Case ID: sw3d_491/html/0135-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "COURTNEY HUDSON GOODSON, Associate Justice Paul E, Danielson, Justice, JOSEPHINE LINKER HART, Justice,", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

2016 Ark. 185
    COLUMBIA INSURANCE GROUP, INC., and Columbia Mutual Insurance Co., Inc., Petitioners v. CENARK PROJECT MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INC.; Arkansas Infrastructure, Inc., David Barron; Michael Collings; Janice Collings, Kim Collings; Debra Collings; Kenneth Winberg; Marianne Winberg; Guy Collings; Catherine Collings; William Miles; Kay Miles; and K. George Collings, Respondents
    No. CV-15-804
    Supreme Court of Arkansas.
    Opinion Delivered: April 28, 2016
    See also 135 F.Supp,3d 891.
    
      Waddell, Cole & Jones, PLLC, Jones-boro, by: Paul Waddell and Nathan A. Read, for petitioners.
    Morgan Law Firm, P.A., Clinton, by: M. Edward Morgan, for respondents Arkansas Infrastructure, Inc., and David Barron.
    Richard Mays Law Firm, PLLC, Heber Springs, by: Richard H. Mays, for Coll-ings respondents.
    The Overton Firm, LLC, Little Rock, by: J. Don Overton, Counsel for Amicus Curiae Home Builders Association of Greater Little Rock, Arkansas Home Builders Association, and National Association of Homer Builders.
   COURTNEY HUDSON GOODSON, Associate Justice

_JjThe present case involves two questions of law certified to us by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, Western Division, in accordance with Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 6-8. The certified questions arise from a complaint for declaratory judgment filed in the federal court by petitioners Columbia Insurance Group, Inc., and Columbia Mutual Insurance Co. (Columbia) to determine its obligations under the Commercial General Liability Insurance Policy (CGL policy) issued to its insureds, respondents Arkansas Infrastructure, Inc. and David Barron (All). Specifically, Columbia 12sought a determination that it had no duty to defend or to indemnify All with respect to claims brought against All in state court by respondents Michael Coll-ings, Janice Collings, Kim Collings, Debra Collings, Kenneth Winberg, Marianne Winberg, Guy Collings, Catherine Collings, William Miles, Kay Miles, and K. George Collings (Home Owners). On October 29, 2015, we accepted certification of the following questions of law:

(1) Whether faulty workmanship resulting in property damage to the work or work product of a third party (as opposed to the work or work product of the insured) constitutes an “occurrence?”
(2) If such faulty workmanship constitutes an “occurrence,” and an action is brought in contract for property damage to the work or work product of a third person, does any exclusion in the policy bar coverage for this property damage?

Columbia Ins. Grp., Inc. v. Cenark Project Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 2015 Ark. 396, 2015 WL 6560626.

We reaffirm this court’s previous position that a CGL policy does not extend basic coverage for a claim of breach of contract. Because there is no coverage, we consider the certified questions to be moot.

The Home Owners in this case are related to one another by either blood or marriage. In contemplation of retirement, they acquired seven lots on which to construct six homes in the Platinum Peaks Estates Subdivision on Greers Ferry Lake in Van Burén County, Arkansas. The Home Owners retained CENARK Project Management Services, |3Inc. (CENARK), an engineering firm, to design the building pads for each of the residences that were to be built on the lots. The Home Owners subsequently entered into a contract with All in 2005 to construct the pads. According to the contract, the project entailed “earthwork to produce home building sites, road access, rock buttress slope stabiliza-tions, site drainage, site utilities, subsurface drains and storm drainage, gabion retaining walls, base, paving, [and] curbing.” The contract contained a provision stating that All agreed to perform the work in accordance with the plans, specifications, and drawings developed' by CE-NARK. By separate agreement with the Home Owners, CENARK agreed to oversee the work of All in constructing the budding pads.

In June 2012, the Home Owners filed a complaint against AH in the Circuit Court of Van Burén County for breach of contract, asserting that All had failed to construct the pads ifl accordance with the engineering plans and specifications designed by CENARK The Home Owners’ complaint contained the following allegations:

Commencing on or about April, '2011, plaintiffs began to discover craeks and/or separation in the foundations, patios, and other structures in their homes that were constructed by them upon their respective lots. As the cracks and separation continued and worsened,plaintiffs conducted an investigation and excavation of areas around and under their foundations, and discovered in March 2012, that:
(i) the fill material under the foundations was not of the quality and quantity specified in the engineer’s plans and specifications;
|4(ii) that certain critical drains had not been installed in the foundation pads by All during construction as required by the engineer’s plans and specifications;
(iii) that gabion walls and buttress walls were not constructed in accordance with the engineer’s plans and specifications; and
(iv) that other aspects of the engineer’s plans and specifications were not followed by All during development and construction of the foundation pads.

The Home Owners also alleged that Barron had admitted that All had failed to follow the plans, specifications, and drawings developed by CENARK during the performance of the contract. Further, they asserted that “[i]n the failure to follow the engineer’s plans, specifications, and drawings in the construction of the foundation pad, drainage systems, buttresses and ga-bion walls, knowing that such components would be covered by foundation, fill dirt and soils, All actively attempted to conceal its failure to follow such plans and specifications, and committed fraud upon the plaintiffs.” The Home Owners sought “damages in the loss of the contract price paid to All and CENARK, plus additional damages for the’ cost of work required in the past and that will be required in the future to repair, replace or remediate the faulty work done by All.”

It is undisputed that, at all relevant times, All was insured by a CGL policy issued by Columbia. Columbia provided a defense to All during discovery, but it subsequently filed the declaratory-judgment action in 'the federal court for a determination that it did not have liability under the policy, Columbia filed a motion for summary judgment asserting that the policy did not provide coverage for the Home Owners’ claims. AII filed a motion for summary judgment on its counterclaim that Columbia had breached its duty to defend it in | Bthe underlying lawsuit. The Home Owners also filed a motion for summary judgment, contending that coverage qxisted under the “Products-Completed Operations Hazard” provision of the policy. The parties briefed the issues, and the federal court held a hearing on the various motions. On September 23, 2015, the federal court ruled that Columbia had an obligation to defend All in the underlying lawsuit. Columbia Ins. Grp., Inc. v. Cenarle Project Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 135 F.Supp.3d 891 (E.D. Ark. Sept. 23, 2015). The court denied Columbia’s and the Home Owners’ motions for summary judgment and subsequently certified the aforementioned issues to this court.

At issue in this case is a CGL policy. These policies have been in existence in various forms since 1940. See Travelers Indemnity Co. of Am. v. Moore & Assocs., Inc., 216 S.W.3d 302 (Tenn.2007); Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Am. Girl, Inc., 268 Wis.2d 16, 673 N.W.2d 65 (2004). The most recent revision came in to use in’ 1986. Am. Family, supra. Most CGL policies are written on standardized forms developed by an association of domestic property and casualty insurers known as the “Insurance Services Office.” Travelers Indemnity, supra (citing Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. California, 509 U.S. 764, 113 S.Ct. 2891, 125 L.Ed.2d 612 (1993)).

The CGL policy in the instant case, like most CGL policies, contains several basic parts relating to insurance coverage. Lee Builders, Inc. v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 281 Kan. 844, 137 P.3d 486 (2006) (citing Am. Family, supra). The first basic component concerns the initial grant of general coverage. Id. The second part sets out various “exclusions” from the initial grant of coverage. Id. Finally, the third basic part involves' “exceptions” to the [(¡exclusions, which reinstate coverage that was previously excluded from the general grant. Id.

CGL policies can contain exclusions for intended or expected losses, and for so-called “business risks,” .that are also known as “your work,” “your Work product,” and “your property” exclusions. Id. A potential exception to a business-risk exclusion might be found in a provision regarding “products-completed operations hazard,” depending on the terms of the policy. See Am. Family, supra.

The Wisconsin Supreme Court in American Family enunciated a three-step analysis for evaluating coverage in CGL policies. The court explained,

First, we examine the facts of the insured’s claim to determine whether the policy’s insuring agreement makes an initial grant of coverage. If it is clear that the policy was not intended to cover the claim asserted, the analysis ends .there. If the claim, triggers the initial grant of coverage in the insuring agreement, we next examine the various exclusions to see whether any of them preclude coverage of the present claim.... Exclusions sometimes have exceptions; if a particular exclusion applies, we then look to see whether any exception to that exclusion reinstates coverage.

Am. Family, 268 Wis.2d at 32-33, 673 N.W.2d 65.

Under the initial grant of coverage in the CGL policy in question, Columbia is required to “pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of ,. ‘property damage’ to which this insurance applies.” In relevant part, the policy provides that the insurance applies to “propérty damage” only if the “property damage” is caused by an “occurrence.” Thus, coverage is provided for “property damage” caused by an “occurrence.”

The term “property damage” is defined in the policy as “[p]hysical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property” and “[l]oss of use of tangible |7property that is not physically injured.” As stated in the policy, “occurrence” means “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.” The term “accident” is not defined in the policy. However, this court has defined “accident” to mean “an event that takes place without one’s foresight or expectation — an event that proceeds from an unknown cause,.or is an unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expected.” United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Cont. Cas. Co., 353 Ark. 834, 845, 120 S.W.3d 556, 563 (2003).

The first certified question of law presented to us asks whether All’s defective workmanship, resulting in property damage to the work or work product of a third party ‘ constitutes an “occurrence.” In deliberating this issue, we have come to the conclusion that the certified question rests on- the premise that the underlying claim asserted by the Home Owners involves defective workmanship on the part of AIL It does not. Their claim is one for breach of contract. As a consequence, the basic coverage‘issue is controlled by our decision in Unigard Sec. Ins. Co. v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc., 331 Ark. 211, 962 S.W.2d 735 (1998).

In Unigard, this court examined the general grant of coverage in several CGL policies that contained like provisions. In summary, the policies covered sums that the insured became “legally obligated” to pay “as damages” “because of,” or “on account of,” “property 1 «damage” that was caused by, or arose out of, an “occurrence,” which was essentially defined as an accidental event. Unigard, 331 Ark. at 222, 962 S.W.2d at 740. Property damage was defined as loss of, direct damage to, or destruction of tangible property (other than property owned by the named assured).

In that case, Murphy Oil had leased an island located in an Alabama river for the purpose of operating a petroleum-storage facility. During its occupancy, Murphy Oil routinely spilled petroleum products during operations. In addition, Murphy Oil allowed three major spills to occur in 1970, 1975, and 1982, which caused additional harm to the island. Despite its knowledge of the environmental damage caused by the spills, Murphy Oil returned possession of the island to the owner without remedi-ating the damage. When the owner subsequently discovered that the island was contaminated with petroleum products, the owner sued Murphy Oil in an Alabama federal court for breach of the lease and trespass, seeking both compensatory and punitive damages. The breach-of-the-lease claim rested on the assertion that Murphy Oil had failed to surrender the premises in as good a condition as reasonable usage would permit, as required under the terms of the lease. Although the owner’s complaint included an allegation of negligence, that claim was dismissed because the statute of limitations had expired. The jury in the federal court awarded $3.4 million in compensatory damages on the breach-of-the-lease claim. The jury also found that Murphy Oil had committed a trespass, but it assessed no compensatory damages based on that finding. However, the jury determined that the trespass had been accompanied by “malice, fraud, or oppression” and awarded $4.6 million in punitive [9damages, which was reduced by the federal court to $2 million. Id. at 218, 962 S.W.2d at 738.

Following that decision, Murphy Oil filed suit in the Union County Circuit Court against its insurance carriers seeking a declaration that its insurers were obligated to indemnify it for the Alabama judgment. The carriers appealed the decision that they were liable for the judgment under the terms of the policy. Although the parties on appeal raised numerous issues, this court deemed as dispositive the “threshold question whether the policies issued by the insurance carriers cover the liability that Murphy Oil incurred in the underlying Alabama suit.” Unigard, 331 Ark. at 215, 962 S.W.2d at 736. We held that there was no coverage under the policies for breach of contract or for the punitive-damage award.

In our analysis, we began with the proposition that the question of coverage turned on the nature or type of liability that Murphy Oil incurred in the Alabama suit. After considering the allegations in the complaint and the jury instructions in the Alabama case, this court determined that “[t]he basis of Murphy Oh’s liability for compensatory damages was simply its failure to honor its covenant to ‘quit and surrender the premises hereby demised in as good state and condition as reasonable usage will permit.’ ” Unigard, 331 Ark. at 222, 962 S.W.2d at 740. Consequently, we concluded that Murphy Oil’s liability for compensatory damages did not arise from conduct on the part of Murphy Oil that injured or damaged any property. We further observed that the judgment represented the economic loss the owner suffered on account of Murphy Oil’s breach. This court also was not convinced that the nature of the claim was changed because the Alabama litigation involved [ ^property damage, and we rejected “Murphy Oil’s broad contention that coverage is available to an insured under a CGL policy as long as ‘property damage’ is merely lurking somewhere in the underlying case.” Id. at 227, 962 S.W.2d at 743. On the punitive-damage award, we said that it, too, was not covered because those damages were awarded for intentional conduct, labeled as “malicious, fraudulent, or oppressive.” Id. at 225, 962 S.W.2d at 742.

The terms establishing the basic grant of coverage we considered in Unigard are in all material respects the same as those contained in the CGL policy at issue in the present case. Focusing on the nature and type of liability asserted in the underlying suit, as Unigard instructs, the Home Owners’ claim is that All breached the contract by not adhering to the plans, specifications, and drawings prepared by the engineering firm. As damages, the Home Owners are seeking the economic losses flowing from- All’s alleged breach. Although the underlying litigation touches upon damage to property, this does not alter the nature of the lawsuit, which is strictly a claim for breach of contract. As in Unigard, we hold that coverage is not provided for the claim.

This court is not alone in recognizing that breach-of-contract claims are not covered by CGL policies. Grinnell Mat. Reins. Co. v. Lynne, 686 N.W.2d 118 (N.D.2004) (stating that coverage under a CGL policy is for tort liability and not for contractual liability of the Ininsured for economic loss because the product or completed work is not that for which the damaged person bargained); Oak Crest Constr. Co. v. Austin Mut. Ins. Co., 329 Or. 620, 998 P.2d 1264 (2000) (holding that CGL policy does not cover damages for the failure to perform the contract); Redevelopment Auth. Of Cambria Cty. v. Int’l Ins. Co., 454 Pa.Super. 374, 685 A.2d 581 (1996) (holding that' the purpose and intent of a CGL policy is to protect the insured from liability for accidental injury rather than coverage for contractual undertakings); Glens Falls Ins. Co. v. Donmac Golf Shaping Co., 203 Ga.App. 508, 417 S.E.2d 197 (1992) (recognizing that the Coverage applicable under a CGL policy is for tort liability and riot for contractual liability for economic loss because the completed work is not that for Which the damaged person bargained); Viking Constr. Mgmt., Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 358 Ill.App.3d 34, 294 Ill.Dec. 478, 831 N.E.2d 1 (2005) (holding that the genéral-eoverage provisions do not provide coverage for damages resulting from breach, of contract); Am. States Ins. Co. v. Mathis, 974 S.W.2d 647 (Mo.Ct.App.1998) (holding that the breach of a defined contractual duty occasioned by the insured’s failure to construct ducts according to contract specifications was not covered under the CGL policy); Newark Ins. Co. v. Acupac Packaging, Inc., 328 N.J.Super. 385, 746 A.2d 47 (Ct.App.Div.2000) (holding that tort liability is covered while contractual liability is not); Bonded Concrete, Inc. v. Transcon., Inc., 12 A.D.3d 761, 784 N.Y.S.2d 212, 213 (2004) (stating that the “purpose of a commercial general liability policy ... is to provide coverage for tort liability for physical damage to others and not for contractual liability of the insured for economic loss because the product .,. is not what the damaged [party] bargained for”). Also, federal courts applying Arkansas law have relied on Uni-gard, to deny coverage under CGL policies where the action is based on breach of contract. Riceland Foods, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., No. 4:10CV00091 SWW, 2011 WL 2262932 (E.D. Ark. June 8, 2011); Landers Auto Grp. No. One, Inc. v. Cont’l W. Ins. Co., No 4:07cv00921 BSM, 2009 WL 1956392 (E.D.Ark. July 6, 2009); Cincinnati Ins. Cos. v. Collier Landholdings, LLC, 614 F.Supp.2d 960 (W.D.Ark.2009); Mid-Continent Cas. Co. v. Sullivan, Nos. 4:07CV01154 JMM and 4:07CV01155, 2008 WL 5412835 (E.D.Ark. Dec. 23, 2008).

We acknowledge that there is an opposing viewpoint, as several courts have held that there is no distinction between contract and tort claims when evaluating coverage under a CGL policy. See, e.g., United States Fire Inc. Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 979 So.2d 871 (Fla.2007); Lamar Homes, Inc. v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 242 S.W.3d 1 (Tex.2007); Am. Family, supra. As ‘ a matter of stare decisis, we are not persuaded that this case warrants a departure from our holding in Unigard. There is a strong presumption regarding the validity of prior decisions, and it is necessary as a matter of public policy to uphold previous decisions unless great injury or injustice would result. Miller v. Enders, 2013 Ark. 23, 425 S.W.3d 723. We choose to adhere to the rule that precedent governs until it gives a result so patently wrong and so manifestly unjust that a break becomes unavoidable. Couch v. Farmers Ins. Co., 375 Ark. 255, 289 S.W.3d 909 (2008).

In light of our conclusion that there is no coverage under the policy, the certified questions have become moot. We decline to address them; as answering the questions would constitute an improper advisory opinion. Hempstead Cty. Hunting Club, Inc. v. Sw. Elec. Power Co., 2011 Ark. 234, 385 S.W.3d 123.

Certified questions moot.

Danielson and Hart, JJ., dissent.

Paul E, Danielson, Justice,

dissenting.

|iaI dissent. The primary problem with the majority’s decision is that it exceeds the bounds of the authority granted to this court under section 2(D)(3) of amendment 80 to the Arkansas Constitution and Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 6-8 (2015). In accordance with those authorities, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, Western Division, certified to this court two questions of Arkansas law that may be determinative of a cause now pending in the certifying court on the’basis that it appeared to the certifying court that there is no controlling precedent in our decisions. See Ark. Sup.Ct, R. 6 — S(a)(i). We accepted certification of the questions. See Columbia Ins. Grp., Inc. v. Cenark Project Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 2015 Ark. 396, 2015 WL 6560626 (per curiam). Now, the majority refuses to answer the questions. Instead, it proceeds to answer a question that was not asked of us and is not before us, I cannot overlook this fundamental flaw in the majority’s decision.

The questions certified to us are as follows:

(1) Whether faulty workmanship resulting in property damage to the work or work product of a third party (as opposed to the work or work product of the insured) constitutes an “occurrence”; and
(2) If such faulty workmanship constitutes an “occurrence,” and an action is brought in contract for property damage to the work or work product of a third person, does any exclusion in the policy bar coverage for this property damage?

Id. at, 1-2. Rather than answer these questions, the majority poses and answers a question of its own choosing: whether a commercial general liability insurance policy (“CGL policy”), specifically the one involved in this case, provides coverage for the claims asserted by the homeowners in this case. Perhaps what is most striking about the majority’s .decision is that the federal court already answered this question. In a separate order entered the same [ 14day as the. certification order, the federal court granted the summary-judgment motion of respondents Arkansas Infrastructure, Inc., and David Barron “to the extent that Columbia has a duty to defend them.” As the federal court noted, the duty to defend arises when'there is a possibility that coverage exists. See, e.g., Home Indem. Co. v. City of Marianna, 291 Ark. 610, 727 S.W.2d 375 (1987). The federal court specifically rejected the argument “that there is no coverage for a breach of contract action.”

There is nothing in the insuring agreement phrase “legally obligated to pay as damages” that restricts the liability for which damages may be awarded to tort claims. As long as the damages sought fit within, the Policy’s definition of “property damage” caused by an “occurrence,” there is an initial grant of coverage. The Court finds that under the common and ordinary meaning of the Policy’s language, the complaint alleges facts which would possibly come within the coverage of the Policy.

Whether this ruling was correct is not for us to decide. Simply put, this is not an appeal. We have no authority to review the federal court’s orders. As we have stated, “[a] Rule 6-8 matter is an' original action involving questions of law only.” Longview Prod. Co. v. Dubberly, 352 Ark. 207, 211, 99 S.W.3d 427, 429 (2003) (per curiam). “Our inquiry is limited solely to the certified question.” McMillan v. Live Nation Entm’t, Inc., 2012 Ark. 166, at 3, 401 S.W.3d 473, 475. Even if we had the authority to expand the scope of our inquiry beyond the certified questions, we do not have a complete record to review. This case is ongoing in the federal court, and when we accepted certification of the questions, we directed the parties to provide us with any pleadings that would be useful to our understanding of the legal issues presented. Columbia Ins. Grp., Inc., 2015 Ark. 396. To delve into other issues, when we have neither the authority nor the record to do so, is a mistake.

I isThis mistake is not' cured by the majority’s assertion that the certified questions are moot and that, answering them would constitute an improper advisory opinion. On the contrary,

'The weight of authority holds that -a high court’s answer to a certified question is not an improper advisory opinion so long as (i) a court addresses only issues that are truly contested by the parties and are presented on a factual record; and (ii) the court’s opinion on the certified question will be dispositive of the issue, and res judicata between the parties.

Longview Prod. Co., 352 Ark. at 209, 99 S.W.3d at 428-29 (quoting Los Angeles All. for Survival v. City of Los Angeles, 22 Cal.4th 352, 93 Cal.Rptr.2d 1, 993 P.2d 334, 339 (2000)) (emphasis in original). The majority’s opinion as written will not be dispositive of the issue or res judicata between the parties because it purports to answer a question that is not ours to answer.

Moreover, even assuming it would be a proper undertaking to determine whether the CGL policy extends coverage for the homeowners’, claims, I disagree with the majority’s analysis on that issue. In short, the majority overstates our holding in Unigard Security Insurance Co. v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc., 331 Ark. 211, 962 S.W.2d 735 (1998). Contrary to the majority’s assertion, Unigard does not stand for the proposition that a CGL policy can never extend coverage for a claim of breach of contract. Such a proposition would be untenable given the fact that the CGL policy at issue in that case, like the one at issue here, did'not define coverage with reference to any specific cause of action.. In Unigard,. this court looked, to the jury instructions given in the underlying, case and- to the jury’s answers to interrogatories and on that basis concluded that the jury “made the award for compensatory damages ‘on account of or ‘because of Murphy Oil’s breach of its lease, not on account of any property damage that re-suited from Murphy Oil’s operations on the island.” Id. at 222, 962 S.W.2d at 740. Therefore, if we had been called upon to answer the coverage question in the instant case, we would need to look beyond mere labels.

A careful reading of the homeowners’ complaint reveals that they sought compensation for damage to their property caused by faulty workmanship. Specifically, although they made reference to the respondents’ failure to perform their work in accordance with certain plans, specifications, and drawings, they also alleged that “the foundation pads, drainage systems, buttresses and gabion walls had not been constructed correctly”; that “the foundation pads, drainage systems, buttresses and gabion walls ... are faulty, and are moving and shifting, causing damage to the homes and other structures built upon them”; and that, as a result of the faulty workmanship, “hydrostatic pressure has developed and continues to develop from groundwater collecting under the foundations of the houses and other structures constructed by plaintiffs on their respective lots, causing shifts in the soils and structure foundations, and endangering the integrity of such structures.” The homeowners alleged that they had sustained damages not only in the loss of the contract price, but also in the cost of work required to “repair, replace or remediate the faulty work done by All, and to prevent future' movement of the foundation pads, buttresses, gabion walls and structures constructed upon them,” as well as “permanent loss of value of their respective properties and the structures constructed on them.” Considering these allegations, this case is unlike Unigard. Here, the insured’s potential liability arose from conduct that injured or damaged property. Accordingly, I disagree with the majority’s holding that coverage does not exist.

117Turning to the questions that were actually certified to us, I would answer the first in the affirmative. Columbia argues that the homeowners’ alleged damages were not the result of accidental conduct on the part of the insured and thus were not caused by an “occurrence,” as that term is defined in the CGL policy. In making this argument, Columbia relies exclusively on our decision in Essex Insurance Co. v. Holder, 370 Ark. 465, 261 S.W.3d 456 (2008). There, we held that “defective workmanship standing alone— resulting in damages only to the work product itself — is not an occurrence under a CGL policy.” Id. at 540, 261 S.W.3d at 460. However, as this very language makes clear, we expressly limited our holding in Holder to claims involving damages to the work product of the insured. Property damage to the work product of a third party is not similarly foreseeable. As the Eighth Circuit has explained, Holder provides for the denial of coverage for damage to the insured’s work product itself; however, absent some applicable exclusion in the policy or other defense, an insurer is obligated to provide coverage for all property damage other than to the insured’s work product. Lexicon, Inc. v. ACE Am. Ins. Co., 634 F.3d 423 (8th Cir.2010). “Under Arkansas law, it was foreseeable that faulty subcontractor work would damage the [insured’s work product], but not foreseeable that faulty subcontractor work would cause millions of dollars in collateral damage.” Id. at 427. See also Nabholz Constr. Corp. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 354 F.Supp.2d 917 (E.D.Ark.2005). Accordingly, I would hold that faulty workmanship resulting in property damage to |isthe work or work product of a third party (as opposed to the work or work product of the insured) constitutes an “occurrence.”

I would answer the second certified question in the negative. Despite the fact that the question explicitly asks whether any exclusion in the policy applies, Columbia does not address any policy exclusions in its argument. It did allege in its declaratory-judgment complaint that the “Expected or Intended Injury” exclusion applied to bar coverage for the homeowners’ fraud claim. Specifically, the policy provided that it did not apply to ‘“[bjodily injury* or ‘property damage’ expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured.” This exclusionary language has been interpreted to exclude “only the intended injuries flowing from an intentional act.” Talley v. MFA Mut Ins. Co., 273 Ark. 269, 273, 620 S.W.2d 260, 262 (1981) (quoting 10 Couch on Insurance 2d, § 41.6). Because there is nothing in the pleadings before us to indicate that Arkansas Infrastructure intended both the act and the injuries flowing therefrom, I would hold that this exclusion does not bar coverage for the alleged property damage.

For all of these reasons, I dissent.

JOSEPHINE LINKER HART, Justice,

dissenting.

haOn April 14, 2016, a majority of this court answered a question certified to us from the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, despite our venerable practice of not issuing advisory opinions or addressing moot issues. Mendoza v. WIS Int’l, Inc., 2016 Ark. 157, 2016 WL 1554365 (Hart, J., dissenting). In Mendoza, a majority of this court chose to declare Arkansas Code Annotated section 27-37-703, a portion of our mandatory seatbelt-use law, unconstitutional even though the statute in question had no applicability to the factual situation before us. Id. Today’s opinion returns to the practice of not issuing advisory opinions or addressing moot issues.

Over objections from two justices who believed the questions submitted by the federal | godistrict court were settled by ample precedent, this court accepted two very specific certified questions:

I. Whether faulty workmanship resulting in property damage to the work or work product of a third party (as opposed to the work product of the insured) constitutes an “occurrence.”
II. If such faulty workmanship constitutes an “occurrence,” and an action is brought in contract for property damage to the work or work product of a third person, does any exclusion in the policy bar coverage for this property damage?

The second question only required an answer if we answered the first question affirmatively.

In my view, the key to the first question lies in the definition of “occurrence.” As the majority notes, “occurrence” was partially defined in the commercial general-liability insurance policies that we had before us as “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.” The term- “accident” is not defined in the policy. However, this court has defined “accident” to mean “an event that takes place without one’s foresight.or expectation — an event that proceeds from an unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expected.” United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Cont. Cas. Co., 353 Ark. 834, 845, 120 S.W.3d 556, 563 (2003). Similarly, in'answering a certified question that is analogous to the one currently before us, this court |g1in Essex Insurance Company v. Holder, 370 Ark. 465, 261 S.W.3d 456 (2007), defined accident as “an event that takes place without one’s foresight or expectation — an event that proceeds ' from an unknown cause, and therefore not expected.” Id. (citing Continental Insurance Co. v. Hodges, 259 Ark. 541, 534 S.W.2d 764 (1976)). Accordingly, the answer to the certified questions lies within our very clear precedent.

In my view, this court had two options: render the obvious answer to the question, which essentially was asking us. if we would stand by our precedent, or declining to answer pursuant to Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 6-8(a)(5): “In its discretion, the Supreme Court may at any time rescind its decision to answer a certified question.” Creating a “threshold” question about coverage under the policy goes well beyond what the- federal court asked. Moreover,' the' majority’s conclusions are not binding on the federal court. Accordingly, if this court wants to remain true to its return to our policy of not answering moot questions or issuing advisory opinions, it has said too much. 
      
      . Barron is the president and general manager of AIL
     
      
      . Contrary to the dissenting opinion authored by Justice Danielson, this court is not bound by the certifying court’s formulation of a certified question. This court may, in its sole discretion, reformulate the certified question and even rescind .our decision to answer a certified question. Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 6 — 8(a)(5) & (c)(1). Here, we have determined that the certified questions are moot because the issue of coverage is governed by our decision in Unigard, infra. Without question, this court possesses not only the authority but a duty to recognize and follow controlling precedent under Arkansas law, even when addressing questions certified to us by another court.
     
      
      . The Home Owners did not advance a claim of negligence for which the statute of limitations had expired.
     
      
      . In the Complaint, the Home Owners also sued CENARK for breach of contract, alleging that CENARK had failed to provide management and oversight of the project. Although CENARK is a named defendant in the case before the federal court, it did not enter an appearance there, and it is not a participant in the case at bar.
     
      
      . All also asserted that Columbia was es-topped from denying coverage because it had undertaken the duty to defend without a reservation of rights.
     
      
      . In his dissent, Justice Danielson incorrectly asserts that the underlying complaint is based on faulty workmanship. It is not. No claim of negligent or faulty workmanship is stated, as it is undisputed that the statute of limitations has expired for any claim of negligent or defective workmanship. The claim is one for breach of contract based on the failure to construct the pads in accordance with the plans, specifications, and drawings developed by the engineering firm.
     
      
      . This court did suggest that the result "would be arguably different” had the case been tried on a negligence claim. Unigard, 331 Ark. at 222, 962 S.W.2d at 740.
     
      
      . On July 27, 2011, the General Assembly passed Arkansas Code Annotated section 23-79-155 (Repl. 2014), which provides that a CGL policy "offered for sale in this state shall contain a definition of ‘occurrence’ that includes ... [property damage or bodily injury resulting from faulty workmanship.” However, because the Home Owners’ claims arose prior to July 2011, section 23-79-155 is inapplicable here. We have not been asked to interpret section 23-79-155, and our findings are independent of that statute.
     
      
      . I note that, while it does not apply in this case, the Arkansas General Assembly effectively superseded Holder in 2011. See J-McDaniel Constr. Co., Inc. v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 761 F.3d 916 (8th Cir.2014). Act 604 of 2011, now codified at Arkansas Code Annotated section 23-79-155, provided that a CGL policy offered for sale in this state shall contain a definition of “occurrence” that includes both (1) accidents, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions; and (2) property damage or bodily injury resulting from faulty workmanship. Ark.Code Ann. § 23-79-155 (Repl. 2014). The General Assembly specifically found that our decisions had caused uncertainty over whether CGL policies covered damages caused by faulty workmanship. 2011 Ark. Acts 604, § 1(a)(1). The express purpose of the Act was “to allow an insurance consumer to safely purchase commercial liability insurance coverage at a fair price to insure against the risk of property damage or bodily injury resulting from faulty workmanship.” Id. at § 1(b).
     
      
      . The Holder court was asked to answer a certified question that it characterized as follows:
      The law in question involves whether defective construction or workmanship (including failure to complete work, delays in construction, or failure to procure qualified subcontractors) constitutes an accident and, therefore, an occurrence within the meaning of commercial general liability insurance policies issued by an insurer to an insuree.