Case ID: misc_59/html/0633-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Bischoff, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Frederick William Newton, Surviving Executor and Trustee under the Will of Thomas Connock Elliott, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. Anna Benkard Hunt et al., Defendants.
    (Supreme Court, New York Special Term,
    June, 1908.)
    Foreign judgments — Judgments of courts of foreign countries — Judgments in personam — Judgments of English court applying foreign rules of evidence.
    Former adjudication — Who are concluded — Real parties — Judgment against beneficiary concluding trustees.
    Mortgages — Construction and effect — Debts secured by the mortgage
    — Costs of foreign court.
    Powers — Construction and execution of powers: What constitutes a general beneficial power: Manner of execution — Power to bind by will cannot be exercised by deed.
    Trusts: Execution of trusts as powers — Revocation of power in trust
    — What is power in trust: The beneficiary, his estate, rights and interest —Alienability of interest — Beneficial interest of creator of trust.
    A judgment of an English court, pronounced through a resort to presumptive evidence at variance with the rule of this State, will be given full force and effect here, within the well established rules of comity,' it appearing that the courts of England recognize and give such effect to judgments in personam rendered by the courts of this State.
    
      The beneficial interest of the creator of a trust, consisting of the right to the income from the trust estate during life, is not inalienable though made in contemplation of . marriage.
    Where the creator of a trust of which she is to receive the income during life reserves the power of appointment by will among her children, such power may not be exercised by deed; and a deed, expressing her intention to exercise such power so as to vest the remainder in her children equally, is not a relinquishment of her power to appoint in unequal shares.
    Such power of appointment is not a general beneficial power, but a power in trust, and cannot be released.
    A woman in contemplation of her marriage with a subject of Great Britain executed in 1872 a deed of all her estate, real and personal, to certain persons as trustees, in trust to collect the income and pay the same to her or for her use during her life and also to pay to her from time to time such part of the principal as they should deem proper, and upon her death to divide the whole estate among her appointees by will, or by other instrument in writing in the nature of a will, and, in default of such appointment, among such persons as would take the same if it were real estate situate in the State of New York of which she died seized, intestate and unmarried. In 1879 she executed an instrument whereby she purported to exercise the power of appointment reserved to her in the instrument creating the trust by directing the remainder to be payable to her children and the issue of her deceased children in equal shares, per stirpes and not per capita. In 1898, she obtained a loan in England and, as security for the repayment thereof, she and her three adult children,' her remaining child being a minor, executed a mortgage purporting to cover the trust estate and therein purported to release the further exercise of the power of appointment. The executors and trustees under the will of the mortgagee brought an action in a court of general jurisdiction in England against the mortgagors, with the exception of one of the adult children who had died in the meantime, for the recovery of the money secured by the mortgage and obtained judgment. Thereafter said executors and trustees brought the present action against the substituted trustees of the trust and the surviving mortgagors and demanded judgment, among other things, that the mortgage be declared a lien upon the trust funds in the hands of the defendant trustees and that they be directed to pay and discharge the mortgage out of the trust funds. Held: The English judgment was conclusive as to the receipt of the loan by the mortgagors and was not open to dispute by the defendant trustees, notwithstanding their nonjoinder in the foreign suit to establish the debt.
    
      The settlor of the trust had no future interest in the estate and the mortgage covered her right to the income, which, being payable during her life, plaintiff was entitled to recover.
    The contingent interest in remainder, as to the whole estate, of the child who did not join in the mortgage, being dependent upon the possible death of his brother and sister without issue prior to the death of their mother, required that the corpus of the estate be preserved.
    The covenant in the mortgage, whereby the settlor of the trust expressed her intention to exercise -her reserved power of appointment of the remainder by will, so far as to vest the remainders in her children equally, did not operate as a relinquishment oí the power to appoint in unequal shares, and as an actual exercise of the power of appointment was ineffective, since the power to appoint by will may not be exercised by deed.
    To satisfy the reasonable meaning of the Statute of Uses and Trusts, the “ creation ” of the power of unequal appointment which alone remained in the settlor of the trust at the date of the mortgage must be deemed to have taken place when-the terms of the resettled trust deed were defined and approved by the judgment of the court permitting the modification of the original trust.
    The mortgage operated to convey the remainder interests of the two surviving children of the settlor of the trust subject to her power to appoint the remainders unequally among her children; hence, subject to the divesting of the remainders of the other mortgagors in favor of the son who was not a party to the mortgage.
    The mortgage providing that the claim of the mortgagees shall be in all respects interpreted by and effective according to English law, and the costs of the action in the English court to establish the debt being recoverable under the mortgage in that jurisdiction and attached to the debt for the purposes of resort to the security, in an action here to establish the lien upon the interests of the mortgagors in the trust estate, such costs are to be included as part of the mortgage debt.
    Action to establish and enforce a lien in favor of the plaintiff against the interest of certain of the defendants in the trust estate held by the defendants William Jay and Egerton L.. Winthrop, Jr., as trustees.
    S. S. Livingston, for plaintiff.
    Flamen B. Candler and R. W. Candler, for defendants Jay and Winthrop. as trustees.
    
      J. Frederic Kernochan, for defendants Anna B. Hunt, Lillian C. Hunt and Reginald S. Hunt.
    Carter, Ledyard & Milburn, for defendant Rupert H. Hunt.
   Bischoff, J.

The determination upon the demurrer to the complaint in this action, as announced by the Appellate Division (Hewton v. Jay, 107 App. Div. 457), renders it unnecessary for me to discuss the broad question as to the maintainability of the action upon the facts pleaded and proven; and, in view of the full statement of facts contained in the reported case, I refrain from a detailed review of the circumstances out of which the litigation arises. As ruled upon the trial, I take the record of the English judgment to be conclusive as to the receipt of the loan by the mortgagors. While the English court pronounced its judgment through a resort to presumptive evidence, at variance with the rule of this forum, still the judicial determination is to be given full force and effect within the well established rules of comity, it appearing that the courts of England recognize and give this effect to judgments in personam rendered by the courts of this State (Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U. S. 113; Ritchie v. McMullen, id. 235; Dunstan v. Higgins, 138 N. Y. 70) ; and the fact thus established by the foreign adjudication, as against the cesiuis que irustent, is not open to dispute by the trustees, notwithstanding their nonjoinder in the foreign suit to establish the debt." Nicholas v. Lord, 118 App. Div. 800. The question sought to be raised as to the power of Mrs. Hunt to alienate her beneficial interest in the subject of the trust, I do not take to be open to independent discussion. Having herself created the trust, her reserved interest was alienable within the rule of Schenck v. Barnes, 156 N. Y. 316; and the applicability of this rule to the case at bar has been determined by the Appellate Division in the course of the pronouncement upon the issues of law actually before that court. Newton v. Jay, supra. Hoyes v. Blakeman, 6 N. Y. 567, cited for the defendants, proceeded upon a general discussion of the nonalienability of beneficial interests, with no regard to the distinction noted in Schenck v. Barnes; and the former case is no authority for limiting the rule adopted in the latter, so far as to except a trust made in contemplation of marriage. That the mortgage in suit did cover the interest of Mrs. Hunt is, I think, clear. The words of the instrument, on this head, are “And this indenture also witnesseth that, for the consideration aforesaid, each of them, the mortgagors, as to the share to which she or he is or may become entitled under the said indentures (referring to the deeds of trust), or in any other manner whatsoever, and as beneficial owner, doth hereby grant, appoint, bargain, sell, assign, transfer and set over unto the mortgagee, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, all the real and personal estate and all other, the trust estate comprised in or now subject to the trusts of the said indentures.” Mrs. Hunt had no future interest in the estate, and her conveyance as mortgagor covered what interest she had — a right to the income — which interest is certainly indicated in the words “ as beneficial owner or otherwise.” The plaintiff may, therefore, reach the income payable to Mrs. Hunt during her life; but, as appears indeed to be conceded, there can be no present disposal of the corpus of the estate to satisfy the debt out of the interests transferred by the mortgagors Lillian Hunt and Reginald Hunt and by the deceased mortgagor, Frederick Hunt. One of the children of Mrs. Hunt, the defendant Rupert Hunt, did not join in the mortgage, and his contingent interest in remainder as to the whole estate, depending upon the possible death of his brother and sister without issue prior to the death of Mrs. Hunt, requires that the corpus be preserved. What the future interest of the defendants Lillian and Reginald Hunt may be, for the purposes of their ultimate application to the debt, upon the death of Mrs. Hunt, depends upon the effect to be given to the covenant in the mortgage whereby Mrs. Hunt expressed her intention to exercise her reserved power of appointment of the remainders, by will, as between her children, so far as to vest the remainders in them equally. As an actual exercise of the power of appointment, this provision of the mortgage was doubtless ineffective, since a power to appoint by will may not be exercised by deed (2 Perry Trusts [5th ed.], § 511B and cases cited) ; but the question remains whether the instrument did not operate as a relinquishment of the power to appoint in unequal shares. In my opinion, it did not. The inquiry is whether the power sought to be released was a general beneficial power or a power in trust. If the former, it could be released; if the latter, the attempted release was inoperative. Ohapl. Express Trusts & Powers, §§ 545, 698. As defined by statute (E. S., pt. II, art. 3, chap. 1, § 79) : “A general or special power is beneficial, when no person other than the grantee has, by the terms of its creation, any interest in its executionand I am, therefore, brought to the question of the time and nature of the creation of this power. By the terms of the original deed of trust in the year 1872, Mrs. Hunt reserved to herself a general power to dispose of the remainder of the corpus to any person. In the year •1879 the trust agreement of 1872 was quite materially changed, with the sanction and approval of the court, in the course of a certain proceeding taken for the resettlement of the trust. It appears that under the original trust agreement the trustees had power, in their discretion, to make certain advances from the corpus to Mrs. Hunt; and the resettlement of 1879 was to effectuate a condition upon which the trustees had so far exercised this discretion as to advance $50,000 to her, this condition as recited by the decree having been “ that she shall upon receiving the same (the sum of $50,000 advanced) exercise the power of appointment to her reserved by said deed and designate and appoint by deed under seal the person to whom said estate is to be paid over, distributed and divided at her death.” Agreeably to this arrangement, Mrs. Hunt did exercise her power of appointment; and, by the deed made in the year 1897, which was confirmed by the - decree, she appointed the remainders to her children with a certain provision for her husband during his life, reserving to herself a general power of appointment, in the event of the death of all of her children without issue, prior to her death, and a power to make appointment among their living children or their issue in unequal shares, by will.

Was this power of unequal appointment among her children created ” by the original deed of trust in the year 1872 or by the deed upon resettlement of the trust in the year 1879? As I view the case, the answer must be that the creation of the power took place at the later period, and that persons other than the donee (her children) had an interest in the execution of the power when so created, and by the terms of its creation. True, the general reservation of a power to appoint the remainder to any person, as contained, in the original trust deed, was broad enough to include any special power to which that original power might be narrowed through a later alteration of the terms of the trust; but this does not, I think, satisfy the meaning of the word “ creation ” as used in the statute with reference to the interest to be affected by the power. If resort is to be had simply to the rule that the greater will include the less when determining the character of what was thus created,” we may as logically take the creation of the original and broader power to have occurred even earlier than the time of the making of the trust itself in the • year 1872; for, with the acquirement of the property which she afterward saw fit to convey to trustees, there were “ created ” in Mrs. Hunt, as an incident to ownership, broader powers of disposal still, which powers she limited to a right of appointment of remainders. To satisfy the reasonable meaning of the statute, the “ creation ” of this power — the power of unequal appointment which alone remained to Mrs. Hunt at the date of the mortgage — must be deemed to have taken place when the terms of the resettled trust deed were defined and approved by the judgment of the court permitting the modification of the original trust. The obvious intention was to secure some interest to the children of Mrs. Hunt, which interest was not well defined before, in return for the withdrawal of a part of the principal of the estate by her for her own purposes. The trust agreement was accordingly modified by her surrendering her general power of appointment, with the court’s approval, and by the substitution of a special power of unequal appointment among her children, each one of whom had an obvious interest in its .execution, so far as the benefit might result to one from an equality of the shares appointed. This question was not involved upon the demurrer to the complaint, since it affects, not the maintainability of the action against these defendants, but simply the measure of benefit which the plaintiff may take from the judgment to be rendered, as the facts may develop upon the death of Mrs. Hunt. It is a matter which, indeed, has but a prospective effect, depending upon whether the power of appointment is or is not exercised in such wise as to divest the mortgagors, or one of them, of an interest in remainder when the event upon which the remainders take effect, unless divested, occurs; but an adjudication upon the subject is proper to define the interest of the parties before me with respect to the mortgage and the extent of the plaintiff’s rights in those remainders.

The character of the power, and the right of the donee to release it, present questions which are to be determined according to the laws of this State, not the law of the donee’s domicile, since they affect something more than the mere personal right of the donee and relate to the devolution of title to and ownership in real and personal property situated wholly within the State and held under the terms of an express trust, the limitations of which are necessarily to be defined in accordance with our laws.

I hold, therefore, that the mortgage operated to convey the remainder interests of the defendants Lillian and Reginald Hunt, subject to the existing power of Mrs. Hunt to appoint the remainders unequally among her children; hence, subject to the divesting of the remainders of the mortgagors in favor of the son who was not a party to the mortgage. Upon the question whether the costs of the English action at law are to be considered a charge within the terms of the mortgage, I have reached the conclusion that they should be included. By the agreement of the parties, as expressed in the instrument, it was declared that the agreement for the loan hereby secured was made in London, England, and that this claim shall he in all respects interpreted by and effective according to English law;” and this expressed intention is properly to be given effect. Manhattan Life Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 188 ¡N". Y. 108. According to the evidence before me as to the condition of the English law, I find the fact to be that costs of the action at law to establish the debt were recoverable, under the mortgage, in that jurisdiction, and attached to the debt for the purposes of resort to the security. The debt, with costs, thus became the measure of what was secured by the agreement -which this court is to enforce.

¡Notice of the claim having been given to the trustees on January 11, 1900, by a letter which stated the facts and the nature of the demand in such form as to include all the interest of the mortgagors, the judgment should provide for an accounting of income accruing to Mrs. Hunt and coming into the hands of the trustees since that date. It ■appears from the reply made by the trustees to the notice thus given that the claim was fully understood and as fully repudiated by them upon the merits; therefore, the notice cannot justly be taken as omitting some precise statement of the amount claimed or of the fact that the accruing income was demanded. Further detail in the notice was rendered unnecessary by the form of the refusal to observe it; and, within settled rules, the trustees, if they paid over the moneys thus the subject of the hostile claim, did so at their peril. Heermans v. Ellsworth, 64 ¡N". Y. 159; Stoddard v. Gailor, 90 id. 5f9; Andrews v. ¡Bleecker, 1 Johns. Oases, 411.

The plaintiff is, therefore, entitled to judgment establishing the lien upon the interests of the mortgagors in the trust estate, as prayed, and for an accounting for the net income received by the trustees from January 11, 1900, with provision that the trustees pay to the plaintiff, on the death of Mrs. Hunt, out of the shares of the two defendants Lillian Catherine Hunt and ¡Reginald Sidney Hunt, any balance of the debt that may at that time remain unpaid, so far as there may be shares payable to those defendants at that time. I have noted upon the proposed findings submitted, my disposal of the requests to find. Form of decision, containing matters found upon request, may be submitted upon notice of settlement, together with proposed judgment.

Judgment accordingly.