers peculiar circumstances,” and then proceeds to direct that such contract for the sale of the property 308 West Fifty-sixth street to the said John J. Danahar for the sum of $18,250 “ be and the same hereby is ratified and approved.”

In attempted performance of the contract, a deed was tendered to the purchaser by which Sarah Asch, individually and as trustee under the last will and testament of Simon A. Asch, deceased, Edward A. Isaacs, trustee under the last will and testament of Simon A. Asch, deceased, Edgar Asch, individually, and Herman A. Hyde, as guardian of the four infant children, conveyed to the purchaser, Danahar, the premises in question. Ho objection seems to be taken to the form of this deed or to its provisions or its covenants.

It must be borne in mind that the case presented here is not that of a casual purchaser of real property at a public judicial sale, but that of a person seeking to be relieved from a specific contract deliberately made under his hand and seal, the terms and conditions of which are all definitely stated in that contract. Under its terms, as we have seen, the plaintiff was entitled to a conveyance which would vest in him the whole fee. That fee consists of the combined life estate, trust estate (whatever it may be) and the legal interests in remainder; The appellant elected to have the life tenant join in the conveyance by purchasing that life interest under the contract. He also agreed to take the vested interests in remainder of the adult child of the testator. . The question then remains as to whether he would acquire under that deed the trust estate and the infants’ legal estates in remainder. ■ That such infants’ legal estates are contingent remainders in fee does not prevent the court exercising its jurisdiction to direct a salé of . such interests. (Dodge v. Stevens, 105 N. Y. 585.)

It is contended, however, that a sale of the infants’ interests was ■prohibited by section 2357 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which provides that the real property of an infant, lunatic, idiot or habitual drunkard “ shall not be sold, leased or mortgaged as prescribed in this title,- contrary to the provisions of a will by which it was devised or of a conveyance or other instrument by which it was transferred to the infant or incompetent person.” It is further contended that the property could not be sold because of the inalienable character of the trust estate.

The provision of the testator’s will does not expressly prohibit the sale of the premises in question herej nor are we able to see that a present sale of the property would defeat the testator’s design. The direction that after the death of the widow the real estate shall be kept “ in trust' for our children then living ” is to be. construed as meaning that it shall be held in trust. We. do not find, in the clause of the will under consideration any fair implication that a sale of the property would be contrary to the provisions of the will. The only implication of a prohibition of a sale of the infants’ interests that can be drawn must be from the interposition of a trust estate during their minority. But a trust estate (in a proper case) may also be sold by direction of the court, and where that may be done it cannot be said that the existence of the trust gives rise to an implication drawn from a will that a sale of the property is prohibited by the will. If there had been a sale of the trust estate separately, made under direction of the court, as is permitted by statute, could it be said in a subsequent separate proceeding under the Code for a sale of the infants’ remainders, that such a sale would be in violation of a prohibition contained in the will ? Here the sales of the trust estate and of the interests in remainder are concurrent, but that does not essentially change the situation.

We do not agree with the court at Special Term that the trust estate could not be presently sold for a reason which will be hereinafter adverted to. While a voluntary sale of that trust estate would not be permitted, the Statute of Uses and Trusts now authorizes it to be sold in a proper case. O'Donoghne v. Boies (159 N. Y. 87) is •cited in support of the proposition that a sale ordered by the court of real property in contravéntion of a trust is forbidden by the statute and void. In that case we are referred to the words of Judge O’Brien, in the opinion of the court, that “ the plain purpose of the enactment was to make these trust estates and trust interests indestructible and absolutely inalienable during the existence of the trust, and if they could be rendered alienable by the order of the court, the whole scheme of the statute would be greatly impaired and its purpose thwarted.” But an examination of that -case will show that there was an express prohibition upon a sale during the continuance of the trust, and the sale was made in 1870, long before the Statute of Uses and Trusts was so amended as to permit the sale of trust estates by order of the court. In the Statute of Uses and Trusts, as it now reads (Laws of 1896, chap. 547, § 85), it is provided that if the trust is expressed in the instrument creating the estate, every sale, conveyance or other act of the trustee in contravention of the trust, except as provided in this section, shall be absolutely void. The Supreme Court may by order, on such terms .and conditions as seem just and proper, authorize any such trustee to mortgage or sell such real property, or any part thereof, whenever it appears to the satisfaction of the court that it is for the best interest of such estate or that it is necessary and for the benefit •of the estate to raise funds for the purpose of preserving and improving it, and whenever the interest of the trust estate in any .real property is am undivided part or share thereof, the same may be sold, if it shall appear to the court to be for the best interest of such estate.” This provision is substantially the same as the amendment of 1886 of section 65 of the Statute of Uses and Trusts under the Revised Statutes (Laws of 1886, chap. 257), except that part relating to sale where the trust is of an undivided part or share of real estate.

The authority to direct the sale of the trust estate is to be looked for and is found in the statute, and the authority conferred is abundant, the reason assigned for ordering such sale in this case being sufficient and, as was said before, not open to contest on this appeal. Here the trust estate consists or will consist of cm %mdvoided pct/rt of the real estate, for it never can attach to the interest of Edgar Asch.

It is contended that the trust estate could not be sold because there is no trust estate in fact, and, therefore, nothing to sell. The learned justice at Special Term took that view and remarked in his opinion, that, inasmuch as no estate can vest in the trustees until the death of the widow, and even then only in the event of such death during the.minority of some of the children, there was no present estate in the trustees and nothing which may be made the subject of a sale . by them; and, therefore, he concluded that a sale of the infants’ property was in no way dependent upon getting in a trustee’s title, and that a conveyance of the remainders of the children and of the life estate of the widow and of the interest of Edgar Asch would be sufficient to confer upon the purchaser full title. But the trust provision in 'the testator’s will cannot thus be summarily disposed of. While there is no present right of. possession in the trustees and the trust estate' is future and contingent, nevertheless,'there, does exist such an interest in the trustees as would incumber the purchaser’s title unless that interest were lawfully extinguished or transferred to the proceeds of a sale of the land.

We do not think the nature and character of the trustees’ interest is such that it was incapable of being sold by order of the court. Contingent future estates in land are vendible and alienable. It is no objection to their sale that they may never vest in possession. There is no limitation contained in the statute upon the power of the court to direct a sale of such a trust.interest. The power is conferred when its exercise is necessary to the protection or for the best interests of the estate. Here the proceeds of sale would stand in the place of the real estate, and the trust would be transferred and attach to those proceeds. Upon the death of the-widow, infant children of the testator surviving her, the trustees’ right would instantly attach to the fund representing these infants’ interests.

The appellant has not called our attention, either upon the oral argument or upon his brief, to any other objection affecting the substantial questions arising under the will of Mr. Asch, but it may be well to state that we have not failed to consider what would be the effect upon the title if any child of the testator should die before the life tenant. By. the provision, of the will it is only those children who shall be living at the time of the death of the life tenant who take in remainder. The interest of a child dying during minority and before the mother, would pass to the other children. All the children are parties to the proceeding, and every interest they can have would be acquired by the purchaser, but if all the children should die before their mother, still their interest would pass to the purchaser, for in that event there would be intestacy as to the remainders, and the children would take as heirs at law. ' As we have remarked before, that is unprovided for in the will. If it-happens, a contingent estate would pass to the heirs at law as of the time of the testator’s death. We agree with the. learned counsel for the respondents that it is not an objection that their estate as such heirs could never vest in possession, but depends, for its actual enjoyment upon their own death before the life tenant. Nor is it an objection that the same persons who would take as heirs, at law are given another interest under the will. Authority for-that proposition is found in Doane v. Mercantile Trust Co. (160 N. Y. 494) and the cases there cited. Nor is it an objection that, unborn grandchildren of the testator might hereafter become interested in the property. The rights of unborn children are represented by the persons from whom they would take by descent, such persons being parties to this proceeding. (Kent v. Church of St. Michael, 136 N. Y. 10, and cases cited.) The interests of all who. are or may become entitled to any of the proceeds of sale are protected by the provision of the order directing a conveyance which requires that the special guardian report under oath to the court the-■disposition and investment of the proceeds and that annual accounts be rendered thereafter by him of the distribution and investment of ■such proceeds which remain in his hands, until the termination of the life estate and the trusts.

The claim that there are defects in the procedure which tend to invalidate it is not sustainable. It is said that the trustees were not required by the order of the court to execute the deed, but, as we have stated, the purchaser by his Own contract disposed of that matter. The order directed that if the purchaser required the trustees to execute the deed, they should do so, and he did so require. Hor was it necessary for the trustees to report the sale to the court under oath. That requirement is contained in the amendment of section 87 of the Real Property Law by the statute of 1897 (Chap. 136), and we do not think it applied to this proceeding, which was instituted before that amendment was passed. It ■appears, however, that in fact Mrs. Ascii, one of the trustees, stated in an affidavit presented to the court that she had read the affidavit of the special guardian which set forth the contract in extenso and that the proposed sale met with her approval. We are also of the opinion that this proceeding was not affected by the amendment of 1897, and that the procedure therein directed, and the provisions under which trustees may become authorized to sell interests in remainder us well as the trust estate, do not apply to this proceeding, which, ■at the time it was begun, was properly instituted under the law as it then stood. The amendment of 1897 not only changes procedure, but it gives to the trustees power to sell estates in remainder, which they never had before that amendment was passed, and we think its ■scope should be confined to cases arising after its passage.

The order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.

Ingraham, Hatch and Laughlin, JJ., concurred ; Van Brunt, P. J., concurred in result.

Order affirmed, with costs.