Case ID: f-supp-3d_245/html/0217-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Emmet G. Sullivan, United States District Judge", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Eugene NYAMBAL, Plaintiff, v. Steven MNUCHIN, in his official capacity as Secretary of the United States Treasury and United States Governor at the International Monetary Fund, Defendant.
    
    Civil Action No. 15-2238 (EGS)
    United States District Court, District of Columbia.
    Signed March 29, 2017
    
      John M. Shoreman, McFadden & Shore-man, LLC, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
    Marsha Wellknown Yee, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Washington, DC, for Defendant.
    
      
      . Steven Mnuchin has been substituted as the named defendant pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d).
    
   MEMORANDUM OPINION

Emmet G. Sullivan, United States District Judge

When Eugene Nyambal worked for the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”) as a Senior Advisor to one of the IMF’s Executive Directors he raised concerns within the IMF regarding funding the IMF planned to provide for a mining project in Cameroon. Mr. Nyambal alleges that as a result of raising those concerns he was subjected to a campaign of retaliation perpetrated by the IMF. Thát retaliation included termination of his employment at the IMF. The IMF has steadfastly refused to arbitrate Mr. Nyambal’s claims of whis-tleblower retaliation. Accordingly, Mr. Nyambal petitions the Court, pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq., and the mandamus statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1361, to compel the Secretary of the Treasury to comply with a particular provision of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2012 and thereby require the IMF to implement whistleblower protections, including the convening of an external arbitration to adjudicate Mr. Nyambal’s claims of whistle-blower retaliation. The Secretary has moved to dismiss Mr. Nyambal’s complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Upon consideration of that motion, the response and reply thereto, the applicable law, and for the reasons discussed below, the Secretary’s motion is GRANTED.

1. Background

Mr. Nyambal was employed by the IMF as Senior Advisor to Executive Director Laurean Rutayisire, who represented 24 African nations on the IMF’s Executive Board. Second Am. Compl. (“SAC”), ECF No. 5 ¶ 8. As part of his role as Senior Advisor, Mr, Nyambal was responsible for advising IMF member countries in the course of economic aid negotiations and for safeguarding IMF resources. Id. In 2009, the government of Cameroon sought $60 million in IMF funding, plus additional IMF credit, for a mining project. Id. ¶ 10. Pursuant to his responsibilities as Senior Advisor, Mr. Nyambal “concluded that Cameroon was not supplying adequate information to allow for a proper assessment of the project.” Id. Specifically, Cameroon had not provided information regarding the identity of the Cameroonian stakeholders in the mining project. Id. That lack of information gave rise to Mr. Nyambal’s “concerns” as to “the fraudulent nature” of the mining project. See id. ¶ 14. Accordingly, Mr. Nyambal “raised” his concerns about lack of transparency and potential corruption as to the mining project. Id. ¶ 2. But on June 25,2009—“a few months after the IMF’s approval of funding for the mining project” and within 24 hours of having raised his concerns regarding that project—Mr. Nyambal’s employment at the IMF was “terminated, without notice or explanation by Mr. Rutayisire.” Id. ¶¶2, 11. The funding about which Mr. Nyambal raised concerns went forward “without adequate oversight” and “most of the $60 million in funding was eventually misappropriated through a complex money laundering scheme involving Geovic Mining Corporation],” id. ¶ 10, while Mr. Nyam-bal was left without a job at the IMF and, upon his termination, “was immediately denied access to his office,” where his personal belongings were confiscated. Id. ¶ 11. Soon after his termination, while doing some banking at the Credit. Union located at the IMF, security guards “ejected [him] from the bank in full view of the public.” Id. About four years later, on July 23 and October 9, 2013, Mr. Nyambal was denied access to a World Bank building. Id. ¶ 17. The World Bank denied Mr. Nyambal entry to its facilities based on its honoring of the IMF’s “Do Not Admit” list, on which Mr. Nyambal had been included. See id. ¶ 21.

Mr. Nyambal alleges that the abrupt termination of his employment at the IMF and his subsequent ejections from IMF and World Bank facilities constitute “a campaign of retaliation” against him perpetrated by the IMF because he raised concerns within the IMF regarding the funding for the Cameroonian mining project. Id. ¶2. Between 2009 and 2011, the IMF conducted two investigations related to the mining project, id. ¶ 12, but it has never permitted Mr. Nyambal to assert his claims of whistleblower retaliation in an external arbitration. See id. ¶¶ 4,17,19-20. Seeking to have those claims adjudicated in an external arbitration, Mr. Nyambal petitions this Court, pursuant to the APA, id. at 1 (citing 5 U.S.C. §§ 555(b), 706(1), 706(2)(A), 706(2)(C), 706(2)(D)) and the mandamus statute, id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1361), to issue a writ of mandamus compelling the Secretary of the Treasury to comply with a particular provision of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2012 and thereby order the Secretary to, in turn, “require the IMF to implement whis-tleblower protections, including the convening of an independent adjudication of [Mr. Nyambal’s] complaints.” Id. at 15. The provision of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2012 on which Mr. Nyam-bal relies states in full:

The Secretary of the Treasury shall seek to ensure that the IMF is implementing best practices for the protection of whistleblowers from retaliation, including best practices for legal burdens of proof, access to independent adjudicative bodies, results that eliminate the effects of retaliation, and statutes of limitation for reporting retaliation.

Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-74, div. I, tit. VII, § 7071(c), 125 Stat. 786, 1255 (hereinafter “section 7071(c)”).

The Secretary has moved to dismiss this case on various grounds under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or, in the alternative, under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See generally Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 9; Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem. Supp.”), ECF No. 9. Mr. Nyambal has opposed that motion, see generally Pl.’s Opp. to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp.”), ECF No. 11, and, subsequent to the filing of the Secretary’s reply brief, has filed a “supplement” to his opposition to the Secretary’s motion to dismiss. See generally PL’s Suppl. to Opp., ECF No. 13. The Secretary has moved to strike Mr. Nyambal’s supplemental filing. See generally Def.’s Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 14. These motions are ripe for the Court’s adjudication.

II. Analysis

A. Motion to Strike

The Secretary has moved to strike Mr. Nyambal’s “supplement” to his opposition to the Secretary’s motion to dismiss on the ground that it is an improper and unauthorized surreply. Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 14 at 1. Specifically, the Secretary argues that Mr. Nyambal never sought the required leave of the Court before filing his surreply and, in any event, even if Mr. Nyambal had sought leave of the Court, the surreply should be stricken because it merely puts forth legal arguments and factual allegations that were already put forth in Mr. Nyambal’s opposition or that could have been put forth in that opposition. Id. at 1-3. Mr. Nyambal counters that the Secretary has mischaracterized his supplemental filing as a surreply. Pl.’s Opp. to Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 15 at 1. He argues that his supplemental filing does not put forth any new legal arguments that were not made in his opposition and, instead, merely “adds factual context” so that the Court can assess subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 1-2.

The Secretary has not mischarac-terized Mr. Nyambal’s supplemental filing: Because it was filed after the Secretary’s reply brief with the purpose of supplementing the opposition to the motion to dismiss, it is a surreply. See Schmidt v. Shah, 696 F.Supp.2d 44, 59 (D.D.C. 2010) (“Because these submissions were filed after Defendant submitted his reply brief, they are surreplies not authorized by the Local Rules.”). “[Bjefore filing a surreply, a party must request the Court’s permission to do so, and must show that the reply filed by the moving party raised new arguments that were not included in the original motion.” Gebretsadike v. Travelers Home & Marine Ins. Co., 103 F.Supp.3d 78, 86 (D.D.C. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Because Mr. Nyambal has not satisfied either of these requirements, the Court GRANTS the Secretary’s motion to strike his supplemental filing.

B. Motion to Dismiss

The Secretary has moved to dismiss for a variety of reasons, arguing that: (1) Mr. Nyambal lacks standing under Article III of the Constitution because the Secretary’s actions did not cause Mr. Nyambal’s injury and because any action that the Court could compel the Secretary to take would not be likely to redress Mr. Nyambal’s injury, Def.’s Mem. Supp., ECF No. 9 at 10-13; (2) Mr. Nyambal’s claim is nonjus-ticiable under the political question doctrine, id. at 14-16; (3) the mandamus relief that Mr. Nyambal seeks is unavailable because he has not demonstrated that he has a clear right to relief or that the Secretary has a clear duty to act, id. at 16-18; (4) Mr. Nyambal has failed to state a claim under the APA because the conduct that he challenges is not subject to judicial review and because the action he seeks to compel is not legally required, id. at 18-22; and (5) the Secretary is immune from legal process in his capacity as United States Governor of the IMF. Id. at 22. The Court concludes that Mr. Nyambal lacks Article III standing. Accordingly, his complaint will be dismissed on that basis, and the Court need not reach the Secretary’s alternative arguments.

1. Standard of Review

A motion to dismiss for lack of standing is properly considered a challenge to the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction and should be reviewed under Rule 12(b)(1). See Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“[T]he defect of standing is a defect in subject matter jurisdiction.”). To survive a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, “the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.” Moran v. U.S. Capitol Police Bd., 820 F.Supp.2d 48, 53 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992)). Because Rule 12(b)(1) concerns a court’s ability to hear a particular claim, the court “must scrutinize the plaintiffs allegations more closely when considering a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule. 12(b)(1) than it would under a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6),” Schmidt v. U.S. Capitol Police Bd., 826 F.Supp.2d 59, 65 (D.D.C. 2011). In so doing, the court must accept as true all of the factual allegations in the complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, but the court need not “accept inferences unsupported by the facts alleged or legal conclusions that are cast as factual allegations.” Rann v. Chao, 154 F.Supp.2d 61, 64 (D.D.C. 2001). In reviewing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the court “may consider such materials outside the pleadings as it deems appropriate to resolve the question whether it has jurisdiction in the case.” Scolaro v. D.C. Bd. of Elections & Ethics, 104 F.Supp.2d 18, 22 (D.D.C. 2000); see also Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005).

2. Mr. Nyambal Lacks Standing

Standing “is an essential and unchanging predicate to ány exercise of ... jurisdiction” by an Article III court. See Am. Chemistry Council v. Dep’t of Transp., 468 F.3d 810, 814 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he irreducible constitutional minimum of standing contains three elements.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130. “First, the plaintiff must have suffered an injury in fact—an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.”' Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “Second, there must be a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of—the injury has to be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant, and not the result of the independent action of some third party not before the court.” Id. (internal quotation marks- and alterations omitted). “Third, it must be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Id. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130 (internal quotation marks omitted).

For purposes of his motion to dismiss, the Secretary has assumed that Mr. Nyambal has suffered an injury in fact and, accordingly, has focused his arguments on the causation and redressability prongs of the standing inquiry. See Defi’s Reply, ECF. No. 12 at 3 & n.3. The injury that the Secretary has assumed that Mr. Nyambal has suffered is “the effects of alleged IMF retaliation.” Def.’s Mem. Supp., ECF- No. 9 at 11. If that were the relevant injury in fact, it would be clear that Mr. Nyambal would fail to carry his burden as to the causation prong of the standing, inquiry: The effects of the retaliation—i.e., the alleged destruction of Mr. Nyambal’s “career, financial standing, em-ployability and reputation,” SAC, ECF No. 5 ¶ 27—can only be traced to the IMF’s, not the' Secretary’s, actions of terminating Mr. Nyarabal’s employment and preventing him from accessing IMF and World Bank facilities. Having failed to satisfy one of the three independent elements of standing, the Court would have no need to carry its standing analysis any further. See Newdow v. Roberts, 603 F.3d 1002, 1010 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (“The absence of any one of the[] three elements defeats standing.”).

Although the alleged financial- and career-related injury is certainly the underlying substantive injury that Mr. Nyambal ultimately seeks to address, for purposes of his request that .this Court issue a writ of mandamus compelling the Secretary to take certain actions—namely, (1) to comply with section 7071(c) and (2) to require the IMF to resolve Mr. Nyambal’s claims of retaliation in an external arbitration, see SAC, ECF No. 5 at 15—the relevant injury appears to be more procedural in nature: that Mr. Nyambal has not been permitted to adjudicate his retaliation claims against the IMF in an external arbitration. But . even taking that absence of arbitral process as the relevant injury, in fact,, Mr. Nyambal is still unable to establish that he has standing because he fails to satisfy the redressability element of the relevant inquiry. He fails to satisfy that element for two reasons.

First, “[t]o satisfy this element, a plaintiff must show in the first instance that the court is capable of granting the relief sought.” Love v. Vilsack, 908 F.Supp.2d 139, 144-45 (D.D.C. 2012) (citing Newdow, 603 F.3d at 1010-11; Swan v. Clinton, 100 F.3d 973, 976 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). Here, part of the relief that Mr. Nyambal seeks is a writ of mandamus compelling the Secretary to “require the IMF to implement whistleblower protections, including the convening of an independent adjudication of [Mr. Nyambal’s] complaints.” SAC, ECF No. 5 at 15. But the Court lacks the authority to compel the. Secretary to take those actions. Mandamus relief is only permissible when a plaintiff demonstrates “(1) a clear and indisputable right to relief, (2) that the government agency or official is violating a clear duty to act, and (3) that no adequate alternative remedy exists,”. Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Burwell, 812 F.3d 183, 189 (D.C. Cir. 2016). Here, the provision on which Mr. Nyambal relies merely directs that the Secretary “shall seek to ensure that the IMF is implementing best practices for the protection of whistleblowers from retaliation, including best practices for ... access to independent adjudicative bodies'.” § 7071(c) (emphasis added). When “seek” is followed by “to” and an infinitive, as it is here, it means “to make an attempt” or to “try.” Seek, Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, https://www.meriam-webster.com/ dictionary/seek (last visited March 27, 2017). Thus the Secretary’s only clear duty under section 7071(c) is to try to get the IMF to implement best practices for getting whistleblower retaliation claimants access to independent adjudicative bodies. That limited duty 'forecloses this Court from issuing a writ of mandamus compelling the Secretary to “require the IMF to implement whistleblower protections, including the convening of an independent adjudication of [Mr. Nyambal’s] ' complaints.” See SAC, ECF No. 5 at 15 (emphasis added). Accordingly, because this Court lacks the authority to grant a portion of the relief that Mr. Nyambal has requested, he fails to satisfy the redressa-bility prong of the standing inquiry. See Lozansky v. Obama, 841 F.Supp.2d 124, 132-33 (D.D.C. 2012) (holding that “[p]lain-tiffs ... lack standing because the Court cannot issue the requested writ of mandamus, and thus cannot redress the [alleged] injury”).

Second, the Court does not doubt its authority to provide the other portion of the mandamus relief that Mr. Nyambal requests—namely, compelling the Secretary to “comply with [section 7071(c) ]” by trying to ensure that the IMF implements best practices for the protection of whistleblowers from retaliation, including best practices for access to independent adjudicative bodies, see SAC, ECF No. 5 at 15—but this relief is not likely to redress Mr. Nyambal’s alleged injury of not having been given arbitral process by the IMF. See Newdotv, 603 F.3d at 1011 (the plaintiffs’ “second re-dressability problem is that declaratory and injunctive relief against the defendants ... would not prevent the claimed injury”). “Redressability examines whether the relief sought, assuming that the court chooses to grant it, will likely alleviate the particularized injury alleged by the plaintiff.” West v. Lynch, 845 F.3d 1228, 1235 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The key word is ‘likely.’” Id. (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130). Thus Mr. Nyambal must show that it is “likely, as opposed to merely speculative,” that his injury—not having access to an arbitral forum for his retaliation claims against the IMF—will be redressed by a favorable decision. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130 (internal quotation marks omitted). In this case of third-party causation—where Mr. Nyambal “seeks to change the [Secretary’s] behavior only as a means to alter the conduct of a third party, not before the court, who is the direct source of [Mr. Nyambal’s] injury,” see Common Cause v. Dep’t of Energy, 702 F.2d 245, 251 (D.C. Cir. 1983)—“it is ‘substantially more difficult’ to establish re-dressability.” Talenti v. Clinton, 102 F.3d 573, 577 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 562, 112 S.Ct. 2130). It is substantially more difficult because “standing to challenge a government policy cannot be founded merely on speculation as to what third parties will do in response to a favorable ruling.” Renal Physicians Ass’n v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 489 F.3d 1267, 1274 (D.C. Cir. 2007). When those third parties can exercise “broad and legitimate discretion the courts cannot presume either to control or to predict,” a court is generally unable to redress the alleged injury and, accordingly, standing is found wanting. See Talenti, 102 F.3d at 577 (internal quotation marks omitted).

As explained above, the most the Court can compel the Secretary to do is to try to ensure that the IMF implements best practices for the protection of whistleblow-ers from retaliation, including best practices for access to independent adjudicative bodies. If the Court were to order the Secretary to engage in the efforts called for by section 7071(c), reaching the conclusion that those efforts would bear the relief that Mr. Nyambal seeks—that the third-party IMF would actually implement best practices for access to independent adjudicative bodies and then would arbitrate Mr. Nyambal’s retaliation claims— would require sheer speculation as to how the IMF would exercise its broad and legitimate discretion in response to the Secretary’s efforts. When such “conjecture is necessary, redressability is lacking.” West, 845 F.3d at 1237 (citing Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 43-44, 96 S.Ct. 1917, 48 L.Ed.2d 450 (1976)).

Mr. Nyambal asserts that the United States is the only country in the IMF equipped with “a veto power”; that the Secretary is on the Board of Governors, which is the “highest decision-making body of the IMF”; that the Secretary’s role is “to ensure that the IMF complies with applicable laws”; that the Secretary appoints a “U.S. Executive Director of the IMF to oversee day-to-day operations”; and that that Executive Director “has authority to request any investigation pertaining to the IMF’s governance.” PL’s Opp., EOF No. 11 at 5-6. Assuming that all of these assertions are true, the United States wields significant authority at the IMF. Nevertheless, even with that significant authority there is hardly a high likelihood that if the Secretary were to make efforts to ensure that the IMF implements best practices for the protection of whistle-blowers from retaliation that those best practices would actually be implemented by the IMF and that Mr. Nyambal would get his sought-after arbitration. Mr. Nyambal suggests that the Secretary could use the United States’ veto power or the United States’ votes in elections for the position of IMF Managing Director to coerce the IMF into implementing best practices for the protection of whistleblow-ers. See SAC, ECF No. 5 ¶ 5. But even if the Secretary took these actions, Mr. Nyambal has provided no explanation as to how such actions would likely result in the IMF’s implementation of best practices for the protection of whistleblowers. The omission of that explanation is particularly problematic given that there is “considerable uncertainty” as to whether the actions that Mr. Nyambal suggests the Secretary could take to coerce the IMF into implementing best practices for the protection of whistle-blowers “would aid [him] ... or would tend to drive [the IMF] into even greater intransigence.” See Talenti, 102 F.3d at 578 (internal quotation marks omitted). That explanation is one Mr. Nyambal was required to provide. See Nat’l Wrestling Coaches Ass’n v. Dep’t of Educ., 366 F.3d 930, 938 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (explaining that when redressability hinges on the independent choices of a regulated third party, “it becomes the burden of the plaintiff to adduce facts showing that those choices have been or will be made in such manner as to ... permit redressability of injury”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Without it, the Court must conclude that Mr. Nyam-bal has not satisfied the redressability element and, accordingly, lacks the standing needed to pursue his claim. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the Secretary’s motion to dismiss.

III. Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, the Secretary’s motion to strike and motion to dismiss are GRANTED, and this case is dismissed with prejudice. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

SO ORDERED. 
      
      . Mr. Nyambal filed a first amended complaint, see First Am. Compl. ("FAC"), ECF No. 3, and then filed the SAC, hut still appears to rely upon the FAC, See, e.g„ Pl.’s Opp. to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 11 at 1. The Court will rely upon the SAC for purposes of this Memorandum Opinion. In any event, even if it relied upon the FAC, the Court’s conclusions would not change.
     
      
      . In fact, it is Mr. Nyambal who has mischar-acterized his own supplemental filing. In his opposition to the Secretary’s motion to strike, Mr. Nyambal asserts that his supplemental filing is devoid of any legal argument that was not already raised in his opposition. Pl.’s Opp. to Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 15 at 1. That is inaccurate. See, e.g., Pl.’s Suppl. to Opp., ECF No. 13 at 23-24 (making a legal argument relying on the Take Care Clause of the Constitution that does not appear in the opposition).
     
      
      . The Court assumes, without deciding, that the causality element of the standing inqúiry could be satisfied. See Newdow, 603 F.3d at 1010 ("We will assume, without holding, that plaintiffs' claimed injury is an injury in fact and that it can be fairly traced to the conduct of the defendants. It is in the third element, redressability, where we find two problems with plaintiffs’ case for standing.”).
     
      
      . The Court is similarly foreclosed from granting this portion of the relief requested under the APA. See Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Washington v. SEC, 916 F.Supp.2d 141, 151 (D.D.C, 2013) ("The standards for APA relief under § 706(1) and for mandamus here are identical ....”); see also Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Brennan, 571 F.Supp.2d 1105, 1124 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (“Where the relief the plaintiff is seeking is identical under either the APA or .the mandamus statute, proceeding under one as opposed to the other is insignificant.”) (citing Indep. Mining Co. v. Babbitt, 105 F.3d 502, 507 (9th Cir. 1997)). To the extent that the Court’s analysis here veprs into a merits inquiry, see People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. U.S. Dep't of Agric., 797 F.3d 1087, 1097 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (describing the assessment of whether an agency "has a policy of non-enforcement that constitutés agency action unlawfully withheld, in violation of section 706(1) of the APA” as a- "non-jurisdictional question”), and thus improperly fails to "assume the merits of [Mr. Nyambal’s] claim when determining whether standing exists,” West Virginia, ex rel. Morrisey v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 827 F.3d 81, 84 (D.C. Cir. 2016), the Courtis,analysis would remain the same under a Rule 12(b)(6) lens: Mr. Nyambal’s claims pursuant to the APA and the mandámus statute would be dismissed for failure to státe a claim.