Case ID: abbn-cas_31/html/0314-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Bischoff, J. Pryor, J. [dissenting.]", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

KUJEK v. GOLDMAN.
    
      N. Y. Court of Common Pleas, General Term;
    
    May, 1894.
    1. Husband and wif el] A husband who was induced to contract a marriage through fraudulent representations as to the bride's-chastity, made both by her and the man with whom she had previously had illicit intercourse, cannot maintain an action against his wife to recover damages for the fraud; but his incapacity to sue her does not exonerate from liability the person who joined with her in committing the wrong.
    
    2. Pleading ; conspiracy.] On a complaint charging several defendants with fraudulently conspiring to deceive plaintiff, recovery for deceit may be had against one alone, if the evidence against him is sufficient, though there be not enough to establish the-guilt of the others.
    3. Frauds Where plaintiff was induced by the fraudulent representations of defendant to marry an unchaste woman, who gave birth to an illegitimate child shortly after marriage,—held, that, plaintiff’s loss of the full conjugal society of his wife because of the fraud was a “personal injury” within the meaning of Code Civ. Pro., § 3342 for which an action could be maintained.
    
      
      4. The same.] In such an action, defendant cannot be permitted, as a defense, to avail himself of plaintiff’s ratification of the marriage upon his discovery of the fraud, since the right to repudiate the marriage and have it annulled. was personal to-plaintiff.
    5. Forms.] Form of a complaint against wife and seducer before-marriage, for conspiracy in inducing the marriage.
    Appeal from a judgment of the General Term of the. N. Y. City Court affirming a judgment in favor of plaintiff entered upon a verdict of a jury; and also from an order denying a motion for a new trial.
    The action was brought by Johann August Kujek against a man named Goldman, hereinbelow designated as. G.', and plaintiff’s wife, hereinbelow designated as K.
    The complaint alleged as follows :—
    
      “ I. Upon information and belief, that prior to January 17, 1891, the defendant K. was single and unmarried, her name being K. M., and that she was a domestic in the employ of the defendant G.
    “II. Upon information and belief, that prior to January 17, 1891, the said defendant K., then K. M., and the-defendant G., had sexual intercourse and connection at different times, by reason whereof the defendant K.. became, on January 17, 1891, and ' was on that day-pregnant and in the family way with child, which both defendants knew at that time.
    
      “ III. Upon information and belief, that thereupon the defendants wrongfully and unlawfully agreed and conspired together to conceal such pregnancy of the defendant K., and to induce and obtain this plaintiff to-marry the defendant K., and in pursuance of such conspiracy, and in order to protect the defendant G. from the consequence of the pregnancy of the defendant K., and to induce the plaintiff to marry her, and burden upon him the support of such child, represented to plaintiff that she, the said defendant K., was a decent, virtuous and! respectable unmarried woman, and that this plaintiff believing the same, and not knowing that the defendants had sexual intercourse together and with each other, or that the defendant K. was pregnant and sick with child, did, on January 17, 1891, marry the defendant K., then K. M.; the other defendant, G., being a witness to such marriage ; and that plaintiff would not have married the defendant K. if he had been aware of the facts herein-before alleged.
    “ IV. That after his marriage with the defendant K., she gave birth to a child, which this plaintiff alleges, upon information and belief, to be the child of defendant G., and not the child of this plaintiff.
    “ V. That by reason of the foregoing conspiracy and wrongful acts of the defendants, this plaintiff has sustained damages in the sum of two thousand dollars.
    “ Wherefore,” etc.
    The answer of the defendant Goldman was substantially a general denial. The. defendant K. interposed no defense, and the action as to her was abandoned.
    
      At the trial, the court denied the motions of the •defendant G. to dismiss the complaint and to direct a verdict, and the'jury found a verdict for plaintiff.
    • The General Term of the N. Y. City Court held that the action was maintainable, and affirmed the judgment for plaintiff.
    Defendant appealed to this court.
    
      Wheeler H. Peckham (Max Altmayer, attorney), for appellant.
    I. Assuming that appellant perpetrated or •conspired to perpetrate a legal fraud upon plaintiff, the fraud was condoned and ratified by'the conduct of the plaintiff subsequent to his discovery of the facts (Citing Muller v. Muller, 21 Weekly Dig. 287; Reynolds v. Reynolds, 3 Allen (Mass.) 605; Bigelow on Fraud, 553, n. 6; Robertson v. Cole, 12 Tex. 356; Baker v. Baker, 13 Cal. 
      87, 93; Scott v. Schufeldt, 5 Paige Ch. 43; Montgomery v. Montgomery, 3 Barb. Ch. 132).
    II. No cause of action was proven and the motion to dismiss should have been granted*(Citing Cooley on Torts, chap, 1, pp. 3, 4; Evans v. Carrington, 2 De Gex, Fisher & Jones, 481; Crehore v. Crehore, 97 Mass. 330).
    III. There was no proof of damage (Citing Withee v. Brooks, 65 Me. 14; Price v. Price, 75 N. Y. 244).
    IV. Plaintiff’s remedy, if any, was to annul the marriage (Citing Cooley on Torts, 238; Freethy v. Freethy, 42 Barb. 641; Longendyke v. Longendyke, 44 Id. 366; Wellington v. Small, 3 Cush. 145; Parker v. Huntington, 2 Gray, 124; Brown v. Matheson, 14 Allen, 499).
    
      August P. Wagener, for respondent.
    
      
      Compare the preceding case.
    
    
      
      That section defines personal injury as including “ libel, slander, criminal conversation,” and other specified torts, and also any “other actionable injury to the.person either of the plaintiff or of another.”
    
   Bischoff, J.

Though the defendant-appellant on the trial denied his concubinage with the plaintiff’s wife, the paternity of the child born subsequent to the marriage, and the making of any representation of the' woman’s chastity to induce the plaintiff to marry her, the testimony of the plaintiff and of his wife was abundant to establish the facts denied and conspicuously denounced the denials as untrue. Nor were the representations mere matter of opinion. The illicit relations which had subsisted between the defendant-appellant and the woman endowed the former with personal knowledge of her defilement. When, therefore, he represented her to be chaste, he was aware that the contrary was the fact. Hence, his representation was a misrepresentation of a fact. It was the province of the jury to determine the credibility of the witnesses called to support or refute the allegations of the complaint, and the jury having accepted the facts as they were testified to by the plaintiff and his wife, we may marvel at the former’s credulity, but are concluded upon the facts by the judgment of affirmance of the court below, in the presence of evidence, however slight or however incredible it may seem to us, which tends to support the verdict in its essential particulars.

The action was not maintainable by the plaintiff against his wife because of her participation in the fraud perpetrated upon him. The common law unity of husband and wife operates to preclude either spouse from successfully maintaining an action for damages in tort against the other (Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, vol. 9, p. 823; Dicey on Parties, ch. 16, rule 67, p. 297; Schultz v. Schultz, 89 N. Y. 644, reversing 27 Hun, 26; Abbott v. Abbott, 24 Am. R. 27; Stewart’s Husband and Wife, § 53). The legal incapacity of the wife to be joined as a co-defendant, however, 'did not exonerate the defendant-appellant. Joint tort feasors may be proceeded against severally as well as jointly (Cooley on Torts, 2d ed., p. 153; Dicey on Parties, ch. 25, rule 98^.448); and neither can object because the other’s liability is not sought to be enforced (Dyett v. Hyman et al., 129 N. Y. 351).

At common law the husband was liable civiliter for his wife’s torts, whether committed by her before or during marriage (Dicey on Parties, ch. 30, rule 107, p. 477; Lawson's Rights, Remedies and Practice, vol. 2, p. 1329; Cooley on Torts, 2d ed., p. 131; Schouler’s Husband and Wife, § 130, etc.; Tyler on Infancy and Coverture, p. 339, etc.; Holtz v. Dick, 51 Am. R. 791-823; Rowe v. Smith, 45 N. Y. 230; Baum v. Mullen, 47 Id. 577); but this liability has been radically changed and he is no longer liable for .her torts unless committed by actual coercion or instigation of the husband (Laws of 1890, ch. 51).

The evidence was abundant to establish the collusive character of the representations made by the plaintiff’s wife and the defendant-appellant to induce the plaintiff to conclude marriage with the woman ; but, assuming that this was not so, it yet remained that the defendant-appellant made the false and fraudulent representations, upon the faith of which the plaintiff assumed the marriage relation, with all the obligations of the husband which the marriage status implies. Hence, though the conspiracy •charged was not proved, the action was maintainable and a recovery therein sanctioned, provided legal damage was ■shown. “ Where the action is brought against two or more concerned in the wrong done, it is necessary, in order to recover against all of them, to prove a combination or joint act of all. For this purpose, it may be important to establish the allegation of a conspiracy. But, if it turn out on the trial that only one was concerned, the plaintiff may still recover the same as if such one had been sued alone. The conspiracy or combination is nothing so far as ■sustaining the action goes, the foundation of it being the actual damage done to the party” (Hutchins v, Hutchins, 7 Hill, 104). “But, if there be no evidence of conspiracy, the plaintiff may recover against one alone, where there is ■sufficient evidence against him, though not enough against the other. This being an action founded in tort, one defendant may be found guilty and the other have a verdict in his favor. The damage here is the gist of the action, not the conspiracy. The plaintiff showed damage, and if it resulted from the wrongful acts of the defendants, or either of them, the plaintiff was entitled to recover ” (Jones v. Baker et al., 7 Cowen, 445; see also Sheple v. Page, 12 Vermont, 519, and Lee v. Kendall, 56 Hun, 610).

A more serious question arises as to whether or not the plaintiff has established a legal right to recover at all, as against appellant. Not every wrong perpetrated by one person upon another is actionable. To be actionable the wrong must be accompanied by an injury to the person, reputation, property or marital rights of the plaintiff. For the wounded moral sensibility of a person, unaccompanied by an injury to his person, reputation, property or marital rights, the law will not afford relief by way of damages. A mere moral outrage inflicted by one person upon another is injuria sine damno, and the legal aphorism, ubi jus ibi remedium (Brown's Maxims, 8th ed., p. 191), must be accepted with the qualification that it applies only to a legal right as distinguished from moral right (Cooley on Torts, 2d ed. p. 20 ; Sutherland on Damages, vol. 1, § 3). Accordingly, when the wrongful act complained of is not cognizable in law as one for which damages will be awarded, the action is not maintainable (Commercial Bank of Albany v. Ten Eyck, 48 N. Y. 305; People v. Stephens, 71 Id. 527, 541; Knapp v. Roche, 94 Id. 329). But the husband is entitled to compensation for the loss of the services of his wife (Uransky v. Dry Dock, East Broadway, etc., R. R.. Co., 118 N. Y. 304; Blaechinska v. Howard Mission, etc., 130 Id. 497), and of such services the plaintiff was deprived by the accouchement of his wife owing to her pre-marital pregnancy by the defendant. The injury to the plaintiff’s property in his wife’s services was inflicted simultaneously with the marriage induced by the fraud of the defendant-appellant. Post-marital accouchement of the wife indicates in a degree the extent of the injury. However sordid a mercenary consideration of the facts may seem, and however repugnant it may be to relieve the plaintiff by the award of damages for his wife’s pre-marital incontinence, the novelty of the case should not be permitted to serve as a shield to the prepetrator of the fraud while the facts may be brought within the operation of legal principles which will sustain the recovery ; and were it necessary to support the cause of action on the technical ground of loss of services alone, we are not prepared to say the action would not lie ; but such support is by no means necessary to the validity of the judgment, because within the law the damage done plaintiff by appellant .is a personal injury, and as such may be redressed without resort to any technical fiction of the common law.

Our Code (§ 3342) classifies injuries as “ injuries to property ” and “personal injuries,” and while so classifying wisely does not attempt a definition thereof; it has adopted practically the classification of common law actions in rem and in personam. The Code says: “Personal injury includes libel, slander, criminal conversation, seduction and malicious prosecution ; also assault, battery, false imprisonment, or other actionable injury to the person either of the plaintiff or of another.’’

Practically, after enumerating certain wrongs denominated “ personal injuries,” the Code, with a flexibility born of common law wisdom, gives a test to determine what belongs to the classification “ or other actionable injury to the person either of the plaintiff or of another.” The test to be applied is : If an injury to the person either of the plaintiff or of another be actionable, it is a personal injury.

The marital relation gives to the husband as well as to the wife conjugal duties and rights. The rights and duties are among the most sacred that can be cherished among men, and it would be an anomaly in our law if the disturber of these sacred rights by fraud could not be made to compensate for their loss. The degree of wrong to such a relation as manifested in the case at bar can be measured by no rule of pecuniary loss, nor is such loss necessary to be proved to support the action (Hermance v. James, 32 How. Pr. 142; Rinehart v. Bills, 82 Mo. 534; Bennett v. Bennett, 116 N. Y. 584).

The true basis of the action is the loss of consortium, or the right of a husband to the conjugal society of his wife, and if the husband can maintain an action for enticing away his wife, he certainly ought to be permitted to recover under the conditions existing in the case at bar. He certainly is just as much deprived of the comfort, aid and society of his wife in the latter as in the'former case, and indeed the degree of injury may be much greater.

The novelty of the action may be accounted for from the fact that the enabling acts relating to the rights of husband and wife and married women have, while enlarging the rights and privileges of the married woman, at the same time relieved the husband from responsibilities and duties which by common law were borne by him. These enabling acts have also given to the husband rights which may entitle him to bring actions where he otherwise would hot have had the right to bring them.

At common law, while the ordinary actions were provided for by appropriate forms, there was also the right to have a special action on the case when circumstances transpired which could not be brought within the forms of actions then existing. This was done that there might be no wrong without proper remedy, either by law as settled, or within the province of the court to settle, to meet appropriately the facts of the proposed action.

It is, therefore, not strange in this age, wherein the complexities of business and social life continually present new problems to solve, that facts should arise requiring substantially an application of the principle underlying the theory of the action on the case at common law to new facts and circumstances as they may present themselves to the courts. The right to so consider the matter we believe to have been expressly provided for by the Code in its classification of personal injuries as indicated herein, and while, if necessary to do so, we might uphold the judgment in this action upon the technical fiction of loss of services, we prefer to place it, where we have no doubt, it properly belongs, as a personal injury, and as directly affecting the true basis of such an action ; that is, the loss to the husband of his full enjoyment of the conjugal society of his wife, because of the tort or fraud of the defendant.

The defendant-appellant cannot be permitted to avail himself of the plaintiff’s ratification of the marriage upon discovery of the fraud. The right to repudiate the marriage was personal to the plaintiff. His ratification of it may have rendered the marriage indissolvable, but, in .analogy with the general rule, the plaintiff was permitted 'to affirm the marriage contract, and to insist upon reparation for the injury inflicted by the fraud. It does not rest with the perpetrator of the fraud to insist that his victim should have availed himself of particular means for extrication from his predicament.

No error is presented by any exception in the record. The judgments of the General and Trial Terms of the ■court below should be affirmed, with costs.

DALY, C. J., concurred.

Pryor, J. [dissenting.]

The late moment at which the prevailing opinion is submitted to me precludes the possibility of an elaborate argument in support of my dissent. I must be content with a simple statement of the propositions of law deemed antagonistic to the decision of the majority.

The action is for deceit; and the false representation alleged is of the chastity of the woman whereby the plaintiff was induced to marry her.

Is actionable fraud predicable of such a falsehood ? An affirmative answer to the inquiry is authorized by no dictum in the books or adjudication in the reports.

If it be said, ubi jus ibi remedium, still “an injury cognizable by law must be shown to have been inflicted on the plaintiff ” (Brown's Maxims, 193). In the constitution of actionable fraud, damage is an" indispensable element; but where is the damage to the plaintiff? In the legal sense damage is pecuniary detriment. The law ■knows no measure or recompense for fraud otherwise than by money. Of such damage, what has the plaintiff suffered ? It is answered, in deprivation of the consortium and conjugal service. Waiving the fact that no loss of consortium ensued from the fraud—the plaintiff continued to cohabit with the woman after discovery of the fraud— the loss of service, if any, was not the effect of a violation of plaintiff’s marital right. At the time of the false representation the woman was not his wife. Supposing that, upon disclosure of the deceit, he had repudiated her, that would not- have been in consequence of any wrong done him as husband, for at the time of the wrong he was not a husband. On the other • hand, though he kept the woman after discovery of the fraud, and by reason of her pregnancy was subjected to loss, that .loss was still not the consequence of any violation of his marital right; for when the fraud was practiced he had no marital right.

Every action ever prosecuted by a husband for loss of consortium or service—crim. con., alienating affection, enticing away, personal injury—was a wrong done during the subsistence of the conjugal relation, and in violation of conjugal right. Here, we repeat, the deceit was before the marriage, and was without effect upon marital right.

The fraud in question wants the essential elements of an actionable tort. But, for the wrong of which the plaintiff complains, the law has provided an appropriate remedy. Enticed by fraud into marriage with a woman unworthy of his embraces, his redress was tó repudiate her; and the court would have absolved him from the matrimonial bond. He would have been restored then to his status quo, and his honor left without blemish. Instead, however, of recourse to the redress open to him, he elects to submit to the fraud, and to abide by its consequences. He confesses that he continued, for six months, to cohabit with the' woman after the birth of the bastard and the discovery of the fraud. And yet, he asks the court to compensate him for a wrong which he deliberately ratifies and condones.

Ante-nuptial pregnancy by another than the husband is no ground of divorce after cohabitation with knowledge of the fact. “ Cohabitation after knowledge, would, of course, be an assent to the fraud ” (Bigelow on Fraud, p. 553, n. 6). If an assent to the fraud in favor of the wife, why not for the benefit of her accomplice? Assent to the act is forgiveness of the actor. Assent eliminates from the act its tortious quality, and no one thereafter is responsible for it in an action for damages.

If, indeed, the plaintiff were the man of outraged sensibility he would fain represent himself, I should be ■disposed to strain legal principle to the utmost in reparation of his wrong. But, when I consider that he still took the woman to his bosom after revelation of the shocking perfidy she had perpetrated üpon him; that he then employed her in a conspiracy to extort money from the defendant; and that now it is through her instrumentality as a witness that he recovers a judgment for two thousand ■dollars, I cannot but regard the action as an experiment in blackmailing by legal process. My associates view the ■case differently; but, such being my conviction of its character, I decline to overthrow fundamental and immemorial principles in carrying it to a triumphant consummation.