Case ID: vt_6/html/0509-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Collame w, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

John Kellogg, Ex parte
    
    Caledonia
    
      March, 1834.
    An appointment by a justice ofthe peace to serve a process, is a judicial act by said justice, and cannot be done-by proxy; and therefore, said appointment cannot bo left blank, and be filled up by the plaintiff* afterwards.
    
      Habeas coipus, in this state, extends to persons imprisoned on final civil process.
    
      Habeas corpus is not the proper remedy when the judgment is not vote?, but erroneous or irregular.
    Judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction is not void for error or irregularity in the previous proceedings.
    'Matter in abatement, if there be notice to the defendant in fact, is waived if not pleaded, and if pleaded and adjudicated upon, becomes res adjudicata, and is no ground for subsequent proceedings.
    This was a habeas corpus to be relieved from imprisonment on an execution in favor of Wm. Buckminster, who, by order of court, was notified and appeared. It appeared that a writ of attachment was sued out from a justice of the peace in favor of said Buckminster against said Kellogg, on which the justice had made and signed a blank deputation, which was afterwards filled up with the name of a person, without consultation with the justice. The writ was served by such person, by the at-taclimciit of property, and due notice to Kellogg. On the return day, a subsequent attaching creditor entered appearance for Kellogg, and pleaded abatement for the above cause, which was overruled by the justice, and no further defence being made, judgment was rendered against Kellogg, and execution issued, on which Kellogg is now confined to the limits of the prison.-After argument,
   The opinion of the court was delivered by

Collame w, J.

— The first question presented is, was this deputation, or authority to serve the attachment, legal ? This depends on deciding whether the act of the justice, in making this appointment, is judicial or ministerial. If the former, it cannot be performed by delegation or proxy. The statute (p. 127) provides, “ That if it shall be made to appear to a jus- “ tice that a writ,” &C. “ may fail of service for want of a prop- “ er officer, seasonably to be had, such justice is hereby em- “ powered to deputize any suitable person to serve the same “by,” he. Here are two things on which the justice is called to exercise discretion and judgment: first, whether it is shown to him that a proper officer cannot seasonably be had; and secondly, to appoint some suitable person. These can only be performed by the justice personally. This question lias been, in effect, twice decided by the supreme court, within a few years. The case of Onion vs. Leland, in Windsor county, was a plea in abatement to a county court writ, which had been signed blank, and a deputation was inserted in the direction, by the attorney, when filling up the writ, and was served by such deputized person. It was holden by the supreme court, to which the case was carried, that the writ should abate-for that cause. In the county of Orange, on a plea in abatement, that a deputation had been improperly made by a justice, for that a proper officer was seasonably to be had, to wit, a certain deputy sheriff who was there present, and offered both to the plaintiff and justice to receive and immediately execute the process, which he by law was authorized to do. To this there was demurrer, and the cause was carried to the supreme court, who held that the justice bad judicially passed on the subject, and it could not be afterwards or elsewhere traversed ; and so overruled the abatement.

There has been much doubt whether habeas corpus ought ever to be extended to relieve from imprisonment on final civil process. Whatever views might have been entertained on this subject, it is to be recollected that our statute of 1825 extends this writ to persons on the liberties of the prison. As none can be on these liberties but such as are committed on final civil process, the writ here extends to such cases.

G. B. Chandler for Kellogg.

Davis for Buckminster.

The irregularity of the service was matter for abatement, and as a general rule, matter in abatement not pleaded is waived, and cannot be assigned for error. In this case it was pleaded in abatement, and adjudged upon by the justice, and is res ad-judícala. ' His decision on a question within his jurisdiction, is conclusive until appealed from and reversed. However this may be, the irregularity of the deputation and service could at most only vitiate the process on which it was. It could not render the execution void. Habeas corpus is not a proceeding to set aside an irregular or an erroneous judgment. To discharge the prisoner would deprive the creditor of enforcing his judgment, and at the same time leave it in full force, unrever-sed. What could then be done ? The execution can only be treated as void when the judgment is void. This is never the case when the court has jurisdiction of the subject matter and the parties, especially if the defendant has had actual and timely notice. Where judgment and execution are void, even the officer issuing the execution is a trespasser. To hold the judgments of a court void for informality, irregularity or error in the previous proceedings, would expose them to passing judgments even on pleas in abatement at the most imminent personal peril. This judgment is not void, nor has the same been appealed from, or in any way reversed.

Prisoner remanded.