Case ID: f-appx_219/html/0139-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "FISHER, Circuit Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

UNITED STATES of America v. Randy COLEMAN also known as Steven Johnson also known as Steven Lewis also known as Khabir Hafiz, Randy Coleman, Appellant.
    No. 05-4118.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) Dec. 13, 2006.
    Filed: March 7, 2007.
    
      Lesley B. Fitzgerald, Peter D. Hardy, Office of United States Attorney, Philadelphia, PA, for Appellee.
    Patrick J. Egan, Fox Rothschild, Philadelphia, PA, for Appellant.
    Before: FISHER, CHAGARES and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges.
   OPINION OF THE COURT

FISHER, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Randy Coleman argues (1) that the District Court erred in raising sua sponte the non-retroactivity principle of Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989); and (2) that the rule of Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004), should be applied retroactively. The former argument is without merit and the latter argument is foreclosed by the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Whorton v. Bockting, 549 U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 1173, 167 L.Ed.2d 1 (2007). For the reasons that follow, the District Court’s judgment denying Coleman’s habeas petition will be affirmed.

I.

Because we write for the parties only, we will forgo a lengthy recitation of the factual and procedural history of this case. On January 23, 2001, a grand jury in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania returned an indictment charging Coleman with possession of a firearm in furtherance of drug trafficking activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), possession with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Coleman proceeded to trial on May 9, 2001. At trial, the statements of an adverse witness who had died were introduced pursuant to the “excited utterance” hearsay exception of Federal Rule of Evidence 803(2). On May 11, 2001, the jury convicted Coleman on all counts and on July 29, 2001, the District Court imposed a sentence of 220 months of imprisonment, five years of supervised release, a $1,000 fine, and a special assessment of $300. On June 3, 2003, we affirmed the conviction and sentence. See United States v. Coleman, 68 Fed.Appx. 300 (3d Cir.2003) (unpublished).

On October 18, 2004, Coleman filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 habeas petition raising, inter alia, the issue of a violation of his right to confront witnesses pursuant to the Supreme Court’s decision in Crawford, 541 U.S. at 60, 124 S.Ct. 1354. The Government did not raise the affirmative defense of Teague — that is, the principle that with rare exception for “watershed rules,” new rules of criminal procedure do not apply retroactively to cases already final on direct review. 489 U.S. at 311, 109 S.Ct. 1060 (plurality opinion). However, the District Court invoked the principle of Teague sua sponte, finding that in order to raise a challenge based on Crawford, Coleman first had to establish that the rule announced in that case applied retroactively. Applying Teague, the District Court found that Crawford did not announce a watershed rule of criminal procedure and did not affect primary rights. Accordingly, it denied Coleman’s habeas petition. Coleman filed a motion for reconsideration. Although the District Court denied the motion, it granted a certificate of appeala-bility as to whether Crawford applies retroactively.

II.

The District Court had jurisdiction over this criminal matter pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231, and over Coleman’s collateral petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Because the District Court issued a certificate of appealability under 28 U.S.C. § 2253 regarding its final decision denying habeas relief, we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the District Court’s legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Cepero, 224 F.3d 256, 258 (3d Cir.2000).

Coleman challenges the District Court’s authority to raise the issue of the retroac-tivity of Crawford sua sponte. This challenge must fail. Although “a court need not entertain the [non-retroactivity issue] ... if the State has not raised it ...,” Goeke v. Branch, 514 U.S. 115, 117, 115 S.Ct. 1275, 131 L.Ed.2d 152 (1995) (per curiam), we clearly retain the discretion to reach the issue sua sponte. See Schiro v. Farley, 510 U.S. 222, 229, 114 S.Ct. 783, 127 L.Ed.2d 47 (1994) (“[A] State can waive the Teague bar by not raising it.... Although we undoubtedly have the discretion to reach the State’s Teague argument, we will not do so in these circumstances.”); Wilmer v. Johnson, 30 F.3d 451, 455 (3d Cir.1994) (“Although we have the discretion to reach the ... [non-retroactivity issue] sua sponte ... we decline to do so in this case.”). Although the doctrine of nonretroactivity is not a jurisdictional hurdle, it remains a “threshold question,” Caspari v. Bohlen, 510 U.S. 383, 389, 114 S.Ct. 948, 127 L.Ed.2d 236 (1994), that a court appropriately raises as the “first step” in its review of a habeas petition. Schiro, 510 U.S. at 228, 114 S.Ct. 783.

Coleman also argues that, even if it was not error for the District Court to raise the issue of the retroactivity of Crawford sua sponte, the District Court’s conclusion that Crawford should not be retroactively applied was erroneous. This argument is foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s holding in Whorton v. Bockting, supra, that the rule of Crawford is not a watershed rule of criminal procedure to be applied retroactively.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment denying the petition for habeas relief.