Case ID: nys_32/html/0375-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "BROWN, P. J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

(84 Hun, 318.)
    SMITH v. CRANFORD et al.
    (Supreme Court, General Term, Second Department.
    February 11, 1895.)
    1. Waters and Water Courses—Polluting Stream—Injury to Fish.
    One who pollutes a stream flowing into a fish pond is liable to the owner thereof for injury to the fish.
    2. Accord and Satisfaction—Executory Agreement.
    Pending an action to enjoin defendant, in the prosecution of certain work, from interfering with a stream which flowed into plaintiff’s fish pond, the parties agreed that the action should be discontinued; that the fish killed during the progress of the work should be paid for by defendant; that defendant should pay plaintiff three dollars per day and the costs of the injunction suit Held, that such agreement was an accord ex-
    
      ecutory, and, payment not having been made by defendant pursuant to it, it was not a bar to a subsequent action by the widow to recover damages for injury to her fish.
    Appeal from judgment on report of referee.
    Action by Phebe A. Smith against John P. Cranford and an'other for damages to a fish pond. There was a judgment in favor of plaintiff, and defendants appeal.
    Affirmed.
    Argued before BROWN, P. J., and PRATT and CULLEN, JJ.
    Jesse Johnson, for appellants.
    Ered Ingraham, for respondent.
   BROWN, P. J.

The defendants, from September to November, 1890, were engaged as contractors with the city of Brooklyn in constructing upon the city’s land an aqueduct in aid of the city’s water supply. The aqueduct crossed a small stream of water, which flowed southerly through the plaintiff’s lands, and upon which the plaintiff had a trout preserve. The preserve consisted of four ponds, constructed by deepening and widening the stream and building dams, and were together about 350 feet in length. The referee found that the water of'said stream was pure, clear, and cool, and well adapted to the breeding and raising of trout, and that in September, 1890, said preserve was stocked with about 600 trout three years old, 500 two. years old, 2,500 one year old, and 3,000 spawns, and was producing a yearly income of $150; that in constructing said aqueduct the defendants fouled and polluted the waters of said stream by discharging therein earth, oil, and other substances, so that when it reached plaintiff’s lands it was unfit for use, and destructive to the health and life of the trout in the preserve; that defendants also diverted the water of said stream from plaintiff’s preserve, and diminished the supply, thus rendering the stream, as it flowed through said preserve, sluggish and unsuitable to raising trout, and that in consequence of the pollution and diversion of said stream the trout in the preserve were made sick, prevented from spawning, and a large number died, and the loss sustained by reason of the aforesaid acts was assessed at the sum of $850. The defendants’ liability for the result of the diversion and pollution of the stream is settled by the case of Covert v. Cranford, 141 N. Y. 521, 36 N. E. 597. In that case the court quotes with approval from Judge Denio’s opinion in Bellinger v. Railroad Co., 23 N. Y. 42, "that the maxim, ‘Aqua currit et debet currere,’ absolutely prohibits all individuals from interfering with the natural flow of water to the prejudice of another riparian owner, upon any pretense, and subjects them to damages at the suit of any party injured, without regard to any question of negligence or want of care.” The finding of the referee as to the diversion of the stream and pollution of the waters has ample support in the evidence. The aqueduct crossed the stream a few hundred feet north of the plaintiff’s property, and intercepted the flow of its water at that point. It was, at that point, about 18 feet deep, and the ground was marshy and full of springs, and to get rid of the water in the aqueduct defendants had two large pumps, which pumped the water out upon the surface, whence it found its way back to the stream in a muddy, roily condition, carrying with it, on its surface, a great deal of oil from the machinery. The plaintiff was entitled to the natural flow of the water. The defendants’ acts first diverted it from the stream, and then permitted it, in a dirty and polluted condition, to find its way into the plaintiff’s ponds. The amount of loss sustained was clearly proven, and in the assessment of the damages the referee kept well within the rule applied in Covert’s Case. It appeared that in September, 1890, the plaintiff commenced an action against the defendants to restrain them from interfering with said stream, or doing anything to diminish the supply of water flowing to the plaintiff’s ponds, or to impair the quality thereof, and that while said action was pending an agreement between the parties was entered into, which provided: (1) That the action should be discontinued. (2) That all dams belonging to plaintiff, which had been or might thereafter be damaged or destroyed by the defendants, should be replaced and repaired by them, and kept in good condition, until the completion of the work about them. (3) That defendants were liable to pay plaintiff the full value of trout killed during the progress of the work, and that plaintiff should receipt therefor in full, from time to time, as she should be paid therefor. (4) That defendants should pay plaintiff $3 per day from September 8, 1890, until the completion of the work in and about said stream. (5) That defendants should pay $50 for the costs and disbursements of the suit. Upon the execution of this instrument, $50 for costs was paid to the attorneys, but no other payment ever had been made under it to the plaintiff. The defendants claimed the agreement was a bar to the maintenance of this action, and offered to prove that no demand had ever been made upon defendants for payment for dead fish, and that defendants had made a proper tender of performance of the agreement to the plaintiff, which testimony was excluded. The agreement was not an accord and satisfaction. It was an accord executory. Tender of performance has never been held, for the purpose of this defense, to be equivalent to execution. Accord without satisfaction, or accord partly executed, cannot be successfully pleaded as a defense. To sustain a plea of accord and satisfaction, the agreement must be completely executed. Bank v. De Grauw, 23 Wend. 342; Noe v. Christie, 51 N. Y. 270; Kromer v. Heim, 75 N. Y. 574. The referee properly ruled that the agreement was executory, and was not a bar to the maintenance of this action. Hone of the other exceptions are well taken, and the judgment must be affirmed, with costs. All concur.