Case ID: f-appx_601/html/0677-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Arnold ZALER, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 14-1474.
    United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
    Feb. 11, 2015.
    Thomas M. O’Rourke, Robert Mark Russel, Office of the United States Attorney, Denver, CO, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
    
      D’Arcy Winston Straub, Littleton, CO, for DefendanL-Appellant.
    Before GORSUCH, EBEL, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
   ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

Arnold Zaler seeks to appeal from the district court’s dismissal of his “Motion to Vacate Sentence Based on Fraud Upon the Court” as an unauthorized second 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion that the district court lacked jurisdiction to consider. We deny a certifícate of appealability (COA) and dismiss this matter.

After being convicted of several fraud charges and unsuccessfully appealing his concurrent 15-year sentences, see United States v. Zaler, 405 Fed.Appx. 301, 302, 317 (10th Cir.2010), Mr. Zaler pursued relief under § 2255, asserting that the district court had improperly increased his sentences because the district judge had an affinity with Judaism and was offended that Mr. Zaler, who is a Jew, victimized other Jews. The § 2255 motion was denied as untimely, and this court denied a COA. See United States v. Zaler, 537 Fed0Appx. 808, 809 (10th Cir.2013).

In 2014, through counsel, Mr. Zaler filed a “Motion to Vacate Sentence Based on Fraud Upon the Court” re-raising the claims from his § 2255 motion. Mr. Zaler asserted that this motion, based upon Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 64 S.Ct. 997, 88 L.Ed. 1250 (1944), was “distinct from a 2255 motion,” and therefore it was “not a second or successive 2255 motion that must be certified by the Tenth Circuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h).” Aplt. App. at 121. The district court disagreed. Relying on United States v. Baker, 718 F.3d 1204 (10th Cir.2013), it applied the authorization requirements and dismissed the motion for lack of jurisdiction.

Before this court, Mr. Zaler, still represented by counsel, asserts that “an actual motion for fraud upon the court filed pursuant to Hazel-Atlas is not a 2255 motion. If Zaler is correct, the district court order dismissing Zaler’s motion for fraud upon the court is a final decision that does not require a COA_” Aplt. Br. at 9. As discussed below, however, Mr. Zaler is not correct; the district court was. Therefore, Mr. Zaler must obtain a COA. See United States v. Harper, 545 F.3d 1230, 1233 (10th Cir.2008). To do so, he must show “that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484, 120 S.Ct. 1595, 146 L.Ed.2d 542 (2000).

In Baker, this court held that a motion alleging fraud on the court in the underlying criminal proceeding, brought under Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(d)(3) and Hazel-Atlas, was subject to the authorization requirements of § 2255(h). 718 F.3d at 1207-08. Like the district court, we see Mr. Zaler’s efforts to distinguish Baker as “a distinction without a difference.” Aplt. App. at 283. Mr. Zaler seeks to attack the validity of his sentences, a quintessential § 2255 claim, and Baker requires his filing to be considered as a second § 2255 motion. Therefore, no reasonable jurist could debate the court’s decision to dismiss the motion for lack of jurisdiction. See United States v. Nelson, 465 F.3d 1145, 1148 (10th Cir.2006) (“[I]f the prisoner’s pleading must be treated as a second or successive § 2255 motion, the district court does not even have jurisdiction to deny the relief sought in the pleading.”).

Relying on McQuiggin v. Perkins, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1924, 185 L.Ed.2d 1019 (2013), which was decided weeks after Baker, Mr. Zaler suggests that the courts’ equitable power to consider a claim of fraud upon the court survived the enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). McQuiggin held that when a prisoner made a convincing actual-innocence claim in his first federal habeas application, the courts could apply an equitable exception to AEDPA’s one-year limitations period. Id. at 1931-34. Pointing to McQuiggin’s statement that “we will not construe a statute to displace courts’ traditional equitable authority absent the clearest command,” id. at 1934 (internal quotation marks omitted), Mr. Zaler argues that “McQuiggin clearly reaffirms that absent a clear congressional command, courts are not to construe ‘actual’ motions for fraud upon the court under AEDPA so as to displace the courts’ equitable power,” Aplt. Br. at 26.

It was important in McQuiggin, however, that the prisoner sought to bring an untimely first habeas application. 133 S.Ct. at 1934. Notably, McQuiggin also recognized that Congress, through 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b), intended to “modify” and “constraint ]” the role of “actual innocence” with respect to second or successive habeas applications. 133 S.Ct. at 1933-34 (emphasis omitted). Congress similarly has modified and constrained second or successive § 2255 motions. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h). We are not persuaded that a reasonable jurist could debate whether McQuiggin allows Mr. Zaler to circumvent § 2255(h)’s restrictions simply by recasting his original untimely § 2255 claim as a claim of fraud upon the court.

A COA is denied and this matter is dismissed. 
      
       This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R.App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.