Case ID: nys_8/html/0525-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Brady, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Gregory v. New York, L. E. & W. Ry. Co.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, First Department.
    
    January 10, 1890.)
    1. Evidence—Expert Testimony.
    In an action to recover for a personal injury, it is error to allow an expert to say, from all the evidence given, whether plaintiff was suffering from the injury complained of, prior to the accident on which suit was brought, as this allows witness to determine what facts are established by the testimony of others, instead of giving only his opinion on a state of facts assumed by hypothetical questions.
    
      2. Same—Speculative Answers.
    Plaintiff’s witness, testifying as a surgeon and expert, was asked what would be the probable result of the injury to plaintiff. He answered that the “cartilage can never again adhere to the bone, and that a dislocation may take place from time to time, unless well secured,—that is, well bandagedand “ we may have degeneration taking place in the cartilage so that it cannot perform its function; ” and “ we may have an inflammation of the upper bone, * * * which, of course, may eventually, if operations are not successful, terminate in requiring the leg to be amputated. ” Held, that the -answer was speculative, and did not show such reasonable certainty of future disability as would entitle plaintiff to recover.
    8. Measure oe Damages—Capitalization oe Earnings.
    A charge is error which suggests that the measure of damages for a personal injury may be the capitalization of plaintiff’s earnings at the time of the injury, so as to allow him a sum sufficient to earn for him the same wages in future.
    Appeal from circuit court, New York county.
    Action by John Gregory against the New York, Lake Erie & Western Bail-way Company for personal injury caused by plaintiff falling into a coal hole on one of defendant’s ferry-boats. On trial by jury there was a verdict for plaintiff, and from the judgment entered thereon defendant appeals.
    Argued before Van Brunt, P. J., and Brady and Daniels, JJ.
    
      Chas. Steele, for appellant. Chauncey Shaffer and Jacob Fromme, for respondent.
   Brady, J.

This action was brought to recover damages for personal injuries sustained' by the plaintiff in consequence of the defendant’s negligence in allowing a coal hole on one of its ferry-boats to be left open, into which the plaintiff fell, injuring himself severely. For the purpose of disposing of this appeal it is not necessary to give a detailed statement of facts and circumstances disclosed by the evidence relating thereto. It is sufficient to say that the questions of negligence and contributory negligence were made the subject of evidence and discussion, and were properly submitted to the jury for their determination by the justice presiding at the trial. The obstacles to the maintenance of the judgment, considered without reference to others urged, are two exceptions to the admission of evidence which seem to have been improperly received. It appeared upon the trial that the nature of the injury which the plaintiff received by the fall described was the subject of conflicting evidence in reference to which experts entertaining different opinions were examined. It appeared also upon the trial that the plaintiff had received an injury, in the year 1883, affecting-his left knee, which was the injured part, and the question arising thereupon in connection with the accident which formed the subject of this action was whether the latter caused the displacement of the cartilage in the plaintiff’s left knee, or whether it was due to the first accident, namely, that which occurred in 1883. Upon that subject Dr. Lesser, an expert, was called on behalf of the plaintiff, and the following questions were asked, answers given, objections made,. and exceptions taken: “ Direct Examination by Mr. Fromme. I heard the testimony of Dr. Abbe. Question. Have you heard all the medical men testify here on this trial, giving a description of the nature of the disease with which Gregory was afflicted, and the other witnesses as well? Answer. I have listened to everything that has occurred in this ease while-being here; I mean, while this case was on in court, from Monday until now. Q. From the testimony that you liave heard, what do you say was the trouble, or with what was Gregory afflicted, before June 9, 1884? (Objected to as incompetent, and irrelevant, and improper, and not proper in form; objection overruled; defendant excepts.) A. I don’t know whether you refer to the evidence given by the physicians only.' Q. By all of them, up to June 9, 1884. A. I have no positive cause to believe that such a thing as subluxation of the semi-lunar cartilage had existed preceding the accident of June 9th. Q. In view of all the evidence that was given here at the trial, what was Mr. Gregory suffering from ■on the 9th of June, 1884? (Objected tó as incompetent; objection overruled; ■defendant excepts.) A. That he was suffering on that day from the subluxation of the semi-lunar cartilage causing synovitis, and all the other symptoms which I have already explained associating the difficulty. ” These questions related to and called for an opinion upon an important issue between the parties, viz., whether the condition of plaintiff’s knee existed prior to Juné, 1884, when his cause of action arose against the defendant,—whether, in other words, it was not the result of prior accidents which had been proven, and therefore not wholly caused by the negligence complained of herein. That such a question as the first one asked, followed by the others in order to extract an answer to it, was improperly allowed, is established by the cases of Guiterman v. Steam-Ship Co., 83 N. Y. 358; Strohm v. Railroad Co., 96 N. Y. 305; Reynolds v. Robinson, 64 N. Y. 589. The rule is well established, when an opinion such as is called for by the questions narrated is desired, that it must be upon a hypothetical question containing facts which are assumed to have been proven. It is not the province of the witness to reconcile and draw inferences from the evidence of other witnesses, and which would necessarily allow him to determine what facts were established by the evidence so far as he could recollect it. If the question had been based upon an assumption that certain facts stated were proved, as was done in the case of Uransky v. Railroad Co., decided in this department, and reported in the Daily Register, August 8,1887, the exception now considered would have been unavailing. See, also, Brown v. Railroad Co., 32 N. Y 598, 602. It will have been perceived that the witness was asked, in view of all the evidence given on the trial, what was Mr. Gregory suffering from on the 9th of June, 1884? and this question, as already suggested, is violative of the rules of evidence established by the eases referred to, and the exception was well taken.

There is a further exception which is presented in this way: “The plaintiff’s witness Lesser was then asked: Question. What is the probable result of such an injury? Answer. The possible result? Q. I will amend my question by saying, what is the possible result? A. The possible result is— Mr. Shaffer. I will confine it to the probable result.” The witness was then allowed to state as follows: “That this cartilage can never adhere again to the bone, and that a dislocation may take place from time to time unless well secured,—that is, well bandaged; and, even if so, either a slight turn or twist of the leg can dislocate it again. Furthermore, inasmuch as it does not recei-ve its natural supply of nutrition, we may have degeneration taking place in the cartilage so that it cannot perform its function. From that, if the bone exists without the cartilage and anchylosis, or rather stiffening of the entire leg, the upper and lower portion of it not being secured, we may have an inflammation of the upper portion of the bone upon which this cartilage is attached and resulting in caries-necrosis, which, of course, may eventually, if operations are not successful, terminate in requiring the leg to be amputated.” This was objected to as incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial. The objection was overruled, and an exception taken. The exception seems to be sustained by the case of Strohm v. Railroad Co., supra. The rule is there stated to be that to entitle the plaintiff to recover present damages for apprehended future consequences there must be such a probability of their occurring as amounts to a reasonable certainty that they will result from the injury. In that case Dr. Spitzka, who had personally examined the plaintiff, was asked what were the symptoms related to him and described in a hypothetical question indicated, to which he answered. And subsequently, being asked as to the permanency of the condition of the plaintiff, said it was “very likely” to be permanent. The further question was then put to him: “What do you mean by ‘ very likely?’” He answered: “I mean that the boy will always have some remnants of this injury,—some reminder of it, great or small. That is certain. How much he will retain I cannot tell, but I think it very likely he will reta in”— The witness was interrupted by án obj ection from the defendant’s counsel to the words “very likely,” as entirely too speculative. The court overruled the objection, and an exception was taken. The exception was held to be good, the answer of the witness being responsive. An examination.of the answer given herein will show it to have been speculative and hypothetical, namely, that a dislocation might take place from time to time unless well secured,—well bandaged; and, furthermore, that there might be degeneration of the cartilage so that it could not perform its functions, for the reason that it did not receive its natural supply of nutrition; and further, if operations were not successful, upon a condition of the bones and cartilage described, an amputation of the leg might be necessary. This does not present a case of apprehended future consequences where there is such a degree of probability of their occurring as amounts to a reasonable certainty that they would result from the injury.

The counsel for the defendant presents another serious objection to the charge of the learned judge, in which, in effect, he suggested to the jury a capitalization of the plaintiif’s earnings, and to give him a sum which would not only be equal to what they had been in previous years, but would be sufficient to support him from year to year. The question presented by this objection was considered and decided in the case of Railroad Co. v. Burke, 9 Amer. & Eng. R. Cas. 869. In that case the court instructed the jury that they might ascertain the value of the plaintiif’s services to himself before the injury and the value of his services since, ascertain the difference, and then give such a sum as would at legal interest produce a sum equal per annum to that difference; and this was held to be error. The court said: “Resulting from the application of that rule, appellant would not only be required to pay the annual difference between the value of appellee’s services before and since the injury, but, in addition, a gross sum sufficient to produce that difference at the legal rate of interest. ” The learned justice in the case at bar, when exception was taken to these suggestions to the jury, said that they were given to them as an illustration. But it is very clear that it was misleading, and the learned counsel for the defendant excepted to the illustration particularly. It seems to be impossible, with these exceptions thus sustained by well adjudicated cases, to uphold this judgment. This result renders it unnecessary to examine other exceptions which have been taken, some of which seem to be equally formidable as those already considered. .For these reasons the judgment should be reversed, and a new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide event. All concur.