Case ID: ny_60/html/0221-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Church, Ch. J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Thomas Kerrains, Plaintiff in Error, v. The People of the State of New York, Defendants in Error.
    (Argued February 15, 1875;
    decided March 23, 1875.)
    Where the occupation of a house by a servant is connected with the service, or is required by the employer for the necessary or better performance of the service, the occupation is as servant, not as tenant, and the possession is that of the master.
    In such case a tenancy at will or at sufferance does not spring up immediately upon the termination of the service; to have that effect the subsequent occupancy must be sufficiently long to warrant an inference of consent to a different holding.
    The deduction of a specified sum from the wages for the use of the premises, or the absence of such an agreement, is a material circumstance, but not in all cases conclusive as to the nature of the holding.
    . Plaintiff in error agreed to work for a year for S. in his mill at thirteen shillings a day, he was also to have the use of a house which belonged to the mill property, and which was then and had been occupied by him for several years while engaged as a laborer in the mill. Held, that a charge of the court that the prisoner occupied as a servant, not as a tenant, and that S. therefore had the legal possession was not error.
    Where the intent is an essential element to constitute a crime for which a . prisoner is on trial, he has the right to testify as to his intent in doing any act which is claimed to prove criminal intent.
    Error to the General Term of the Supreme Court in the third judicial department, to review judgment affirming a judgment of the Court of Sessions of Columbia county, entered upon a verdict convicting the plaintiff in error of assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill. (Reported below, 1 N. Y. S. C. [T. & C.], 333.)
    The defendant in error had been for several years in the employ of Isaac Son, who was operating a paper-mill at Chatham, Columbia county. He had lived in a dwelling-house belonging to the mill property. In January, 1871, they made a new agreement; this, as stated by Son on the trial, was that the prisoner was to work tor him for a year, if they could agree; Son to pay thirteen shillings per day, and to furnish Kerrains with a house ; the latter to work at whatever the former had for him to do, the same as he had for years before. As testified to by the prisoner, he was to work for Son for one year at thirteen shillings per day, he to have the same house and garden he had always occupied, with a provision that he was not to be required to “ haul the bleach.” Kerrains worked for Son until the latter part of J une, 1871, when Son requested him. to “haul the bleach;” this he refused, and Son discharged him, paid him up, and told him to leave the premises or he would bring a force to throw his things out. Kerrains refused to leave. On the 5th of July, 1871, Son went to the house with two men and commenced removing Kerrains’ furniture. The latter was absent at the time, but was sent for by his wife; he, returning, saw what was going on, went to the wood-house, picked up an ax and went into the house and ordered Son and the men out. Son refused to go, presented a pistol; an altercation occurred, during which Kerrains struck Son with the ax, inflicting a serious injury. Kerrains was sworn as a witness in his own behalf, upon the trial, and was asked: “What was your intention in taking the ax from the shed to the house?” This was objected to, and objection sustained, and the prisoner’s counsel duly excepted. The court charged, among other things, in substance, that the prisoner occupied the house as servant, not as tenant; that Son had the right of possession, and to remove the prisoner with his effects, and to employ all the necessary force for that purpose.' To which the prisoner’s counsel excepted.
    
      R. E. Andrews for the plaintiff in error.
    Son had no right to enter and dispossess plaintiff in error by force, and the charge and refusals to charge holding to the contrary were erroneous. (2 Black. Com., 317; Miller v. Haywood, 3 Hill, 90 ; Doyle v. Gibbs, 6 Lans., 180; People v. Annis, 45 Barb., 304; Hardenburgh v. Orary, 50 id., 33; Jackson v. McLeod, 12 J. R., 182; Hyatt v.Wood, 4 id., 158; Ives v. Ives, 13 id., 236; Jackson v. Stansbury, 9 Wend., 202; Draper v. Stouvenal, 35 N. Y., 514.) Plaintiff in error had a right to defend his possession with necessary force. (Quin’s Case, 2 City Hall Rec., 28; Comstock v. Dodge, 43 How. Pr., 106; Parsons v. Brown, 15 Barb., 593; Corey v. People, 45 id., 265; Sage v. Harpending, 49 id., 175.) The court erred in holding that a tenancy at will or sufferance did not spring-up. (People v. Annis, 45 Barb., 307; Doyle v. Gibbs, 6 Lans., 184; Jackson v. McLeod, 12 J. R., 182; Ives v. Ives, 13 id., 236.) The court erred in refusing to charge that Son was guilty of a forcible entry. (2 R. S., 507, § 1.) Plaintiff in error had a right to testify as to his intent. (McKown v. Hunter, 30 N. Y., 625; Hubbel v. Alden, 4 Lans., 228.)
    
      Chas. L. Beale for the defendants in error.
    The relation between Son and plaintiff in error was that of master and servant. (Haywood v. Miller, 3 Hill, 90 ; People v. Annis, 45 Barb., 304; Doyle v. Gibbs, 6 Lans., 180; Perring v. Brook, 32 E. C. L., 543 ; Mayhew v. Suttle, 82 id., 347; Rollins v. Riley, 44 N. H., 9; Doe v. Derry, 38 E; C. L., 194.) The possession of plaintiff in error was not independent of that of Son. (People v. Fields, 1 Lans., 245; Haywood v. Miller, 3 Hill, 90; People v. Annis, 45 Barb., 304; Putnam v. Wíse, 1 Hill, 248; Mayhew v. Suttle, 82 E. C. L., 353; Taylor v. Bradley, 39 N. Y., 129, 137, 138; Wilbor v. Sisson, 53 Barb., 262.) If Son had been a trespasser plaintiff in error would not have been justified in making the assault. (People v. Gulick, Lalor’s Sup. to H. & D., 229, 230 ; Scribner v. Beach, 4 Den., 449.) The assault having been made with a deadly weapon malice is to be inferred. (People v. Vinegar, 1 Park. Cr., 24, 25; People v. Shaw, id., 327, 329.) Son’s quietude from the day of discharge was not a per mission to plaintiff in error to occupy the premises, nor did it constitute á tenancy for years at will or sufferance. (Doyle v. Gibbs, 6 Lans., 180; Smith v. Littlefield, 51 N. Y., 539.) If Son threatened plaintiff in error he had a right to use only such means of flight or force as would have prevented the injury apprehended. (1 Colby’s Cr. Pro., 602-604; 1 East P. C., chap., 5, § 51; 1 Arch. Cr. Pr., 224; Fost., 276; 1 Hale, 481, 483, 484; 1 Hawk., chap. 29, §§ 13, 14; 1 East Cr. L., 271, 272; Shorter v. People, 2 N. Y., 193; Uhl v. 
      People, 5 Park. Cr., 410; People v. Cole, 4 id., 35; People v. Austin, 1 id., 154.)
   Church, Ch. J.

The principal question of law contested on the trial, and elaborately argued in this court, is, whether the relation of master and servant, or landlord and tenant, existed between the prisoner and the prosecutor, Mr. Son, in respect to the house occupied by "the former. Although not decisive of the guilt or innocence of the prisoner, the determination of the question had properly a material influence.

If the relation of master and servant existed it would follow that the legal possession of the house was in the prosecutor, and he had the legal right to remove the furniture and goods therein, and to employ the necessary force for- that purpose, and that the defendant would not be justified in using force to prevent it. And yet, if the acts of the prosecutor were of such a threatening character, by the use of a pistol or other deadly weapon, that the prisoner believed, and had reason to believe, that his life was in imminent danger, he might be justified in using the necessary means to avert it. On the other hand, if the prisoner was holding the house as a tenant, and had a lawful right to defend his possession, and his property, by the use of proper and necessary means, yet, if the force used was unnecessary or excessive, either in amount or the kind' of weapon employed under the circumstances presented, and after making due allowance for provocation and irritation, he might still be amenable to a criminal prosecution.

The court charged the jury that the prisoner occupied the house as a servant, and not as a tenant; and hence that the prosecutor had the legal possession.

The defendant stated the contract to be, that he was to work for Mr. Son a year at thirteen shillings a day, and have the use of the house he lived in and garden for that period. The prosecutor stated it substantially the same. He said: I made a bargain with him for a year, if he and I could agree, I was to pay him thirteen shillings a day, and he was to have a house furnished him.” There was no dispute but that the defendant was to have the house in which he then resided. It does not appear whether the wages were less by reason of furnishing the house, or whether any or what allowance was intended on that account. Nor does it distinctly appear whether a residence in that particular house was necessary to the proper discharge of the duties of the defendant. If the occupation is connected with the service, or if it is required, expressly or impliedly, by the employer for the necessary or better performance of the service, then it is for his benefit, and he continues in possession. Such was clearly the case of Haywood v. Miller (3 Hill, 90), where a farmer hired a man and his wife to work a farm for wages. The occupation of the house was necessary to the performance of the service; and The People v. Annis (45 Barb., 304), was substantially the same, although I am unable to agree with the learned judge who delivered the opinion in that case, that immediately upon the termination of the service a tenancy at will, or by sufferance, springs up. In order to have that effect the occupancy must be sufficiently long to warrant an inference of consent to a different holding. Any considerable delay would be sufficient, but I can see no principle which would change the occupant eo instanti, from a mere licensee to a tenant. The employer should resume control of his property within a reasonable time or consent would be inferred. Whether this time is a day or a week may depend upon circumstances. In Doyle v. Gibbs (6 Lans., 180), the consent of the employer that the employed might remain until his wife recovered from an illness, Was held not to amount to a consent.

The circumstance that the right of occupation terminates with the abrogation of the contract of service, by consent or by the discharge of the servant, is not decisive. The question is, what was the character of the holding under the contract ? If that was a tenancy, then the party holding over would be a tenant at will, and the landlord would not be justified in entering with strong hand. So, while a deduction from wages of a specified sum for the use, or the absence of such an arrangement, would be a material circumstance, it would not be in all cases conclusive either way. The question depends upon the nature of the holding, whether it is exclusive and independent of, and in no way connected with the service, or whether it is so connected, or is necessary for its performance. And this, I think, is the result of all the cases. The question has often arisen in England, under the poor laws, to determine what occupation would confer a settlement, the courts recognizing, as controlling the distinction between an occupation as a tenant or as a servant, (R, v. Minster, 3 M. & S., 276; R. v. Kelstern 5 id., 136; R. v. Chestnut, 1 B. & A., 473 ; R. v. Milkridge, 1 T. R., 598; R. v. Langriville, 10 B. & C., 899 ; R. v. Benneworth, 2 id., 755.) The case of Hughes v. Chatham (5 M. & G., 54), arose under the reform act, requiring a registry of voters, the statute requiring that the person should occupy as owner or tenant. The facts were, that a master rope-maker in a royal dock-yard had, as such, a house in the dock-yard for his residence, of which he had the exclusive use, without, paying rent, as part remuneration for his services, no part of it being used for public purposes. If he had not had it, he would have had an allow-, anee for a house, in addition to his salary. The case was elaborately argued, and thoroughly considered, and it was held, that the rope-maker occupied as a tenant,-and not as a servant. Findal, C. J., in delivering-the opinion of the court, said: “There is no inconsistency in the relation of master and servant with that of landlord and tenant. A master may pay his servant by conferring on him an-interest in real property, either in fee for years or at will, or for any other estate or interest, and if he do so the servant then becomes entitled to the legal incidents of the estate, as much as if it were purchased for any other consideration.” * * * “And, as there is nothing in the facts stated to show that the claimant was required to occupy the house for the performance of his services, or did occupy in order to their performance, or that it was conducive to that, purpose more than any house which he might have paid for in any other way than by his services; and as the case expressly finds that he had the house as part remuneration for his services, we cannot say that the conclusion at which the revising barrister has arrived is wrong.”

I have cited the language of the court, because it lays down concisely the correct rule for determining the question involved in this class of cases, The question in the case before us is presented somewhat differently. Each party relied upon the terms of the contract, with only the additional facts that the house was a part of the mill property, and had been occupied for several years previously by the prisoner while engaged as a laborer in the mill. There was no request to submit the facts to the jury to determine whether the house was occupied to enable the prisoner the better to perform the service in which he was engaged; or, in other words, whether it was not occupied as an appendage to the mill, and really for the benefit of the owner; nor was there any evidence of an allowance for rent, but it was left to the court, upon the contract and facts before stated, to be determined as a question of law, and, in my judgment, the court decided correctly, that the defendant occupied as a servant, and not as a tenant. The inference from these facts is reasonable, if not irresistible, in the absence of any provision for an alllowance for rent, that the house was intended to be occupied by an employe for the benefit of the owner in carrying on the mill. The case thus presented is analogous to that of a person employing a coachman or gardener, and allowing or requiring him to reside in a house provided for that purpose on the premises; or a farmer who hires a laborer for wages, to work his farm, and live in a house upon the same. In these cases the character of the holding is clearly indicated by the mere statement of facts. It is not impossible that other facts may exist to strengthen or weaken the inference that the prisoner occupied as a servant, and not as a tenant, but from the facts proved there was no error in holding that he occupied as a servant. Both parties regarded it as a question of law upon substantially undisputed facts, although there are cases where the character of the holding is so uncertain, from conflicting evidence or inferences which may be drawn, as to render it proper to submit the question to a jury. (3 M. & S., 790.)

It appears that the prisoner was absent at work when the prosecutor went, with his men, to the house to remove the furniture, etc., but soon returned and went to the wood-house, and came back with the axe in his hand, with which, afterward, the blow was inflicted. When the prisoner was upon the stand, as a witness, his counsel asked him the question: “What was your intention in taking the axe from the shed to the house?” To which there was an objection, which was sustained, and an exception taken. The General Term sustained this ruling upon the ground that it was too remote, and that the prisoner could only speak as to his intent at the time of striking the blow. I cannot concur with this view as applied to the question involved. The intent to kill was indispensable to be established by the prosecution. It constituted the vital-element of the offence, and although it is true that the time when that intent must exist was when the blow was struck, yet it was competent for the defendant to testify to any fact tending to disprove such intent. It is a fact to be established, and, of course, may be repelled. The prisoner having inflicted the injury with the axe, his previously going to the shed after it, was a circumstance bearing upon his intent in striking the blow, and from which an inference that he procured it for that purpose might be claimed to result. It was a legitimate circumstance to prove the fact of intent. If his taking the axe was not for that purpose, but for an innocent purpose, while it would not conclusively disprove the intent at the time of striking the blow, it would tend to destroy a material circumstance bearing upon that question against him. If he could disprove the intent, at the time of the act by a general denial, it follows that he might disprove any fact tending to establish it. His going to the shed for the axe would be immaterial, except for the purpose of showing that he brought it to be used as it was used, and if that purpose is disproved, it renders the circumstance of no moment. The rule is very well stated by Hogeboom, J., in McKown v. Hunter. (30 N. Y., 625.) After citing 4 Kernan, 567; 21 New York, 121; 25 New York, 430, he says: “ These cases go very far to establish the general principle that when the motive of a witness in performing a particular act, or making a. particular declaration, becomes a material issue in a cause, or reflects important light upon such issue, he may himself be sworn in regard to it, notwithstanding the difficulty of furnishing contradictory evidence, and notwithstanding the diminished credit to which his testimony may be entitled as coming from the mouth of an interested witness.” The motive for procuring the ax was a fact material upon the principal fact in the case, and it was clearly competent for the prisoner to testify in respect to it.

We do not deem it necessary to notice the other points made. For this error the judgment must be reversed, and a new trial granted.

All concur; except Andrews and Miller, JJ., not voting.

Judgment reversed.