Case ID: mich-app_9/html/0507-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "\n      Holbrook, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

BAJDEK v. TOREN.
    1. Master and Servant — Scope op Employment — Travel To and From Work.
    Travelling to and from work generally does not come within the scope of one’s employment.
    2. Same — Scope op Employment — Travel To and From: Work— Exceptions.
    Travel which is a natural incident of employment so as to make it just and proper for the employee to be considered acting within the scope of his employment gives rise to an exception to the general rule that travelling to and from work is not within the scope of employment.
    3. Same — Scope op Employment.
    The test of liability of a master for his servant’s acts is whether the servant was, at the time, acting within the scope of his employment.
    á. Same — Scope op Employment — Beturn Trip.
    An employee going on a mission or errand for his employer does not cease to act in the course or scope of his employment when starting on the return trip.
    5. Same — Combining Personal and Master’s Business.
    No inquiry will be made as to the business in which the servant was actually engaged when a third person was injured where the servant is combining his own business with that of his master, or attending to both at the same time, but the master will be held responsible unless it clearly appears that the servant could not have been direetly or indirectly serving his master.
    Deferences for Points in Headnotes
    [1 — 5] 35 Am Jur, Master and Servant § 57.7 et seq.
    
    [6, 7] 35 Am Jur, Master and Servant § 600.
    [8] 35 Am Jur, Master and Servant § 553 et seq.
    
    
      6. Same — Scope of Employment — Question of Law for the Court.
    Whether defendant employee of photographic studio driving homeward after taking pictures at a wedding reception was acting within the scope of his employment held, a question of law for the court, where the decisive material, controlling facts necessary to a determination of the question, was not in dispute.
    7. Same — Scope of Employment — Question of Law or Pact.
    Question whether a servant was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of an injury complained of may be a question of fact or of law; where there is no dispute as to the facts and they are susceptible of but one inference, the question is one of law and should not be submitted to the jury.
    8. Same — Personal and Scope-of-Employment Business.
    Defendant employee of photographic studio, who in driving homeward as authorized after taking pictures at a wedding reception may have been carrying out a personal purpose but was also fulfilling certain conditions imposed upon him by reason of his employment, held, to bo within the seope of his employment as a matter of law at the time and place of an automobile accident which he caused. .. -/
    Appeal from Kent; Searl (Fred N.), J.
    Submitted Division 3 October 3, 1967, at Grand Rapids.
    (Docket No. 2,474.)
    Decided March 19,1968.
    Leave to appeal granted May 22,1968.
    See 381 Mich 752.
    Complaint for wrongful death by Jerome A. Bajdek, administrator of the estate of Judith E. Bajdek, against Kenneth L. Toren and Douglas, Herold, and Marie Lathrop. Verdict and judgment against defendant Lathrop. Verdict and judgment of no cause of action for defendant Toren. Plaintiff appeals.
    Reversed and remanded for entry of judgment against defendant Toren.
    
      Hillman, Baxter & Hammond, for plaintiff.
    
      Allaben, Massie, Vander Weyden é Timmer, for defendant Toren, :
   Holbrook, J.

Plaintiff, administrator of the estate of decedent Judith E. Bajdek, brought a wrongful death action against defendants. The deceased was a passenger in an automobile, which was negligently struck by another automobile driven by defendant Douglas E. Lathrop, and owned by defendants Herold and Marie Lathrop, his parents. The accident occurred on August 16, 1964, at approximately 12:18 a.m. at the intersection of Yalley avenue and Lake Michigan drive, in the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan.

A jury verdict in the amount of $30,000 was rendered in favor of plaintiff against defendants Douglas, Herold, and Marie Lathrop. A verdict of no cause of action was rendered by the jury as to defendant Kenneth L. Toren, individually and doing business as Kendale Studios. This latter verdict was upheld by the trial court on its denial of plaintiff’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or in the alternative, for new trial.

Plaintiff seeks to attach liability under the doctrine of respondeat superior to defendant Toren by reason of his employment of defendant Douglas Lathrop and contends that he was within the scope of his employment at the time and place of the motor vehicle accident as a matter of law. Pertinent to this agency question are the following facts: defendant D. Lathrop, aged 19, was employed as a studio manager trainee by defendant Toren. As a part of his training, D. Lathrop was required to have a thorough knowledge of the entire business, including the taking of photographs. In August of 1964, his job was taking pictures at the studio during the daytime working hours at an hourly wage of $1.25.

D. Lathrop, having previously accompanied another studio photographer on similar missions, arranged to photograph a wedding and reception on the evening of August 15. The events of the evening are as follows: D. Lathrop left the studio at 4 p.m. after putting the studios’ camera and film in his car; he then got something to eat and arrived at the church at about 5:45 p.m. At the church he took approximately 24 pictures and then drove to the reception hall where he took additional pictures between 7 p.m. and 11:50 p.m. During this time, according to his testimony, he had dinner, 2 mixed drinks, pop, coffee and cake; on leaving the reception hall he drove in a direct route homeward, intending to return the camera and film to the studio Sunday, August 16, or the next working day, Monday, August 17.

57 CJS, Master and Servant, § 617, pp 411-413, states as follows:

“The question whether a servant was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of the injury complained of may be a question of fact or of law. Where the evidence is conflicting or more than one inference can be drawn therefrom, it is for the jury to determine, under appropriate instructions from the court, whether the servant was acting within the scope of his employment at the.time of the injury complained of. Whether the presumption raised by the evidence that the servant was acting within the scope of his employment has been successfully rebutted by testimony is usually a jury question. Where it is doubtful whether a servant in injuring a third person was acting within the scope of his authority, the doubt will be resolved against the master, as considered supra section 570, at least to the extent of requiring the question to be submitted to the jury for determination.
“On the other hand, where there is no dispute as to the facts and they are susceptible of but one inference, the question is one of law and should not be submitted to the jury.” (Emphasis supplied)

Plaintiff claims that D. Lathrop was in the scope of his employment on leaving the reception hall and in travelling homeward (and at the time and place of the accident) because it was incidental to his work and he was authorized to take the camera equipment and exposed film home rather than return it to the studio that same evening, also that he was required to safeguard the camera equipment and exposed film, protect the exposed film by refrigerating it or otherwise keeping it cool, and to charge the camera battery pack within an hour after use. On the other hand, defendant Toren contended that D. Lathrop’s employment ended when the latter finished taking pictures and left the reception hall because he was then on his own, without his employer’s control, and was not required to return the camera equipment and exposed film to the studio that same night and was not so doing at the time and place of the accident. Simply put, Toren contends that D. Lathrop was going home and came within the general rule that an employee on leaving his place of work is no longer within the scope of his employment. Defendant Toren testified that he had never refrigerated the film (although it was to be kept in a cool place); and his daughter. testified that the camera battery pack had been charged the following day (apparently without any damage to the unit).

The taking of wedding pictures outside the studio and during other than normal working hours was a part of the services offered by Kendale Studios and the performance of such service was the job of a studio photographer. It is true that simply going to and from work does not come within the scope of one’s employment; the reason for the general rule is that there is usually no control exercised by the employer over the employee as to the latter’s arrival at-and departure from work; and, moreover, there is no benefit to the employer under such circumstances in the normal course of events. See Howard v. City of Detroit (1966), 377 Mich 102 (a workmen’s compensation case).

Exceptions to the general rule arise where travel (including homeward travel) becomes a natural incident of the employment so as to make it just and proper for the employee to be considered acting within the scope of his employment. In the instant case it clearly appears that D. Lathrop was about his employer’s business, and acting for his employer’s benefit (a) on leaving the studio for the church, (b) while taking pictures at the church, driving to the reception hall, and taking additional pictures there, (c) while■ driving homeward as authorised by his employer, and (d) in taking and protecting the camera equipment, because if he failed to do so the employer would have had to hire someone else to complete the task.

The fact that D. Lathrop’s being allowed to take the camera equipment and exposed film home after taking the pictures may have been a convenience to him is not determinative. The act was, in any event,one of dual purpose, for Lathrop was also perform! ing services, for his' employer (see Nevins v. Roach [1930], 249 Mich 311, quoting at pp 313, 314 from. Riley v. Roach [1912], 168 Mich 294, 307, i.e., (a) safeguarding and protecting the camera equipment and exposed film and (b) ‘providing the necessary-return of the camera equipment and exposed film totbe studio, even though at a later time.

In considering the area of service within the scope of employment, 57 CJS, Master and Servant, § 570, p 309 states as follows:

“Where the employment itself is one in which an employee is required to travel from place to place at the employer’s will, the risks of such travel are directly incident to the employment, and the employer may be held liable therefor. An employee going on a mission or errand for his employer does not cease to act in the course or scope of his employment when starting on the return trip.” (Footnotes omitted.) _ .......... -■

Also, at p 310:

“An act may be within the scope of the servant’s employment even though the predominant motive is to benefit himself, as discussed infra section 574.”

And in section 574, p 329, the following appears:

1 “So it has been held that where the servant is combining his own business with that of his master, or attending to both at substantially the same time, no nice inquiry will be made as to the business in which the servant was actually engaged when a third person, was injured; but the master will be held responsible unless it clearly appears that the servant could not have been directly or indirectly serving his master.” (Footnotes omitted; emphasis supplied. )

Although there were conflicting statements by the witnesses as to the extent of the care and protection of the camera equipment and film required to be given by D. Lathrop after taking the pictures, there is no dispute as to the decisive, material, controlling facts in determining whether he was acting within the scope of his employment at the time of the accident, i.e., in the performance of an authorized act incidental to his employer’s business. It is possible to draw but one inference — although D. Lathrop in driving homeward as authorized after the reception may have been carrying out a personal purpose, he was also fulfilling certain requirements imposed upon bim by reason of his employment and therefore was within the scope of his employment at the time and place of the accident. The question herein was one of law as is evidenced by the opinion of Mr. Justice McDonald in the case of Holden v. Meehan (1927), 239 Mich 266, wherein it is stated on pp 269, 270, as follows:

“We think it was a natural incident of the work which he was employed to do. The material controlling facts necessary to a determination of this question were not in dispute. It was therefore a question of law for the court.” (Emphasis supplied.)

Reversed and remanded for entry of judgment against defendant Kenneth L. Toren. Costs to appellant.

Fitzgerald, P. J., and Burns, J., concurred. 
      
       CLS 1961, § 600.2922 (Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 27A.2922).
     
      
       The trial court found, as a matter of law, that D. Lathrop was an employee of defendant Toren. This ruling has not been raised or challenged on appeal by either party.
     
      
       The reception hall was located on the north side of Grand Rapids and the studio on the south side. D. Lathrop lived about i miles southwest of Standale, which is about 12 miles west of Grand Rapids.
     
      
      
         Testimony of D. Lathrop:
      
        “Q. So, so far as Kendale was concerned, you didn’t have to take the film from the Viking Hall at 12 o’clock at night over to the el'osed studio? You could take it home over night with you, provided you protected the camera and equipment and kept the film cool so as to remain undamaged, is that right ?
      
        “A. Yes.”
      This testimony was not disputed by defendant Toren.
     
      
       Testimony of D. Lathrop:
      
        “Q. So that your part of the Kendale photography process would be, (1), take the photographs; (2), protect the equipment and keep the film cool; and (3), return the film to the studio for further processing for the customer of Kendale, is that right?
      
        “A. Yes.”
      This testimony was not disputed by defendant Toren.
     
      
       The returning of the camera equipment and exposed film by this “indirect route” does not present a “deviation” situation in that I). Lathrop was authorized to proceed homeward upon finishing his photographic work at the reception hall.