Case ID: ad_154/html/0203-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Woodward, J.:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Barauch Schneider, Appellant.
    Second Department,
    December 30, 1912.
    Crime — arson—proof justifying conviction — evidence — declarations made to fire marshal after defendant’s arrest — preliminary examination of witness for People—section 779> charter of Slew York city, construed — declarations not made under oath—testimony of police officer not given before magistrate — document, showing relation between defendant and record owner of building—cross-examination —witness aiding preparation for trial — failure to poll jury.
    Appeal from a judgment convicting the defendant of the crime of arson, first degree. Evidence examined, and held, that a verdict of guilty was justified.
    In a prosecution for such crime a fire marshal of the city of New York, who called upon the defendant after his arrest, stated his official duties and that anything the defendant said might be used against him at trial, may testify as to voluntary statements made by the defendant while endeavoring to convince the fire marshal of his innocence.
    The provision in section 779 of the charter of the city of New York that testimony or evidence taken by a fire marshal in the dischai'ge of his duties is not to be used in any criminal proceeding applies only to testimony given before the fire marshal under oath and does not apply to voluntary declarations made by a person who is in custody on suspicion of having committed a crime.
    Where the defendant’s counsel has been allowed to question such fire marshal when placed Upon the stand by the People with a view of determining his competency as a witness, it is not error for the court to refuse to allow him to cross-examine the witness as. to the truth of statements made by him, that being a matter to be dealt, with on cross-examination or upon the defendant’s own ease.
    The fact that a police officer who arrested the defendant did not testify before the magistrate that he smelled gasoline on the defendant’s clothes is no reason for excluding his testimony to that effect upon the trial.
    Moreover, the court in its discretion might properly exclude questions on cross-examination put to the police officer who arrested the defendant, asking whether he did not know that the odor of gasoline on the clothing of the defendant was an important fact and whether he had previously testified to that effect before any other court.
    It was not error for the court to admit in evidence books and papers found upon the premises showing the business relation between the defendant and the record owner of the premises.
    As the city charter requires a five marshal to investigate supposed cases of arson, it is not reversible error to exclude a question asking the marshal if he had charge of the preparation of the case for trial, as that was a duty incident to his office.
    A witness is not an interested witness because he testifies in support of a prosecution based upon his investigation.
    It is not reversible error for the court to discharge the jury upon rendering them verdict without polling them where the defendant, being present and represented by counsel in court, made no request therefor.
    Appeal by the defendant, Barauch Schneider, from a judgment of the Oounty Court of Kings county, rendered against him on the 12th day of June, 1911, convicting him of the crime of arson..
    
      Frederick N. Van Zandt, for the appellant.
    
      Edward A. Freshman, Assistant District Attorney [James C. Cropsey, District Attorney, and Hersey Egginton, Assistant District Attorney, with him on the brief], for the respondent.
   Woodward, J.:

The defendant was charged with the crime of arson in the first degree, was tried before the County Court of Kings county and found guilty as Charged, and sentenced to fifteen to thirty years in Sing Sing prison.' On the twelfth day of June, on the day on which the judgment was entered, a certificate of reasonable doubt was granted by the county judge, and bail was fixed at $15,000. This certificate of reasonable doubt was based upon two rulings of the court. The first of these was a ruling upon the admissibility of testimony on the part of a fire marshal, who. had a conversation with the defendant after he was arrested and while he was in jail, the objection being that under the provisions of section 779 óf the Greater New York charter (Laws of 1901, chap. 466) testimony or evidence taken by the fire marshal in the discharge of his duties is not to be used in any criminal proceeding or action. The second ruling was that of the court in refusing to continue a preliminary questioning of the said fire marshal in relation to the "circumstances under which the conversation was held,' the defendant’s counsel urging that he was then prepared to show the testimony inadmissible as against the defendant, and as this latter is now insisted upon as constituting the most prejudicial and gravest error committed by the Trial Court,” we will dispose of that now.

The evidence shows without contradiction that the defendant was arrested at two-forty-five A. M., on the 19th day of September, 1910, by Police Officer Reich, who heard an.explosion at 6F7-A Sixth avenue, Brooklyn, and who immediately thereafter saw two men coming from the premises, the defendant running directly into his arms, apparently without seeing the officer, owing to the fact- that he had one of his hands over his eyes. Questioned by the officer where he lived, defendant gave his residence as One Hundred and Thirty-fifth street, Manhattan, and said that he had just come from Coney Island, and that he was going up to Twentieth street to take a Sixth avenue car. Defendant said he did not know the owner of the building from which he had just emerged, and gave as his reason for being at this point that he had been to Coney Island .and had fallen asleep in the elevated train and not wanting to oversleep had come to Sixth avenue to take a car. It subsequently developed from the evidence that the defendant had himself been the owner of the premises; that they had been transferred back and forth between the defendant and one Diamond several times, and at the time of the explosion that the title to the premises stood in the name of Diamond, who was shown to be associated with the defendant in a saloon in Manhattan and in other business matters, and that Diamond had the property insured. The officer took the defendant to the premises where the explosion occurred and found the cellar filled with flames, and there was much testimony in relation to the conditions found about the premises, the fact of the explosion, and the necessary facts to constitute the crime charged, and, upon the merits, there does not appear to be any question that the verdict is supported by the weight of evidence.

One William R. Ferris, a deputy fire marshal, was called as a witness on behalf of the People, and testified that he reached the scene of the fire in the discharge of his duty of investigating its origin, etc., at about four o’clock in the morning of the fire; that he went over the premises, ascertaining the facts necessary for his purposes, and that at about half-past four o’clock he visited the defendant at the station house at Fifth avenue and Sixteenth street and had a conversation with him. At this point counsel for defendant interposed an objection that it was incompetent. This objection was overruled. Defendant’s counsel then said: “I desire at this time to ask this witness one or two questions first before your Honor ultimately rules on that objection.” No objection appears to have been interposed, and defendant’s counsel was permitted to bring out the following from this witness: “I say that I am a duly appointed assistant fire marshal of the city of New York and went to the station house where the defendant was after he had been arrested in connection with the fire, but what the charge was against him I don’t" know. I made the charge of arson the following morning. I knew when I went to see him that he had been arrested on account of his supposed connection with this fire. I saw him in the captain’s room. I told him I was an assistant fire marshal. At that time I had a book with me containing extracts from the charter. I don’t recollect taking the book out, but I remember telling him about my authority, and I explained who I was. I know I had the book with me. I think I quoted him from memory sections 779, 780, 781. Seven seventy-nine is a solid two pages of finely printed matter almost. I did not say I quoted the whole section. I quoted some portions of it. I think I quoted sections 780-781, tracing the cause of fires. I don’t remember the exact words, but I remember quoting the number of section 779, and I remember telling him my authority to examine.”

The witness was then asked: “And do you remember quoting that 'portion of it where you showed you had authority to subpoena witnesses, and compel the attendance of any person or persons, the production of hooks and papers, and any inquiries that you made of witnesses, and any false swearing on their part constituted perjury ?” To this he replied: “No, not the false swearing.” Again he was asked: “What did you say relative to any false statement ? ” He answered: “ I said nothing to him about false swearing. I simply pointed out my authority to examine witnesses and investigate the causes of fires, and the like.” The hook was here marked in evidence, and the witness continued: “ Before I asked him any questions I told him that I was the assistant fire marshal; that I had come there to investigate the fire, and I told him that anything he said to me might be used against him in court. That is all I said to him on the subject of his rights. There is no doubt about that.”

Obviously, as a matter of law, up to this time the.defendant’s counsel had succeeded only in establishing facts showing the testimony competent. The witness had fully stated, to him his official position, his duty in the premises, and had warned him that whatever was said was likely to be used against him. Under such circumstances the courts have held, even where the statement was made in an investigation of the coroner, after the arrest was made, that the statements of the prisoner were competent evidence against him upon the trial (People v. Kennedy, 159 N. Y. 346, 358, citing People v. Chapleau, 121 id. 266), and it was the duty of the court to determine, as matter of law, that the testimony offered was admissible. (People v. Meyer, 162 N. Y. 357, 368.) We will now seek to discover wherein the alleged error lies in the court refusing to permit further preliminary examination of this witness. Defendant’s counsel proceeded: “Now, then, do you remember saying to him first, in substance: I am a fire marshal from the City of New York, and it is my duty to investigate fires, and I am here to see what I can do to help you.’ Did you say anything like that to him ? ” The witness answered: “ I did not testify that I said that. You asked me what I said to him, and I will state it.” Counsel said: “I am asking you, did you say anything like that % ” This was objected to. The court responded: “I will permit that question, of course, in the regular course of cross-examination. This is a preliminary examination interrupting the regular course of the District Attorney’s examination on the direct. Now, you are bringing in some of the main case. You are asking him if he said certain things, or if he did not say certain things, and I think as a preliminary proposition, the examination should be about terminated.” Some discussion occurred between counsel for defendant and the court, in the course of which defendant’s counsel declared that “I offer at this time to show first, by cross-examination, that this conversation that he had with the defendant, or any admission or alleged confession contained in it, was not legally obtained; that it was obtained contrary to law, and I offer to show that now, by the cross-examination of this witness, and by the production of witnesses in behalf of the defendant at this time on that particular question.” To this the court responded: “Of epurse, I frankly state to counsel that if he can substantiate that statement of his by proper proof, there is no question but. what that should be submitted then to the jury, but I claim that at this time, the regular orderly examination of this witness by the District Attorney on the direct should not be further interrupted any more than I have already permitted it to be * * * and upon the cross-examination of this witness, you will have full opportunity to bring out the matters that you desire.” After some further discussion with the court, .in which defendant’s counsel was reassured of his right to bring out the matters desired on the regular cross-examination, defendant’s counsel gave notice that he desired “ now and at no other time to offer such proof,” and took an exception to the ruling of the court.

On the direct examination being, continued, the witness said: “ I told the defendant that I was an assistant fire marshal; that I had-come there for the purpose of investigating the fire, and that I was going to ask him some questions, .and I told him that anything he might say may be used against him in court, and he said, ‘I am willing to make a voluntary statement,’ he said, ‘as I am an innocent man.’” This statement of the witness is nowhere contradicted; the defendant made no effort whatever to show that he was deprived- of any of his legal rights, and the further matters brought out on the examination of this witness were such as the defendant saw fit to make in explanation of his being at the point of the fire at "two-forty-five o’clock in the morning, his business connections, etc., at no time confessing to the crime, or making any admissions which in and of themselves, aside from their relation to other matters brought out in the evidence, yrould tend to prejudice him before the jury. Where, then, is -the error ? The witness had answered that he did not testify ■ to having used the language which counsel suggested in-his question, and the objec-. tion- was interposed to the question of counsel: “I am asking you,-did you.say anything like that?” This-was .merely .a repetition of the former question, which had heen answered, and on the direct examination which followed this interruption, the witness went on and stated what he had, in fact, said, and there is no dispute upon this point. Defendant’s counsel did not. call a witness, or attempt to call a witness, to establish his assertion that the conversation was the result of unlawful pressure upon the defendant, and, although assured that he would be permitted to do so at a proper time, he refused to make the offer at any other time than in the midst .of the district attorney’s direct examination. So far as the record discloses, the defendant was told what his rights were; that his conversation might be used against him in court, and he stated that he was willing to make a voluntary statement, as he was an innocent man, and all that he told to the witness was upon the defendant’s theory that he was exculpating himself, for he all the túne insisted that he was not involved in the creating of the fire. With this testimony in the case, the testimony was clearly admissible as a matter of law, and if the defendant had any evidence bringing in question the truth of the statement of the witness as to what occurred preliminarily to the conversation which was detailed, it was his duty to offer it, not in the midst of the direct examination, but in the course of the cross-examination of the witness or upon the defendant’s own case. In People v. Cassidy (133 N. Y. 612) confessions by the defendant were made while he was under arrest, to Inspector Byrnes of New York police force. The inspector and others present testified that the confessions were voluntary. The defendant testified that they were made under the influence of fear produced by threats. The question of whether they were voluntary and reliable was submitted to the jury by the court, which found against the defendant, and it was held that they were properly in the case and sufficient to justify the verdict. (See People v. Kennedy, 159 N. Y. 346, 356-359, inclusive, and authorities cited.) We think the defendant was deprived of no right by the ruling of the court, and that the conviction should not be disturbed upon this account. (See People v. Meyer, 162 N. Y. 357, 366, 367, and authorities there cited.)

, We are equally clear that the restrictions contained in section 779 of the Greater New York charter have nothing to do with this case. The restrictions against using the testimony elicited in a formal examination of a witness in connection with a fire does not in any manner limit the fire marshal in testifying to a conversation held by him with a person' who is merely in custody in connection with such fire, where the prisoner is not under oath, and his whole conversation is brought out in his own behalf. The intent of the statute was to enable the fire marshal to conduct an investigation under oath, and to get at all the facts, and to accomplish this it was thought proper to protect the witnesses against their testimony being used against them in criminal proceedings or actions, but it has no relation to a voluntary declaration made by a party who is in custody on suspicion of having committed a crime.

Having disposed of the most serious objections, it is.necessary to inquire if any of the lesser objections have weight. Great stress is laid upon the fact that the police officer who arrested the defendant testified that he smelled gasoline upon the prisoner’s clothes at the time of the arrest, and an attempt was made to show that the witness had not so testified before the. committing magistrate, but the record shows that, just prior to the questions where the objection was raised the witness had testified that he smelled gasoline when he searched the prisoner, and that he did not testify to that before the magistrate, “ I did not get a chance,T don’t think.” Clearly it is not the rule that all the details of the evidence shall be given before the magistrate in order to entitle them to weight upon the trial, and the rulings of the court, excluding a question, “Now, then, as a police officer, you knew that the odor of gasoline upon his clothes was an important fact, didn’t you, ” and another, “ Did you testify before the magistrate, or before any other court, or in any other place except this court this morning, that you smelled the odor of gasoline upon his clothes, ” were properly excluded in the discretion of the court on cross-examination.

Next, defendant’s counsel finds fault with matters which he ■ brought out on cross-examination of the People’s witness Ferris, the fire marshal, and then urges an objection to the admission in evidence of certain books and papers which were found by the witness in the premises which the defendant said he owned, and which showed business relations between the defendant and Diamond, the record owner of the premises where the fire occurred. We do not find the error.

Next, there is complaint at the ruling of the court in refusing to permit answer to the question: “Now, from the beginning of your investigation of this alleged fire to today, have you had charge of the preparation of the case for trial ? ” Suppose he had answered “Yes.” Would that have shown bias or prejudice on the part of the witness? It was a part of his duties as a public officer to investigate “ any supposed cases of arson or incendiarism ” (Greater N. Y. Charter, § 779), and if he had been preparing the case he would simply have been discharging an incidental part of his official duties, and it is well understood that a witness is not to be understood as an interested witness because he testifies in support of the prosecutions based upon his investigations, as has recently been held under the Liquor Tax Law. Equally applicable is this comment to the next question: “Did you go after this fire and endeavor to ascertain the names and addresses of witnesses whose testimony would tend to substantiate the charge that had been made against the defendant in this case ? ” In short, all three of the questions which were excluded were of the same general nature, and, even if it be admitted that it would have been entirely proper to permit them to be answered, we are "unwilling to hold in this case that the ruling, of the court to the contrary would justify a reversal.

Then we are * asked to hold that it was error to permit the jury to be discharged upon rendering their verdict without polling the jury. Section 450 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that “When a verdict is rendered, and before it is recorded, the jury may be polled, on the requirement of either party.” There is no contention that the defendant was not present when the verdict was rendered, and there is no suggestion that he required the jury to be polled. The defendant is clearly a party (Code Crim. Proc. § 6), and if he was present and failed to require the polling of the jury, what right has he to complain? It was not the fault of the court that defendant’s attorney was not on hand at the time, for he concedes that he was later than the time fixed for his appearance in court, and it appears- from the record that there was counsel in the case, and no reason is shown why. he was not present to look after the interests of the defendant, if he had any.

And so we might go on following the objections raised to this judgment of conviction, and show that each one of them is without substantial foundation, but it hardly seems worth while to go further. It is sufficient to' say that we have carefully examined the questions raised, and that there is nothing in the record to indicate that the defendant has not had a fair and impartial trial, and under the provisions of section 542 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as well as under the general practice of this court, the judgment should be affirmed.

The judgment appealed from should be affirmed.

Jenks, P. J., Thomas, Carr and Rich, JJ., concurred.

Judgment of conviction of the County Court of Kings county affirmed.