Case ID: f-supp-2d_909/html/0259-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "SWEET, District Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

In re BEAR STEARNS COMPANIES, INC. SECURITIES, DERIVATIVE, AND ERISA LITIGATION
    This Document Relates To 08 Civ. 2793.
    No. 08 MDL 1963.
    United States District Court, S.D. New York.
    Nov. 9, 2012.
    
      Patrick T. Egan, Esq., John H. Sutter, Esq., Berman DeValerio, Boston, MA, Joseph J. Tabacco, Jr., Esq., San Francisco, CA, Thomas A. Dubbs, Esq., James W. Johnson, Esq., Craig A. Martin, Esq., La-baton Sucharow LLP, New York, NY, Co-Lead Counsel and Attorneys for Lead Plaintiff State of Michigan Retirement Systems and the Proposed Class.
    Eric S. Goldstein, Esq., Brad S. Carp, Esq., Daniel J. Toal, Esq., Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, New York, NY, Attorneys for Defendant The Bear Stearns Companies Inc.
    
      Thomas G. Rafferty, Esq., Antony L. Ryan, Esq., Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, New York, NY, Attorneys for Defendant Deloitte & Touche LLP.
    David S. Frankel, Esq., Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, New York, NY, Attorneys for Defendant James E. Cayne.
    Jay B. Kasner, Esq., Susan Saltzstein, Esq., Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, New York, NY, Constance M. Ewing, Esq., David G. Russel, Esq., Parker, Hudson, Rainer & Dobbs LLP, Atlanta, GA, Attorneys for Defendant Alan D. Schwartz.
    Pamela R. Chepiga, Esq., Allie Cheat-ham, Esq., Allen & Overy LLP, New York, NY, Attorneys for Defendant Samuel L. Molinaro, Jr.
    Alan R. Glickman, Esq., Christopher H. Giampapa, Esq., Gary Stein, Esq., Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP, New York, NY, Attorneys for Defendant Alan C. Greenberg.
    David B. Anders, Esq., Meredith L. Turner, Esq., Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, New York, NY, Attorneys for Defendant Warren J. Spector.
    Jeffrey P. Wade, Esq., Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP, Scott D. Corrigan, Esq., Wig-gin & Dana LLP, New York, NY, Attorneys for Defendant Michael Alix.
    Michael R. Young, Esq., Antonio Yanez, Jr., Esq., Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP, New York, NY, Attorneys for Defendant Jeffrey M. Farber.
   OPINION

SWEET, District Judge.

Lead plaintiff The State of Michigan Retirement Systems has moved for orders (i) granting final approval of the proposed settlement (“Settlement”) with the Bear Stearns Defendants and defendant Deloitte & Touche LLP (“Deloitte” and, collectively with the Beam Stearns Defendants, the “Defendants”); (ii) granting certification of the proposed settlement class (“Settlement Class”); and (iii) approving the proposed plan of allocation (“Plan of Allocation”), On the same day, co-lead counsel for Lead Plaintiff, Berman DeValerio and Labaton Sucharow LLP (collectively, “Class Counsel”), moved for orders; (i) awarding attorneys’ fees; (ii) reimbursing litigation expenses incurred by Class Counsel; and (iii) reimbursing Lead Plaintiff for its reasonable costs and expenses. The motions were heard on September 19, 2012.

For the reasons set forth below, the motions are granted, and the objections to the Settlement are overruled.

I. Prior Proceedings

By order dated August 18, 2008, the MDL Panel assigned to this Court a number of actions filed in the United States District Courts for the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York arising from the collapse of investment bank Bear Stearns in March 2008. On January 6, 2009, an Order was issued consolidating all of these actions. The Order appointed lead counsel and lead plaintiffs for each of the three species of actions comprising the consolidated set: (1) those asserting securities claims, (2) those asserting derivative claims and (3) those asserting ERISA claims.

On February 27, 2009, lead plaintiff for the securities actions, The State of Michigan Retirement Systems (“Lead Plaintiff’), filed a consolidated class action complaint (“Complaint”) alleging, inter alia, that Defendants had violated federal securities law in that they (i) defrauded investors by overstating the value of Bear Stearns’ assets and understating the risks entailed in those assets; and (ii) misled investors concerning the company’s liquidity problems. The Complaint alleges that, as a result of these misleading statements, Bear Stearns’ stock price was artificially inflated during the Class Period, thereby harming all those who purchased the company’s stock during that time frame. See Lead Plaintiffs Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Final Approval of the Proposed Class Action Settlements with Bear Stearns Defendants and Deloitte & Touche LLP, the Proposed Plan of Allocation, and Final Certification of the Settlement Class (“PI. Mem.”) at 2-3.

In April 2009, Defendants filed motions to dismiss, which were denied on January 19, 2011. See In re Bear Stearns Cos., Inc., Sec. Derivative and ERISA Litig., 763 F.Supp.2d 423 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (“Bear Steams I”). Thereafter, the parties engaged in extensive discovery, leading to the production of approximately nine million documents by Defendants and various non-parties, and nearly 180,000 pages by Plaintiffs. See Joint Declaration of Joseph Tabacco, Jr. and Thomas A. Dubbs in Support of (a) Lead Plaintiffs Motion for Final Approval of Class Action Settlements and Plan of Allocation and (b) Co-Lead Counsel’s Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and Reimbursement of Litigation Expenses (Aug. 15, 2012) (“Joint Deck”) at 9, 14.

In May 2012, settlement discussions that had previously stalled in November 2009 were revived with the assistance of a mediator, and by June 2012, proposed settlements had been reached with both the Bear Stearns Defendants and Deloitte (“the Settlements”). See Notice of Lead Plaintiffs Unopposed Motion for Preliminary Approval of Partial Settlement, Approval of Notice to the Settlement Class and Certification of the Settlement Class for Settlement Purposes (June 7, 2012) [Bear Stearns]; Notice of Lead Plaintiffs Unopposed Motion for Preliminary Approval of Partial Settlement, Approval of Notice to the Settlement Class and Certification of the Settlement Class for Settlement Purposes (June 11, 2012) [Deloitte]. The Settlements called for the Bear Stearns Defendants to pay $275 million and for Deloitte to pay $19.9 million, for a total settlement amount of $294.9 million (“Settlement Amount”), The Court granted preliminary approval to the Settlements via twin preliminary approval orders issued June 13, 2012 (the “Preliminary Approval Orders”). The Court also preliminarily certified the Settlement Class pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a) and (23)(b)(3).

A total of 222,374 copies of the Notice and Proof of Claim (“Notices”) were mailed to potential Settlement Class members. See Supplemental Affidavit Regarding Mailing of Notice and Proof of Claim and Requests for Exclusion Received To Date (Sept. 12, 2012)(“Notice Aff.”) at 1. In response to the Notices, there were 115 requests for exclusion and two objections. Id. at 2.

On September 19, 2012, a fairness hearing was held pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(e)(2) at which the Court heard from the Kentmill Plaintiffs, as well as from Lead Plaintiff and Defendants.

II. Certification of the Settlement Class and Appointment of Class Representative and Class Counsel

In the Preliminary Approval Orders, the Settlement Class was certified pursuant to Rules 23(a) and (b)(3), on the basis of a finding that the Settlement Class satisfies the prerequisites for class action certification, in that: (1) the members of the Settlement Class are so numerous that joinder of all Settlement Class members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law and fact common to the Settlement Class; (3) the claims of Lead Plaintiff are typical of the Settlement Class’s claims; (4) Lead Plaintiff and Co-Lead Counsel have fairly and adequately represented and protected the interests of the Settlement Class; (5) the questions of law and fact common to the Settlement Class members predominate over any individual questions; and (6) a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy, considering that (i) the claims of Settlement Class Members in the Action are substantially similar and would, if tried, involve substantially identical proofs and may therefore be efficiently litigated and resolved on an aggregate basis as a class action; (ii) the amounts of the claims of many of the Settlement Class Members are too small to justify the expense of individual actions; and (iii) it does not appear that there is significant interest among Settlement Class Members in individually controlling the litigation.

Since there have been no material changes to alter the propriety of these findings regarding the Settlement Class, this action is hereby finally certified, for the purposes of settlement only, as a class action pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a) and 23(b)(3), on behalf of the class of all persons who, during the period from December 14, 2006 to and through March 14, 2008, inclusive, purchased or otherwise acquired the publicly traded common stock or other equity securities, or call options of or guaranteed by the The Bear Stearns Companies Inc. (“Bear Stearns”), or sold Bear Stearns put options, either in the open market or pursuant or traceable to a registration statement, and were damaged thereby. The Settlement Class also includes all persons who received Bear Stearns . Capital Accumulation Plan (“CAP”) Units and Restricted Stock Units that had fully vested, entitling them to an equivalent number of shares of Bear Stearns common stock upon settlement at the end of a deferral period during the Class Period, as part of their compensation as an employee with Bear Stearns and participation in its CAP and Restricted Stock Unit Plan. Excluded from the Settlement Class are: the Defendants; the officers and directors of Bear Stearns; the members of the immediate families of the Individual Defendants; any firm, trust, partnership, corporation, or entity in which any Defendant has a controlling interest; the legal representatives, heirs, suecessors-in-interest or assigns of any such excluded Person, and any Person who would otherwise be a Settlement Class member but properly excludes himself, herself, or itself by filing a valid and timely request for exclusion in accordance with the requirements set forth in the notice of settlement.

In addition, the determinations in the Preliminary Approval Orders regarding Lead Plaintiff and Class Counsel are affirmed. Lead Plaintiff is finally certified as class representative for the Settlement Class, and the law firms of Labaton Sucharow LLP and Berman DeValerio are appointed as Class Counsel for the Settlement Class.

III. Approval of the Proposed Settlement

A. The Proposed Settlement is Procedurally Fair

“A proposed settlement is procedurally fair when it is reached through arm’s length negotiations between experienced, capable counsel and after meaningful discovery.” In re Wachovia Equity Sec. Litig., No. 08 civ. 6171 (RJS), 2012 WL 2774969, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. June 12, 2012) (quoting Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 396 F.3d 96, 116 (2d Cir.2005), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 1044, 125 S.Ct. 2277, 161 L.Ed.2d 1080). These elements are amply satisfied here. The parties, represented by highly experienced and capable counsel, engaged in extensive arm’s length negotiations, which included multiple sessions mediated by retired federal judge Layn R. Phillips, an experienced and well-regarded mediator of complex securities cases. See Joint Decl. at 22 n. 14. In addition, the parties have engaged in substantial and meaningful discovery efforts. See id. at 9-14. Accordingly, the proposed settlement is procedurally fair.

B. The Proposed Settlement is Substantively Fair

Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(e), a class action lawsuit may not be settled without court approval. Approval is to be granted only if the court is satisfied that the proposed settlement is fair, adequate, reasonable and not a product of collusion. Joel A. v. Giuliani, 218 F.3d 132, 138 (2d Cir. 2000). In this Circuit, courts make such a determination by examining the proposed settlement through the lens of the nine-factors set forth by in City of Detroit v. Grinnell Corp., 495 F.2d 448, 463 (2d Cir. 1974) (overruling on other grounds recognized by Chambless v. Mates & Pilots Pension Plan, 885 F.2d 1053 (2d Cir. 1989)). The Grinnell factors are: (1) the complexity, expense and likely duration of the litigation; (2) the reaction of the class to the settlement; (3) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery completed; (4) the risks of establishing liability; (5) the risks of establishing damages; (6) the risks of maintaining the class action through the trial; (7) the ability of the defendants to withstand greater judgment; (8) the range of .reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best possible recovery; and (9)" the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of all the attendant risks of litigation. Wal-Mart, 396 F.3d at 117.

As set forth below, eight of the nine Grinnell factors — including- those factors generally considered to be most significant — weigh in favor of approval. Accordingly, the proposed settlement is substantively fair.

1. Complexity, Expense and Likely Duration of the Litigation

As a general rule, securities class actions are “notably difficult and notoriously uncertain” to litigate. In re Michael Milken & Assocs. Sec. Litig., 150 F.R.D. 46, 53 (S.D.N.Y.1993) (quoting Lewis v. Newman, 59 F.R.D. 525, 528 (S.D.N.Y. 1973)). This case is no exception. In addition to the administrative and procedural complexities inherent in matters of such magnitude, the arcane and labyrinthine financial instruments that lie at the heart of Plaintiffs’ allegations are as complex of a subject matter as ever comes before the courts. To prove their allegations, Plaintiffs here face a daunting', protracted and expensive “battle of the experts” with Defendants regarding valuation of the financial instruments at issue. Moreover, Plaintiffs’ attempts to establish liability on the part of Defendants would undoubtedly be met by a vigorous and multi-faceted defense presented by Defendants’ experienced counsel.

Kentmill Plaintiffs assert that this factor actually weighs against approval, since many significant pre-trial hurdles — such as class certification, review of discovery materials, and a motion to dismiss — have already been cleared. See Objection to Proposed Class Action Settlement and Notice of Intent to Appear (Aug. 29, 2012) (“Kent-mill Obj.”) at 6-7. However, contrary to Kentmill Plaintiffs’ suggestion, class certification for trial purposes has not yet been granted (it is being granted here for the purposes of settlement only), and if the action were to proceed, Defendants would undoubtedly move to oppose certification, necessitating a battle on that issue. See infra § 111(B)(6). Further, the mere fact that Plaintiffs have survived a motion to dismiss does not establish liability and damages at trial. See infra §§ 111(B)(4) & (5). The decision on the motion to dismiss did not reach a conclusion on the issue of whether the losses suffered by the putative class were caused by the fraud or by external market conditions; instead, the loss causation issue — which would be among the most difficult for Plaintiffs to prevail on at trial, see infra § 111(B)(5) — was reserved for later determination. See Bear Stearns I, at 507.

Accordingly, the complexity factor militates in favor of settlement.

2. Reaction of the Class to the Settlement

“It is well settled that the reaction of the class to the settlement is perhaps the most significant factor to be weighed in considering its adequacy,” In re Am. Bank Note Holographics, Inc., 127 F.Supp.2d 418, 425 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (quoting Sala v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 721 F.Supp. 80, 83 (E.D.Pa.1989)). Here, a total of 222, 374 notices were sent to potential class members, resulting in only 115 requests for exclusion (more than 70 of which were from parties already engaged in individual litigation or arbitration proceedings) and: just two objections. See Notice Aff. at 1-2.

Kentmill Plaintiffs argue that this factor militates against approval because “a substantial amount of class members are likely to opt out of the settlement,” but the only support offered for this assertion is a reference to “discussions with other class members.” See Kentmill Obj. at 7. Anecdotal evidence is not sufficient to tip the scale in favor of the objectors with respect to this factor.

Given the absence of significant exclusion or objection — the rate of exclusion is 5.1% and the rate of objection is less than 1% — this factor weighs strongly in favor of approval. See Grant v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 823 F.2d 20, 24 (2d Cir.1987) (holding that an otherwise appropriate settlement should not be deemed unfair even in the face of opposition by 36% of the total class).

S. Stage of the Proceedings and the Amount of Discovery Completed

In considering this factor, “the question is whether the parties had adequate information about their claims such that their counsel can intelligently evaluate the merits of plaintiffs claims, the strengths of the defenses asserted by defendants, and the value of plaintiffs’ causes of action for purposes of settlement,” In re IMAX Sec. Litig., 283 F.R.D. 178, 190 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (internal citations, quotation marks and alterations omitted). In this case, the parties have conducted extensive investigations, obtained and reviewed millions of pages of documents, and briefed and litigated a number of significant legal issues. See Joint Deck at 9-17. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the parties have “obtained a sufficient understanding of the case to gauge the strengths and weaknesses of their claims and the adequacy of the settlement.” In re AOL Time Warner, Inc. Sec. Litig., No. MDL 1500, 02 Civ. 5575(SWK), 2006 WL 903236, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 6, 2006).

Kentmill Plaintiffs contend that this factor weighs against approval, but in support of their position they offer only evidence regarding the substantial amount of discovery already completed. See Kentmill Obj. at 7-8. As set forth above, the fact that a substantial amount of discovery has been completed militates in favor of approval.

As such, this factor favors approval. '

J. Risks of Establishing Liability

Plaintiffs face a significant risk of failing to establish the liability of Defendants. With respect to the Bear Stearns Defendants, Plaintiffs would first need to prove that Bear Stearns’ valuation and risk models were flawed. The likelihood of their success would have rested largely upon the testimony of expert witnesses. When the success of a party’s case turns on winning a so-called “battle of experts,” victory is by no means assured. See Am. Bank Note Holographics, 127 F.Supp.2d at 426-27; (noting that, in a battle of the experts, there is a possibility that fact finder will be “swayed” by experts from either side); In re PaineWebber Ltd. P’ships Litig., 171 F.R.D. 104, 129 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (“The issue would undoubtedly devolve into a battle of experts whose outcome cannot be accurately ascertained in advance.”); In re Warner Commc’ns Sec. Litig., 618 F.Supp. 735, 744-45 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (noting that in a battle of the experts “it is virtually impossible to predict with certainty which testimony would be credited ... ”).

Moreover, even if Plaintiffs succeeded in establishing that Bear Stearns’ valuation and risk models were objectively flawed, they would then face the challenge of proving that Bear Stearns acted with scienter, a contention that the Bear Stearns Defendants could rebut by pointing to the substantial losses suffered by the company’s own executives suffered and the absence of regulatory enforcement or criminal action arising from the collapse.

As to Deloitte, the standard for establishing the liability of a non-fiduciary auditor is more demanding than the standard applicable to fiduciaries such as the Bear Stearns Defendants, See In re Beacon Assocs. Litig., 745 F.Supp.2d 386, 415-16 (S.D.N.Y.2010). Plaintiffs must establish that Deloitte acted either with outright intent to aid the fraud, or else with recklessness so egregious as to approximate such intent. See id. Moreover, the valuation of complex financial instruments is an inexact science that relies heavily upon the professional judgment of the auditor, making it difficult to prove objective falsity. In addition, even if falsity were adequately demonstrated, Plaintiffs must still establish that Deloitte had knowledge of falsity.

Kentmill Plaintiffs contend that since the Court, in its opinion denying Defendants’ motion to dismiss, sustained the legal sufficiency of the claims as pleaded, it follows that Plaintiffs will likely be able to successfully establish liability at trial. See Kentmill Obj. at 4. The adequacy of Plaintiffs’ allegations to surpass the threshold for making out a cause of action does not establish that those causes of action could be successfully prosecuted at trial, as noted above.

Since Plaintiffs’ ability to establish the liability of Defendants is far from certain, this factor weighs in favor of settlement approval.

5. Risks of Establishing Damages

Plaintiffs face significant risk with respect to proof of damages. Defendants have contended that the decreases in Bear Stearns’ stock price were due to general market conditions, and that the company’s eventual collapse was purely the result of irrational investor fears leading to an unprecedented “run on the bank.” In addition, damages would be subject to a battle of the experts, with “the possibility that a jury could be swayed by experts for Defendants, who could minimize or eliminate the amount Plaintiffs’ losses.” Am. Bank Note Holographics, 127 F.Supp.2d at 426-27. Under such circumstances, a settlement is generally favored over continued litigation. See Park v. The Thomson Corp., No. 05 Civ. 2931(WHP), 2008 WL 4684232, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 22, 2008).

Kentmill Plaintiffs contend that this factor militates against approval since the damages have been definitively established already. See Kentmill Obj. at 9. This is incorrect. While the proposed settlement calls for money to be paid by the Defendants, the agreed-upon amounts do not represent a stipulation as to amount of damages sustained by the Settlement Class.

Given the above, this factor militates in favor of approval.

6. Risks of Maintaining the Class Action through the Trial

Even if Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification is granted, a challenge to the certification could continue. The contention by Defendants that the market for Bear Stearns’ stock was efficient during the period immediately preceding the company’s collapse might preclude Plaintiffs from utilizing the fraud-on-the-market presumption of reliance, thereby jeopardizing the Settlement Class’s basis for certification. See Joint Decl. at 19. The issue could well devolve into yet another battle of the experts, which, as noted above, can lead to uncertain results. See supra § 111(B)(4). The risk that Defendants could in fact succeed in their efforts to decertify the class militates in favor of settlement approval.

7. The Ability of Defendants to Withstand Greater Judgment

Defendant Bear Stearns is now owned by J.P. Morgan, which is one of the largest financial institutions in the world. Indeed, as of today, J.P. Morgan’s market capitalization is valued at over $150 billion, and its ability to withstand a greater judgment than the $275 million that the proposed settlement requires is evident. As noted by Kentmill Plaintiffs, J.P. Morgan set aside a reserve of approximately $6 billion in anticipation of the expenses and costs stemming from litigation relating to Bear Stearns. Kentmill Obj. at 9.

The same is true — to a degree — for defendant Deloitte. Deloitte, one of country’s foremost accounting firms, reports revenues of over $13 billion in the prior fiscal year alone, an amount many orders of magnitude greater than the $19.9 million they are required to pay under the proposed settlement.

Since Defendants would be able to withstand greater judgments than the amounts in the proposed settlement, this factor weighs against settlement approval.

8. Range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best possible recovery

The determination of whether a given settlement amount is reasonable in light of the best possibly recovery “does not involve the use of a mathematical equation yielding a particularized sum. Instead, there is a range of reasonableness with respect to a settlement — a range which recognizes the uncertainties of law and fact in any particular case and the concomitant risks and costs necessarily inherent in taking any litigation to completion.” Morris v. Affinity Health Plan, Inc., 859 F.Supp.2d 611, 621 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

According to Plaintiffs’ economic expert, the decrease in the market value of Bear Stearns’ stock that can be fairly attributed to Defendants’ allegedly wrongful behavior totals $2.6 billion, which therefore represents the best possible recovery from Plaintiffs’ perspective. See PI. Reply Mem. at 6-8; Declaration of John D. Finnerty, Ph.D. (Sept. 12, 2012) at 7-11. The salient question, then, is whether the proposed settlement amount of $294.9 million — representing just over 11% of the best possible recovery — is within the range of reasonableness under the circumstances.

Kentmill Plaintiffs have contended that the proposed $294.9 million settlement represents an unreasonably small fraction (around 1%) of the best possible recovery, which they believe to be $19 billion. Kent-mill Plaintiffs arrive at the $19 billion figure by calculating the total the decline in Bear Stearns’ stock value from January 2007 through March 2008. However, a drop in a company’s stock value may be the result of a wide variety of factors other than fraud. See Dura Pharms., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 343, 125 S.Ct. 1627, 161 L.Ed.2d 577 (2005). A plaintiff asserting a securities fraud cause of action may not simply claim as damages the full market value loss during a given period, but rather is required to prove that the damages sought were actually caused by the alleged fraud, rather than other market factors. See In re Omnicom Grp., Inc. Sec. Litig., 597 F.3d 501, 510 (2d Cir.2010). It is unlikely that the Kentmill Plaintiffs’ contention could be adequately proven, given the tumultuous market conditions that were prevailing during the Class Period. See Taft v. Ackermans, No. 02 Civ. 7951(PKL), 2007 WL 414493, at *7-8 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2007).

“It is well-settled that a cash settlement amounting to only a fraction of the potential recovery will not per se render the settlement inadequate or unfair.” Morris, 859 F.Supp.2d at 621 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Indeed, “there is no reason, at least in theory, why a satisfactory settlement could not amount to a hundredth or even a thousandth part of a single percent of the potential recovery.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d at 455 n. 2. Thus, the propriety of a given settlement amount is a function of both (1) the size of the amount relative to the best possible recovery; and (2) the likelihood of non-recovery (or reduced recovery).

Plaintiffs face significant challenges in establishing Defendants’ liability, see supra § 111(B)(4), and even if they manage to succeed on the liability front, Plaintiffs would likely encounter further difficulty in proving damages, see supra § 111(B)(5). Given the considerable obstacles standing in the way of a full recovery of damages, the proposed settlement amount of $294.9 million is within the range of reasonableness, so this factor weighs in favor of approval.

9. Range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of all the attendant risks of litigation

As noted above, there is a legitimate risk that Plaintiffs would fail to prove either liability or damages. See supra §§ III(B)(4)-(6) & (8). In addition, the settlement amount was the result of a mediation process guided by an experienced and impartial mediator. See Joint Decl. at 21-22 & n. 14. Taking this into account, the proposed settlement amount of $294.9 million falls within the range of reasonableness, so this factor weighs in favor of approval.

* * *

Since the proposed Settlement is both procedurally and substantively fair, and because the settlement of class action litigation is generally favored by the courts, see Wal-Mart, 396 F.3d at 116-17, the proposed Settlement is hereby approved.

IV. Approval of the Plan of Allocation

“To warrant approval, the plan of allocation must also meet the standards by which the settlement was scrutinized— namely, it must be fair and adequate.... An allocation formula need only have a reasonable, rational basis, particularly if recommended by experienced and competent class counsel.” In re WorldCom, Inc. Sec. Litig., 388 F.Supp.2d 319, 344 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

The Plan, which was prepared by experienced counsel in concert with a damages expert, provides for the distribution of the settlement funds on a pro rata basis based on a formula tied to liability and damages, without favoring any particular type of security. See Joint Decl. at 24-26. The Plan is designed to fairly and rationally allocate the settlement funds among claimants based on the amount of artificial inflation present in Bear Stearns’ securities that was purportedly caused by the company’s allegedly fraudulent statements regarding its financial condition during the Class Period. Id.

Given the above, and given that no substantive objections have been made regarding the Plan, the Plan is both fair and reasonable.

V. Approval of Requested Attorneys’ Fees

“The Second Circuit has authorized district courts to employ a percentage-of-the-fund method when awarding fees in common fund cases, although the Circuit has encouraged district courts to cross-check the percentage fee against counsel’s ‘lodestar’ amount of hourly rate multiplied by hours spent. It bears emphasis that whether calculated pursuant to the lodestar or the percentage method, the fees awarded in common fund cases may not exceed what is ‘reasonable’ under the circumstances.” In re Giant Interactive Grp., Inc. Sec. Litig., 279 F.R.D. 151, 163 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (quoting Goldberger v. Integrated Res., Inc., 209 F.3d 43, 47 & 50 (2d Cir.2000)) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

The reasonableness of a requested fee award turns on the following factors: (A) the time and labor expended by counsel; (B) the magnitude and complexities of the litigation; (C) the risk of the litigation; (D) the quality of representation; (E) the requested fee in relation to the settlement; and (F) public policy considerations. Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 50

Lead Plaintiff’s counsel (“Class Counsel”) has requested an award of attorneys’ fees in an amount of 12% of the Settlement Amount. Given the proposed settlement amount of $294.9 million, Class Counsel is effectively requesting a fee award of $35,388,000. As set forth below, the Goldberger factors all weigh in favor of finding the requested fee award to be reasonable.

A. Time and Labor Expended by Counsel

Class Counsel has devoted more than 95,000 hours of time in litigation this action, a herculean effort by any measure. See Memorandum of Law in Support of Co-Lead Counsel’s Motion for an Award of Attorneys’ Fees and Reimbursement of Expenses and Lead Plaintiffs Request for Reimbursement of Expenses (“Att’y Fee Mem.”) at 9. Class Counsel spent this time engaged in labor-intensive activities such as: conductive an extensive background investigation, drafting a 218 page complaint, responding to and making various motions, engaging in discovery resulting in millions of produced documents, and consulting with multiple experts. See id. Moreover, the 95,000 hour time expenditure results in a “lodestar” amount of $38,552,873 at Class Counsel’s regular billing rates, id., meaning that the lodestar cross-check results in a negative multiplier of less than 0.92 — a strong indication of the reasonableness of the proposed fee. See In re Blech Sec. Litig., No. 94 Civ. 7696(RWS), 2002 WL 31720381, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 4, 2002). Based on the foregoing, this factor weighs in favor of fee approval.

B. Magnitude and Complexities of the Litigation

As set forth above, the collapse of Bear Stearns is paradigmatic of the collapse of the entire market and the resulting recession, and as such it presents issues of great magnitude and complexity. See supra §§ 111(B)(1) & IV(A). Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of fee approval.

C. Risk of Litigation

As set forth above, the risk of litigation was substantial in this case. See supra §§ III(B)(4)-(6). This factor weighs in favor of fee approval.

D. Quality of Representation

The two firms comprising Class Counsel are both recognized as having substantial experience and expertise in prosecuting complex class actions. Moreover, the quality of Class Counsel’s work is evident from the fact that Plaintiffs survived motions to dismiss submitted by some of the nation’s preeminent firms, who are representing the various Defendants. See Att’y Fee Mem. at 16-17 & n. 12.

E. Requested Fee in Relation to Settlement

The requested fee is only 12% of the Settlement Amount, well below the 17%-25% typically awarded in securities class actions and comparable cases in the Second Circuit. See Att’y Fee Mem. at 6-7 (collecting cases). Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of fee approval.

F. Public Policy Considerations

The requested fee is the product of negotiations between Class Counsel and Lead Plaintiff, a sophisticated institutional investor who was involved in the litigation from its commencement. See Att’y Fee Mem. at 7. Lead Plaintiff carefully considered the fee amount in the context of the circumstances of the case, and concluded that it is fair and reasonable. See id. “When class counsel in a securities lawsuit have negotiated an arm’s-length agreement with a sophisticated lead plaintiff possessing a large stake in the litigation, and when that lead plaintiff endorses the application following close supervision of the litigation, the court should give the terms of that agreement great weight.” In re WorldCom, 388 F.Supp.2d at 353. Accordingly, this factor favors fee approval.

Since the Goldberger factors weigh unanimously in favor of approval, and in light of the fact that not a single substantive objection was submitted regarding the proposed fee, the requested attorneys’ fee of 12% of the Settlement Amount is reasonable.

VII. Approval of Requests for Reimbursement of Expenses

A. ' Approval of Award Reimbursing Class Counsel’s Litigation Expenses

It is well-settled that “[attorneys may be compensated for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred and customarily charged to their clients, as long as they were incidental and necessary to the representation of those clients.” In re Indep. Energy Holdings PLC Sec. Litig., 302 F.Supp.2d 180, 183 n. 3 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (quoting Miltland Raleigh-Durham v. Myers, 840 F.Supp. 235, 239 (S.D.N.Y. 1993)). Class Counsel request reimbursement for litigation expenses in the amount of $2,040,351.57. Although this is a sizable amount, Class Counsel have submitted declarations itemizing the incurred expenses, and all of the identified categories are of the type for which reimbursement is generally granted. In addition, there were no substantive objections submitted regarding the requested reimbursement. Accordingly, the requested award is reasonable.

B. Approval of Award Reimbursing Lead Plaintiff’s Expenses

“Courts in this Circuit routinely award ... costs and expenses both to reimburse the named plaintiffs for expenses incurred through their involvement with the action and lost wages, as well as to provide an incentive for such plaintiffs to remain involved in the litigation and to incur such expenses in the first place.” Hicks v. Stanley, No. 01 civ. 10071(RJH), 2005 WL 2757792, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 24, 2005). Lead Plaintiff has requested reimbursement of lost wages and expenses in the amount of $31,053.14. Given that Lead Plaintiff has devoted more than 350 hours to the litigation, see Att’y Fee Mem. at 25, that the amount requested is in line with lead plaintiff awards in similar cases, see id. at 24 (collecting cases), and that no substantive objections have been submitted regarding this request, the requested award is reasonable.

VIII. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the motion for final certification of the class, final appointment of lead plaintiff and class counsel, approval of the Settlement, and approval of the Plan of Allocation is granted. In addition, for the foregoing reasons, the motion for attorneys’ fees, for reimbursement of Class Counsel for litigation expenses, and for reimbursement of Lead Plaintiff for reasonable costs and expenses is granted.

It is so ordered. 
      
      . The Bear Steams Defendants are: (i) The Bear Stearns Companies; and (ii) James E. Cayne, Alan D. Schwartz, Warren J. Spector, Alan C. Greenberg, Samuel L. Molinaro, Jr., Michael Alix, and Jeffrey M. Farber.
     
      
      . The Settlement Class consists of those who, during the period from December 14, 2006 through March 14, 2008 (the "Class Period”), purchased or otherwise acquired the common stock, other equity securities, or call options of or guaranteed by Bear Stearns, or sold Bear Stearns put options, and were damaged thereby. The settlement class also includes all persons who received Bear Stearns Capital Accumulation Plan ("CAP”) Units and Restricted Stock Units that had fully vested, entitled them to an equivalent number of shares of Bear Steams common stock upon settlement at the end of the deferral period, during the Class Period, as part of their compensation as an employee with Bear Steams and participation in its CAP and Restricted Stock Unit Plan. Specifically excluded from the Settlement Class are: the Defendants; the officers and directors of Bear Stearns; the members of the immediate families of the Individual Defendants; any firm, trust, partnership, corporation, or entity in which any Defendant has a controlling interest; the legal representatives, heirs, successors-in-interest or assigns of any such excluded Person, and any Person who. would otherwise be a Settlement Class member but properly excludes himself, herself, or itself by filing a valid and timely request for exclusion in accordance with the requirements set forth in the notice of settlement.
     
      
      . The objections were submitted by (i) the Kentmill Plaintiffs, a group of fourteen individuals and entities; and (ii) an individual named Hannah M. Horgan. The Kentmill Plaintiffs object only to the amount of the proposed Bear Stearns Settlement. See PI. Reply Mem. at 4. This objection is overruled for the reasons stated below. Horgan objects to the proposed plan of allocation and to the request for attorneys' fees and expenses, id. at 3, but her objections are conclusory and bereft of factual or legal support. For example, the entirety of Horgan’s objection to the proposed plan of allocation is that it is "too vague and too limited,” and her objection to the proposed attorneys' fees and litigation expenses is merely that "they are excessive.” PL Reply Mem. at 1 n. 2. Objections of this nature are insufficient to weigh against a finding that the proposed settlement is fair and reasonable, and can be overruled without engaging in a substantive analysis. See In re Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. Research Reports Sec. Litig., 246 F.R.D. 156, 168 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (finding that "conclusory statements are not sufficient to weigh against approval of the Settlement as fair and reasonable”). Accordingly, Horgan's objections are overruled due to their lack of support, as well as for the reasons set’forth below.
     
      
      . See infra § VII(A) & n. 15.
     
      
      . See infra § 111(B)(4).
     
      
      . See Google Finance: J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., http://www.google.com/finance?hl=en& ds=n&pq=jp + morgan + finance&cp=2&gs_ id=rv&xhr=t&q=jp + morgan&prmdo=1 & bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&bpcl= 37189454&biw=1680&bih=860&um=l& ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=ne (last visited November 6, 2012).
     
      
      . See Facts and Figures — Deloitte: U.S. by the numbers, http://www.deloitte.com/view/ en_US/us/press/Facts-Figures/index.htm (last visited Nov. 6, 2012).
     
      
      . Nearly half of Class Counsel’s expenses come from the fees paid to the various experts who were consulted by Class Counsel. See Att’y Fee Mem. at. 23. Such a massive expenditure for expert fees is wholly unsurprising in this case, given the many core issues that turn upon expert opinions, see supra §§ III(B)(4)-(6) & (8)-(9).