Case ID: nd_29/html/0546-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "\n      CHRISTIANSON, J. CHRISTIANSON, T.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

WENDELL HUSTON v. ELOF JOHNSON.
    (151 N. W. 774.)
    Self-serving declarations — admissibility.
    1. As a rule, self-serving declarations, whether oral or written, are inadmissible.
    Letter — statements in, favorable to sender — self-serving declaration.
    2. As a rule, a letter containing statements favorable to the sender is not admissible for himself, but should be excluded as a self-serving declaration.
    Evidence — incompetent — admitting of at trial — error — prejudice — appellate court — preponderance — verdict.
    3. Where incompetent evidence is admitted over objection, before such error can be disregarded as nonprej-udicial, it must appear that the error did not and could not have prejudiced the rights of the complaining party. And the case must be such that the appellate court is not called upon to decide, from the preponderance of the evidence that the verdict was right, notwithstanding the error complained of.
    Purchasers for lands — procuring — authority — evidence of — agency — proof of — error.
    4. The defendant claimed that he never authorized the plaintiff to procure purchasers for his land, but that he made some such agreement with a man in charge of plaintiff’s office in the absence of plaintiff, and that this was the only authority plaintiff could have acted upon in procuring purchasers. Defendant offered testimony to show the terms of such agreement. This evidence was excluded by the trial court on the theory that, before such evidence could be admitted, the defendant must establish the fact that such person was the duly authorized agent of the plaintiff. Seld, that the exclusion of this testimony was error.
    Pleadings — agreement — evidence — agent.
    5. Under an allegation in the answer that a certain agreement was entered into between the plaintiff and the defendant, evidence is admissible to show that such agreement was made with the defendant by plaintiff’s agent.
    On Petition for Rehearing.
    6. The general rule that objections to evidence must be specific admits of this exception, that if they cannot in any manner be obviated, or if the evidence is clearly inadmissible for any purpose, a general objection will suffice.
    7. Plaintiff offered in evidence a copy of a letter, which plaintiff claimed he had written to the defendant, the contents of which were largely self-serving declarations. The evidence already admitted at that time showed that defendant had not received the letter. Held, that a general objection to such letter that it was “irrelevant, incompetent, and immaterial” was sufficient; and that the admission of such letter over such objection was error.
    Opinion filed February 17, 1915.
    On petition for rehearing March 19, 1915.
    From a judgment of tbe District Court of Stutsman County, Ooffy, J., defendant appeals.
    Judgment reversed and new trial ordered.
    
      A. B. Darelius, for appellant.
    Tbe essential and necessary rules of law governing tbe admission of secondary evidence were not complied witb. A notice to produce tbe original letter was not given. Eead v. Chambers, — Tex. Civ. App. —, 45 S. W. 742; Jameson v. Officer, 15 Tex. Civ. App.- 212, 39 S. W. 190; Smith v. Holbrook, 99 Ga. 256, 25 S. E. 627; Foster v. New-brougb, 58 N. Y. 481; Westinghouse Co. v. Tilden, 56 Neb. 129, 76 N. W. 416; 11 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 497, and cases cited.
    
      Geo. ~W. Thorp and Russell D. Chase, for respondent.
    Where both a general and specific denial are employed in a pleading, tbe scope of tbe general denial is limited to tbe issues raised by tbe specific denials. It really amounts to a notice to tbe other party that only enumerated defenses will be relied upon. 31 Cyc. 694, 695, and cases cited; Pom. Code Eem. §§ 516, 517, 521.
    Tbe admission in evidence of a copy of a letter or other writing, if error, was immaterial and without prejudice, for tbe reason that, prior to tbe letter, appellant bad already received notice of tbe facts contained, and bad acted upon them. Eev. Codes 1905, § 6886; S'. J. Vidger Co. v. Great Northern E. Co. 15 N. D. 501, 107 N. W. 1083; South Beach Land Asso. v. Christy, 41 Cal. 501;' 2 Spelling, New Trial, § 689; Aultman, Miller Co. v. Jones, 15 N. D. 130, 106 N. W. 688; Kinney v. Brotherhood of American Yeomen, 15 N. D. 21, 106 N. W. 44; Gaffney v. Mentele, 23 S. D. 38, 119 N. W. 1030; Putnam v. Ouster County, 25 S. D. 542, 127 N. W. 641; Hedderich v. Hedderich, 18 N. D. 488, 123 N. W. 276; Howler v. Iowa Land Co. 18 S. D. 131, 99'N. W. 1095, and cases cited; Cochrane v. National Elevator Co. 20 N. D. 169, 127 N. W. 725 ; Stephens v. Faus, 20 S. D. 367, 106 N. W. 56; Cairncross v. Omlie, 13 N. D. 387, 101 N. W. 897; 2 Enc. PI. & Pr. 500, and cases cited; Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S. Ste. M. R. Co. 18 N. D. 462, 123 N. W. 281; Benjamin v. Huston, 16 S. D. 569, 94 N. W. 584; Waldner v. Bowden State Bank, 13 N. D. 604, 102 N. W. 169, 3 Ann. Oas. 847; Donley y. Camp, 22 Ala. 659, 58 Am. Dec. 274; Sloan v. Citizens’ Nat. Bank, 1 Neb. (Hnof.) 295, 95 N. W. 480; Davis v. Holy Terror Min. Co. 20 S. D. 399, 107 N. W. 374; State v. La Croix, 8 S. D. 369, 66'N. W. 944; Mathews v. Silvander, 14 S. D. 505, 85 N. W. 998; Muller v. Flavin, 13 S. D. 595, 83 N. W. 687.
    If the evidence is slight or irrelevant, or if without it. the fact is conclusively shown by other evidence, it may be disregarded because it could not have caused injury. State v. Staber, 20 N. D. 545, 129 N. W. 104; State v. Chase, 17 N. D. 429, 117 N. W. 537, 17 Ann. Cas. 520; Landis Mach. Co. v. Konantz Saddlery Co. 17 N. D. 310, 116 N. W. 333; State v. Denny, 17 N. D. 519, 117 N. W. 869; State v. Guy, 25 S. D. 144, 125 N. W. 570; Miller v. McConnell, 23 S. D. 137, 120 N. W. 888; Kelly v. Pierce, 16 N. D. 234, 12 L.P.A. (N.S.) 180, 112 N. W. 995; Kepner v. Ford, 16 N. D. 50, 111 N. W. 619; Greenwald v. Ford, 21 S. D. 28, 109 N. W. 516; Gale v. Shillock, 4 Dak. 182, 29 N. W. 661; Yankton Bldg. & L. Asso. v. Dowling, 10 S. D. 540, 74 N. W. 439; Stewart v. Gregory, C. & Co. 9 N. D. 618, 84 N. W. 553; Morrison v. Oium, 3 N. D. 76, 54 N. W. 288'; Braithwaite v. Aikin, 1 N. D. 455, 48 N. W. 354; Moline Plow Co. v. Gilbert, 3 Dak. 239, 15 N. W. 1; Hnited States v. Adams, 2 Dak. 305, 9 N. W. 718; State v. Kent (State v. Pancoast) 5 N. D. 516, 35 L.P.A. 526, 67 N. W. 1052; State v. McGahey, 3 N. D. 293, 55 N. W. 753; Farrell v. Edwards, 8 S. D. 425, 66 N. W. 812; Taylor v. Neys, 11 S. D. 605, 79 N. W. 998; Hermiston v. Green, 11 S. D. 81, 75 N. W. 819; Fisher v. State, 1 Penn. (Del.) 388, 41 Atl. 184; Gilbert v. Moline Plough Co. 119 H. S. 491, 30 L. ed. 476, 7 Sup. Ct. Eep. 305; United States v. Homestake Min. Co. 54 C. C. A. 303, 117 Fed. 481, 22 Mor. Min. Eep. 365; Dennett y. Eeisdorfer, 15 S. D. 466, 90 N. W. 138; Morris v. Hubbard, 14 S. D. 525, 86 N. W. 25; A. G. Becker & Co. y. First Nat. Bank, 15 N. D. 279, 107 N. W. 968; State use of Hart-Parr Co. v. Eobb-Lawrence Co. 17 N. D. 257, 16 L.E.A.(N.S.) 227, 115 N. W. 846; Miller v. Northern P. E. Co. 18 N. D. 19, 118 N. W. 344, 19 Ann. Cas. 1215; Buebanan v. Eandall, 21 S. D. 44, 109 N. W. 513; State y. Moeller, 20 N. D. 114, 126 N. W. 568; Breeden y. Martens, 21 S. D. 357, 112 N. W. 960; Neeley v. Eoberts, 23 S. D. 604, 122 N. W. 655; State y. Frazer, 23 S. D. 304, 121 N. W. 790.
    Notice to produce a document as a prerequisite to tbe admission of secondary evidence of its contents is only required when the instrument is or may be presumed to be in the possession or under the control of the other party. 17 Cyc. 558, and cases cited; Briggs v. Hervey, 130 Mass. 186; Eoberts v. Spencer, 123 Mass. 397; Biekley y. Bickley, 136 Ala. 548, 34 So. 946; Hagaman v. Gillis, 9 S. D. 61, 68 N. W. 192; Nichols v. Charlebois, 10 N. D. 446, 88 N. W. 80; 5 Words & Phrases, 4275, and cases cited; Brooks, Boardman & Ford v. Day, 11 Iowa, 46; People ex rel. Soer y. Crane, 125 N. T. 535, 26 N. E. 736.
    Where facts and inferences are blended to an objectionable extent, the statement of facts may still be received if separable from the inferences. 17 Cyc. 216, 217, 223, 224, and cases cited; Townsend v. Briggs, 3 Cal. Unrep. 803, 32 Pac. 307; Neal v. Field, 68 Ga. 534; Fred Miller Brewing Co. v. De France, 90 Iowa, 395, 57 N. W. 959; Jones v. Fuller, 19 S. O. 66, 45 Am. Eep. 761; Knight v. Knight, 178 Ill. 553, 53 N. E, 306; Baltes Land, Stone & Oil Co. v. Sutton, 32 Ind. App. 14, 69 N. E. 179; Bellows v. Crane Lumber Co. 119 Mich. 424, 78 N. W. 536; Olson v. O’Connor, 9 N. D. 504, 81 Am. St. Eep. 595, 84 N. W. 359.
    If a statement of inference, conclusion, or judgment is accompanied by an enumeration of the facts on which it is based, any error is usually harmless. The jury can estimate the probative value of the entire statement. 17 Cyc. 60, 61; Central E. Co. v. Alimón, 147 Ill. 471, 35 N. E. 725, 11 Am. Neg. Gas. 371; Hanish y. Kennedy, 106 Mich. 455, 64 N. W. 459; Larson y. Lombard Invest. Co. 51 Minn. 141, 53 N. W. 179; Burdick v. Haggart, 4 Dak. 13, 22 N. W. 589; Anderson v. First Nat. Bank, 6 N. D. 497, 72 N. W. 916; Braithwaite v. Aikin, 1 N. D. 455, 48 N. W. 354; 1 Hill’s Dig. pp. 151-153, 158-161; Taylor v. Jones, 3 N. D. 235, 55 N. W. 593; 3 Cyc. 386, and cases cited; Costa v. Silva, 127 Cal. 351, 59 Pac. 695, 20 Mor. Min. Bep. 330; Jersey Island Dredging Co. v. Whitney, 149 Cal. 269, 86 Pac. 509, 691; Springfield v. Coe, 166 Ill. 22, 46 N. E. 709, 2 Am. Neg. Bep. 11; Joliet v. Johnson, 177 Ill. 178, 52 N. E. 498; Brittenham v. Bobinson, 18 Ind. App. 502, 48 N. E. 616; Hollenbeck v. Marion, 116 Iowa, 69, 89 N. W. 210; Sparks v. Galena Nat. Bank, 68 Kan. 148, 74 Pac. 619; Sun Ins. Office v. Western Woolen-Mill Co. 72 Kan. 41, 82 Pac. 513; Chicago, B. I. & P. B. Co. v. Holmes, 68 Neb. 826, 94 N. W. 1007; Burrell v. Gates, 112 Mich. 307, 70 N. W. 574; Butler v. Delafield, 1 Cal. App. 367, 82 Pac. 260; Miller v. Green, 3 Ariz. 205, 73 Pac. 399; Murphy v. Coppieters, 136 Cal. 317, 68 Pac. 970; Knox v. Noble, 25 Kan. 449; Aultman, Miller Co. v. Jones, 15 N. D. 130, 106 N. W. 688; German Sav. & L. Soc. v. Collins, 145 Cal. 192, 78 Pac. 637; Baymond v. Glover, 122 Cal. 471, 55 Pac. 398; Chicago & A. B. Co. v. Esten, 178 Ill. 192, 52 N. E. 954; Lake Erie & W. B. Co. v. Binker, 16 Ind. App. 334, 45 N. E. 80; Medearis v. Anchor Mut. F. Ins. Co. 104 Iowa, 88, 65 Am. St. Bep. 428, 73 N. W. 495; Williams v. Griffin Wheel Co. 84 Minn. 279, 87 N. W. 773; Missouri P. B. Co. v. Fox, 60 Neb. 531, 83 N. W. 744, 8 Am. Neg. Bep. 463; La Bue v. Smith, 153 N. T. 428, 47 N. E. 796; Sehweikert v. Seavey, 6 Cal. Unrep. 554, 62 Pac. 600; Vindicator Consol. Gold Min. Co. v. Firstbrook, 36 Colo. 498, 86 Pac. 313, 10 Ann. Gas. 1108; Camp v. Dixon, 112 Ga. 872, 52 L.B.A. 755, 38 S. E. 71; Gibson v. Burlington, C. B. & N. B. Co. 107 Iowa, 596, 78 N. W. 190; Service v. Deming Invest. Co. 20 Wash. 668, 56 Pac. 837; 2 Decen. Dig. Appeal & Error, §§ 1050-1052 (2) ; 2 Hill’s Dig. Appeal & Error, pp. 101-107.
    Agency must always be pleaded in order that proof of its existence may be offered or introduced. G. W. Loverin-Browne Co. v. Bank of Buffalo, 7 N. D. 569, 75 N. W. 923; Gordon v. Vermont Loan & T. Co. 6 N. D. 454, 71 N. W. 556.
    The fact of agency cannot be proved by the agent’s declarations. Piano Mfg. Co. v. Boot, 3 N. D. 165, 54 N. W. 924; 31 Cyc. 1655, 1656, and cases cited. • — - - - - -
   CHRISTIANSON, J.

This is an appeal from a judgment in favor of the plaintiff for a real estate broker’s commission. The case was tried before a jury, and a verdict returned for the plaintiff for $4,000, and from the judgment entered on such verdict, this appeal is taken. There is a square conflict between the plaintiff and defendant upon the principal questions at issue. The plaintiff is a real estate broker living at Carrington, North Dakota. The defendant is a farmer living in Stutsman county, where he owns two tracts of land located only a short distance apart, aggregating 960 acres. The plaintiff in his complaint alleges that the defendant employed him as a broker to sell 480 acres of this land for not less than $14,000, and that the plaintiff was to receive for his commission whatever he might receive over $14,000 therefor. That, thereafter he found certain purchasers who were ready, able, and willing to buy these lands and pay therefor the sum of $18,000. The defendant in his answer asserts that no such agreement was made, but that the plaintiff agreed to sell the entire 960 acres for $26,000. The 480-acre tract which plaintiff claims to have sold was that portion of the tract on which all the buildings were located. There is also a square conflict under the testimony as to when, where, and in what manner and upon what terms the contract of employment between the plaintiff and the defendant was made. Plaintiff testified that the defendant came to his office at Carrington between August 27 and September 1, and at that time stated that he wanted plaintiff to sell some land he had near Edmunds consisting of two parcels, and that plaintiff stated he would have to sell it out in parcels, and that it would be impossible to get one purchaser to buy the whole amount of both tracts; and that the defendant gave a price of $25 per acre if the entire amount of both tracts were sold, or $14,000 for a 480-acre tract on which the buildings were located, and $12,000 for the other tract. Plaintiff further testified that in accordance with this agreement, he procured two purchasers who were willing to buy the 480-acre tract on which the building was located for $18,000, and that he entered into preliminary contracts with them, and that immediately after the deal had been made, he called the defendant on the telephone and notified him of the fact that the land had been sold; that the defendant stated that he was busy and could not get up to Carrington for a couple of days. Plaintiff further claims that a couple days after the telephone conversation he wrote the defendant; that he kept a copy of the letter and mailed the original in the postoffice at Carrington, addressed to Elof Johnson at Edmunds, North Dakota. Without any further foundation a copy of the letter was offered and received in evidence, over objection, that the same was irrelevant, incompetent, and immaterial, and that no foundation for its introduction had been laid. The letter so received in evidence was as follows:

Exhibit “B.”
October 23, 1911.
Mr. Elof Johnson,
Edmunds, N. Dak.
Dear sir:—
I have sold your farm, the west half of 15, and northwest quarter of 22, which you had listed with me. This farm is well sold. The parties who bought it are wealthy Illinois farmers, and can pay out in five years the entire amount due, after making a first payment. Wish you would call at once and we will close the matter up. Have contract for deed with abstract sent to them at once, and first payment will be turned over to you. Will say that I would like part of this first payment to pay my agents with, but I am sure you will do what is right, and I want to talk with you and we can arrange matters satisfactorily at that time. I called you up this morning but was told that you had gone to Jamestown, and I look for you back up here on to-day’s train.
Hoping to see you soon, I remain,
Tours very truly,

‘ The - defendant denied having received the letter of which exhibit “B” purports to be a copy, and the plaintiff admitted that when defendant came to Carrington to see him regarding the proposed land sale, some time subsequent to the sending of the letter, he made no reference thereto, and in no manner acknowledged its receipt. No notice to produce the original was served upon defendant or his counsel, and no other foundation than that above indicated laid for its introduction. An exception was saved to the court’s ruling in admitting exhibit “B,” and its reception is one of the errors presented on this appeal. Defendant, on the other hand, contends that the agreement under which plaintiff acted in obtaining the purchasers for the land was entirely different, and made in an entirely different manner, and upon entirely different terms than those asserted by the plaintiff. In the first place, defendant claims that he had no talk with the plaintiff personally, but that some time in the first part of September, 1911, while in Carrington, he went to the plaintiff’s office, and, upon inquiry from the stenographer whether the same was a land office or not, was informed that it was, and that the stenographer thereupon called some man from the back part of the office, and that this defendant then gave to such man, in plaintiff’s office, the description of the land and the prices and terms at which the defendant was willing to sell the same. The defendant also claims that at that time he stated that the entire two tracts of 960 acres must be sold at $26,000, and that the defendant was not willing to sell any part unless he sold the whole thereof. Defendant claims that this was the only time he ever extended any authority to plaintiff to sell the land, or ever gave any terms upon which he would make sale, and that therefore if plaintiff made sale at all, that he was bound by and must act under the arrangement so made at that time. Defendant further claims that some time subsequent thereto the plaintiff came to the defendant’s farm, and at this time the plaintiff stated that he was going to find a purchaser for the land, but no terms of sale were discussed, and that subsequent thereto defendant received a telephone message from the plaintiff, and that defendant thereupon went to Carrington and had some talk with the plaintiff in the bank regarding the proposed sale, but that during'none of these talks did the defendant in any manner agree to any deviation from the terms of sale proposed by him to the man in the plaintiff’s office. The trial court sustained objections to the testimony of the defendant with reference to the conversation the defendant claimed to have had with the man in plaintiff’s office, on the apparent theory that it was incumbent upon the defendant to prove that the person with whom he talked had authority to represent the plaintiff. The defendant’s counsel, therefore, made an offer of proof as follows: “At this time the defendant offers to show that on or about the 1st of September, 1911, he went to the plaintiff’s office, in Carrington, North Dakota, and at that time met tbe stenographer or lady clerk in Mr. Huston’s office, wbo called from tbe private office some man wbo represented to Mr. Johnson that be was tbe agent of Mr. Huston, and that Mr. Johnson at that time gave him a description of bis lands, tbedands mentioned in tbe complaint and tbe three quarters additional mentioned by tbe witness on tbe stand, and at that time told him that tbe whole land was for sale at .$26,000 net to tbe defendant, with one half cash and tbe balancé on time at 6 per cent interest per annum; that in case tbe same was sold, that tbe plaintiff should receive from tbe purchasers such sum over and above that amount as be might sell these sis quarter sections of land for. At this time we will offer to show, by tbe defendant on tbe witness stand, that at this time, tbe man at Mr. Huston’s office with whom Mr. Johnson talked, told Mr. Johnson that tbe sis quarter sections would be a very large lot of land to sell at one sale, and asked if it could not be sold in separate parcels; that Mr. Johnson at that time informed this man at Mr. Huston’s office that be would, in no event, sell tbe land that bad tbe buildings on, unless it was all sold, and that tbe land must net him $26,000, or tbe three quarters with tbe buildings, $25 per acre, and tbe balance $14,000.” In addition to tbe offer, proper questions were asked by tbe defendant’s counsel for tbe purpose of eliciting this testimony, but such testimony was all excluded, and before tbe close of tbe case all references to tbe conversation, even that elicited on cross-examination, was, upon motion of plaintiff’s attorney, stricken out and eliminated from tbe jury’s consideration. Exceptions were taken to tbe several rulings of tbe court in excluding tbis testimony, and sucb rulings are presented as error on tbis appeal.

Did tbe trial court err in admitting exhibit “B” in evidence, and if so was tbe error prejudicial to tbe rights of tbe defendant? Tbis letter was not offered as a part of a general correspondence. There is no evidence that defendant in any manner acknowledged its receipt, or acted or agreed to act thereon. Tbe undisputed testimony is to tbe contrary. It will be observed that tbe letter contains several statements favorable to tbe plaintiff. It is not in tbe nature of a mere notice or demand, but particularly describes tbe 480-acre tract by legal numbers, and states as a fact that tbis tract bad been listed with him. Tbe letter further commends tbe sale, and states that tbe purchasers are wealthy Illinois farmers. Tbe letter does not-call for an answer, but is a self-serving declaration on tbe part of tbe plaintiff, presenting "tbe transaction in as favorable light to bim as possible. In Fearing v. Kimball, 4 Allen, 125, 81 Am. Dec. 690, it was said: “Tbe general rule tbat a party cannot make evidence for bimself by bis written communications addressed to tbe other party, as to tbe character of dealings between them, or tbe liability of tbe party to whom they are addressed, in tbe absence of any reply assenting to tbe same, is well settled, . . . a party cannot make evidence for bimself by bis own declarations.” And in Jones on Evidence, vol. 3, § 583, p. 767, it is said: “It is almost unnecessary to say tbat tbe sender may not use bis own letters against tbe sendee without proof of the receipt of them, or tbat tbe sendee in some manner acted or agreed to act upon them; otherwise it would amount to tbe party making evidence for bimself.” We are clearly satisfied tbat the reception of this letter in evidence was error. Seevers v. Cleveland Coal Co. 158 Iowa, 574, 138 N. W. 793; Hockaday v. Wortham, 22 Tex. Civ. App. 419, 54 S. W. 1094; Largent v. Beard, — Tex. Civ. App. —, 53 S. W. 90; Riddell v. Jenkins, 109 App. Div. 463, 95 N. Y. Supp. 702; Havens v. Gilmour, 83 App. Div. 84, 82 N. Y. Supp. 511; Duysters v. Crawford, 69 N. J. L. 614, 55 Atl. 823; United States Exp. Co. v. Long, 105 Ark. 130, 150 S. W. 576; Hutchinson v. Nay, 183 Mass. 355, 67 N. E. 601; Gearty v. New York, 183 N. Y. 233, 76 N. E. 12; Smith v. Shoemaker, 17 Wall. 630, 21 L. ed. 717; 16 Cyc. 1202; Mulroy v. Jacobson, 24 N. D. 354, 139 N. W. 697.

Respondent contends, however, tbat even though it was error to admit exhibit “B,” tbat such error was not prejudicial. We are unable to sustain this contention. In this case tbe material facts depended almost entirely upon tbe testimony of tbe plaintiff and defendant, and it is obvious tbat any fact or circumstance which might or would be likely to cause tbe jury to give greater credence to tbe testimony of one of these parties could not be brushed aside with tbe mere assertion tbat it was immaterial, and tbat there is sufficient competent testimony to sustain tbe verdict. Tbe letter must have been offered for some purpose. We cannot be expected to presume tbat it was offered as a mere idle ceremony. Plaintiff must have expected tbat it would aid bis cause, and tbat its contents would weigh with tbe jury in considering tbe testimony in tbe case. Tbe statements in tbe letter were favorable to tbe plaintiff. These statements were self-serving declarations. Tbe letter was clearly incompetent, and should have been excluded. Nor would we be justified in saying that this letter bad no effect upon tbe minds of tbe jury. In considering a similar proposition, tbe court of appeals of tbe State of New York in tbe case of Gearty v. New York, 183 N. Y. 233, 238, 76 N. E. 12, 14, says: “Nor can we properly say that tbe evidence was harmless. Tbe trial was before a jury, and these statements . . . may have bad considerable weight with tbe jury. Tbe burden is on tbe respondent to show that tbe reception of tbe letter was harmless, and this be has failed to do. Foote v. Beecher, 78 N. Y. 155; Jefferson v. New York Elev. R. Co. 132 N. Y. 483, 30 N. E. 981; People v. Strait, 154 N. Y. 165, 171, 47 N. E. 1090.” In tbe case of Smith v. Shoemaker, 17 Wall. 630, 21 L. ed. 717, tbe Supreme Court of tbe United States considered tbe same question. In that case, also, certain letters were received in evidence over objection, and on appeal it was contended that tbe admission of such letters was error without prejudice. In disposing of this contention that court said: “We repeat tbe doctrine of this court laid down in Deery v. Cray, 5 Wall. 795, 18 L. ed. 653, that while it is a sound principle that no judgment should be reversed on error when tbe error complained of worked no injury to tbe party against whom tbe ruling was made, it must appear so clear as to be beyond doubt that tbe error did not and could not have prejudiced tbe right of tbe party. Tbe case must be such that this court is not called on to decide upon tbe preponderance of evidence that tbe verdict was right, notwithstanding tbe error complained of.” 17 Wall. 630, 639, 21 L. ed. 717, 719. We are satisfied that tbe admission in evidence of exhibit “B” was error, prejudicial to tbe rights of tbe defendant.

We are also satisfied that tbe trial court erred in excluding tbe evidence offered by tbe defendant relative to what took place at tbe time be made arrangements for tbe sale of bis lands at tbe plaintiff’s office. Tbe ruling of tbe trial court in excluding this evidence was based upon tbe theory that it was incumbent upon tbe defendant to show that tbe person with whom be bad bis negotiations at plaintiff’s office actually represented tbe plaintiff. This is clearly erroneous, for tbe reason that tbe defendant claims that this is tbe only arrangement be ever made with plaintiff to sell bis lands. And from defendant’s standpoint, therefore, if plaintiff bad any authority whatsoever to sell the lands of defendant, it must have been under and by virtue of the terms mentioned in the conversation between defendant and the man in charge of plaintiff’s office. Because defendant contends that he never saw plaintiff or anyone else representing plaintiff in regard to the sale of these lands until after plaintiff notified him that he had procured purchasers. Therefore, from defendant’s standpoint, it is obvious that if plaintiff had any arrangement with defendant whatsoever authorizing him to procure such purchasers, it must have "been the one plaintiff asserts that he made with the man in charge of plaintiff’s office. And therefore, if defendant’s version is correct, it is obvious that the person in charge of plaintiff’s office must either have been authorized to represent plaintiff, or the plaintiff by acting under such arrangement ratified his acts. It is true that plaintiff claims that defendant came to his office at Carrington and made an entirely different arrangement with plaintiff personally, but this fact would not preclude the defendant from presenting his side of the controversy, and it would then be for the jury to say who was right or who was wrong in his contention in the matter. The mere fact that defendant’s version was denied by plaintiff in no manner affected its admissibility, or changed the rules of evidence relating thereto. By the court’s ruling, defendant was prevented from presenting to the jury his side of the controversy relating to the terms and conditions of the contract of employment.

Respondent, however, contends that the court properly excluded the testimony relative to the arrangement made with the man in charge of plaintiff’s office by the defendant, for the reason that the defendant’s answer does not plead the fact that he made such agreement with an agent of the plaintiff, but merely pleads in general terms that such agreement was made between plaintiff and defendant. This contention is of no merit. It was not-necessary for the defendant to plead agency. Such evidence was admissible under the allegations of the answer, denying the contract set out in the complaint, and alleging a different contract between plaintiff and defendant. Weide v. Porter, 22 Minn. 429; Sherman v. New York C. R. Co. 22 Barb. 239; Cannon v. Bannon, 151 App. Div. 693, 136 N. Y. Supp. 139; Bibb v. Bancroft, 3 Cal. Unrep. 151, 22 Pac. 484; Poole v. Hintrager, 60 Iowa, 180, 14 N. W. 223; Acme Harvester Co. v. Curlee, 77 Neb. 666, 110 N. W. 660; Child v. Gillis Constr. Co. 42 Utah, 120, 129 Pac. 356. Tbe errors in tbe admission and rejection of evidence deprived tbe defendant of a fair trial. Tbe judgment is reversed and a new trial ordered.

On Petition for Rebearing.

CHRISTIANSON, T.

A reversal of tbe judgment in this case was ordered for errors in tbe exclusion and admission of testimony. In the former opinion we held that tbe admission of a certain letter (exhibit B) was prejudicial error. A petition for rehearing forcibly presents tbe 'proposition that no sufficient objection was made to this exhibit. Tbe objection, as stated in tbe former opinion, was that tbe same was “irrelevant, incompetent, and immaterial, and no foundation for its introduction bad been laid.” Tbe facts surrounding tbe admission of tbe evidence, as well as tbe reasons for tbe incompetency thereof, were fully set forth in tbe former opinion. In view, however, of tbe proposition raised by respondent’s counsel in tbe petition for rehearing, we deem it desirable to more fully discuss this matter, so that no erroneous inference may be drawn from tbe opinion in this case.

Upon tbe trial of tbe action, tbe first witness called in behalf of tbe plaintiff was tbe defendant, Johnson, who was called for cross-examination under tbe statute, and it was upon such cross-examination that Johnson first testified to tbe agreement which be claimed be made with a man in charge of plaintiff’s office as set forth in tbe former opinion; and notwithstanding the fact that this testimony was first elicited by plaintiff’s own counsel upon such cross-examination of the defendant, tbe trial court refused to permit defendant’s counsel to make any inquiry into tbe same subject when defendant was testifying in his own behalf, and afterwards, upon tbe motion of tbe plaintiff’s attorney, the court struck out all tbe testimony relative thereto, including that elicited by plaintiff’s own attorney upon tbe cross-examination. During such cross-examination tbe defendant Johnson specifically denied having received any letter whatever from the plaintiff, Huston. Johnson admitted, however, having received a telephone communication from the plaintiff, and also that a short time thereafter be went' to Carrington to see the plaintiff. Subsequent to defendant’s cross-examination, tbe plaintiff testified that after be bad procured tbe purchasers, and closed tbe deal witb them, that be called tbe defendant on tbe telephone and notified bim of tbe fact that tbe land bad been sold. This telephone conversation, as already stated, was admitted by defendant during bis cross-examination. Plaintiff thereupon proceeded to testify that a couple of days after tbe telephone conversation, be wrote a letter to tbe defendant, of which exhibit B was a copy. Plaintiff stated that tbe defendant came to Carrington tbe day after tbe letter was written, and that they bad some conversation regarding tbe land transaction, but plaintiff admitted that during their conversation no reference was made to tbe letter, and that .the defendant in no manner admitted its receipt. It appears, therefore, from tbe evidence that tbe defendant came to Carrington at the time designated in tbe telephone conversation. Tbe question of notice of the sale was not involved, as prior to the time tbe letter was offered, plaintiff and defendant had both testified to the telephone conversation, during which, as conceded by both, plaintiff stated to tbe defendant that be bad procured purchasers for defendant’s lands. At tbe time tbe letter was offered, there was no testimony tending to show that its contents bad ever been made known to tbe defendant, while there was tbe positive testimony of tbe defendant that be bad never received it. Tbe letter speaks for itself, and is clearly self-serving. Tbe letter, under the testimony in this case, was merely a statement presenting a part of tbe transaction from tbe plaintiff’s standpoint, — a written statement made in tbe absence of tbe defendant, — the contents of which had never been communicated to or acted upon by bim. It was therefore clearly incompetent, not only as a self-serving declaration, but as hearsay.

It is doubtless true, as plaintiff’s attorney asserts, that a general objection to evidence generally is insufficient, and that this doctrine has been repeatedly announced by this court. We have no desire to disapprove or depart from any of tbe decisions heretofore banded down by this court on this question, but they have no application in this case. Exhibit B was wholly inadmissible for any purpose, and hence tbe objection interposed was sufficient. “Where, however, evidence is wholly inadmissible on its face for any purpose a general objection to it is sufficient.” 9 Ene. Ev. 63. “A general objection to evidence which is clearly hearsay is sufficient. It is incumbent on tbe party offering tbe evidence to show that it is admissible in spite of its hearsay character.” 9 Enc. Ev. 80. “A general objection is sufficient where the ground therefor is so manifest that the trial court could not fail to understand it, as when the evidence offered is clearly irrelevant or incompetent or inadmissible for any purpose, or the objection is of such nature that it could not have been obviated.” 38 Cyc. 1385. “The general rule that objections to evidence must be specific admits of this exception, that if they cannot in any manner be obviated, or if the evidence is clearly inadmissible for any purpose, a general objection will suffice.” 8 Enc. Pl. & Pr. 228.

In discussing this matter the supreme court of Arizona, speaking through Chief Justice Dunne, in Rush v. French, 1 Ariz. 125, 25 Pac. 816, said: “As the object of requiring a specific objection is to enable the other party to obviate it if possible, if the objection is apparent, and it is clear that the defect cannot possibly be obviated, a specific objection would not help the adverse party, and in such case a general objection would be sufficient.” In the case of Cooper v. Bower, 78 Kan. 164, 96 Pac. 794, the supreme court of Kansas held that a general objection to certain evidence on the ground that it-was incompetent was a sufficient statement of the grounds of objection, where the testimony called for consisted of a self-serving declaration. In considering this question the court said: “But in the present instance the question called for the statement of one of the parties made out of court concerning the very matter in controversy, such a statement as would ordinarily amount to a self-serving declaration. It required no specification to advise the court why the opponent regarded such evidence as incompetent. It was rather for the proponent to suggest the special considerations that were thought to make it competent.” At the time of its offer, exhibit B was clearly incompetent for any purpose, it was merely a self-serving statement on the part of the plaintiff, — the contents of which the evidence showed had never been communicated to the defendant. It was nothing more than a written statement made by the plaintiff out of court, — in the absence of the defendant,— self-serving in its nature, and purely hearsay as far as the defendant was concerned. If the plaintiff had written a complete statement of his side of the controversy, would it be contended that such statement would have been admissible over a general objection? The fact that exhibit B merely contained a partial presentation of plaintiff’s case made it none tbe less objectionable. It is self-evident tbat at tbe time it was offered and received in evidence, exbibit B was incompetent for any purpose. And it is likewise obvious tbat under tbe undisputed testimony in tbe case at tbat time, it could not, under any circumstances, be made competent as evidence in tbe case. As already stated it constituted merely a self-serving statement on tbe part of tbe plaintiff, wbicb was hearsay so far as tbe defendant was concerned. It could not be made competent for any purpose, and a general objection was sufficient. Sparf v. United States, 156 U. S. 51, 39 L. ed. 343, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 273, 10 Am. Crim. Rep. 168; Parker v. United States, 1 Ind. Terr. 592, 43 S. W. 858; Townshend v. Townshend, 84 Vt. 315, 79 Atl. 388; Roche v. Llewellyn Iron Works Co. 140 Cal. 563, 74 Pac. 147; Snowden v. Pleasant Valley Coal Co. 16 Utab, 366, 52 Pac. 599; M. Groh’s Sons v. Groh, 177 N. Y. 8, 68 N. E. 992; Morehouse v. Morehouse, 140 Cal. 88, 73 Pac. 738; Denver v. Perkins, 50 Colo. 159, 114 Pac. 484; Hunt v. Allison, 77 Wash. 58, 137 Pac. 322; Strickland v. Strickland, 103 Ark. 183, 146 S. W. 501; Hydraulic-Press Brick Co. v. Green, 177 Mo. App. 308, 164 S. W. 250; Richardson v. Agnew, 46 Wash. 117, 89 Pac. 404, and Rosenberg v. Sheaban, 148 Wis. 92, 133 N. W. 645. See also Johnson v. Burks, 103 Mo. App. 221, 77 S. W. 133, and Cbamberlayne, Evidence, § 2734.

We see no reason for receding from our former opinion herein. Tbe petition for rehearing is denied, and tbe order heretofore entered, reversing tbe judgment of tbe trial court and remanding tbe case for a new trial, will stand.