Case ID: cal_91/html/0510-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "De Haven, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

[No. 20882.
    In Bank.
    October 3, 1891.]
    Ex parte SAM WAH, on Habeas Corpus.
    Criminal Law — Obstruction of Officer in Collection of Tax — Municipal Tax — Construction of Penal Code. —Section 42S of the Penal Code, malting it an offense to obstruct an officer in the collection of “ any revenue taxes, or other sums of money in which the people of the state are interested,” does not apply to the act of obstructing a town officer in the collection of a municipal tax.
    Id. — Municipal Incorporation Act — Street Poll-tax — Title of Municipality — Interest of State. — Under section 862 of the Municipal Corporation Act of March 13, 1883, giving to towns of the sixth class power to impose and collect a street poll-tax, money levied and collected therefor belongs to the municipality, and not to the state, and the state has no interest therein, within the meaning of section 428 of the Penal Code.
    Application to the Supreme Cotirt for a discharge upon a writ of habeas corpus. The facts are stated in' the opinion of the court.
    
      Smith & Murashy, for Petitioner.
   De Haven, J.

The petitioner was convicted in a justice’s court of Contra Costa County of the alleged offense of hindering and obstructing the town marshal of the town of Martinez, in that county, in the collection of certain street poll-taxes of and in that town. The alleged obstruction consisted in petitioner’s refusal to give his true name to the officer when requested to do so.

It is claimed that this act was a violation of section 428 of the Penal Code, which reads as follows: “Every person who willfully obstructs or hinders any public officer from collecting any revenue, taxes, or other sums of money in which the people of this state are interested, and which such officer is by law empowered to collect, is guilty of a misdemeanor.”

It appears that Martinez is a town of the sixth class, and by section 862 of the municipal corporation bill, approved March 13, 1883, towns of that class are given power “to impose on and collect from any male inhabitant between the ages of twenty-one and sixty years an annual street poll-tax not exceeding two dollars,” and are also authorized to levy and collect a property tax for street-work and other municipal purposes.

It is very clear to us that the money levied and collected under this grant of power belongs to the municipality, and not to the state, and that, therefore, section 428 of the Penal Code has no application to the charge made against the petitioner. It is true that such taxes are held in trust by the municipal corporation, and are to be expended' only for public purposes; but the trust is for the immediate benefit of the inhabitants within the corporate limits, although, incidentally, the people of the state who may have occasion to come within such limits may also share in such benefits.

It is, under existing laws, left entirely to the option of towns of the class to which Martinez belongs, whether any street poll-tax shall be imposed upon their inhabitants, and such taxes, when collected, belong in the municipal treasury, and are to be expended only by the town, and the people of the state do not have any interest therein, within the meaning of section 428 of the Penal Code. That this section does not apply to the collection of a municipal tax is also apparent from other sections of the chapter in which it is found. Section 424, relating to embezzlement or other misuse of public moneys, or falsification of accounts by public officers, is made expressly to apply to city, town, and district officers. Under section 425, every officer charged with the receipt or disbursement of “ public moneys” who fails to keep and pay the same in the manner provided by law is guilty of a felony, and the succeeding section defines the phrase “ public moneys,” as used in the two preceding sections, to include, among other things, all moneys belonging to the state, or any city, county, town, or district therein.”

In view of the care taken to specifically define general words in the preceding sections so as to include public moneys of towns and cities, it becomes plain that the language of section 428 of the Penal Code, which makes it an offense to obstruct an officer in the collection of any revenue, taxes, or other sums of money in which the people of the state are interested,” was not intended by the legislature to apply to the act of obstructing a town officer in the collection of a town tax.

It follows that the petitioner is entitled to be discharged.

So ordered.

Harrison, J., Sharpstein, J., Paterson, J., and Beatty, C. J., concurred.