Case ID: ad_66/html/0398-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "McLennan, J.:", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

John Doyle, as Administrator, etc., of Jacob Doyle, Deceased, Respondent, v. New York, Ontario and Western Railway Company, Appellant.
    
      Action for damages-arising out of a death.through -negligence.— the only next of kin, having settled the cause of action, cannot, when afterwards appointed administrator, continue an action based thereon — tender of repayment of money received on an alleged fraudulent settlement.
    
    The father of a decedent, who, being his only heir at law and next of kin, is the sole person entitled to any sum which may be recovered in an action brought by the administrator of such decedent for damages resulting from -the dece- . dent’s death, has, independent of any question as^o the fees of the administrator- and his attorney, power to. settle the cause of action.- The'subsequent appointment of the father, as administrator, in place of the former administrator relates _ back to the death of the intestate and removes any question' as to the validity of the settlement.
    The father, after his appointment as .administrator, cannot continue the action upon the ground that the release was obtained by fraud unless he pays or tenders to the defendant the amount received by him upon the settlement.
    Appeal by the defendant, the New York, Ontario and Western Railway Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court-in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Oswego on the 19th day of October, 1900, upon the verdict of a jury for $400, and also from an order bearing date the 11th day of October, 1900, and entered in said clerk’s office, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      The verdict rendered was what is called a sealed verdict and was in the words and figures following, namely, “ $1,200, less the $800 already paid, $400.” Four hundred dollars was regarded as the amount found by the jury to be due to the plaintiff, and the judgment appealed from is made up of said sum and the costs of. the action.
    The action was commenced on the 18th day of October, 1897, by one David Y. Leslie, as administrator of the estate of one Jacob Doyle, deceased, to recover damages claimed to have been sustained by the heirs at law and next of kin of said Jacob Doyle, because of his death, alleged to have been caused through the negligence of the defendant, and on account of which the deceased was struck and killed by one of defendant’s trains on the morning of September 3, 1897, at a point where a highway crosses defendant’s railroad in the town of Hastings, Oswego county, N. Y.
    Jacob Doyle, at the time of his death, was a resident of the county of Oswego. .He died intestate and left him surviving his father, John Doyle, this plaintiff, who was his only heir at law and next of kin. He also left him surviving a brother, Frank Doyle. On the 21st day of September, 1897, said David Y. Leslie, who was a resident of the city of Syracuse, N. Y., was appointed administrator of the estate of Jacob Doyle, deceased, by the Surrogate’s Court of Oswego county upon the joint petition of said David Y. Leslie and of said Frank Doyle, ft being alleged . in • the. petition that John Dovle, the father, and Frank Doyle, the brother, were residents of Canada. It also appeared that each of them had renounced their right to letters of administration.
    Thereafter, and on the 18th day of June, 1898, upon the petition of John Doyle, this plaintiff, by which the fact appeared that lie was a resident of this State and that he was the only heir at law'and next of kin of his son Jacob Doyle, deceased, an order was made by the Surrogate’s Court of Oswego county revoking the letters of administration granted to David Y. Leslie, and on the 11th day of July, 1898, John Doyle, this plaintiff, was duly appointed administrator in his place and stead, and he immediately entered upon the discharge.of his duties and is now acting as such administrator.
    On the 16th day of December,. 1898, John Doyle as such administrator was duly substituted as plaintiff in this action in the place of the said David Y. Leslie by an order duly made at a Special Term, and he thereupon assumed control of and undertook its prosecution. '
    On or about the 29th day of December, 189Tj more than six months before John Doyle had been appointed administrator as aforesaid, and before he had been substituted as plaintiff, he assumed to settle the cause of action upon which this suit is brought, and received from the defendant upon such settlement the sum, of' $800, being in full of all claims and demands which he had against the defendant on account of its alleged negligence in causing the death of his son.
    After John Doyle was appointed administrator in the place of Leslie, and after his substitution as plaintiff in this action, he served upon the defendant an amended complaint alleging such facts. Thereupon the defendant served an amended answer in which it alleged, among, other things, that the plaintiff John Doyle was the only heir at law and next of kin of- his son Jacob Doyle, deceased that he alone was entitled to any and. all damages which resulted from thé death of his said son ; that he had settled such cause of action in full; that such settlement was evidenced by an instrument in writing duly executed by him, and that he had received from the defendant the sum of $800 upon such settlement, no part of which he had returned or offered to return to it. The defendant also alleged that it was not guilty of negligence which caused the death of Jacob Doyle, but that it resulted because, of the negligence of the deceased, and judgment was demanded that the complaint be dismissed, with costs.
    Upon the issues thus joined the case came on for trial. Upon the trial evidence was given tending, to . establish negligence on the part of the defendant, and freedom from contributory negligence on the part of the deceased. It also appeared that the plaintiff, John Doyle, had settled the cause of action set forth in the complaint substantially as alleged in defendant’s answer; 'that he had received from the defendant the sum of $800 upon such settlement, .which he had retained and had in no manner tendered or offered to return the same to the defendant. The plaintiff contended that such. settlement was void because of the fraud of the defendant’s agent in procuring the same to be made, and evidence was given tending to. support such contention, but it was not contended by the plaintiff and no proof was given tending to show that he had tendered back or offered to refund to the defendant the $800 which concededly he had received from it.
    At the close of the evidence defendant’s counsel moved for the dismissal of the complaint upon the ground, among others, that the plaintiff had not tendered back to the defendant the $800 which he had received from it upon the settlement of the action. The motion was denied and an exception was duly taken. The learned trial court then submitted to the jury the question of defendant’s negligence and of plaintiff’s intestate’s contributory negligence. He also directed the jury, in case they found for the plaintiff upon those two propositions, to determine whetfier or not the alleged settlement was procured through fraud, instructing them (that if it was not the plaintiff could not recover, but if it was the plaintiff might recover such damages as they found he was entitled to, but in that case they should credit the defendant with and deduct from the amount of damages found, the $800 received by the plaintiff upon such settlement. The defendant’s counsel requested the court to charge that if the jury found that there was no tender back to the defendant of the $800 paid in settlement of the case they must find for the defendant. The request was denied, and an exception duly taken.
    The jury thereupon retired and rendered the verdict as quoted above, involving under the charge of the court a finding that the defendant was guilty of negligence which caused the injuries complained of; that plaintiff’s intestate was free from contributory negligence; that the settlement of the cause of action was made by the plaintiff as alleged in defendant’s answer; that such settlement was procured through fraud and was, therefore, not binding upon the plaintiff; that the plaintiff had received $800 upon such settlement, and that he had not returned the same to the defendant or tendered it back, and the jury credited the defendant with such sum and deducted it from the amount of the damages which it found the plaintiff had sustained on account of his son’s death.
    The only question which need be considered upon this appeal is whether or not the plaintiff was entitled to recover in this action, in view of the fact that he had not returned or tendered back to the defendant the amount received by him unon the alleged settlement of the cause of action.
    
      Udelle Bartlett and P. W. Cullinan, for the appellant.
    
      George F. Quinn, for the respondent.
   McLennan, J.:

It is elementary, as a general proposition, that in order to rescind a contract on the ground of fraud, there must not only be a disaffirmance of it at the earliest practicable moment after the discovery of the fraud, but a return of all that has been received under it, and the restoration of the other party to the condition in which he stood before the contract was made., (Cobb v. Hatfield, 46 N. Y. 533.)

In Masson, v. Bovet (1 Den. 69) the court said: “The party-who would disaffirm a fraudulent contract must return whatever he has- received upon it. This is on a plain and just principle. He cannot hold on to such part of the contract as may be desirable on his part, and avoid the residue, but must rescind in loto if at all.”

In Gould v. Cayuga County National Bank (86 N. Y. 75) it Was held that a creditor who entered into á compromise of a disputed claim and thereunder received a payment, cannot maintain an- action on his original claim on the ground that he was induced by fraud to make the compromise, without first returning or tendering, before' bringing the action, the sum paid him, to the-debtor, without qualification or condition.

It would seem- to be the contention of the respondent that the rule adverted to does not apply to. an action for negligence. We can conceive of no reason why the rule is not applicable to such actions, and we think no case can be found which holds to the contrary.

Shaw v. Webber (79 Hun, 307). was an action to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by the plaintiff through the negligence of the defendant. It was shown that the plaintiff had executed a. release discharging the defendant from all claims for damages, at the time of the execution of which she was paid $100 by the defendant. ' The plaintiff did not return or offer to return the $100, and it was insisted by defendant that for that reason the action could not be maintained. The court held that the action was maintainable, but solely for the reason that there was evidence which would justify the jury in finding that the $100 was paid by the defendant to the plaintiff as a gift and not in settlement of the cause of action, and that the release was executed by the plaintiff in ignorance of its contents and through the fraud of the defendant. In other words, that case simply held that as there was evidence tending to show that the $100 was not paid or received in settlement of the cause of action, but as a gift, the plaintiff was entitled to retain it and recover the full amount of damages which she had sustained, wholly independent of such gift.

The case of Cleary v. Municipal Electric Light Co. (41 N. Y. St. Repr. 172; affd., 139 N. Y. 643.) was an action of negligence, in which a release was executed by the plaintiff, discharging the defendant from all claims on account of defendant’s negligence. Upon the execution of such release the defendant paid to the plaintiff the sum of $250, and it was insisted that the plaintiff not having tendered back such sum the action could not be maintained. The jury found that the $250 was paid to the plaintiff, not in settlement for defendant’s negligence, but for wages due and owing by it to the plaintiff, and that the release was executed by the plaintiff inadvertently and without knowledge of its contents. Upon those facts the court-held that the plaintiff might recover the full amount of damages sustained by him on account of the defendant’s negligence, and wholly independent of the amount paid him as wages. These cases and others to which reference might be made in no manner conflict with the general rule that a person who seeks to rescind a contract into which he has entered through the fraud of another, must return or offer to return whatever lie has received under such contract.

In Lyons v. Allen (11 App. D. C. 543) it was held that in an action to recover damages for personal injuries, a party who seeks to avoid the effect of a release under seal on the ground that it was procured by fraud, must first restore the consideration, and that it was no answer that the amount received had been discounted from, the verdict.

In Levister v. Southern Railway Co. (56 S. C. 508) it was held that in an action of negligence a person executing a release cannot maintain an action for damages without offering to return the money so received, although he alleges that the release was obtained by fraud. (See Och v. Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ry. Co., 130 Mo. 27.)

The reason and justice of the rule thus laid down is so apparent that it would seem unnecessary to cite authorities in its support. Any other would permit a party to prosecute an action without talking any chances, and with means furnished by liis adversarywould enable an unscrupulous plaintiff to obtain as large an amount as possible in settlement of his alleged cause of action through negotiation with the defendant, and with the funds thus obtained seek to secure a larger sum in an action brought upon the same cause of action and without running any risk of losing what he first'obtained. In the case at bar, if the jury had determined that, the plaintiff had sustained only $400 damages by the death of his son, the defendant could not have recovered a judgment for the amount paid to the plaintiff in excess of that sum.

We then have the anomalous situation of a jury being instructed in effect to credit the defendant with the amount paid by it to the plaintiff, in case such sum equals or is less than-the amount of damages sustained by the plaintiff, but if the sum so paid is greater than the damages thus-sustained, no credit can be given for.the excess, and a final judgment as to it cannot be given. In such case a plaintiff must offer to return the amount received upon the settlement of a cause of action, which he repudiates for fraud, before he will be permitted to enforce the same in an action at law.

■It is, however, urged that the settlement of the cause of action by John Doyle was ineffectual for any purpose, because made by him individually before he was appointed administrator, and before he was substituted as plaintiff in the action ; that as administrator he was not required to tender to the defendant the .$800 which-he as ail individual received from it. The proposition is untenable. The plaintiff being the only heir at law and next of.kin of the deceased, the cause of action belonged to him. By section 1903 of the Code of Civil Procedure the entire recovery belonged to the father, the mother being dead. Under such circumstances John Doyle had an absolute right to settle his cause of action ; had a right to release the defendant from any damages which belonged solely to him. Independent of any question of attorneys’ fees and the costs and expenses of the preceding administrator, plaintiff’s right to settle his 'cause of action,is beyond question. Such claims are not involved upon this appeal, for the action was not continued or prosecuted to recover such costs or upon any such theory, but solely for the purpose of recovering the damages sustained by the plaintiff by the death of his son. In order that the trial might proceed for the purpose of determining the rights of plaintiff’s attorneys as to costs, an order of the court authorizing it should have been obtained. (Oliwill v. Verdenhalven, 26 N. Y. St. Repr. 115; Randall v. Van Wagenen, 115 N. Y. 527; Lee v. Vacuum Oil Co., 126 id. 579; Coughlin v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 71 id. 443; Quinlan v. Birge, 43. Hun, 483.)

In the latter case it was said : An attorney cannot proceed in the . action after settlement for the purpose of enforcing his lien, without leave of the court, which in a proper case it is the practice of the court to grant on notice to all interested parties.”

John Doyle, the only person interested in the recovery in this action, having been appointed administrator, such appointment relates back to the death of his intestate. Under sucli circumstances his acts in respect to the estate were legalized by his appointment, and have the same force and effect as if done after the appointment was made.

In Smith v. Robinson (30 Hun, 269), which was an action by an administrator to foreclose a mortgage owned by his intestate, it appeared that before the administrator was appointed he executed a formal discharge of the bond and mortgage in suit. It was held that upon the appointment of the administrator the discharge became valid and effective, and binding on all persons interested in the estate of the deceased. The court said : Letters of administration, when properly granted by the appropriate tribunal, have relation to the time of the death of the intestate, and legalize all of the intermediate acts of the administrators. After being clothed with the authority thus bestowed upon him, he is not permitted to question the validity of his own agreements and contracts, which he may have entered into in good faith prior to his appointment, concerning the property and debts of the intestate. The effect of this rule óf law is very broad, and is so applied as to confirm, and legalize the acts which he may have done, as administrator d'e son tort, both for arad against himself. * * * Upon his appointment he becomes charged in his representative capacity,- the same as if his dealings with the estate had occurred after he was vested with the legal sight, and the sureties on his bond are liable to the same extent as their principal.”

In Priest s. Watkins (2 Hill, 225) one of the two administrators, before letters granted, having a note in his possession belonging to the intestate, received pay thereon from the debtor, and this act was held to bar a suit by the administrators after their appointment. (See, also, Vroom v. Van Horne, 10 Paige, 549.)

In Gottsbérger v. Taylor (19 N. Y. 150) it was held that the sureties of an administrator were liable for the money, belonging to the estate received by him before his appointment.

The conclusion is reached that the settlement made by John Doyle, he being the only person entitled to the damages recoverable in this action, although made before he was appointed administrator and before he was substituted as plaintiff, had the same-force and effect as if made by him after such appointment and substitution, and that not having. paid back or tendered to the defendant the amount received by him upon such settlement, the defendant was entitled to a dismissal of the complaint.

It follows, that the judgment and order appealed from should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to the appellant tó abide event.

All concurred.

Judgment and order reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide event.