Case ID: scl_34/html/0562-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Evans, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Sarah Lamar v. William Scott & Isaac Scott.
    
    ^ -widow whose husband was domiciled in Georgia and died there, is nevertheless entitled to dower in all lands in this State, whereof'he was seized at any time ¿urjng the coverture.
    Dower belongs to that division of estates called real, as distinguished from personal, or a mere chattel interest.
    The law of the situs prevails in all questions relating to real estate, whether ths controversy relate to the capacity of persons to take and transfér, to the forms and solemnities of passing the title, to the extent of the interest'to be taken or transferred, or to the subject matter, or what are to be deemed immoveables.
    
      Before Frost, J. at Barnviell,-— Term,. 1848.
    This was a case in dower, in which detnandarit declared in the usual form. The pleadings presented several issues of fact; but the case was decided on demurrer to two of the pleas.
    The defendant pleaded in bar that Sarah Lamar, the de-mandant. had assigned her right of dower to Prothro, and on this plea there was a joinder in demurrer. Judgment was given for the plaintiff, because, whether the right of dower be assignable or not, the action was properly brought in the name of the demandant.
    The sixth plea alleged that,'at the time of Lamar’s death, he and the demandant were domiciled1 in Georgia, and that, by the law of Georgia, the widow is not entitled-to dower of land whereof the husband was not seized at the time of his death, and that Lamar, at the time of his death, was not seized of the land of Which the demandant claims dower. On this plea there was a joinder in demurrer.
    Judgment was given for the defendant, because the right of dower is not an-.estate in land, büt a personal demand. That, being incidental to the contract of-marriage, which is a personal-contract, and governed by the law of the domicile, the claim of Dower must be. decided by reference to the law of Georgia ; ánd that as the widow, by the law of that State, acquired no right of dower in the land in which her husband was not ’seized at ;the time of his death, no greater effect can 'be -given to the contract of marriage in this State, than is given to it-in1 Georgia,'and therefore-the demandant is not'entitled to d'owér.
    The plaintiff moved, in the Court of Appeals, to reverse the judgment of the Circuit Court on the demurrer to'the ’defendants sixth plea, and for a new trial.
    1. Because the said demurrer ought to have been sustained, and the judgment thereon ought to be for the plaintiff.
    2. Because the said judgment was contrary to law.
    
      Patterson, for the motion.
    
      Bellinger, contra.
    
      2 Com. 139.
   Evans, J.

delivered the opinion of the Court.

By our law the widow is entitled to dower in all the land whereof the husband is seized at any time during the cover-ture. By the law of Georgia, she is only entitled to dower iri the lands whereof the husband died seized. The question made by the plea and demurrer in this case is whether the plaintiff, (whose husband was domiciled in Georgia, and died there,) is entitled to dower in land in this Stale, which he had aliened in his life time. In the argument no case directly in point was cited, but the principles on which the decision must be made are few and of easy application. The first question is, what is the nature of an estate in dower? Blackstone, following Littleton and the old writers on the common law, classes it with estates of freehold, not of inheritance, and defines it to be, where-the husband of a woman dies seized of an estate of inheritance, she shall have the third part of all lands and tenements, whereof he was seized at any time during the coverture, to hold to herself during her life. To the same same effect is Cruise, and Kent, and all the modem commentators on the law of real estate. The estate in dower is every where treated of as an estate in lands, tenements and hereditaments. I do not fiud any authority to say that, before her dower is admeasured a widow is seized as joint tenant or tenant in common with the heir, and it may be that until her dower is laid off to her, it is a chose in action, as was argued at the bar. But it is nevertheless a legal right enforceable by a well known remedy. In Jacob’s Law Dictionary, title chose, it is said — “ if one disseize me of my land, my right or title of entry into the land, or action for it, is a chose in action.” In such case the title to the land remains unchanged in character, but the remedy to gain possession is a chose in action. The action for dower is a local action, and a tenant in dower may, as well as all others entitled to possession, bring trespass or trespass to try title against an intruder upon her possession or right of possession. For these reasons I. think it very clear, that dower belongs to that division of estates called real, as distinguished irom personal, or a mere chattel interest. The next question is, whether it is to be governed by the law of Georgia, where the husband was domiciled at his death, or the law of this State, where the lands are situated. I think it may be laid .down as a general rule that every government may lawfully legislate in relation to all persons and every description of property within its jurisdiction. It is the law of most, if not all civilized nations, that personal estate, being in legal contemplation at least in attendance on the person of the owner, is regulated as to its mode of transmission from one person to another by the law of the country where the owner had his domicil at the time. So universally is this the law that some writers have considered it a part of the international law. But the principle de-rjves no force from the fact that it is the law of other countries, but because it is the municipal law of the country in which the chattels are situated. In the case of Burtwhistle v. Vardell, Abbott, C. J. said — “ there is no authority for saying the law of England gives way to the law of any foreign country. But that it is a part of the law of England that personal property should be distributed according to the law of the domicil” But neither in England nor in this State is it a part of the law, that the law of the domicil has any effica-CY where the subject is real estate. In Story de con. leg. it is said that title to real property can be acquired and lost according to the lex loci r.ei sliceand at sec. 427 he says that “ Vattel has laid it down as a principle of international law that immoveables are to be disposed of according to the law of the country where they are situated.” In Burtwhisle v. Vardell, Abbott, C. J. said — “ the simple question is, who is heir to the land by the law of England? The rule as to the law of the domicil has never been extended to real property, nor have I found in the decisions in Westminster Hall any dictum giving countenance to the idea that it ought to be so extended. There being no authority for saying that the right of inheritance follows the law of the domicil, I think it must follow that of the country where the land lies.”

5 B. & C. 438.

cy 10, see. 424.

The subject is fully discussed in tlhe 10th c. of Story de con. legum, and all the authorities are collected, by which it is fully established that the law of the .situs shall prevail in all questions relating to real estate, whether .the controversy rebate to the capacity of persons to take and transfer, to the forms and solemnities of passing the title, to the extent of the interest to be taken or transferred, or to the subject matter, or what ar.e to be deemed immoveables. At section 448 the author .says — “ No estate can be acquired by operation of law in .any other manner, or to any other extent, or by any other means, than those prescribed by the lex rei sites1' “Thus if .the law of a State where a man was domiciled at the time of his death, should confer a title of dower on his wife, though an alien, that would not prevail in any other State where an alien was not dowable.” And for the same reason, the law of the State of Georgia, abridging the demandant’s right of dower, can have no effect in depriving her of a right clearly belonging to her by the laws of this State. I am therefore of opinion that defendant’s sixth plea was no bar to the de-mandant’s action, and that the demurrer should have been sustained. The motion to reverse the decision of the Circuit' Court is therefore granted.

Richardson, J. — O’Neall, J. — Wardlaw, J. — and Frost, J. — concurred.

Motion granted.