Case ID: frd_265/html/0091-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "PITMAN, United States Magistrate Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Susan DULING and Margaret Anderson, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. GRISTEDE’S OPERATING CORP., et al., Defendants.
    No. 06 Civ. 10197(LTS)(HBP).
    United States District Court, S.D. New York.
    Jan. 8, 2010.
    
      Adam T Klein, Cara Elizabeth Greene, Justin Mitchell Swartz, Piper Hoffman, Lewis M. Steel, Rachel Megan Bien, Outten & Golden, LLP, (NYC), New York, NY, for plaintiffs.
    Kevin J. Nash, Joseph Ted Donovan, Fink-el Goldstein Rosenbloom & Nash LLP, New York, NY, Emily Rose Pankow, Red Apple Group, Inc. In-House Counsel, New York, NY, Michael Jonathan Puma, Morgan, Lewis and Bockius LLP (NY), new york, NY, for defendants.
   OPINION AND ORDER

PITMAN, United States Magistrate Judge.

I. Introduction

By notice of motion dated March 17, 2009 (Docket Item 91), plaintiffs move for leave to file an amended complaint. The proposed amended complaint would add Lakeya Sewer as a named plaintiff, add John Catsimatidis as a defendant, add individual claims on behalf of Lakeya Sewer under the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) and the New York City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”), supplement the injunctive relief requested, and make certain other technical amendments.

For the reasons set forth below, plaintiffs’ motion is granted.

II. Facts

This is an employment discrimination action brought as a class action. Plaintiffs allege that defendants (collectively referred to as “Gristede’s”), entities which operate several retail grocery store chains in the New York metropolitan area, systematically discriminate against women in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), the New York State Human Rights Law (“NYSHRL”) and the NYCHRL (First Amended Complaint (“First Am. Compl.”) ¶ 1). Specifically, plaintiffs allege that defendants channel women into cashier and bookkeeper positions because of their gender (First Am. Compl. ¶ 8). According to plaintiffs, cashiers and bookkeepers work fewer hours and are paid less than those in other positions, and, therefore, the positions available to women are less desirable than those available to men (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 3-4). Plaintiffs allege that defendants also discriminate against women in the promotion of employees to managerial positions, using a “tap on the shoulder” method rather than posting job openings, as well as promoting male employees in substantially larger numbers than female employees (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 5-6).

Overall, plaintiffs allege that defendants discriminate against women with regard to job placement, compensation, promotion, training, discipline, and other terms and conditions of employment (First Am. Compl. ¶ 7). Plaintiffs also allege that defendants discriminate by failing to implement effective equal employment opportunity policies, cultivating a discriminatory culture, failing to implement a system for posting promotion opportunities, and failing to provide managers and executives with equal employment opportunity training (First Am. Compl. ¶ 7).

Plaintiffs seek to represent “all current and former female Gristede’s employees who worked for Gristede’s at any time between November 2, 2004 and the date of final judgment in this matter” (Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Class Certification, dated January 30, 2009 (“Pis.’ Mem. in Support of Certification”) at 1). Plaintiffs filed their First Amended Complaint on June 21, 2007, adding Susan Duling as a named plaintiff and deleting Vanessa Hill as a named plaintiff (Compare Complaint with First Am. Compl).

Class discovery began after the First Amended Complaint was filed, and was completed on January 30, 2009 (Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Leave to File an Amended Complaint, dated Mar. 17, 2009 (“Pis.’ Mem. in Support”) at 2; Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend the Complaint, dated March 31, 2009 (“Defs.’ Mem in Opp.”) at 1). Plaintiffs filed their motion for class certification on January 30, 2009, and defendants submitted their reply papers on March 9, 2009. That motion is still pending.

On March 17, 2009, plaintiffs served the instant motion, seeking leave to amend their complaint for a second time. Plaintiffs seek to add Lakeya Sewer, a former employee of Gristede’s, as a named plaintiff (Proposed Second Amended Complaint (“Sec.Am. Compl.”) ¶¶ 20-22), add John Catsimatidis, who is owner, Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Gristede’s, as a defendant (Sec.Am. ComplIN 1, 50-59), add claims under the FMLA and the NYCHRL on behalf of Sewer (Sec.Am.Compl.1ffl 132-38), and modify the relief requested (Sec.Am.Compl.lffl (b), (e), (h), (i), (k), (q)-(w)).

In addition to joining the class allegations, Sewer alleges that defendants restored her to an inferior position—cashier, rather than receptionist—upon her return from maternity leave, thereby both violating her restoration rights under the FMLA and discriminating against her based on her gender and pregnancy in violation of the NYCHRL (Sec. Am.Compl.ira 96-110, 132-38). According to plaintiffs, the change of positions constituted a demotion because of the difference in status and responsibilities between the two jobs (Sec.Am.Compl.lffl 101-05).

The modifications to the requested relief include adding Sewer as an additional class representative, adding a request for declaratory relief against Catsimatidis, adding specific requests for injunctive relief including the implementation of objective assignment, promotion and compensation standards, the promotion of plaintiffs and class members to rightful positions or the award of front pay, and various requests for relief for Sewer (Sec.Am.Compl.Hfl (b), (e), (h), (i), (k), (q)(w)).

Plaintiffs seek to add Sewer as a named plaintiff in order to eliminate certain objections to their motion for class certification (Pis.’ Mem. in Support at 3). Plaintiffs also assert that litigating Sewer’s individual claims along with the class claims would serve judicial economy (Pis.’ Mem. in Support at 5). Plaintiffs seek to add Catsimatidis as a defendant because they believe that evidence developed in another case pending in this Court, Torres v. Gristede’s Operating Corp., 04 Civ. 3316(PAC) (S.D.N.Y.) (settlement pending), establishes that he is subject to liability as an “employer” under the NYSHRL and the NYCHRL (Pls.’ Mem. in Support at 3).

I have issued two Scheduling Orders in this case. On February 13, 2009, prior to the instant motion, I issued a Scheduling Order (Docket Item 75) which provided, among other things, that any amended pleadings were to be due within sixty days after the Court’s ruling on class certification and that, if class certification were granted, all non-expert witness discovery was to be completed within ninety days after the Court’s ruling on class certification (Scheduling Order, dated February 13, 2009 (“Feb. 13 Order”)). On March 19, 2009, after plaintiffs filed the motion to amend their complaint, I issued a superced-ing Scheduling Order which set a briefing schedule for further submissions concerning the motion and directed that all non-expert witness discovery be completed within ninety days of the Court’s decision on class certification (Scheduling Order, dated March 19, 2009 (“Mar. 19 Order”)).

III. Analysis

A. General Standards Applicable to a Motion to Amend

The standards applicable to a motion to amend a pleading are well settled and require only brief review. Leave to amend a pleading should be freely granted when justice so requires. Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a); Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962); McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 200 (2d Cir. 2007); Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Aniero Concrete Co., 404 F.3d 566, 603-04 (2d Cir. 2005); Dluhos v. Floating & Abandoned Vessel, Known as “New York”, 162 F.3d 63, 69 (2d Cir.1998); Gumer v. Shearson, Hammill & Co., 516 F.2d 283, 287 (2d Cir.1974). “Nonetheless, the Court may deny leave if the amendment (1) has been delayed unduly, (2) is sought for dilatory purposes or is made in bad faith, (3) [would prejudice] the opposing party ... or (4) would be futile.” Lee v. Regal Cruises, Ltd., 916 F.Supp. 300, 303 (S.D.N.Y.1996) (Kaplan, D.J.), aff'd, 116 F.3d 465, 1997 WL 311780 (2d Cir.1997); see McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., supra, 482 F.3d at 200; Ellis v. Chao, 336 F.3d 114, 126-27 (2d Cir.2003); Montefiore Med. Ctr. v. Am. Prot. Ins. Co., 00 Civ. 3235(LTS), 2003 WL 21108261 at *1 (S.D.N.Y. May 14, 2003) (Swain, D.J.); Am. Home Assurance Co. v. Jacky Maeder (Hong Kong) Ltd., 969 F.Supp. 184, 187-88 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (Kaplan, D.J.). The Court of Appeals has repeatedly noted that the trial court has broad discretion in ruling on a motion to amend. E.g., Gurary v. Winehouse, 235 F.3d 792, 801 (2d Cir.2000); Local 802, Assoc. Musicians v. Parker Meridien Hotel, 145 F.3d 85, 89 (2d Cir.1998); Guzman v. Bevona, 90 F.3d 641, 649 (2d Cir.1996); see generally Grace v. Rosenstock, 228 F.3d 40, 53-54 (2d Cir.2000).

To the extent a proposed amendment would add new parties, the motion is technically governed by Rule 21, which provides that “the court may at any time, on just terms, add or drop a party,” rather than Rule 15(a). Fed.R.Civ.P. 21; FTD Corp. v. Banker’s Trust Co., 954 F.Supp. 106, 109 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (Stein, D.J.). However, “ ‘the same standard of liberality’ applies under either Rule.” FTD Corp. v. Banker’s Trust Co., supra, 954 F.Supp. at 109, citing Fair Hous. Dev. Fund Corp. v. Burke, 55 F.R.D. 414, 419 (E.D.N.Y.1972) and Expoconsul Int’l, Inc. v. A/E Sys., Inc., 145 F.R.D. 336, 337 n. 4 (S.D.N.Y.1993) (Preska, D.J.); see also Sly Magazine, LLC v. Weider Publ’ns L.L.C., 241 F.R.D. 527, 532 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (Casey, D.J.); Chowdhury v. Haveli Rest., Inc., 04 Civ. 8627(RMB)(JCF), 2005 WL 1037416 *1-*2 (S.D.N.Y. May 3, 2005) (Francis, M.J.).

B. Defendants’Arguments

1. Undue Delay

Defendants first argue that the motion should be denied because of plaintiffs’ delay.

Delay alone, in the absence of bad faith or prejudice, is not a sufficient reason for denying a motion to amend. Ruotolo v. City of New York, 514 F.3d 184, 191 (2d Cir.2008); Rachman Bag Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 46 F.3d 230, 234-35 (2d Cir.1995); State Teachers Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., 654 F.2d 843, 856 (2d Cir.1981); Middle Atl. Utils. Co. v. S.M.W. Dev. Co., 392 F.2d 380, 384 (2d Cir.1968). Thus, the court may “deny leave to amend ‘where the motion is made after an inordinate delay, no satisfactory explanation is offered for the delay, and the amendment would prejudice’ other parties.” Grace v. Rosenstock, supra, 228 F.3d at 53-54 (emphasis added), quoting Cresswell v. Sullivan & Cromwell, 922 F.2d 60, 72 (2d Cir.1990); Bankers Trust Co. v. Weinick, Sanders & Co., 92 Civ. 9127(PNL)(MHD), 1993 WL 478124 at *7-*8 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 12, 1993) (Dolinger, M. J.); Bertrand v. Sava, 535 F.Supp. 1020, 1023 (S.D.N.Y.1982) (Carter, D.J.), rev’d on other grounds, 684 F.2d 204 (2d Cir.1982); see also Commander Oil Corp. v. Barlo Equip. Corp., 215 F.3d 321, 333 (2d Cir.2000) (permitting amendment of answer to assert additional affirmative defense after a seven-year delay does not constitute an abuse of discretion in the absence of prejudice).

Defendants highlight the fact that plaintiffs’ motion comes two and a half years after the litigation began (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 1, 7). However, under the liberal standard of Rule 15(a), leave to amend may be appropriate at any stage of litigation. See 6 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1488 at 652-57 (2d ed.1990) (noting that courts have granted leave to amend “following discovery; after a pretrial conference; at a hearing on a motion to dismiss or for summary judgment; after a motion to dismiss has been granted but before the order of dismissal has been entered; when the ease is on the trial calendar and has been set for a hearing by the district court; at the beginning, during, and at the close of trial; after a judgment has been entered; and even on remand following an appeal”). In addition, the delay here is much smaller than that which courts have found suspect—generally, delay until the eve of trial.. Smith v. City of New York, 611 F.Supp. 1080, 1093 (S.D.N.Y. 1985) (Haight, D.J.) (where plaintiff seeks amendments “literally on the eve of trial ... plaintiff bears a heavy burden of persuasion to explain and justify the delay”); Portsmouth Baseball Corp. v. Frick, 21 F.R.D. 318, 320 (S.D.N.Y.1958) (Edelstein, D.J.); Walder v. Paramount Publix Corp., 135 F.Supp. 228, 229 (S.D.N.Y.1955) (Weinfeld, D.J.); see Middle Atl. Utils. Co. v. S.M.W. Dev. Co., supra, 392 F.2d at 386.

As plaintiffs point out, their motion to amend comes well before the deadline for such motions set in my February 13, 2009 Scheduling Order—a deadline to which defendants stipulated (Pis.’ Mem. in Support at 2, 6; Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 1; Feb. 13 Order). In addition, the timing of plaintiffs’ motion does not appear to involve any significant level of delay, and, in any event, delay is rarely fatal to a Rule 15 motion if it can be explained. See Foman v. Davis, supra, 371 U.S. at 182, 83 S.Ct. 227. Although some explanation must be provided to excuse a delay, see Reisner v. Gen. Motors Corp., 511 F.Supp. 1167, 1172 (S.D.N.Y.1981) (Goettel, D.J.), aff'd, 671 F.2d 91 (2d Cir. 1982), even vague or “thin” reasons are sufficient, in the absence of prejudice or bad faith. Town of New Windsor v. Tesa Tuck, Inc., 919 F.Supp. 662, 677 (S.D.N.Y.1996) (Parker, D.J.); Rachman Bag Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., supra, 46 F.3d at 235.

Here, plaintiffs offer adequate reasons for their delay. They state that they made the motion when they did to meet defendants’ argument that the plaintiffs named in the amended complaint are atypical and that class certification is, therefore, appropriate (Pis.’ Mem. in Support at 3). Defendants object to this explanation, claiming that plaintiffs’ desire to cure a potential deficiency in their class certification argument is, “by definition,” not an acceptable reason for seeking leave to amend (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 10).

A change in litigation strategy is a legitimate reason for seeking to amend a pleading under the liberal standard of Rule 15(a), Town of New Windsor v. Tesa Tuck, Inc., supra, 919 F.Supp. at 676; Green v. Wolf Corp., 50 F.R.D. 220, 223 (S.D.N.Y. 1970) (Edelstein, D.J.); see Middle Atl. Utils. Co. v. S.M.W. Dev. Co., supra, 392 F.2d at 384-85, as is the correction of potential deficiencies in the complaint. Luparello v. Inc. Vill. of Garden City, 290 F.Supp.2d 341, 344 (E.D.N.Y.2003) (“[T]o the extent that the proposed amendments may be said to cure deficiencies in the complaint, that result is not a basis for their denial.”); Vulcan Soc. of Westchester Co. Inc. v. Fire Dept, of White Plains, 82 F.R.D. 379, 386 (S.D.N.Y.1979) (“Even to the extent it may be said the amendments seek to cure deficiencies in the original complaint, such is not alone a basis for their denial.”).

In support of their objection, defendants rely on Davis v. Lenox Hill Hosp., 03 Civ. 3746(DLC), 2004 WL 1926086 at *l-*4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2004), in which the Honorable Denise L. Cote, United States District Judge, denied the plaintiffs motion to amend the complaint to add new plaintiffs after class discovery had closed (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 10-11).. However, the circumstances here differ in important respects from those in Davis. In Davis, Judge Cote emphasized that the plaintiff had delayed adding new plaintiffs despite knowing the problems she faced in establishing typicality and commonality when she filed the lawsuit and despite being reminded of them on several occasions subsequently. Davis v. Lenox Hill Hosp., supra, 2004 WL 1926086 at *4. Here, as defendants themselves emphasize, plaintiffs moved for leave to amend just days after receiving defendants’ opposition to their motion for class certification, which argued that the existing plaintiffs were inadequate class representatives and that their claims were atypical (see Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 10). Plaintiffs are simply attempting to remedy potential problems cited by defendants. In addition, the amendments sought in Davis would have changed the class claims as well as expanded the putative class and were, therefore, more substantial than those here. See Davis v. Lenox Hill Hosp., supra, 2004 WL 1926086 at *4.

Plaintiffs also offer additional explanations for seeking to join Sewer at this time. Plaintiffs claim that Sewer did not initially seek to join the action because she feared that Gris-tede’s might retaliate against her aunt, who works for the company as Catsimatidis’s personal assistant (Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 2; Declaration of Lakeya Sewer, dated April 7, 2009, attached to Pis. Mem. in Further Support as Ex. 4 (“Sewer Deel. Apr. 7, 2009”) ¶¶2, 4). Sewer states that she decided to seek to join the action shortly after defendants’ attorney took her deposition on January 22, 2009, and, allegedly mistreated her (Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 2; Sewer Deck Apr. 7, 2009 ¶ 5-6). Sewer retained Outten & Golden LLP a month later (Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 2; Sewer Deck Apr. 7, 2009 ¶ 7), and plaintiffs filed notice of their motion to amend shortly after that, on March 17, 2009 (Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend the Complaint; Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 2).

Plaintiffs also provide an explanation for their attempt to add Catsimatidis as a defendant at this time. Plaintiffs’ counsel state that part of their reason for seeking to add him at this time was the summary judgment motion pending in another case, Torres v. Gristede’s Operating Corp., 04 Civ. 3316(PAC) (S.D.N.Y.) (Pls.’ Mem. in Support at 8; Pls.’ Mem. in Further Support at 2-3). This motion, filed on February 18, 2009, concerns Catsimatidis’s status as a joint employer under New York Labor Law. Plaintiffs claim that evidence developed in Torres establishes Catsimatidis’s status as an employer under the NYCHR.L and the NYSHRL (Pls.’ Mem. in Support at 3). Defendants note that plaintiffs in Torres named Catsimatidis as a defendant in their second amended complaint, filed March 29, 2005, and assert that because plaintiffs’ attorneys were aware of his role at Gristede’s at that date, it is “unexcused and improper” for plaintiffs to wait until now to add him as a defendant in the instant ease (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 10 n. 4). Although defendants appear to be correct that plaintiffs’ counsel was aware of Catsimatidis’s potential role since early 2005, defendants do not explain how this delay prejudices them. Because delay alone is insufficient to deny a motion to amend, Ruotolo v. City of New York, supra, 514 F.3d at 191; Rachman Bag Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., supra, 46 F.3d at 234-35; State Teachers Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., supra, 654 F.2d at 856; Middle Atl. Utils. Co. v. S.M.W. Dev. Co., supra, 392 F.2d at 384, and, as explained below, defendants have not demonstrated any prejudice, plaintiffs’ delay in seeking to add Catsimatidis is not a sufficient basis to deny plaintiffs’ motion.

Defendants make no specific arguments about undue delay with regard to plaintiffs’ proposed additions to the injunctive relief requested.

2. Dilatory Purposes or Bad Faith

Apart from their arguments concerning delay, defendants offer no arguments or evidence suggesting dilatory purposes or bad faith. Because I conclude there was no undue delay, there is no basis to find plaintiffs acted with dilatory purposes or bad faith.

3. Prejudice

Defendants next argue that the motion should be denied because they would be prejudiced by the proposed amendments.

To determine whether a party will be prejudiced by a proposed amended pleading, courts “generally consider whether the assertion of the new claim or defense would ‘(i) require the opponent to expend significant additional resources to conduct discovery and prepare for trial; (ii) significantly delay the resolution of the dispute; or (iii) prevent the plaintiff from bringing a timely action in another jurisdiction.’ ” Monahan v. New York City Dep’t of Corrs., 214 F.3d 275, 284 (2d Cir.2000), quoting Block v. First Blood Assocs., 988 F.2d 344, 350 (2d Cir. 1993). Courts also consider the extent to which the new claims are related to the existing ones and whether a party has had prior notice of a proposed new claim. See Monahan v. New York City Dep’t of Corrs., supra, 214 F.3d at 284; Hanlin v. Mitchelson, 794 F.2d 834, 841 (2d Cir.1986); State Teachers Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., supra, 654 F.2d at 856.

a. Additional Resources

Defendants assert that plaintiffs’ proposed amendments will prejudice them because the amendments will necessitate new discovery and require that class discovery be re-opened (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 1, 6). They claim the amendments will require them to engage in written discovery on Sewer’s individual claims and the claims against Catsimatidis, to depose Sewer again regarding her individual and class claims and her qualifications to serve as a class representative and to depose plaintiffs Duling and Anderson again regarding the new requests for injunctive relief (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 6). Plaintiffs assert that defendants have already conducted some discovery regarding Sewer and note that both the February 13, 2009 and March 19, 2009 Scheduling Orders provide for a ninety-day period in which to conduct non-expert discovery after the Court’s decision on class certification and gives defendants the opportunity to conduct further discovery on Sewer’s individual claims (Pis.’ Mem. in Support at 6, 6 n. 2; Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 5). Plaintiffs state that they are willing to produce Sewer for another deposition (Pis.’ Mem. in •Support at 7). They also assert that defendants are already in possession of the pertinent information regarding Catsimatidis, and claim that “extensive discovery” on Catsima-tidis and his role at Gristede’s has already occurred in the Torres case (Pis.’ Mem. in Support at 8).

The additional discovery plaintiffs’ proposed amendments will require is not as burdensome as defendants suggest. Defendants have already questioned Sewer about the subject matter of her individual claims in her initial deposition. See State Teachers Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., supra, 654 F.2d at 856 (proposed amendment not prejudicial where the relevant parties had already been deposed, the new claim was related to the original claims, and the new claim was an object of prior discovery; additional discovery required would be minimal). The relatively minor amount of further deposition or written discovery that defendants may need to conduct regarding these claims should be easily completed within the time the Scheduling Order allows for discovery (see Mar. 19 Order). The claims against Catsimatidis are identical to the claims against the other defendants and, given Catsimatidis’s relationship to the existing defendants, it is unlikely that defendants will require substantial additional discovery concerning Catsimatidis. To the extent defendants anticipate a dispute concerning Catsimatidis’s liability as an “employer,” the relevant information should already be in their possession. And it seems unlikely that defendants would have a genuine need to re-depose plaintiffs Duling and Anderson in conjunction with the new injunc-tive relief requested because defendants did not ask Duling or Anderson any questions regarding the initially requested injunctive relief in their original depositions (Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 10 n. 5; Declaration of Cara E. Greene, dated April 7, 2009, attached to Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support (“Greene Deck”) ¶ 3).

In support of their claim of prejudice resulting from the prospect of additional discovery, defendants rely on In re American Int’l. Group, Inc. Sec. Litig., 04 Civ. 8141(JES), 2008 WL 2795141 at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 18, 2008), in which the late Honorable John E. Sprizzo, United States District Judge, held that the new discovery plaintiffs proposed amendment would require was sufficiently burdensome to be unduly prejudicial. In that case, however, over four million pages of documents had already been exchanged in discovery at the time the motion to amend was made, the amendment would have expanded the relevant time period by three years and added an entirely new theory of relief, and even the initial step of identifying the individuals involved in the new claim would have necessitated “a large amount of document production.” In re American Int’l Group, Inc. Sec. Litig., supra, 2008 WL 2795141 at *2-*3. The additional discovery plaintiffs’ proposed amendments would require here is far more modest.

In any case, the need for new discovery is not sufficient to constitute undue prejudice on its own. United States v. Cont’l Ill. Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., 889 F.2d 1248, 1255 (2d Cir.1989); Middle Atl. Utils. Co. v. S.M.W. Dev. Corp., supra, 392 F.2d at 386 (2d Cir.1968); Town, of New Windsor v. Tesa Tuck, Inc., supra, 919 F.Supp. at 679; St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Heath Fielding Ins. Broking Ltd., 91 Civ. 0748(MJL), 1996 WL 19028 at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 17, 1996) (Lowe, D.J.); see S.S. Silberblatt, Inc. v. East Harlem Pilot Block—Building 1 Hous. Dev. Fund Co., Inc., 608 F.2d 28, 43 (2d Cir.1979). The prejudice that would flow from any additional required discovery can generally be mitigated by adjustments to the discovery schedule. Middle Atl. Utils. Co. v. S.M.W. Dev. Corp., supra, 392 F.2d at 386 (“The burden of further discovery and motions is not a satisfactory basis to deny the motion to amend. Such procedural aspects can be regulated and controlled by the trial court.”); St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Heath Fielding Ins. Broking Ltd., supra, 1996 WL 19028 at *7; Russell v. Hilton Int’l of Puerto Rico, Inc., 93 Civ. 2552(KMW), 1995 WL 234886 at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 20, 1995) (Wood, D.J.); see Bankers Trust Co. v. Weinick, Sanders & Co., supra, 1993 WL 478124 at *8. Here, if the time allotment in the current Scheduling Order is insufficient to accommodate defendants’ additional discovery needs, I can alleviate any hardship through further adjustments to the schedule.

Defendants assert that if plaintiffs’ proposed amendments are permitted, they will need to make dispositive motions on one or more of Sewer’s claims and re-brief the issue of class certification in addition to conducting new discovery (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 6). However, the fact that an amendment will require a party to invest additional resources in litigation is not sufficient grounds for its denial. Middle Atl. Utils. Co. v. S.M.W. Dev. Corp., supra, 392 F.2d at 386 (“Defendant ... argues that the allowance of the amendment will necessitate further discovery, motions, etc., and that all these would be expensive and time-consuming____ The burden of further discovery and motions is not a satisfactory basis to deny the motion to amend.”); see United States v. Int’l Bus. Mach. Corp., 66 F.R.D. 223, 231 (S.D.N.Y. 1975) (Edelstein, D.J.). It is not unusual in litigation for a motion to be re-briefed, or a new motion to be submitted, in response to later developments. In the context of leave to amend a pleading, any inefficiency these practices create may be outweighed by other concerns. See Block v. First Blood Assocs., supra, 988 F.2d at 351 (“the time, effort and money [the movant’s adversary already] expended in litigating th[e] matter ... do not arise to ... ‘substantial prejudice’ ”). But see McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., supra, 482 F.3d at 200-02 (upholding denial of leave to amend where new claim was raised after defendants had moved for summary judgment based on the previous complaint).

Moreover, denying plaintiffs’ motion will not cause Sewer’s claims to evaporate. If Sewer is not permitted to assert her claims in this action, she will, in all probability, simply assert them in an independent action. The inefficiencies that would result from two independent actions is far greater than any inefficiency that would result from permitting the amendment.

Thus, the additional resources defendants may have to expend as a result of plaintiffs’ amendments do not justify denying leave to amend on grounds of prejudice.

b. Delay of Resolution of Dispute

It does not seem likely that the additional discovery the amendments would require would take more than the ninety days provided for non-expert discovery in the Scheduling Order (see Mar. 19 Order). The only delay not already contemplated by the schedule that the amendments are likely to create is that caused by the need to submit supplemental briefs on the issue of class certification. However, as discussed above, the need to supplement the briefing of a motion is generally not enough to constitute prejudice. See Block v. First Blood Assocs., supra, 988 F.2d at 351; Middle Atl. Utils. Co. v. S.M.W. Dev. Corp., supra, 392 F.2d at 386; United States v. Int’l Bus. Mach. Corp., supra, 66 F.R.D. at 231.

c. Relatedness and Unfair Surprise

Defendants next assert that the claims plaintiffs seek to add on behalf of Sewer “are not germane to this class action” (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 7) and that Sewer’s claims arise from a different transaction or occurrence than the class claims (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 8). In contrast, plaintiffs state that Sewer “assert[s] claims that are identical to, or a subset of, those claims made by the original plaintifffs] ..., and ... those claims arise from the very same incident[s]” (Pis.’ Mem. in Support at 6), quoting Junior Gallery v. Neptune Orient Line, Ltd., 94 Civ. 4518(DC), 1997 WL 26293 at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 22,1997) (Chin, D.J.).

Sewer’s individual claims are for interference with her FMLA rights as a result of defendants’ alleged failure to restore her to an equivalent position after her maternity leave and for gender and pregnancy discrimination under the New York City Human Rights Law, New York City Administrative Code Section 8-107(1) (Sec.Am. Gompl.lffl 132-38). Specifically, plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint alleges that Sewer took FMLA leave to give birth to her son, and that when she returned, Gristede’s reassigned her to a cashier position instead of the receptionist position she previously held (Sec.Am.Compl.ira 97-100). This position, plaintiffs allege, did not have the same duties, responsibilities, or status as the receptionist position and accordingly, they allege, is reasonably viewed as a demotion (Sec.Am.Compl.lffl 101-05). Plaintiffs state that in addition to her individual claims, Sewer joins in the class claims “related to initial job placement, compensation, and promotion” (Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 6, 9). They emphasize the allegations in the proposed amended complaint that Sewer was initially hired into a cashier position, that she was denied promotion opportunities on the basis of her sex and that she was once again working in a cashier position when she left Gristede’s (Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 6; see Sec. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 96,108).

The class claims include claims of disparate treatment on the basis of gender in violation of Title VII, the NYSHRL and the NYCHRL (Sec.Am.Compl.1ffl 111-14, 118-21, 125-28). Plaintiffs’ allege, as to the entire class, that defendants channel women into certain less desirable positions, one of which is cashier (Sec.Am.Compl.ira 69-81), and the specific allegations of the two currently named plaintiffs include the contention that Gristede’s channeled women into cashier positions based on gender (Sec.Am. Compl.Hf 82-95).

Sewer’s individual claims overlap with the class claims because both Sewer individually and the members of the putative class make a claim for gender discrimination under the NYCHRL (Sec.Am.Comp.n 125-28, 136-38). Although there are some differences between Sewer’s claims and the class claims—Sewer was a receptionist before taking leave, Sewer alleges pregnancy discrimination in addition to gender discrimination under the NYCHRL and Sewer states an FLMA restoration rights claim—these differences do not make her individual claims so different from the class claims that they should not be added to the complaint at this point. Further, as Congress recognized in its explanation of the purposes underlying the Family and Medical Leave Act, pregnancy discrimination and sex discrimination are related. 29 U.S.C. § 2601(b)(4)-(5) (2009) (explaining that the purposes of the FMLA include preventing discrimination on the basis of sex “by ensuring generally that leave is available for eligible medical reasons (including maternity-related disability)” and promoting equal employment opportunity for women and men).

Addition of the new claims will not prejudice defendants because the proposed claims are “related closely to the original elaim[s].” State Teachers Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., supra, 654 F.2d at 856. The fact that a proposed amendment would add new issues is normally not prejudicial unless the opposing party would be confronted with some unique difficulty in defending against the new issues. Lerman v. Chuckleberry Pub., Inc., 544 F.Supp. 966, 968 (S.D.N.Y.1982) (Werker, D.J.) (An amendment should not be denied simply because it “may add another issue to the case,” absent “some undue disadvantage in the presentation of a defense to the claims sought to be asserted.”), rev’d on other grounds sub nom., Lerman v. Flynt Distrib. Co., Inc., 745 F.2d 123 (2d Cir.1984); see Foster Wheeler Corp. v. Babcock & Wilcox Co., 440 F.Supp. 897, 901-02 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) (Conner, D.J.) (no prejudice would result from allowing the proposed amendment despite the fact that it would “add an entirely new cause of action” and “inject a host of entirely new issues”); cf. In re American Int’l Group, Inc. Sec. Litig., 04 Civ. 814(JES), 2008 WL 2795141 at *2 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (Sprizzo, D.J.) (denying leave to amend where the proposed amendments and the then-current complaint “eoncern[ed] different time periods, different divisions of the company, different management, different alleged objectives, different disclosures, and different shareholders”). Defendants have not asserted any reason why the new claims would materially add to the burden of defending this action. Nor, as discussed above, does the timing of the addition of new claims result in prejudice sufficient to preclude them from being added. Compare McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., supra, 482 F.3d at 200, 201-02 (District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to add an “entirely new claim” after discovery had been completed and after the opposing party had moved for summary judgment).

Defendants also object to plaintiffs’ proposed additional claims on the ground of “unfair surprise,” claiming that before plaintiffs moved to amend the complaint defendants were not aware that any plaintiff sought to bring pregnancy discrimination or FMLA claims (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 9) and that nothing had put them on notice of these new claims (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 2).

Courts “will be ... hesitant to allow amendment where doing so unfairly surprises the non-movant and impedes the fan-prosecution of the claim,” but will allow amendment where the opposing party “had knowledge of the facts giving rise to the [new claim or defense].” Monahan v. New York City Dept. of Corr., supra, 214 F.3d at 284.

Gristede’s has always known that when Sewer returned from her maternity leave it reassigned her to a cashier position instead of the receptionist position she had previously occupied. Thus, defendants clearly “had knowledge of the facts giving rise to” the proposed claims. Monahan v. New York City Dept. of Corr., supra, 214 F.3d at 284. In addition, Sewer had been a member of the putative class from the beginning of the litigation and had been identified and deposed by defendants on January 22, 2009, before plaintiffs proposed these amendments (Sewer Deck Apr. 7, 2009 ¶ 5; Pis.’ Mem. in Support at 6). In her responses to defendants’ questions during her deposition, Sewer described the facts underlying her FMLA and pregnancy discrimination claims in some detail (Tr. of Dep. of Lakeya Sewer, Jan. 22, 2009 (“Sewer Dep. Tr.”) 31:16-33:6). See State Teachers Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., supra, 654 F.2d at 856 (2d Cir.1981) (leave to amend appropriate where “[t]he amended claim was obviously one of the objects of discovery”). Sewer had also described the alleged post-leave demotion in the declaration she submitted in support of plaintiffs’ motion on class certification which was served several months prior to the instant motion (Pls.’ Mem. in Further Support at 5; Declaration of Lakeya Sewer, dated August 11, 2008, attached to Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support as Ex. 3 (“Sewer Deck Aug. 11 2008”) ¶¶ 3, 13). Accordingly, defendants were on notice of the facts underlying Sewer’s individual claims prior to this motion and cannot color-ably claim prejudice due to unfair surprise.

4. Futility

Finally, defendants argue that plaintiffs’ motion should be denied because their amendments would be futile.

Generally, proposed amendment is considered futile when it fails to state a claim. Health-Chem Corp. v. Baker, 915 F.2d 805, 810 (2d Cir.1990); Mina Inv. Holdings Ltd. v. Lefkowitz, 184 F.R.D. 245, 257 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (Sweet, D.J.); Parker v. Sony Pictures Entm’t, Inc., 19 F.Supp.2d 141, 156 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (Kaplan, D.J.), aff'd in pertinent part, vacated in part on other grounds sub nom., Parker v. Columbia Pictures Indus., 204 F.3d 326 (2d Cir.2000); Yaba v. Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, 931 F.Supp. 271, 274 (S.D.N.Y.1996) (Koeltl, D.J.); Prudential Ins. Co. v. BMC Indus., Inc., 655 F.Supp. 710, 711 (S.D.N.Y.1987) (Sweet, D.J.); see generally Dluhos v. Floating & Abandoned Vessel kno%m as “New York”, supra, 162 F.3d at 69-70. Defendants do not contend that plaintiffs’ proposed amendments are futile because they fail to state a claim. Rather, the dispute concerns whether the amendments would accomplish plaintiffs’ admitted goal of class certification (see Pls.’ Mem. in Support at 3; Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 2, 12-15; Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 8-10). When a plaintiff seeks to amend her complaint in order to cure deficiencies in her motion for class certification, the futility inquiry focuses on whether the amendments will enhance the likelihood of class certification, rather than on whether they state a claim. See Orthocraft, Inc. v. Sprint Spectrum L.P., 98 CV 5007(SJ), 2002 WL 31640477 at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 16, 2002) (Where “Plaintiff has acknowledged that the primary purpose in amending its Complaint ... is to attempt to overcome the deficiencies that led to the denial of its initial motion for class certification ... the relevant inquiry is whether the proposed amendments would allow Plaintiff to prevail on a ... motion for class certification.”); Pierre v. JC Penney Co., Inc., No. 03-1782, 2006 WL 407553 at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Feb.21, 2006) (“[T]he court’s role on a motion to amendf, where the purpose of the proposed amendment is to achieve class certification,] is to determine ‘the likelihood that [the] proposed class will be certified.’ ”); Feldman v. Lifton, 64 F.R.D. 539, 543 (S.D.N.Y.1974) (Carter, D.J.) (amendment changing the proposed class would be futile, and so leave to amend should be denied, where “the proposed amendment would, on os face, violate class action requirements”). “[I]f after viewing the amendment in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the court finds the proposed class cannot be certified under Rule 23, leave to amend will be denied.” Pierre v. JC Penney Co., Inc., supra, 2006 WL 407553 at *6; see also Presser v. Key Food Stores Co-op., Inc., 218 F.R.D. 53, 56 (E.D.N.Y.2003) (“If Plaintiffs proposed class cannot be certified, leave to amend should be denied.”).

Defendants claim the proposed addition of Sewer as a named plaintiff and the proposed additions to the request for injunctive relief would be futile because the class could not be certified under the resulting amended complaint (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 2, 12-15). Plaintiffs seek class certification under Rule 23(b)(2) (Pis.’ Mem. in Support of Certification at 2, 22-25), which requires them to show, in addition to numerosity, commonality, typicality and adequacy, that “the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a), (b)(2).

Defendants claim that Sewer’s addition as a named plaintiff will be futile because she will not satisfy the typicality and adequacy elements of Rule 23(a), which defendants assert the currently named plaintiffs also fail to satisfy (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 2, 12-13). To establish typicality, plaintiffs must show that “the claims ... of the representative parties axe typical of the claims ... of the class,” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(3), meaning that “each class member’s claim arises from the same course of events, and each class member makes similar legal arguments to prove the defendant’s liability.” In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Group, Inc., 960 F.2d 285, 291 (2d Cir.1992); Robinson v. Metro-North Commuter R.R. Co., 267 F.3d 147, 155 (2d Cir.2001); Marisol A. v. Giuliani, 126 F.3d 372, 376 (2d Cir.1997); In re Telik, Inc. Sec. Litig., 576 F.Supp.2d 570, 582 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (McMahon, D.J.). The adequacy element requires that “the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(4). To be adequate, “Representatives must be part of the class and possess the same interest and suffer the same injury as the class members,” Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 594-95, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997), and must not have interests that are antagonistic to other class members’ interests. Denney v. Deutsche Bank AG, 443 F.3d 253, 268 (2d Cir.2006); Baffa v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Sec. Corp., 222 F.3d 52, 60 (2d Cir. 2000).

Defendants claim that Sewer cannot satisfy typicality because her individual pregnancy discrimination and FMLA claims are not shared by the class (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 2,12). Similarly, they argue that Sewer is not adequate as a representative because her claims “are not common to or typical of the claims of the other class members” (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 12-13). Defendants’ argument overlooks the full breadth of Sewer’s claims. Although plaintiffs do propose adding non-class claims on behalf of Sewer that are distinct in part from the class claims (See.Am.Compl.lffl 132-38), Sewer also asserts claims common to the class arising out of defendants’ alleged treatment of her before she took leave (Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 6, 9). Her assertion of individual claims that are unique to her but closely related to the class claims would not necessarily defeat certification. See Rossini v. Ogilvy & Mather, Inc., 798 F.2d 590, 597-98 (2d Cir.1986) (district court abused discretion by decertifying a class on typicality grounds where class members claimed they were denied opportunity for advancement based on their gender and class representative brought an individual claim alleging discriminatory denial of transfers, because alleged discrimination took place “in the same general fashion”). Nor does Sewer have interests antagonistic to those of other class members. Although the merits of the class certification question are best resolved in the context of the certification motion itself and I express no opinion on whether certification is appropriate, viewing the amendments in the light most favorable to plaintiffs I cannot find that “the proposed class cannot be certified under Rule 23” if Sewer is added as a plaintiff. Pierre v. JC Penney Co., Inc., supra, 2006 WL 407553 at *6 (emphasis added); see also Presser v. Key Food Stores Co-op., Inc., supra, 218 F.R.D. at 56 (“If Plaintiffs proposed class cannot be certified, leave to amend should be denied.”). Accordingly, the proposed additions of Sewer and her individual claims are not futile.

Defendants do not assert that plaintiffs should be precluded from adding Catsimatid-is as a defendant on grounds of futility.

Defendants claim that plaintiffs’ proposed requests for additional forms of injunctive relief are futile because even with the additions, they claim, the complaint would not satisfy Rule 23(b)(2)’s requirement that injunctive relief predominate over monetary relief. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(2), Advisory Committee Note (1966) (noting that certification under 23(b)(2) is precluded in cases where “the appropriate final relief relates exclusively or predominantly to money damages”); see Parker v. Time Warner Entm’t Co., L.P., 331 F.3d 13, 18 (2d Cir.2003). To determine which type of relief predominates, courts conduct “an ad hoc balancing that will vary from case to case.” Robinson v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 267 F.3d 147, 164 (2d Cir.2001); Wright v. Stern, 01 Civ. 4437(DC), 2003 WL 21543539 at *8 (S.D.N.Y. July 9, 2003) (Chin, D.J.). Defendants assert that the relief plaintiffs are seeking, even under the proposed amendments, is predominantly monetary and that the proposed additions fail to tip the balance sufficiently toward injunctive relief (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 15). They state that plaintiffs request damages of $300,000 per class member, which is the maximum amount of compensatory and punitive damages available under Title VII, and that this request would predominate over the injunctive relief requested even if plaintiffs’ proposed amendments were added (Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 15). Plaintiffs deny that they have ever requested $300,000 per class member (Pis.’ Mem. in Further Support at 10). The current complaint and the proposed amended complaint both contain requests for compensatory and punitive damages, but neither specifies an amount (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ (g)-(h); Sec. Am. Compl. (I )-(m)). Although I reserve a full application of the ad hoc balancing test for the determination of the class certification motion, I cannot conclude at this point that the relief sought in the proposed complaint would “relate[] exclusively or predominantly to money damages.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(2), Advisory Committee Note (1966). Plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint seeks substantial injunc-tive relief including that the institution of policies, practices, and pz*ograms to ensure equal employment oppoz’tunities for both genders, the implementation of objective standards for promotion, assignment, and compensation, the placement of class members in z'ightful positions and the appointment of a monitor to ensure compliance. Accordingly, the proposed additions to the z’equest for injunctive relief are not futile.

Defendants also claim that the new requests for injunctive relief are futile because Gristede’s has not acted pursuant to a specific policy or in a way generally applicable to the class. If established, this contention would also preclude plaintiffs fi'om satisfying Rule 23(b) because it would mean injunctive or declaratory relief was not appropriate for the entire class (see Defs.’ Mem. in Opp. at 14). This argument, however, is not persuasive because it attempts to contz'overt the allegations in the proposed amended pleading, which must be accepted as true at this stage of the proceeding. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Aniero Concrete Co., supra, 404 F.3d at 604.

C. Summary

Plaintiffs’ motion to amend was not delayed unduly, nor was it made with dilatory purposes or in bad faith. The proposed amendments would not prejudice defendants to the extent that would warrant denying leave to amend—either by requiring them to expend significant additional resources, by delaying resolution of the dispute or by adding unrelated claims or claims that would unfairly surprise defendants. Finally, none of the proposed amendments would be futile. Thus, none of the reasons to deny leave to amend are present. Plaintiffs are directed to serve and file their second amended complaint within twenty (20) days of the date of this Order.

IV. Conclusion

Accordingly, for all the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs’ motion for leave to file an amend complaint is granted.

SO ORDERED. 
      
      . Although I have since issued a superceding Scheduling Order, the order in force at the time plaintiffs filed their motion to amend was the February 13 Scheduling Order.
     
      
      . Plaintiffs also claim that developments in Torres may bear on Catsimatidis's status as an employer under Title VII. Given that individuals (other than sole proprietors) cannot be employers within the meaning of Title VII, Wrighten v. Glowski, 232 F.3d 119, 120 (2d Cir.2000) (per curiam); see Tomka v. Seiler Corp., 66 F.3d 1295, 1317 (2d Cir.1995) ("[A]n employer's agent may not be held individually liable under Title VIL”), abrogated on other grounds by Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998), this contention is without merit.
     
      
      . Plaintiffs cite the February 13, 2009 Scheduling Order, but the superceding Order entered on March 19, 2009 provides for the same ninety-day discovery period.
     
      
      . To the extent plaintiffs are now seeking different injunctive relief, it does not appear that an amended pleading is even necessary. See Fed. R.Civ.P. 54(c) (except where judgment is granted on default, "[ejvery ... final judgment should grant the relief to which each party is entitled, even if the party has not demanded that relief in its pleadings.”).
     
      
      . Where, as here, the original and proposed claims are interrelated, it also serves judicial efficiency to permit them to be brought in the same action. See New York v. Solvent Chemical Co., Inc., 179 F.R.D. 90, 99 (W.D.N.Y.1998) ("[T]he many shared aspects [of the claims] warrant hearing them in the same action. [The defendant] will have to defend the [proposed] claim regardless of the outcome of this motion. Because of the overlap of the issues in the two claims, the interests of judicial economy will best be achieved by hearing both claims in the same case.”).
     
      
      . Although a court focuses on whether the amendment will enhance the likelihood of class certification when class certification is the basis for the amendment, judges in the Eastern and Southern Districts of New York have found that "the court may limit its inquiry into the class action requirements at the amendment stage when certification will occur at a later time.” Presser v. Key Food Stores Co-op., Inc., 218 F.R.D. 53, 57 (E.D.N.Y.2003); see also Pierre v. JC Penney Co., Inc., supra, 2006 WL 407553 at *6; Acad, of Ambulatory Foot Surgery v. American Podiatry Ass’n, 516 F.Supp. 378, 382-83 (S.D.N.Y.1981) (Motley, D.J.). This is because the parties' arguments regarding class certification may be "more appropriately addressed in the context of [the] motionf] to certify the proposed class[].” Acad, of Ambulatory Fool Surgery v. American Podiatry Ass’n, supra, 516 F.Supp. at 383; see also Pierre v. JC Penney Co., Inc., supra, 2006 WL 407553 at *6 n. 11 ("[I]t may be more appropriate to grant leave to amend and address the class certification arguments on a motion for class certification.”); Presser v. Key Food Stores Co-op., Inc., supra, 218 F.R.D. at 56-57 ("Where ... the defendant's opposition to the amendment involves not-yet-certified classes, allowing the amendment is appropriate.”).
      I do not so limit my inquiry here.