Case ID: ny-2d_6/html/0549-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Dte, J. Chief Judge Conway (concurring). \n      Van Voorhis, J. (concurring). Fuld, J. (dissenting).", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Richard Johnson, Appellant.
    Argued May 27, 1959;
    decided July 8, 1959.
    
      
      Harry H. Kutner and James G. Blake for appellant.
    I. The statute is unconstitutional as construed by the lower court. (Territory of Hawaii v. Anduha, 48 F. 2d 171; Trio Distrs. Corp. v. City of Albany, 2 N Y 2d 690; Winters v. New York, 333 U. S. 507; Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U. S. 296; People v. Diaz, 4 N Y 2d 469; People v. Bell, 306 N. Y. 110.) II. The statute was never intended to make criminal otherwise innocent activity. (People v. Parker, 208 Misc. 978; Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Burkin, 301 N. Y. 376.) III. Defendant was not guilty even under the lower court’s definition of loitering. (People v. Bell, 306 N. Y. 110.) IV. Defendant did not receive a fair trial.
    
      Manuel W. Levine, District Attorney (Henry P. De Vine of counsel), for respondent.
    I. Guilt was established beyond a reasonable doubt. II. Section 722-b of the Penal Law is not unconstitutional. (People v. Bell, 306 N. Y. 110; People v. Diaz, 4 N Y 2d 469; People v. Parker, 208 Misc. 978; Ellis v. Dixon, 349 U. S. 458, 350 U. S. 855; Matter of Ellis v. Allen, 4 A D 2d 343, 4 N Y 2d 693.) III. The Trial Judge was not prejudicial.
   Dte, J.

The defendant-appellant had been convicted, following a trial without a jury, of disorderly conduct in violation of section 722-b of the Penal Law. That section provides: “ § 722-b. Loitering in school buildings. Any person not the parent or legal guardian of a pupil in regular attendance at said school who loiters in or about any school building or grounds without written permission from the principal, custodian or other person in charge thereof, or in violation of posted rules or regulations governing the use thereof, shall be guilty of disorderly conduct.”

The proof establishes, without any serious doubt, that this defendant and a male companion who, by the way, has not been charged with any violation although he was with the defendant at all times on or about March 21, 1958, entered the Baldwin Senior High School in Baldwin, N. Y., between 2:30 and 2:45 p.m., to meet two friends who were in the school. Concédedly, neither of them were within the exception of the statute, that is, neither was the parent nor the guardian of a student in regular attendance at such school, and had no written permission to be there.

They hung about in the main lobby for about 10 minutes and then, at the suggestion of one of the students whom they had planned to meet and whom they saw as they passed through the lobby, went to the second floor and waited in the corridor outside their home room. Several minutes later when the class was dismissed the defendant and his companion and their two student friends walked down the stairs and out through the lobby and on the school grounds. When outside the defendant put an unlighted cigarette in his mouth. A teacher who was present asked him three different times to remove it and when he did not the teacher reached to take it out of his mouth. The defendant countered by knocking off the teacher’s hat and punching him in the stomach, following which he left. There was also evidence that several weeks before, for good reason which had no bearing on the within charge, the defendant had been warned by a teacher to keep out of the school.

When the defendant took the stand in his own behalf, he did not contradict any of the People’s proof as to the main issue. By his own statement, he admitted he knew he was not supposed to be in the school and grounds but contented himself in denying a series of collateral matters with prior alleged conduct in and about the school establishment which had no relation to the violation charged. In fact his challenge to the conviction is not directed mainly to the sufficiency of the People’s proof, but to the validity of the statute as a constitutional enactment for lack of standards and appropriate definition.

In People v. Diaz (4 N Y 2d 469) and People v. Bell (306 N. Y. 110), we dealt with a loitering statute. In Diaz we set aside a conviction had under a city ordinance which provided that no person shall lounge or loiter about any street or street comer because the prohibiting language was too vague, indefinite and uncertain to define a crime, since the ordinance made no distinction between conduct calculated to harm and that which is essentially innocent in the use of a public street.

There is a vast difference between a statute or ordinance dealing with loitering on a public street or street comer as in Diaz (supra), and a statute which prohibits any person who does not come within the named exceptions to loiter in or about any school building or grounds without written permission of the principal, custodian or other person in charge thereof, or in violation of posted rules and regulations governing the use thereof. A school is in a sense public in that it is endowed and operated by the taxpayers’ money, but it is not public in the sense that any member of the public may use it for his own personal purposes, and is justifiably the proper subject for proscribed acts such as loitering. A school building being of such a restricted public nature, the attack upon section 722-b on constitutional grounds is wholly without merit. Read in the light of the nature of a school building, the statute is sufficiently clear and unambiguous to inform the public of the proscribed act. On its face it simply states that any person who loiters (a term which has by long usage acquired a common and accepted meaning) without permission of the specified persons is guilty of disorderly conduct.

Nor is there any merit to defendant’s contention that the statute was not intended to make criminal an otherwise innocent activity. Loitering in school buildings, or on school grounds, is not an innocent activity. It is common knowledge that law enforcement agencies and school authorities are continuously and increasingly harassed by the presence of unauthorized persons invading the precincts of our schools such, for instance, as dope peddlers, sex offenders, idlers and trouble makers in general, and other persons harboring some Illegitimate purpose involving the innocence of immature school children and youth. Then too, there is the ever present threat of fire and disaster from indiscriminate and careless use of cigarettes in and about the school corridors and buildings. The authorities, we know, are not only charged with the duty of providing children with a proper education, but while so doing must be watchful of their moral and physical safety and well-being. It was for these and other reasons that the enactment of section 722-b was sponsored by the law enforcement authorities and parent organizations, leading boards of education and other civic-minded groups. The nature of the activity carried on in a school building incident to the teaching and protection of children compels restriction against persons loitering in and about the building and grounds wherein these activities are carried on. This interpretation does not conflict with or limit our decision in People v. Bell (supra) which dealt with loitering in and about railway property by a person “ who [was] unable to give a satisfactory explanation of his presence ”.

Here the statute makes definite and certain that one does not qualify as an implied invitee or licensee who needs written permission to frequent a school else he is a trespasser and may be punished for loitering. Here the defendant conceded that he did not come within the statutory exceptions nor did he have permission to enter the school premises and this in face of prior warning to keep out.

The judgment appealed from should be affirmed.

Chief Judge Conway (concurring).

I agree with Judge Dye.

I should like to add a word about the reasons stated in the dissenting opinion for the passage of the act in question. I was in Chicago at a Conference of the Chief Justices at the time, within the last two years, when the nearly one hundred children, who had been burned to death in a school fire there, were buried. Anyone who witnessed any part of the tragedy on that day of sorrow would feel that one of the reasons for the adoption of the act was to prevent just such occurrences. Stupid or thoughtless young people can do as much harm to the defenseless as wicked ones.

I have not seen in the record any concession by anyone that the defendant was in the school for any good purpose. He had been warned previously to stay out of the school, in which he did not belong, nevertheless he returned. He was carrying a cigarette, and whether or not, at the moment, it was lighted or unlighted is not too important.

I do not think that the citations of cases involving railroad stations where people are accustomed to go to see their friends off on trains or to meet them is pertinent. Those places are public places—not school buildings crowded with children.

Van Voorhis, J. (concurring).

“Loiter” assumes different meanings according to the circumstances. As this word is construed in Judge Dye’s opinion, I think that it signifies in section 722-b of the Penal Law that every person not the parent or legal guardian of a pupil in regular attendance at a school is forbidden to enter the school building or grounds without written permission from the principal, custodian or other person in charge — except for the purpose of obtaining such permission. Necessarily the teaching and maintenance staffs of the school are excepted. Posted rules or regulations governing the use of the school building or grounds may provide for the admission of other persons on other occasions, and the use of such buildings and grounds is, of course, subject also to the provisions of the Education Law. This is the gist of Judge Dye’s opinion, as I read it, with which I agree. The rigor of section 722-b, thus construed, is a proper exercise of the police power in view of the problem of maintaining order in the schools, nor is the term “ loitering ” defective on account of vagueness in defining the offense if “ loitering ” is construed in this manner.

Fuld, J. (dissenting).

The defendant, a youngster 17 years old, went into a high school to meet two friends who were students there and wound up with a conviction for disorderly conduct on the ground that waiting for his friends constituted loitering in the building in violation of section 722-b of the Penal Law.

That section was designed to exclude from school areas degenerates, narcotics peddlers, vandals and the like. The statute was broadly worded — to punish one who “loiters” about a school building — but it certainly was never designed to render innocent conduct criminal. The word “loitering” is both broad and nebulous, but what it signifies ■— not only by dictionary definition, but in ordinary everyday speech — is staying about or around a place without any purpose, aimlessly and idly, or for some illegal or illicit purpose. (See, e.g., People v. Diaz, 4 N Y 2d 469; People v. Bell, 306 N. Y. 110.)

The defendant was in the school building for a legitimate purpose and he did nothing wrong or improper while there. Placing a cigarette in his mouth on the steps of the building as he was going out, even if unwise, did. not render him a criminal or constitute “loitering.” We should give to the statute a reasonable and sensible construction, by interpreting it in such a way that it will exclude from our schools only those who are disorderly or have no legitimate motive for being in or about a school building. We should not read it to exclude those who are there, at the end of the school day, to meet friends who attend the school—certainly a good and sufficient reason.

The Legislature, by enacting section 722-b, may have desired to facilitate the conviction of those in a school building for some illicit purpose, but surely it could not have been its design to render criminal and punishable the perfectly innocent conduct of the defendant. Had the Legislature intended, as suggested by Judge Dye and Judge Van Voobhis, an all-inclusive statute, a statute designed to prohibit everyone, except a parent or guardian of a pupil, from entering a school building, it would have been a simple matter for the Legislature to have expressly so provided. The term ‘ loiter ’ which is found in the statute indicates a quite different intent.

If, on the other hand, the section is to be construed as the People urge, and as this court is holding, then, it seems to me, it runs afoul of the requirements of constitutional due process. Indeed, as this court wrote of other legislation which also condemned “loitering ” (People v. Diaz, 4 N Y 2d 469, 470, supra), a statute “must be informative on its face * * * and so explicit that ‘ all men subject to its penalties may know what acts it is their duty to avoid ’ (United States v. Brewer, 139 U. S. 278, 288 * * *). While the term ‘ loiter ’ or ‘ loitering ’ has by long usage acquired a common and accepted meaning * * * it does not follow that by itself, and without more, such term is enough to inform a citizen of its criminal implications and, by the same token, leave it open to arbitrary enforcement.”

I would reverse the judgment and dismiss the information.

Judges Desmond, Fboessel and Btjbke concur with Judge Dye; Chief Judge Conway and Judge Van Vooehis concur with Judge Dye, each in a separate memorandum; Judge Fuld dissents in an opinion.

Judgment affirmed. 
      
      . Section 722-b provides that “ Any person not the parent or legal guardian of a pupil in regular attendance at said school who loiters in or about any school building or grounds without written permission from the principal, custodian or other person in charge thereof, or in violation of posted rules or regulations governing the use thereof, shall be guilty of disorderly conduct.”