Case ID: ad_114/html/0148-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Houghton, J. :", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

William F. Zeller, Respondent, v. Joseph Leiter, Appellant.
    First Department,
    June 15, 1906.
    Contract for future delivery of grain — when same not in violation of Illinois statute against gambling — when note given in payment therefor enforcible — when defendant allowed full opportunity to present defense — evidence of intent to gamble — effect of motion for direction of verdict — damages — interest on three per cent note.
    Under the Illinois statute against gambling in grain an actual purchase of grain for future delivery, or a contract for actual future delivery, is not illegal. It is only when the parties have no intention of receiving or delivering the grain, but intend to settle by the payment of the difference between the contract and market prices, that the contract is a gambling contract and incapable of enforcement. Moreover, both parties must concur in such agreement, and the undisclosed intention of one party so to treat the contract is immaterial and insufficient to invalidate it.
    The words “option,” “put” and “call” defined.
    A note given to a broker in settlement of transactions in grain alleged to have been in violation of said statute is not invalidated merely because the statement from which the balance between the parties was struck contained illegal items, but it is incumbent upon the maker of the note to show that the illegal items changed the balance in Ills favor.
    When such statement is made up of independent transactions the legal transactions are not invalidated because other transactions were illegal.
    When in order'to allow a defendant to give evidence of transactions in grain with the plaintiff prior to the transactions alleged to be gambling, the trial court has allowed an adjournment of two days, on the theory that such prior transactions, if illegal, would affect the balance in the defendant’s favor, and at the resumption of the trial the defendant admits that vouchers he seeks to introduce would not change the balance, and the court thereupon excludes the vouchers, the defendant cannot afterwards claim that he did not have a fair opportunity to present his defense.
    If evidence is excluded and afterwards the court changes its ruling so that it becomes admissible, it is the duty of the party to offer it again, or he cannot complain of the exclusion.
    Although one ordering grain through brokers for future delivery did not intend to accept delivery, evidence of that intention is immaterial unless it were communicated to the brokers.
    When it is a question as to whether iertain options for the future delivery of grain were legal or illegal, and both parties move for the direction of a verdict without a request to go to the jury, the court may take the defendant’s testimony most unfavorably to himself in deciding the question, and the court’s conclusion will not be disturbed.
    The fact that a customer purchasing grain for future delivery gives his broker a note in settlement of his account, is evidence that he conceded that he actually purchased the grain.
    Although a dishonored promissory note provides for interest at three per cent, the holder may recover six per cent interest as damages thereon fraisa the date of maturity.
    Appeal by the defendant, Joseph Leitex-, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the comity of Yew York on the 19th day of October, 1905, upon the verdict of a jury rendered by direction of the court after a trial at the Yew York Tidal Term; also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 19th day of October, 1905, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes, and also from an order made at the close of the trial, granting the plaintiff an exti-a allowance.
    
      Alton B. Parker, for the appellant.
    
      William F. Goldbeck, for the respondent.
   Houghton, J. :

The action is upon a promissory note, dated December 15, 1898, given by the defendant to Allen, Grier & Zeller Company, or ox-der, for the sum of $52,021.97, payable three years after date, with interest at the X'ate of three per cent.

The coxnplaint alleges, and the answer fails to deny, that for value befoi’e maturity the' note was transferred by the payees to this plaintiff.

The defenses set up in the answer wei-e that the plaintiff was not a bona fide holder, and that he was a member of the firm which was payee of the note, and knew the consideration for which it was given, which was in liquidation of a wageiing couti’act arising out of the taking of options to buy or sell grain at a future time, without any intention that the commodity should be delivered— all contracts concerning which were specifically declared to be void by the statxxtes of the State of Illinois, where the transactions were had and the note given, and where it was payable.

It was conceded that the defendant had the affirmative of the issue, and at the close of his proofs both parties rested, and both parties moved for a direction of verdict. The court granted the motion of the plaintiff. The defendant contented himself with taking an exception to this direction without asking to go to the jury upon any of the questions which he had raised by his proof. From the judgment thus entered the defendant appeals," and insists that he showed in fact that the contract was illegal and that judgment should have been directed in his favor, and if that be not so that ex'ror was committed in the exclusion of evidence; and, furthex-, that the defendant was not giveix a fair opportunity to pi’esent his defense.

The payees of the note were grain brokers, and at the time of the transactions in qxiestion' the defendant was a large buyer and seller of grain and speculator in that commodity, and they were acting for him. In a statement presented by them to him, covering a period from the 31st day of May, 1898, to the following fourteenth of ¡November, it appeared that on the former date the brokers liad in their hands to the credit of the defendant $263,983.72, and that by various payments and transactions to him and in his behalf that balance, with other credits accruing meanwhile, had been wiped out and that the defendant was indebted to them in the sum of $¡¡>2,021.97. ¡Neither the account nor balance was disputed by the defendant, but being unable to pay, after negotiations, he gave the note in suit, which was accepted.

Some items of “ puts ” or “ calls ” or “ options ” to buy or sell appear in this statement, and defendant insists that he showed that two items charged against him, amounting to more than a quarter of a million of dollars, grew out of optional and concededly illegal contracts, and that hence he more than wiped out the balance for which he had given the note in question, and, therefore, was entitled to a direction of verdict in his favor. We do not concur in this view.

The law of Illinois, which the defendant plead and upon which he relies, is found in the Criminal Code of that State, which reads as follows:

£< Gambling in grain, etc. § 130. Whoever contracts to have or give to himself or another the option to sell or buy, at a future time, any grain, or other commodity,” shall be subject to a fine or imprisonment or both, and all contracts made in violation of this section shall be considered gambling contracts, and shall be Yoid.”

Another section declares that all notes and other obligations, the whole or any part of the consideration for which shall be for money won by gambling, shall be void. The principle upon which these laws are founded. is not peculiar to the State of Illinois, but that being the place of contract we .confine our discussion to the decisions of that State.

The meaning of the term option ” to buy or sell at a future time, as used in the statute, is defined as follows : “ An £ option ’ is what are called, in the peculiar language of the dealers, £ puts ’ and calls.’ A ‘ put ’ is defined to he the £ privilege of delivering or not delivering ’ the thing sold, and a 1 call ’ is defined to be the privilege of calling for or not calling for’ the thing bought. £ Optional contracts’ in this sense, are usually settled by adjusting market values, as the party,having the ‘option’ may elect. It is simply a mode adopted for speculating in differences in market values of grain or other commodities. It must have been in this sense the term ‘ option ’ is used in the statute.” (Pearce v. Foote, 113 Ill. 228.)

The actual purchase or the entering into a contract to actually purchase grain to be delivered at a future day is not within the prohibition of the statute. (Cole v. Milmine, 88 Ill. 349.) It is only where the parties have no intention of receiving or delivering it, but intend to settle by the payment of differences between the contract price and the market price, that the contract is a gambling one and incapable of enforcement. (Jamieson v. Wallace, 167 Ill. 388.) Both parties must concur in this agreement, and the undisclosed intention of one to so treat the contract is immaterial and insufficient to invalidate the contract. (Scanlon v. Warren, 169 Ill. 142.)

The defendant was sworn and produced the statement of November fourteenth rendered to him by the brokers, showing the balance for which he gave the note in question, and proceeded to prove the items which embraced “ puts ” and “ calls ” upon the credit side of the statement as well as upon the debit, marking with a cross as transactions of that character four items upon each side. Thereupon the plaintiff’s attorney stated that “ as to all of those (items) with a cross * * * we will admit they were puts and calls. * * As to the other transactions of wheat, outside of cash transactions, we will admit they were all transactions for the purchase and sale of wheat for future delivery.” To this the defendant’s attorney responded, “I will accept that.” The four items upon the credit side of which the defendant had the benefit in striking the balance amount to $8,541.88, and the four items upon the debit side charged against him amounted to $2,045, making a difference in defendant’s favor of $6,496.88.

The trial court held, and we think correctly, that the note was not invalidated because the statement from which the balance was struck contained an illegal item; but that it was incumbent upon defendant to show that those illegal items changed such balance in defendant’s favor. The items embraced in the statement were not made up of one transaction, but-of many, covering a period of time; and the legal transactions were not made illegal "by the fact that some were bad. Owing to the peculiar allegation of defendant’s answer, the trial court at first ruled that the defendant must confine his proof as to illegal items to those appearing in the statement, and that he could not go back of the credit of $263,000 appearing therein, and show that the dealings from which that arose were gambling contracts. Subsequently, on reflection, lie concluded to change this ruling, and announced to defendant’s counsel that he would permit him to go into all the transactions which made up this credit balance of May thirty-first, and allow him to show, if he could, that by reason of the illegal trades in options this balance should have been greater, and hence that the final balance for which the note was given was affected by such illegal transactions. Thereupon defendant’s attorney produced nearly 200 statements which he claimed showed transactions in puts ” and “ calls ” for more than 100,000,000 bushels of grain. The court suggested that he sort them out and prepare a statement of debit and credit as to the defendant, so that he and the jury could get some intelligent idea of what they contained., The defendant’s attorney announced that this would take time, and the trial was adjourned until the following day, when he came into court and said he had not yet finished the statement, and the court further postponed the trial until the following day. When the trial was resumed the defendant attempted to put in a statement, the correctness of which he did not properly prove, and offered bundles containing hundreds of statements made by the brokers to the defendant, without showing in any manner that they had any relevancy to the credit balance of May thirty-first. In arguing with respect to the admissibility of some of them, the defendant’s counsel claimed that they would show contracts for “ future delivery of wheat.” Finally, the court asked defendant’s counsel whether by introducing the large number of daily statements which he presented he could change the May thirty-first balance in any manner, and he replied that of course he could not; that that was not the theory of the case. And, finally, as an excuse, he stated that it was impossible to make any such statement as the court had suggested, because of the destruction of books which had made the separation of the good and the bad transactions a bookkeeping impossibility.

The defendant had an opportunity to introduce this statement in evidence, and it was his duty to again offer it after the court liad changed his ruling and permitted him to make proof of that character.

The defendant complains that he was not permitted to introduce what are known as his Exhibits “D” and “F” for identification. Exhibit D ” consisted of the 334 papers which defendant’s counsel expressly stated to the court would not change the credit balance in defendant’s favor, and that it was not liis theory of the case to attempt to do so. Exhibit “F” was offered in evidence before the court announced that he would permit the defendant to go into any transactions which might affect the balance of May thirty-first.

The defendant also insists that lie should have been permitted to answer whether it was his own intention to accept delivery of wheat. The question does not call for the fact as to whether or not he communicated his intention to the brokers. If he had intention not to accept delivery and did not communicate that intention to them, the evidence was immaterial. (Scanlon v. Warren, supra.)

The difficulty with defendant’s position on the trial was that he assumed if he showed any illegal item going to make up the balance for which the note was given that destroyed the note, irrespective of the fact as to whether the balance was affected favorably or unfavorably by such illegal item. This is shown not only by the course of the trial, but by the ground of his motion for dismissal of the complaint at the close of the proofs.

The defendant also insists that he showed that the $90,000 item and the $164,000 item charged against him in the statement of November fourteenth arose out of options, and not from the legitimate purchase and sale of wheat. It is true that in some portions of his evidence the defendant uses the word “options.” With respect to the $90,000 he distinctly said that it was a contract for the future delivery of wheat; and in regard to the $164,000 item he says that the statement with respect to that shows a purchase and sale of September wheat. This would imply a sale for future delivery. The question of fact having been left to the court by the motion of both sides for the direction of a verdict without any request on the part of the defendant to go to the jury — even if the express stipulation of the defendant admitting that all of the items of the statement, except those marked with a cross, represented the actual purchase and sale of wheat for future delivery, be not taken against him—the court had the right, if it saw fit, to take the testimony of defendant unfavorable to himself in determining whether the transactions were ie options,” and hence illegal, or for future delivery of grain and hence valid, and his conclusion in that respect should not be disturbed. Besides, the fact that the defendant gave his note in settlement of the account was a concession that the wheat was actuálly bought for him. (Cole v. Milmine, supra.)

We have reviewed the proceedings upon the trial at length, because it is asserted that the defendant did not have a fair opportunity to present his defense. On the contrary, we think the court granted him liberal opportunity. The trial was suspended to enable him to present his documentary evidence to meet the changed ruling in his favor. The defendant’s counsel was apprised of the views of the court and had ample opportunity to meet them. It is said that the attorney was inexperienced. This impression is not created by the record. He had his theory of the defense and persisted in it, and does not appear to have been swerved from it either by the rulings of the court or any remarks addressed to him. •

We have not adverted to the pleadings and the failure to deny that the note was transferred for value, because plaintiffs counsel conceded upon the trial that if the note was bad as to the payee it was bad as to the transferee. The account was presented to the defendant and undisputed by him, and he voluntarily gave His note in liquidation of it, and we do not find that any error was committed upon the trial which calls for a reversal of the judgment which the plaintiff obtained.

Interest was computed on the note at three per cent until its maturity and thereafter at six per cent, and it is claimed that only three per cent should have been allowed, notwithstanding default in payment. The contract having been violated by non-payment, interest thereafter ran by way of damages at the rate allowed by law. (Ferris v. Hard, 135 N. Y. 355.)

The judgment and orders should be affirmed, with costs.

O’Brien, P. J., Patterson, Ingraham and McLaughlin, JJ., concurred.

'Judgment and orders affirmed, with costs. Order filed.