Case ID: f-appx_215/html/0080-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "NYGAARD, Circuit Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

BOARD OF CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS OF the COUNTY OF BURLINGTON, a body of politic and corporate of the State of New Jersey, Appellant v. Robert Bradley TOMBS.
    No. 04-3804.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) Nov. 7, 2006.
    Filed: Dec. 18, 2006.
    
      Kendall J. Collins, Office of County Prosecutor, Mount Holly, NJ, for Appellant.
    Before: SLOVITER, CHAGARES, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges.
   OPINION OF THE COURT

NYGAARD, Circuit Judge.

I.

The Burlington County Board of Chosen Freeholders (the Board) commissioned the creation of sophisticated topographical maps of land and improvements within the county. The Board provides free copies of the maps to government agencies and sells copies to non-government entities for a fee calculated according to the requested maps’ coverage.

Robert Tombs requested copies of certain maps at the cost of reproduction on a computer diskette, pursuant to New Jersey’s Open Public Records Act (OPRA), N.J. Stat. Ann. § 47: 1A-1 (West 2003). The Board explained it would provide Tombs with the copies according to its ordinary fee schedule. Tombs then threatened to seek relief from the Superior Court of New Jersey or the Government Records Council, the agency responsible for adjudicating OPRA appeals.

In response, the Board filed a complaint asking the District Court to declare that federal copyright law preempts Tombs’ OPRA request, and applied for a temporary restraining order against Tombs. The District Court, sua sponte, dismissed the Board’s action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under both 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and § 1338. The Board timely appealed. We will affirm.

II.

A.

District courts must look to the plaintiffs well-pleaded complaint to determine whether a ease arises under federal law. U.S. Express Lines Ltd. v. Higgins, 281 F.3d 383, 389 (3d Cir.2002). A case arises under federal law for purposes of § 1331 or § 1338(a) if a right or immunity created by the Constitution or laws of the United States is an essential element of the plaintiffs cause of action. Christianson v. Colt Ind. Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 809, 108 S.Ct. 2166, 100 L.Ed.2d 811 (1988); Franchise Tax Board v. Constr. Laborers Vacation Trust, 463 U.S. 1, 10-11, 103 S.Ct. 2841, 77 L.Ed.2d 420 (1983). The well-pleaded complaint rule is fully applicable to complaints seeking only declaratory relief. Franchise Tax Board, 463 U.S. at 15-16, 103 S.Ct. 2841. A case does not arise under federal law simply because it is brought pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act. A district court lacks jurisdiction where, but for the availability of the declaratory judgment procedure, the federal claim would arise only as a defense to a state-created action. Franchise Tax Board, 463 U.S. at 16, 103 S.Ct. 2841 (1983) (citing Shelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petrol. Co., 339 U.S. 667, 672, 70 S.Ct. 876, 94 L.Ed. 1194 (1950)).

Where, as here, the complaint for declaratory judgment essentially asserts a defense to a threatened state court action, it is the character of the threatened state court action that determines whether there is federal-question jurisdiction in the district court. Public Serv. Comm’n v. Wycoff Co., 344 U.S. 237, 248, 73 S.Ct. 236, 97 L.Ed. 291 (1952); Thiokol Chem. Corp. v. Burlington Ind., Inc., 448 F.2d 1328, 1330 (3d Cir.1971), cert, denied, Burlington Ind., Inc. v. Thiokol Chem. Corp., 404 U.S. 1019, 92 S.Ct. 684, 30 L.Ed.2d 668 (1972).

Tombs’ threatened action arises under OPRA, which provides, in relevant part:

all government records shall be subject to public access unless exempt from such access by [OPRA] as amended and supplemented ... [or] any federal law, federal regulation, or federal order ...

N.J. Stat. Ann. § 47: 1A-1 (West 2003).

OPRA gives a citizen, without showing a personal or particular interest, an unqualified right to inspect public documents if they are, in fact, documents required by law to be made, maintained, or kept on file, unless they are otherwise exempted. Asbury Park Press v. Lakewood Tp. Police Dep’t, 354 N.J.Super. 146, 804 A.2d 1178, 1183 (2002). Federal copyright law is not an essential element of Tombs’ OPRA claim. The Board’s exclusive rights under copyright law arise only as a defense to Tombs’ claim.

In Thiokol Chemical, we held that a plaintiff patent licensee could not invoke federal jurisdiction pursuant to § 1338 by bringing a declaratory judgment action in which he asserted patent rights where the validity of his patent arose only as a defense against a threatened breach of contract action. Thiokol Chem. Corp., 448 F.2d at 1330-31; see also Christianson v. Colt Ind. Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 809, 108 S.Ct. 2166, 100 L.Ed.2d 811 (1988). Similarly, the Board cannot invoke federal jurisdiction by asserting its federal copyright as a defense against Mr. Tombs’ OPRA claim.

B.

Next, the Board argues federal copyright law completely preempts Tombs’ threatened OPRA action. The United States Supreme Court has recognized a limited exception to the well-pleaded complaint rule where a federal statute wholly displaces a state cause of action through complete preemption. Beneficial Nat. Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1, 6, 8, 123 S.Ct. 2058, 156 L.Ed.2d 1 (2003); In re Cmty. Bank of N. Va., 418 F.3d 277, 294 (3d Cir.2005); In re U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 193 F.3d 151, 160 (3d Cir.1999), cert, denied, U.S. Healthcare, Inc. v. Bauman, 530 U.S. 1242, 120 S.Ct. 2687, 147 L.Ed.2d 960 (2000). Complete preemption doctrine applies where the federal statute at issue provides the exclusive cause of action for the claim asserted and also sets forth procedures and remedies governing that cause of action. Anderson, 539 U.S. at 8, 123 S.Ct. 2058.

The complete preemption doctrine does not apply to Tombs’ threatened OPRA claim. Federal copyright law does not create an exclusive cause of action for access to public records and does not set forth procedures and remedies governing such actions. Simply stated, federal copyright law does not wholly displace state statutory or common law rights to public records, and therefore cannot be said to completely preempt Tombs’ threatened claim.

III.

The District Court properly dismissed the Board’s action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We will affirm the District Court’s order.