Case ID: us_247/html/0231-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Mr. Justice Holmes", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

EX PARTE SIMONS, PETITIONER.
    •PETITION for writ of mandamus.
    No. 26,
    Original.
    Argued December 10, 1917.
    Rule absolute June 3, 1918.
    Plaintiff brought an action for damages in two counts against executors, in the District Court in New York, the first count alleging a promise of the testatrix to bequeath a certain sum in return for plaintiff’s services, and the second her promise to pay their reasonable value. On motion the first count was ordered transferred to the equity docket, lipón the ground that by the law of New York it could not be entertained at. law. field, that this was an error, depriving plaintiff of the right oLtriál By jury, and properly rectified by mandamus.
    Rule absolute.
    The case is stated in the opinion.
    
      Mr. Roger Foster for petitioner:
    Whenever a constitutional right has beén denied, or a judge has acted clearly beyond his jurisdiction, and there is no immediate remedy by a writ of error or appeal, mandamus will issue to correct an error which if left uneoirrected will cause confusion and coiñplieations so great that serious inconvenience to the courts, and to the litigants, will result. Virginia v. Rives, 100 U. S. 313, 323, 329; Virginia v. Paul, 148 U. S. 107; Kentucky v. Powers, 201 U. S. 1; Ex parte Metropolitan Water Co., 220 U. S. 539, 540, 546; Brown v. Circuit Judge of Kalamazoo County, 75 Michigan, 274.
    It is well settled that mandamus is the proper remedy tp prevent tne emorcement of . an order for a change of venue made by a court having exclusive jurisdiction to hear and détermine the proceeding, and with no power to send away the case for trial elsewhere; and that an appeal from the final judgment rendered by the court to which the venue is changed does not afford an adequate remedy. Washington ex rel. Wyman, Partridge & Co. v. Spokane County, 40 Wash. 443; Ex parte Cox, 10 Missouri, 742; State ex rel. Harris v. Laughlin, 75 Missouri, 358; State ex rel. Schonhoff v. O'Bryan, 102 Missouri, 254
    The effect of . this order is to grant a peipetual stay of proceedings to enforce the first cause of action at common law and to enjoin the further prosecution thereof at common law. It is well settled that mandamus will issue to compel a court to proceed in a suit which it has improperly stayed. Livingston v. Dorgenois, 7 Cranch, 577; Barber Asphalt Pav. Co. v. Morris, 132 Fed. Rep. 945; McClellan v. Carland, 217 U. S. 268.
    It will also issue to compel a court to proceed to judgment. Life & Fire Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 8 Pet. 291; Life & Fire Ins. Co. v. Adams, 9 Pet. 571; Ex parte Equitable Trust Co., 231 Fed. Rep. 571, 585, 594; In re Watts, 214 Fed. Rep. 80; to compel a court to enforce its judgment, Ex parte United States, 242 U. S. 27; to compel a judge to permit documents on file in . the clerk’s office under seal to be produced, opened and put in evidence, Ex parte Uppercu, 239 U. S. 435; to compel a court to overrule an objection to á master’s summons which required the defendant to render a sworn statement of an account in. accordance with Equity Rule 79, In re Beckwith, 203 Fed. Rep. 45; 201 Fed. Rep. 518; to set aside an order of a Dis-. trict Court which modified a decree rendered at a previous term, although no appeal or writ of error was then pending or had been previously issued or taken, Re Dennett, 215 Fed. Rep. 673; see also New Liverpool Salt Co. v. Wellborn, 160 Fed. Rep. 923; to set aside an order disbarring an attorney which had been rendered without jurisdiction or after a proceeding in which the court below had acted with flagrant impropriety. Ex parte Bradley, 7 Wall. 364; Ex parte Robinson, 19 Wall. 506. See also Ex parte Wisner, 203 U. S. 449; In re Winn, 213 U. S. 458.
    If mandamus will not lie, a writ of prohibition should be granted. United States v. Mayer, 235 U. S. 55; Ex parte Indiana Transportation Co., 244 U. S. 456; Ex parte Equitable Trust Co., 231 Fed. Rep. 571, 594; Lehman v. Gumbel, 236 U. S. 448.
    If neither of the foregoing writs can be obtained, the petitioner has the right to a writ of certiorari — the original writ issuable at common law which under its supervisory jurisdiction is vested in this court by § 262, Jud. Code, formerly Rev. Stats., § 716. United States v. Beatty, 232 U. S. 463, 467.
    A District Court of the United States, when sitting in equity and when sitting at common law, exercises as independent a jurisdiction and in the contemplation of the law constitutes two distinct courts just as much as when it is a court of admiralty and a court of-bankruptcy. Jud. Code,.§ 24.
    The petitioner has no less right to one of the extraordinary writs than if she had sued upon a single cause of-action, and that had been sent from the common-law court to the court of equity. It is settled that when one of two separate and different causes of action joined together in a single pleading has been dismissed, such dismissal may be reviewed without awaiting the termination of the issues raised upon the other cause of action. Scriven v. North, 134 Fed. Rep. 366; Historical Pub. Co. v. Jones Bros. Pub. Co., 231 Fed. Rep. 784; Miocene Ditch Co. v. Moore, 150 Fed. Rep. 483, 493; Hill v. Chicago & Evanston R. R. Co., 140 U. S. 52.
    The District Court had no power to make the order. No statutory provision nor any equity or common-law rule gives such authority, although under Equity Rule 22 a motion may be made to send a cause from the equity to the common-law calendar. The object of this rule is to protect the constitutional right. No constitutional right is infringed by the trial of a case before a jury which might have been tried in equity. Section 274a, Jud. Code, merely authorizes amendments; it does not authorize a transfer in any case, Waldo v. Wilson, 231 Fed. Rep. 654; or a severance; and it was clearly not its intention to warrant a transfer upon compulsion against the wish of the plaintiff. If the plaintiff has selected a wrong side of the court upon which -to proceed, the penalty upon him is not to compel him to go to the other side which he does not wish to enter, but to dismiss his suit at the appropriate time in the cause. Moreover, the statute does not purport to justify a transfer of part of a suit.
    The Constitution forbids such a transfer of part and of the whole of a cause of action from law to equity, especially when the plaintiff claims the right, to a trial by jury.
    The first as well as the second cause of action was cognizable at common law. [Citing many cases.]
    This is not a question which is to be decided according to the state law. Lindsay v. First National Bank, 156 U. S. 485, 593 ; Whitehead v. Shattuck, 138 U. S. 146, 151; Wehrman v. Conklin, 155 U. S. 314, 325.
    The same rule has been enforced in the State of New York. . '
    
      By the law of New York every right that is cognizable by the courts is a right at common law, including those which by the former practice could be enforced only by a court of equity.
    
      Mr. Edgar T. Brackett, with whom Mr. Clarke M. Rosecrantz was on the brief, for respondents :
    The order can clearly be reviewed, on writ of error after final judgment in the common-law action. Very likely it has become a part of the record in equity; but it also remains a part of the record in the law action, no less so than would an order dismissing the first count, on demurrer or motion. It puts the plaintiff, on the first count, out of court in her action at law. It was entered by the court sitting as a court of law on a motion made by the defendants in the action at law. There is nothing in the situation of petitioner which entitles her to a speedier review here than there would be if Jud. Code, § 274a, had never been enacted.
    She may waive her objection to the order if she amends and proceeds under it, but may elect to abide by her declaration. The law was not made to enable her to try her case both at law and in equity.
    The petitioner is possibly entitled to an immediate review of the action of the trial court on writ of error from the Circuit Court of Appeals.
    Under Jud. Code, § 274a, the court had the power to. transfer the first cause of action from the law to the equity side. It is true the section says nothing about transfer. But it is not an ordinary statute of amendments. Its object is not to allow a pleading at law to be amended as such — a right already easting, — but to protect the plaintiff where he could not amend to state a good cause of action at law, against being put out of court altogether. The court, therefore, shall order that he make the nécessary amendments to change his declaration at law into a bill in equity, and vice versa. It follows that an órder of transfer from the law to the equity side, or from the equity to the law side, as the case may be, is not only proper but necessary,, to get the case instated on the side of the court where it will have to be tried. The order in effect dismisses the cause <Jf action wrongly sued upon at law, and, at the same time, for the plaintiff’s benefit, transfers it so that he may proceed on the right side of the court if he sees fit. The séctlon authorizes a severance. It is remedial and should be liberally construed.
    So far as petitioner’s right at law is concerned", her constitutional right to trial by jury is no more and no less involved than is the right of any other plaintiff to whose declaration at law a general demurrer has been sustained. If the demurrer was improperly sustained, the petitioner will, after reversal and remandment, obtain her jury trial.
    Petitioner is not entitled to the writ of mandamus. Under § 274a the subject-matter of which the court is given jurisdiction is precisely the detennination of the question whether or not a suit has been instituted on the right side of the court. If a judge decides this question wrongly he is merely committing error, and not exceeding his jurisdiction. His ruling can be reviewed by writ of •error. This brings the case squarely within the usual rule that the writ of mandamus cannot be used to serve the purpose of an appeal.
    The situation here cannot be distinguished from the attempt to review by mandamus the refusal to remand to a state court, in a case where the question of removability can be determined as a question of law on the record. This was the question elaborately discussed and finally set at rest in Ex parte Harding, 219 U. S. 363. The jurisdiction of the court to determine the question of law whether or not the first count of plaintiff’s declaration stated a common-law cause of action is plain. The right of plaintiff to review on writ of error the court’s determination of that question is plain. Even if it be that, technically, the court had no jurisdiction of the subject-matter of its order, since the section (274a) empowered it onlyfo authorize or direct amendments in pleadings and not to order the transfer of a case, it by no means follows that mandamus will lie to correct this “jurisdictional” trespass. It is of no consequence to petitioner whether or not the first count of her declaration be “transferred” to the equity side before or after she-elects to amend and proceed on that side. She is deprived of no substantial right by the order considered as an order transferring a part of her suit, as distinguished from an order merely allowing her to amend. If she had been able to amend the first count of her declaration so as to make it a good count at law, she would doubtless have been allowed to do so had she made the request. No such request was made. And even if it had been made and had been refused, she would have had precisely the same remedy that she now has, namely, by writ of-error after final judgment. The: important and only vital question to petitioner is whether or not the first count of her declaration states a common-law cause of action. If respondent decided that question wrongly, he was merely deciding wrongly the very question Which § 274a obliges him to decide, and, as already shown, his conduct in this regard can certainly not be reviewed by mandamus.
    The right to prohibition or certiorari depends on precisely the same considerations determining the right to mandamus.
    An oral contract to make a will is not in New York a valid contract on which an action at law may be maintained, though in certain cases relief may be had in equity. [Citations.]
    If the New York law is as above stated, it is a rule of substantive law and not a rule of procedure, and the federal courts will therefore apply it. Scudder v. Union National Bank, 91 U. S. 406; Pritchard v. Norton, 106 U. S. 124. The cases cited by petitioner are all cases relating to remedies and not to substantive rights.
   Mr. Justice Holmes

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is a petition for mandamus, or, if that is denied, for prohibition or certiorari', to the District Court for the Southern District of New York upon the following facts. The petitioner brought an action in two counts against the executors of. a widow named Mrs. Frank Leslie. The first count alleged a promise by Mrs. Leslie that if the plaintiff would perform certain personal services of attendance and care to her, she would bequeath to the plaintiff $50,000. It set forth the performance of .the services in great detail, alleged the death of Mrs. Leslie and probate of her will, the beqúest to the plaintiff of not more than $10,000, and claimed $40,000 with interest from one year after the death of the. testatrix, as damages. The second count repeats by reference the averments of the first count, but alleges a promise to pay the reasonable value of the plaintiff’s services, set at $50,000, of which $10,000 have been satisfied by legacy, and claims damages as before. On motion of the defendants the' judge sitting to hear motions in the District Court ordered the first cause of action to be transferred to the equity side of the Court and docketed as an equity cause, and to be stricken out of the complaint in the action at law, but only for the purpose of transfer, allowing the plaintiff to amend, &c. The ground disclosed-was that by the. law of New York the plaintiff could not sustain the first cause of action at law.

We do not find sufficient ground for the opinion of the judge in the New York decisions. No doubt alleged contracts to make a provision by will must be approached with great caution in the matter of proof, but there is no doubt that if proved they are valid so far as no statute intervenes. So much seems to be assumed by the order of the judge, and is the law we believe of New York as well as of other States and England. But if valid, we see no reason why a contract to bequeath a certain sum should not give rise to an action for damages if broken, as certainly as a contract to pay the same sum in the Contract- or’s life, or at the moment of the contractor’s death. Parker v. Coburn, 10 Allen, 82. In cases of contracts to leave all the testator’s property, including land, or a proportion of a residue requiring an account to ascertain it, equitable remedies have been thought proper, and in some such cases it has been assumed for thé purposes of argument that an action would not lie at common law. See Winne v. Winne, 166 N. Y. 263. Phalen v. United States Trust Co., 186 N. Y. 178. But we have seen nothing that suggests an arbitrary departure by the Courts of New York from the common law in cases like the present. See Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co. v. Mortimer, 219 N. Y. 290, 295. DeCicco v. Schweizer, 221 N. Y. 431. Silvester’s Case, Popham, 148, 2 Roll. R. 104. Fenton v. Emblers, 3 Burr. 1279. Van Houten v. Van Houten, 89 N. J. L. 301. Krell v. Codman, 154 Massachusetts, 454.

If we are right, the order was wrong and deprived the plaintiff of her right to a trial by jury. It is an order that should be dealt with now, before the plaintiff is put to. the difficulties and the Courts to the inconvenience that would be raised by a severance that ultimately must be held to have been required under a mistake. It does not matter very much in. what form ah extraordinary remedy is afforded in this case. But as the order may be regarded as having repudiated jurisdiction of the first count, mandamus may be adopted to require the District Court to produce and to give the plaintiff her right to a trial at common law. See Brown v. Circuit Judge of Kalamazoo County, 75 Michigan, 274.

Rule absolute.