Case ID: ny-st-rep_48/html/0920-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "O’Brien, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Herman J. Von Kamen, App’lt, v. Diederich Roes, Resp’t.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, First Department,
    
    
      Filed October 20, 1892.)
    
    1. Bills and notes—Evidence.
    In an action on a note, the defense being that it was not given for value, but merely as evidence of a payment under an agreement to purchase defendant’s store at a stipulated price, and also for services rendered as clerk, in such store, the defense being that it was for plaintiff’s own benefit under the agreement, it is proper to allow defendant to testify as to the reasonable value of the store, when the only purpose of the evidence is to show the circumstances connected with fhe transaction.
    3. Same.
    In such case the evidence showed that plaintiff and B., his co-contractor, having made default in the terms of the contract for the purchase of the store, it was sold to a third person, and defendant, on cross-examination, was asked what he had said at the time of sale in regard to the unpaid balance. Held, that, though objectionable, as calling for the acts- and declarations of It., in the absence of evidence showing that he was the agent or partner, or had some relation by which his acts or declarations, were binding upon the plaintiff, it was not prejudicial, because no acts or declara ions of R. were testified to by the witness.
    3. Statute of frauds—Executory contract.
    Evidence of an agreement to buy property, part cash and the balance to-be paid within two years, and, in case of default, the seller to repossess himself of the property, and the buyer to forfeit all claim thereto, as well as to any money paid on account of such purchase, negatives the contention that the provision in regard to default was an executory contract, distinct from the contract of sale, and not to be performed within one-year.
    4. Evidence—Objections.
    An objection to evidence as irrelevant so far as it concerns a co-contractor with one of the parties, who is not a party to the action, is bad in, form.
    Appeal from a judgment entered upon a verdict of a jury in favor of the respondent, and from an order denying a motion for a new trial.
    
      Bernard, J. Isecke and George H. Kracht, for app’lt; A. H. Berrido, for resp’t.
   O’Brien, J.

The plaintiff brought this action to recover the sum of $200, alleged to be due on a promissory note made by the defendant, and also to recover the further sum of $366, for servicés rendered as clerk in defendant’s grocery store. The answer admitted the making of the note, but denied that the same was made for value, and alleged a want of consideration, and that the same was given to plaintiff for his accommodation. There was in addition a general detdal of all allegations constituting plaintiff’s cause of action; and by the twelfth paragraph of the answer, except as specifically admitted, the defendant denied each and every allegation in the complaint.

In addition to these denials, there are a number of separate defenses set up in the answer, giving a version of the relation of the parties to each other, differing from that in the complaint,, and also setting up a counterclaim. This latter, however, waa stricken out by the court below; and no harm would have resulted had he stricken out every other allegation of the answer except the first, second, third and twelfth paragraphs, already referred to. From these it would appear that the note in question and the services performed were the result of an arrangement or agreement under which a grocery store, formerly owned by the defendant, was to be transferred to the plaintiff and one Henry Roes, in consideration of the sum of $4,000, payable in two years: $200 of which was paid at the time the note sued upon was made and delivered to the plaintiff for his accommodation, and as evidence of a payment under the agreement. Upon the issues thus raised by the pleadings, as to whether or not the-note was given by the defendant to the plaintiff for value, and a© to whether or not the defendant employed the" plaintiff as his clerk, or whether the latter performed the services for which a recovery was sought under an arrangement by which he purchased ■the grocery store, and was running it for the benefit of himself .ami Henry Roes, the testimony was conflicting, and not so preponderating in favor of plaintiff that it could be said he was entitled either to a direction in his favor or, after the verdict, to have it set aside upon the ground that it was against the weight •of evidence.

This leaves us to consider questions raised upon exceptions taken to the admission. and exclusion of evidence. Upon the •defendant’s examination, he was-asked whether or not $4,000 was a reasonable price for the store; to which objection was made that it was immaterial and irrelevant; and the defendant having been allowed to answer, it is now insisted by the appellant that it was error. The reason urged ior this view is that, as the defendant claimed there was an •express contract of sale for a stipulated sum, it was immaterial, in the absence of fraud, what the value of the store was. Were this an action to recover the stipulated sum, we should agree entirely with the appellant It must be remembered, however, that any claim by reason-of this contract, which was set up by way of counterclaim, had been stricken out prior to such testimony by the court; and the purpose of the evidence, as shown by the offer and the ruling of the court, was not to establish a counter•claim, or introduce evidence of damage, but to show the circumstances connected with the transaction, .one of which, and by no means an immaterial one, was as to the value of the -store at the time the alleged agreement of sale was made.

The next assignment of error relates to the admission of evidence of acts or declarations of Henry Roes, an alleged co-contractor. The defendant was asked whether the plaintiff or Roes over paid him any money on account of the store, outside of the 1&200. This was objected to by plaintiff’s counsel, so far as Roes Is concerned, as irrelevant. The ground of the objection is emphasized by the court asking whether the only objection was so far as Roes was concerned. The form of this objection was bad. Henry Roes was not a party to the action, was not represented upon the trial, and no one was in a position to take an objection so far as he was concerned, not even the plaintiff. There might have been some force in the objection if it had been put upon ■the ground thát no act of Henry Roes in making payment was relevant or binding upon the plaintiff.

The record also shows that the witness was allowed to testify .•as to whether or not he ever had a conversation with Yon Kamen ■or Roes, and what was said about paying for goods by either of them. As no objection or exception was taken to the question, it is not before us for review. The evidence shows that the plaintiff and Henry Roes having made default in the terms of the contract for the purchase of the store, it was subsequently sold to a third party. During the course of the defendant's examination he was asked:

“At the time you sold the store, what did you say to -Mr. Yon Kamen or Roes, your nephew, about the unpaid balance ? ” This was objected to as irrelevant and immaterial. The criticism made of a former objection applies also here. The form of the objection was bad, and no harm resulted, because no testimony was given of anything that was said by Roes to the defendant Therefore, even though the question was objectionable, as calling for the acts and declarations of Henry Roes, in the absence of evidence showing that Roes was the agent or partner, or had some relation by which his acts or declarations were binding upon the plaintiff, -no harm was done, because no acts or declarations- of Henry Roes were testified to by the witness.

The next point presented is the claim of error in allowing oral evidence of what was said at the time of making the note. Whatever may have been the old rule in respect to varying the terms of a promissory note, it is clear that the law of this state supports the view expressed in Daniel on Negotiable Instruments, 90, § 81a, that “ it has been- held that it is competent to show by paroi that at the time a note was made it was agreed that it should be held for nothing on the happening of a certain event.” A more felicitous statement of what we regard the rule to be is stated in Story on Promissory Notes, § 190, that “ the total or partial want ■or failure of consideration, or illegality of consideration, may be insisted upon as a defense or bar between any of the immediate or ■original parties to the contract For example, it is a good defense ■or bar to an action between these parties that the note is a mere accommodation bill, that the maker is a mere accommodation maker, and the payee an accommodation indorser.”

The next error claimed was the admission of evidence of an agreement whereby, in case of failure on the part of the plaintiff and Henry Roes to pay $3,600 to defendant at the expiration of two years, they were to forfeit the store and all moneys paid thereon. .It is insisted that as this was an executory agreement, separate and distinct from the agreement of sale, and was not to be performed within one year, it could not be proven, because not constituting a legal contract; that no consideration was shown to support it; and that, inasmuch as the agreement of forfeiture provides for a penalty, the latter could not be insisted upon. Jf, however, we take the defendant’s version of the transaction, there was a contract whereby he was to sell, and the plaintiff with, another was to purchase, a grocery store, stock and fixtures, for :$4,000, of which $400 was paid in cash, and the balance was to be paid within two years, and, in case of default in the payment of ■this balance, defendant was to repossess himself of the store, and plaintiff and his partner were to forfeit all claim thereto, as well as to any moneys paid on account of such purchase. This negatives the contention of appellant that it was an executory contract, separate and distinct from the contract of sale, or one without consideration. In regard to forfeiture, it is always competent for the parties to settle between themselves by agreement the damages to be paid on breach of a contract. Clement v. Cash, 21 N. Y., 256. The general rule requires that what the parties themselves prescribí as a forfeiture shall be so treated. Colwell v. Lawrence, 38 N. Y., 71; Noyes v. Phillips, 60 id., 408; Kemp v. Ice Co. id., 45 ; Little v. Banks, 85 id., 258. In the absence of any agreement by which provision was made for defendant retaining the money in the event of plaintiff, and the one interested with him, not having completed their contract by paying the balance, the cases are uniform in holding that the monejr so paid could be retained by the defendant, and could not, under the circumstances, be recovered back in an action by the plaintiff. The reason for this rule of law is well stated in Lawrence v. Miller, 86 N. Y., 131, wherein it-is said: “The defendant came by it, that is, the money,, rightfully, in pursuance of a contract lawfully made between competent parties. He has made no breach of that contract. ( He has failed in no duty to the vendee. Wherefore, then, should he give up that which was rightfully his own? When and whereby did it cease to be his and to be due to the vendee ? If the contract had been kept by both parties, the money paid would still be his of right. The contract would have been kept, but for the breach of it by the veiidee. To allow a recovery of this money would be to sustain an action by a party on his own breach of his own contract, which the law does not allow.” Havens v. Patterson, 43 N. Y., 218; Chande v. Shepard, 122 id., 402 ; 33 St. Rep., 725; Brewer v. Ford, 35 St. Rep., 967. Our examination of the objections relied upon by the appellant has not convinced us that any error was committed upon the trial, and we think that the judgment and order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.

Van Brunt, P. J., and Patterson, J., concur.