Case ID: ny-2d_78/html/0682-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Simons, J. Hancock, Jr., J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Luisa Thompson, Respondent, v City of New York, Appellant, et al., Defendants.
    Argued November 19, 1991;
    decided December 23, 1991
    
      POINTS OF COUNSEL
    
      Victor A. Kovner, Corporation Counsel (Stephen J. McGrath and Leonard Koerner of counsel), for appellant.
    The provision of street illumination by a municipality is the exercise of a governmental function, and, in the absence of proof of some other unusual condition of which the municipality might have a duty to warn, is not a component of a duty to keep its roadways in a reasonably safe condition. As the parties’ submissions establish that plaintiffs claim is one solely for insufficient illumination, the court below erred in reinstating the complaint. (Yonki v City of New York, 276 App Div 407, 303 NY 852; O’Connor v City of New York, 58 NY2d 184; Gutelle v City of New York, 55 NY2d 794; Tomassi v Town of Union, 46 NY2d 91; Griffin v Town of Harrison, 268 NY 238; Eger v City of New York, 206 App Div 718, 239 NY 561; Andrews v City of Elmira, 128 App Div 699; Schlicher v City of New York, 175 Misc 696, 264 App Div 763; Cimato v City of Lackawanna, 158 AD2d 1000; Bauer v Town of Hempstead, 143 AD2d 793.)
    
      Martin S. Rothman, Daniel J. Friedman, Alan M. Friedman and Alyne I. Diamond for respondent.
    I. The City breached its duty to plaintiff having failed to maintain the existing streetlight in operating condition on one of the most heavily traveled pedestrian and vehicular thoroughfares in The Bronx, where plaintiff was struck by a motorist who did not see her until the moment of impact, because of the outage. (Gutelle v City of New York, 55 NY2d 794; Tomassi v Town of Union, 46 NY2d 91; Lopes v Rostad, 45 NY2d 617; Glasier v Town of Hebron, 131 NY 447; McKone v Village of Warsaw, 187 NY 336; Hooker v Town of Hanover, 247 App Div 623; Kamnitzer v City of New York, 265 App Div 636; Ehrgott v Mayor of City of N. Y., 96 NY 264; Oeters v City of New York, 270 NY 364; Whittaker v Village of Franklinville, 265 NY 11.) II. The City’s inflammatory "floodgates” argument is as misconceived as it is baseless. (Schuster v City of New York, 5 NY2d 75; Crosland v New York City Tr. Auth., 68 NY2d 165.)
   OPINION OF THE COURT

Simons, J.

Plaintiff was injured when struck by an automobile while crossing the Grand Concourse near its intersection with Field Place in The Bronx. It was dark at the time of the accident and a bulb in the nearest streetlight had burned out. At issue is plaintiff’s right to damages from the City of New York based on the City’s failure to maintain the streetlight by replacing the bulb.

Plaintiff sued the driver of the car that hit her, the City of New York and Acolyte Electric Corp., the company which had contracted with the City to maintain and repair streetlights. She alleged that the City was liable because it had breached its nondelegable duties to maintain the streetlights at or near the intersection in good working order and failed to maintain the streets and roadways in a safe condition. The City and Acolyte moved for summary judgment and the trial court granted their motions. The Appellate Division initially affirmed (157 AD2d 634) but on reargument it modified the order by denying the City’s motion for summary judgment, reinstating the complaint against it, and remitting the matter to the trial court for further proceedings (164 AD2d 773). The appeal is before us by leave of the Appellate Division on a certified question. We now reverse. Plaintiff has established neither the City’s legal duty to maintain streetlights nor that the street was defective or unsafe at the accident scene.

A municipality has a duty to maintain its streets in a reasonably safe condition (see, Lopes v Rostad, 45 NY2d 617, 623; Oeters v City of New York, 270 NY 364, 368; Kamnitzer v City of New York, 265 App Div 636, 639). Although authorized to install street lighting by General City Law §20 (7), a municipality generally is required to do so only in certain situations where it is necessary to keep the street safe, i.e., where there is a defect or some unusual condition rendering the street unsafe to the traveling public (see, Griffin v Town of Harrison, 268 NY 238, 241-242; Bauer v Town of Hempstead, 143 AD2d 793, 793-794; Andrews v City of Elmira, 128 App Div 699, 701; Schlicher v City of New York, 175 Misc 696, 697, affd 264 App Div 763; 4B Warren, Negligence in the New York Courts § 67.09 [21] [b], at 424 [4th ed]). The duty to maintain existing streetlights is similarly limited to those situations in which illumination is necessary to avoid dangerous and potentially hazardous conditions (see, Mastro v Maiorino, 174 AD2d 654).

In order to prevail, therefore, plaintiff had to show that the City permitted a dangerous or potentially hazardous condition to exist and cause injury (see, e.g., Bottalico v State of New York, 59 NY2d 302, 305 [roadway shoulder maintained in a dangerous condition]; Barrett v City of Buffalo, 96 AD2d 709, 710 [jury question whether city created a dangerous condition by placing a cover on a water box with inadequate support]; Prager v Motor Vehicle Acc. Ind. Corp., 74 AD2d 844, 845, affd 53 NY2d 854 [traffic light outage deemed a dangerous condition]; Meyer v State of New York, 51 AD2d 828, 829 ["malfunction reports” regarding traffic light placed State on notice of potentially hazardous condition]). Plaintiffs claim that a light bulb burned out was not, standing alone, sufficient to establish a cause of action: she was obliged to show that by failing to replace the bulb, the City created a dangerous condition on the Grand Concourse. The most that appears, however, is that the roadway near the intersection of Field Place is large and at times busy — a condition which exists at many city intersections. The mere outage of the streetlight did not render this reasonably safe street dangerous.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs, defendant City’s motion for summary judgment granted, and the certified question answered in the negative.

Hancock, Jr., J.

(dissenting). I would affirm. I agree with the reasoning of the Appellate Division that "[b]y installing he streetlight in the first instance, the municipality voluntarily undertook to act on behalf of pedestrians such as plaintiff and induced their reasonable reliance on such undertaking (Kircher v City of Jamestown, [74 NY2d 251]; see also, Cuffy v City of New York, 69 NY2d 255). The issue here is thus not one of absence of street lighting, but the negligent maintenance of lighting already installed” (164 AD2d 773, 774-775). Although the City might not have had a duty to install the streetlights in question in the first instance (see, Schlicher v City of New York, 175 Misc 696, 697, affd without opn 264 App Div 763), once the City had undertaken to install the streetlight, it was legally obligated to exercise due care in maintaining it (see, Allen v Town of Hempstead, 145 AD2d 588 [when a municipality undertakes to provide street lighting at a particular location, it may be held liable to a plaintiff who suffers injury due to a hazardous and dark condition created by a broken streetlight that is in close proximity to the site of the accident]; Moch Co. v Rensselaer Water Co., 247 NY 160; see also, Unger v Village of Fayetteville, 175 AD2d 606 [liability of Village upheld on theory that maintenance of existing streetlights is a proprietary function]).

The majority’s reasoning that the City has a duty to maintain installed streetlights only to the extent that the City has a duty to install them in the first instance, it seems to me, is erroneous. Our prior holdings have made clear that a municipality has a duty to act with reasonable care in the absence of a duty to act in the first instance, if the municipality voluntarily undertakes to act (see, Bottalico v State of New York, 59 NY2d 302 [State has a duty to maintain roadway shoulder in reasonably safe condition once it has undertaken to provide a shoulder]; Florence v Goldberg, 44 NY2d 189 [municipality which voluntarily undertook to provide crossing guards at intersections may be held liable for negligent performance of that duty, notwithstanding that, absent a voluntary assumption of the duty, none would have existed]; Moch Co. v Rensselaer Water Co., 247 NY 160, 167, supra ["The hand once set to a task may not always be withdrawn with impunity though liability would fail if it had never been applied at all”]; see also, Kircher v City of Jamestown, 74 NY2d 251; Cuffy v City of New York, 69 NY2d 255; De Long v County of Erie, 60 NY2d 296). The majority provides no reasons for departure from this rule.

Chief Judge Wachtler and Judges Kaye, Titone and Bellacosa concur with Judge Simons; Judge Hancock, Jr., dissents and votes to affirm in a separate opinion in which Judge Alexander concurs.

Order reversed, etc. 
      
       Although the City claims otherwise, plaintiff could have been entitled to damages from the resulting injuries had she proved the street was not reasonably safe without having to establish a "special relationship” between the plaintiff and the City (cf., Kircher v City of Jamestown, 74 NY2d 251, 255; Cuffy v City of New York, 69 NY2d 255, 260).