Case ID: sw_174/html/0586-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "PRENDER GAST, P. J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

HIMMELFARB v. STATE.
    (No. 3415.)
    (Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
    Feb. 3, 1915.
    Rehearing Denied March 3, 1915.)
    1. Embezzlement <&wkey;28 — Indictment—Pur-eose oe Delivery oe Money to Accused.
    An indictment for theft by a bailee, alleging that the money was delivered to accused for the purpose of buying barroom fixtures and whisky, was not defective for failure to allege the kind, character, quality, name, etc., of the fixtures or the quantity of whisky.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Embezzlement, Cent. Dig. §§ 41, 42; Dec. Dig. <®=^28.]
    2. Criminal Law &wkey;>699 — Trial—Preliminary Statement by Counsel.
    Under Code Or. Proc. 1911, art. 717, subd.
    3. providing relative to the order in which the trial shall proceed that the district attorney or counsel prosecuting in his absence shall state to the jury the nature of the accusation and the facts which are expected to be proved in support thereof, where other attorneys in addition to the district attorney were employed to prosecute, it was not error to permit one of the attorneys for the state to make a preliminary statement of what the state expected to prove, .as the state had a right, under the statute, to make such statement.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1655, 1656; Dec. Dig.
    699.]
    3. Criminal Law <&wkey;730 — Trial—Improper Argument oe Counsel.
    On a trial for theft by a bailee, one of the prosecuting attorneys in his argument told the jury to consider another contract made by one of defendant’s kind, stating that he, at that time, demanded his pound of flesh. The court sustained an objection to such language, reprimanded the attorney, and told the jury not to allow the language - to excite any prejudice in their minds, and the attorney withdrew the remarks, stating that he was sorry he made such remarks, though the provocation was great. The attorney further stated that accused, when he got the first money from the prosecuting witness, conceived the idea of converting all the money the old negro had to his own use, that he and another' attorney assisting the district attorney were, not going to get anything out of the case, and that they could not get a dollar out of it from accused, and that accused had no sympathy for the negro when he took from him every dollar he had in the world. Held, that no reversible error was committed, especially as, to justify a reversal because of remarks of the prosecuting counsel, it must appear that they were improper, of a material character, and such as under the circumstances were calculated to injuriously affect accused’s rights.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 1693; Dec. Dig. &wkey;>730.]
    4. Criminal Law <®=o1037 — Appeal—Reservation oe Grounds oe Review — Improper Argument.
    A judgment will not ,be reversed for objectionable remarks made in argument by the prosecuting attorney, unless such remarks were objected to and a special charge to disregard them requested in writing, and refused.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1691, 2645; Dec. Dig. <©==> 1037.]
    5. Embezzlement &wkey;>38 — Evidence—Admissibility.
    On a trial for theft by a bailee, where it appeared that accused obtained money from a negro for the ostensible purpose of purchasing fixtures and whisky and procuring a license for a saloon which the negro was to conduct, and there was evidence that accused told the negro that he had applied to C.. for a license, and that the negro then inquired of C. whether such application had been made, it was not error to permit C. to testify that accused never applied for a license, and that a negro inquired of him whether accused had so applied, though he could not identify the prosecuting witness as the negro who made the inquiry.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Embezzlement, Cent. Dig. §§ 61, 65, 66; Dec. Dig. <©==» 38.]
    6. Embezzlement <&wkey;38 — (Evidence—Admis* sibility.
    On a trial for theft by a bailee, the proser cuting witness was properly permitted to testify that he never consented that accused might convert the money turned over to him to his own use.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Embezzlement, Cent. Dig. §§ 61, 65, 66; Dec. Dig. <&wkey;> 38.]
    7. Embezzlement <&wkey;42 — Evidence—Admissibility.
    On a trial for theft by a bailee, where it appeared that accused used the money turned over to him by the prosecuting witness for another purpose in purchasing a car load of pool tables, the bill of lading for such pool tables was properly admitted in evidence.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Embezzlement, Cent. Dig. § 64; Dec. -Dig. <&wkey;>42.]
    8. Embezzlement <&wkey;38 — Evidence—Admissibility.
    Where accused agreed to rent a building to the prosecuting witness for a saloon, and at different times received money from him for the ostensible purpose of purchasing fixtures and liquors and procuring a license, evidence as to the entire transaction was admissible on a trial for theft of the* money received for the purpose of buying whisky.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Embezzlement, Cent. Dig. §§ 61, 65, 66; Dec. Dig. <&wkey;> 38.]
    9. Criminal Law &wkey;>564 — Venue — Sufficiency of Evidence.
    The venue of an offense need not be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and it is sufficient if it is proved by positive testimony from which the jury might reasonably conclude that the offense was committed in the county alleged.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 726, 1277-1284; Dec. Dig. &wkey;564.]
    10. Criminal Law <&wkey;564 — Venue — Sufficiency of Evidence.
    The venue may be as effectually proved by circumstantial as by direct evidence.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 726, 1277-1284; Dec. Dig. <&wkey;564.]
    11. Embezzlement <&wkey;35 — Indictment—Variance.
    Under an indictment charging theft by a bailee of money received for the purpose of buying barroom fixtures and whisky, it was sufficient to sustain a conviction that the money was received for the purpose of buying whisky alone.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Embezzlement, Cent. Dig. §§ 55-59; Dec. Dig. &wkey;s35.]
    12. Embezzlement <&wkey;16 — Elements of Offense — Receipt of Money for Illegal Purpose.
    A bailee converting the money of his bailor to his own' use was guilty of the theft thereof, though the money was delivered to him for an illegal purpose.
    . [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Embezzlement, Cent. Dig. §§ 17, 18, 21; Dec. Dig. <&wkey;16.]
    Appeal from District Court, Galveston County; Robt. G. Street, Judge.
    L. Himmelfarb was convicted of tlieft, and he appeals.
    Affirmed.
    George G. Clough and King & Hughes, ail of Galveston, for appellant. C. H. Theobald, Co. Atty., of Galveston, and C. C. McDonald, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
   PRENDER GAST, P. J.

Appellant was convicted of the theft of money delivered to him by M. G. Hubert by virtue of a contract of bailment.

1. The indictment follows substantially the form therefor prescribed by Judge White in section 1501 of his Annotated Penal Code. It alleged that on or about January 20, 1914, said Hubert delivered $300 to him to buy certain barroom fixtures and whisky with which he bound himself and agreed to purchase for Hubert. It was unnecessary for the indictment to allege either the kind, character, quality, name, etc., of the fixtures, or the quantity of whisky, and the court did not err in overruling appellant’s motion to quash the indictment on that ground.

2. It is unnecessary to give any extended statement of the evidence. It was amply sufficient to establish, and for the jury to believe therefrom, that said Hubert, a negro and a stranger, arrived in Galveston, with his wife, on December 24, 1913. He had formerly lived in Trinity county and had there made and then had about $1,500 in money. Part of it he left on deposit with the bank in Trinity county and took another portion with him, or afterwards transferred part of it, to the I-Iutehings-Sealy & Co. Bank in Galveston. Hubert was in bad health and went to Galveston to be treated by a physician there. On January 5, 1914, he saw carpenters working'on a building at the corner of Twenty-Eighth and Church streets in Galveston. He learned, upon inquiry, from them that appellant owned or controlled said building. Appellant was pointed out, and he introduced himself to him. He told appellant that lie was a stranger from Groveton in Trinity county, and there where he could be attended by his doctor, and that he expected to open a restaurant or saloon. Appellant asked him if he had the money and upon his telling him he- had, appellant told him that a saloon would be the thing, and agreed to. rent him said house for $100 per month for a saloon. Appellant asked him how much money he had, and he told him enough to open a saloon, without telling him the exact amount. Thereupon appellant made an engagement with him to meet him that night at his house to go over the matter, which he did. Appellant then figured for him about how much it would take to open up a saloon, buy the fixtures, the liquor and other stock, procure the license, etc., and figured that it would take $1,200 to $1,500; that it would take $300 or $400 to buy the bar fixtures, $300 for liquor, $750 for the license, etc. After going over this matter, appellant engaged to meet him the next day to arrange for the business. They did meet the next day. Hubert informed appellant he had some of his money in said bank. He took Hubert in his buggy down to that bank, waited out in the buggy while Hubert went into the bank, drew a check and got $375 cash, having some money, in addition, with him. As soon as he got this money and appellant saw it, he engaged to meet him at the interurban train and go to Houston with him that evening to buy the bar fixtures, Hubert taking the money along with him. After they got to Houston appellant took him to a negro rooming house, procured a room, they went therein, and Hubert then delivered to him $380 cash with which he was to buy, and agreed to buy therewith, the said bar fixtures. Appellant swore he took that money back to Galveston with him when he returned the next day. Hubert paid their expenses to Houston and return. Hubert returned from Houston to Galveston that night. On his return appellant claimed to Hubert that he had bought said bar fixtures while in Houston. He swore on this trial that he did not then, or at any other time, buy any bar fixtures whatever with that money, or any other that Hubert afterwards delivered to him. Appellant and Hubert met in Galveston from day to day thereafter for weeks, and discussed the procuring of the-necessary fixtures, furniture, stock, etc., for the opening and operation of said saloon. On January 14, 1914, appellant again took Hubert to said bank, and had Hubert to draw from said bank and turn over to him $600, with which he said he would procure the license to run said saloon. Appellant swore that he applied to Hr. Cheesborough, the postmaster, some three or four times to get said license. Mr. Cheesborough swore that he never applied to him at any time for that purpose. Appellant on the trial swore that he never got any license from Mr. Cheesbor-ough or anybody else with that money, or ^.ny other, of Hubert’s and got no such license at all. On January 20th appellant had Hubert to again get from said bank in Galveston $300 in cash and turn it over to him, with which he said he would buy the stock of whisky for • said saloon.' 1-Ie never bought a drop of whisky for Hubert with that money or any other money that Hubert turned over to him. He himself swore on this trial that he never bought any liquor therewith. Later he procured from Hubert another $100 in cash, with which he said he would at once buy some cigar show cases to use in said saloon business. Still a little later he procured from Hubert another $50 in money, with which he said he would buy the cigars for said saloon business. At the time he procured the said $100 Hubert told him that he had about stripped him of money. Appellant told him when he got the $50 for the cigars that he wanted $100 for that purpose, but Hubert claimed that he only let him have for that purpose at the time $50, and that he had to get that $50 from his wife. Doubtless it thereupon appeared to appellant that he had gotten all of the money from Hubert that Hubert was going to let him have, or all that he did have. Appellant, by his own testimony, never used one cent or any other amount of all the money that Hubert turned over to him, under the bailments above specified, for procuring any of the articles for which he got the money from Hubert. He swore on this trial in effect that he used some of the money to pay his debts and for other purposes and to buy a car load of secondhand pool tables. Appellant admitted that he got $1,250 of Hubert’s money for the purposes above stated, but denied that Hubert paid him the last two items of $100 and $50, respectively. From time to time, soon after appellant returned from Houston, just after January 6, 1914, he took Hubert to the railroad freight office in Galveston and inquired of the agent for a car load of bar fixtures •which he told Hubert he had shipped to him (appellant) from Houston, representing from day to day and time to time to Hubert that he had bought said fixtures in Houston on the i occasion they went there, and expected them at the railroad depot in Galveston. As stated, he swore on the stand that he never bought any fixtures at Houston or elsewhere with Hubert’s money or any part of it, or ■any such fixtures at all. The state produced, identified, and introduced in evidence a bill of lading to a concern in Houston for a car load of secondhand pool tables shipped in the name of - that concern to Galveston to their order and to notify appellant. Appellant swore-that he had to go to the bank in Galveston to get that bill of lading, and at the time, in order'to get it, he had to pay the-bank for said bill of lading, which he did, and he at once took .that bill of lading to the railroad depot at Galveston and got the car load of secondhand pool tables which he paid for at that time out of Hubert’s money, as the jury was authorized to find from the testimony. He said he paid $400 for this car of pool tables. After he had gotten all of Hubert’s money for the purposes specified, Hubert was after him from day to day to fix and open up said saloon, and appellant was delaying him from time to time until he got all of his money, and then it dawned upon Hubert, the old negro, that appellant was not going to fix up any saloon whatever, and he never did. He thereupon demanded ms money back. The appellant, as the jury were authorized to believe from the testimony, in the form of a bill of sale to Hubert, gave him a mortgage on another old secondhand set of pool tables for an expressed consideration of $1,250, which he testified he had been himself running at a certain location in Galveston for many years. And he also, nearly two months after executing said mortgage, had Hubert to execute to him a lease to said old pool tables for a year, at a monthly rental of $5 a month. All of this was for the purpose, as the jury were clearly authorized and justified to believe, of attempting to manufacture a defense and cover up the crimes he had committed.

3. In addition to the district attorney representing the state, other attorneys also were employed to prosecute. When the case went to trial one of the attorneys for the state desired to make, and did make, in proper time, a preliminary statement of what the state expected to prove. Appellant objected to this. Clearly the state had the right, under the statute and decisions to make such statement. Article 717, subdiv. 3, C. C. P.; House v. State, 171 S. W. 207.

4. Appellant’s bills Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 8; in very meager statements, complain of the argument of the prosecuting attorneys. In No. 2 the language complained of is this:

“Cast your mind back thousands of years to another contract made by one of defendant’s kind with one of your kind, and he at that time demanded his pound of flesh.”

In the third, the language complained of is this:

“That the defendant at the very time that he got the first $380 in Harris county, then and there conceived the idea of converting all the money this old negro had to his own use.”

In the fourth the lanuage complained of is this:

“Gentlemen, Mr. Fuller [meaning his partner] and I are not going to get anything out of this. We cannot get a dollar out of this from the defendant.”

In the eighth the language complained of is this:

“This man [the defendant] did not have any sympathy for this negro man when he took from him every dollar he had in the world.”

Appellant requested no charge to the jury , not to consider any or either of these statements. He merely objected and took his bills of exceptions. The second shows that as soon as the matter was called to the attention of the trial judge and he understood it, he sustained appellant’s objection to the language used, reprimanded the attorney, and instructed the jury not to allow the language to excite any prejudice in their minds against the appellant, and the attorney withdrew the remarks, stated to the jury that he had no idea of influencing or impassioning them; that the remarks were provoked; that he was sorry he mado them; that they were highly improper, and should not have been made, though the provocation was great, and for the jury not to consider them. In our opinion neither all nor any of these bills present any reversible error. This court, through Judge Willson, in Pierson v. State, 18 Tex. App. 564, said:

“It has become quite common to except to the remarks of counsel for the state in their addresses to the jury. We find such exceptions in the majority of contested cases that come before us. If we had sustained all these exceptions, the effect would have been to have virtually closed the mouths of prosecuting attorneys. While argument should be restricted legitimately, it should not be so unreasonably limited as to render it ineffectual. The state has rights in this respect as well as defendants. And in view of the frequency of exceptions of this character, we will take occasion here to say that before we will reverse a conviction because of remarks of prosecuting counsel, it must clearly appear to us: (1) That the remarks were improper; and (2) that they were of a material character, and such as, under the circumstances, were calculated to injuriously affect the defendant’s rights.”

The Piersou Case, supra, has many times been cited and approved by this court. In House v. State, 19 Tex. App. 239, wherein a much worse statement was complained of, by the district attorney, Presiding Judge White said:

“We construe the remark to be not so much evidence of a desire to make use of foreign matter to the injury and prejudice of defendant as an impassioned expression, highly exaggerated it may be, but springing inadvertently from the heat of debato. If all such remarks were held reversible error, but few convictions would stand the test where the case had been hotly contested by able and zealous counsel in the courts below.”

Again, in Tweedle v. State, 29 Tex. App. 591, 16 S. W. 545, this court, in discussing the argument of the district attorney in. that case, through Judge Davidson, said:

“Concede that this argument was improper; it does not follow that the judgment should be reversed for this cause. The remarks must not only be improper, but they must be of such a nature as would be clearly calculated to prejudice the rights of the defendants. To reverse in all cases where counsel fail to confine themselves to the record would render trials farces. There is hardly a case of any impox’tance tried but that during the progress of the trial some unguarded expression is used by counsel upon either side. It would be a remarkable coincidence if this were not true. House v. State, 19 Tex. App. 227; Bass v. State, 16 Tex. App. 62.”

See, also, McConnell v. State, 22 Tex. App. 354, 3 S. W. 699, 58 Am. Rep. 647; Young v. State, 19 Tex. App. 536; Frizzell v. State, 30 Tex. App. 42,16 S. W. 751; Rahm v. State, 30 Tex. App. 310, 77 S. W. 416, 28 Am. St. Rep. 911; Tipton v. State, 30 Tex. App. 530; Walker v. State, 28 Tex. App. 112, 12 S. W. 503; Love v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 29, 29 S. W. 790.

It is also well established that where even objectionable remarks are made in argument by the prosecuting attorneys, this court will not reverse unless the remarks were objected to at the time and the appellant requests a special charge in writing to the jury to disregard it, and the court refuses such charge to which refusal he takes a bill. Hatchell v. State, 47 Tex. Cr. R. 385, 84 S. W. 234; Felder v. State, 59 Tex. Cr. R. 144, 127 S. W. 1055; Kennedy v. State, 19 Tex. App. 634; Young v. State, 19 Tex. App. 543; Lancaster v. State, 36 Tex. Cr. R. 20, 35 S. W. 165; Dies v. State, 56 Tex. Cr. R. 36, 117 S. W. 979; Rahm v. State, 30 Tex. App. 313 ; Garello v. State, 31 Tex. Cr. R. 61, 20 S. W. 179; Yann v. State, 48 Tex. Cr. R. 15, 85 S. W. 1064; Wright v. State, 37 Tex. Cr. R. 146, 38 S. W. 1004; Franklin v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. R. 347, 43 S. W. 85; Clayton v. State, 149 S. W. 122.

In the Hatchell Case, supra, this court, through Judge Henderson, said:

“Bills 3 and 4 embody exceptions to the argument of the district attorney. In the first of these bills it appears that the district attorney stated: ‘This defendant is guilty of one of the most cruel and diabolical crimes ever committed in this county; and you cannot, as good citizens of this county, turn this defendant loose, and I want to tell you if you do, every good respectable citizen within the borders of Shelby county will hangs their heads in shame.’ The first portion of this statement of the district attorney may have been a proper deduction from the testimony and may have been permissible. As presented, we cannot say it was not. The last portion, however, which tells the jury, in substance, that unless they convict appellant, every good and respectable citizen within this county would hang his head in shame, could not be authorized from the testimony. It has been held that an invocation or appeal to the jury by a menace of this sort is not permissible. However, no charge in writing was requested on the subject and refused by the court, and we do not regard it of that character which would authorize a reversal. And, again, the district attorney in his argument is shown to have made these remarks: ‘The defendant, unlike the hyena who digs in the grave for the body of the dead and buried, while the defendant revels in living streaming blood of his victim; that he took the life of Old Man Judge and walked away from his lifeless body with blood dripping from his hands, calm, cool, and deliberate; and his attorneys come here and ask you to acquit him. It may be that defendant’s counsel have some one man on this jury whom they expect to hang it, and no doubt expect by such means to induce and persuade some one to hang it, but you Askew, you Wes Darnell, nor you Bob Williams can’t afford to hang the jury.’ The court explains as to this latter portion that the counsel for defendant in their address to the jury had called names of Turner and others, and the district attorney in referring to that matter had used the language. We held in Kugadt v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. R. 681 [44 S. W. 989], referring to defendant as a hyena, in the connection in which it was used, did not constitute a reversible error. In that case, the court immediately reprimanded counsel for the state, and instructed th.e jury to disregard the same. In this case, however, while there was an attempt to differentiate between defendant and a hyena, it was rather to the disparagement of defendant. The court’s explanation that the district attorney referred to the jurors by name because- der fendant’s counsel had done so, may explain that matter. But it hardly explains the reference that appellant’s counsel had succeeded in stocking the jury with some man to hang it. These remarks were uncalled for and reprehensible; but no ■written request was made of the court, instructing the jury to disregard the same. We do not believe that they are of that character as to cause a reversal, in the absence of such requested written instruction, the refusal of the court to give the same, and emception reserved thereto.”

5. The court did not err in permitting the state’s witness Cheesborough, as objected to by appellant’s bill No'. 5, to testify that appellant did not apply to him for a saloon license. Nor in permitting him to testify that some colored man inquired of him whether or not appellant had so applied to him for a saloon license, even though he could not identify said Hubert as the negro who did so ask him about it, the testimony showing that appellant told said Hubert that he had so applied to Cheesborough for the license, and Hubert showing that thereupon, to ascertain whether or not he had done so, he inquired of Cheesborough whether he had; the testimony all identifying the license for a saloon at the location which appellant agreed to rent to Hubert for the purpose of opening a saloon therein. Neither did the court err in permitting the state to ask, and Hubert to answer, that he did not consent that the defendant could convert the said $300 he had turned over to him, as objected to by appellant’s bill No. 6. Neither did the court err in permitting the state to introduce in evidence the said bill of lading for the car load of secondhand pool tables, as shown in the statement above.

6. Appellant, in his tenth bill of exceptions, complains of the court admitting the testimony of Hubert and other witnesses to the whole transaction and dealing between Hubert and appellant from the time their negotiations begun to the time they ended. This bill is quite lengthy, and gives the questions and answers of most of the direct testimony of these several witnesses. All this testimony was admissible and material for the purpose of showing system and the intent of the appellant in getting and converting to his own use the $300 with which the indictment charged him, the court in his charge expressly restricting it for that purpose. They were all so interwoven and necessary to be shown to determine the main issues in this case. The testimony shows a continuous transaction between them from first to last and the jury could not understand the issues in this case without such testimony. It is unnecessary to state or quote this bill in full. ICaufman v. State, 159 S. W. 60; Dugat v. State, 160 S. W. 377, and authorities cited in , those cases.

7. Appellant had some objections to the court’s charge, and requested some charges which the court refused. We have carefully considered all of these matters, and none of them present any error. We think it unnecessary to state them. Among appellant’s complaints thereunder is one that the evidence shows that if there was a conversion of the $300 specified in the indictment, the conversion occurred in Harris and not in Galveston county. The reverse of his contention is true. The particular $300 charged to have been converted in the indictment is the $300 that was delivered to appellant by Hubert on January 20, 1914. The evidence in no way even remotely tends to show that appellant ever had this money, or any of it, or converted it, or any of it, in Harris county, but on the contrary that it all occurred in Galveston county. The only money of Hubert which he is ever shown to have had in Harris county is the $380 delivered to him by Hubert on January 6, 1914, and appellant himself swore that he took that money back to Galveston with him, and all the testimony shows that he converted all of appellant’s money in Galveston county, and not $1 of it in any other county than Galveston. It is true that he is shown to have bought a car load of secondhand pool tables from a party in Houston, but the evidence does not tend to show that he even paid any part of that money in Harris county for those pool tables, but the evidence shows that whatever he paid for said car load of pool tables he paid in Galveston county and not elsewhere. The court’s charge affirmatively required the jury to believe beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant converted said money in Galveston county, with other requisites, before they could find him guilty. As to venue, this is more than the law requires.

It is the settled law of this state that it is not essential to prove venue beyond a reasonable doubt; that the doctrine of reasonable doubt does not apply to the issue of venue. Barrara v. State, 42 Tex. 260; McReynolds v. State, 4 Tex. App. 327; Deggs v. State, 7 Tex. App. 359; Achterberg v. State, 8 Tex. App. 463; McGill v. State, 25 Tex. App. 499, 8 S. W. 661; Cox v. State, 28 Tex. App. 92, 12 S. W. 493; Abrigo v. State, 29 Tex. App. 143,15 S. W. 408. Venue may be proved by other than positive testimony; if from the evidence the jury may reasonably conclude that the offense. was committed in the county alleged, it is sufficient. Hoffman v. State, 12 Tex. App. 406; Bowman v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. R. 14, 40 S. W. 796, 41 S. W. 635. It may be as effectually proved by circumstantial as by direct evidence. McGill v. State, supra; Cox v. State, supra; McGlasson v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. R. 351, 43 S. W. 93; Kugadt v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. R. 681, 44 S. W. 989; Nance v. State, 17 Tex. App. 385.

Again, our statute (art. 938, C. C. P.) says:

“In all cases, the [appellate] court shall presume that the venue was proven in the court below; * * * unless such matters were made an issue in the court below, and it affirmatively appears to the contrary by a bill of exceptions, properly signed and allowed by the judge of the court below, * * * and incorporated in the transcript as required by law.”

No such bill is contained in this record. McGlasson v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. R. 351, 43 S. W. 93; Scott v. State, 42 Tex. Cr. R. 607, 62 S. W. 419; Belcher v. State, 161 S. W. 461.

8. There is no merit in appellant’s contention that by the charge of the court the jury was authorized to convict him for the conversion of the identical $300 when it was not received by him for the purpose of buying both fixtures and whisky, but for whisky alone. It was not necessary that it be shown that he received the money for both purposes. Either would suffice. Terry v. State, 62 Tex. Cr. R. 73, 136 S. W. 485, and cases cited; Alderson v. State, 2 Tex. App. 10; Edwards v. People, 26 Colo. 541, 59 Pac. 56; Edson v. State, 148 Ind. 283, 47 N. E. 625; 1 Whart. Crim. Ev. § 129; Robinson v. State, 62 Tex. Cr. R. 646, 138 S. W. 704; Arnold v. State, 168 S. W. 124, and cases cited therein.

9. In appellant’s brief he contends, in effect, that as the money Hubert turned over to him to be used to buy whisky and fixtures in operating a saloon in Galveston in the name of appellant, but for Hubert’s benefit, was in effect to be an illegal transaction, and as the bailment was illegal, therefore appellant could not be convicted for converting Hubert’s money and be guilty of the theft thereof. We think there can be no merit whatever in this contention. It is unnecessary to discuss it at all.

We have carefully read and studied the record and briefs in this case. In our opinion there is no error in the trial which would authorize or justify this court to reverse it. Therefore the judgment will be affirmed. 
      
      .17 S. W. 416, 28 Am. St. Rep. 911.
     
      «gssEor other cases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes
     
      <§^>For other eases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes