Case ID: ad_70/html/0232-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Laughlin, J.:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Gustavus Isaacs, Respondent, v. John Dawson and William Archer, Appellants.
    
      Contract to erect d eity building—obligation of a sub-contractor as to work covered, by the plans but not by the specifications of the principal contract—provision that .anything mentioned, in one should, be deemed to be included in tjie other —provision for a reference of disputes to the architects—a provision of the po'incipal contract as to extra wm'k, not applicable to the sub-contract — a pi'ovision as to following ■ the direction of the, commissioner of public woi'ks as to changes-^-rejection of proof that the sub-contractor had the city plans and specifications — when a reformation of the contract should be asked for.
    
    The firm of Dawson & Archer obtained a' contract for the erection of the new criminal court building in the city of New York. The plans and specifications, which were made a part of the contract, provided for a cellar, a basement .and four stories above the basement. The basement rested on the solid earth on one side of the building,-but on the other sides of the building it was supported by pillars and beams. The plans indicated that terra cotta arch blocks were to be set between the iron beams of the basement, but the specifications, as well as the principal contract for the erection of the building, expressly excepted the “ ground floors” from' that work. The specifications clearlyjndicated that the term “ground floors” meant the basement. , ""
    Dawson & Archer sublet the fire proof work to one Isaacs by a contract by which the sub-contractor agreed, among other things, to “Furnish and set between the iron beams on all floors (except ground floors), also in top story ceilings and roof, best approved terra cotta arch.blocks 8 inches deep.” The sub-contract contained an agreement to do the work in conformity with the specifications and drawings made by the architects, but it did not definitely appear ftyhether the reference to the specifications referred to the city specifications or Yo those contained in the siib-contract. Isaacs refused to set terra cotta arch blocks-between the iron beams of the basement floor, but subsequently did the work under the express direction of Dawson & Archer.
    In an action brought by Isaacs against Dawson & Archer to recover the value of such work, it was' ~~
    
      Held, that, assuming that the reference to the specifications contained in the plaintiff’s contract referred to the city specifications, such contract did not ■ require him to furnish or set terra cotta arch blocks between the iron beams of ■ the basement floor;
    Íhat a clause in the sub-contract providing, “ Should any dispute arise respecting the true, construction or meaning ofthe said drawings or specifications, the same shall be decided by said architects and their decision shall be final and conclusive,” had no application to the case, as the dispute related to the construction Of the contract and not to the .construction of the'drawings or specifications;
    
      That a provision in the city specifications to the effect that the specifications, plans and drawings were intended to mutually explain each other, and that anything mentioned or referred to in one and not shown on the other, and vice versa, were to be deemed included in both, was inapplicable, as the plaintiff only contracted to execute that portion of the plans and specifications which was expressly embraced in the sub-contract:
    That the provisions of the city specifications with reference to the formalities to be observed with respect to claims for extra work, were designed to protect the city against the principal contractors, and were not binding upon the sub contractor;
    That a provision of the sub-contract requiring the plaintiff to deviate therefrom by omitting work or doing extra work when directed by the commissioner of public works or the architects, and in such a case providing for a deduction from the contract price or extra pay as the case might be, did not preclude the defendants from doing the extra work;
    That the refusal of the court to allow the defendants to show that the plaintiff had the city plans and specifications when he contracted with them did not constitute a reversible error.
    
      Semble, that if it was the intention of the parties to- include the basement floor, the defendants should have pleaded the facts and asked for a refqrmatiou of the contract.
    Van Brunt, P. J., and Ingraham, J., dissented.
    Appeal by the defendants, John Dawson and another, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 17th day of October; 1901, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 15th day of October, 1901, denying the defendants’ motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      David Thornton, for the appellants.
    
      Frank M. Avery, for the respondent.
   Laughlin, J.:

This appeal presents but a single question, and that relates' to the construction of a building sub-contract. The defendants were partners engaged in business as builders. On the 28th day of February, 1890, they contracted in the firm name of Dawson & Archer with the city of New York to erect the new Criminal Court building on premises 'bounded by Centre, Elm, Franklin and White streets. The defendants, by contract in writing, on' the 26th day of March, 1890, sublet part of this work to the plaintiff. The plaintiff’s agreement, so far as material to the question presented, was to “ do all the work hereinafter mentioned in and on the building to be erected on Elm, Centre, Franklin and White Streets, in the City of Kew York, for the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of Kew York, viz.:

“ Fire-Proof Work.
“ Furnish and set. between the iron beams on all floors (except ground floors), also in top story ceilings and rtiof, best. approved térra cotta arch blocks 8 inches deep. The skewback blocks against the beams are to be made to accurately fit the beams, all to be made thoroughly wet, and each voussoir laid in a full bed of Portland cement on both beds and ends at one operation. All to be laid true to a line, the crowns to be keyed with tiles made to fit the different spans.
“ Furnish and set all necessary centres for the proper construction of these arches, and in no case are the centres to be stiaick. until the work is thoroughly set and dried.
“ The roof blocks are to be of porous terra cotta for the proper fastening of the tile, all to be set in Portland cement.”

The terra cotta partitions throughout the building were also to be constructed by the plaintiff, but he was not to set the frames for door or window openings in the partition or do any concreting. The description of the work so far as it was embraced within the plaintiff’s contract followed the description thereof in the defendants’ contract with the city and in the city’s specifications. The plaintiff was to perform the work included in his contract and furnish all the materials for the gross sum of $3T,500, payable in monthly installments of ninety per cent of the value of the work done, immediately upon the receipt by defendants of their monthly payments from the city but in no case later than sixty days after the end of the month for which the monthly installment was to be paid. The remaining ten per cent was to be paid within six months after the completion of plaintiff’s contract work. The plaintiff before receiving his pay was required to obtain a certificate from the architect to the effect that. the work has been done and material furnished “in conformity with said plans and specifications” and are such as is required thereby.

There was no express reference in the plaintiff’s contract to the specifications that were made a part of the defendants’ contract with the city; but after describing the work as indicated, it provided that the same should be done “ agreeably and in conformity to the above specifications and to the drawings made by Thom and Wilson and Scliaarschmidt, architects, in a good, workmanlike and substantial manner, to the satisfaction and under the direction, of the said architects, to be testified by a writing or certificate under the hand of the said architects.”’

Although the contract in its reference to specifications is not very definite, the trial justice instructed the jury that it related to the city’s specifications and that may be assumed.

. The plaintiff testified that he refused to set terra cotta arch blocks between the iron beams of the basement floor on the ground that that work was not included in his contract, but that he subsequently did the work by the express direction of the defendants. The question is whether this was extra work'.- The plaintiff has recovered on that theory. The appellant maintains that the cellar floor and other floors under the basement are the “ ground floors ” excepted from the plaintiff’s contract. The plans and specifications for the new criminal building provided for a cellar, a basement above and four stories above the basement. The cellar floor was to be concreted four inches thick. Neither the plans, specifications nor any contract provided for, required or contemplated that there were to be any iron beams or terra cotta arch blocks under it: The basement floor was the first floor to be supported by iron beams, and the plans indicated that terra cotta arch blocks were to be set between those iron beams; but the specification expressly excepted the ‘‘ground floors” from that work as did also defendants’ contract with the city as well as plaintiff’s contract with defendants. The specifications clearly indicate that by the “ground floor” is meant the basement floor. The basement floor opened on Elm street where it rested on the solid earth, but at Centre street it was supported by pillars, and between the two streets beams extended supporting it. At Centre street the basement floor was reached by stairs. The clause relating to concreting provides that the cellar and all other rooms “ below the basement or ground floor ” shall be concreted. The basement floor is the lowest floor below which there are any rooms, and is, therefore, here used as synonymous with “ ground floor.” Again, the clause relating to cut stone requires the use of Long Meadow stone above the basement or ground floor ” and cut .granite for the basement story from the grade of the sidewalk up to and including the first story sill course.” The plans and specifications call for a staircase in the Elm street vestibule from the basement to the first story above, which staircase was not to extend below the basement. The specifications speak of this staircase as extending from the basement or ground floor.”

We think the'plaintiff’s contract did not require him to furnish or set terra cotta arch blocks between the iron beams of the basement floor.' That floor was expressly excepted from his work. No other construction will give force or effect to the express intention of the parties to except some floor where there were iron beams and where such work-would otherwise have been required. The other portions of the specifications clearly identify the basement floor as the “ ground floor ” referred to in the contract. It was clearly a ground floor since at Elm street It was virtually on a level with the street. The conflict on this point between the specifications and defendants’ contract on the one hand and the plans on the other, indicate a mistake. Whether.it was originally contemplated to set terra cotta arch blocks between the iron beams on the basement floor, and there wa.s a subsequent change in such intention which resulted in that work being excepted from the specifications and form of contract required of bidders, but not from the plans, or . whether the mistake arose on a misapprehension as to the floor to which the exception relates, is wholly immaterial-' to the present ^inquiry. ' Nor were the defendants aided by that clause of plaintiff’s contract which provides: “ Should any dispute arise respecting the true construction or meaning of the said drawings or specifications, the same shall be decided by said architects and their decision shall be final and conclusive.”

The dispute here arose over the construction of the contract, and that was not intended to be left to the architect. The provision in the city’s specifications to the effect that the specifications, plans and are intended to mutually explain each other, and that anything mentioned or referred to in one and not shown on the other and vice versa, are to be deemed to be included in both, has no. application to the plaintiff’s contract. If the controversy arose between the defendants who contracted for the entire work and the city, a different question would be presented, as to which it is unnecessary to express opinion. The plaintiff’s contract was for the performance of only that part of the work covered by the" defendants’ contract which is expressly embraced therein. The plans and specifications were undoubtedly to govern as to the manner in which the plaintiff should do this work, but they could not extend his liability to other work not included in his contract. The provisions of the city’s specifications with reference to the formalities to be observed to authorize a claim for extra work are not binding oil the plaintiff. They were designed to protect the city against the general contractor.

The defendants controverted the plaintiff’s testimony to the effect that he refused to do the work on the basement floor and that he was subsequently directed to perform it by them on an understanding which reserved his right to be paid therefor. This question of fact was submitted to the. jury, and by their verdict it has been resolved in favor of the plaintiff. The provision of the contract requiring plaintiff to deviate from the contract by omitting work or doing extra work when-directed by the' commissioner of public works or the architects, and in such case providing for deduction from the contract price or extra pay, as the case might be, did-not preclude the defendants themselves from authorizing this extra work.

We think that the refusal of the court to allow the defendants to show that plaintiff had the city’s plans and specifications when he contracted with them is not reversible error. As has been seen, he was only' bound by those plans and specifications in so far as he contracted to execute them. If, as claiiped by the defendants, it was the intention of the parties to include the basement floor, then the defendants should have pleaded the facts and asked for the reformation of their contract. No other question requires special consideration.

The judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs.

O’Brien and Hatch, JJ., concurred; Van Brunt, P. J., and Ingraham, J., dissented.

Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.