Case ID: f-appx_205/html/0087-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "PER CURIAM.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Michael FOREMAN, Appellant, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF the UNITED STATES.
    No. 05-3522.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) Jan. 20, 2006.
    Filed: Nov. 14, 2006.
    Michael Foreman, Lords Valley, PA, pro se.
    Daryl F. Bloom, Office of United States Attorney, Harrisburg, PA, for Attorney General of the United States.
    Before: RENDELL, AMBRO, and ROTH , Circuit Judges.
    
      
       Judge Roth assumed senior status on May 31, 2006.
    
   OPINION

PER CURIAM.

Michael Foreman petitions for review of a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). For the reasons that follow, we will deny the petition.

Foreman is a native and citizen of Jamaica. He was admitted to the United States as a lawful permanent resident (“LPR”) in 1971. In 1993, he pled guilty in Florida state court to sale of a controlled substance (cocaine). See Fla. Stat. Ann. § 893.13(l)(a). In 1998, he was convicted in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York for use of a communication facility in the distribution of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b). In 2003, the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) charged Foreman with removability for having been convicted of an aggravated felony as defined in Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) § 101(a)(43)(B) [8 U.S.C. § 1 101(a)(43)(b) ] (illicit trafficking in controlled substance), see INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(iii) [8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) ], and for having been convicted of two crimes involving moral turpitude not arising out of a single scheme of criminal misconduct, see INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(ii) [8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2) (A)(ii) ].

Foreman applied for a waiver of removal under former INA § 212(c) [8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) ] (based on the 1993 conviction), and for cancellation of removal under INA § 240A [8 U.S.C. § 1229b] (based on the 1998 conviction). An Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denied Foreman’s applications for relief and found that he was removable as charged. In particular, the IJ concluded that even though Foreman was eligible to waive his 1993 conviction under § 212(c), he would not be entitled to cancellation of removal under § 240A because he had been convicted of an aggravated felony. The BIA affirmed without opinion on June 9, 2004.

Foreman then filed a habeas corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241, arguing that the IJ and BIA violated his due process and equal protection rights by refusing to permit him to simultaneously apply for both a waiver of removal under § 212(c) and cancellation of removal under § 240A. The District Court transferred the § 2241 petition to this Court to be treated as a petition for review, as described previously-

When Foreman was convicted in 1993, § 212(c) granted the Attorney General discretion to waive deportation in the case of LPRs who had resided in the United States for at least seven years, so long as they had served less than five years in prison for an aggravated felony. See U.S. v. Torres, 383 F.3d 92, 95-96 (3d Cir.2004). The Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (“IIRIRA”), which became effective in April 1997, repealed § 212(c) and replaced it with § 240A. Under the current provision, the Attorney General may cancel removal of an alien who has been an LPR for not less than five years, has resided continuously in the United States for seven years after having been admitted, and “has not been convicted of any aggravated felony.” INA § 240A(a); see Ponnwpula v. Ashcroft, 373 F.3d 480, 486 (3d Cir.2004). In addition, an alien “who has been granted relief under section 212(c)” is ineligible for cancellation of removal. § 240(c)(6) [8 U.S.C. § 1229b(c)(6) ].

Assuming arguendo that Foreman is eligible to apply for relief under § 212(c), he is nevertheless ineligible for cancellation of removal pursuant to § 240A. As we explained in Rodriguez-Munoz v. Gonzales, 419 F.3d 245 (3d Cir.2005), the language of § 240A(a) leaves no doubt that the Attorney General may cancel removal only if an LPR “has not been convicted of any aggravated felony.” Id. at 248. Here, Foreman’s 1998 conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 843(b) is an aggravated felony. See Brown v. Ashcroft, 360 F.3d 346, 350-51 (2d Cir.2004) (finding no due process violation where the government argued that alien was not eligible for § 212(c) relief because of aggravated felony conviction that was not charged as a basis for removability).

The INA defines aggravated felony to include “illicit trafficking in a controlled substance ..., including a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 924(c) of Title 18).” INA § 101(a)(43)(B). Section 924(c) in turn defines drug trafficking crime to include “any felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. §§ 801, et seq.).” The crime of using a communication facility “in committing or causing or facilitating the commission of any act or acts constituting a felony under any provision of this subchapter” is part of the Controlled Substances Act. 21 U.S.C. § 843(b); cf. Gerbier v. Holmes, 280 F.3d 297, 307 n. 8 (3d Cir.2002) (observing that “ ‘trafficking’ is not an essential element of all state drug convictions in order for those convictions to constitute an aggravated felony under § 1101(a)(43)”). In addition, the offense is a felony because it has a maximum penalty of more than one year imprisonment. See 21 U.S.C. § 843(d); 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a). Thus, under the plain language of the relevant statutes, Foreman’s violation of § 843(b) qualifies as an aggravated felony under the INA. See Khan v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 521, 522 (2d Cir.2003).

In his habeas petition, and in his brief on appeal, Foreman argues that he is eligible for waivers of removal under §§ 212(h) and 212(i) [8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(h) and 1182(i) ]. A court may review a final order of removal only if the petitioner has exhausted all of the administrative remedies available to him as of right. See INA § 242(d)(1) [8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) ]; see also Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442, 448 (3d Cir.2005). This statutory exhaustion requirement is jurisdictional and bars judicial review of unexhausted claims, whether presented in a petition for review or a habeas petition. See Duvall v. Elwood, 336 F.3d 228, 231 n. 5 & 232 (3d Cir.2003); Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 594-95 (3d Cir.2003). Foreman has not exhausted these claims, which clearly could have been raised before the IJ and on appeal to the BIA. See Beharry v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 51, 62-63 (2d Cir.2003) (holding that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to grant relief under section 212(h) because the petitioner had never requested such relief from the IJ or BIA).

For the reasons that we have given, we will deny the petition for review. The order staying Foreman’s removal from the United States, which was entered by the District Court on July 16, 2004, prior to the transfer of the case to this Court, is hereby vacated. 
      
      . Foreman initiated these proceedings by filing a habeas corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. Before taking any substantive action on the § 2241 petition, however, the District Court transferred it to this Court for treatment as a petition for review under Section 106(c) of the REAL ID Act. Pub.L. No. 109-13, Div. B, 119 Stat. 231 (May 11, 2005). The District Court also directed that its previously-issued order staying Foreman's removal "remain in place until further Order of the Court of Appeals.”