Case ID: f-supp-2d_954/html/0261-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "FRANK MAAS, United States • Magistrate Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Ese A. O’DIAH, Plaintiff, v. YOGO OASIS, Roast Bean Coffee, Roast Town Coffee, and Dong G. Shin, Defendants.
    No. 11 Civ. 309(FM).
    United States District Court, S.D. New York.
    July 22, 2013.
    
      Ese A. O’Diah, Kew Gardens, NY, pro se.
    Laura Melim Midwood, RHA & Kim LLP, Bayside, NY, for Defendants.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

FRANK MAAS, United States • Magistrate Judge.

Pro se plaintiff Ese O’Diah (“O’Diah”) brings this employment discrimination suit against his former employer, Yogo Oasis, which operates a café under the name Roastown Coffee (“Roastown”), and Roastown’s owner, Doug G. Shin (“Shin”). In his complaint, O’Diah alleges that he was wrongfully terminated on the basis of his race, color, and national origin. He seeks relief under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq. (“Title VII”), and the New York State Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law § 296, et seq. (“NYSHRL”). O’Diah also seeks damages for defamation of character.

Roastown has moved for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (ECF No. 81). For the reasons explained below, the motion is denied.

I. Background

A. Local Rule 56.1

Local Civil Rule 56.1(a) requires a party seeking summary judgment to submit “a separate, short and concise statement, in numbered paragraphs, of the material facts as to which the moving party contends there is no genuine issue to be tried.” The nonmoving party then is required to provide a counterstatement with “correspondingly numbered paragraph[s]” setting forth a response to each of the paragraphs in the moving party’s statement. See Local Civil Rule 56.1(b).

Although Roastown served O’Diah with the required notice of the Local Civil Rule 56.1 procedures, (ECF No. 84), O’Diah did not submit any counterstatement. Ordinarily, a failure to respond to facts set forth in the movant’s Rule 56.1 statement results in those facts being deemed admitted. Giannullo v. City of New York, 322 F.3d 139, 140 (2d Cir.2003). As the Second Circuit has emphasized, however, pro se litigants are entitled to “special solicitude ... when confronted with motions for summary judgment.” Graham v. Lewinski, 848 F.2d 342, 344 (2d Cir.1988) (citing Sellers v. M.C. Floor Crafters, Inc., 842 F.2d 639, 642 (2d Cir.1988)). Thus, notwithstanding a pro se plaintiffs failure to comply strictly with the Local Rules, the Court “retains some discretion to consider the substance of the plaintiffs arguments, where actually supported by evidentiary submissions.” Wali v. One Source Co., 678 F.Supp.2d 170, 178 (S.D.N.Y.2009); see also Holtz v. Rockefeller & Co., 258 F.3d 62, 73 (2d Cir.2001) (court has “broad discretion to determine whether to overlook a party’s failure to comply with the local rules”). Considering O’Diah’s pro se status, I therefore will consider his evidence to the extent that it is supported by the record.

B. Relevant Facts

Shin, a first-generation immigrant from Korea, opened Roastown in June 2009. (Midwood Decl., Ex. A ¶¶ 4, 7). The café staff consisted of approximately ten to twelve employees who apparently hailed from various foreign countries, including Nigeria, Columbia, Guatemala, South Korea, Morocco, the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Egypt, the United States, and Puerto Rico. (Defs.’ Stmt. ¶¶ 4-5).

O’Diah is a black male from Nigeria. (ECF No. 2 (“Complaint” or “Compl.”), Ex. A at l). In June or July of 2009, Shin hired O’Diah to work as a barista at Roastown. (Id; Defs.’ Stmt. ¶ 6). Shin initially was pleased with O’Diah’s work and promoted him to manager. (IdU 7).

According to John Stauble (“Stauble”), one of O’Diah’s coworkers, Shin was “rude and cruel” to Roastown employees and made a number of discriminatory remarks about O’Diah’s race throughout his employment. (O’Diah Decl., Ex. 9 (Aff. of John Stauble, sworn to on May 19, 2011 (“Stauble Aff.”)), at 1). On one occasion, Shin instructed O’Diah to tell a group of black men to leave the vicinity of the Roastown storefront, stating “you black guy, tell those black guys [to] go away.” (Id). Although O’Diah refused to do so, Shin insisted, stating “black guys [are] bad for business, you black guy, make them leave.” (Id). After O’Diah again refused, Shin became angry and poked O’Diah in the chest, stating “damn black guys no good.” (Id).

During the latter half of his employment at Roastown, O’Diah increasingly found himself in the middle of arguments between Shin and his wife (“Mrs. Shin”). (Compl., Ex. A at 1). At times, Mrs. Shin would ask O’Diah to perform tasks that conflicted with Shin’s orders. (Id.). She became “very upset” with O’Diah when he informed her that he had been hired by Shin and would follow Shin’s instructions over hers. (Id.). According to Juan Lugo (“Lugo”), another one of O’Diah’s coworkers, O’Diah would get upset when Mrs. Shin was at the store because “she was his new boss ... and [Lugo] could tell that O’Diah didn’t like taking orders from women” (Defs.’ Stmt. ¶ 28). One day, O’Diah allegedly told Lugo that he was “sassing” Mrs. Shin “so that he would get fired.” (Id.¶ 29).

In May 2010, O’Diah informed Shin that he planned to take a three-week vacation in Europe commencing on July 15. (Id.) When Shin responded by asking O’Diah where he was from, O’Diah stated that he was from Nigeria. (Id.). Shin laughed, but gave O’Diah permission to take the vacation. (Id.). Although Shin was under the impression that O’Diah understood that his vacation would be unpaid, O’Diah left a note on Shin’s desk the day before he departed, stating that he wished to receive vacation pay. (Id.; Midwood Decl., Ex. A ¶¶ 13-14).

O’Diah returned from vacation on August 8, 2010. (O’Diah Decl., Ex. 6). Around that time, Roastown alleges that Shin and his assistant, Richard Kim (“Kim”), began to notice that the cash registers were “coming up short.” (Defs.’ Stmt. ¶¶ 12-13). After reviewing video recordings from Roastown’s surveillance cameras, Shin and Kim discovered footage that they believed showed O’Diah stealing money from the cash registers and the employee tip jar. (Id. ¶¶ 14-16).

A few days later, O’Diah was called into Shin’s office and told that “employee tips were low” while he was on vacation, but “high” ever since he returned. (Compl., Ex. A at 1). Shin then showed O’Diah the surveillance tape footage. (Id.). After being confronted with the footage, O’Diah admitted taking cash from the registers, but explained that the registers had insufficient change for customers, which required him to exchange money from the register for the smaller bills and coins in the tip jar. (Id.; Defs.’ Stmt. ¶ 17). Ensuring that the store had adequate change was apparently Mrs. Shin’s responsibility, but O’Diah explained to Shin that, because she had not been present, he was forced to “improvise.” (Compl., Ex. A at 1). O’Diah also stated that he sometimes took money to the bank in order to get change. (Defs.’ Stmt. ¶ 19). According to O’Diah, Shin accepted his explanation and apologized, stating that he would make sure that Mrs. Shin was available more often so that the store had sufficient change. (Compl., Ex. A at 1).

Some time later, Shin and his wife again confronted O’Diah about amounts allegedly missing from the cash register. (Stauble Aff. at 1). Stauble, who observed the scene, heard them asking O’Diah in “raised angry voices” where the missing money had gone. (Id.). After O’Diah insisted that he had not taken any money, Shin shook his head and said, “fucking Nigerian no good need new manager.” (Id.). According to Stauble, the cash discrepancy likely had been caused by an accidental “over ring.” (Id.).

On August 23, 2010, Shin once again called O’Diah into his office to confront him with surveillance tape footage that showed O’Diah taking cash from the register and placing it in his pocket. (Compl., Ex. A at 2; Defs.’ Stmt. ¶ 29). O’Diah explained that the register again had run out of change and, because Mrs. Shin was not present at the store, he needed to run across the street to get more change. (Compl., Ex. A at 2). In response to Shin’s inquiry as to why he was reaching under the counter, O’Diah said that he “had to get the key to [the] safe” to determine whether he needed to get more change. (Id.). Evidently unconvinced by that explanation, Shin directed his assistant to call the police. (Id.). When O’Diah protested that he had no motivation to steal from Roastown since he had “helped ... build th[e] store to the way it is now,” Shin responded by pointing his finger and stating: “You Nigerians can’t be trusted.” (Id.).

While they were waiting for the police to arrive, Shin asked several “Korean friends” to join them in his office. (Id. at 3). O’Diah asked why Shin was inviting these individuals into the room, but Shin did not respond. (Id.). O’Diah also has a website design business and, at some point during his employment at Roastown, Shin had hired him to create a website for the café. (Midwood Decl., Ex. A ¶¶ 25-26). O’Diah also wished to gain further website business from local Korean customers and business owners. He believes that Shin’s reason for inviting his Korean friends into the office therefore was to “humiliat[e]” him “in front of ... potential clients.” (Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Support of Pl.’s Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Opp. Mem.”) (ECF No. 87) at 18).

After the police officers arrived and viewed the surveillance tape, they asked Shin whether there was any additional evidence of theft. (Compl., Ex. A at 3). Although Shin claimed that O’Diah had stolen at least $60, he conceded to the officers that the “total sale receipt” did not reflect any missing amounts. (Id.). Accordingly, the police concluded that no theft had occurred. (Id.). They further suggested that O’Diah leave the premises and “take [Shin] to court” for having falsely accused him of stealing. (Id.).

According to Lugo, O’Diah stopped on his way out of the café and stated that he would no longer be working at Roastown. (Defs.’ Stmt. ¶ 39). When Lugo asked whether O’Diah had been fired, O’Diah allegedly replied that he had quit and intended to sue Shin. (Id.).

On September 7, 2010, O’Diah filed a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). (Compl. at 3). Thereafter, on October 27, 2010, while the EEOC charge was pending, Shin filed a complaint with the New York City Police Department regarding an alleged theft by O’Diah on August 12, 2010. (Midwood Decl., Ex. K at 1). The complaint classified the incident as a “petit larceny,” but did not specify any loss amount. (Id. at 2).

On January 10, 2011, after receiving a Notice of Right to Sue letter, O’Diah filed this suit. (Id. at 4; ECF No. 2).

C. Evidence of Theft

Roastown has submitted two brief surveillance camera video clips, both dated August 12, 2010, which Roastown allegedly used to determine that O’Diah had committed theft. The footage shows O’Diah opening cash registers, reaching under the counter where the tip jar is located, counting money, and placing money into his pants pocket. (See Midwood Decl., Ex. C). The video further indicates that O’Diah accessed the register during the middle of the day, while numerous customers and other employees were in close proximity.

Roastown also has submitted a partial set of the store’s daily cash receipt records, which it contends are further evidence of O’Diah’s thefts. (Defs.’ Reply Mem. of Law in Further Support of Mot. for Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Reply”) (ECF No. 88), Ex. A). These receipts consist of (1) printed statements reflecting the total amount of sales recorded on the register at the end of each day, and (2) handwritten “sales reports” reflecting the actual cash counted, total credit card sales, sales grand total, and any cash shortages. The shortages appear to have been calculated by subtracting the cash tally reflected on each day’s handwritten report from the amount of cash purchases indicated on the corresponding printed statements. By way of example, on August 9, 2010, the printed statement indicates that the store had $1,754.55 in cash sales, while the handwritten report states that the actual amount of cash counted in the register was $1,642. There consequently was a $112.55 cash shortage for that day.

The records are organized in no particular order and numerous days have inexplicably been excluded. The records that were provided reflect relatively frequent cash shortages as early as March 8, 2010. These shortages typically ranged from $70-90 per day, although there were several days on which deficiencies of well over $100 were reported. There were no indicated shortages from July 17-30, 2010, which was part of the time O’Diah was on vacation. It is unclear whether there were any shortages during the remaining days O’Diah was absent, since no records were provided for either July 15-16 or July 31-August 8. There do appear to be other lengthy periods, however, during which no cash shortage was reported, such as between May 13 and June 20.

II. Legal Standard

Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment is appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and [he] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law” based on supporting materials in the record. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). “An issue of fact is genuine if ‘the evidence is such that a reasonable juror could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’ A fact is material if it ‘might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.’ ” Roe v. City of Waterbury, 542 F.3d 31, 35 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)).

In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the Court must “view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment and must draw all permissible inferences” in favor of that party. Harris v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 310 F.3d 73, 78 (2d Cir.2002) (quoting Gummo v. Vill. of Depew, N.Y., 75 F.3d 98, 107 (2d Cir.1996)). To defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment, however, the non-moving party cannot simply rely upon allegations contained in the pleadings that raise no more than “some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). Rather, the party opposing summary judgment must offer “concrete evidence from which a reasonable juror could return a verdict in his favor.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505; see also FDIC v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 607 F.3d 288, 292 (2d Cir.2010) (non-moving party cannot simply rely on “conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated speculation”).

Assessments of credibility, choosing between conflicting versions of the events, and the weighing of evidence are matters for the jury, not for the Court. Fischl v. Armitage, 128 F.3d 50, 55 (2d Cir.1997). Thus, “[t]he court’s function is not to resolve disputed issues of fact but only to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact to be tried.” Id.

The Second Circuit has “emphasized that trial courts must be especially chary in handing out summary judgment in discrimination cases, because in such cases the employer’s intent is ordinarily at issue.” Chertkova v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 92 F.3d 81, 87 (2d Cir.1996). However, “[e]ven in the discrimination context, ... a plaintiff must provide more than conclusory allegations to resist a motion for summary judgment, and show more than some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 101 (2d Cir.2010) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

III. Analysis

A. Employment Discrimination Claim

Title VII provides that “[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer ... to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l).

To overcome a motion for summary judgment under Title VII, “a discrimination plaintiff must withstand the three-part burden-shifting laid out by McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-03, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973).” McPherson v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 457 F.3d 211, 215 (2d Cir.2006). Discrimination claims brought under the NYSHRL are evaluated according to the same burden-shifting framework. See Spiegel v. Schulmann, 604 F.3d 72, 80 (2d Cir.2010); Pucino v. Verizon Wireless Communications, Inc., 618 F.3d 112, 117 n. 2 (2d Cir.2010); Leibowitz v. Cornell Univ., 584 F.3d 487, 498 n. 1 (2d Cir.2009).

Under the McDonnell Douglas rubric, the plaintiff must satisfy an initial burden of “proving by a preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination.” Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981). To establish a prima facie case, an employee must show that: (1) he was within the protected class; (2) he was qualified for the position he held; (3) he was subjected to an adverse employment decision or discharge; and (4) the adverse action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination. See Reynolds v. Barrett, 685 F.3d 193, 202 (2d Cir.2012); Stratton v. Dep’t for the Aging, 132 F.3d 869, 879 (2d Cir.1997).

“A plaintiff sustains an adverse employment action if he or she endures a materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment.” Galabya v. N.Y. City Bd. of Educ., 202 F.3d 636, 640 (2d Cir.2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). Among the actions that qualify as materially adverse are “a termination of employment, a demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits, [or] significantly diminished material responsibilities.” Id.

Once the plaintiff makes out a prima facie case, “a rebuttable presumption of discrimination arises and the burden then shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the employment decision.” Sharpe v. MCI Commc’ns Servs., Inc., 684 F.Supp.2d 394, 401 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (quoting Stratton, 132 F.3d at 879). The purpose of this step is “to force the defendant to give an explanation for its conduct, in order to prevent employers from simply remaining silent while the plaintiff founders on the difficulty of proving discriminatory intent.” Felder v. Securitcus Sec. Serv., No. 04 Civ. 9501(LAK), 2006 WL 2627969, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2006) (quoting Fisher v. Vassar Coll., 114 F.3d 1332, 1335-36 (2d Cir.1997) (en banc)).

Finally, if the defendant provides a nondiscriminatory rationale for its conduct, the rebuttable presumption drops out of the case. St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 510-11, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993). The burden then rests on the plaintiff to prove not only that the proffered nondiscriminatory reason was pretextual, but also that the defendant discriminated against the plaintiff. Slattery v. Swiss Reinsurance Am. Corp., 248 F.3d 87, 93-94 (2d Cir.2001). In other words, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to prove that “discrimination was the real reason for the employment action.” Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34, 38 (2d Cir.2000).

In most cases there is significant overlap among the three steps in the McDonnell Douglas framework. Indeed, whether the plaintiff has met his prima facie burden of demonstrating an inference of discrimination often is a question indistinguishable from whether the employer’s actions served merely as a pretext for some disguised discriminatory animus towards the plaintiff. See Goldman v. Admin. for Children’s Servs., No. 04 Civ. 7890(GEL), 2007 WL 1552397, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 29, 2007). In the end, “the bottom line in a Title VII summary judgment motion is, simply, whether plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could determine that defendants discriminated against her.” Id.; see also Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000) (“Although intermediate evidentiary burdens shift back and forth under [the McDonnell Douglas ] framework, the ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff’) (internal quotation marks omitted).

1. Prima Facie Case

O’Diah’s evidence clearly is sufficient to establish a prima facie case of discrimination at the first step of the McDonnell Douglas analysis. As a black Nigerian, he is a member of two protected classes. Ani v. IMI Systems, Inc., No. 98 Civ. 8430(DAB)(MHD), 2002 WL 1888873, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 15, 2002). The evidence further demonstrates that O’Diah was qualified for his job as a barista. Indeed, Roastown concedes that Shin regarded O’Diah as a “valuable worker” and promoted him. (Defs.’ Stmt. ¶ 7). O’Diah’s termination qualifies as an adverse employment action. Sista v. CDC Ixis N. Am., Inc., 445 F,3d 161, 169 (2d Cir.2006). Finally, the allegations of Shin’s discriminatory remarks, which were made both throughout O’Diah’s employment and at the time of his termination, are sufficient to demonstrate that O’Diah’s termination arose out of circumstances giving rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination. (See Compl., Ex. A at 1-3; Stauble Aff. at 1).

Roastown nevertheless argues that O’Diah has failed to show that he was qualified for his position because Shin later determined that he had been stealing from the cash drawer. Although an acknowledged theft undoubtably would establish unsatisfactory job performance, see Crews v. Trs. of Columbia Univ. in the City of N.Y., 452 F.Supp.2d 504, 522 (S.D.N.Y.2006), O’Diah denies having stolen any money. Similarly, although Roastown’s videotapes may be supportive of Shin’s claim that he believed O’Diah had been stealing money, that evidence does not prove conclusively that he did. Rather, Roastown’s allegations of theft merely confirm the existence of a factual dispute that cannot be resolved on summary judgment.

Roastown further argues that O’Diah cannot demonstrate that he suffered an adverse employment action because he quit voluntarily. Specifically, Roastown points to O’Diah’s alleged statements to Lugo that he had “quit” and intended to sue Shin. (See Lugo Aff. ¶ 12). Lugo’s affidavit, however, is contradicted by O’Diah’s allegation that he was terminated, (see Compl. at 2), and a reasonable fact-finder would be entitled to credit O’Diah’s account. See Graham v. Kimber Mfg., Inc., No. 00 Civ. 3295(GEL), 2002 WL 181698, at *3-4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 2002) (although employer offered “substantial evidence” that plaintiff had quit his job, it was for the jury to evaluate the credibility of that evidence, and a reasonable fact-finder would not be required to accept the employer’s version). Thus, O’Diah’s version, which must be accepted for purposes of summary judgment, supports his claim that he suffered an adverse employment action.

Finally, Roastown maintains that O’Diah has failed to demonstrate facts sufficient to support an inference of discrimination. That contention, of course, is belied by the evidence that Shin made numerous discriminatory remarks concerning O’Diah’s race and national origin throughout his employment at Roastown. These comments — in particular, Shin’s statement to O’Diah at the time he was fired, that “You Nigerians can’t be trusted” — clearly support the inference that Shin’s decision to terminate O’Diah was motivated by discriminatory animus.

The Second Circuit repeatedly has said that a plaintiffs burden in establishing a prima facie discrimination case is “minimal.” Roge v. NYP Holdings, Inc., 257 F.3d 164, 168 (2d Cir.2001); see also Abdu-Brisson v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 239 F.3d 456, 467 (2d Cir.2001) (“A plaintiffs burden of establishing a prima facie case is de minimis.”) (citations omitted). Considering that relaxed standard in the context of the facts of this case, the evidence unquestionably gives rise to a reasonable inference of unlawful discrimination.

2. Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason

Having determined that O’Diah’s evidence establishes a prima facie case for discrimination, the burden shifts to Roastown to demonstrate that it had a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating O’Diah. Sharpe, 684 F.Supp.2d at 401. Roastown contends that O’Diah was fired because he stole money from the cash registers or tip jar on several occasions. Although the evidence in that regard is largely circumstantial, it is sufficient to carry Roastown’s limited burden at this stage. See Jowers v. Family Dollar Stores, No. 09 Civ. 2620(WHP), 2010 WL 3528978, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 16, 2010) (“[Defendant’s] allegation of theft constitutes a valid reason for termination”) (citing Crews, 452 F.Supp.2d at 523). Therefore, the burden shifts back to O’Diah to demonstrate that Roastown’s claimed basis for terminating him was a pretext for discrimination. See Ruiz v. Cnty. of Rockland, 609 F.3d 486, 492 (2d Cir.2010).

3. Pretext

Pretext may be established “either by persuading the Court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer, or by showing the defendant’s explanation is not credible.” Clifford v. Cnty. of Rockland, No. 10 CV 6979(VB), 2012 WL 2866268, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. June 25, 2012) (citing Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256, 101 S.Ct. 1089). In the course of attempting to do so, a plaintiff may rely on the evidence supporting his prima facie case or any additional evidence of discrimination. See Burkhardt v. Lindsay, 811 F.Supp.2d 632, 652 (E.D.N.Y.2011).

The evidence in this case clearly would permit a rational jury to conclude that Roastown’s stated reason for firing O’Diah is false. Although there is videotape footage showing O’Diah removing money from the cash drawer and placing it in either the tip jar or his pocket, O’Diah explained that the registers ran low on change, requiring him to avail himself of the money in the tip jar1 or to take larger bills from the register to the bank to obtain additional change. Roastown contends that this explanation is undermined by “store policies],” which apparently prohibited anyone other than Shin from removing money from the cash registers when not making a sale. (Defs.’ Mem. of Law in Support of Mot. for Summ. J. (ECF No. 82) (“Defs.’ Mem.”) at 19). There is no evidence of any written policy to that effect. In any event, even if there were, the existence of such a written rule would not undermine O’Diah’s explanation, since he did not claim that his actions were authorized, but, rather, that he did what he believed was reasonably necessary to keep the store from having to close as a result of running out of change.

Roastown’s daily sales records also cast considerable doubt on the claim that O’Diah committed theft. Although the records indicate no reported cash shortages for fourteen of the days O’Diah was absent in July, Roastown offers no explanation for why it failed to provide records for the remaining eleven days of his vacation. The absence of records for nearly half of O’Diah’s vacation is significant, since Roastown claims that the lack of cash shortages during this period is circumstantial evidence of his theft. At any rate, Roastown’s theory is belied by the fact that there were several other lengthy periods of time while O’Diah was working at the café, during which there were no reported cash shortages. (See Defs.’ Reply, Ex. A at 3). Indeed, Roastown has claimed no shortages for the entire period between May 13 and June 20, all of which were days that O’Diah worked. Thus, Roastown’s sales records fail to establish a link between O’Diah and the store’s alleged cash shortages.

Other evidence also suggests that O’Diah was not the source of Roastown’s cash shortages. For example, O’Diah’s coworker explained that the reported shortages may have been the result of accidental “over ringing],” rather than theft. (See Stauble Aff. at 1). It also is odd that Shin waited six months to confront O’Diah about the missing amounts when the records clearly indicate that significant and frequent cash shortages had been reported as far back as March. (See Defs.’ Reply, Ex. A at 3-4). Moreover, when the police were summoned to Shin’s office during O’Diah’s termination, Shin was unable to provide the officers with any evidence of theft, and the police concluded that there was no indication that anything improper had occurred. (Compl., Ex. A at 3). Finally, Shin’s two-month delay in filing his criminal complaint with the New York City Police Department is inconsistent with the notion that theft was the real motivation for his decision to terminate O’Diah. (Compl. at 3; Midwood Decl., Ex. K at 1).

In addition to the substantial evidence that discredits Roastown’s stated reason for terminating O’Diah, there also is evidence from which a rational jury could determine that O’Diah was terminated for discriminatory reasons. See Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256, 101 S.Ct. 1089. Indeed, a number of the remarks Shin is alleged to have made throughout O’Diah’s employment can fairly be construed as evidence of discriminatory motive. Comments such as “black guys [are] bad for business,” “damn black guys no good,” and “fucking Nigerian no good need new manager” all clearly are suggestive of Shin’s discriminatory animus against O’Diah. Shin’s statement to O’Diah that ‘You Nigerians can’t be trusted” is particularly troubling because it was alleged to have been made during the meeting at which O’Diah was terminated. Context matters a great deal in employment discrimination cases, and the temporal relationship between the discriminatory remark and the adverse employment action often is highly probative of discriminatory intent. Berry v. Empire Homes Services LLC, No. CV-06-2354, 2010 WL 1037948, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2010); see also Kirsch v. Fleet Street, Ltd., 148 F.3d 149, 163-64 (2d Cir.1998) (noting the significance of discriminatory comments made close to the time of plaintiffs discharge). Drawing all reasonable inferences and resolving all ambiguities in O’Diah’s favor, this evidence clearly supports a finding that O’Diah’s termination was the product of unlawful discrimination.

Seeking to overcome this basis for the denial of its motion, Roastown contends that “[Shin’s] command of English is such that he could not have formulated” expressions such as those alleged by O’Diah. (Defs.’ Mem. at 17). There is no evidence that this is true, but even if Roastown had retained a speech expert, his testimony would simply establish the existence of an issue of material fact incapable of being resolved on summary judgment.

Roastown’s final argument — that Shin would not have discriminated against O’Diah because he hired O’Diah in the first place — is similarly unavailing. (Defs.’ Mem. at 18). Although a nondiscriminatory inference may be drawn when an employee is hired and fired by the same decisionmaker, see Grady v. Affiliated Cent. Inc., 130 F.3d 553, 560 (2d Cir.1997), “the same-actor inference is permissive, not mandatory.” Memnon v. Clifford Chance US, LLP, 667 F.Supp.2d 334, 351 (S.D.N.Y.2009); see also Copeland v. Rosen, 38 F.Supp.2d 298, 305 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (“The ‘same actor’ inference is not a necessary inference, it is only a plausible one, and decisions in this Circuit addressing it have warned that its use is not to become a substitute for a fact-intensive inquiry into the particular circumstances of the case at hand.”). In light of Shin’s numerous alleged discriminatory comments, Roastown’s reliance on the same-actor doctrine seems particularly inappropriate in this case. In any event, even if such an inference were warranted, it still would “not [be] sufficient in itself to justify summary judgment [because O’Diah] has otherwise raised ... genuine issue[s] of material fact.” Castagna v. Luceno, No. 09 Civ. 9332(ER), 2013 WL 440689, at *4 n. 8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2013).

For these reasons, summary judgment on O’Diah’s discrimination claims must be denied.

B. Defamation

O’Diah’s Complaint also charges Roastown with defamation of character. (Compl. at 4). Although the Complaint does not elucidate the basis for that claim, O’Diah has indicated in papers filed in opposition to a previous motion that “Shin falsely accused him of theft in the presence of several local [Korean] business owners, in an effort to tarnish O’Diah’s name and [ ] business.” O’Diah, 2012 WL 691534, at *8 (internal quotation marks omitted). As noted previously, O’Diah had sought to expand his website business by attracting Shin’s “Korean friends” as customers. Shin then “humiliat[ed]” him in front of those “potential clients” by inviting them to watch while Shin reported O’Diah’s alleged theft to the police. (Pl.’s Opp. Mem. at 18).

“Defamation is injury to a person’s reputation, either by written expression (libel) or oral expression (slander).” Lesesne v. Brimecome, 918 F.Supp.2d 221, 224 (S.D.N.Y.2013). Under New York law, slander is defined as “(1) a defamatory statement of fact, (2) that is false, (3) published to a third party, (4) of and concerning the plaintiff, (5) made with the applicable level of fault on the part of the speaker, (6) either causing special harm or constituting slander per se, and (7) not protected by privilege.” Albert v. Loksen, 239 F.3d 256, 265-66 (2d Cir.2001). Ordinarily, to recover on a defamation claim, a plaintiff must allege “special damages,” which is a term equated with “the loss of something having economic or pecuniary value.” Liberman v. Gelstein, 80 N.Y.2d 429, 434-35, 590 N.Y.S.2d 857, 605 N.E.2d 344 (1992). Special damages need not be shown, however, where evidence supports a claim for slander per se. Albert, 239 F.3d at 271. The four categories of defamatory statements that constitute slander per se are those that “(1) charge the plaintiff with a serious crime; (2) tend to injure the plaintiff in his or her trade, business or profession; (3) imply that the plaintiff has a loathsome disease; or (4) impute unchastity to a woman.” Id.

An accusation of theft constitutes an allegation of a “serious crime.” Epifani v. Johnson, 65 A.D.3d 224, 882 N.Y.S.2d 234, 243 (2d Dep’t 2009). O’Diah’s allegations therefore sufficiently set forth a case for slander per se. Roastown’s sole argument to the contrary is that O’Diah “cannot prove that [the] alleged defamatory statement, namely, that he stole money from his employer, is false.” (Defs.’ Mem. at 22). This misses the point. O’Diah’s evidence establishes that there is a genuine factual issue as to whether Roastown’s allegations of theft were true. That is all that is necessary at the summary judgment stage. Accordingly, the motion for summary judgment with respect to O’Diah’s defamation claim must be denied.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, Roastown’s motion for summary judgment, (EOF No. 81), is denied, and the Clerk of the Court is requested to terminate the motion from the docket.

A final pretrial conference shall be held on September 4, 2013, at 10 a.m., in Courtroom 20A of the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, New York, New York. Trial shall commence on October 7, 2013.

SO ORDERED. 
      
      . On March 1, 2012, I dismissed a claim in which O'Diah asserted that he had been terminated in retaliation for reporting certain employee grievances to Shin. I also dismissed O’Diah’s Title VII claim against Shin, individually, but permitted the NYSHRL claim against him to go forward. See O’Diah v. Yogo Oasis, No. 11 Civ. 309(FM), 2012 WL 691534 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 1, 2012).
     
      
      . The background facts are derived principally from Roastown's Local Rule 56.1 statement, as well as the affidavits and exhibits annexed to the parties’ respective motion papers. (See Roastown's Rule 56.1 Statement of Material Facts (ECF No. 80) ("Defs.’ Stmt.”); Decl. of Laura Midwood, Esq., sworn to on Oct. 12, 2012 (ECF No. 83) ("Midwood Decl.”); Decl. of Ese A. O'Diah, sworn to on Oct. 23, 2012, (ECF No. 87) ("O’Diah Decl.”)). Unless otherwise noted, the facts are set forth in the light most favorable to O’Diah.
     
      
      . Attached to O'Diah’s form complaint is a three-page sworn narrative containing the bulk of O’Diah’s factual allegations. Citations to Exhibit A to the Complaint refer to this narrative.
     
      
      . O’Diah’s narrative mistakenly states that his vacation began on June 15. (Compk, Ex. A at 1). His printed airline travel itinerary confirms that his outbound flight in fact was on July 15, with a return date of August 8. (O’Diah Decl., Ex. 6).
     
      
      . As further evidence of O’Diah’s alleged thefts, Roastown has provided the unsworn "affidavits” of Bensaid Fouad (“Fouad”) and Sam Gad (“Gad”), both of whom were O’Diah’s coworkers. Fouad states that he observed O'Diah "steal money” from the cash register on August 18, 2010, and that another coworker "also said he believes that [O'Diah] in fact stole money” on another occasion. (Midwood Decl., Ex. H). Gad’s affidavit states that, on August 11, 2010, he saw O'Diah "take money from the cash register and put [it] directly in his pocket.” (Id., Ex. I). According to Gad, O'Diah was neither "helping a customer!, nor] counting tips[, n]or changing shifts.” (Id.). Gad also allegedly "heard” from other coworkers that O'Diah had "repeated these movements but they weren't sure exactly why.” (Id.). These affidavits are unsworn and do not substantially comply with the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1746. See LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & Mac-Rae LLP v. Worsham, 185 F.3d 61, 65-66 (2d Cir.1999). Moreover, the statements that they contain are totally conclusory and based in substantial part on hearsay. For these reasons, the Court will not consider them.
     
      
      . This evidence comes directly from Stauble’s affidavit, which Roastown claims is not credible because Stauble “lasted only three months on the job because of his tendency to fall asleep while working.” (Defs.’ Mem. at 18). Assessing a witness' credibility at the summary judgment stage, however, is inappropriate. Donnelly v. Greenburgh Cent. School Dist. No. 7, 691 F.3d 134, 146 (2d Cir.2012). Roastown identifies no other reason why Stauble’s evidence should be ignored.
     
      
      . Although Roastown has focused on O’Diah’s Title VII claim, it maintains that summary judgment also should be granted with respect to his NYSHRL claim against Shin. (Defs.’ Mem. at 21). Because that contention is based on the mistaken assumption that O'Diah's Title VII claim will be dismissed, there is no need to address it further here.
     
      
      . At first blush, it might seem as though Shin’s comments also qualify as statements injurious to O'Diah’s business or trade. However, "[c]ourts have consistently held that any allegedly defamatory statements that do not affect a plaintiffs actual business profession, rather than simply qualities that are important for business, are not defamatory per se." Kalimantano GmbH v. Motion in Time, Inc., 939 F.Supp.2d 392, 420, No. 12 Civ. 6969(PAE), 2013 WL 1499408, at *21 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 12, 2013) (statements accusing plaintiff of stealing a Patek Phillipe watch were irrelevant to his status as a wholesaler of foodstuffs). The allegation that O’Diah had stolen cash from Roastown is unrelated to his skills in the website design or barista business. Thus, no slander per se action lies on the basis that Shin's statements were injurious to O’Diah’s business.