Case ID: ad_26/html/0564-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Goodrich, P. J.:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Conrad Stock, Respondent.
    
      Liquor Tam Law — an offender against its provisions cannot be sentenced to an imprisonment of one day for each dollar of the fine impaid — discharge under a writ of habeas corpus.
    
    The provisions of sections 484 and 718 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, providing that a judgment which imposes a fine may also direct that the criminal he imprisoned until the fine be paid, for a term not to exceed one day for each dollar of the fine, are not applicable to a conviction under the Liquor Tax Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 112, § 81) which makes a sale of liquor by one not having a liquor tax certificate a misdemeanor, punishable by-fine and imprisonment; but. contains no specific authority to sentence the criminal to imprisonment for non-payment of the fine, the latter statute being designed to cover the whole subject, both prescribing the punishment and the manner in which the fine shall be collected.
    Where in such a case a sentence of imprisonment has been imposed for the nonpayment ' of the fine, the prisoner may be released under a writ of habeas corpus.
    ' Appeal by the plaintiff, The People of the State of New York, from an order of the Supreme Court, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Dutchess on the 18th day of December, 1897, directing the sheriff of the county of Dutchess to discharge the defendant from his custody.
    
      George Wood, for the appellant.
    
      Charles A. Hopkins, for the respondent.
   Goodrich, P. J.:

The defendant, Stock, was convicted in the County Court of Dutchess county on December 13, 1897, under section 34 of the Liquor Tax Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 112), of selling liquor without having obtained a liquor tax certificate, and was sentenced to pay a fine of- $300, and in default- of payment, to stand committed to the county jail for a term not to exceed one day for each dollar of the fine. On December eighteenth he was discharged under a writ of habeas corpus, the order being based upon the theory that the statute did not authorize imprisonment for non-payment of the fine. Two questions arise: First, the jurisdiction of the County Court to impose the sentence of imprisonment, and, second, the right of the court to review it upon a writ of habeas corpus."

Section 34 of the Liquor Tax Law (5 R. S. [9th ed.] 3492) provides as follows:

“ § 34. Penalties for violations of this act.—1. Any corporation, association, copartnership or person trafficking in liquors who shall neglect or refuse to make application for a liquor tax certificate or give the bond, or pay the tax imposed as required by this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than two hundred nor more than two thousand dollars, provided such fine shall equal at least twice the amount of the tax for one year, imposed by this act upon the kind of traffic in liquors carried on, where earned on, and may also be imprisoned in a county jail or a penitentiary for the term of not more than one year.”

• This section provides for the infliction of a fine of not less than $200, and, in addition, imprisonment in the county jail for not less •than one year. E does not provide for a commitment to the county jail for a term not to exceed one day for each dollar of the fine, but it is claimed that as the Liquor Law declares the act a misdemeanor, it falls within the provisions of sections 484 and 718 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which read:

“§484. Judgment to pay fine * * * A judgment'that the defendant pay a fine may also direct that he be imprisoned until the fine be satisfied, specifying the extent of the imprisonment, which cannot exceed one day for every one dollar of the fine.”
“§ 718. Judgment of imprisonment, until fine be paid / extent of imprisonment.— A judgment that the defendant pay a fine may, also direct that he be imprisoned until the fine be satisfied, specifying the extent of the imprisonment, which cannot exceed one day' for every one dollar of the fine.”

The question arises whether sections 484 and 718 are applicable to the imprisonment mentioned under section 34 of the Liquor Tax Law, which was passed subsequently to the cited sections of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

Section 36 of the Liquor Tax Law (5 R. S. [9th ed.] 3494) provides that the fine must be docketed as Et judgment against the person convicted, in favor of the State Commissioner of Excise, and if the judgment shall not be paid within five days after the. sentence, ■ the cleric of the county shall issue an execution against the property of the judgment debtor, and that the levy thereunder shall take precedence of any and all liens, mortgages, conveyances or incumbrances, on the property of the judgment debtor, subsequent to the docketing of the judgment; and that no property of the debtor shall be exempt from such levy.and sale, and that- where the debtor has furnished the bond authorized by section 18 of the act, the amount of the judgment may be collected from the sureties on such bond.

The learned judge at Special Term held that the imposition of a fine merely was in no sense a criminal punishment, as the statute-provided that the debtor might be punished by imprisonment in addition to the fine, and that he could not be imprisoned simply for non-payment of the fine. I think this view is correct.

The 34th section of- the Liquor Tax Law provides a specific? punishment for the offense therein defined, and the County Court could resort alone to it and section 36 for the punishment and power to enforce sentence. It contains specific directions for sentence for the offense and must be strictly construed. No specific authority can be found in its provisions for imprisoning the defendant for non-payment of the fine. In this view of the completeness of the statute within itself and of all matters relating to offenses thereunder, I am further confirmed by its provision providing for the giving of a bond by each applicant for a ■ tax certificate. It is true that the offense for which the petitioner was convicted, was that he neither applied for nor obtained the- certificate; but I refer to the bond .simply for the purpose of illustrating the reach, of the statute.

Still further confirmation of this view is found in Matter of N. Y. Institution (121 N. Y. 234, 239), where the court held “that where prior laws are revised and consolidated into a new act, such , act is to be déemed to contain the entire law upon the subject, and that a prior provision of law which is- dropped, is to be regarded as repealed. In Ellis v. Paige (1 Pick. 43) it is said: ‘It is a well-settled rule that when any statute is revised, or one act formed'from another, some parts being omitted, the parts omitted are not to-be revived by construction, but are to be considered as annulled. To hold otherwise would be to impute to the Legislature ¿ross carelessness or ignorance, which is altogether inadmissible.’ In Bartlett v. King (12 Mass. 537) it was held that a subsequent statute revising the whole subject-matter of a former one, and evidently intended as a substitute for it, although it contains no express words to that effect, must, upon principles of law, as well as in reason and common sense, operate to repeal the former .”

' There is authority for holding that, under statutes which define certain offenses as misdemeanor’s, a writ of levari facias may be issued to enforce the payment of. a fine, but these cases arose under statutes which did not contain any specific method of enforcing the collection of the fine.

This subject was before the court in the case of People ex rel. Gately v. Sage (13 App. Div. 135), where, on conviction for assault in the-second degree, the prisoner was sentenced to be imprisoned in the State-prison and.to pay afine of $730, and, in default of payment of the fine, that he be further imprisoned in said State prison until the fine.was paid, not exceeding 730 days. This sentence was pronounced under section 221 of the Penal Code, which provides that the crime shall be punishable “ by imprisonment in a penitentiary or state-prison for a term not exceeding five years, or by a fine of not moréthan one thousand dollars, or both.” In this section there is no-special provision for imprisonment in default of the payment of the-fine, but this is su implemented by section 484, above cited, and this court (p. 137) said: If the judgment cannot direct that the defendant stand committed, after the expiration of five years, till the fine-be paid, the provision that he may both be imprisoned for five years, and fined $1,000 is rendered nugatory.”

In .the case at bar, however, there is a special pi-ovision for the-enforcement of the fine, and this differentiates it from the Sage case..

Turning now to the opinion in Colon v. Lisk (13 App. Div. 195, 204; affd., 153 N. Y. 188), referred to in People v. Sage (supra), this court held that, by the common law, the wilt of levari facias■ to enforce the payment of a fine, was issuable by the common law-on the ground- that “ it was an attribute of sovereignty authorizing the levy for a debt due to the crown by the united process against-the body, the lands and goods of the defendant.” This action was brought under the statute forbidding trespassing on oyster beds. (Chap. 974, Laws of 1895, as amended by chap. 383, Laws of 1896). The statute declared that- any person who violated its provisions should be guilty of a misdemeanor. There was in this statute no provision for the issuing of an execution to enforce the payment of the fine, although the vessel and property used in the commission of the offense were made liable to seizure and sale. As the statute declared the offense a misdemeanor, recourse must be had to the sections of the Criminal Code, already cited (484 and 718), and to section 15 of the Penal Code, which reads : “ A person convicted of a crime declared to be a misdemeanor,for which no other punishment is specially prescribed by this Code, or by any other statutory provision in force at the time of the conviction and sentence, is punishable by imprisonment in a penitentiary or county jail for not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, or by both.”

The case at bar again differs from this case in the important fact that specific provision is made in the Liquor Tax Act for the collection of the fine. The personal liberty of the prisoner being involved, I think the statute must be strictly construed, and that it does not authorize any commitment of a prisoner for non-payment of the fine imposed.

Second. I have no doubt that the question involved may be properly adjudicated upon a writ of habeas corpus, for the reason that the trial court had no jurisdiction or power, under the Liquor Tax Law, to impose a sentence of imprisonment for non-payment- of the fine.

In the case of People ex rel. Tweed v. Liscomb (60 N. Y. 559) the court held that where the record shows that the judgment is not merely erroneous, but is such as could not, under any circumstances, or upon any state of facts, have been pronounced, the case is not within the exemption of the Habeas Corpus Act, excluding from its benefits persons committed by virtue of a judgment or decree of a competent- tribunal, or if it appear that the judgment is in excéss of-that which by law the court had power to make, it is void for the excess, and can be so declared, and that the prisoner was entitled to discharge under habeas corpus.

A similar doctrine was announced by the Supreme Court of the_ United States in Ex parte Lange (85 U. S. 163). In that case the court below had imposed a fine and imprisonment, where it had power only to impose a line or imprisonment, and the fine had been paid. The court held that the prisoner, having paid the fine, was entitled to discharge under habeas corpus, and that the judgment of the court below, that is, the fine, having been executed so as to be a full satisfaction of one of the alternative penalties of the law, the power of that court as to that offense was at an end.

In the present proceeding the judgment or the sentence of fine, as shown by the record, was pursued to its end by the entry of the judgment against the defendant therein and the issuance of an execution for the collection thereof. Under these circumstances, the defendant was not held or detained by virtue of the judgment or decree of any competent tribunal, in which case the writ of habeas corpus would not lie.

Since the foregoing was written, an opinion has been published in the case of People ex rel. Bedell v. Kinney (24 App. Div. 309), where a party was imprisoned under a similar sentence, and a writ of habeas corpus was issued before the expiration of six months’ imprisonment. The Appellate Division of the fourth department reversed the order discharging the relator from imprisonment, but only on the ground that the writ was issued before the expiration of term of imprisonment, and was, therefore, premature, without referring to the question herein considered. Mr. Justice Ward, however, wrote a dissenting opinion, in which he discussed the question involved in the foregoing opinion and arrived at a conclusion similar to my own.

The order of the Special Term should be affirmed.

All concurred.

Order discharging relator affirmed.