Case ID: nys_1/html/0289-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Pratt, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

McCallan v. Brooklyn City R. Co.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Second Department.
    
    May 14, 1888.)
    Witness—Impeachment—Hostility op Witness.
    In an action lor personal injuries a witness for defendant was asked, on cross-examination, “Did you not say to J. that day after the accident that you had seen the accident, and that you were going to work a position out of it for yourself? ” Also, “Did you not say that the defendants were going to appoint you a conductor? ” Also, “Did you show a piece of paper to J., and say it was a check for$500, payable after the trial? ” Also, “Didn’t you say to him that he had better take you right to M., [plaintiff;] that you had seen the accident, and could be of some good to him? ” Plaintiff then called J. and another to contradict the witness’ answer to the questions. Meld, that the admission of such latter evidence was reversible error, as raising a collateral issue, and as being incompetent to show the hostility of the witness.1
    1In showing the bias of a witness, the party against whom he has testified is limited to a cross-examination of the witness. State v. Townsend, (Iowa,) 24 Ñ. W. Rep. 535. On trial of an indictment, testimony was sought to be introduced as to certain declarations made by the prosecuting witness for the purpose of showing his animus towards the defendant. Held, that the prosecuting witness must be first cross-examined as to acts and declarations hostile to defendant. State v. Dickerson, (N. C.) 3 S. E. Rep. 087.
    As to the latitude allowed in cross-examining a witness, with reference to his friendship or hostility towards the parties, it is held that any question is proper the answer to which has a tendency to show bias or prejudice. People v. Wasson, (Cal.) 4 Pac. Rep. 555; State v. Krum, (Kan.) Id. 621; State v. Collins, (Kan.) 5 Pac. Rep. 368. Where a witness has testified to material matters, the party against whom he has testified may on cross-examination show prejudice on the part of such witness, but not otherwise. Luhrs v. Kelly, (Cal.) 7 Pac. Rep. 696. The admission by a witness of ill feeling against one of the parties to an action does not preclude the latter from cross-examining the witness as to the character and extent of his prejudice. State v. Collins, (Kan.) 5 Pac. Rep. 368. A party will not be allowed to go into the details of the hostility of an opposing witness. Stone v. Tupper, (Vt.) 5 Atl. Rep. 387.
    Appeal from circuit court, Kings county; Charles F. Brown, Justice.
    Action for personal injuries, brought by John McCallan against Brooklyn City Railroad Company. Judgment for plaintiff. Defendant appeals.
    
      Morris & Pearsall, for appellant. C. J. Patterson, for respondent.
   Pratt, J.

This is an appeal from a judgment entered upon a verdict and an order denying a motion for a new trial. The action was for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff by being knocked down and run over by one of defendant’s cars. During the trial a witness, named McLarty, was examined for the defendant, and testified at length that he saw the accident, and how it happened. On cross-examination he was asked by plaintiff’s counsel1, “Did you not say to this man (Johnson) that day after the accident that you had seen the accident, and that you were going to work a position out of it for yourself?” Also, “And. that the defendants were going to appoint you a conductor?” Also, “Did you show a piece of paper to this man, and say it was a check for $500, payable after the trial?” Also, “Didn’t you say to him that he had better take you right to McCallan; that you had seen the accident, and could be of some good to him?” Johnson was then called, and permitted, under objection, to testify, in contradiction of McLarty, in substance, that he did speak about making a position out of the company; that he held up a paper, and said, “This is a check for $500, payable after the trial; but I can get it before if I want it,” and that he stated he could be of use to Mc-Callan. Another witness, Dwyer, was also permitted to testify, under objection, in contradiction of McLarty, in regard to his denial that he said he was going to work a position out of it for himself. The plaintiff had a right to ask McLarty, on cross-examination, these questions; but, having obtained the answers, he was bound by them, and was not at liberty to call witnesses in contradiction. These questions all involved collateral matters. It was not a case of an attempt to show that he had made statements inconsistent with his testimony upon his direct examination, but was, in effect, an insinuation that the defendant had bribed the witness to'swear falsely, and to show that he had made false statements to several persons, not in relation to the accident, but in regard to his own private matters. It is not permitted to impeach a witness in this way. The defendant could not be called upon to try any issue except that made by the pleadings. The rule is well settled that if a party examines his adversary’s witness on new or immaterial matter he is bound by his answers. People v. Cox, 21 Hun, 47, affirmed, 83 N. Y. 610; Stokes v. People, 53 N. Y. 175; Sherman v. Railroad Co., 13 N. E. Rep. 616. This testimony was highly prejudicial to the case of the defendant, and undoubtedly had a tendency to cause the jury to disregard entirely the testimony of McLarty, as it is evident, if his story had been believed, the verdict would have been for the defendant. The respondent attempts to justify this by invoking the doctrine that it is always competent to show that a witness is hostile to the party against whom he is called; also to show the relations that exist between the witness and the party for whom he is called. We do not think this case falls within that rule. Hostility or favor towards either party might be proved by the declarations of the witness, and if he denied . making the declarations he might be contradicted; but there is a wide distinction between showing the relations of the witness to either party, and proving his statements made in pais inconsistent with his testimony upon the stand. There was no evidence that the witness McLarty was unduly friendly to the defendant or inimical to the plaintiff; nor was there any evidence to justify submitting to the jury the question whether McLarty had attempted to peddle his testimony, first to one side and then to the other. The case of Height v. People, 50 N. Y. 392, cited by respondent, simply holds that it is competent to show statements made by a witness inconsistent with his testimony. In Newton v. Harris, 6 N. Y. 346, it was held competent to show hostile feelings of the witness. The case of Schultz v. Railroad Co., 89 N. Y. 242, was similar in principle to the one last cited, but it lays down the doctrine that evidence to show feeling and bias must be direct and positive, and not very remote. Hone of the cases cited by respondent go to the length of sustaining his contention. Ho answer can be made to the statement that plaintiff was allowed to impeach McLarty upon collateral matters. If it be true that McLarty did say he had seen the accident, and that he intended to get a position; that he recommended McCallan to employ Gru, and did go with the driver to the railroad office, and did say he had a cheek for $500,—it does not follow that his story of the accident was untrue, and none of these statements were inconsistent with his testimony. Eor error in admitting this evidence there must be a new trial.