Case ID: ny-st-rep_6/html/0407-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Mayham, J. Learned, P. J. Landon, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

William Mosher, Resp’t, v. Horace Russell, Receiver, etc., App’lt.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Third Department,
    
    
      Filed February, 1887.)
    
    1. Evidence—Exclamations of pain, etc.—When competent.
    In an action for damages for physicial injuries received, the exclamations of pain and suffering by the plaintiff, made at or about the time of the injury, are competent as evidence.
    
      ■2. Same—Theory of admissibility.
    The ground upon which declarations of this sort are admissible, seems to be either that they constitute a part of the res gesta, or that they must be received from necessity to prevent a failure of proof, or that they are1 involuntary exclamations of pain from the injury at the time of its infliction.
    3. Same—When not competent.
    
      Held, that the exclamations of pain and suffering, made eight months, after receiving an injury, were not competent as evidence in an action for damages. Learned, P. J., dissenting.
    4. Damages—Future consequences of injury.
    To entitle a plaintiff to recover damages for apprehended future consequences of an injury, there must be such a degree of probability of their accruing as amounts to a reasonable certainty that they will result from the original injury.
    5. Same—Direction to jury—What is erroneous.
    
      Held, that it was erroneous to direct the jury that in assessing damages they might take into consideration the pain or injury which the “ plaintiff claimed the evidence of the physicians fairly indicate that he will suffer during the rest of his life,” “ and for the pain he is likely to endure in the future.”
    Appeal from a judgment entered upon a verdict at the Albany circuit, 1886. The facts sufficiently appear in the opinion.
    
      Edward Newcomb, for resp’t; Hamilton Harris, for app’lt.
   Mayham, J.

The defendant appeals from a judgment entered upon the verdict of a jury, for $6000, for alleged injury to the plaintiff, by being hurt by a gate maintained and managed by the West Shore Railroad Company, of which defendant was receiver, across the highway at the railroad crossing near Coeymans, on the 4th of September, 1885. The plaintiff’s proof tends to show that on that day he was riding upon a market wagon loaded with produce, and that while passing under the gate, which was hoisted, the same was let down by the defendant’s employee in such a manner as to collide with the plaintiff and knock, or' scrape, him from the wagon, by reason of which he was injured.

The evidence on the part of the defendant tended to show that the plaintiff, in looking back after passing the railroad, and after passing through the gate lost his balance and fell from his wagon, and that he was not hurt by the gate. Upon this conflict of evidence the jury found with the plaintiff.

On the trial the plaintiff was permitted to prove by Dr. Balch that on the 3d day of Hay, 1886, he examined the plaintiff for the purpose of determining his condition in reference to the injury complained of. And he testified that plaintiff “complained more or less of pain, upon pressure about the neck, and pain when I attempted to-move his head.” The defendant objected to statements made at that time, and the objection was overruled, and the-witness proceeded. “ Pressure upon the head, drawing the head down upon the neck caused pain; the patient winced, twisted, and tried to get away from me.” This was objected to by the defendant, as acts and declarations of the plaintiff made eight months after the injury, and the objection was overruled, and defendant duly excepted.

The objection to this evidence was after the same had been given, and there was no motion to strike it out, but as the evidence seemed to have been given in narrative form, and no point raised that the objection came too late, it was probably in time to raise the legal question as to the admissibility of the evidence offered.

At the time of this examination the doctor found no abnormal conditions of plaintiff, either from his personal examination, or the application of tests by compass points or electricity, except such as appeared from the complaints and wincing of the plaintiff, and the scar on the forehead and ear; but from the evidence of the _ plaintiff’s_ complaints and wincing the jury were left to infer manifestations of continuing effects of the injury, and that must have been the object for which the evidence was offered.

It has long been settled as a rule of evidence, that exclamations of pain and suffering by a party receiving a physical injury were competent, when made at or about the time of the injury. And this rule has been recognized since the enactment of section 398 of the Code of Procedure in 1869, and the various other subsequent acts making parties competent as witnesses in their own behalf. And the same was adhered to in Hogenlocher v. R. R. Co. (99 N. Y., 136), but in that case, as in most other cases upon that subject, the rule was confined to statements, exclamations and acts about the time of the alleged injury.

The ground upon which declarations of this sort are admissible seems to be either that they constitute a part of the res gesta, or that they must be received from necessity to prevent a failure of proof, or that they are the involuntary exclamations of pain from the injury at the time of its infliction. In this case, it could not be claimed that the complaints and writhings, eight months after the injury, were a part of the res gesta that was the injury at the railroad. It cannot be claimed competent from necessity, as the plaintiff was a competent witness. And if his feelings on being examined by Dr. Balch were competent or material evidence, he could have been called to swear to them. It cannot be claimed that it was the involuntary exclamation of pain from the injury at the time of its infliction, for eight months had elapsed since the injury.

In any aspect of the case, we do not see how the complaints and writhings of the plaintiff, made and performed eight months after the alleged injury, can be competent as against this defendant. To treat them as competent evidence would, it seems to us, put it in the power of a party i® manufacture evidence against his adversary that would not only be dangerous but subversive of well settled rules of evidence.

The defendant also insists that the learned justice erred ZEE his charge to the jury upon the question of damages. The learned justice, in his charge to the jury upon that subject, says : “He (the defendant) is entitled to be fully compensated for all loss he has sustained, for all pain he has suffered, not only suffered in the past, but he claims to he suffering now, and which he claims the evidence of the physicians fairly indicate that he will suffer during the residue of his life.”

' Again, after saying in effect that if the jury found by a preponderance of proof “that the plaintiff is entitled to recover, you will award him such fair, just sum as shall fuEy compensate him for the loss he has sustained, for the pain he has endured and for the pain he is likely to endure in the future.”

To these propositions in the , charge the defendant duly excepted.

■ Two medical experts were examined on the trial by the plaintiff, but neither of them expressed any opinion as to the probable future effect of the alleged injury upon the plaintiff. And there appears to be no evidence in the case from which the jury would have a right to speculate or infer that the injury was permanent, or from which the plaintiff was likely to suffer in the future. We think therefore that the direction of the learned justice as to pain or injury which the “plaintiff claimed the evidence of the physicians fairly indicated,- he will suffer during the residue of his life.” And for the pain he is likely to endure in the future ” was within the authorities erroneous.

• 16 Damages are to be proved and none can be allowed except such as are shown by the proof to be, at least, to a reasonable degree of certainty.” Curtis v. R. R. Co., 18 N. Y., 534-542.

In the case last cited the court charged that the bodily pain which the plaintiff was likely to suffer in consequence of the injury could be considered by the jury. And the court of appeals say this was error which would have been .fatal to the judgment if the judge had not subsequently modified the same.

In Strohm v. W. R. R. Co. (96 N. Y., 306), the court gay: “Future consequences which are reasonably to be expected to follow an injury may be given in evidence for the purpose of enhancing damages. But to entitle such apprehended consequences to be considered by the jury, they must be such as in the ordinary course of nature, are reasonably certain to ensue. Consequences which are contingent, speculative, or merely possible are not proper to be considered in ascertaining the damages. It is not enough that the injury received may develop into more serious conditions than those which are visible at the time of the injury, nor even that they are likely to develope. To entitle a plaintiff to recover present damages for apprehended future consequences there must be such a degree of probability of their accruing as amounts to a reasonable certainty that they will result from the original injury.”

Tested by these rules, it cannot be said that the evidence in this case justified the charge as to future damages from the alleged injury; and yet the charge was well calculated to lead the jury into a field of conjecture and speculation upon that subject, not based upon the evidence in the case, but upon the claim of the plaintiff for damages for supposed prospective suffering, which might and probably did, influence them in fixing the amount of the verdict.

If we are right in our conclusions upon the points discussed, it is unnecessary to examine the other question raised by the appellant on this appeal, as to the motion for a new trial upon the minutes, on the ground of excessive damages.

The judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.

Learned, P. J.

I concur upon the second ground. But in examining a patient a physician must often depend on the apparent effect produced by pressing upon, or touching some part of the body. If the patient winces, or cries out, apparently with pain, this is reasonable evidence that there is tenderness of that part. And I should be unwilling to say that such indications of pain could not be testified to by the physician as a part of the result of his examination.

Landon, J.

I concur on both grounds. Dr. Balch did not testify that, in his opinion, the plaintiff had any existing disability. _ His examination was valueless unless it led to a conclusion. Any layman could have pressed or twisted the plaintiff, and have seen him wince and heard him complain. I. do not think the exclamations of the patient, in the absence of medical testimony that they were obvious indications of existing disability, were competent.