Case ID: ad_154/html/0095-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Laughlin, J.: Ingraham, P. J. (dissenting):", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company, Appellant, v. Habris Richland, Defendant, Impleaded with Isaac Eisler and Adolph Bonner, Respondents.
    First Department,
    December 13, 1912.
    Guaranty and suretyship—bond of insurance agent — liability of sureties for default of agent under subsequent- contract.
    Provisions of a bond with two sureties given by an insurance agent to his company for the faithful performance of his duties under a certain contract examined, and held, that the sureties are not liable for an indebtedness of the agent to the company incurred under a subsequent contract made with the company after the agent had resigned and the old contract had been canceled by mutual consent.
    Ingraham, P. J., and Dowling, J., dissented.
    Appeal by the plaintiff, the Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company, from an order of the Appellate Term of the Supreme Court, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 8th day of February, 1912, affirming a judgment of the Municipal Court of the city of New York in favor of the sureties.
    
      Richard S. Harvey [Lewis Squires with him on the brief], for the appellant.
    
      Adolph Feldblum [Philip Levison with him on the brief], for the respondents.
   Laughlin, J.:

This is an action against one Harris Richland, as principal, and his sureties, on a bond given to the plaintiff for the due performance of his contract as a solicitor of insurance and the repayment of all moneys of the plaintiff coming into his hands, and of all moneys loaned or advanced to him by it. It was alleged and established on the trial by uncontroverted evidence that the principal became indebted to the plaintiff between the 15th day of July and the 31st day of December, 1910, in the sum of $300, which he failed to pay and which was still due and owing from him to the plaintiff. The contract of employment was in writing. It bears date the 25th day of May, 1910, and recites that it was to take effect on the twenty-fifth day of the preceding month, which was the day the principal entered the employ of the plaintiff. It was conceded on the trial that the principal continued in the employ of the-company pursuant to the provisions of said contract until on or about the first day of June thereafter, when he resigned, and the contract was thereupon canceled by mutual consent. He re-entered the employ of the plaintiff on the fifteenth day of July thereafter in like capacity and so continued until the thirty-first day of December of that year; and in the course of his employment between these dates he became indebted to the plaintiff in the amount for which judgment is demanded. The learned Municipal Court judge granted judgment for the plaintiff against the principal on the bond, but in favor of the sureties.

The appeal presents a question of law only, for all material facts were stipulated on the trial. By the original contract Richland was employed to solicit insurance and to 'collect initial premiums, and was to receive for his services specified commissions. No time of employment was specified in the contract. The bond upon which the. action is brought bears date the 6th day of May, 1910. The record does not show the date of its execution, but it is fairly to be inferred that it was on or after the twenty-fifth day of May, for the reason that it contains an express reference to said contract of employment, which, it recites, was made on the- 25th day of May, 1910. It is recited in the bond that the condition of the obligation is such that if Richland shall promptly pay to his employer all moneys which shall come into his hands and all loans or advances made to him or to any agent, appointed by him on account of future commissions or otherwise,” and all moneys due from him to the company, and shall refrain from incurring any indebtedness in the name of the company without the written consent of its president, “ and shall and do in all things well and truly observe, fulfill and keep all' and singular the articles, clauses, provisions, conditions and agreements whatsoever which on the part of the said Harris Richland are or ought to be observed, performed, fulfilled and kept, comprised and mentioned in a certain contract or agreement between the said Harris Richland and the said The Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company, made the 25th day of May, 1910, and in any and all amendments and supplements thereto, and under or by reason of any and all modifications thereof, and any and all contracts or agreements thereafter made by and between the said Harris Richland and the said company, or its representative, according to the purport, true intent and meaning of the same, then this obligation to be null and void, otherwise to be and remain in full force and virtue.” It was further therein expressly provided as follows: Notice to the sureties or either of them of any modification or amendment of said contract or of any subsequent contract between the said principal and the said Company is hereby expressly waived.” These are the only material facts disclosed by the record upon which the decision of the appeal must be made.

It is contended by the learned counsel for the insurance company that the bond plainly obligated the sureties for any liability to the insurance company of the character therein specified whether incurred under the then existing contract of employment to which express reference was made or under any other subsequent contract of the same or any other nature and whether connected with the original employment or in no manner related thereto. I am of opinion that such is not the proper construction of the bond. It was, of course, entirely competent for the sureties to become responsible to the plaintiff for the due performance not only of the existing contract of employment at the time the bond was executed, but of any contract ever made, either before or after that time, between their principal and the insurance company; but it is not reasonable to infer from the contract which they executed, which presumably was drawn by the insurance company, that they intended to incur such an extreme liability. They doubtless contemplated that the terms of the employment, both with respect to compensation and with respect to the duties to be performed, might be changed; but they contracted, I think, upon the theory that they were to become liable for any default on the part of their principal occurring during a continuous employment from the time he entered the service of the plaintiff. If they had anticipated that his contract of employment was to be canceled within a short time and that he was wholly to sever his employment with the plaintiff and enter upon some other employment, it is not probable that they would have consented to become sureties for- his conduct at some ■ remote time in the future when he might again re-enter the plaintiff’s employ and with' respect to which they would have ■ no knowledge. Under the construction of this bond contended for by the learned counsel for the insurance company the sureties would be liable if plaintiff had discharged their principal for embezzling funds and had re-employed him after he had expiated his crime by a term in State’s prison. When the original contract was canceled by mutual consent and the principal left the employ of the plaintiff, the sureties could not become liable for their principal’s conduct under another contract of employment without a new contract with them, and they, therefore, as sureties, were not interested in the future conduct of their principal.

I am of opinion, therefore, that the learned Municipal Court judge correctly construed the bond.- It follows that the deter-' mination should be affirmed, with costs.

McLaughlin and Miller, JJ., concurred; Ingraham, P. J., and Dowling, J., dissented.

Ingraham, P. J. (dissenting):

On April 25, 1910, the plaintiff made a contract with the defendant Richland by which Richland was to enter in the-employ of the plaintiff as its representative to solicit applications for insurance and to collect the premiums payable on contracts of insurance, which premiums were to be paid over to the plaintiff less the commissions, in certain territories specified, the defendant Richland to receive as compensation for his services certain commissions specified. It was further agreed that Richland should execute and deliver to the plaintiff within ten days from the date of the agreement a good and sufficient indemnity bond, and that upon failure to execute such bond, the contract, at the option of the plaintiff,' might be' canceled' and annulled, and that either party might terminate the agreement by giving the other party thirty days’ notice in writing to that effect, whereupon the authority of Richland to collect ■ premiums should tease. On the 6th of May, 1910, in the performance of this provision of the contract, the defendant Richland as principal and the other defendants as sureties executed a bond in the sum of $300, the condition of the obligation being that if the principal, Richland, c ‘ shall and do well and truly promptly pay or cause to be paid unto the above-named The Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company, or its legal representative, any and all moneys belonging to said Company which may come into his hands, and shall pay or cause to be paid to said Company all loans or advances made to him by said Company, or to any special agent or sub-agent appointed by him, on account of future commissions or otherwise, and any and all other moneys due from him to said Company, whether the same shall be or shall have been received, or liability therefor incurred, by him personally and solely or through or together with any copartner, co-agent, sub-agent or other person; * * * and shall and do in all things well and truly observe, fulfill, and keep all and singular the articles, clauses, provisions, conditions, and agreements, Whatsoever, which on the part of the said Harris Richland are or ought to be observed, performed, fulfilled and kept, comprised and mentioned in a certain contract or agreement between the said Harris Richland and the said The Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company, made the 25th day of May, 1910, and in any and all amendments and supplements thereto, and under or by reason of any and all modifications thereof, and any and all contracts or agreements thereafter made by and between the said. Harris Richland and the said Company, or its representative, according to the purport, true intent, and meaning of the same, then this obligation to be null and void, otherwise to be and remain in' full force and virtue. Notice to the sureties or either of them of any modification or amendment of said contract or of any subsequent contract between the said principal and the said Company is hereby expressly waived.” The date of the contract between Richland and the plaintiff is stated in the bond to be May 25, 1910. That was evidently a mistake for April 25, 1910. Upon the trial the bond given by the defendant and the contract between the plaintiff and Richland were introduced in evidence, and it was conceded that Rich-land was employed by the. defendant under this contract from April 25, 1910, to June 1, 1910,- and that on June 1,1910, Rich-land was not indebted to the plaintiff; that on or about June 1, 1910, Richland resigned from said employment and the contract of April 25,1910, was canceled by mutual consent of the parties thereto; that on or about July 25,1910, Richland again entered the employ of the plaintiff as an insurance solicitor, and continued in such employment up to or" about December 31, 1910; and that in the course of the employment from July 15, 1910, to December 31, 1910, Richland became indebted to the plaintiff in a sum in excess of $300, which sum is still owing from Richland to the plaintiff.- Upon this stipulation the case was submitted to the trial justice who decided in favor of the defendants Eisler and Bonner, and judgment was thereupon entered. The plaintiff appealed to the Appellate Term where the judgment was affirmed, and then to this court.

I think this indebtedness' of the defendant Richland to the plaintiff was not within the condition of the bond. The bond was given under the provisions of the contract, a failure to give which would have justified the plaintiff in abrogating the contract. The bond was to remain in full force and effect, and the obligation of the sureties continued, unless the principal, Richland, should well and truly promptly pay or cause to be paid to the plaintiff any and all moneys belonging to the company, and should pay or cause to be paid to the said- company alb loans or advances made fo him by said company, and any and all other moneys due from him to said company, “ and any and all contracts or" agreements thereafter made by and between the said Harris Richland and the said Company, or its representative.”

The intent is clearly expressed that Richland should not only keep and perform all the obligations of this contract, but of all other contracts and agreements made between him and the plaintiff, and to pay and discharge any and all moneys due from him to the said company. It was not at afi confined to moneys payable under this contract, but was to include al] moneys payable under this contract, or any other contract or agreement thereafter made by and between the said Richland and the said company and its representatives. I take it that if the day after this bond was executed and delivered, the

parties had abrogated this contract and employed Richland without any specific contract, any default of his would have been covered by the bond as given. It was given to insure the faithful performance by Richland of his obligations to the company, and a repayment by Richland of all moneys due from him to said company, whether such moneys became due under the contract or in any other way. There is nothing in the contract to require the company to make advances to Richland, and yet it is clear that if the plaintiff did make advances to Richland so that he became a debtor to the company while the contract was in existence, the sureties on the bond would be liable, and the bond expressly provides that it was to cover, not only obligations which were incurred by Richland under the contract, but under any other contract or agreement made between Richland and the plaintiff. 'Undoubtedly the obligation of a surety cannot be extended beyond the fair meaning of the bond or other obligation upon the suretyship; but where the bond clearly includes within its provision an obligation, of the principal for which the surety was to be liable, it seems to me that the bond should receive the construction clearly expressed by the language used.

I think, therefore, that the defendant was liable, and the judgment should be reversed" and judgment entered for the .plaintiff for the amount of the bond.

Dowling, J., concurred.

Determination affirmed, with costs.