Case ID: ad_142/html/0658-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Clarke, J.:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Jesse Myers, Respondent, v. John Crosby Brown and Others, Copartners, Doing Business under the Name of Brown Brothers and Company, Appellants.
    First Department,
    February 3, 1911.
    Pleading—action against bankers to recover moneys paid to wrong person — amendment of complaint changing cause of action—failure to allow defendant to produce further evidence—bankers—failure to instruct banker to identify payee—principal and agent.
    Where the complaint in an action against bankers to recover money ordered to be paid to a person in a foreign country, but which was in fact paid to a person who fraudulently impersonated the payee, alleges that the plaintiff’s assignor, a bank, haying a credit with the defendants, "ordered them to pay a certain sum upon satisfactory identification to a specific person in a" foreign country,- and that the defendants undertook and agreed for a valuable consideration to make said payment in tlie manner' and form stated but never paid the same to the payee, it is error for a referee to allow an amendment a. month after the final submission of the case alleging that the defendants agreed to instruct the foreign bank to pay only upon satisfactory identification, and that the defendants did not so instruct the foreign bank and that neither the defendants nor the foreign bank ever paid the money to the payee.' Especially is such amendment unauthorized where much of the evidence on the issues raised by the original complaint was taken on depositions in the foreign country and in another State.
    Moreover, after such amendment it is reversible error to refuse to.allow the defendant opportunity to produce further evidence to meet the new issues. Where the bank ordering the defendants to make the payment directed that it be made through a foreign bank named by it rather than through the defendants’ usual correspondent, it made the foreign bank, named iis own agent.
    By general commercial law a paying bank is required satisfactorily to identify the payee, and hence the failure of the defendants to instruct the foreign bank through which the payment was to be made to pay only “upon satisfactory identification ’’ is not such negligence as to make them liable for the loss.
    Appeal by the defendants, John Crosby Brown and others, copartners, etc., from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the cleric of the county of New York on the 20th day of June, 1910, upon the report of a referee.
    
      Edwin T. Rice of counsel [ Whitridge, Butler & Rice, attorneys], for the appellants.
    
      J. Markham Marshall of counsel [Underwood, Van Vorst & Hoyt, attorneys], for the respondent.
   Clarke, J.:

Plaintiff sues on an assigned claim of the First National Bank of Denver. Defendants are copartners under the name of Brown Brothers & Co., doing business as bankers in the city of New York.

In April, 1902, Mr: James J. Brown had an account with the First National Bank of Denver. At that time he was traveling in Japan. A few days before the nineteenth of April, John F. Campion, a friend of Mr. Brown’s at -Denver, received a cablegram signed “ Brown,” asking for the telegraphic transmissal of $5,000, and some days thereafter a second cablegram “nothing arrived investigate.” He took these messages to the bank which, on the nineteenth of April, telegraphed to the defendants as follows: “ Pay $5,000 to Yokohama Specie Bank, Tokio, Japan, by telegram for credit of J. J. Brown, upon satisfactory identification, and attach much importance to mental condition of payee. The importance of this cannot be overestimated.” And at the same time sent a letter of confirmation, and stating in addition : “ We do not wish to impose any hardship upon your Tokio correspondents in making this payment, but Mr. Brown for several years past has been in a-most unfortunate state of health' and mental condition, ánd we trust that your correspondent will use their'best judgment in making the payment.”

The regular correspondent of Brown Brothers & Co. in Tokio at that time was the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, and, in cases of transfer of money by cable to Tokio, where no special instructions were given by the remitter of the funds directing through what bank said transfer should be made,‘such transfer would have been made by the defendants through the said corporation. ’

Upon receipt of the telegram hereinbefore- quoted, a representative of the defendants went to the office of the New York agent of • the Yokohama Specie Bank, exhibited the telegram as received from the Denver bank, and asked said agency to make this telegrapliic transfer. ' The person there in charge said they would not make it with any conditions. Thereupon the defendants telegraphed to the Denver bank on April twenty-first: “ Refer to your telegram of 19th. Will pay on identification but will take no responsibility concerning mental condition. Answer.” The Denver bank immediately replied: “ Refer to your telegram 21st. We do not require (you) accept responsibility, but if. party is plainly mentally unfit to transact business, do not pay. Merely ask your correspondent to use best judgment and act accordingly.” This message was taken by defendants’ representative to the New York agency of the Yokohama Specie Bank, and after a conference this telegram was sent to the Denver bank, dated April twenty-second: “ Onr correspondents absolutely refuse make Tokio payment with any conditions attached. Instruct.” The Denver, bank answered "on the same day: Refer' to your telegram of the 22d. Instruct Tokio by telegram to make upon satisfactory identification.”

This'last message was taken to the New York agency of the Yoko-llama Specie Bank and an order was given to make the payment requested, and they were told to make the "payment upon identification. That agency had a private cipher code which was used between its branches, and a telegram was sent by such code in Japanese to its branch in Tokio on the twenty-fourth of April, reading: “ Telegraphic transfer number two, less than ten thousand pay to , J. J.'Brown the sum of Ten 10,000.”

Mr. James J. Brown, of Denver, testified that while he was in Japan in April, 1902, he had not telegraphed for money or authorized any one to do so for him ; that he had not received any moneys from the Yokohama Specie Bank at Tokio, and being shown the written receipt reading: “Deceived of the Yokohama Specie Bank, Limited, the sum of ten thousand — being amount of Telegraphic Transfer as advised by New York, in our favor. Y.10,000 — (Sgd.) J. J. Brown,” testified that the signature was not in his hand writing, but that he recognized it as having been Written by one Harry Silverberg whom he had met while in Japan under an assumed name. He also testified that Silverberg had made a day’s excursion with him, had seen him a number of times and had attempted to borrow money from him.

The defendants having ref used, payment upon demand made by the First National Bank of Denver, the claim was assigned to this plaintiff who commenced this suit in 1906, and it was duly referred for trial to a referee.

The complaint alleges that on or about April 23, 1902, the First National Bank of Denver had to its credit, on' account with the defendants, $5,000 ; that on said day said bank ordered and directed the defendants to pay, upon satisfactory identification, said sum of $5,000 to a certain J. J. Brown, at the Yokohama Specie Bank, at its office in the city of Tokio, Japan, and that the defendants undertook and agreed, for a valuable consideration, to make said payment in manner and form as hereinbefore stated; that the defendants never paid the said sum of $5,00.0 to said J. J. Brown at the Yokohama Specie Bank at its office in Tokio, Empire of Japan, or at any other place; that on or about the 23d of February 1903, said bank " duly demanded from the defendants the said sum of $5,000 but the defendants have failed and refused to pay the same.

After all the evidence had been taken, a large amount under commissions issued to Denver, Tokio and Dalney, and three and one-half months after the’evidence had been finally closed before the referee, and a month, after the final submission of briefs, plaintiff moved before the referee on two days’ notice of motion for leave to amend the complaint. This application was summarily granted, the defendants were refused an opportunity to plead to the amended complaint or to introduce any further evidence, and the referee’s report directing judgment for plaintiff -was signed a few days thereafter. The amendment was as follows : In substitution of the 4th and 5th paragraphs of the original complaint: “ Fourth. That on or about April 23rd, 1902, Brown Brothers agreed to instruct the Yokohama Specie Bank at Tokio, Japan, to pay J. J. Brown, upon satisfactory identification, Five thousand dollars ($5,000). Fifth. That the defendants did not instruct the Yokohama Specie Bank at Tokio, Japan, to pay to the said J. J. Brown at the said Yokohama Specie Bank, Tokio, Japan, or at any other place, upon satisfactory identification, the‘said sum of Five thousand dollars ($5,000), ■ and that neither the defendants nor the Yokohama Specie Bank ever paid to the said J. J. Brown the said sum of Five thousand dollars ($5,000).”

The referee embodied in his findings of fact the exact words of the amendment to the complaint so permitted to be made by him. In his opinion he states: “ Those written communications make the contract, and we can arrive at but one conclusion as to what such contract was, and find it to be that Brown Brothers agreed to instruct the Yokohama Specie Bank at Tokio, Japan, by telegram to pay J. J. Brown' upon satisfactory identification Five thousand dollars * * * It is undisputed, however, that the cable which actually transmitted the money to Japan, and which was sent by the New York branch of the Yokohama Specie Bank, did not' contain the instructions given by the First National Bank of Denver, in that the words ‘ upon satisfactory identification ’ were omitted.” He further states: “ Whether or not it was because the New York Branch of the Yokohama Specie Bank had not been instructed to .use the omitted words upon satisfactory identification ’ by Brown Brothers, or because of its own negligence that those words were omitted, is unnecessary now to decide. ' The fact remains undisputed that these words of instruction were not communicated to Tokio as required by the terms of the contract alleged in .the complaint as amended, and hence it follows, that Brown Brothers failed in their agreement which the evidence shows they undertook to perform for a valuable consideration.”

It, therefore, appears that the judgment in this case is based upon the amended complaint and rests solely upon the finding of the breach of the alleged specific contract to instruct the'Yokohama Specie Bank to pay upon satisfactory identification. In my opinion the radical change in the complaint, permitted over objection, at the time and under the circumstances disclosed, was without the power of the referee. It constituted one of those traps condemned many times by the courts, where a defendant comes into court to try issues carefully defined in pleadings and finds himself cast in judgment upon entirely different 'issues. ( Wright v. Delafield, 25 N. Y. 266; Southwick v. First Nat. Bank of Memphis, 84 id. 420 ; Romeyn v. Sickles, 108 id. 650 ; Freeman v. Grant, 132 id. 22; Gordon V. Ellenville & Kingston R. R. Co., 195 id. 137; Keefe v. Lee, 197 id. 68.) This is especially the case here because evidence had been taken in Japan under the allegations of the original complaint, touching the law of Japan governing the exe cution of the contract, the payment having been ordered to be made and having been made in that empire, and the defendants strenuously requested an opportunity to supply evidence from bankers whether any other or different identification would have been required if the words upon which stress is laid had been inserted in the telegram than was had, and from lawyers whether under the law of Japan the insertion of those words would have altered the legal status of the parties. In other words, the case has been twisted by the action of the plaintiff and the referee from one brought upon a contract to be performed in Japan into a contract made and breached in New York. Even assuming that the amendment was permissible, it was a fatal error to refuse an opportunity to produce further evidence to meet the new issue presented by the amendment.

In my opinion, by the telegrams and letters, plaintiff’s assignor, the Denver bank, chose the Yokohama Specie Bank at Tokio as its agent to make the payment and directed the defendants to pay to said bank the $5,000 with instructions to the Yokohama Bank to .pay J. J. Brown. I do not think the words “ satisfactory identification,” the omission of which is held to warrant'the recovery; add anything to the ordinary requirements, bf a banker. By general commercial law the paying bank is required to satisfactorily identify , the payee. - That duty was on the Yokohama Specie Bank who dealt with the payee, not upon the defendants in New York who did not and could not deal with him. They did all' that they had to do in'.transmitting the money. The situation" which faced the Yokohama Bank was this, no identification of J. J. Brown was made by -the plaintiffs assignor in any way nor was it indicated how he was to beisatisfactorily identified.. It was not even said that- lie was -of Denver; neither his-age,, physical characteristics, signature, the party with whom' he was traveling or any other information was transmitted to the defendants1 or to' the bank at Tokio.- Two days before-the Yokohama hank- received any instructions from New York, a man,had appeared asking if a .telegraphic remittance of $5,000 had been received from New York for which lie had tele- : graphed to his friend in- that- city. He gave his name as J. J. ' Brown; said that lie- was stopping at the Metropole Hotel and wrote his name and address, on-a .slip of paper and asked , to. be informed when the telegraphic remittance arrived. The officer' of. the bank saw that he was an American, having all the appearance . of a tourist. The bank telephoned to -the hotel and found' that J. J. Brown was duly registered- there. He called the next day .again and was again told that nothing had,been received. The next day,. April twenty--fifth, the order was received from Mew York, the bank telephoned to the hotel but found that “ Brown ” had gone to Yokohama. ■ The next day he demanded payment; and was paid, upon his giving a-receipt, receiving a portion of the amount in gold, a further portion in a draft, and leaving the balancé on deposit for which he received a .certificate. Shortly thereafter- he -drew the remainder.

As testified by Takeo Kiknchi, a member of the House of Peers, president of the Tokio- Bar, and president of the Central University (Law School), under the laws of Japan the Yokohama Specie Bank having acted in good faith and paid under the circumstances disclosed,, it was a valid payment and the bank was relieved'from responsibility. ‘ ' -

L.

The judgment should be reversed and a new trial ordered before a new referee, with costs to the appellants to abide the event.

Ingraham, P. J., McLaughlin, Miller and Dowling, JJ., concurred.

Judgment reversed, new trial ordered before another referee, costs to appellant to abide event. Settle order on notice.