Case ID: ohio-cc_4/html/0551-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "Seney, J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

(Third Circuit—Logan County, O., Circuit Court —
    May Term, 1890.)
    Before Seney, Beer and Moore, JJ.
    Thirza Ditzler v. The State of Ohio.
    The words, “ tends to degrade and disgrace such person,” as used in section 6830 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio, is a part of the description of the offense, and should be pleaded, or words that are equivalent.
    To convict a person charged with crime by the act and declaration of another person jointly indicted with such person, a conspiracy must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
    Error to the Court of Common Pleas of Logan County.
   Seney, J.

The plaintiff in error was indicted, convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary upon an indictment charging :

“ That Jerome B. Rose, Kate Rose and Thirza Ditzler, on the 27th of June, 1889, in said county of Logan and state of Ohio, unlawfully, wrongfully and maliciously did falsely accuse one Lula Boals then and there being of certain immoral conduct, to-wit: that of criminal intimacy with one Perry Ploward then and there being, and of the purpose and intent of her, the said Lula Boals, to leave her husband and elope with the said Perry Howard, and the said Jerome B. Rose, Kate Rose and Thirza Ditzler did then and there threaten her, the said Lula Boals, to cause her, the said Lula Boals, to be arrested and punished for such criminal intimacy and determination to elope as aforesaid, and to publish and make public the same and thereby expose and subject her, the said Lula Boals, to the contempt and ridicule of society, with the intent then and there and by means of such false and unlawful accusation and with menace, unlawfully, willfully and knowingly to extort certain money, to-wit, the sum of one hundred dollars from her, the said Lula Boals.”

To this indictment the defendant Thirza Ditzler tiled a motion to quash, averring as the reasons therefor :

That it is alleged in the said indictment, in one and the same count thereof, First — That said defendant did unlawfully, willfully and maliciously accuse one Lula Boals of certain immoral conduct, to-wit, that of criminal intimacy, etc., with one Perry Howard, with intent to extort money, to-wit, the sum of one hundred dollars from her, the said Lula Boale; Second — That said defendant did then and there threaten to publish and make public said criminal intimacy and thereby expose and subject her, the said Lula Boals, to the contempt and ridicule of society, with the intent to extort said money from her, the said Lula Boals. The pleading in said indictment is double. Third — Said indictment is in many other respects informal and defective.

This motion was overruled and an exception taken.

The first question presented to the court, is, did the court err in overruling the motion.

The indictment is drawn under section 6830 of the Revised Statutes, which reads:

“ Whoever, either verbally, or by letter or writing, or written or printed communication, sent or delivered by him, demands of any person, with menace, any chattel, money, or valuable security, or accuses, or knowingly sends or delivers any letter or writing, or any written or printed communication, with or without a name, or with any letter, mark, or designation, accusing or threatening to accuse, any person of a crime, punishable by law, or of any immoral conduct which, if true, would tend to degrade and disgrace such person, or to expose or publish any of his infirmities or failings, or in any way to subject him to the ridicule or contempt of society, or to do an injury to the person or property of any person, with intent to extort or gain from such person any chattel, money, or valuable security, or any pecuniary advantage whatsoever, or with intent to compel the person threatened to do any act against his will, with the intent aforesaid, shall be imprisoned in'the penitentiary not more than five years nor less than one year, and may be fined not more than one thousand dollars.”

As Johnson, Judge, says in the case of Elliott v. The State, 36 Ohio St., page 321 :

“ In many respects it lacks that clearness of meaning and accuracy of expression that should characterize legislation, expecially when, as in this case, it creates hew crimes of highest grade, it is well calculated to give rise, as it already has done, to many original and perplexing questions.”

It is evident that this indictment is an attempt to charge two offenses under this section, the first part of the indictment, one offense, viz., unlawfully, willfully and maliciously did falsely accuse one Lulu Boals then and there being of certain immoral conduct, to-wit: “ that of criminal intimacy with one Perry Howard, then and there being, and of the purposes and intent of her, the said Lulu Boals, to leave her husband and elope with the said Perry Howard.”

The second part of the indictment, another offense, viz: “ that the said Jerome B. Rose, Kate Rose and Thirza Ditzler then and there threatened her, the said Lulu Boale, to cause her, the said Lulu Boals, to be arrested and punished for such criminal intimacy and determination to elope, as aforesaid, and to publish and make public the same, and thereby expose and subject her, the said Lulu Boals, to the contempt and ridicule of society.

It appears to be conceded by counsel, and it is the view the learned judge in the court below took of it, that the second part of the indictment charged no offense, for the reason that the threat was not in writing; this is but following what Johnson, Judge, says in the case of Elliott v. State, 36 Ohio St. 324, wherein he says:

“ If this was a charge of ‘ threatening to accuse,’ the words of the statute would seem to require that it should be in writing.”

. Why this construction should be given to it, we are unable to see, sufficient it is to say that the Supreme Court has said so, and it is, our duty to follow it.

So this part of the indictment is mere surplusage, as it charges no offense.

It is urged in argument that the first part of the indictment is defective for want of the words as used in the statute, viz., “would tend to degrade and disgrace such person;”’in this case “ person ” is Lula Boals.

What should an indictment contain?

Warren, in his work on Criminal Law, on page 36, says :

“ It is a general rule, that all indictments and complaints upon statutes, especially the most penal, must state all the circumstances which constitute the definition of the offense in the act, so as to bring the defendant precisely within it.
“ It is, in general, necessary, not only to set forth on the record all the circumstances which make up the statutable definition of the offense, but also to pursue the precise and technical language in which they are expressed in the statute.
“ But there are some cases in which this verbal strictness has been relaxed, and a different interpretation pursued, where, indeed, the words used are, in effect, equivalent to thosé contained in the act.
An indictment or complaint must describe the offense with such certainty as to apprise the defendant what he is to answer, that he may shape his defense, and plead the judgment in bar.
,“It is a rule of criminal law, based upon sound principles, that every indictment should contain a complete description of the offense charged. That it should set forth the facts constituting the crime, so that the accused may have notice of what he is to meet, of the act done, which it behoves him to controvert, and so that the court, applying the law to the facts charged against him, may see that a crime has been committed. This is necessary, also, in order that the court may know, upon conviction, what crime has been committed and what penalties incurred. The highest degree of certainty is not required.”

The words of the statute are not charged — are there equivalent charged — to be so they must be of such import as“ tends to degrade and disgrace Lulu Boals.”

The first part of the charge is “ criminal intimacy ; ” what is that? what does it mean? is it the same as “illicit intercourse,” sexual intercourse,” criminal conversation,” if it is of that nature — it is charging a crime, but the indictment does not charge a crime. The indictment charges immoral conduct. Of what did the defendant accuse, Lula Boals, by charging criminal intimacy, the facts are not stated, this is uncertain and ambiguous, in doubt. The next words are “ and of the purpose and intent of her, the said Lula Boals, to leave her husband and elope with the said Perry Howard” would that tend to degrade and disgrace her, — it certainly would if she was a married lady, and her husband was living, but the indictment does not charge that she is married, or that she has a husband. Can the court say, this is immoral conduct that tends to degrade and disgrace ? It would certainly be, if certain facts were pleaded, which are not. It depends upon facts that are not pleaded, and hence could not be proven. If she was a single woman, and Perry Howard was a proper person, would it be immoral conduct that the court could say, as a matter of law, it tended to degrade and disgrace. You might accuse John Smith of running a saloon, this would not be such immoral conduct (in law) as tends to disgrace and degrade him, but if John Smith was a minister of the gospel, and you would so charge in an indictment and accuse him of running a saloon, this would tend to degrade and disgrace.

I made this illustration for the purpose of showing how certain facts, as a matter of law, would tend to degrade and disgrace, depending upon whom the person is.

So we hold .that “the words tend to degrade and disgrace such person ” is a part of the description of the offense, and should be pleaded, or words that are equivalent. In this indictment — in the opinion of the court — -neither was done ; hence the indictment is bad, and the motion to quash should have been sustained.

The'next question presented is, was it error to permit the acts and declarations of the co-defendant J. B. Rose to be given in evidence against the defendant, when such acts were done and such declarations made in the absence of the defendant. When they were introduced, the jury were specially instructed by the court that they were not competent, and should receive no consideration unless J. B. Rose and the defendant were so connected in the transaction as to make the act or declaration of one the act and declaration of the other — -this fully and completely protected the right of the defendant in introducing the acts and declarations of Rose in advance of the proof of a conspiracy.

When the testimony was all in, we think the declaration and acts of Rose were clearly competent as against the defendant; there was evidence introduced that tended to show a most complete and foul conspiracy between J. B. Rose, Kate Rose and the defendant to extort money from the prosecuting witness, by means of an accusation, without the shadow of a foundation and against a lady of high respectability. She is to be commended, not censured for the trap she led them into; our only regret is that the indictment does not charge the accusation of immoral conduct, proven viz.: That she was a married lady, living with her husband, that Perry Howard was an entire stranger to her, no relation to her, and had been seen going in and out of her house late at night, had taken buggy rides with her, that she being married was going to elope with him, etc., etc. These are the accusations the proof tends to show she made, and not what is charged in the indictment, in all which the evidence tends to prove the defendant was a co-conspirator.

We find’no error in admitting the acts and declaration of Rose. The next question is, did the court err in its charge and refusal to charge?

The legal effect of the charge and refusal to charge, excepted to, is “ that the court charge that it is not necessary to find a conspiracy existed between Rose and the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt.” This, we think, was error. It was held in the case of Adams v. The State, 31 Ohio St. 462, that

“On the trial, under an indictment for burglary, every essential element in the charge must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt; and it is misleading to instruct the jury, ‘ that it is not necessary that every fact requisite to constitute burglary should be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, but the jury must look to all the facts and circumstances and be able to say that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ”

From this it will be seen that every element of the charge must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt; conspiracy was an element against the defendant. In other words, before the acts and declarations of Rose became the acts and declarations of the defendant, they must be made so by the same degree of proof that her own acts and declarations require, they are her acts and declarations in law if she is a • conspirator — they are not if she is not — they become her acts by reason of a conspiracy alone, before they become her acts it takes the element of conspiracy in connection with the act, this being. an essential element to make it her act, if it is not prov'en beyond a reasonable doubt, the charge in the indictment against her is not proven beyond a reasonable doubt. It may be claimed the charge in the indictment is not conspiracy; that is true in one sense, and in another it is not. They are jointly indicted, and as held by the Supreme Court, in the case of Goins v. The State, reported in Vol. 21, Ohio Law Journal, No. 21, page 352: “ This is true where the act of conspiracy is itself the crime charged, but where some other act is the real offense, and the conspiracy is a common purpose leading to the commission of the main criminal act or conspiracy, need not be alleged in express terms, and if any allegation in respect thereof is at all necessary — the charge in the indictment that it was jointly done is sufficient for that purpose.”

The charge of the court given by the lower court in the case of Brown v. State, 12 Ohio St., page 153, was approved by the Supreme Court, and we have no doubt, although not expressly decided in that case, that it is the law. It reads as follows:

James Hernán, for plaintiff in error.

W. S. Plum, Pros. Att’y, assisted by Eon. Duncan Dow, for defendant in error.

The charge, which is copied into the statement of the case, and which, on account of its length, I do not propose to repeat here, was, substantially, that if the jury should find, beyond a reasonable doubt, from the testimony, that the defendant had agreed with others to commit the burglary, on the night on which it was done, and that as a part of said agreement, and to facilitate the breaking and entry, and lessen the chance of detection, it was agreed that the defendant should on that night, procure or decoy the owner, Whetstone, away from the store, in which he usually slept, to a party, about a mile distant, and detain him there, while the other confederates were to break and enter said store, and remove the goods, and that both parties did, in fact, perform, their respective parts of said agreement, that then the defendant was constructively present at the breaking and entry by his confederates, and might be connected as principal therein, if all the other material allegations were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. We are free to say that this charge, if there was evidence tending to prove it, is unexceptionable.”

For the reason given upon the motion to quash — the motion in arrest of judgment should have been sustained.

Entertaining these views the judgment and sentence of the common pleas will be reversed and the defendant discharged.