Case ID: va_32/html/0224-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "CARR, J. TUCKER, P.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

*Brugh v. Shanks.
    July, 1833,
    Lewisburg.
    (Absent Brooke and Green, J.)
    New Trial — New Evidence — Impeachment ot Witness.— A new trial ought not to be granted, to enable the party against whom the verdict is rendered, to-impeach the credit of a witness examined at the trial.
    Same — Verdict Contrary to Weight of Evidence. — A. new trial asked on the ground that the verdict is. contrary to evidence, ought to be granted only in the case of a plain deviation from right and justice; not in a doubtful case, merely because the court, if of the jury, would have given a different verdict.
    Same — Conflicting Testimony. — Where there is conflicting testimony. and the jury has to decide on the credit of witnesses, the power of the court to grant a new trial, ought to be very cautiously exercised.
    Same — Verdict Contrary to Evidence — Appellate Practice. -A new trial, asked on the ground that the verdict is contrary to evidence, is denied: the opinion of the court which tried the cause, on such a point, is entitled to peculiar respect in an appellate court.
    Tort Action — Damages—Interest on. jn an action for a tort, jury finds verdict for plaintiff, assessing his damages to $400, and allowing interest thereon &c. and court gives judgment for the damages, with interest &c. Held, it was error to give interest on the damages; and for this cause the judgment shall be reversed; but judgment shall be entered for the damages assessed, without interest.
    This was an action for fraud and deceit in the sale of a slave, brought by Brugh against Shanks, in the county court of Botetourt. The declaration charged, that the defendant sold the slave to the plaintiff for a full price, knowing the slave to be of unsound health at the time, and fraudulently concealing the defect from the plaintiff. Plea not guilty. There were two trials of the issue, upon which the juries could not agree in a verdict. At the third and last trial, the plaintiff introduced a new witness to prove the defendant’s knowledge of the unsoundness of the slave at the time of sale; and the jury found a verdict for the plaintiff in these words —“We of the jury find the defendant guilty of the trespass in the declaration mentioned, and we assess the plaintiff’s damages by reason thereof to 400 dollars, and *we allow on the said damages interest from the 21st September 1824 till paid.” Whereupon the defendant moved the court to set aside the verdict, and direct a new trial, on two grounds: 1st, that the verdict had been obtained by surprize; to prove which, he made affidavit that the new witness introduced for the plaintiff at this trial, had sworn falsely, and that if the defendant had known this witness was to be called, and what he was to prove, he could have disproved the facts testified by him : 2ndly, that the verdict was contrary to the evidence. The court overruled the motion for a new trial, and the defendant filed a bill of exceptions setting out the evidence given at the trial. The court gave judgment for the plaintiff, according to the verdict of the jury, for 400 dollars, with interest from the 21st September 1824. The defendant appealed from the judgment ; and the circuit superiour court reversed it, and remanded the cause to the county court for a new trial. The plaintiff then applied to this court for a supersedeas to the judgment of reversal; which was allowed.
    Peyton and Woodville, for the plaintiff in error.
    Johnson, for the defendant.
    
      
      New Trial — New Evidence — Impeachment of Witness. — When the sole object of new evidence is to discredit or impeach a witness on the opposite side, the general rule Is, subject to rare exception, to refuse a new trial. Carder v. Bank, 34 W. Va. 42, 11 S. E. Rep. 717 ; Gillilan v. Ludinglon, 6 W. Va. 145, both citing the principal case. See also, Thompson v. Com., 8 Gratt. 637, and foot-note ; monographic note on “New Trials.”
    
    
      
      Same — Verdict Contrary to Weight of Evidence — When a motion is made for a new trial on the ground of a verdict contrary to evidence, the court to whom that motion is addressed has heard all the evidence, and seen the manner in which it was. given; yet even that court'ought not to grant a new trial, unless in a case “of a plain deviation and not of a doubtful one, merely because the court, if on the j ury, would have given a different verdict; since that would be to assume the province of the jury, whom the law has appointed the triers.” In Callaghan v. Kippers, 7 Leigh 612, it is said that this-rule laid down by Judge Roane in Ross v. Overton, 3 Call 319, has been often repeated, especially in the principal case.
      See further, foot-note to Ross v. Overton, 3 Call 309; foot-note to Hill v. Com., 2 Gratt. 595 ; foot-note to Grayson v. Com., 6 Gratt. 712 ; monographic note on “New Trials.”
    
    
      
      Same — Same—Appellate Practice. — This rule (i. e., that a new trial ought to be granted, on the ground that the verdict was contrary to evidence, only in case “of a plain deviation, and not in a doubtful one, merely because the court, if on the jury, would have given a different verdict”) applies a fortiori to an appellate court; for in such a court, there Is superadded to the weight which must always be given to the verdict of a jury fairly rendered, that of the opinion of the judge who presided at the trial, which is always entitled to peculiar respect upon the question of a new trial asked upon the ground that the verdict is not warranted by the evidence. See, citing the principal case, Blosser v. Harshbarger, 21 Gratt. 216; Montague v. Allan, 78 Va. 598; Kimball v. Friend, 95 Va. 143, 144, 27 S. E. Rep. 901; Miller v. Ins. Co., 12 W. Va. 125: Black v. Thomas, 21 W. Va. 713 ; State v. Baker, 33 W. Va. 336, 10 S. E. Rep. 645; Slaughter v. Tutt, 12 Leigh 159, 160; foot-note to Bell v. Alexander, 21 Gratt. 1; Hilb v. Peyton, 22 Gratt. 569; Read v. Com.. 22 Gratt. 942 ; foot-note to Slaughter v. Com., 1 Leigh 681; foot-note to Hill v. Com., 2 Gratt. 595; foot-note to Grayson v. Com., 6 Gratt. 712. See also, Martin v. Thayer, 37 W. Va. 59, 16 S. E. Rep. 496, citing the principal case.
      In Noell v. Noell, 93 Va. 439, 25 S. E. Rep. 242, It is said: “The remaining assignment of error is to the refusal of the court to set aside the verdict as contrary to the law and the evidence. From what has been said as to the evidence, it sufficiently appears that the verdict was not plainly against the evidence, or without evidence to sustain it; and this being so, this court would not be justified in interfering with it. Brugh v. Shanks, 5 Leigh 598; Hill’s Case. 2 Gratt. 595; Grayson’s Case, 6 Gratt. 712; Blosser v. Harshbarger, 21 Gratt. 214; and Pryor’s Case. 27 Gratt. 1009.”
      See further, monographic note on “New Trials.”
      Same — Same —Same—Evidence Conflicting. — Upon familiar principles, recognized and approved in numerous cases, when there is a conllictof evidence, an appellate court will never set aside a verdict where the court which tried the cause and heard the witnesses concurs with the jury and has refused a new trial. Caldwell v. Craig, 21 Gratt. 136, citing the principal case; Coleman v. Moody, 4 H. & M. 1, 18, and Grayson’s Case, 6 Gratt. 724. Tothesame effect, see the principal case cited in Steptoe v. Flood, 31 Gratt. 342: Michie v. Cochran, 93 Va. 646, 25 S. E. Rep. 884; foot-note to Patteson v. Ford, 2 Gratt. 18; foot-note to Hill v. Com., 2 Gratt. 595; foot-note to Grayson v. Com., 6 Gratt. 712.
      In Muse v. Stern, 82 Va. 39, the lower court set aside a verdict for the plaintiff and granted a new trial, whereupon the plaintiff excepted. In reviewing the action of the lower court, the court of appeals said: “It seems, however, to be assumed that if we look to the evidence in this case we must affirm the verdict. To this we do not assent. For whilst great weight is always — and justly — attributed to the verdict of a jury in a case where the evidence is conflicting and the credibility of witnesses is involved; and whilst the power of the court to grant a new trial, because the verdict is contrary to the evidence, should be very cautiously exercised, and never in a doubtful case merely because the court, if on the jury, would have given a different verdict; yet we believe it cannot be .successfully controverted that the power exists. Ross v. Overton, 3 Call 319; Brugh v. Shanks, 5 Leigh 598; Green v. Ashby, 6 Leigh 150; Patteson v. Ford, 2 Gratt. 23; Hill’s Case, 2 Gratt. 595; Downer & Co. v. Morrison, 2 Gratt. 240. And that in a proper case— that is, where the verdict is clearly contrary to the law and evidence — it should be exercised.” See also, Martin v. Thayer, 37 W. Va. 59, 16 S. E. Rep. 496, citing the principal case.
      See further, monographic note on “New Trials.”
    
    
      
      Tort Action — Damages—Interest on. — See mono-graphic note on “Interest” appended to Fred v. Dixon, 27 Gratt. 541.
    
   CARR, J.

The motion for the new trial so far as it was founded on the ground of surprize, was properly overruled; for it is well settled, that a venire de novo shall not be allowed to enable the party to impeach the credit of a witness examined at the trial. Ford v. Tilly, 2 Salk. 653; Bunn v. Hoyt, 3 Johns. Rep. 255; Duryee v. Denison, 5 Johns. Rep. 248.

The other point is of more importance; the motion to set aside the verdict of the jury, as being contrary to the evidence. The jury are exclusively the triers of fact. The admissibility of evidence is with the court, but its weight wholly with the jury. I mention this, not as denying the power of the court to grant a new trial, because a verdict is against evidence, but to shew how cautiously it should interfere on this ground, lest it trench upon the legitimate ^powers of the jury. This caution is inculcated by many cases in our books. Thus, in Ross v. Overton, 3 Call 319, judge Roane, delivering the opinion of the court, and speaking of the course to be pursued in interfering with awards, ■ — says,—“We ought to place ourselves in the state of a court applied to, to grant a new trial, because the verdict is contrary to evidence; which ought to be granted only in a case of a plain deviation, and not in a doubtful one, merely because the court, if on the jury, would have given a different verdict; since that would be to assume the province of the jury, whom the law has appointed the triers.” These remarks are applied to the court which presides at the trial, and has all the advantages (possessed by the jury) of seeing and hearing the witnesses: how much more strongly do they apply to an appellate court, deprived of these all important aids in eviscerating truth? But here they apply a multo fortiori ; for not only have the triers appointed by law, found the verdict, but the court, which heard the witnesses has refused the new trial. In such a case, the “deviation” must be gross and palpable indeed, before I could agree to interfere with the verdict. Now, without going into a particular examination of the facts, I shall say, that there is no such deviation in this case: on the contrary, I incline to think, that the facts shew, that the slave was diseased at the time of the sale, and that the defendant knowing that fact, concealed it. Perhaps, as a juror, I might have hesitated to find the verdict this jury found; but, assuredly, I should not, as the presiding court, have set aside its verdict as, against evidence; and much less, as an appellate court, can I agree to disturb it. Therefore, I am clearly of opinion, that the judgment of the circuit superiour court must be reversed.

But what shall we do with the judgment of the county court? We must, I think, let the reversal of that stand, for the judgment is rendered for the damages assessed, with interest thereon from the sale of the slave. This interest, if the action had been founded on contract, might have been given, but being founded, wholly and clearly, in tort, is unquestionably erroneous. Must we set aside the verdict too? *for that also gives the interest. This is the only question in the cause, on which I have felt doubt. Upon the scanty examination, which (almost without the aid of books) I have been able to give it, I have come to the conclusion, that we are not obliged to set it aside, but may correct it, as the county court should have done, by entering judgment for the damages, and rejecting the rest of the verdict, as surplusage. This doctrine will be found in Garrard v. Henry, 6 Rand. 110, and the cases there cited, and also in Austin’s ex’or v. Jones, Gilm. 341. The general rule is, that a verdict against the admissions of the parties, express or implied, in their pleadings, or out of the issue, is void for so much, and the court, disregarding such matter, will give such judgment as, upon the pleadings, and so much of the verdict as is within the issue, may be proper. Now, upon the pleadings and admissions of the parties, this is clearly an action of tort; and in such an action, the jury has no more to do with interest than with any other subject, however disconnected with the issue. Suppose it had said, “We find for the plaintiff and assess his damages to 400 dollars; we also allow that the plaintiff shall recover of the defendant a horse of the value of 100 dollars:” could not this latter part of the finding be rejected, and a judgment rendered for the damages? Here, the jury said, “We find the defendant guilty &c. and assess the plaintiff’s damages by occasion thereof to 400 dollars,” (here is a perfect verdict; but it adds) “and we allow on the said damages, interest from 21st September 1824 till paid.” May not this be separated from the sound part of the verdict, and judgment rendered for the damages alone? Such, I think, is the language both of reason and authority.

CABELL, J., concurred.

TUCKER, P.

There are certain well established principles, which leave no doubt, I think, that a new trial ought not have been granted, in this case, on the ground that the verdict was contrary to the evidence. The case was, in all ^respects, emphatically, a jury case. It involved a question of fraud, and of course a question of character, of which a jury is presumed to be best conusant. It rested, in its very nature, upon the credibility of the witnesses, and was embarrassed by conflicting and contradictory testimony. It had been already tried before two juries, which had found the scales of justice hang so evenly, and the evidence so doubtful, that they w.ere divided in opinion, and could agree upon no verdict. New testimony was introduced upon this last trial, and the jury now sworn was relieved of all difficulty. In this state of things, to have administered to the litigious passions of the party, by granting a new trial, or to have given him another chance of. trying a question thus deliberately settled by the proper tribunal, would have been contrary to the best established principles. The court, whose duty it is to superintend the trial, and decide upon the law of the case, ought not rashly to invade the province of the jury, to which belongs the power of deciding upon the facts, — upon the weight of evidence, and the credibility of witnesses. And though we cannot accede to the broad proposition, that a new trial will never be granted if the evidence is contradictory (anon. 1 Wils. 22, Swain v. Hall, 3 Wils. 47), yet we have the best authority for saying, that it is a power which should be very cautiously exercised, “when a court” (says judge Roane, in Ross v. Overton) “is applied to, to grant a new trial, because the verdict is contrary to evidence, it ought to do so only in case of plain deviation, and not in a doubtful case, merely because the court, if on the jury, would have given a different verdict; since that would be to assume the province of the jury whom the law has appointed the triers.” That this is not a clear case, in favor of the defendant at least, is evinced by the fact, that there were two divided juries, before the introduction of an important witness, whose testimony appears to have established, beyond question, the fact of the scienter, so difficult, yet so important to be ascertained. Who can say, upon reading the statement of facts, that there has been a plain deviation from the evidence on the part of the jury? Who *can say, that it presents even a doubtful question, since the introduction of the decisive testimony of the new witness? Even without that testimony, two juries found no warrant for exonerating the defendant from the fraud imputed to him. Since its introduction, who can say, that the jury has plainly erred (if it believed his testimony) in convicting the defendant of the deceit? I, for one, cannot.

If, then, we were sitting as the county court, we should be bound to reject this motion. That court was bound to respect the opinion of the jury: and so are we. But we have the further obligation to respect the opinion of the court. I have always been of opinion, that, unless in a very glaring case, an appellate court ought not to interfere though the evidence be spread upon the record, where the court which tried the cause, and heard the witnesses examined, has concurred with the jury in opinion, and has refused a new trial. That court may be presumed better qualified to determine as to the credit of the witnesses, than the court of error. This principle has been repeatedly recognized by our predecessors in various shapes. It was acted upon in the case of Home v. Richards, 2 Call 507, where, in a mill case, the witnesses being divided, and the county and district courts, which sat in the neighbourhood, having decided in favor of the petitioner, the court of appeals seem, as of course, to have affirmed the judgment, though it too, at that time, had the advantage of an oral examination of the witnesses. In Coleman v. Moody, 4 Hen. & Munf. 18, (another mill case) judge Roane said, — ‘“If the testimony were doubtful, he should certainly respect the concurring judgments of the county and district courts; tribunals sitting in the neighbourhood,” and therefore presumed to have superiour advantages in the estimate of the weight and credibility of testimony. In Chancy v. Saunders, 3 Munf. 51, a witness was objected to as incompetent to give evidence against a white man, on the ground that his material grandfather was s. negro. Evidence was examined as to this point, and spread upon the record by a bill of exceptions. The county court rejected the witness; the ^district court pronounced him competent; but this court reversed that decision, and affirmed the decision of the county court, “because the testimony was contradictory, and involved the credibility of witnesses, and because the county court, in examining those witnesses, had lights arising from the manner of giving testimony, and from other extraneous circumstances, which neither this court nor the district court, in its appellate character, possessed in an equal degree. In Burnett v. Hardaway, 6 Munf. 129, these principles are set forth with additional strength and clearness by judge Roane. And in the much considered case of Harriss’s will, recently decided, the judges thought that no little weight should be given to the superiour opportunities enjoyed by the county' court, in deciding upon the vreight and credibility of witnesses, in the midst of who- they live. It is true the facts and not the evidence are now certified by the court; but as the court is still left from the facts found to infer other facts, the court which hears the trial, must still have great advantages. Thus, in the present case, different witnesses establish different facts in reference to the negro’s health. Whose opinion is most to be confided in, must be best known to the court which heard them. I should be clearly of opinion, if I even doubted the correctness of the verdict, that we should not venture to disturb it. But, in truth, I consider it strongly sustained by' the facts set forth in the exceptions.

Upon the other ground, I have had more doubt; but, upon the whole, I incline to think the county court was right. Without recapitulating what has been said, or the authorities cited on this point, by judge Carr, I will remark, that this cause had been depending four years. It had been tried before two juries, and had been continued many times, though it does not appear whether generally or on the motion of the parties. It was not unreasonable, therefore, that the court should require the most ample evidence of surprize, before it disturbed the verdict of the jury'. The affidavit is certainly not satisfactory. It is contradictory in itself; and I should be apt to infer from it, that the defendant *had been informed of the testimony which the witness might give; and if he was so informed, he ought to have known, that so important a witness would probably be examined; he ought, at least, to have inquired, whether he was in attendance as a witness. There would be no end to a trial, if a party were permitted to get a new trial at pleasure, upon the allegation that he did not know a witness would be examined, although he did know that he could prove an important fact.

The only error I perceive in the case, is the error as to the judgment for interest. The jury had n'o right to allow interest. It was not within its province or power. It has meddled with a matter with which it had no concern. The verdict as to the interest is therefore impertinent, and mere surplusage, and that part of it should have been disregarded by the county court. It was not such an error as required or Justified a venire de novo. It stands so disconnected with what is substantially good in the verdict, that it may be severed and rejected without difficulty. Utile per inutile non vitiatur. If in an action of assault and battery a jury should find SOO dollars damages, with interest from the date of the beating, I cannot think, that, instead of rejecting the impertinent matter, the parties should be put to the expense and trouble of a new trial, and the plaintiff exposed to the hazard of an abatement of his suit by death before a second trial. If even what might be relevant and proper, if it had been put in issue, will be rejected as surplusage, because it was not put in issue, a fortiori, that ought to be so rejected, which could, under' no circumstances, be relevant or proper, and is expressly against the principles of law.

The judgment of the circuit superiour court is to be reversed, but the judgment of the county court being also erroneous, that too must be reversed, and the proper judgment entered, for the damages without interest.