Case ID: ny-2d_12/html/0176-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Fxjld, J. Foster, J. (dissenting).", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Solomon Chodorov, Respondent.
    Argued October 25, 1962;
    decided December 31, 1962.
    
      
      Leo A. Larkin, Corporation Counsel (John A. Murray and Seymour B. Quel of counsel), for appellant.
    No error of law was committed in the trial court. The term “ owner ” as used in the statute charged was intended to include an agent or any responsible person in charge on the premises. Since the evidence and inferences point in but one direction — the guilt of defendant— the court below erred, as a matter of law, in reversing the judgment of conviction and dismissing the complaint. This court can and should reinstate this judgment of conviction. (People v. Ryan, 274 N. Y. 149; Spencer v. Myers, 150 N. Y. 269; Matter of Capone v. Weaver, 6 N Y 2d 307; Surace v. Danna, 248 N. Y. 18; People v. Friedman, 300 N. Y. 694; People v. Pease & Elliman, 173 App. Div. 752, 219 N. Y. 627; People v. Higgins, 273 App. Div. 971; People v. Louis, 1 N Y 2d 137; People v. Scandore, 3 N Y 2d 681; People v. Klein, 7 N Y 2d 264; Foley v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc., 290 N. Y. 424.)
    
      Arnold Schildhaus for respondent.
    I. The opinion of the Appellate Term of the Court of Special Sessions of the City of New York correctly states that an agent cannot be found guilty of violating section D26-3.1 of the Multiple Dwelling Code of the City of New York. A reading of the opinion, and then of the law, will convince this court that an agent cannot be found guilty of violating section D26-3.1 of the Multiple Dwelling Code. II. Section D26-3.1 of the Multiple Dwelling Code of the City of New York is void and unconstitutional. (Mayor v. Ray, 19 Wall. [86 U. S.] 468; Trenton v. New Jersey, 262 U. S. 182; Hunter v. Pittsburgh, 207 U. S. 161; Browne v. City of New York, 241 N. Y. 96; County Securities v. Seacord, 278 N. Y. 34; Adler v. Deegan, 251 N. Y. 467; Matter of McAneny v. Board of Estimate & Apportionment of City of N. Y., 232 N. Y. 377; Schieffelin v. Hylan, 236 N. Y. 254; Matter of Tartaglia v. McLaughlin, 297 N. Y. 419; Matter of Kress & Co. v. Department of Health of City of N. Y., 283 N. Y. 55; Jewish Consumptives’ Relief Soc. v. Town of Woodbury, 230 App. Div. 228, 256 N. Y. 619; People ex rel. Kieley v. Lent, 166 App. Div. 550, 215 N. Y. 626; Good Humor Corp. v. City of New York, 290 N. Y. 312; People ex rel. Elkind v. Rosenblum, 184 Misc. 916, 269 App. Div. 859, 295 N. Y. 929; Matter of 749 Broadway Realty Corp. v. Boyland, 1 Misc 2d 575,1 A D 2d 819, 3 N Y 2d 737; People v. County of Westchester, 282 N. Y. 224.) III. The penalty of this so-called offense of one year in jail and a $1,000 fine makes it a felony, (Wynehamer v. People, 13 N. Y. 378; People ex rel. Cosgriff v. Craig, 195 N. Y. 190; People v. Lookstein, 78 Misc. 306.) IV. The Legislature has not made violation of this section a crime. (People ex rel. Kieley v. Lent, 166 App. Div. 550, 215 N. Y. 626; Matter of Mandell v. Board of Regents of Univ. of State of N. Y., 250 N. Y. 173; People v. Knapp, 206 N. Y. 373; People v. Ryan, 267 N. Y. 133; People v. Grant, 242 App. Div. 310, 267 N. Y. 508.) V. Penal statutes are strictly construed. (United States v. Wiltberger, 5 Wheat. [18 U. S.] 76; People v. Shakun, 251 N. Y. 107; People v. Pieri, 269 N. Y. 315; People v. Stoll, 242 N. Y. 453.)
   Fxjld, J.

The defendant, unquestionably the person in control of a multiple dwelling in the Harlem area of Manhattan, was convicted of failing to file a 11 registration statement ’ ’ as required by New York City’s Multiple Dwelling Code. The applicable section (Administrative Code of City of New York, § D26-3.1), insofar as relevant, directs that Every owner of a multiple dwelling shall file * * * a written registration statement ” describing the premises, giving the owner’s name and address and the name and address of a managing agent in control of and responsible for the [dwelling’s] maintenance and operation”. The Appellate Part of Special Sessions reversed the judgment of conviction and dismissed the complaint, for “ errors of law only ”, on the ground that the statute imposed a liability solely upon “ the true owner ”.

This poses the primary question for decision and, accordingly, we turn to the provision of the code (§ D26-2.2) containing the applicable definitions. The term ‘ ‘ owner ’ ’ is defined in subdivision 15 of section D26-2.2 to “ mean or include ” the “ owner of the freehold of a multiple dwelling * * *, a mortgagee or vendee in possession, * * * trustee, lessee, agent, or any other person, firm or corporation, directly or indirectly in control of a multiple dwelling.” If words are to have their reasonable and natural sense, the sentence can only mean that the term owner ”, ‘ whenever used ” in the Multiple Dwelling Code, includes an 1‘ agent, or any other person * * * in control of a multiple dwelling.” If this be so, then it follows that the defendant, as the one indisputably in control of the premises, was properly convicted of the offense charged against him: an owner must file a registration statement; an agent or other person in control of the building is included within the term owner ”; ergo, such agent or person must file a statement.

It is contended, however, that the second sentence of subdivision 15 “ militates ” against this conclusion and renders only the true owner responsible for filing a registration statement. It is difficult to follow the argument advanced by the defendant since that sentence does no more than recite that Any reference in this title to an owner ” shall be deemed to designate “ collectively ” all the persons listed in the first sentence “ including, but not limited to, the owner [of the multiple dwelling] * * * and a managing agent designated by such owner ” pursuant to the several subdivisions of section D26-3.1. This second sentence, as we read it, was inserted, not to narrow the meaning of owner ” within the sense of the filing statute D26-3.1), but rather to indicate that, even when a registration statement has been filed by the true owner in accordance with that statute, the reference to owner ” throughout the title is not to be taken as excluding any of the persons — one of whom is an agent or any other person in control — listed in the first sentence of the definition. If there could be any doubt of this, it is dispelled by the use of the phrase, including, but not limited to ”, the owner and managing agent designated by such owner.

In short, when the registration filing statute is read in the light of subdivision 15 of section D26-2.2, it becomes manifest that all who are encompassed within the term “ owner ” share a responsibility for complying with the filing provision and that, if the owner has himself failed to file the statement, the agent or other person in control of the premises may be held liable.

Nor may we ignore the 11 legislative declaration” contained in section D26-1.0 of the code to the effect that enforcement of multiple dwelling regulations is greatly impeded by the difficulty of finding within the city “ owners or other persons having legal responsibility for * * * maintenance and operation ” of such dwellings. It was undoubtedly with this declaration in mind that the city’s legislative body defined the term “ owner ” to include others in addition to the true owner. By imposing the duty of filing the registration statement upon such other persons, there was assurance that the difficulties and obstacles remarked could be overcome and that those legally responsible for the building’s maintenance and operation could be held accountable for violations of the code. Quite obviously, the provision would avail the city naught if only the true owner were under the necessity of filing the essential statement. If the actual owner failed to file and no one else was under a duty to do so, the city’s law enforcement authorities would be just as helpless as they would have been had no statement been required. There can be no doubt that, where the charge against a defendant is predicated on violation of a code provision rendering the owner ” liable for doing or failing to do those things necessary to maintain a building in a safe and sanitary condition (e.g., § D26-3.0, § D26-3.7, § D26-3.10), the agent or person in control of the multiple dwelling is to be treated as owner ” and held liable (cf., e.g., People v. Smith, 7 N Y 2d 1031), and there is no basis in reason or logic for a different result when we deal with the provision requiring the owner ” to file a registration statement.

The State law (Multiple Dwelling Law, § 325) admittedly requires the owner “ and ” an agent or other person in control of a multiple dwelling to file with the appropriate department the equivalent of the statement called for by the code. Since the policy motivations which prompted enactment of both the State and city provisions were the same, it would not only be incongruous to ascribe one meaning to the State law provision and another to the one in the city code but it would be unreasonable to believe that the city’s legislative body could have so intended. The language employed by the State Legislature is more explicit in directing the agent to file, but those who drafted the code section were not under the necessity of using similar phraseology; they accomplished the same result by declaring that the term “ owner ” includes and means an agent or any other person in control of the premises. Certainly, the courts should not strain to narrow this manifestly broad legislative definition, when to do so would seriously impede the city’s enforcement of its multiple dwelling laws.

The order appealed from should be reversed and the case remitted to the Appellate Term of the Supreme Court for determination of possible questions of fact.

Foster, J. (dissenting).

I would affirm the dismissal of respondent’s conviction upon the unanimous conclusion of the Appellate Part of the former Court of Special Sessions of the City of New York that section D26-3.1 of the Administrative Code of the City of New York (Multiple Dwelling Code) does not “ impose any liability upon anyone other than the true owner for failure to file a registration of ownership.”

Respondent, as managing agent of certain premises in Manhattan, was convicted of the offense of failing to file statements of registration and occupancy. Under the afore-mentioned section of the code: ‘ ‘ Every owner of a multiple dwelling shall file with the department * * * a written registration statement ” containing among other information a description of the premises, the name and residence of the owner, and the designation of “ a managing agent in control of and responsible for the maintenance and operation of such dwelling in accordance with the provisions of the multiple dwelling law and this title ” (emphasis supplied).

The Multiple Dwelling Code (Administrative Code of the City of New York, § D26-2.2) defines the term “owner” in the following manner:

“§ D26-2.2 Definitions.— Unless otherwise eoopressly provided, whenever used in this title, the following terms shall mean or include: * * *

“15. ‘ Owner. ’ The owner of the freehold of a multiple dwelling or lesser estate therein, a mortgagee or vendee in possession, assignee of rents, receiver, executor, trustee, lessee, agent, or any other person, firm or corporation, directly or indirectly in control of a multiple dwelling. Any reference in this title to an owner of a multiple dwelling shall he deemed to designate collectively any and all of the foregoing, including, but not limited to, the owner of the freehold or lesser estate therein and a managing agent designated by such owner pursuant to subdivision a, b, c, or d of section D26-3.1 of this title ” (emphasis supplied).

Upon a close reading of the above section the court below reasoned: “ [W]hen the defining section speaks of a ‘ managing agent designated by such owner,’ such owner refers, in the language of the defining section itself, to ‘ the owner of the freehold or lesser estate ’ who designates the managing agent 1 pursuant to subdivision a, b, c, or d of Sec. D26-3.1.’ Thus, even within the language of the defining section, it seems apparent that the 1 owner, ’ whose duty it is under Sec. D26-3.1 to designate a managing agent, is the true owner, and not owner as previously defined in the defining section, and it is the duty of the true owner to file a registration of ownership and not the duty of the managing agent so designated by the true owner in the registration.”

A comparison of the code with the Multiple Dwelling Law shows that the registration provision in the State statute (Multiple Dwelling Law, § 325) sets responsibility not only on the owner alone, but equally on an agent and lessee as well by exact reference (see, also, Multiple Dwelling Law, § 4, subd. 44), with no requirement of the designation of such a managing agent. This is far different from the restrictive reference to the owner only in the code with the responsibility upon that owner for the designation of the managing agent, with the agent’s written consent, which “ shall not relieve any such owner of any responsibility or obligation as to compliance with the provisions of this title and of the multiple dwelling law ” (Administrative Code, § D26-3.1, subd. a, par. 3; emphasis supplied). It does not follow in this context that an undesignated managing agent should be charged in the code with the responsibility of designating himself as managing agent under penalty of committing an offense.

Any amendment of the code should be the responsibility of the City of New York. As section D26-3.1 of the Administrative Code now stands and was invoked against respondent, it only imposes liability upon an owner and not upon the managing agent.

The order appealed from should be affirmed.

Chief Judge Desmond and Judges Dye and Buree concur with Judge Fuld; Judge Foster dissents in an opinion in which Judges Froessel and Van Voorhis concur.

Order reversed, etc. [Motion for reargument, and to amend remittitur, see 12 N Y 2d 948, 949.] 
      
      . He was sentenced to pay a fine of $250, or, in default thereof, to 15 days in jail; execution of said sentence was suspended.
     
      
      . The defendant, in addition to urging the construction adopted by the Appellate Part, also seeks to support that court’s reversal of his conviction with several other arguments: (1) section D26-3.1 of the code is void upon the ground that it was enacted by the City of New York in violation of the Constitution of this State (art. IX, § 12); (2) the penalty prescribed for a violation of that section “violates state and federal constitutions”; and (3) the State Legislature failed to make violation of the section a crime. We deem it sufficient to say that we have fully considered these arguments and find them devoid of merit. (See, e.g., People v. Lewis, 295 N. Y. 42, 49-50; Matter of Samuel Werner, Inc., v. Schulz, 298 N. Y. 804; cf. I. L. F. Y. Co. v. City Rent & Rehabilitation Administration, 11 N Y 2d 480, 488-490.)