Case ID: nj_225/html/0582-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Justice ALBIN", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

139 A.3d 1174
    STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT, v. ROBERT J. STEIN, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
    Argued February 1, 2016
    Decided July 19, 2016.
    
      
      Kam S. Minhas argued the cause for appellant (Mr. Minhas, attorney; Mr. Minhas and William E. Reutelhuber, on the briefs).
    
      Marc A. Festa, Senior Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent (Camelia M. Valdes, Passaic County Prosecutor, attorney).
   Justice ALBIN

delivered the opinion of the Court.

This appeal involves the application of Rule 7:7-7, the discovery rule in municipal court cases.

Defendant Robert Stein was involved in a motor vehicle accident in Wayne Township and charged with driving while intoxicated (DWI) and careless driving. In pretrial discovery, defendant requested the names of the police officers who responded to the accident scene, including those from a neighboring township. The municipal prosecutor did not provide the names of the neighboring township’s officers, and defendant did not raise the issue with the municipal court. Defendant also requested videotapes, which may-have recorded his appearance, behavior, and motor skills at the accident scene and police headquarters. The municipal prosecutor repeatedly stated at a pretrial hearing and trial that such videotapes did not exist, but defendant apparently did not accept those representations. The record is not clear on whether such videotapes existed at the time of the discovery request because that issue was never clearly presented to the municipal court. Therefore, no definitive ruling was made on that issue.

The municipal court found defendant guilty of DWI and careless driving. In a de novo trial on the record, the Law Division also convicted defendant of DWI and careless driving. Additionally, the Law Division ruled that the municipal prosecutor was not required to provide in discovery the names of the neighboring police officers or the videotapes requested. The Appellate Division affirmed the motor-vehicle convictions and the Law Division’s discovery rulings.

We affirm in part and reverse in part. First, in accordance with Rule 7:7-7(b), the municipal prosecutor was required to provide defendant with the names of the police officers from the adjacent jurisdiction who were present at the DWI accident scene. Defendant, however, did not seek relief from the court pursuant to Rule 7:7 — 7(j). Here, the discovery issue was never truly placed before the municipal court. The court could not grant relief on an issue of which it was unaware. Defendant cannot raise the purported discovery violation for the first time on appeal and therefore the issue is waived.

Second, pursuant to Rule 7:7 — 7(b), the municipal prosecutor was required to provide the requested videotapes that may have recorded defendant’s appearance, behavior, and motor skills. Such information, if available, was clearly relevant to a DWI defense. We cannot determine from the record whether any such videotape ever existed or existed at the time of defendant’s discovery request. Therefore, we remand to the Law Division to conduct a hearing to address that issue. If any relevant video recordings were withheld — and we do not suggest any were — the Law Division has wide latitude to fashion an appropriate remedy pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(j).

I.

At the conclusion of a trial in the Wayne Township Municipal Court, defendant was found guilty of DWI, N.J.S.A. 39:4-50, and careless driving, N.J.S.A 39:4-97. The court sentenced defendant as a third-time DWI offender to 180 days in the county jail. It also imposed a ten-year license suspension and applicable fines and fees and mandated that defendant install an ignition-interlock device for one year after completing his license suspension. The court merged the careless driving conviction into the DWI conviction.

The relevant facts come from the testimony adduced at the municipal court proceedings, which were held on December 2, 2009, May 12, 2010, and August 13, 2010.

A.

On the evening of November 15, 2008, while dining at a restaurant with his girlfriend, defendant consumed a number of beers. After dinner, defendant drove a 2008 Nissan Attima in which his girlfriend was a passenger. While traveling on Route 23 in Wayne Township in the rain, the Nissan slid from the middle lane into the far left lane, crashing into the rear of a 2006 Audi A4 stopped at a light. The air bags in the Nissan deployed. Defendant testified that the air bag hit him square in the face, stunning him and causing particles released from the air bag to get in his eyes. Although his face was scratched, defendant did not suffer any major injuries.

A police officer from the neighboring township of Pequannock arrived on the scene immediately following the accident, and other Pequannock police officers arrived afterwards. The testimony of the driver and passenger of the Audi differed on when the Wayne Township officers arrived at the crash site, one saying they appeared twenty minutes following the accident and the other saying they appeared in just seconds. Defendant believed that Wayne Township officers arrived two to three minutes after the accident. No one disputes that Wayne Township officers relieved the Pequannock Township officers.

Two Wayne Township police officers who responded to the accident, Sergeant (then-Officer) Andrew Verdón and Officer Alexander DeLuccia, gave substantially similar accounts at trial. The officers, collectively, observed that defendant’s eyes were bloodshot and watery, his speech was slurred, his breath smelled of alcohol, and he was swaying and grasping for support. One of the officers drove defendant to a nearby empty parking lot, where defendant was asked to perform several field sobriety tests — the walk and turn, the one-leg stand, and the horizontal gaze nystag-mus. According to the officers, the parking lot was well lit and evenly paved, and rain was not falling. Both officers stated that defendant failed the three tests and was then arrested for DWI. In contrast, defendant testified that the parking lot was not well lit and that the pavement was wet from rain, which was still falling. Defendant claimed that he was suffering the effects of the automobile crash and the deployment of the air bags while performing the sobriety tests.

Defendant was transported to Wayne police headquarters, where the officers attempted to test his blood alcohol content with an Alcotest. Because the machine malfunctioned, defendant was then taken to a nearby State Police barracks. There, Officer DeLuccia administered a Breathalyzer test to defendant, who gave two breath samples. The.two test results indicated that defendant had a blood alcohol concentration of 0.17 and 0.18 percent. See N.J.S.A. 39:4-50(a) (stating that “a person who ... operates a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08% or more by weight of alcohol in the defendant’s blood” is guilty of DWI). Officer DeLuccia testified that no radios or cell phones were in the room while the Breathalyzer was in use.

In his testimony, defendant claimed that Sergeant Verdón told him to advise his lawyer “to pull the videotape because we were wearing the radios the whole time and we never took your cell phone away.” Defendant called to the stand Dr. Richard Safer-stein, who was qualified as an expert witness. Dr. Saferstein offered his opinion that a driver who suffers trauma in an automobile crash in which air bags deploy may have difficulty performing psyehomotor physical tests. He also testified that defendant should have been asked to perform the psychomotor physical tests indoors if the parking lot surface was slippery due to the rain.

On December 9, 2010, the municipal court found defendant guilty of DWI and careless driving, crediting the State’s witnesses, particularly the testimony of Sergeant Verdón and Officer DeLue-eia. The court based its DWI finding on both the Breathalyzer readings and the officers’ observations of defendant.

B.

A month after defendant’s arrest, defense counsel submitted to the municipal prosecutor the first of two letters requesting discovery. A December 16, 2008 discovery letter requested, pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(b), the “[n]ames and addresses of any persons whom the prosecuting attorney or any representative/agent of the State knows to have relevant evidence or information” and “video tapes, tape recordings or any other means of electronic or mechanical means of preserving evidence, which are within the possession, custody, or control of the State.” The letter also sought the production of any relevant video or audio recording made by a camera-equipped vehicle and any relevant 9-1-1 and dispatch recordings.

In a follow-up to a conversation with the municipal prosecutor, defense counsel requested in a January 26, 2009 letter various categories of documents that remained outstanding, including (1) the “[n]ame, badge number and rank of each police officer, as well as the unit number for each police vehicle, that responded ... to the alleged accident”; (2) any video recordings of defendant at the scene, the Wayne Township police station, or State Police barracks, including any recordings of his performance of any psycho-motor physical tests; and (3) “any video recordings of defendant while he was in the custody of or being questioned by members of the Wayne Township or Pequannock Police Department.”

At a pretrial conference on January 16, 2009, defense counsel stated that, according to his client, the officers told defendant that he was being videotaped during his transport to State Police headquarters and during the Breathalyzer test. The municipal prosecutor responded that the Wayne Township patrol cars did not have videotaping capability and that the State Police reported that there was no video recording of the Breathalyzer examination. In a letter dated March 3, 2009, the prosecutor further explained that the Wayne Township police and State Police did not have videotapes of defendant.

At trial, Sergeant Verdón testified that the Wayne Township Police Department had security cameras in the parking lot and hallways on the date of defendant’s arrest. In response to defense counsel’s cross-examination, Officer DeLuccia indicated his belief that the State Police barracks had video cameras for security purposes, but he did not know whether they were operational. The prosecutor cut off any further questioning on this topic, stating that “[t]here [were] no videotapes available.” Defense counsel did not press during trial for the names of the Pequannock police officers, who were present at the accident scene.

The record does not make clear whether any videotapes existed at the time defendant made his first discovery request, one month after his arrest.

C.

In a trial de novo on the record, the Superior Court, Law Division found defendant guilty of DWI based on the Breathalyzer readings and, separately, “on observational evidence alone.” Defendant was also found guilty of careless driving and given the same sentence that was imposed in municipal court. At the conclusion of the' trial de novo, the court also addressed the discovery issues raised by the defense. The court held that “the State [was] under no obligation to produce the tape of a suspected drunk driver performing field sobriety tests” or “a tape from the surveillance camera [at] Wayne Township Police headquarters” during the discovery process. The court, moreover, determined that the State was not required to produce phone logs of the Wayne Township Police Department that would have assisted defendant in identifying the Pequannock police officer who first arrived on the scene.

Defendant appealed.

D.

In an unpublished decision, the Appellate Division affirmed defendant’s DWI conviction based solely on the observations of the officers and therefore found it did not have to reach issues raised by defendant related to the admissibility of the Breathalyzer results. The appellate panel also affirmed the Law Division’s discovery rulings, for the most part quoting the reasoning of the Law Division.

We granted defendant’s petition for certification “limited to the issue of whether defendant was improperly denied discoverable information.” State v. Stein, 220 N.J. 97, 103 A.3d 264 (2014).

II.

A.

Defendant argues that the State was required to provide, as part of discovery, any videotapes that recorded his appearance and other indicia of his sobriety. In short, defendant contends that any videotape that existed at the time of his discovery request had relevance to the issue of whether he was under the influence and would have had utility in testing the credibility of the police officers who testified. He also asserts that because the State uses such tapes for inculpatory purposes in DWI cases, the defense should have a right to introduce the same tapes for exculpatory purposes.

Furthermore, defendant claims that the State should have provided the names of the Pequannock Township officers who first arrived on the scene because they “could well have supported [his] ease.” Last, he indicates that the municipal prosecutor cannot “hide behind the fact that these officers were from a different town” because the charges were brought in the name of the State.

B.

The State counters that this Court should not consider the discovery issues because defendant did not raise or litigate the matter before the municipal court. The State maintains that “no specific discovery violation was presented to the judge,” and “[a]s a result there was no decision made regarding discovery.” The State posits that defendant cannot be granted a new trial based on unsubstantiated claims of discovery violations that he did not press in the municipal court.

The State also argues that it had no duty to provide the names of the Pequannock Township police officers and any videotapes, if they did exist. The State, moreover, contends that, even if videotapes did exist, “[gjiven the testimony and evidence there is no reasonable probability that video of defendant at the Wayne Police Department or the New Jersey State Police Barracks would have altered the judge’s perspective.”

III.

A.

A trial court’s resolution of a discovery issue is entitled to substantial deference and will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Hernandez, 225 N.J. 451, 461, 139 A.3d 46, 2016 WL 3505852 (2016). ‘We need not defer, however, to a discovery order that is ... ‘based on a mistaken understanding of the applicable law.’ ” Ibid, (quoting Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Cmty. Corp., 207 N.J. 344, 371, 25 A.3d 221 (2011)). In reviewing the meaning of a court rule, “we owe no deference to the interpretative statements of the trial court and Appellate Division, unless they are persuasive in their reasoning.” Ibid. (citing State ex rel. A.B., 219 N.J. 542, 554-55, 99 A.3d 782 (2014)).

B.

The discovery rules governing the municipal court and Criminal Part of the Law Division are almost identical; both mandate the disclosure of the same categories of information. Compare R. 7:7-7, with R. 3:13 — 3(b). Indeed, the municipal court discovery rules are patterned from the criminal discovery rules. See Verniero & Pressler, Current N.J. Court Rules, comment 7 on R. 7:7-7 (2016) (“This rule restates the discovery provision of \Rule ] 3:13-3.”).

Broad discovery and the open-file approach apply in criminal cases “to ensure fair and just trials.” Hernandez, supra, 225 N.J. at 453, 139 A.3d 46; State v. Scoles, 214 N.J. 236, 252, 69 A.3d 559 (2013) (“[A] defendant has a right to automatic and broad discovery of the evidence the State has gathered in support of its charges.”). Criminal cases and quasi-criminal cases, such as DWI, which are tried in municipal court, share many of the same procedural protections — the State bears the burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and the defendant has the right to counsel, to present and cross-examine witnesses, and not to testify, to name a few. See State v. Widmaier, 157 N.J. 475, 494-95, 724 A.2d 241 (1999). In light of the similarity between criminal and municipal court cases and their discovery rules, the liberal approach to discovery in criminal cases is applicable in municipal court eases.

Rule 7:7-7(b) sets forth a defendant’s right to discovery in municipal court. The discovery rule states that “in all eases the defendant, on written notice to the municipal prosecutor ... shall be provided with copies of all relevant material, including but not limited to” the information set forth in eleven discrete categories. Rule 7:7-7(b)(l)-(ll). Only two categories are germane to this case.

The first applicable rule states that the municipal prosecutor is required to provide the “names, addresses, and birthdates of any persons whom the prosecuting attorney knows to have relevant evidence or information.” R. 7:7-7(b)(7). This subsection does not distinguish between relevant evidence possessed by police officers in the municipality in which the local prosecutor has jurisdiction and relevant evidence possessed by police officers from a neighboring municipality. Provided that the municipal prosecutor knows that police officers from an adjoining jurisdiction have relevant information pertaining to a DWI case, the names of those officers must be disclosed to a defendant.

The second applicable rule provides that the municipal prosecutor must provide “all relevant ... books, originals or copies of papers and documents, or tangible objects, ... including, but not limited to, writings, drawings, graphs, charts, photographs, video and sound recordings, [and] images.” R. 7:7-7(b)(6) (emphasis added). “Relevancy is the hallmark of admissibility of evidence.” State v. Darby, 174 N.J. 509, 519, 809 A.2d 138 (2002). Evidence is relevant if it “ha[s] a tendency in reason to prove or disprove any fact of consequence to the determination of the action.” N.J.R.E. 401.

Just as testimony regarding a DWI suspect’s failure to perform psychomotor physical or sobriety tests, or walk and stand without stumbling and grasping for support, or talk without slurring his speech is relevant evidence to prove intoxication, likewise is a video or sound recording that would depict the very same things. The adage that a picture is worth a thousand words is an apt expression of the value and importance of video and sound recordings, if they are available in DWI cases. Indeed, a video recording of events in many cases may be equal or superior to testimonial evidence. Clearly, if such evidence is relevant to proving guilt, then the converse must hold true. Evidence that would have a tendency in reason to disprove a DWI defendant’s intoxication is relevant and therefore must be disclosed to a defendant, if such evidence is in the State’s custody or control.

Discovery in a municipal court case, like in a criminal case, “ ‘is appropriate if it will lead to relevant’ information.” Hernandez, supra, 225 N.J. at 462, 139 A.3d 46 (quoting State v. Ballard, 331 N.J.Super. 529, 538, 752 A.2d 735 (App.Div.2000)). In the same vein, the discovery rule requires that the State provide defendant with “ ‘material evidence affecting [the] credibility’ of a State’s witness whose testimony may be determinative of guilt or innocence.” Id. at 462, 139 A.3d 46 (quoting State v. Carter, 69 N.J. 420, 433, 354 A.2d 627 (1976)).

The recordings from a patrol car’s dashboard camera that depict the interactions between a DWI suspect and police officers or the sobriety tests performed by the suspect are clearly relevant, and if the recordings contradict an officer’s testimony, such evidence has vital impeachment value to the defense. A video recording of a Breathalyzer test or a defendant’s appearance, behavior, and motor skills at police headquarters is also relevant because it may have “a tendency in reason to prove or disprove” that the defendant was under the influence. See N.J.R.E. 401. To ensure the availability of such relevant evidence, a defendant should give written notice to the municipal prosecutor to preserve pertinent videotapes pursuant to Rule 7:7-7. Although the defense carries this obligation, the State also has a duty to preserve evidence that it knows is relevant to a DWI prosecution.

The State may move for the redaction of a video recording, and an in camera review if necessary, under appropriate circumstances. If the State can show that a video recording (1) discloses features or the outlay of headquarters that is likely to compromise security, (2) captures people not relevant to the proceedings and whose privacy rights may be infringed, or (3) is necessary for another justifiable reason, the court may order redaction consistent with the fair-trial rights of the defendant.

We now apply those simple, straightforward principles to the facts of this case.

IV.

A.

The municipal prosecutor had the discovery obligation to provide defendant with the names of the Pequannock police officers present at the scene of the motor vehicle accident in this case. See R. 7:7 — 7(b)(7) (requiring municipal prosecutor to disclose “names ... of any persons whom [he or she] knows to have relevant evidence or information”). Defense counsel made the appropriate request in his first and second discovery letters, seeking the names of “any persons whom the prosecuting attorney ... knows to have relevant evidence or information” (first letter) and the “[n]ame, badge number and rank of each police officer, as well as the unit number for each police vehicle, that responded ... to the alleged accident” (second letter). The second letter specifically referenced the Pequannock Police Department by requesting any relevant video recordings made by its officers.

Common sense tells us that the first responding police officers at the scene of an accident caused by a driver suspected of DWI will have evidence or information relevant to the case. The officers may know whether the suspect exhibited injuries resulting from the accident, whether he smelled of alcohol, whether his speech was slurred, whether he made admissions, or whether his balance was impaired, to name a few observations that would be of relevance.

We reject any suggestion in the decisions of the Law Division and Appellate Division that, as a matter of discovery, defendant did not have a right to the names of the Pequannock police officers or, to the extent that those names were not readily known, to evidence, such as phone logs, that would have revealed their names.

Having said that, although defendant made the request for the names of those officers in his discovery letters, at no time during the municipal court hearings did he seek in a meaningful way to compel the municipal prosecutor to comply with the State’s disclosure obligation. Rule 7:7-7(j) provides:

If at any time during the course of the proceedings it is brought to the attention of the court that a party has failed to comply with this rule ..., the court may order that party to provide the discovery of materials not previously disclosed, ... or enter such other order as it deems appropriate.

Defendant did not seek to avail himself of the enforcement mechanism of Rule 7:7-7(j). Defendant never brought before the municipal court his demand for the names of the Pequannock police officers. Defendant may not remain silent on a discovery violation known to him in municipal court and strategically calculate that he can bring it to life in a trial de novo before the Law Division.

In sum, although the Law Division and Appellate Division erred in suggesting that the municipal prosecutor could withhold from defendant the names of relevant witnesses or the means of identifying them, defendant did not raise or preserve the issue in the municipal court proceedings. See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.C. III, 201 N.J. 328, 339, 990 A.2d 1097 (2010) (noting that “issues not raised below will ordinarily not be considered on appeal”); see also Alpert, Goldberg, Butler, Norton & Weiss, P.C. v. Quinn, 410 N.J.Super. 510, 539, 983 A.2d 604 (App.Div.2009) (noting that because discovery issue was not presented to trial court, that issue would not be considered on appeal), certif. denied, 203 N.J. 93, 999 A.2d 462 (2010). We therefore decline to grant defendant a remedy that he did not seek at the appropriate time in the appropriate forum.

B.

In his two discovery letters, defendant requested “video tapes ... which are within the possession, custody, or control of the State”; any recordings made by a video-equipped police vehicle at the accident scene; any recordings by cameras at the Wayne Township police headquarters or State Police barracks depicting defendant, his arrest, or his performance of psychomotor physical tests; and any video recording made by officers of the Pequannock Police Department. The discovery requests unquestionably sought relevant evidence that must be disclosed pursuant to Rule 7:7 — 7(b)(6)—provided, of course, that such video recordings existed at the time defendant sought the information. At the time of the municipal court proceedings, any such videotape in the State’s possession was a “tangible object[ ],” which, if it contained relevant evidence or information, had to be disclosed to defendant. R. 7:7-7(b)(6) (2010) (governing discovery rule at time of proceedings in this case); see also Mustaro, supra, 411 N.J.Super. at 102, 984 A.2d 450.

We reject the Law Division’s determination, affirmed by the Appellate Division, that the State did not have a discovery “obligation to produce the tape of a suspected drunk driver performing field sobriety tests” or “a tape from the surveillance camera [at] Wayne Township Police headquarters,” or a tape from any other police department that depicted defendant’s appearance, behavior, and motor skills, or other evidence or information relevant to the case. As discussed, such tapes may have value in the prosecution and defense of a DWI ease. In this case, any video recording was relevant if it had a tendency in reason to show defendant’s sobriety or impeach the officers’ accounts that supported the conclusion that defendant was under the influence.

We cannot conclude with any certainty from the record that the video recordings sought by defendant never existed or did not exist at the time he made his discovery requests. The municipal prosecutor at the January 16, 2009 pretrial conference stated that the Wayne Township patrol cars did not have videotaping capability, but he did not provide information concerning whether the Pequannoek Township patrol ears possessed such a capability. Although the municipal prosecutor explained in a March 3, 2009 letter that the Wayne Township Police and State Police did not have videotapes of defendant, the trial testimony of Sergeant Verdón and Officer DeLuccia raised some questions about the operability of cameras in the Wayne Township Police Department and State Police barracks. Moreover, the municipal prosecutor did not state that videotapes never existed or did not exist at the time of defendant’s discovery requests. Additionally, in the trial de novo before the Law Division, the prosecutor did not argue that the videotapes requested in discovery never existed, but rather that the State had no obligation to produce them.

Surely, defense counsel could have made a better record or pressed with greater clarity the relief that he sought before the municipal court. The failure to do so is partly responsible for the confused record. We find no fault in the way the municipal court handled the proceedings.

Nevertheless, out of an abundance of caution, we remand to the Law Division for proceedings to determine whether any relevant video recordings ever existed or were available at the time that defendant made his discovery requests. See R. 3:23 — 8(a)(2) (“[T]he court may permit the record to be supplemented for the limited purpose of correcting a legal error in the proceedings below.”). We do not suggest that any discovery violation occurred. If any relevant video recordings were withheld, the Law Division has wide latitude to fashion an appropriate remedy pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(j).

V.

Accordingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment of the Appellate Division, and remand to the Law Division to conduct proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER; and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON and JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned), join in JUSTICE ALBIN’s opinion. 
      
       For the most part, the operation of the breathalyzer is not an issue in this appeal.
     
      
       According to Sergeant Verdón, the horizontal gaze nystagmus requires a suspected DWI driver to follow the tip of a pen with each eye. If the suspect is unable to smoothly do so, that is one indicator that the suspect may be intoxicated. See State v. Doriguzzi, 334 N.J.Super. 530, 536, 760 A.2d 336 (App.Div.2000).
     
      
       Under certain conditions, radio frequency interference may cause an erroneous Breathalyzer reading. Romano v. Kimmelman, 96 NfJ. 66, 82-84, 474 A.2d 1 (1984).
     
      
       The arguments before the Law Division concerning the admissibility of the Breathalyzer results are not germane to this appeal.
     
      
       We will not discuss issues raised before the Appellate Division that are not pertinent to this appeal.
     
      
       The State did not present this argument in its Appellate Division brief on which it relied in opposing defendant’s petition for certification.
     
      
       We note that the disclosure requirements of Rule 7:7 — 7(b)(1)—(11), which mandate the release of all evidence or information relevant to a legitimate defense, are more expansive than the due process disclosures mandated by Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963) and its progeny. In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that due process forbids the government from withholding material evidence favorable to an accused that has been requested by the defense. Id. at 87, 83 S.Ct. at 1196-97, 10 L.Ed.2d at 218. This bears stating because, to some extent, both the State and defendant in their arguments refer to Brady as a reference point for analysis.
     
      
       The version of Rule 7:7-7(b)(6) at the time of trial, unlike the current rule, did not explicitly identify photographs and video and sound recordings as discoverable, but the disclosure of video and sound recordings was understood to be encompassed within the then-language of the rule. See State v. Mustaro, 411 N.J.Super. 91, 102, 984 A.2d 450 (App.Div.2009) (holding that 2009 version of Rule 7:7-7(b)(6) required disclosure of videotape of defendant's arrest for DWI). The 2010 version of Rule 7:7-7(b)(6) required disclosure of "books, originals or copies of papers and documents, or tangible objects, buildings or places that are within the possession, custody or control of the government." No one disputes that, at the time of the proceedings in this case, the scope of Rule 7.7-7(b)(6) encompassed photographs and video and sound recordings.
     
      
       Nothing in N.J.R.E. 401 suggests that the definition of relevance is different for quasi-criminal cases, such as DWI, than for actual criminal cases. To the extent that the Appellate Division intimated otherwise in State v. Carrero, 428 N.J.Super. 495, 507-08, 54 A.3d 318 (App.Div.2012), and State v. Ford, 240 N.J.Super. 44, 48-49, 572 A.2d 640 (App.Div.1990), we reject that notion.
     
      
       In his mid-trial, municipal court motion brief, under a point heading entitled, "THE FAILURE OF THE POLICE TO PRESERVE EVIDENCE defendant mostly focuses on his contention that the municipal prosecutor failed to preserve videotape evidence. Under that same point heading, however, defendant mentions that one of the Pequannock police officers may have witnessed the accident and therefore may have knowledge "whether the accident actually happened in Wayne Township or Pequannock.” For that reason, defendant states that the identity of the officer is important. But nowhere in the transcripts of the municipal court proceedings does defendant ask the court to order the municipal court prosecutor to disclose the names of the Pequannock officers. Nor does defendant ever question that the Wayne Township municipal court had jurisdiction to hear the DWI case. The precise location of the accident was known, and no challenge was raised concerning the municipality that had jurisdiction over the case.