Case ID: w-va_233/html/0583-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "PER CURIAM: Justice KETCHUM, LOUGHRY, Justice,", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

760 S.E.2d 152
    Roger HURLBERT and Sage Information Services, Plaintiffs Below, Petitioners v. Mark MATKOVICH, Acting Tax Commissioner, West Virginia State Tax Department, Defendant Below, Respondent and Sallie Robinson, Kanawha County Assessor, Intervenor Below, Respondent.
    No. 13-0217.
    Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.
    Submitted April 8, 2014.
    Decided June 5, 2014.
    Concurring Opinion of Justice LOUGHRY June 6, 2014.
    
      Rudolph L. DiTrapano, Esq., Sean P. McGinley, Esq., Katherine R. Snow, Esq., DiTrapano Barrett DiPiero McGinley & Simmons, PLLC, Charleston, WV, for Petitioners.
    Patrick Morrissey, Esq., Attorney General, Katherine A. Schultz, Esq., Senior Deputy Attorney General, Charleston, WV, for Respondent.
    Karen Tracy MeElhinny, Esq., Shuman, McCuskey & Sheer PLLC, Charleston, WV, for Intervenor.
   PER CURIAM:

Petitioners/plaintiffs below Roger W. Hurlbert and Sage Information Services (hereinafter “petitioners”) appeal the Circuit Court of Kanawha County’s January 14,2013, order granting summary judgment to respondent/defendant Mark Matkovich, Acting Tax Commissioner, West Virginia State Tax Department (“Tax Commissioner”) and respondent/intervenor Sallie Robinson, Kanawha County Assessor (“Kanawha County Assessor”) (hereinafter collectively “respondents”), in this declaratory judgment action brought pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (hereinafter “FOIA”). In granting summary judgment to respondents, the circuit court found that petitioners were not entitled to disclosure of the Computer-Assisted Mass Appraisal (“CAMA”) files for ah real property in the State of West Virginia.

Upon careful review of the briefs, the appendix record, the arguments of the parties, and the apphcable legal authority, we find that the circuit court erred in concluding that the CAMA files are categorically exempt from production pursuant to a FOIA request and remand for submission of a Vaughn index and further findings by the circuit court consistent with this opinion.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Petitioner Roger Hurlbert, a resident of California, is the sole proprietor of petitioner Sage Information Services. Petitioners assert that their business involves “the prevention and apprehension of mortgage fraud through the automated verification of appraisal data.” On May 16, 2011, petitioners made a written request to the Tax Commissioner for “a copy, on CD or similar electronic media, of both the assessment files and the CAMA files for all real property in all counties.” Petitioners enclosed a six-page itemization of the fields of data from the CAMA files they were requesting.

, The parties are largely agreed as to the following encapsulation of the tax appraisal process, an understanding of which is necessary to differentiate the various characterizations and labels of the two types of information at issue herein — the assessment files and the CAMA files. The county assessors are charged by statute with the collection of information for use in assessment of property taxes. See W. Va.Code § Il-1A-I2(a) (1991) (“It is the intent of the Legislature that in carrying out the appraisal functions required by this article, the Tax Commissioner shall utilize the county assessors and their employees.”) All county assessors in West Virginia perform Computer-Assisted Mass Appraisal (“CAMA”) and input data collected during their assessment functions into a statewide Integrated Assessment System (“IAS”) maintained and administered by the Tax Commissioner. The Tax Commissioner has access to the information in the IAS (and therefore the CAMA files) for purposes of supervision, auditing, and oversight; however, only the county assessors can input or change the data therein.

As part of the real property assessment process, the county assessor is charged with “mak[ing] out the land books” which contain the tax ticket number, taxpayer name, map, parcel, deed book/page, property description, assessed value, and tax for each parcel of property in the county, as more particularly described in West Virginia Code § 11-4-1 et seq. This information is publicly available in the county offices; respondents contend that the “assessment files” requested by'petitioners are merely a compilation of the information in the publicly-available land books.

The CAMA files, on the other hand, may include more detailed information about various properties including sketches/photos of the property, floor plans, number of bathrooms/bedrooms, type of construction material, type of heating, topography, etc. In addition, the CAMA files may contain information which respondents have characterized as sensitive and personal information such as whether the residence has a security system, whether the resident is home during the day, whether the resident has a disability, whether the residence is unoccupied due to nursing home stays or otherwise vacant. With regard to commercial properties, the CAMA files contain information regarding profitsdosses, blueprints, photographs, business income, and other information that could ostensibly provide a competitive advantage. The CAMA files for industrial properties contain similar information but also include the names of buildings and types of storage/operation in each, which respondents allege present homeland security issues.

In response to petitioners’ FOIA request, the Tax Commissioner: 1) granted the request for the assessment files in exchange for payment of $9.23 in copying expense; and 2) denied the request for the CAMA files, stating that it was not the custodian of those records, but rather, the county assessors were the custodians. Petitioners requested that the Tax Commissioner revisit its denial, but the Tax Commissioner refused to change its position. Petitioners did not avail themselves of the assessment files which were offered. At no time prior to the litigation did the Tax Commissioner claim any statutorily-enumerated FOIA exemption; rather, it claimed simply that it was not the custodian of the CAMA files.

As a result, petitioners filed the instant action seeking declaratory judgment and injunctive relief; the Kanawha County Assessor was thereafter granted permission to intervene. The parties exchanged written discovery, followed by cross-motions for summary judgment. The circuit court advised the parties that it believed the matter could be decided as a matter of law and that any factual issues could be expedited and developed through evidentiary testimony rather than discovery depositions. The parties ostensibly agreed; therefore, no depositions were conducted. Nor were witnesses called during the hearing on the motions for summary judgment. Respondents filed multiple affidavits in support of their position; petitioners submitted none. No party requested additional discovery pursuant to West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f).

The circuit court granted summary judgment to respondents, concluding that the CAMA files were exempt from production under FOIA In reaching this conclusion, the circuit court found that 1) certain of the CAMA data is exempt from disclosure as “return information” and security system information specifically exempted by West Virginia Code § ll-lA-23(a) (2007) and “trade secrets” exempted by West Virginia Code § 29B-l-4(a)(l) (2007); 2) the CAMA files contained “information of a personal nature,” the disclosure of which constituted an unreasonable invasion of privacy pursuant to the five-factor test in Syllabus Point 2 of Child Prot. Grp. v. Cline, 177 W.Va. 29, 350 S.E.2d 541 (1986); and 3) because of the foregoing, the issue of whether the Tax Commissioner was the “custodian” of the CAMA files was moot. This appeal followed.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

It is well-established that “[t]his Court reviews de novo the denial of a motion for summary judgment, where such a ruling is properly reviewable by this Court.” Syl. Pt. 1, Findley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 213 W.Va. 80, 576 S.E.2d 807 (2002). Moreover, “[w]here the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of review.” Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W.Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995). We note further, however, that with regard to FOIA, “summary judgment is viewed through the evidentiary burden placed upon the public body to justify the withholding of materials.” Farley v. Worley, 215 W.Va. 412, 418, 599 S.E.2d 835, 841 (2004). See also W. Va.Code § 29B-1-5(2) (1977) (“In any suit filed under subsection one of this section [W. Va.Code § 29B-1-1]____the burden is on the public body to sustain its action.”). With this standard in mind, we proceed to the parties’ arguments.

III. DISCUSSION

Petitioners set forth twelve assignments of error, nearly all of which are simply different arguments in support of their position that the circuit court erred in finding that the CAMA files are exempt from disclosure. Given our resolution of this matter, we find it unnecessary to address all but three issues: whether the Tax Commissioner is the “custodian” of the records, whether the CAMA files are categorically exempt from disclosure, and if not, whether the circuit court erred in failing to require the parties to submit a Vaughn index.

A. “Custodian” of the CAMA Files

West Virginia’s FOIA, codified in West Virginia Code § 29B-1-1 et seq. (2007), provides that “[t]he custodian of any public records, unless otherwise expressly provided by statute, shall furnish proper and reasonable opportunities for inspection and examination of the records in his or her office____” W. Va.Code § 29B-l-3(3). “Custodian” is defined as “the elected or appointed official charged with administering a public body.” W. Va.Code § 29B-1-2(1). Petitioner asserts that the Tax Commissioner is clearly the “custodian” of the CAMA files inasmuch as it concedes that it has possession of the files. Respondents staunchly maintain, however, that mere possession of the data is insufficient to make the Tax Commissioner the “custodian” of the data and that the critical inquiry is which entity “controls” the data Because the Tax Commissioner cannot input or alter the data, respondents contend that it is not the “custodian.”

This issue is easily resolved by application of both the plain language of our FOIA statute and prior holdings illustrating the import of that language. In Syllabus Point 2 of Shepherdstown Observer, Inc. v. Maghan, 226 W.Va. 353, 700 S.E.2d 805 (2010), this Court held:

Under the West Virginia Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), W. Va.Code, 29B-1-1, et seq., a “public record” includes any writing in the possession of a public body that relates to the conduct of the public’s business which is not specifically exempt from disclosure by W. Va.Code, 29B-1-4, even though the writing was not prepared by, on behalf of, or at the request of, the public body.

(emphasis added). The CAMA files are contained in the computer system maintained and administered by the Tax Commissioner; there is no question that the electronic files constitute “records in his or her office.” In fact, the Tax Commissioner below readily admitted that it could, previously has, and in fact would produce the data if written permission were given by the Assessors. See n.3, supra. The CAMA data is collected to enable the Tax Commissioner to fulfill his obligations pursuant to West Virginia Code § 11-1A-1 et seq.: “In conducting the reappraisals of property mandated by the West Virginia Constitution and required by this article, the Tax Commissioner shall appraise all property!)]” W. Va.Code § ll-lA-l(a). Therefore, not only does the data satisfy the possession element as set forth in Maghan, but the data is also prepared “on behalf of’ and “at the request of’ the Tax Commissioner. The respondents’ hair-splitting about the vagaries of the administration of the IAS system and the division of administrative duties regarding the collection of this data misses the point entirely.

This Court’s jurisprudence on this issue clearly demonstrates a liberal construction of “custodian” and not only countenances diselosures if the requested records are, at a minimum, in possession of the public entity, but has been extended to require disclosure of documents over which the public body does not possess, but merely exercises control. See Syl. Pt. 3, Daily Gazette Co., Inc. v. Withrow, 177 W.Va. 110, 350 S.E.2d 738 (1986), superseded by statute on other grounds, Daily Gazette Co., Inc. v. W. Va. Dev. Office, 206 W.Va. 51, 521 S.E.2d 543 (1999) (holding that “lack of possession” not determinative where the writing is “subject to the control of the public body” (emphasis added)); see also Kissinger v. Reporters Comm., 445 U.S. 136, 151, 100 S.Ct. 960, 63 L.Ed.2d 267 (1980) (“[A]gency possession or control is prerequisite to triggering any duties under the FOIA.” (emphasis added)). Accordingly, we find that the Tax Commissioner is the “custodian” of the subject files.

B. Disclosure of CAMA files

1. Exemption by Statute

West Virginia’s FOIA provides generally that “[ejvery person has a right to inspect or copy any public record of a public body in this State, except as otherwise expressly provided by section four [§ 29B-1-4] of this article.” W. Va.Code § 29B-1-3(1) (emphasis added). The statute defines “person” as including “any natural person, corporation, partnership, firm or association.” W. Va.Code § 29B-1-2(2). However, as indieated, West Virginia Code § 29B-1-4 provides a number of categories of information which are exempt from disclosure including “[i]nformation of a personal nature” and “[i]nformation specifically exempted from disclosure by statute.” W. Va.Code §§ 29B-l-4(a)(2) and -4(a)(5). Petitioners maintain that the CAMA data is neither categorically exempted from disclosure by our tax assessment statutes, nor does it constitute “personal” information exempted by FOIA We will review each potential exemption separately to assess whether the CAMA files are, as a whole, exempt from production as concluded by the circuit court. In so doing, we are mindful that “[t]he disclosure provisions of this State’s Freedom of Information Act, W. Va.Code, 29B-1-1 et seq., as amended, are to be liberally construed, and the exemptions to such Act are to be strictly construed. W. Va.Code, 29B-1-1 [1977].” Syl. Pt. 4, Hechler v. Casey, 175 W.Va. 434, 333 S.E.2d 799 (1985).

As indicated above, West Virginia Code § 29B-l-4(a)(5) provides that “[information specifically exempted from disclosure by statute” is likewise exempt from disclosure under FOIA To that end, West Virginia Code § 11-1A-23 entitled “Confidentiality and disclosure of property tax returns and return information; offenses; penalties” provides in pertinent part:

(a) Secrecy of returns and return information. — Property tax returns and return information filed or supplied pursuant to this article and articles three [§§ 11-3-1 et seq.], four [§§ 11-4-1 et seq.], five [§§ 11-5-1 et seq.] and six [§§ 11-6-1 et seq.] of this chapter and information obtained by subpoena or subpoena duces tecum issued under the provisions of this article shall be confidential and except as authorized in this section, no officer or employee of the State Tax Department, county assessors, county commissions and the Board of Public Works shall disclose any return or return information obtained by him or her, including such return information obtained by subpoena, in any manner in connection with his or her service as such an officer, member or employee: Provided, That nothing herein shall make confidential the itemized description of the property listed, in order to ascertain that all property subject to assessment has been subjected to appraisal: Provided, however, That the commissioner and the assessors shall withhold from public disclosure the specific description of burglar alarms and other similar security systems held by any person____

(emphasis added). Fairly read, this statute provides that property tax “returns” and “information filed or supplied” pursuant to the tax assessment process are confidential; however, an “itemized description of the property listed” is not. Petitioners take the position that the CAMA data is simply part of the “itemized description” of property appraised. Respondents take the position that the “itemized description” is limited to the assessment files or land book information.

We find that to determine whether the CAMA files constitute confidential “returns and return information” exempt from disclosure or are part of the non-confidential “itemized description,” we must resort to our well-established canons of statutory construction. In that regard, we have recognized:

Ambiguity is a term connoting doubtfulness, doubleness of meaning of indistinctness or uncertainty of an expression used in a written instrument. It has been declared that courts may not find ambiguity in statutory language which laymen are readily able to comprehend; nor is it permissible to create an obscurity or uncertainty in a statute by reading in an additional word or words.

Dunlap v. Friedman’s, Inc., 213 W.Va. 394, 397-98, 582 S.E.2d 841, 844-45 (2003) (quoting Crockett v. Andrews, 153 W.Va. 714, 718-19, 172 S.E.2d 384, 387 (1970)). Moreover,

[a] finding of ambiguity must be made prior to any attempt to interpret a statute. As the Court stated in syllabus point one of Ohio County Comm’n v. Manchin, 171 W.Va. 552, 301 S.E.2d 183 (1983), “Judicial interpretation of a statute is warranted only if the statute is ambiguous and the initial step in such interpretative inquiry is to ascertain the legislative intent.”

Dunlap, 213 W.Va. at 397, 582 S.E.2d at 845; see also McCoy v. VanKirk, 201 W.Va. 718, 725, 500 S.E.2d 534, 541 (1997) (“[W]hen a statute’s language is ambiguous, a court often must venture into extratextual territory in order to distill an appropriate construction.”) (quoting State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-Buick, Inc., 194 W.Va. 770, 777, 461 S.E.2d 516, 523 (1995)). We find that the CAMA data is not expressly countenanced in the statute and the statute’s language is sufficiently ambiguous such as to require this Court to construe the statute.

West Virginia Code § 11-1A-23(a) is entitled “Secrecy of returns and return information.” (emphasis added). We observe initially that the “reten” itself at least as pertains to residential properties contains very little data — address/land book description, owner’s value, owner occupied/rental, residential/farm/commercial, and improvements/cost — as compared with the universe of potential information compiled in the CAMA data. The bulk of the CAMA data is clearly derived from in-person visits by deputy assessors and may or may not include the following additional information: topography, utilities, stories, basement features, number of beds/baths, quality of construction (type of floors, kitchen, paneling, fireplaces), general condition (remodeling, cracked plaster, sagging floors), type of furnaee/hot water heater, extra plumbing, recreation rooms, measurements, sketches, recent sales, sales price, date built, rental information, presence of outbuildings/pools, etc. In fact, West Virginia Code of State Regulations § 189-2-1 et seq. sets forth an exhaustive set of statewide procedures for the collection of this data, largely through in-person visitation by a data collector. W. Va.Code of State Regulations § 189-2-3 through -6.

Respondents’ position urges us to conclude that the Legislature intended to make all of the data collected and/or utilized by the assessor for property appraisal purposes confidential, with the exception of the scant description of real property in the land books. We believe that the language of the statute belies such a position. First, the statute very specifically refers to “returns and return information.” We believe that the “return information” is that particular species of data provided by the taxpayers themselves directly to the assessor on the tax return document. The CAMA data, on the other hand, consists largely of the very detailed information collected by data collectors through the exhaustive processes provided in West Virginia C.S.R. § 189-2-1 et seq.

Secondly, and perhaps more tellingly, the statute specifically makes confidential, among other things, “the specific description of burglar alarms and other similar security systems held by any person[.]” W. Va.Code § ll-lA-23(a). If the entire universe of information collected by the assessor were intended by the Legislature to be confidential save the land book description, it would have been unnecessary for the Legislature to make such a specific additional exemption for burglar alarms and security systems as such information would fall within the broad-sweeping confidentiality urged by respondents. “In parsing the language of a statute for its meaning, we are mindful that ‘a cardinal rale of statutory construction is that significance and effect must, if possible, be given to every section, clause, word or part of the statute.’ ” Meadows v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 207 W.Va. 203, 214, 530 S.E.2d 676, 687 (1999) (quoting State v. General Daniel Morgan Post No. 548, V.F.W., 144 W.Va. 137, 147, 107 S.E.2d 353, 359 (1959)). As such, we conclude that the CAMA data is not categorically exempted from disclosure pursuant to West Virginia Code § 11-1A-23(a).

Nevertheless, we recognize — much as the circuit court did — that only “some” of the CAMA data is specifically exempted information by West Virginia Code § 11-1A-23(a) and § 29B-1-4. In that regard, we do not disturb the circuit court’s ruling regarding information specifically identified as falling within these plainly-worded exemptions such as burglar alarms and security systems. However, as more fully discussed infra, the circuit court erred in ruling that the CAMA data was subject to a wholesale exemption from disclosure because it includes some of these more narrowly-defined exemptions.

2. Information of a “Personal Nature”

Although the circuit court concluded that some unidentified portion of the CAMA data fell within the exemptions contained in West Virginia Code § ll-lA-23(a), it relied most heavily on the specific FOIA provision exempting “information of a personal nature” from disclosure. West Virginia Code § 29B-1-4(a) provides, in pertinent part:

(a) The following categories of information are specifically exempt from disclosure under the provisions of this article:
* * *
(2) Information of a personal nature such as that kept in a personal, medical or similar file, if the public disclosure thereof would constitute an unreasonable invasion of privacy, unless the public interest by clear and convincing evidence requires disclosure in the particular instance: Provided, That nothing in this article shall be construed as precluding an individual from inspecting or copying his or her own personal, medical or similar file[.]

(footnote added). “Information of a personal nature” is not statutorily defined; however, this Court has. observed that “[t]he primary purpose of the invasion of privacy exemption to the Freedom of Information Act, W. Va. Code, 29B-l-4[a](2) [1977], is to protect individuals from .the injury and embarrassment that can result from the unnecessary disclosure of personal information.” Syl. Pt. 6, Hechler, 175 W.Va. 434, 333 S.E.2d 799.

The circuit court concluded that certain of the CAMA data — particularly the information regarding nursing home stays, disabilities, photographs and drawings of the inside and outside of homes and business, construction materials, blueprints, profityloss statements, and whether the owner is home during the day — constituted information of a personal nature. Accordingly, the circuit court proceeded to evaluate whether disclosure of such information would constitute an unreasonable invasion of privacy pursuant to Cline, 177 W.Va. 29, 350 S.E.2d 541, as follows:

In deciding whether the public disclosure of information of a personal nature under W. Va.Code § 29B-l-4(2) (1980) would constitute an unreasonable invasion of privacy, this Court will look to five factors:
1. Whether disclosure would result in a substantial invasion of privacy and, if so, how serious.
2. The extent or value of the public interest, and the purpose or object of the individuals seeking disclosure.
3. Whether the information is available from other sources.
4. Whether the information was given with an expectation of confidentiality.
5. Whether it is possible to mould relief so as to limit the invasion of individual privacy.

Syl. Pt. 2, id. Generally, “[u]nder W. Va. Code 29B-1-4[a](2) [1977], a court must balance or weigh the individual’s right of privacy against the public’s right to know.” Syl. Pt. 7, Heckler, 175 W.Va. 434, 333 S.E.2d 799. The circuit court found that the Cline balancing test compelled the conclusion that the CAMA data is entirely exempt from disclosure under West Virginia Code § 29B-1-4(a)(2).

Petitioners argue that real estate information is not “personal” information in the first instance; rather, it is information regarding real property itself. Therefore, petitioners argue that an evaluation of the Cline factors below is not even reached. Moreover, petitioners cite a handful of cases and attorney general opinions from other jurisdictions concluding that property “descriptions” are not private. Respondents counter that citizens have an expectation of privacy in the interior and curtilage of their homes and that much of the CAMA data is derived from those closely-held areas. Respondents argue that in the extra-jurisdictional cases and opinions cited by petitioners, the information sought therein is more akin to the assessment files, rather than the CAMA data. Critically, however, the Tax Commissioner conceded during oral argument that it does not contend that the entirety of the CAMA data is exempt from disclosure pursuant to this provision, but rather that the exempt information is inextricably commingled within the various fields of the CAMA data. Moreover, petitioners repeatedly maintained that they were not seeking many of the categories of information respondents contended was confidential.

We find that the CAMA data, as a whole, does not constitute per se “personal information.” However, we recognize that it may, and likely does, contain some information which could be characterized as such and therefore subject to the Cline balancing test. While the full nature and extent of the categories of information sought by petitioners’ request has not been fully developed, we find that those categories which have been identified concerning the construction and general characteristics of the property do not fairly constitute “personal” information. Rather, much of the information is that which could be readily observed by the general public. Other, less “public” characteristics of the property, i.e. interior aspects of the home, could be easily ascertained from an MLS real property listing or other public dissemination of the home’s features, which is common today. This Court has stated, with respect to the parallel federal FOIA exemption for personal information:

The primary purpose of exemption 6 to the Federal FOIA “was to protect individuals from the injury and embarrassment that can result from the unnecessary disclosure of personal information.” The primary purpose of W. Va.Code, 29B-1-4[a](2) [1977] is the same. The threshold inquiry as to the type of information initially subject to this exemption turns not upon the label of the file containing the information nor upon the “intimate” or “highly personal” nature of the information. “Rather, ‘[t]he exemption [was] intended to cover detailed Government records on an individual which can be identified as applying to that individual.’ ”

Heckler, 175 W.Va. at 444, 333 S.E.2d at 809 (quoting United States Dep’t of State v. Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 102 S.Ct. 1957, 72 L.Ed.2d 358 (1982) (citations omitted)). The respondents have identified no “injury” or “embarrassment” that is occasioned by the disclosure of information about the number of bedrooms or construction materials of an individual’s home. To the contrary, it seems plain that this type of information could prove valuable to taxpayers to ensure fair and equal assessment of like properties.

We conclude, therefore, that the CAMA data is not categorically exempted from disclosure under FOIA’s exemption for information of a personal nature and that the circuit court erred in so concluding.

C. Vaughn Index and Redaction of Exempt Information

We find, however, that the foregoing discussion is mere prologue to the most problematic error committed below. As indicated, based upon a few generally referenced categories of “personal” information presumably contained within the CAMA files and the inclusion of “return” information and burglar alarms/seeurity systems, the lower court ruled that no disclosure whatsoever of the CAMA files was required. Accordingly, both respondents and the circuit court disregarded the following well-established holding:

In response to a proper Freedom of Information Act request, a public body has a duty to redact or segregate exempt from non-exempt information contained within the public record(s) responsive to the FOIA request and to disclose the nonexempt information unless such segregation or redaction would impose upon the public body an unreasonably high burden or expense. If the public body refuses to provide redacted or segregated copies because the process of redacting or segregating would impose an unreasonably high burden or expense, the public body must provide the requesting party a written response that is sufficiently detañed to justify refusal to honor the FOIA request on' these grounds. Such written response, however, need not be so detailed that the justification would compromise the secret nature of the exempt information.

Syl. Pt. 5, Farley, 215 W.Va. 412, 599 S.E.2d 835. Moreover, in aid of the lower court’s obligation to independently assess the FOIA exemptions claimed by the public body, we have more specifically held:

When a public body asserts that certain documents or portions of documents in its possession are exempt from disclosure under any of the exemptions contained in W. Va.Code, 29B-1-4 (2002 Repl.Vol.) (2003 Supp.), the public body must produce a Vaughn index named for Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C.Cir.1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 977, 94 S.Ct. 1564, 39 L.Ed.2d 873 (1974). The Vaughn index must provide a relatively detailed justification as to why each document is exempt, specifically identifying the reason(s) why an exemption under W. Va.Code, 29B-1-4 is relevant and correlating the claimed exemption with the particular part of the withheld document to which the claimed exemption applies ____

Syl. Pt. 6, in part, Farley, 215 W.Va. 412, 599 S.E.2d 835. As previously noted, neither the Tax Commissioner nor Kanawha County Assessor offered a redacted version of the CAMA files. Rather, the Tax Commissioner made vague reference to the complexity of redacting this information and indicated it would likely require out-sourcing the redaction to a third-party vendor to ensure the files were not corrupted. Although a purported hourly rate for redaction was offered, no total cost for this out-sourcing was provided. Obviously, the ultimate necessity and cost of this action was not justified since the amount and type of information that would need redacted was never fully formed, due to the absence of more specific development of the fields of data which were purportedly subject to exemption. “[A] public body cannot simply state in a conelusory or cursory manner that redaction would be unreasonably burdensome or costly.” Id. at 423, 599 S.E.2d at 846. The absence of more specific information on the cost to redact information from the CAMA files was occasioned entirely by the failure of the Tax Commissioner and Kanawha County Assessor to produce a Vaughn index. We are hard-pressed to conjure a scenario that better illustrates the efficaciousness of a Vaughn index than the instant matter.

This Court has recognized “that agencies have ‘a responsibility to disclose as much information to the public as [they] can.’ ” Farley, 215 W.Va. at 420, 599 S.E.2d at 843 (quoting AT & T Comm’n v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 188 W.Va. 250, 253, 423 S.E.2d 859, 862 (1992)). More to the point, this Court has noted that

a FOIA request seeking records containing both exempt and non-exempt information without the request specifying that redacts ed records will be acceptable must be treated as a request for the production of any non-exempt information contained in a public record otherwise reasonably falling within the request. In other words, “an entire document is not exempt merely because an isolated portion need not be disclosed. Thus the agency may not sweep a document under a general allegation of exemption, even if that general allegation is correct with regard to part of the information.”

Id. at 421, 599 S.E.2d at 844 (quoting Vaughn, 484 F.2d at 825). Not only did the Tax Commissioner sweep an entire database of information under a general allegation of exemption, but the circuit court succumbed to the same error. Had a Vaughn index been prepared and submitted, the parties may well have been able to come to some sort of agreement as to the information to be disclosed. If not, the circuit court would have been in a position to evaluate the claims of exemption as pertains to the specific information contained in each field of data.

“[Ujnless the segregability provision of the FOIA is to be nothing more than a precatory precept, agencies must be required to provide the reasons behind their conclusions in order that they may be challenged by FOIA plaintiffs and reviewed by the courts.” Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 261 (D.C.Cir. 1977). Accordingly a determination as to whether certain particular fields of data constitute “personal information” potentially exempt from disclosure is premature inasmuch as the specific bases for exemption for each specific field were not developed below. On remand, the circuit court is directed to require submission of a Vaughn index containing the specific exemptions claimed by respondents as to the specific fields of data in the CAMA files, whereupon the circuit court is to evaluate the specific categories of information sought in accordance with the exemptions delineated in West Virginia Code § 11— lA-23(a) and West Virginia Code § 29B-1-4 and as further consistent with this opinion.

IV. CONCLUSION

Based upon the foregoing, we therefore reverse the January 14, 2013, order of the Circuit Court of Kanawha County, and remand for submission of a Vaughn index and further findings by the circuit court consistent with this opinion.

Reversed and remanded with directions.

Justice LOUGHRY concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.

Justices KETCHUM dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion..

Justice KETCHUM,

dissenting:

The material sought by the petitioners contains information that violates the privacy exemption contained in the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), W.Va.Code § 29B-1-1 et seq. [2007]. W.Va.Code § 29B-1-4(a)(2) states that the following information is exempt from disclosure under FOIA: “Information of a personal nature such as that kept in a personal, medical or similar file, if the public disclosure thereof would constitute an unreasonable invasion of privacy[.]”

“The core purpose of FOIA is, of course, to contribute to the public understanding of the operations or activities of the government.” Forest Guardians v. U.S. FEMA, 410 F.3d 1214, 1218 (10th Cir.2005) (Emphasis added, internal citation omitted). In Syllabus Point 2 of Child Protection Group v. Cline, 177 W.Va. 29, 350 S.E.2d 541 (1986), this Court set forth the balancing test to be used when considering whether the public disclosure of information under FOIA would constitute an unreasonable invasion of privacy. The Court held:

In deciding whether the public disclosure of information of a personal nature under W.Va.Code § 29B-1-4(2) (1980) would constitute an unreasonable invasion of privacy, this Court will look to five factors:
1. Whether disclosure would result in a substantial invasion of privacy and, if so, how serious.
2. The extent or value of the public interest, and the purpose or object of the individuals seeking disclosure.
3. Whether the information is available from other sources.
4. Whether the information was given with an expectation of confidentiality.
5. Whether it is possible to mould relief so as to limit the invasion of individual privacy.

The focus in the present ease is on the first two Cline factors. The first factor is whether the disclosure would result in a substantial invasion of privacy. Although the names and addresses of the homeowners will be redacted, the material the petitioners seek contains “personal identifying information” about every homeowner’s dwelling. The material sought includes detailed information about each house’s (1) floor plans, (2) number of bathrooms, (3) number of bedrooms, (4) the construction material used, (5) the type of heating system, (6) whether the house has a security system, and (7) sketches and photographs of the property. It contains the precise layout of each home, including a drawing and detailed description of the interior of the home that could affect each homeowner’s security. This detailed information about the interior of each home constitutes a “substantial invasion of privacy” that is protected by the exemption to FOIA contained in W.Va. Code § 29B-l-4(a)(2). See Heights Community Congress v. Veterans Admin., 732 F.2d 526, 529 (6th Cir.1984) (explaining “there are few things which pertain to an individual in which his privacy has traditionally been more respected than his own home.”) (internal citation omitted). Therefore, the first Cline factor clearly weighs in favor of nondisclosure of this information.

The second Cline factor also weighs in favor of nondisclosure of the information sought by the petitioners. The petitioners have shown no “public interest ... that requires disclosure” of the information they seek. In fact, the petitioners are clear that they seek the information for business purposes, i.e., they only want the information to make a profit. Our county assessors have spent millions of dollars gathering appraisal information on the real estate in their counties and the petitioners seek this information for free to sell it for a profit. See National Ass’n of Retired Federal Employees v. Horner, 879 F.2d 873, 878 (D.C.Cir.1989) (“[0]ne need only assume that business people will not overlook an opportunity to get cheaply from the Government what otherwise comes deai’ly[.]”). Because the petitioners seek this information for their own private business interests and not for any public interest, the second Cline factor weighs heavily in favor of nondisclosure.

Based on the foregoing, I respectfully dissent.

LOUGHRY, Justice,

concurring:

(Filed June 6, 2014)

While I concur with the result reached by the majority in this case, I write separately to invite the Legislature to take a serious look at our FOIA (the “Act”) and to clarify whether the reach of our Act was intended to be limited to this state’s citizenry. The majority casually dismissed the argument raised by the State Tax Department that FOIA requests submitted by non-residents fall outside the scope of our Act. Rather than hastily concluding in a footnote that the Legislature’s use of the term “person” and the accompanying broad definition of that term necessarily put this issue to rest, the majority should have considered whether any other provisions of the Act address the intended reach of our FOIA legislation.

Looking to the declaration of policy included as part of our Act, I submit that the Legislature framed its objective underlying the enactment of our FOIA laws in terms that suggest its concern was limited to providing access to public records to the citizens of this state. After recognizing that the Act is premised on a recognition “that government is the servant of the people, and not the master of them,” the Legislature expanded its concerns by announcing:

that all persons are, unless otherwise expressly provided by law, entitled to full and complete information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of those who represent them as public officials and employees. The people, in dele gating authority, do not give their public servants the right to decide what is good for the people to know and what is not good for them to know. The people insist on remaining informed so that they may retain control over the instruments of government they have created. To that end, the provisions of this article shall be liberally construed with the view of carrying out the above declaration of policy.

W.Va.Code § 29B-1-1 (2012) (emphasis supplied).

Even a cursory reading of the underscored language above demonstrates that the Legislature enacted our FOIA laws with the aim of benefitting West Virginia citizens. Given that non-residents do not participate in the elections of our state office holders and consequently cannot delegate authority to those state office holders, it is evident, or at least implicit, that non-residents were not included within the Act’s declared statement of policy. And, because the Legislature was clear that the Act’s provisions were to be effectuated in accord with this policy statement, it is arguable that the majority has overlooked a critical argument raised by the State Tax Department regarding the intended recipients of our FOIA.

The majority’s dismissal of this issue based entirely on the legislative employment of the term “person” rather than “citizen” in describing the entities who may submit a FOIA request overly simplifies the necessary inquiry. See W.Va.Code § 29B-1-3(1). Virginia’s FOIA act, which expressly limits FOIA requests to its residents, was recently upheld by the United States Supreme Court in a rare, unanimous decision. See McBurney v. Young, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1709, 185 L.Ed.2d 758 (2013). The only language in Virginia’s FOIA that addresses who the provisions of the legislation are aimed at is contained within its statement of policy. See Va.Code Ann. § 2.2-3700. (2011). While that policy statement includes an overt rather than implied reference to its citizens, the Virginia policy otherwise echoes the concerns addressed in our Act. The Virginia Act declares that “[t]he affairs of government are not intended to be conducted in an atmosphere of secrecy since at all times the public is to be the beneficiary of any action taken at any level of government.” Id. In analyzing the constitutionality of the Virginia statute, the high court approvingly describes the objective at issue in limiting the reach of its FOIA provisions to its residents:

The state [Virginia] FOIA essentially represents a mechanism by which those who ultimately hold sovereign power (ie., the citizens of the Commonwealth) may obtain an accounting from the public officials to whom they delegate the exercise of that power. In addition, the provision limiting the use of the state FOIA to Virginia citizens recognizes that Virginia taxpayers foot the bill for the fixed costs underlying recordkeeping in the Commonwealth.

McBurney, — U.S. at-, 133 S.Ct. at 1716 (citation omitted).

Because I have serious concerns with regard to the potential release of highly personal and identifying information about the homeowners’ dwellings that are the subject of the underlying FOIA request submitted by a non-resident in this case, I encourage the Legislature to act with alacrity in revisiting the subject of the intended reach of our Act. Numerous other states besides Virginia have enacted their FOIA laws in a manner that excludes document requests from nonresidents. See, e.g., Ala.Code § 36-12-40 (2012 Cum.Supp.); Ark.Code Ann. § 25-19-105 (2011 Supp.); Del.Code Ann., Tit. 29, § 10003 (2012 Supp.); Mo.Rev.Stat. § 109.180 (2012); N.H.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 91-A:4 (West 2012); N.J. Stat. Ann. § 47:1A-1 (West 2003); Tenn.Code Ann. § 10-7-503 (2012). If, as the declaration of policy to our Act indicates, the Legislature’s objective was to limit FOIA requests under our Act to the people of this state, language clarifying that objective can easily be included to achieve that effect. See W.Va.Code § 29B-1-1.

While the preparation of a Vaughan index may resolve some.of the concerns raised in this case, I am nonetheless troubled by the fact that an out-of-state entity is seeking access to voluminous housing records of West Virginia citizens for admittedly commercial purposes. Given the highly sensitive and extremely personal information contained in those documents, all necessary efforts need to be taken to protect against either misuse or wrongful disclosure of that information. And, while I do not question the value of providing access to public records in the interest of promoting transparency and accountability, it is far from clear how the provision of the requested records can serve to meet any such interests. Or that a non-resident of this state has any expectation or entitlement to them. Accordingly, I respectfully concur. 
      
      . Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C.Cir.1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 977, 94 S.Ct. 1564, 39 L.Ed.2d 873 (1974).
     
      
      . As pertains to these latter two categories of real property, the West Virginia Manufacturers’ Association submitted an amicus curiae brief in this matter mirroring the arguments advanced by respondents. We wish to acknowledge and express our appreciation for its submission.
     
      
      . Notably, however, the Tax Commissioner has released CAMA files for counties in the past if the county assessor agreed to such disclosure in writing. The appendix record also contains a letter from the Tax Commissioner to all West Virginia county assessors dated November 23, 2009, stating that
      [o]ur position is that the provisions of West Virginia Code § 11-1A-23 (2013 Repl.Vol.) do not protect appraisal records from disclosure, unless the records contain taxpayer return information that is specifically protected from disclosure statute [sic]..... Many county assessors freely disclose most appraisal data or ask that the Tax Commissioner do so on their behalf.
      Moreover, Kanawha County (and others) regularly sold CAMA files to various vendors in the recent past. In fact, the Tax Commissioner produced a listing in discovery of all of the third-parties to whom CAMA data had been released in the past five years, yielding a considerable number of disclosures. One of the vendors to whom Kanawha County in particular produced its CAMA files — Spec-Print— makes various West Virginia counties’ CAMA data available online. The Kanawha County Assessor claims, however, that it has not released any CAMA Bles since 2008 and certainly has not disclosed the 2011— 2012 tax year information requested by petitioners. In addition, many counties make at least some of their CAMA data available online.
     
      
      . In addition to the primary assignments of error addressed herein, petitioners asserted that the circuit court erred by 1) relying on affidavits submitted by respondents; 2) failing to reach the "custodian” issue; 3) refusing to consider the public domain doctrine; and 4) failing to find that the Tax Commissioner waived any FOIA exemptions.
     
      
      . As to this first issue, we note that the circuit court did not reach the issue of whether the Tax Commissioner was the "custodian” of records, finding it moot in light of its ruling that the data was not subject to disclosure in any event. However, in light of our ultimate disposition herein, we will address this issue in the interest of judicial economy.
     
      
      . In reaching this conclusion, however, we do not preclude the potential for the various county assessors to likewise be considered "custodians” of this data to the extent that they satisfy the statutory criteria.
     
      
      . Respondent Tax Commissioner contends in his brief that "because the Petitioners are not taxpayers, or residents of this State, the protections afforded by FOIA ... do not extend to them.” This is patently incorrect, as evidenced by the use of the term "person” and its commensurate definition contained in the statute. In fact, the overwhelming majority of the states’ FOIA statutes have no such language restricting FOIA requests to their citizenry; only eight states restrict FOIA requests in such a manner. Compare Ala. Code § 36-12-40 (2012 Cum.Supp.) ("Every citizen has a right to inspect and take a copy of any public writing of this state, except as otherwise expressly provided by statute”); Ark.Code Ann. § 25-19-105(a)(1)(A) (2011 Supp.) ("[A]ll public records shall be open to inspection and copying by any citizen of the State of Arkansas during the regular business hours of the custodian of the records.”); Del.Code Ann. tit. 29, § 10003 (2012 Supp.) ("Reasonable access to and reasonable facilities for copying of [] [public] records shall not be denied to any citizen.”); Mo.Rev.Stat. § 109.180 (2012) ("[A]ll state, county and municipal records kept pursuant to statute or ordinance shall at all reasonable times be open for a personal inspection by any citizen of Missouri [.]”); N.H.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 91-A:4 (West 2012) ("Every citizen ... has the right to inspect all governmental records in the possession, custody, or control of such public bodies or agencies[.]”); NJ. Stat. Ann. § 47:1A-1 (West 2003) (”[G]ovemment records shall be readily accessible for inspection, copying, or examination by the citizens of this State[.]”); Tenn.Code Ann. § 10-7-503(a)(2)(A) (2012) ("All state, county and municipal records shall ... be open for personal inspection by any citizen of this state[.]”); Va.Code Ann. § 2.2-3704(A) (2011) ("[A]l public records shall be open to inspection and copying by any citizens of the Commonwealth”). See also McBumey v. Young,-U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1709, 1714, 185 L.Ed.2d 758 (2013) (identifying the preceding eight states as those which restrict access under FOIA to their citizens).
      In a similar vein, respondents insinuate (but do not expressly contend) that because petitioners operate a "commercial business" for which the requested information will presumably be used that "the reach of the FOIA statute” perhaps does not extend to them. We recognize that the “extent or value of the public interest, and the purpose or object of the individuals seeking disclosure” has been identified in Cline, 177 W.Va. at 29, 350 S.E.2d 541, as a factor in determining whether public disclosure information of a personal nature would constitute an unreasonable invasion of privacy. However, the threshold issue of whether the information constitutes "information of a personal nature” must first be determined before launching into an evaluation of the Clim factors, including the purpose of the requester, as discussed more fully infra.
      
      Perhaps more importantly, our FOIA statute contains absolutely no prohibition on requests which are for a primarily commercial purpose. In fact, this Court stated in Cline that the interest in the information “may be pecuniary.” Cline, 177 W.Va. at 33, 350 S.E.2d at 544. Cf. Muffoletto v. Sessions, 760 F.Supp. 268 (E.D.N.Y.1991) (discussing gamut of motivating factors including private commercial interests for proper federal FOIA request as pertains to entitlement for attorney fees); see also Blue v. Bureau of Prisons, 570 F.2d 529, 533-34 (5th Cir.1978) (discussing, for purposes of entitlement to attorney fees, successful federal FOIA requests which "subsidize a matter of private concern" as well as those which "add to the fund of information that citizens may use in making vital political choices”); LaSalle Extension Univ. v. F.T.C., 627 F.2d 481, 484 (D.C.Cir.1980) (recognizing propriety of federal FOIA requests motivated by "private self-interest ... and ... pecuniaty benefit” but not warranting attorney fee awards). While the purpose of a FOIA request may prove relevant to the balancing test we established in Clim, or federally, for purposes of an award of attorney fees, there is simply no support in our statute or caselaw for the notion that commercial use of the information will defeat an otherwise proper FOIA request.
     
      
      . All indications are that assessment information is derived from three sources: 1) historical information; 2) tax return information submitted by the taxpayer; 3) site inspections by assessors which may or may not involve the cooperation and "supplying" of information by the taxpayer. The regulations on these on-site inspections direct the assessor to enter the home for inspection and questioning of the homeowner, if permitted; otherwise, they are directed to "estimate.” W. Va.C.S.R. § 189-2-1 et seq.
      
     
      
      . The statute also specifically makes "stocks, bonds and other personal property held by a natural person, except ... tangible property utilized publicly ... trade secret[s] or confidential patent information” exempt from public disclosure unless subject to review or protest in the appraisal or assessment process.” W. Va.Code § 1 1-1A-23(a).
     
      
      . This Court has observed that in most state’s FOIA statutes, this term is actually "personnel.” Manns v. City of Charleston Police Dept., 209 W.Va. 620, 624, n. 6, 550 S.E.2d 598, 602 n. 6 (2001). In Manns, this differentiation was found to be immaterial since the files at issue included and/or were akin to personnel files.
     
      
      .More specifically with respect to the Cline factors, the circuit court found that disclosing information about a home’s interior could pose a danger to families, that petitioners are not West Virginia citizens and therefore have no legitimate "need to know,” that the land book/assessment information would give them adequate information, that taxpayers expect the information to be used solely by the government, and that this personal information is scattered throughout the fields of data making it nearly impossible to redact.
     
      
      . Specifically, petitioners assert that they do not want the following items or categories of information to which respondents have objected: photographs/sketches of buildings, vacancy information, burglar alarms/security systems, profit/loss statements, photographs/blueprints of commercial properties, blueprints/trade secrets of chemical plants, industrial property data, nursing home stays, and disabilities.
     
      
      . The fields of data requested by petitioners are designated by abbreviations and coded; therefore, much of it is indecipherable.
     
      
      . The Tax Commissioner argues that the basis of their refusal to disclose is evident from the pleadings, obviating the need for a Vaughn index. The Kanawha County Assessor argues that no FOIA request was made to it; therefore, it need not produce a Vaughn index. Neither of these arguments has merit. If a mere blanket objection under FOIA were sufficient, there would never be a need for a Vaughn index; this case is particularly susceptible to such an index as the information is contained in a number of discrete categories, all of which have been identified by petitioners. The Kanawha County Assessor’s position is particularly disingenuous since 1) it actively intervened in the case for the purpose of advancing FOIA exemptions; and 2) adamantly maintains that it is the proper custodian of the records, rather than the Tax Commissioner.
     
      
      . The circuit court is certainly required to evaluate claims of undue burden or expense in ordering redaction of exempt categories of information, in accordance with Syllabus Point 5 of Farley. Obviously, however, such burden or expense cannot be established with the detail required by Farley until the particular fields of data upon which exemption will be claimed are identified and the exemptions evaluated by the circuit court. We find the Commissioner’s vague claims of commingling, as they presently exist in the record below, particularly unavailing where 1) the information is electronically stored and susceptible to sorting and searching; and 2) the categories themselves should reveal whether personal information is likely to be contained therein. This is not a case involving a morass of documents each and every line of which must be reviewed and dissected. The feasibility of selecting and sorting data for production is perhaps best demonstrated by respondent Kanawha County Assessor’s own submission of in camera documents containing separately itemized compilations of information regarding nursing home stays, security systems, disabled persons, and vacant properties.
      Moreover, respondents’ contention that the rate of $203/hour for outsourcing the redaction project is burdensome and unreasonable is premature without a more specific determination as to how much of the information must be redacted, if any. More importantly, however, FOIA expressly provides that "[t]he public body may establish fees reasonably calculated to reimburse it for its actual cost in making reproductions of such records.” W. Va.Code § 29B—1—3(5); see also King v. Nease, 233 W.Va. 252, 757 S.E.2d 782 (2014).
     
      
      . See also United States Dep’t of Defense v. FLRA, 510 U.S. 487, 495, 114 S.Ct. 1006, 127 L.Ed.2d 325 (1994) (When weighing a FOIA request "a court must balance the public interest in disclosure against the [privacy] interest[.]”); see also Federal Labor Relations Auth. v. United States Dep’t of Defense, 984 F.2d 370, 374 (10th Cir. 1993). "If there is an important public interest in the disclosure of information and the invasion of privacy is not substantial, the private interest in protecting the disclosure must yield to the superior public interest.” Alirez v. NLRB, 676 F.2d 423, 426 (10th Cir.1982). If, however, the public interest in the information is "virtually nonexistent” or "negligible,” then even a "very slight privacy interest would suffice to outweigh die relevant public interest.” FLRA, 510 U.S. at 497, 500, 114 S.Ct. 1006. "[EJven a ‘minimal’ privacy interest ... outweighs a nonexistent public interest.” Dep't of Defense, supra, 984 F.2d at 375 (emphasis added).
     
      
      . See W.Va.Code §§ 29B-1-1 to-7 (2012).
     
      
      . The Virginia FOIA act begins its policy statement by observing that "the General Assembly ensures the people of the Commonwealth ready access to public records in the custody of a public body or its officers and employees----" Va.Code Ann. § 2.2-3700. (emphasis supplied). The term "citizen” is used within the policy statement not with reference to providing access to documents but in terms of providing Virginia citizens with access to governmental operations or meetings. See id.