Case ID: us-ct-cl_192/html/0710-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Dureee, Judge, ColucNS, Judge,", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

428 F. 2d 1288
    WILLIAM F. WARD AND CARRIE DUFFY WARD v. THE UNITED STATES KENNEDY W. WARD AND AUDREY P. WARD v. THE UNITED STATES
    No. 300-68
    No. 301-68
    [Decided July 15, 1970]
    
      
      Kennedy W. Ward, attorney of record, for plaintiffs. Ward <& Ward, of counsel.
    
      Frances M. Foltz, with, whom was Assistant Attorney General Jolmnie M. Walters, for defendant. Philip B. Miller, of counsel.
    Before CoweN, Chief Judge, Laramore, Dureee, Davis, ColliNs, SkeltoN and Nichols, Judges.
    
   Dureee, Judge,

delivered the opinion of the court:

This is an action for refund of Federal income taxes, with interest, assessed and collected from plaintiffs by defendant. The case comes before the court on a Memorandum Beport by Trial Commissioner Franklin M. Stone, without findings, upon facts stipulated by the parties.

On April 4th and 5th, 1963, a fire burned over almost an entire tract o'f 2,672 acres of pine timber land. Plaintiffs in each of these two actions owned a 50 percent interest in this property acquired by a total purchase price of $8,045, and 50 percent of the loss is attributable to each of the two parties plaintiff.

The amount of timber had increased substantially by natural growth during the ownership of plaintiffs, who had also, in addition, improved the timber stand !by planting pine seedlings at small cost. Plaintiffs had conducted sporadic pulpwood and logging operations during Che years preceding the casualty, and taxpayers’ tax 'basis in the tract bad been further reduced to zero by losses from other fires before 1963.

The fair market value of the damaged and destroyed timber was $56,058.13, the fair market value of the remaining timber was $12,135.92, and plaintiffs salvaged and sold damaged- pine which produced $5,291.44 in income during 1963-1965. Each of the two parties plaintiff deducted a casualty loss of $28,029.06 in their 1963 U.S. Income Tax Ketum, for growing trees destroyed by fire and resulting insect infestation. The Internal Eevenue Service disallowed these deductions, and assessed deficiencies, penalties and interest thereon which were paid in full. Plaintiffs subsequently filed timely claims for refund which were disallowed, and the petitions herein are based upon this action by the Internal Eevenue Service.- ■

Plaintiffs claim that, under §§ 165 (a) and • (c) of the Internal Eevenue Code of 1954, they can avail themselves of the claimed deductions as a casualty ioss of property not held in connection with a trade or business, consisting of the timber destroyed by fire when such loss was not compensated by insurance or otherwise. Plaintiffs also submit, in the alternative, that the loss of this timber by fire was not a “sale or other disposition of property” under § 165(b) of the Code.

Section 165(b) provides that “the basis for-determining the amount of -the deduction for any loss shall be the adjusted basis provided in section 1011 * * Section 1011 then provides that the basis for determining gain or loss “shall be the basis (determined under section 1012 * * *)? * * * adjusted as provided in section 1016.” To the extent pertinent here, § 1012 provides that the basis of property, shall be its cost, 'and § 1016, in turn, provides for. adjustments-to the cost basis to reflect further events affecting the capital account of the property.

The cost basis of plaintiffs’ timber land, under § 1012, was its purchase price. Adjustments to this basis are-made under .§ 1016(la),(l) for “expenditures, receipts, losses .or other items, properly chargeable to capital account * * and under § 1016(a) (2) for “exhaustion, wear and tear, obsolescence, amortization and depletion, * *

The amount of the deduction under § 165 is dependent upon the “adjusted basis provided in section 1011.” In the present case, it is stipulated that plaintiffs “had [w] cost or tax basis remaining in the pine' at the time of the fire, which had grown since the date of purchase, and which was destroyed by the fire, based upon each taxpayer’s original purchase price.” [Emphasis supplied].

Tbe general rule is that since the adjusted basis for the timber under § 1011 as of the date of the fire was zero, there can be no deduction from income under § 165.

This became more apparent in light of the Treasury Regulations on Income Tax (1954 Code). Treas. Reg. §1.165-1(c) (1) provides:

The amount of loss allowable as a deduction under section 165 (a) shall not exceed the amount prescribed by § 1.1011-1 as the adjusted basis * * *. [Emphasis supplied]

Treas.Reg. § 1.165-7(b) (1) provides:

* * * the amount of loss to be taken into account for purposes of section 165(a) shall be the lesser of either—
(i) [the loss in fair market value] ; or
(ii) The amount of the adjusted basis prescribed in § 1.1011-1 * * *. [Emphasis supplied]
‡ ‡ $

Plaintiffs’ position is that under § 165, the entire 1963 fire loss of their timber, which was not connected with their trade or business, may be deducted. Admittedly, there was no cost basis for tax purposes in the pine at the time of the fire based upon the original purchase price. However, plaintiffs pointed out that in 1963 they suffered an actual combined tangible loss of $56,058.13 from the market value of their pine timber, and that the purpose and intent of Congress was to allow deductions for such an actual loss.

Plaintiffs also rely upon the legislative history of the 1939 and 1953 Revenue sections of the Code to argue that “[apparently there is no expression of any intent on the part of Congress in regard to this particular subject of timber under consideration here other than it would be up to the courts to correct any errors.” [Emphasis supplied.]

Plaintiffs assert in support of this novel theory of judicial correction rather than interpretation of Acts of Congress, that “[t]here appears to be no legislative history on timber applicable to the subject at hand, other than a directive to the Oourt, which is reflected in the debate on adopting the 1939 Revenue Code * * [Emphasis supplied.] The only point of reference in this debate as to correction of the 1939 bill by the courts was after passage of the bill by the House of Representatives. When the bill reached the Senate, there was considerable debate as to the undue haste in passing the bill without even having it read. In the closing debate, Senator George commented, “As every Senator knows, we pass a tax act practically every year, and arm; mistakes can be 'readily discovered and corrected. It will, of course, permit a new point of departure for the convenience of the courts, and the Congress itself in enacting new Revenue acts.” [Emphasis supplied.] 84 Cong. Rec. 1056-57 (1989). The Revenue sections of the Code thus enacted in 1939 which are relevant to the question before us were reenacted in the 1954 Code without any discovery and correction of errors by Congress. We are not disposed to accept the justification offered by one Senator for the undue haste in the 1989 enactment as expressive of any legislative intent for this court to adopt “a new point of departure” from the clear revenue provisions of the Code involved herein, especially after Congress reiterated these same provisions in the 1954 Act.

If, as plaintiffs contend, the purpose and intent of Congress in the Act to allow deductions for plaintiffs’ actual fire loss over and above their 1963 adjusted cost basis of zero is “fairly obvious,” then it is equally obvious that there is no need for them to also urge this court to correct any errors in the Act.

Plaintiffs state that the real issue under consideration, simply stated, is:

What is the Federal law regarding casualty losses for destroyed timber that can never acquire a cost basis?

By this statement, which is in accord with the stipulation of no cost basis in the timber at the time of the fire in 1963, plaintiffs have squarely placed the issue before the court. The Federal law to which we have referred as relevant to the issue is clear that a casualty loss for destroyed timber “that can never acquire a cost basis” can never be deducted from income under the pertinent revenue sections of the 1954 Code, sufra.

The purpose of the loss deduction was not to provide for a loss of untaxed, potential income from growing timber. through, its destruction by fire, as clearly stated in Rosenthal v. Commissioner, 416 F. 2d 491 at 497 (2d Cir. 1969) :

* * * the amount of the loss deduction allowable under this section is in every case limited t'o the lesser amount of either the decrease in market value of the property as a result of the casualty or the taxpayer’s basis in the .' property. Manifestly, the purpose of § 165 is not to allow the taxpayer a full deduction for every loss in market value his property suffers by reason of a casualty. The permissible deduction for such loss is. always limited to the taxpayer’s basis, or cost, in the property damaged. And the reason for this limitation is clear. Where the taxpayer- suffers a loss from a destruction of market value ■ ■ greater than the cost of-the property to him, that excess of value destroyed -represents unrealized appreciation. Amd he may not claim a deduction for such loss because he has never recognized or paid a tax on the gain. In the ■extreme case, where the taxpayer's basis in the property damaged is zero, and its entire marhet value represents unrealized appreciation, he is entitled to. no deduction despite the size 'of the loss, large as it may be. Consequently, taxpayers’ argument that the Commissioner’s result, by limiting the amount of their deduction to less than-the full amount of their loss, would defeat the purpose of § 165 is simply incorrect. [Emphasis supplied.]

Plaintiffs’ attempt to distinguish Rosenthal, supra, and other cases cited by defendant, -and referred to -in this opinion, but as counter authority have cited only the dissenting opinion in Rosenthal, supra. The dissent pointed out that “* * * Congress determined in the 1958 amendment to Section 1281 that the deduction for casualty loss was not to be reduced or minimized by reason that timber -was entitled to capital gain treatment as Section 1231 property.” Id. at 512. Without comment upon the merits of the dissent in this case, we cannot consider it as applicable here. The 1958 amendment to § 1231 of the Internal Revenue. Code is not persuasive as to the intent of Congress in 1953, or in -the reenactment of the Code in 1954, particularly where we note that the entire section applies only to “property used in trade or business.”

The majority opinion in Rosenthal, supra, in dealing with the allocable basis of growing timber, pointed out:

* * * If the taxpayer had planted the young trees or otherwise obtained them at some cost, then he would have a basis allocable to those trees separate from his basis in'the merchantable timber. See Treas. Reg. § 1.611- ’ 3(d) (3)-,. He would then be able to deduct .his loss in the young trees to the extent of that basis or their decline in market value, whichever was less, If, on the other ' hand, the new growth was regeneration which had oc- • curred at no cost to the taxpayer he would have no allocable basis, and would not be entitled to any deduction for the loss. * * * Id. at 498. •: . - ■

Plaintiffs’ basis for the timber tract might have been annually reallocated oh a unit basis as'tó the joimg trees planted. Defendant points out that natural growth could become subject to the annual unit reallocation when it reaches merchantable size, but in that event, taxpayers should be taxed upon the actual tangible increment in value as it 'accrues by growth. (However, we need not consider this hypothesis, in view of the stipulation that neither of plaintiffs had any cost or tax basis remaining in the timber which had grown from date of purchase to the time of the fire.) Plaintiffs offer as'a possible alternative solution the interpretation of § 1016(a) (1) of the Code,.which provides for an upward adjustment in the basis of the property to reflect receipts and Other items properly chargeable to the capital account, to recognize as a justifiable capital charge, the increased value of growing timber. However, we are foreclosed in coriimenting upon these hypotheses by the stipulation .by plaintiffs that “* * * neither had any cost or tax basis remaining in the pine at the .time of the fire, which had grown since the date of purchase and which was destroyed by the fire, based upon each taxpayer’s original purchase price.”

In Helvering v. Owens, 305 U.S. 468, 471 (1939), the Supreme Court said that the predecessor of § 1011 “* * * must’be read as a limitation upon the amount of the deduction * * It held that the deduction for a nonbusiness loss cannot exceed the cost , of the property or, “in the case of depreciable non-business property may not exceed the amount of loss actually sustained in the taxable year, measured by the then' depreciated value of the property.” See, also, Alcoma Association v. United States, 239 F. 2d 365 (5th Cir.1956); Carloate Industries v. United States, 354 F. 2d 814 (5th Cir. 1966).

Plaintiffs’ alternative argument is that a fire loss is not “a sale or other disposition of property” under § 165(b) because they did not convey or voluntarily dispose of the timber. However, § 165 (b) provides that:

* * * the basis for determining the amount of the deduction for any loss shall be the adjusted basis provided in section 1011 for determining the loss from the sale or other disposition of property. [Emphasis supplied.]

The words “any loss” as used in this section cannot be narrowed by construction or interpretation to apply only to “the loss from the sale or other disposition of property”; if this construction were adopted, § 165 (b) would be mere sur-plusage. A casualty loss need not be equated with a “sale” or “other disposition.”

Plaintiffs have asked this court to issue an order expunging a Federal tax lien erroneously filed in the office of the Register of Deeds of Craven County, to which defendant answers by correctly asserting that this court has no jurisdiction to issue such an order. United States v. King, 395 U.S. 1 (1969).

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that plaintiffs are not entitled to recover, and the petitions are dismissed.

ColucNS, Judge,

concurring:

Under the existing provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, there is no alternative but to concur in the result reached in this case. However, since this court cannot legislate, the need here is for Congress to change the existing law in regard to timber losses.

This case is a perfect example of how easy it is for an individual, owning farm land or uncultivated land on which there has developed a natural growth of timber, to sustain a loss of considerable value as the result of fire or other casualty. The fact that this loss is nondeductible is due mainly to the fact that timber, unlike so many other commodities, can develop naturally without any human assistance, thus never incurring a cost basis. Justice demands that our laws provide a means of relief for persons, like plaintiffs, who sustain such a casualty loss.

FINDINGS OF FACT

The court, having considered the stipulation of the parties, and the briefs and arguments of counsel, makes findings of fact as follows:

1. The plaintiffs, William F. Ward and wife, Carrie Duffy Ward, and Kennedy W. Ward and wife, Audrey P. Ward, are now, and have been at all times material to this action, citizens and residents of Craven County, North Carolina. William F. Ward and Kennedy W. Ward are father and son, respectively.

2. That throughout the entire calendar year 1963, the plaintiffs, William F. Ward and Kennedy W. Ward, each owned a one-half undivided interest in a tract of land comprising 2,672 acres, more or less, located in No. 2 Township, Craven County, North Carolina; that the said William F. Ward purchased his 50% interest in the tract in 1919 and 1920, for $4,500.00; and that the said Kennedy W. Ward purchased his 50% interest in the tract in 1952 for $3,545.00.

3. A. That on April 4th and 5th, 1963, a fire burned over almost the entire tract, resulting in the destruction by the fire and resulting insect infestation of almost all of the pine, which was the predominate type of tree on the tract.

B. The said loss was appraised by Mr. William Utley, Consulting Forester, who visited the tract on April 17,1963, and on two later occasions to verify his original observations. Mr. Utley determined that the total fair market value of pine immediately prior to the fire was $68,194.05, that the fair market value remaining after the fire loss was $12,135.92, and that the fair market value of the pine destroyed by the fire therefore, was $56,058.13.

C. That Mr. Utley made no deduction for salvage in determining that the fair market value of the destroyed timber was $56,058.13.

D. Fifty percent of the loss is attributable to each, William F. Ward and Kennedy W. Ward.

4. Plaintiffs, William F. Ward and wife, Carrie Duffy Ward, timely filed a U.S. Income Tax Return for the taxable year 1963, in which they repotted a taxable income of $13,390.85, and deducted a casualty loss of $28,029.06 for growing trees destroyed by fire and resulting insect infestation.

5. Plaintiffs, Kennedy W. Ward and wife, Audrey P. Ward, timely filed a U.S. Income Tax Return for the taxable year 1963, in which they reported a taxable income of $16,660.46, and deducted a casualty loss of $28,029.06 for growing trees destroyed by fire and resulting insect infestation. • . .

6. A. That the amount of timber on, the tract had increased substantially by natural growth during the ownership of William F. Ward and Kennedy W. Ward,.and in addition, the taxpayers had improved the- timber stand1 by planting pine seedlings at a small cost. ■ ,. . _ . .

B. William F. Ward, since his purchase of his interest in 1920, had, with previous owners, and then with Kennedy W. Ward, after the purchase of his:iriterest in 1952, conducted sporadic pulpwood and logging operations during the years preceding the casualty, and both taxpayers had reported their income from the sale of such pulpwood and timber, and as of April, 1963, neither had any cost or tax basis remaining in the pine at the time of the fire, which had grown since the. date of purchase and which was destroyed by the fire, based on each taxpayer’s original purchase:price. ,

C. Other fires had previously-destroyed timber-on the tract, the last having occurred in 1955. The subject fire of April, 1963, was far more intense and destructive-than earlier fires.

7. The taxpayers, subsequent to .the fire, conducted salvage operations on the damaged pine before its complete destruction by insect and disease, which produced the following income:

1963 — $3,083.02 ■ ■
1964 — $2,145.94
1965 — $ 62.48
Total $5,291.44

The total salvage was attributed one-half to each of the taxpayers, and was reported as income for the years in which cut.

8. That by proper administrative procedure, the Internal 'Revenue Service disallowed the deductions claimed by the plaintiffs, William F. Ward and wife, Carrie Duffy Ward, and by plaintiffs, Kennedy W. Ward and wife, Audrey P. Ward, for the casualty loss claimed as a result of the fire and resulting insect infestation, and assessed the plaintiffs, William F. Ward- and wife, Carrie Duffy Ward, the sum of $1,736.38, which along with interest and penalties amounted to $1,969.25, which was paid in full on August 8,1966; that the plaintiffs, Kennedy W. Ward and wife, Audrey P. Ward, were assessed a deficiency in the amount of $2,904.65, which along with interest and penalties amounted to $3,309.06 and was paid in full on October 28, 1966. That an additional payment in the amount of $8.22 was made thereafter to cover accrued interest, for total payments of interest and principal of $3,317.28.

9. That on Friday, October 28, 1966, the Greenville office of the Internal Revenue Service, received check of the taxpayer, Kennedy W. Ward, dated October 27, 1966, in the amount of $809.06; the check was immediately mailed to the Raleigh office where it was received on Monday, October 31, 1966; that unaware, of this payment, Federal Tax Lien No. 4912 was issued out of the Raleigh, North Carolina office of the Internal Revenue Service, on October 28, 1966, and it was mailed the same day to the office of the Register of Deeds of Craven County, North Carolina, and was filed on October 31, 1966 in the office of the Register of Deeds of Craven County against the taxpayers,-Kennedy W. Ward and wife, Audrey P. Ward; the same was cancelled of record on December 29, 1966.

10. Taxpayers subsequently filed timely claims for refund for the respective amounts of assessed deficiencies and interest paid by them, which claims were disallowed prior to the filing of the petitions herein.

11. Taxpayers are the respective owners of the claims upon which these actions are based, and are entitled to maintain these actions.

CONCLUSION OF LAW

Upon the foregoing findings of fact, which are made a part of the judgment herein, the court concludes as a matter of law that plaintiffs are not entitled to recover, and the petitions are dismissed. 
      
       The relevant, sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 provide as follows:
      “.SEC. 165. losses:
      .“(a) General Rule. — There shall be allowed as a deduction any loss sustained during the taxable year and not compensated for by Insurance or otherwise. . " ■
      , ,“(b) Amount of Deduction. — Eor purposes of subsection (a), the basis for determining the amount of the deduction for any loss shall be the adjusted basis provided In-sectlon 1011 for determining the loss from the sale or other disposition of property.
      “(c) Limitation on Losses of Individuals. — In the case of an individual, the deduction under subsection (a) shall be limited to— -
      * * * * ■ *
      “(3) losses of property not connected with a trade or business, If such losses arise from fire, storm, shipwreck, or other casualty, or from - theft. No loss described in; this paragraph shall be allowed if, at the time of filing the return, such loss has been claimed for estate tax purposes in the estate tax return. - ■
      * - * * * *
      
        “sec. ion. adjusted basis for determining gain or loss.
      “The adjusted basis for determining the gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of property, whenever acquired, shall be the basis (determined under section 1012 * * *) * * *, adjusted as provided in section 1016.
      “SEC. 1012. BASIS OE PROPERTX-COST.
      “The basis of property shall be the cost of such property, except as otherwise provided * * *. ...
      “SEC. 1016. adjustments TO BASIS.
      “(a) General Rule. — -Proper adjustment in respect to the property shall in all cases be made—
      “(1) for expenditures, receipts, losses, or other items, properly chargeable to capital account, * * *
      “(2) in respect of any period since February 28, 1913, for exhaustion, wear and tear, obsolescence, amortization, and depletion, to the extent of the amount—
      “(A) allowed as deductions in computing taxable income under this subtitle or prior income tax laws, and
      “(B) resulting (by reason of the deductions so allowed) in a reduction for any taxable year of the taxpayer’s taxes under this subtitle (other than chapter 2, relating to tax on self-employment income), or prior income, war-profits, or excess-profits tax laws,
      but not less than the amount allowable under this subtitle or prior income tax laws. * * *”
      *****
     
      
       Senator Sam J. Eryin, Jr., introduced a bill relating to timber losses on January 28, 1970. It was read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance. The bill reads as follows:
      “To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 with respect to the amount of deduction allowable for casualty losses to timber.
      
        "Be it enacted 6y the Senate and Some o] Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That (a) section 165(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (relating to amount of deduction for losses) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new sentence: ‘In the case of a loss sustained with respect to timber, arising from fire, storm, or other casualty, the amount of the deduction for such loss shall not be less than the amount by which the fair market value of the timber immediately before the casualty exceeds the fair market value of the timber immediately after the casualty.'.
      “(b) The amendment made by subsection (a) shall apply to taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act.”
      S. 3349, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. (1970).