Case ID: sw3d_393/html/0751-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "KELLER, P.J., PRICE, J., MEYERS, J.,", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

In re the STATE of Texas ex rel. Jennifer THARP, Relator.
    No. AP-76,916.
    Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
    Nov. 14, 2012.
    Rehearing Denied Feb. 6, 2013.
    Dissenting Opinion on Denial of Rehearing Feb. 27, 2013.
    
      John G. Jasuta, David A. Schulman, Austin, Stanley G. Schneider, Houston, for Respondent.
    Sammy M. McCrary, Asst. District Atty., New Braunfels, Lisa C. McMinn, State’s Attorney, for State.
   KELLER, P.J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court

in which KEASLER, HERVEY, COCHRAN, and ALCALÁ, JJ., joined.

The State seeks the issuance of a writ of mandamus to require a trial judge to submit the entire case — both guilt and punishment — to the jury after the defendant pled guilty to the jury. We shall grant relief.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Plea Proceedings

Cary Faulkner was charged with felony DWI. He reached an agreement with the State to plead guilty in exchange for a sentence of four years in prison, a $2000 fine, a two-year driver’s-license suspension, and a deadly-weapon finding. When the trial judge, the Honorable Dibbrell Waldrip, asked Faulkner where he lived, Faulkner mentioned that he went to high school with the judge’s brother. Judge Waldrip and Faulkner then engaged in a brief conversation unrelated to the case. Before deciding whether to accept the plea agreement, Judge Waldrip ordered a pre-sentence investigation (PSI).

In a hearing after the PSI, Judge Wal-drip and the parties discussed the fact that Faulkner’s felony probation had been revoked in Guadalupe County and he had been sentenced to four years. The present DWI sentence was to run concurrently with the sentence in the revocation case, and Judge Waldrip expressed his thought that if the sentences were concurrent, then the present case should carry a five-year sentence. The prosecutor explained that the deadly-weapon finding would ensure that Faulkner would serve at least half of his four-year term, which was not guaranteed in the revocation case.

Judge Waldrip said he was not inclined to make a deadly-weapon finding so that he could have “all options available to us as need be.” The prosecutor would not agree to remove the deadly-weapon finding from the plea agreement, even in exchange for the higher sentence of five years. Judge Waldrip asked why, and the prosecutor responded that, without the deadly-weapon finding, the defendant “would then be eligible for shock probation, and I have no plans for Mr. Faulkner being on probation.” Judge Waldrip then asked, “How would you control that at a jury trial.” The prosecutor replied, “[0]nce the jury makes a finding of the deadly weapon, the court has a ministerial duty to enter it into the judgment and then he cannot get probation or shock probation.” Judge Wal-drip responded, “[presuming I put it in the jury charge,” and asked if the prosecutor had a case to support his position. The judge asked the prosecutor if he wanted to “jump through those hoops” and concluded by suggesting that the prosecutor was “going to be doing a bunch of work for nothing.”

The prosecutor complained that the parties had worked out a deal, and he did not “know why there’s a problem with that.” Judge Waldrip responded that punishing the defendant “is not going to cure his addiction.” The prosecutor then expressed discomfort with Judge Waldrip presiding over the case due to the judge’s earlier conversation with Faulkner. Ultimately, Judge Waldrip rejected the plea agreement and set the case for a jury trial.

B. Trial

Before the beginning of trial, Faulkner elected to have the trial judge assess punishment. At trial, after the jury was sworn, Faulkner pled guilty. The prosecutor then asserted that Faulkner’s plea rendered the trial a unitary proceeding, and therefore, the jury was to assess punishment. But Judge Waldrip ruled that punishment would be assessed by himself, not the jury.

The State filed an application for emergency stay and a petition for a writ of mandamus with the Third Court of Appeals, which denied relief. The State then filed with this Court an application for emergency stay of the proceedings, a motion for leave to file a petition for a writ of mandamus, and a petition for a writ of mandamus. We granted a stay and requested a response from Judge Waldrip.

II. ANALYSIS

A.Standards for Mandamus

To be entitled to mandamus relief, the relator must show that: (1) he has no adequate remedy at law, and (2) what he seeks to compel is a ministerial act. With respect to the second requirement, the relator must show a clear right to the relief sought. A clear right to relief is shown when the facts and circumstances dictate but one rational decision “under unequivocal, well-settled (i.e., from extant statutory, constitutional, or case law sources), and clearly controlling legal principles.”

B.No Adequate Remedy

The relator and respondent agree that the State has no adequate remedy at law. We agree.

C.Ministerial Duty

The State contends that, once a defendant pleads guilty before a jury, the law provides that the trial becomes unitary, requiring the jury to be instructed to return a verdict of guilty and to assess punishment. The State argues that Judge Waldrip’s insistence that he will assess punishment usurps the legal requirement that the jury assess punishment in this type of situation.

Judge Waldrip contends that there is no existing case law or statutory law requiring the action which Relator suggests is appropriate. Judge Waldrip contends that the discussion of unitary trials is essentially irrelevant, because it begs the true question: “whether the State may, by refusing to consent to a defendant’s waiver of a jury, cause the defendant’s election of the trial court as assessor of punishment to be abrogated.” Arguing that the law is not clear or well settled, he attempts to distinguish some of the cases upon which the State relies. Judge Waldrip also contends that judge-assessed punishment after a plea of guilty to a jury is authorized by Articles 26.14 and 37.07 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. Finally, he contends that the State’s position would lead to absurd results because the defendant would be forced to play out a charade — in which he elects the trial judge to assess punishment, pleads not guilty to a jury, but then admits his guilt to the jury — in order to have punishment determined by the trial judge.

We disagree with Judge Waldrip’s contention that the law does not clearly provide for the relief the State seeks. Article 26.14 provides:

Where a defendant in a case of felony persists in pleading guilty or in entering a plea of nolo contendere, if the punishment is not absolutely fixed by law, a jury shall be impaneled to assess the punishment and evidence may be heard to enable them to decide thereupon, unless the defendant in accordance with Articles 1.13 or 37.07 shall have waived his right to trial by jury.

This statute makes a jury trial on punishment the default option for a defendant who pleads guilty in a felony case. To avoid the default option, the guilty-pleading defendant must waive his right to a jury under either Article 1.13 or Article 87.07. To waive a jury under Article 1.13, the defendant must have the State’s consent. The relator and respondent agree that the State did not and will not consent in this case. Judge Waldrip’s contention is that Faulkner could and did waive his right to a jury under Article 37.07. That contention is not correct.

Article 37.07 provides in relevant part:

(a) In all criminal cases, other than [certain] misdemeanor cases ..., which are tried before a jury on a plea of not guilty, the judge shall, before argument begins, first submit to the jury the issue of guilt or innocence of the defendant of the offense or offenses charged, without authorizing the jury to pass upon the punishment to be imposed....
(b) [I]f a finding of guilty is returned, it shall then be the responsibility of the judge to assess the punishment applicable to the offense; provided, however, that ... [in] cases where the defendant so elects in writing before the commencement of the voir dire examination of the jury panel, the punishment shall be assessed by the same jury.... If a finding of guilty is returned, the defendant may, with the consent of the attorney for the state, change his election of one who assesses the punishment.

Over forty years ago, in Rojas v. State, we construed the interplay between Article 26.14 and this portion of Article 37.07. In that case, after the defendant pled guilty to a jury, he objected that the court’s charge did not instruct the jury to determine punishment. The trial judge overruled this objection and conducted a punishment hearing to the bench. We held, unequivocally, that “Article 37.07, supra, by its terms applies to pleas of not guilty alone.” We further explained that “[i]n cases where Article 37.07, supra, is applicable, the time for waiving the right to have the jury assess the punishment does not arrive until such jury has found the defendant guilt/’ and thus, it could not be said that the defendant had waived a jury “in accordance with Article 37.07.” We further observed that a former draft of the Code “had made provisions for election prior to the selection of the jury” and that “[t]his, and the possibility that the plea of guilty may be withdrawn during the trial, may explain the reference to Article 37.07 in Article 26.14.” So the trial judge erred in refusing to submit the question of punishment to the jury. Stated succinctly, Rojas construed Article 26.14 as providing that a plea of guilty results in punishment being determined by a jury unless the defendant waives a jury with the State’s consent.

There are only two factual differences of any note between the present case and Rojas. In Rojas, it was the defendant, rather than the State, who was complaining that the trial judge had usurped the function of the jury. This factual difference is immaterial, as Article 26.14 codified a long-standing rule that was intended primarily for the State’s benefit:

It is not a provision, insofar as it requires evidence to be submitted, which is intended solely for the benefit of the defendant. It is intended, also, and more especially, to protect the interests of the State, by preventing aggravated cases of crime to be covered up by the plea of guilty, so as to allow the criminal to escape with the minimum punishment fixed by law.

The second difference is that Article 37.07 now provides that the defendant must elect a jury for punishment before the commencement of voir dire instead of after a verdict of guilty. The timing of the election requirement in our current statute seems to be the same as the “former draft of the Code” to which we had referred in Rojas. But our reference to the former draft of the code was in conjunction with the “the possibility that the plea of guilty may be withdrawn during trial,” which is based upon our longstanding rule that a defendant has an unconditional right to change his plea from “guilty” to “not guilty” at any time before the jury retires for deliberations. If the defendant changes his plea from “guilty” to “not guilty,” then Article 37.07 would become applicable, and if Article 37.07 required the defendant to elect a jury determination of punishment before jury selection, then a mid-trial change of plea could cause that earlier election (or failure to elect) to suddenly become controlling.

In our opinion on the State’s motion for rehearing in Rojas, we made clear that several aspects of our statutory scheme, which remain substantively the same today, supported our conclusion that the Article 37.07 punishment-election provision did not apply to guilty pleas. We pointed to several provisions in Article 36.01, and, more importantly, we asked, “If it was the intention of the Legislature that the alternate procedure provided in Art. 37.07 should apply where the plea is guilty, why did they not say so in said Article instead of saying ‘and where the plea is not guilty — .’?”

In 1967, the phrase “and where the plea is not guilty” was changed to the current wording “which are tried before a jury on a plea of not guilty.” A few years after our decision in Rojas we quoted the current language in italics to emphasize that Article 37.07’s bifurcated procedure is not applicable to pleas of guilty in a felony case before a jury. We explained: “Since the very purpose of offering evidence before a jury on a plea of guilty in a felony case is to enable them to properly assess the punishment, it seems a rather useless thing to empanel a jury and then not permit them to assess the punishment after hearing evidence offered for that purpose.” Even in a capital case, we have held, based on the rule for non-capital felonies, that a plea of guilty to a jury eliminates guilt as an issue to be determined and makes it “proper for the trial judge in his charge to instruct the jury to return a verdict of guilty, charge the jury on the law as to the punishment issues and then instruct them to decide only those issues.” We have more recently declared that “pleas of guilty in felony cases either before a judge or jury have always been unitary,” and that, “[o]nce the guilty plea is entered, the procedure becomes a ‘unitary trial’ to determine the remaining issue of punishment.”

We do not agree with Judge Wal-drip’s claim that the “discussion of unitary trials is essentially irrelevant.” We think it is crucial. If guilt and punishment are determined by different finders of fact, then the trial is necessarily a two-stage trial. By definition, a unitary trial is not a two-stage trial. As the above discussion indicates, both statute and caselaw are unequivocal that a plea of guilty causes the trial to become unitary. So, in such a trial there is only one finder of fact and that finder of fact determines the issue of punishment.

Judge Waldrip contends that an absurd result flows from this rule because the defendant would merely go through the charade of pleading not guilty but admitting guilt. One answer to this contention is that the statutory scheme nevertheless requires that guilty pleas give rise to unitary trials, whatever one may think of the wisdom of that scheme. Another is that the facts of the present case refute Judge Waldrip’s contention. During the plea proceedings, the State expressed its intent to have the deadly-weapon issue decided by a jury. The State may be able to obtain a deadly-weapon finding from the jury at the guilt phase of trial either through the wording of the offense submission in the jury charge or through a special issue. And also, the defendant’s plea of guilty, being an acknowledgment of responsibility, could conceivably favorably impact the punishment determination.

D. Clean Hands and Right to a Fair Trial

Judge Waldrip contends that the State has unclean hands because it kept secret its plans to have the jury determine punishment via a unitary trial, and that by failing to share its plans, the State has wasted the time of the trial judge, the venire, and the jury that was actually selected. He also contends that, if the State succeeds, Faulkner will have been deprived of his constitutional right to a fair trial because the State’s strategy of having the jury assess punishment caused defense counsel not to conduct a vigorous voir dire on that issue.

Further, Judge Waldrip contends that, if we rule in the State’s favor, Faulkner’s lawyer will undoubtedly move for a mistri-. al, and if a mistrial is granted, further prosecution will be barred by double jeopardy because the State goaded the defense into moving for a mistrial. Judge Waldrip also contends that if retrial is not barred, then Faulkner will plead “not guilty” before the jury, admit guilt at trial, and the trial judge will still assess punishment.

But the fact that a guilty plea to a jury results in a unitary trial before that jury, even after the enactment of Article 37.07, has been well-established law for over forty years. It was the defendant’s decision to plead guilty. He could have chosen to plead not guilty, and the trial would have been bifurcated, with the trial judge assessing punishment. The State is not responsible for the defendant’s strategic choices. There never was an option to plead guilty before the jury and have the trial judge assess punishment. If Faulkner and his defense attorney wanted the trial judge to assess punishment, Faulkner’s only option was to plead not guilty.

And if that’s the option Faulkner would have chosen if he had been correctly advised about the law, then he still had the opportunity to do so after the State revealed its belief that the trial had become unitary. He could have changed his plea of guilty to not guilty and caused the trial to become bifurcated. He may still have that option.

As for the argument that the State has wasted the jury’s time, no one has suggested that the statutes permit Judge Waldrip to decide both guilt and punishment without the State’s consent. Some sort of jury trial was going to occur regardless of when the State revealed its belief that a guilty plea would cause the trial to become unitary. It was inevitable that the jurors would sit through the jury-selection process and listen to evidence presented at some sort of hearing.

But, if the present case had proceeded on a plea of guilty in the manner Judge Waldrip originally intended, a jury trial would have occurred in which the only issue the jury would decide — guilt—was already determined by a guilty plea. Under those circumstances, the jurors would have been sent back to the jury room with a jury charge that instructed them to find the defendant guilty and did not direct them to decide any other matter. Conducting jury selection, but giving the jury no real decision-making power, would seem like more of a waste of time. By contrast, the State’s intended course of action would result in jurors deciding punishment if Faulkner pled guilty or deciding guilt if Faulkner pled not guilty. Even if Faulkner pled not guilty, and that plea were accompanied by a defense concession at trial that Faulkner was in fact guilty, the jury would at least have something to decide, even if that decision seems like a foregone conclusion.

But, as explained above, there may be other consequences to having a trial on a plea of not guilty. The State may be able to obtain a deadly-weapon finding from the jury at the guilt phase of trial. And pleading not guilty forgoes the explicit acknowledgment of responsibility that a plea of guilty provides. A defendant who pleads not guilty could explicitly acknowledge responsibility by testifying, but then he would be subject to cross-examination.

We conditionally grant mandamus and direct Judge Waldrip to proceed with trial, submitting all relevant issues, including punishment, to the jury so long as Faulkner’s plea of guilty remains in place. The writ of mandamus will issue only in the event Judge Waldrip fails to comply within thirty days of the date of this opinion.

PRICE, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which JOHNSON, J., joined.

WOMACK, J., concurred.

MEYERS, J., did not participate.

PRICE, J.,

filed a dissenting opinion in which JOHNSON, J., joined.

When it became clear that the trial judge in the underlying felony DWI prosecution, Judge Dibbrell Waldrip, did not intend to make a deadly weapon finding, the State withdrew its plea offer to Faulkner, the defendant. When Faulkner persisted in wanting to waive a jury trial and plead guilty before the court, the State declined to consent to the waiver, as it is absolutely entitled to do under Article 1.13 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Judge Waldrip empaneled a jury accordingly. In what was apparently a surprise to the State, Faulkner then pled guilty to the jury, but requested that Judge Wal-drip assess punishment. Judge Waldrip agreed and proposed to dismiss the jury. The State now seeks mandamus relief, arguing that a guilty plea before the jury is a unitary proceeding and that the jury must act as fact-finder — in fact, its only job under these circumstances is to hear evidence relevant to assessing punishment.

We ordered a response from Judge Wal-drip. In his response, Judge Waldrip points to the proviso in Article 26.14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, arguing that he had the authority to assess punishment even in the context of the “unitary proceeding” that follows a guilty plea to the jury — or, at least, that the law is not so clear otherwise that mandamus action is justified. After examining the case law and statutory history, I agree.

A defendant in a criminal case does not have a constitutional right to have a jury assess his punishment. But in Texas, he does have a statutory option to go to the jury for punishment in a felony case. If he pleads not guilty, the statutory default is that the judge “shall” assess punishment, but the defendant may obtain jury assessment of punishment if he timely elects it or, later, if the State consents to it, under the terms of Article 37.07, Section 2(b). If, however, he “persists in pleading guilty” in a felony case, the statutory default under Article 26.14 is different: in that event, the jury “shall” assess punishment, “unless the defendant in accordance with Articles 1.13 or 37.07 shall have waived his right to trial by jury.” In this case, of course, the State did not consent to a waiver or jury trial under Article 1.13, and it is on the basis of its having withheld consent that the State now insists that the judge lacks the authority to assess Faulkner’s punishment.

But what about Article 26.14’s independent allusion to the defendant’s option to “waive his right to trial by jury” under Article 37.07? Judge Waldrip argues that Faulkner did independently “waive” jury punishment by failing to elect it prior to trial and falling back on Article 37.07(2)(b)’s default of assessment of punishment by the judge. Whether this argument is sustainable depends, it seems to me, upon what Article 26.14 means when it refers to an independent “right to trial by jury” that can be “waived” under Article 37.07.

To me, it is a puzzler. Right up until the 1965 revision to the Code of Criminal Procedure, the predecessors to Article 26.14, going all the way back to the Old Code of 1857, were absolute in their requirement of jury assessment of punishment in felony guilty plea cases. There was no option to waive jury punishment. If Article 26.14 still read identically to its predecessors, then the State would clearly be entitled to the mandamus relief that it seeks in this case. Moreover, the added provision for waiver under Article 1.13 in current Article 26.14 would make no difference, since the State need not, and did not, consent to such a waiver in this case. Mandamus would still lie.

Judge Waldrip does well, therefore, to focus on Article 26.14’s allusion to “waiver” of jury trial under Article 37.07. But therein lies the puzzle. Prior to the 1965 Code revision, all trials in Texas were unitary, whether on a plea of guilty or not guilty, before a judge or a jury. With the advent of Article 37.07, the Legislature for the first time provided that a felony trial on a plea of not guilty before a jury could be bifurcated. We have said that “the bifurcation statute applies only to pleas of not guilty before a jury.” Nothing in Article 87.07, either as originally enacted or now, explicitly refers to any “waiver” of the statutory right to trial by jury to assess punishment on a guilty plea.

Within six months of the effective date of Article 37.07, this Court struggled with the interplay between newly-amended Article 26.14 and newly-minted Article 37.07, in Rojas v. State. Indicted for felony DWI, Rojas persisted in pleading guilty after he was arraigned, so the trial court empaneled a jury, “evidence was presented, and the jury was then instructed by the court to find [Rojas] guilty.” But the trial court refused to submit the issue of punishment to the jury, instead assessing punishment itself. On appeal, Rojas complained that the trial court erred to proceed under Article 37.07 instead of Article 26.14. Writing for the Court on original submission, Judge Morrison held that, because Rojas had pled guilty, Article 26.14 controlled, noting that Article 37.07 “by its terms applies to pleas of not guilty alone.” Turning to his application of newly amended Article 26.14, Judge Morrison observed that the Rojas had not waived his right to jury trial under Article I.13, so there could be no judicial assessment of punishment on that account. With respect to Article 26.14’s allusion to waiver under Article 37.07, Judge Morrison observed:

In cases where Article 37.07, supra, is applicable the time for waiving the right to have the jury assess the punishment does not arrive until such jury has found the defendant guilty, hence it cannot be said that appellant had waived such right ‘in accordance with Article 37.07.’
To the contrary, he objected to the court’s charge because the question of punishment was not submitted to the jury-
A former draft of the Code had made provisions for election prior to the selection of the jury. This, and the possibility that the plea of guilty may be withdrawn during the trial, may explain the reference to Article 37.07 in Article 26.14.

Because Rojas never waived his right to jury assessment of punishment, Judge Morrison held, the trial court reversibly erred to assess punishment itself. This holding was upheld on rehearing.

Judge Morrison was exactly right that, as originally enacted, Article 37.07, Section 2(b), provided for judicial assessment of punishment “except when the defendant, upon the return of a finding of guilty, requests that the punishment be assessed by the same jury.” Rojas himself made no such request, so he could not have “waived” the right to jury punishment under the provisions of Article 37.07 as it then read. Of course, now Article 37.07, Section 2(b), provides the same as the “former draft of the Code” to which Judge Morrison alluded, namely, that punishment shall be assessed by the judge unless the defendant “elects” jury assessment “in writing before the commencement of the voir dire examination of the jury pan-elf.]” Thus, Judge Morrison seems to have contemplated that, by selecting the judge for punishment in accordance with Article 37.07, Section 2(b), a defendant who has pled guilty to a jury may nevertheless “waive” jury assessment of punishment within the meaning of Article 26.14’s allusion to waiver of “his right to trial by jury” under Article 37.07. Presumably, this would remain true notwithstanding our subsequent holdings that a plea of guilty before a jury is a “unitary proceeding.”

This is exactly the same position that Judge Waldrip takes now (although he does not cite our opinion in Rojas). Faulkner did not elect to go to the jury for punishment before the commencement of voir dire, he argues, and he thereby “waived” his right to jury-assessed punishment for purposes of Article 26.14. I am unaware of any case since Rojas that definitively establishes that he is wrong to interpret the ambiguous statutory scheme in this way. At most, the question remains unsettled. Under the circumstances, it seems to me that the law is too amorphous to justify mandamus action against the trial court.

As the court of appeals apparently concluded when it denied mandamus relief, I also conclude that the State has failed to demonstrate a clear right to the relief it seeks. Accordingly, I would not issue the writ of mandamus, and I respectfully dissent to the Court’s decision today, albeit conditionally, to do so.

Rehearing denied.

MEYERS, J.,

filed a statement dissenting to the denial of Respondent’s Motion for Rehearing.

Article 37.07, Section 2(b), provides that punishment shall be assessed by the judge unless the defendant elects jury assessment in writing before the commencement of the voir dire examination of the jury panel. This was not the case when Rojas v. State, 404 S.W.2d 30 (Tex.Crim.App.1966) was decided. Back then, a defendant could request that the jury assess punishment after the jury returned a guilty verdict. Therefore, Rojas really does not apply to this case and should not have been relied upon by the majority. Additionally, because we have no case law indicating that the defendant’s waiver of his right to jury-assessed punishment was improper, the State failed to demonstrate a clear right to the mandamus relief it sought. Therefore, I would grant Respondent’s motion for rehearing and reconsider our holding in this case.

I respectfully dissent to the majority’s denial of the motion for rehearing. 
      
      . Driving while intoxicated.
     
      
      . The State subsequently filed a motion to recuse. Although he declined to recuse Judge Waldrip on the basis of partiality, the recusal judge said, "I think he did abuse his discretion.” The recusal judge also suggested that the State could file a petition for a writ of mandamus to require the trial judge to submit a deadly-weapon issue to the jury, if that issue were raised by the evidence.
     
      
      . The State asserts that Judge Waldrip refused to allow the deadly-weapon portion of the indictment to be read to the jury. Judge Waldrip asserts that the State sprang its theory that Faulkner’s guilty plea converted the trial into a unitary trial before the jury for the first time after the jury was sworn. As the parties have not included a transcript of the trial proceedings occurring before the jury was sworn, neither of these assertions is substantiated by the record. Neither assertion is important to our resolution of the instant mandamus proceedings, however, and we will assume, for the sake of argument, that the State’s assertion is not true and that Judge Waldrip's assertion is true.
     
      
      . In re State ex rel. Tharp, No. WR-78,248-01, 2012 WL 3600338 (Tex.Crim.App. August 17, 2012) (not designated for publication).
     
      
      . Bowen v. Carnes, 343 S.W.3d 805, 810 (Tex.Crim.App.2011).
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Id. (quoting State ex rel. Young v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Appeals, 236 S.W.3d 207, 210 (Tex.Crim.App.2007)).
     
      
      . See Greenwell v. Court of Appeals for the Thirteenth Judicial Dist., 159 S.W.3d 645, 648-49 (Tex.Crim.App.2005) (“But potential review at a later time is not always or automatically an adequate remedy: 'In some cases, a remedy at law may technically exist; however, it may nevertheless be so uncertain, tedious, burdensome, slow, inconvenient, inappropriate, or ineffective as to be deemed inadequate.’ ”).
     
      
      . Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 26.14.
     
      
      . Id., art. 1.13(a) ("the waiver must be made in person by the defendant in writing in open court with the consent and approval of the court, and the attorney representing the state”).
     
      
      . Id., art. 37.07, §§ 2(a), (b) (emphasis added).
     
      
      . 404 S.W.2d 30 (Tex.Crim.App.1966).
     
      
      . Id. at 30.
     
      
      . Id. at 30-31.
     
      
      . Id. at 30.
     
      
      . Id. at 31.
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Id. at 33-34 (op. on State’s motion for rehearing) (quoting Harwell v. State, 19 Tex.App. 423 (1 §85)) (emphasis in Rojas). We are not,suggesting that Judge Waldrip’s conduct in die present case was any sort of attempt to “cover up a crime by the plea of guilty.”
     
      
      . When Article 37.07 was first adopted, it required the defendant to make his election "upon the return of a finding of guilty.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07, § 2(b) (Vernon's 1966). In 1967, the statute was amended to require the defendant’s election "at the time he enters his plea in open court.” Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07, § 2(b) and historical note (Vernon's 1981). In 1985, the statute was amended to reflect the current requirement that the election be made before the commencement of voir dire. Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07 § 2(b) (West 1985).
     
      
      . Rojas, 404 S.W.2d at 31.
     
      
      . See Murray v. State, 302 S.W.3d 874, 883 (Tex.Crim.App.2009) (referring to historical practice).
     
      
      . Rojas, 404 S.W.2d at 33-35.
     
      
      . Id. at 35. See Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07, § 2(b) (Vernon's 1966).
     
      
      . See Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07, § 2(b) and historical note (Vernon's 1981).
     
      
      . Ring v. State, 450 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tex.Crim.App.1970) (statutory language italicized in original); see also Basaldua v. State, 481 S.W.2d 851, 853 (Tex.Crim.App.1972) (italicizing the same language for the same proposition); Brown v. State, 507 S.W.2d 235, 237 (Tex.Crim.App.1974) (same).
     
      
      . Ring, 450 S.W.2d at 87; see also Brown v. State, 487 S.W.2d 86, 87 n. 1 (Tex.Crim.App.1972) ("Where, as here, there is a plea of guilty before the jury, there is no reason for a separate trial as to punishment.”).
     
      
      . Holland v. State, 761 S.W.2d 307, 313 (Tex.Crim.App.1988).
     
      
      . Carroll v. State, 42 S.W.3d 129, 134 n. 1 (Tex.Crim.App.2001).
     
      
      . State v. Davis, 349 S.W.3d 535, 540 (Tex.Crim.App.2011) (quoting Carroll v. State, 975 S.W.2d 630, 631 (Tex.Crim.App.1998)).
     
      
      . See Drichas v. State, 175 S.W.3d 795, 798 (Tex.Crim.App.2005) (the law "directs the trial court to submit to the jury any issue that is raised by the facts” including deadly-weapon findings); Hill v. State, 913 S.W.2d 581, 584 (Tex.Crim.App.1996) (deadly-weapon question could be decided at guilt or punishment phase of trial); Luken v. State, 780 S.W.2d 264, 268 (Tex.Crim.App.1989) (same); Polk v. State, 693 S.W.2d 391, 396 (Tex.Crim.App.1985) (jury finding of guilt of offense as pled in the indictment can constitute a deadly-weapon finding).
     
      
      . See Randolph v. State, 353 S.W.3d 887, 892 (Tex.Crim.App.2011) ("One can accept responsibility by pleading guilty” though a plea of not guilty is not itself an acceptance or denial of responsibility).
     
      
      . In an affidavit attached to Judge Waldrip’s response, defense counsel states that, had she known the State would take the position that a guilty plea required a jury trial on punishment, then her voir dire examination would have been "much more aggressive and expansive, and more importantly, would have included punishment issues and, specifically, examination concerning the use of my Client's vehicle as a deadly weapon.”
     
      
      . In her affidavit, defense counsel also states that, had she known about the position the State intended to take, she would have counseled her client "that the only way the trial court could have assessed punishment, as he desired, would be to plead not guilty.”
     
      
      . Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 1.13. See State ex rel. Turner v. McDonald, 676 S.W.2d 371, 374 (Tex.Crim.App.1984) (trial court lacks discretion to act as fact-finder when State declines to consent to jury trial waiver, and trial court "has a ministerial duty to conduct a jury trial”).
     
      
      . E.g., Carroll v. State, 975 S.W.2d 630, 631-32 (Tex.Crim.App.1998). See Fairfield v. State, 610 S.W.2d 771, 776-77 (Tex.Crim.App.1981) (noting "the conclusive effect of the entry of a guilty plea before the jury” and that punishment "is the only [issue] before the jury for arbitration”).
     
      
      . See Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 26.14 ("Where a defendant in a case of felony persists in pleading guilty or in entering a plea of nolo contendere, if the punishment is not absolutely fixed by law, a jury shall be impaneled to assess the punishment and evidence may be heard to enable them to decide thereupon, unless the defendant in accordance with Article 1.13 or 37.07 shall have waived his right to trial by jury.”).
     
      
      . Barrow v. State, 207 S.W.3d 377, 380 (Tex.Crim.App.2006).
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07 § 2(b).
     
      
      . After all, Article 26.14 mandates jury punishment "unless the defendant in accordance with Articles 1.13 or 37.07 shall have waived his right to trial by jury.” Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 26.14 (emphasis added).
     
      
      . Article 502 of the 1925 Code of Criminal Procedure read: "Where a defendant in a case of felony persists in pleading guilty, if the punishment is not absolutely fixed by law, a jury shall be impaneled to assess the punishment, and evidence submitted to enable them to decide thereupon.” Earlier versions of the statute were substantively the same going back to Article 479 of the Old Code. None provided for waiver of jury assessment of punishment for a guilty plea in a felony case.
     
      
      .George E. Dix & John M. Schmolesky, 43A Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 46:4, at 8 (3rd ed.2011). We have observed that “it was an alien notion in both the days of the Republic and the early days of statehood that a citizen [could] be convicted of a felony offense other than by verdict of a jury, there being no procedural method whatever for waiver of jury in the trial of a felony until 1931.” Fairfield, supra, at 775-76. See Acts 1931, 42nd Leg., ch. 43, p. 65. Between 1931 and the advent of Article 37.07 in 1966, all felony trials remained unitary.
     
      
      
        .See Acts 1965, 59th Leg., ch. 722, p. 462.
     
      
      . Barfield v. State, 63 S.W.3d 446, 450 (Tex.Crim.App.2001).
     
      
      . 404 S.W.2d 30 (Tex.Crim.App.1966).
     
      
      . Id. at 30.
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Id. at 31.
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Id. at 33-35.
     
      
      . See Acts 1965, 59th Leg., ch. 722, p. 462.
     
      
      . Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07 § 2(b).
     
      
      . See Response to Application for Writ of Mandamus at 6-14.
     
      
      . The closest the State can come to a holding that would definitively refute Judge Wal-drip's argument is a short concurring opinion I once wrote to an opinion dismissing a petition for discretionary review as improvidently granted, in Wilcox v. State, 18 S.W.3d 636 (Tex.Crim.App.2000). State’s Petition for Writ of Mandamus at 17. Such an opinion has no authoritative value, and, in any event, I did not at that time consider the particular argument with respect to Article 26.14's allusion to Article 37.07 that Judge Waldrip relies on here.