Case ID: ny-2d_14/html/0138-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Bergan, J. Dye, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

In the Matter of Board of Higher Education of the City of New York, Respondent-Appellant, v. Elmer A. Carter et al., Constituting the State Commission against Discrimination, Appellants-Respondents.
    Argued January 21, 1964;
    decided April 2, 1964.
    
      
      Henry Spitz, Solomon J. Heifetz and Joan Offner for appellants-respondents.
    I. Petitioner does not fall within the exemption provision of the Law Against Discrimination but is a covered employer subject to the commission’s enforcement jurisdiction. Petitioner is a State agency, created by the State to perform State functions and supported by public funds. (Metzger v. Swift, 258 N. Y. 440; Nelson v. Board of Higher Educ. of City of N. Y., 263 App. Div. 144, 288 N. Y. 649; Ackley v. Board of Educ. of City of N. Y., 174 App. Div. 44; Matter of Board of Higher Educ. v. Cole, 176 Misc. 297, 263 App. Div. 777, 263 App. Div. 917, 288 N. Y. 607; Wodetzky v. Board of Educ. of City of N. Y., 173 Misc. 136; Gunnison v. Board of Educ. of City of N. Y., 176 N. Y. 11.) II. The term “employer”, as defined in the Law Against Discrimination, covers employment by the State and all its agencies and subdivisions, including petitioner. (Volk v. City of New York, 259 App. Div. 247, 284 N. Y. 279; Aberson v. City of New York, 205 Misc. 727; Rosenstock v. City of New York, 101 App. Div. 9; Emes v. Fowler, 43 Misc. 603; Matter of New York State Labor Relations Bd. v. Mount Pleasant Westchester Cemetery Corp., 1 A D 2d 693, 309 N. Y. 1034; United States v. Baumgartner, 259 F. 722; Matter of Pierse v. Zimmerman, 255 App. Div. 708; People ex rel. Beaman v. Feitner, 168 N. Y. 360; Hayden v. Pierce, 144 N. Y. 512; Matter of Washington St. Asylum & Park R. R. Co., 115 N. Y. 442.) III. Petitioner and the State Department of Education do not have sole and exclusive authority to deal with employment discrimination by public educational institutions, to the exclusion of the State Commission for Human Eights. (Matter of Castle Hill Beach Club v. Arbury, 208 Misc. 622; Matter of Kay v. Board of Higher Educ. of City of N. Y., 173 Misc. 943, 259 App. Div. 879, 259 App. Div. 1000; Amalgamated Workers v. Edison Co., 309 U. S. 261.) IV. In any event, whether or not petitioner falls within the exemption provision of the law, the commission has the authority to investigate and study problems of discrimination by petitioner and to make recommendations thereon. The exemption provision of the law does not apply to the commission’s nonenforcement jurisdiction in informal investigations and studies. V. The provisions of the Law Against Discrimination and the statements of the temporary commission establish that the commission has the authority to investigate and study problems of discrimination in all or specific fields of human relationships, including the field of public education, and to make recommendations thereon to all State agencies, including petitioner. (Matter of McGaham v. Wagner, 8 Misc 2d 337.) VI. The commission’s informal investigation and study procedures do not deprive petitioner of due process of law. (Hannah v. Larche, 363 U. S. 420; In re Groban, 352 U. S. 330; Bowles v. Baer, 142 F. 2d 787; Jones v. Securities Comm., 298 U. S. 1; United States v. Morton Salt Co., 338 U. S. 632.) VII. The commission’s interpretation of the provisions of the law in question herein is practical and has been followed without judicial challenge for more than 15 years. It is, therefore, entitled to great weight. (Lightbody v. Russell, 293 N. Y. 492; United States v. American Trucking Assns., 310 U. S. 534; Ferraiolo v. O’Dwyer, 302 N. Y. 371, 841; Cory Corp. v. Sauber, 363 U. S. 709; United States v. Leslie Salt Co., 350 U. S. 383; Norwegian Nitrogen Co. v. United States, 288 U. S. 294; Matter of Smith, 279 N. Y. 479; Matter of State Bank of Kenmore v. Bell, 197 Misc. 97, 277 App. Div. 924; Matter of Otis v. Board of Higher Educ., 199 Misc. 157, 277 App. Div. 1035, 302 N. Y. 740.) VIII. Counsel for the State Education Department concedes that the Commission for Human Eights has jurisdiction over discriminatory employment practices by all State agencies, including the State Education Department. IX. Twelve of the 15 Commissions against Discrimination in the United States entertain jurisdiction over discriminatory employment practices by public educational institutions.
    
      Leo A. Larkin, Corporation Counsel (David W. Peck, Morris Handel and Hugh J. O’Rourke of counsel), for respondent-appellant.
    I. The board is not an “ employer ” under the applicable law; hence the commission has no jurisdiction over the board. The board’s exemption as an “ employer ” under the law is explicit. II. Legislative history shows that the board’s exemption as an employer was considerate and deliberate. (Matter of Brennan v. Board of Educ. of City of N. Y., 245 N. Y. 8; Gunnison v. Board of Educ. of City of N. Y., 176 N. Y. 11; Matter of Daniman v. Board of Educ. of City of N. Y., 306 N. Y. 532; People ex rel. Wells & Newton Co. v. Craig, 232 N. Y. 125.) III. Clearly, the Legislature never intended to allow the commission to supervise and supersede the educational authorities in the discharge of their responsibilities and exercise of their powers. (Matter of Board of Educ. of City of N, Y. v. Allen, 6 N Y 2d 127; Matter of Bologno v. O’Connell, 7 N Y 2d 155.) IV. There is no “ nonenforcement jurisdiction ” or power of “ informal investigation ” by which the commission may circumvent limitations on its jurisdiction and side step required procedures for determining any issue of discrimination and assuring a judicial review. (Matter of Wood v. Hughes, 9 N Y 2d 144.)
    
      Charles A. Brind, John P. Jehu, Elizabeth M. Eastman, George B. Farrington and Louis H. J. Welch for Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York and another, amici curiae.
    
    I. Queens College is a part of the public school system of the State. (Matter of Board of Higher Educ. v. Cole, 64 N. Y. St. Dept. Rep. 14, 263 App. Div. 777, 288 N. Y. 607; Matter of Wasmund v. La Guardia, 287 N. Y. 417; Nelson v. Board of Higher Educ. of City of N. Y., 263 App. Div. 144.) II. Amici curies have full power, administratively and judicially, to enforce all provisions against discrimination both in employment and in the use of facilities throughout the State school system, inclusive of petitioner-appellant-respondent Board of Higher Education. (Matter of Board of Educ. of City of N. Y. v. Allen, 6 N Y 2d 127; Matter of Colored Residents of Union Free School List. No. 3, Town of North Hempstead, 2 N. Y. St. Dept. Rep. 613; Matter of McGraw v. Wilson, 286 App. Div. 930.) III. The State Commission against Discrimination has no jurisdiction over the Board of Higher Education.
    
      Robert M. Benjamin, Frank E. Karelsen and Fred N. Fishman for Public Education Association, amicus curies.
    
    I. Jurisdiction to take action against alleged discrimination in public educational institutions is conferred by law upon the educational authorities and the commission is expressly barred from jurisdiction. II. Any interference, however “informal”, by the commission with the jurisdiction already conferred by law upon the educational authorities to take action against alleged discrimination would result in duplication and overlapping and would be detrimental to the public schools and colleges.
    
      Robert L. Carter, Maria L. Marcus and Jawn A. Sandifer for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, amicus curiae.
    
    The New York State Commission for Human Eights is empowered under article 15 of the Executive Law of the State of New York to investigate and to conciliate and outlaw, if found appropriate, alleged practices of discrimination in the hiring of instructors and teachers of professional rank in institutions of higher learning that are subject to the administrative supervision and control of petitioner. (Alston v. School Bd. of City of Norfolk, 112 F. 2d 992; Railway Mail Assn. v. Corsi, 326 U. S. 88; McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U. S. 637; Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U. S. 629; Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U. S. 483; Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U. S. 1.)
    
      Edward D. Burns and Thomas A. Bolan for Catholic Teachers Association of the Diocese of Brooklyn, Inc., amicus curiae.
    
    The board is an employer covered by the act. (Rucker v. Board of Educ. of City of N. Y., 284 N. Y. 346; Van Campen v. Olean Gen. Hosp., 210 App. Div. 204, 239 N. Y. 615; Nelson v. Board of Higher Educ. of City of N. Y., 263 App. Div. 144, 288 N. Y. 649; Matter of Holland v. Edwards, 282 App. Div. 353, 307 N. Y. 38; Matter of New York State Labor Relations Bd. v. Mount Pleasant Westchester Cemetery Corp., 1 A D 2d 693, 309 N. Y. 1034.)
    
      Robert P. Whelan and John F. O’Shea for Bay Ridge Catholic Guild, Inc., amicus curiae.
    
    I. The Board of Higher Education is an agency of the State of New York subject to the full jurisdiction of the Commission for Human Eights under the clear language of the Constitution of the State of New York and the Law Against Discrimination. (Nelson v. Board of Higher Educ of City of N. Y., 263 App. Div. 144, 288 N. Y. 649.) II. The anti-discrimination statute should be given liberal interpretation in order to carry out the expressed purpose of the law.
   Bergan, J.

The interdiction of discrimination in civil rights based on race or creed is a fundamental public policy of New York, articulated in both the constitutional and the statutory law of the State. The controversy in this case arises from a dispute between two public authorities as to which shall have the right to enforce the law against discrimination in employment in the public schools.

The Commission for Human Eights asserts its jurisdiction over enforcement in this area generally; the Board of Higher Education of the City of New York asserts its exclusive right of enforcement in those public educational institutions within its control and argues that enforcement in the public schools generally lies only within the jurisdiction of the Regents and the State Commissioner of Education.

Whichever of these agencies performs the task of enforcement, we hold no doubt it will be faithfully and impartially executed. The problem involves a search of the wellsprings of power which underlie the jurisdiction of the two competing public authorities; and the choice between them must, in the end, depend on the way a statute is to be read.

The statute itself (Executive Law, art. 15, the Law Against Discrimination [L. 1945, eh. 118]) carries out a constitutional provision proposed by the Convention of 1938, which prohibits discrimination in civil rights ‘ ‘ because of race, color, creed or religion ”. That prohibition attaches to “ the state or any agency or subdivision of the state ” (N. Y. Const., art. I, § 11).

The Law Against Discrimination establishes the respondent Commission for Human Eights (Executive Law, § 290), formerly, and at the time this proceeding was instituted, called the Commission against Discrimination. Its power over the subject of discrimination prohibited by the Constitution is cast in broad terms and in language quite plenary in its sweep.

The commission shall have “power”, runs the statutory text, “ to eliminate and prevent discrimination in employment ” and in other stated subjects; “ and the commission established hereunder is hereby given general jurisdiction and power for such purposes” (§ 290). The purpose of the statute is “in fulfillment of the provisions of the constitution of this state concerning civil rights ” (§ 290).

If the constitutional interdiction of discrimination in, civil rights by the State or any State agency or subdivision be kept in mind and read with the provisions of section 291 of the statute which declares the opportunity for employment “ without discrimination because of race, creed, color or national origin ” is “ a civil right ”, it becomes clear that the “ general jurisdiction and power ” of the commission to “ eliminate and prevent discrimination in employment ” attaches to all public agencies; and it would be reasonable to expect that all public agencies would yield readily to a legislative policy thus distinctly laid down.

The petitioner Board of Higher Education of the City of New York is a public agency created by the Legislature to administer that part of the city school system which is of collegiate grade and such units are made part of the common school system. (Education Law, §§ 6201, 6202.) Its administration of the city colleges is a State function and the board itself is a State agency. (Metzger v. Swift, 258 N. Y. 440; Nelson v. Board of Higher Educ. of City of N. Y., 263 App. Div. 144, affd. 288 N. Y. 649.)

The board submits that the subject of discrimination because of race or creed in its employment practices is outside the ‘ ‘ general jurisdiction and power ’ ’ of the commission. Based on a reading of the definitions set out in section 292 of the statute, its main argument is that the “Board is not an employer ’ under the applicable law; hence the Commission has no jurisdiction over the Board ”.

This point becomes the keystone of the board’s contention. The pertinent statutory language appearing in section 292, headed “ Definitions ”, is in paragraph 5, which reads this way: ‘ 5. The term employer ’ does not include a club exclusively social, or a fraternal, charitable, educational or religious association or corporation, if such club, association or corporation is not organized for private profit, nor does it include any employer with fewer than six persons in his employ.”

The Board of Higher Education of the City of New York does not fit readily, or at all, into this exclusory list of who is not an “employer”. All are private organisms and none public agencies.

The meaning of “ educational ” is affected by the contextual adjectives which run with it, i.e., “ fraternal ”, “ charitable ” and ‘ ‘ religious ’ ’, which could sensibly apply only to private, and not to public agencies. 'Such terms as these, used together, serve to limit the sense in which “educational” serves the text. (United States v. Baumgartner, 259 F. 722, 724.)

The term “ not organized for private profit ”, which modifies the list in its entirety, could not apply to the Board of Higher Education or to the public school system which under no conceivable circumstances could be thought to be “ organized ” for a ‘ private profit ’ ’. The list of exclusion must relate, then, to privately organized educational corporations from which no profit was intended in their organization.

The Law Against Discrimination was recommended to the Legislature by the New York State Temporary Commission against Discrimination, an agency created by chapter 692 of the Laws of 1944, in a report which contained the proposed statutory text and a study of the problem of discrimination and its background (N. Y. Legis. Doc., 1945, No. 6).

The comment of the Temporary Commission on the scope of the word ‘ ‘ employer ’ ’ used in the statute suggests that it was intended to be read to include public employment. The report noted that “ We have found no definition of the word ' employer ’ as clear and comprehensive as the word itself in its accepted and dictionary meaning ” (supra, p. 28). It was concluded, in view of the constitutional mandate, that “employment by government is covered” (p. 28).

If the Board of Higher Education is right in believing that the Legislature intended to carve it out, in particular, and other public school agencies as well, from the area of the commission’s general power to deal with constitutionally prohibited discrimination, it would be unlikely that the statutory draftsmen would attempt to achieve this purpose by defining the Board of Higher Education out of being an “ employer Government “is covered” within the word “employer” as the report noted (N. Y. Legis. Doc., 1945, No. 6, supra, p. 28).

It could, of course, readily have been provided that jurisdiction to enforce the constitutional mandate would be vested only in the Regents or the State Commissioner of Education, and thus exempt the board from the general jurisdiction of the commission.

That would have been the normal way to do this. But with a constitutional prohibition against discrimination affecting the Board of Higher Education as well as all other public agencies of the State, it would be unlikely that the Legislature in dealing with discrimination would have withdrawn the board or the public schools from the authority of the commission by so awkward and inconsistent a mechanism as providing that in respect of their personnel they were not ‘ ‘ employers ’

Here, unlike the assortment of private groups, such as fraternal and religious, with which the board seeks to identify itself, the term ‘ ‘ civil rights ’ ’ in the sense used in the Constitution has particular pertinency to public employment. We are of opinion that the definitions set up by subdivision 5 of section 292 do not effectively take petitioner away from the general jurisdiction of the commission.

The board and some of the amici briefs suggest that the Temporary Commission which prepared the law intended that the school authorities should have exclusive jurisdiction to prevent discrimination in employment in the public school system. A section of its report is devoted to education (N. Y. Legis. Doc., 1945, No. 6, supra, pp. 40-47) and sets out the powers of the Board of Regents and the State Department of Education over public and other education (N. Y. Const., art. V, §§ 2, 4; art. XI, § 2; former Education Law, §§ 20, 46, 94, 95, 96).

The report in this section states:

“ Hence, the Board of Regents and the Department of Education are unique in that they possess administrative, executive, legislative, and judicial power over ‘ all of the educational work of the state. ’ Thus they constitute in the field of education an existing state agency, created by Constitution and statute, with power:
“1. To enforce all laws against discrimination in the school system on account of race, creed, color or national origin; [p. 41]
*4L 41, w w
“ Thus, the Board of Regents and the Commissioner of Education are already possessed of full power to outlaw and relieve against discrimination in the opportunities and benefits of the educational system of the state and in employment therein. No additional legislative authority for such a purpose seems necessary, [p. 42]
# * *
“ Our conclusions, therefore, are that the school authorities do not need more law either to suppress discrimination in the school system itself or to set up educational policies and programs against those prejudices which produce discrimination and its disastrous consequences.” (p. 47)

The report does not say explicitly that the new commission is to he excluded from the field of employment of personnel in public education; and two considerations lead us to think it did not intend such exclusion.

One is the whole section of the report dealing with education seen in full context; the other is the terms of the statute itself which accompanied the report, and which, as we have suggested, ought not to be read intrinsically as excluding the Commission for Human Eights from the area of discrimination in employment practices in public education.

In the opening paragraphs of the section of the report dealing with education (N. Y. Legis. Doc., 1945, No. 6, supra, p. 40), the role of the Commission for Human Eights in relation to education is outlined. It is stated:

The bill for a state agency expressly provides for invoking the assistance of that community good-will which is the product of all those constructive processes associated with education in the broad sense. The bill expressly authorizes the state agency to study the problems of discrimination ‘ in all or specific fields of human relationships, ’ to marshal the local resources for cooperation and conciliation, to distribute information pro-motive of better human attitudes, to make recommendations to and obtain cooperation from all agencies and officers of the state or local subdivisions of government, ’ and to commend to the appropriate state agency programs for formal and informal education against prejudice and discrimination.
“ Chief among these agencies of government is the great Department of Education.”

This means, certainly, that the proponents of the statute were of opinion that the Commission for Human Eights had indeed a dynamic part to play in the elimination of discrimination in public education. The term ‘ ‘ state agency ’ ’ as used here could apply to the commission and to nothing else.

This is the agency “ for invoking the assistance of that community good-will”; to “study”, to “marshal”, to “distribute ”, to “ make recommendations ” and, finally, to “ obtain cooperation from * all agencies and officers of the state ’ ”. It seems of significance that Chief among these agencies from which the commission is to “ obtain cooperation ” is the State Department of Education.

A report cast in these terms, and recommending a statute granting the new commission “ general jurisdiction and power ” for the purposes of eliminating discrimination in public employment, cannot easily be read as intending to exclude the field of public education.

It is with this contextual language of the report and the language of the statute in mind that we must read the comment that the Regents and the Department of Education have existing power to enforce laws against discrimination in the school system (N. Y. Legis. Doc., 1945, No. 6, supra, p. 41), and the closely related comment that the school authorities ‘ ‘ do not need more law ” to suppress discrimination or to set up policies and programs against prejudice (p. 47).

The report covered more activities of the school authorities than preventing discrimination within the education system, and suggested the need for educational programs and policies to minimize prejudice in the whole community. It may be read as indicating an affirmative role to be played by the education administration in eliminating prejudice; as indicating also a conviction that the school authorities have sufficient legal authority to do this and do not need more law; but at the same time as proposing an active role for the new commission in this field with which the public education authorities would be expected to co-operate.

It may be doubtful if the court is allowed to consider in aid of legislative intention the affidavit of counsel for the Temporary Commission given many years after the report was filed and the statute passed and after the litigation had commenced, and read by one of contending parties (Woollcott v. Shubert, 217 N. Y. 212, 221-222; Matter of Delmar Box Co. [Ætna Ins. Co.], 309 N. Y. 60, 67).

That the Regents, the Department of Education and the petitioner, Board of Higher Education, all have the power, and the duty, under the Constitution and the statute, to eliminate discrimination in employment within their respective areas of jurisdiction is not to require the court to decide that in this area alone the commission is without the power which it possesses in all other areas of public employment.

Every public agency having a roster of employees rests under the same duty as the school system to eliminate discrimination in employment. It is not disputed on this appeal that all are “ employers ” under the statute and that the commission has jurisdiction of them in matters involving discrimination in employment. The Attorney-General’s ruling in a relevant controversy has been in this direction (1946 Atty. Gen. 81).

The Commissioner of Mental Hygiene, to take one typical example from the list of departments of the State Government, has full administrative power to eliminate discrimination in employment in the Department of Mental Hygiene, which has a very large roster of employees (Mental Hygiene Law, §§ 3, 5), but the power of the commission to inquire into its employment practices and to invoke its enforcement procedures is undoubted.

The process of subsequent amendment of the statute does not advance the argument of the board. Before 1952 the commission had enforcement jurisdiction only in respect of employment. But in that year its jurisdiction was extended to include, in addition to discrimination in employment, discrimination in admission and use of facilities in places of public accommodation, resort or amusement (Executive Law, § 296, subd. 2; L. 1952, ohs. 284-285). This extension of jurisdiction as to a “ place of public accommodation, resort, or amusement” required a clarifying definition of what was meant by that clause (§ 292, subd. 9).

The Legislature defined it as not to include ‘ ‘ public libraries, kindergartens, primary and secondary schools, high schools, academies, colleges and universities, extension courses, and all educational institutions under the supervision of the regents of the state of New York ”.

But this is an exclusion of a group of institutions from a class affected by a new statutory rule of admissions to certain public places; and has no relevance, in our view, to the scope of power over employment vested in the commission by the original 1945 statute; nor were any of the provisions of that statute as they affected employment altered by the 1952 amendment.

The jurisdictional controversy between the Board of Higher Education and the Commission for Human Bights arises over purported discrimination on religious grounds in employment practices affecting the teaching staff at Queens College, an institution within the board’s jurisdiction. The commission asserts in its pleading an intention to proceed under the enforcement provisions of the statute which sets up procedures which will afford due process, adequate inquiry, and judicial review of the commission’s proceedings (§§ 297, 298).

The court at Special Term prohibited the commission from taking any action either informally by way of inquiry, or under its enforcement process. The Appellate Division modified by affirming the order made at Special Term to the extent that it prohibited the commission from exercising its enforcement jurisdiction; but it reversed the order to the extent that it had prohibited the commission from making “ such investigations, studies, recommendations, programs, conciliation efforts, reports and proceedings as are provided for by and in conformity with subdivisions 8, 9 and 10 of Section 295 of the Executive Law ’ ’.

If it be held that the commission has power of enforcement of the statutory mandate, the power of inquiry into actual employment practices would seem to follow normally. The problem the majority in the Appellate Division had in' this part of the decision was to reconcile an absence of authority to enforce with the existence of an authority to inquire, but the scope of the power to inquire is not of large significance if the general power of the commission to enforce be accepted.

The amicus brief of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, arguing in support of the commission’s jurisdiction, suggests that the issue here is “of far more fundamental and transcendent importance than whether, in the particular instance which gives rise to these proceedings, discrimination in fact exists or can be demonstrated. * * * The far-reaching question here that is of great public importance is whether the State Commission for Human Bights has the power and authority to investigate a complaint of discrimination where an educational institution is involved. Admittedly the educational policies and programs of such institutions are not subject to the Commission’s control or supervision. But merely because this must be so, it does not follow that the Commission is powerless to act in respect to the discriminatory practices of educational agencies and institutions.”

We agree that the issue before us significantly transcends the immediate controversy. We have in hand for construction a statute which requires a liberal reading for the accomplishment of the purposes thereof ” (§ 300). We witness beyond the statute, and, indeed, beyond the constitutional provision itself, a consistent purpose of the people of New York, growing in its firm insistence, to end discrimination based on race and creed.

It is not easy to escape the fact that discrimination in employment, with the consequent economic disparities upon which other kinds of discrimination thrive, is the main key to the problem. We ought not, therefore, construe the statute against discrimination restrictively to cut down in the field of public employment the authority of the only State agency which by law has been charged Avith the single duty of attacking discrimination in its economic center.

The order of the Appellate Division should be modified by dismissing the petition and, as thus modified, affirmed, Avithout costs.

Dye, J.

(dissenting). The sole and only issue presented is one of administrative power. It arises from an attempted exercise of jurisdiction by the State Commission for Human Rights, (hereinafter “ Commission ”) over the Board of Higher Education (hereinafter “ Board ”) in respect to enforcement of the statutes against discrimination in employment and promotion of teaching personnel at Queens College. The Board, by this proceeding, has sought to prevent it by asserting its exclusive control over all educational matters, including the right to deal with civil rights complaints within its area of administrative supervision and control. Both courts below have sustained the Board — and properly so. A majority thinks otherwise and is about to dismiss the petition. We cannot agree.

The Commission, Ave respectfully submit, has no power whatsoever to act administratively in the field of education and we regret that the court is about to give it such power under the guise of judicial interpretation. Concededly, both the Board and the Commission are State agencies. Such administrative power as either respectively possesses can only be conferred by the Legislature (N. Y. Const., art. Ill, § 1; Matter of Fink v. Cole, 302 N. Y. 216).

Perhaps it should be said at the outset that no one doubts for a moment that, as matter of State policy, “No person shall, because of race, color, creed or religion, be subjected to any discrimination in his civil rights” (N. Y. Const., art. I, § 11 [approved Nov. 8, 1938]), and that no issue is now presented as to whether any members of the Catholic faith are being subjected to discrimination in employment and promotion as members of the faculty at Queens College.

The Board of Higher Education of the City of New York is a separate and distinct body corporate created by the Legislature having the “ duties and powers of trustees of colleges ” and mandated ‘ ‘ to govern and administer that part of the public school system within the city which is of collegiate grade ”, with authority to “establish * * * faculties ”, “appoint * * * teachers ” and “ fix salaries ” (N. Y. Const., art. XI; Education Law, art. 125, §§ 6201-6202). As such, it is a constituent part of the State educational system (Matter of Wasmund v. La Guardia, 287 N. Y. 417; Nelson v. Board of Higher Educ., 263 App. Div. 144) and is subject to the general supervision of its chief executive officer, the Commissioner of Education (Matter of Board of Higher Educ. v. Cole, 64 N. Y. St. Dept. Rep. 14, 176 Misc. 297, affd. 263 App. Div. 777, affd. 288 N. Y. 607). The State Education Department is headed by the Board of Regents of the State University, who appoint the Commissioner of Education (N. Y. Const., art. Y, §§ 2, 4; art. XI, § 2). The Regents have the power and duty to “ exercise legislative functions concerning the educational system of the state, determine its educational policies, and, except, as to the judicial functions of the commissioner of education, establish rules for the carrying into effect the laws and policies of the state, relating to education ” (Education Law, § 207). For his part, the Commissioner of Education is charged with the general management and supervision of all public schools and all educational work of the State (Education Law, § 101). Among the Commissioner’s specifically named functions is “to cause to be instituted such proceedings or processes as may be necessary to properly enforce and give effect to any provision in this chapter or in any other general or special law pertaining to the school system of the state or any part thereof or to any school district or city” (Education Law, § 308; emphasis supplied), a duty which embraces the enforcement of the provisions of the Civil Bights Law, which prohibit discrimination based on race, creed, color or national origin in places of accommodation in certain named educational institutions not here involved and “ all educational institutions under the supervision of the regents of the state of New York ” (Civil Bights Law, § 40), and not only is the Commissioner, but also any school official or employee, prohibited from inquiring into, indicating or transmitting orally or in writing the religion or religious application of any person seeking employment or official position in the schools of the State of New York (Civil Bights Law, § 40-a), nor may any qualified student ‘ ‘ be refused admission into or be excluded from any public school * * * on account of ” bias (Education Law, §§ 313, 3201), and, if the multiplicity of statutory mandates prove ineffective, there are always at hand the criminal sanctions of the Penal Law (§§ 514, 700). His decisions are “ final and conclusive, and not subject to question or review ” (§ 310) unless the decisions are “ purely arbitrary ” as found by the court (Matter of Board of Higher Educ. v. Allen, 6 N Y 2d 127). Thus it is that the Regents and the Commissioner have full power to enforce all provisions against discrimination both in employment and the use of facilities throughout the State school system inclusive of this petitioner.

Nothing in article 15 of the Executive Law (L. 1945, ch. 118) supersedes, limits or repeals the administrative and judicial powers theretofore conferred on the Regents and the Commissioner. The fact of the matter is that when the Temporary Commission against Discrimination completed its investigation and made its report with recommendations to the Legislature, it stated, among other things, “ The Board of Regents and the Department of Education are unique in that they possess administrative, executive, legislative and judicial power over ‘ all of the educational work of this state ’ ” (Education Law, § 101) and gave as its considered conclusion “ that the school authorities do not need more law either to suppress discrimination in the school system itself or to set up educational policies and programs against those prejudices which produce discrimination and its disastrous consequences.” (Report, Temporary Commission against Discrimination, N. Y. Legis. Doc., 1945, No. 6, pp. 42-47.)

With this in mind, the Temporary Commission took pains to exclude from its definition of the term employer ” “ an educational * * * association * * * corporation * * * not organized for private profit” (Executive Law, § 292, subd. 5). This definition has survived intact numerous amendments to the 1945 Act. Subdivision 9 of section 292 (added by L. 1952, ch. 285) does not change the previously authorized employer exemptions. It was an entirely new subdivision of the section defining the term “ place of public accommodation, resort or amusement ” and listed by name the type and kind of places included. While this served to enlarge the area over which the Commission was to exercise jurisdiction, the statute by specific language expressly excluded from the jurisdiction over places of public accommodation by naming the various categories of public schools “ supported in whole or in part by public funds ” and “ all educational institutions under the supervision of the regents ” (emphasis supplied). If there was any doubt that the State educational system was excluded from the jurisdiction of the Commission this effectively confirms it. As we have seen, discrimination in places of public accommodation had already been covered (Civil Rights Law, § 40, as amd. by L. 1913, ch. 265).

We note as a matter of interest, although not involved herein, that when section 296 was amended to prohibit discrimination in the employment of persons on account of age (especially over 45 years) by adding the word “age” to the phrase “race, creed, color or national origin” that, at the same session of the Legislature, a new and parallel section was added to the Education Law prohibiting discrimination in the hiring of teachers on account of age (Education Law, § 3027, added by L. 1958, ch. 902), thus recognizing that institutions under the supervision of the Board of Regents were not employees within the jurisdiction of the Commission and that a separate statute was necessary.

Nothing in the history of the statutory enactment remotely suggests that anyone in a position of responsibility considered that the exemption of an educational institution as an excluded employer was limited to private educational organizations. Such a reading can only be accounted for by rewriting the statute in such a manner that the word “ private ” qualifies the educational “ corporation ” and not “ profit ” as presently written. We may not indulge our judicial talents to accomplish any such result. If such a revision is desirable, it should be done by the Legislature. If this definition of an employer were not sufficiently clear to exclude the Board of Higher Education from the coverage of the statute now before us, any doubt on that score would be dispelled by the legislative history which is before us in the report of the Temporary Commission.

At the hearing before a Joint Legislative Committee, Mr. Charles Tuttle, counsel of the Temporary Commission, stated: “ In the field of formal education the commission, according to its report, makes the basic declaration that the Board of Regents and the State Department of Education already constitute a permanent state agency presently clothed by constitution and statute with full administrative, executive, legislative and judicial powers over ‘ all of the educational work of the state ’, and with ample authority to use those powers against bad and for good human relation, and to enforce all laws and adopt new measures against discriminations in the school system on account of race, creed, color or national origin.” And in his affidavit of October 5, 1960 Mr. Tuttle stated that ‘ ‘ The Temporary Legislative Commission which in 1944 drafted and in 1945 recommended to the Legislature the law creating the State Commission Against Discrimination intended to exclude from the jurisdiction of that Commission the non-profit educational institutions under the jurisdiction of the Board of Regents and the State Commissioner of Education, among which institutions was and is the Board of Higher Education of the City of New York.”

The Temporary Commission worded its definition of “employer” now constituting subdivision 5 of section 292 of the Executive Law with such intent in mind and for the purpose of effectuating such exclusion. The Legislature thus was fully advised and aware of the foregoing intent and the foregoing purpose and effect in the wording of the ‘ definition ’ of ‘ employer ’ ’ \

Our State educational system has long enjoyed administrative independence conferred by the framers of the Constitution and legislative enactment. It is well that it should. No field of government is more important or more sensitive than the education of our children. New York has long enjoyed a justly deserved reputation of leadership in this field which obviously could only have been accomplished by the carefully worked out policy of reposing general management and supervision of the public school system in the Regents and the Commissioner of Education. The selection and promotion of teaching personnel is a specialized function which is peculiarly within the field of education. It is surrounded by many safeguards with emphasis on the applicant’s academic qualifications, character and performance. The employment and promotion of persons so accredited are nonetheless subject to constitutional and statutory interdictions against bias, one of which is that the Board may not even inquire into the religious affiliation of an applicant (Civil Rights Law, § 40-a). Both the framers of the Constitution and the State Legislature have made it manifestly clear that the school boards under the Regents and the Commissioner have full authority and all necessary power to deal with alleged discrimination in the educational system. To be sure, the authority and power conferred on the Commission in the field of employment is a broad one, but it does not follow that the Legislature thereby intended to limit, supersede or overlap the authority and powers theretofore conferred upon and possessed by the Board. To say that they so intended creates an administrative conflict that can only lead to confusion and uncertainty in the important area of education. No better illustration of the mischief resulting from such a dual authority can be pointed to than the present situation. When anonymous charges of discrimination against Catholics in the employment and promotion of faculty members at Queens College were made in 1958 the Board took cognizance of the charges by appointing a subcommittee of its membership consisting of six persons of distinguished reputation and equally divided between members of Catholic, Jewish and Protestant faiths to conduct an investigation into the charges. It proceeded to do so by conducting a hearing at which many witnesses were heard and many documents examined. The subcommittee reported as to its conclusion: “We find no pattern of religious discrimination at Queens College, and no instance in which there is any basis for preferring charges of religious discrimination against any person now at Queens College.” The report was adopted by the Board and later in an article 78 proceeding was reviewed and upheld in the courts (Lombardo v. Board of Higher Educ. of City of N. P., 13 N Y 2d 1097). While the Board was thus engaged, sometime in September or October, 1958, it was announced in the public press that the Commission was conducting an informal investigation of charges of alleged discrimination in employment and promotion of faculty at Queens College. The Board promptly expressed to the Commission its opinion that it lacked jurisdiction in the premises but that, as a matter of courtesy, it would furnish the Commission with a transcript of the proceedings had before it, together with supporting documents, the report of its findings and conclusions. Nonetheless, the Commission continued its one-member investigation. Later it was reported in the press that the Commission had found the Board guilty of discrimination.

The evil of such dual exercise of administrative power is all too apparent. The conflicts thus engendered can only serve to disrupt the morale and efficiency of the teaching staffs of our public schools as well as to confuse and alarm members of the public. Jurisdictional rivalries are always fraught with danger. To encourage and approve such rivalry in a sensitive area such as our public school system has potentials of the gravest consequences.

So much of the order of the Appellate Division as modified the order of Special Term should be reversed and, as so modified, otherwise affirmed.

Chief Judge Desmond and Judges Burke and Scileppi concur with Judge Bergan ; Judge Dye dissents in an opinion in which Judges Fuld and Van Voorhis concur.

Ordered accordingly. 
      
      . In addition to Queens College, the Board also administers City College, Hunter College, Brooklyn College, Division of Teacher Education, Bronx Community College, Queensboro Community College and Staten Island Community College. It employs about 6,500 employees in the following broad categories: instructional personnel about 5,000, administrative personnel about 700, custodial personnel about 800.