Case ID: ad_91/html/0475-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Hooker, J.: Woodward, J. (dissenting):", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Catherine Kennedy, Appellant, v. Alfred T. White, Respondent.
    
      Dismissal of a complaint oñ the opening — a master held not to be liable for the act of his employee in throwing a stick of wood at a' boy passing the master's premises where other unruly boys had congregated.
    
    Where a complaint is dismissed upon the plaintiff's opening to the jury, every " material issue must be resolved in the plaintiff’s favor, and the dismissal is erroneous unless the opening discloses facts precluding the possibility. of a recovery by the plaintiff, or the pleadings present no cause of action.
    
      .On the trial of an action; brought to recover damages by a mother for the-loss of the services of her son, the plaintiff’s counsel stated in his opening 'to the jury that the defendant was the owner of certain tenement houses; that a'man ■ named Voltz was employed about the' premises either as watchman or- janitor,' and that from time to time Voltz drove away unruly and noisy boys who com . gregated in front of the defendant’s premises; that on the day in question, while a number, of boys were making a noise von the sidewalk in front of the defendant’s premises, the plaintiff’s son, who was not and had. not been in the company Of the boys, was standing upon the opposite side of the street; that Voltz came running out Of the doorway of the premises with .a stick in his ’ • hand, and that the crowd of boys ran away;, that Voltz looked after the retreat- . ing boys and tben,looked over to where the plaintiff’s son was, threw the stick and struck him upon the arm inflicting injuries' upon him.
    
      Held, that the complaint was properly dismissed;
    That the conduct of Voltz was such that no inference could be drawn therefrom ■ that when he struck the plaintiff’s son, he was acting or intended to act for his master. ' \
    Woodward, J., dissented. ' . ■
    • Appeal by the plaintiff, Catherine Kennedy, from. a. judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office, of the clerk of the county of Kings on the 2.0th day of March, 1903, upon the dismissal of the complaint by direction of the court upon the plaintiff’s opening after a trial at. the¡ Kings' County Trial Term..
    
      W. C. Beecher, for the appellant.
    
      R. Burnham Moffat, for the respondent.
   Hooker, J.:

The complaint was dismissed upon the trial after the plaintiff had completed her opening to the jury. Before addressing that body her attorney stated to the court that with its permission and by the consent of counsel he would present a full statement of facts as he ■ understood the' witnesses would testify, to the end that he might invite a motion to dismiss, , and to have the question of law whether the facts constituted a cause of action determined at the outset-This course was pursued and resulted in the dismissal of the complaint. From the judgment entered thereon the plaintiff appeals.

The record, therefore, presents legal questions in the same phase - as if the plaintiff had been nonsuited,, or 'as if a verdict had been directed against her at the close of all the evidence. Unless the opening,shows such facts as preclude the possibility of recovery, or some other fact fatal to the plaintiff’s right of action, or where the pleadings present no cause of action, the dismissal is erroneous. Every material issue must be resolved in plaintiff’s favor. (Hoffman House v. Foote, 172 N. Y. 348; Montgomery v. Boyd, 78 App. Div. 64.)

The facts stated by the plaintiff were briefly these: The defendant was the owner of tenement houses at the corner of Hicks arid Warren streets in the borough of Brooklyn; for a number of years prior to the day of the occurrence of the facts which give rise to the action a man named Yoltz had been around the premises, either as watchman or janitor, or at least had been seen from time to time removing ashes from the premises, sweeping out the place, sweeping the sidewalk, and from time to time Yoltz drove away “ unruly and noisy boys who had congregated in front of the flats in that neighborhood.” On the day in question Yoltz was on the premises when the plaintiff’s son, Arthur Kennedy, coming from his home, was walking by on the sidewalk across the street from the flats, when he noticed a number of boys who were “running on the same side of the street as the flats, down in front of the flats laughing and shouting and making quite a noise.” The boys in that neighborhood are somewhat unruly and noisy. While plaintiff’s son was standing there Yoltz came running out of the doorway of the premises with a stick of wood in his hand, when the crowd of boys, who were on the same Side of the street as the flats, cleared off and went back to the corner from which they came. The plaintiff’s son was-directly across the street from where Yoltz came out; when the latter emerged from his premises upon the sidewalk he looked after the running boys; then “ looked off to where the plaintiff’s boy was and then threw this stick he had and struck the boy upon the arm,” inflicting injuries upon him; the plaintiff has lost the services of her son. Between the outer wall of defendant’s flats and the place where the boy stood when he was injured were the sidewalk in front of the premises and the whole width of the highway.

This state of facts required a dismissal of the complaint. - The principles of law applicable to the case have been settled by a long line of carefully and well-considered decisions; the difficulty consists in their proper application. We had occasion to review the most important of these in the decision of Collins v. Butler (83 App. Div. 12) where it was held as matter of law that the owner of a store-was liable foi’ the .act of his clerk in perpetrating an unprovoked, wanton assault upon a customer. . (Mali v. Lord, 39 N. Y. 381; Dupre v. Childs, 52 App. Div. 306 affd. on opinion below, 169 N. Y. 585 ; Rounds v. D., L. & W. R. R. Co., 64 id. 129; Cohen v. D. D., E. B. & B. R. R. Co., 69 id. 170 ; Mott v. Consumers’ Ice Co., 73 id. 543 ; Ochsenbein v. Shapley, 85 id. 214; Fogarty v. Wanamaker, 60 App. Div. 433 Burns v. Glens Falls R. R. Co., 4 id. 426 ; Higgins v. Watervliet Turnpike Co., 46 N. Y. 23 ; Meehan v. Morewood, 52 Hun, 566 ; affd. on opinion below, 126 N. Y. 667 ; Geraty v. Stern, 30 Hun, 426 ; Dwinelle v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 120 N. Y. 117; Palmeri v. M. R, Co., 133 id. 261 ; Girvin v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 166 id. 289.)

The discussion of the rules of law bearing upon the master’s liability for negligent, wanton - ór willful acts of his employees, contained in these cases, has culminated in the recent decision of the Court of Appeals that the doctrinéis as follows: “ For the.acts of a servant, within the general scope of his employment, while engaged in his master’s business, and done with a .view to the furtherance- of that business and the master’s interest, the master will be responsible, whether the act be done- negligently, wantonly or even willfully. * * '.* But if a servant goes outside of his employment, • and without regard to his service, acting maliciously or in order* to-effect some purpose of his own, wantonly commits a trespass or causes damage to another, the master is not responsible.’’ (Girvin v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., supra ; Mott v. Consumers’ Ice Co., supra) The facts Upon which the .Court of Appeals decided the Girvin case were - substantially that the plaintiff, a lad of fourteen years, was -engaged with others in & trespass upon the defendant’s freight train for the purpose of unlawfully -riding thereupon ; that-just as the train started one of defendant’s brakemen came toward him, and the plaintiff, after running across a flat car, jumped from the train, and that as he jumped the brákeman also jumped from the car upon him, striking him before he reached the ground, breaking his leg, and‘then raising him up from the ground-continued, the assault. 1 In that cáse the court said it was -inclined to the view that -the' jury might have found that the assault upon the plaintiff commenced on the car before they left the train, and announced that “ if the assault was commenced before leaving the car, the brakeman was acting within the scope of his employment, and the defendant became liable for his acts.” (Id. 292.)

The case at bar presents an assault of somewhat different character. Here Kennedy, when hurt, was not and had not been in the company of the crowd of boys, and there is no evidence upon which it could be predicated that Yoltz conceived Kennedy to be committing a breach of the peace; the boy was simply an observer of what was taking place; he had not been and was not then nearer the plaintiff’s premises than the sidewalk across the public street. In the Gvrvi/n case the employee was directing his attention toward and his assault upon one who he evidently conceived was interfering with his master’s property and rights; no possible view of the facts at bar would warrant an assumption that Yoltz had in mind that the injured boy was doing anything to prevent which he might possibly be acting to the furtherance of his.master’s business or his master’s interests. If the brakeman in the Girvin case had chased off his train, by threatening to throw a lump of coal, a trespassing crowd of boys, and then turning and discovering a strange lad at the side of the railroad and without the right of way, had struck him with the coal, this case would have been presented, and wé do not believe that the facts would have been thought such as to warrant their submission to a jury. Or, in' the case at bar, had, Yoltz aimed his cudgel at the retreating crowd of boys and injured one, the rule in the Girvin case might have been held applicable, for then Yoltz considering, as he might, that it was his duty in the service of his master to prevent a breach of the peace on the side-walk in front of his master’s premises, would have been doing an act, although accomplished by negligence, wantonness and willfulness perhaps, which the jury would have been permitted to say was in the master’s interest. This illustration is used without deciding the proposition which was argued at the bar, whether the defendant would be liable in a case where the, servant set in motion on the master’s premises forces which accomplished the infliction of injuries at a point without their limits.

The case of Grimes v. Young (51 App. Div. 239), decided in this department upon the opinion of Hr. Justice Babtlett, seems to present a state of facts more nearly similar to those in hand than were disclosed in the Qinim, case. The plaintiff’s intestate was shot down by one Buck, night watchman on defendants’ premises, and this language is to be found in the opinion: It is not clear from the evidence that when Buck fired the fatal shot he had gone on duty for the night as the defendants’ watchman; but whether he had or not, it is manifest that his assault upon G-rimes was an act wholly outside the scope of his employment and having no connect tion whatever therewith. The Grimes boy was not upon the premises of the defendants, nor had he made any attempt to' trespass upon their property or interfere therewith. He had been bathing in the river with a number of companions; and after leaving the water, and while standing upon the public wharf, was shot down by Buck without the slightest provocation.”. (Id. 241.) In that case it was held that the master was not liable.

The conduct of Yoltz, we think, was such that there "can be drawn therefrom no inference that he was acting or intended to act for his master in striking the boy Kennedy; he went outside his employment and without regard to his service committed a trespass for which the defendant is not responsible.

The judgment should be affirmed.

All concurred, except Woodward, J., reading for reversal and Bartlett, J., taking no part.

Woodward, J. (dissenting):

While this case is not free from doubt, I am disposed to dissent from the result reached by the majority of this court. Assuming the most favorable inference from the facts, the defendant’s janitor, for the purpose of driving away some noisy and troublesome boys, ran out upon the sidewalk in front of the defendant’s premises, and seeing plaintiff’s son on the opposite side of the street, and, no doubt, assuming him to have been one of those who had been producing the disturbance, threw a club at him, causing the injuries complained of here. If he was the defendant’s janitor or watchman and had charge of the premises, he was given the authority to ■ drive away such persons as should trespass upon or annoy those who were lawfully in possession of the premises, and in the act of driving these boys away he was doing the work of the master. He had the right to use such force as was necessary to accomplish the result, and if he used more force, or improper means, he was still ■doing what the master might have done, arid the latter is responsible within well-defined limits. In the case now before us the janitor 'did not leave the defendant’s premises; he was still upon the sidewalk, with reference to which he had, or might have had, duties to discharge for the master, the injury being done by throwing a stick ■across the street. If, while upon the sidewalk, and in the act of ■driving the plaintiff’s son away from the premises, the janitor had ¡struck the boy with a club, it seems quite clear that, within the authorities, the defendant would have been liable for the tort, and it is difficult to understand how the rule can be different where the ¡same result follows from the throwing of the club across the street. The janitor was none the less engaged in the work of the master, ■and the mere fact that he made a mistake and threw the club at a boy who had not been engaged in the mischief does not alter the ■case.

The rule recognized in all the recent cases is that, for the acts of the servant, within the general scope of his employment, while engaged in his master’s business, and done with a view to the furtherance of that business and the furtherance of the master’s interest, the master will be responsible, whether the acts are done negligently, wantonly, or even willfully. In general terms, if the ¡servant misconducts himself in the course of his employment, his •acts are the acts of the master, who must answer for them (Mott v. Consumers’ Ice Co., 73 N. Y. 543, 547), and while there are exceptions to this rule, they all proceed upon the ground that the acts of the servant are not done in the course of the service, and were not such as the servant intended and believed to be for the interests of the master. (Mott v. Consumers’ Ice Co., supra.) Assuming that the janitor in this case supposed that he was doing the will of the master in driving these boys away; that he was engaged in a ' work which had for its object the welfare of the master’s ' "property, can it be said that the master was not liable because the servant exceeded his authority to drive away those who were actually engaged in disturbing the premises, and committed an assault upon an entirely innocent person ? It seems to me that the only test in cases of this character is whether the servant, at the time, is engaged in the general work of the master; whether his acts are in the discharge of his duty as an employee, or are such as in their very nature take them out of this classification. Generally where a man is at work for another he is presumed to use his energies in behalf of his employer, and it is only where he. abandons this employment and assumes to act for his own purposes that the master is relieved from responsibility for his acts. The general rule is that of liability, and this continues unless the fact is proved to the satisfaction of the jury that the servant willfully and maliciously, and to effect some purpose of his own, outside of his employment, committed the injury ; in other words, that at the time of the injury, and in the act of its commission, the relation of master and servant did not exist. (Mott v. Consumers’ Ice Co., supra, 549.) Clearly the jury might have drawn the inference that the janitor was in the discharge of his duty in driving away the boys who had been disturbing the tenants of the building, and if this was in fact his duty, the methods which he made use of, or the fact that he .threw a club from the defendant’s premises, did not alter the case; the master was answerable for the conduct of his-servant. A willful act which will exempt a master from liability for the tort, of his servant must be done outside of bis duty and his master’s business, and when the master, sued for an injury resulting from the tortuous act of his servant while apparently engaged in-executing his orders, claims exemption upon the ground that the servant was, in fact, pursuing his own purposes, without reference to his master’s business, and was acting maliciously and willfully, it must, ordinarily, be left to the jury to determine this, issue upon a. consideration of all the facts and circumstances proved. (Rounds v. D., L. & W. R. R. Co., 64 N. Y. 129, 137, 138, and authority there cited; Craven v. Bloomingdale, 171 id. 439, 450. See Palmeri v. M. R. Co., 133 id. 261.)

' So far as appears, the janitor, in anything that he did,- did not act for any purpose of his own, but to drive away the boys from the-premises of his master. It matters not that he exceeded the powers-conferred upon him by his principal, and that he did an act that the principal was not authorized to do, so long as he acted in the line of his duty, or, being engaged in the service of the defendant. attempted to perform a duty pertaining, or which he believed to pertain, to that service. (Lynch v. Metropolitan El. R. Co., 90 N. Y. 77, 86, 87, and authorities there cited.) Of course, if the janitor simply ran out into the street and threw a club at the plaintiff’s son, he would not be acting within the line of any duty which he owed to the master, and he would be alone liable. But if, as is here suggested, the janitor was in the act of driving off trespassers and threw this club, he was engaged in doing that which he conceived to be in the interests of his master, and the latter is liable for his errors in judgment or for faults of temperament by which third persons suffer injury.

I think this judgment should be reversed.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.