Case ID: f-supp-2d_935/html/1179-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "NANCY D. FREUDENTHAL, Chief Judge.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

ROCK SPRINGS GRAZING ASSOCIATION, a Wyoming Corporation, Petitioner, v. Ken SALAZAR, in his official capacity as Secretary of the Department of the Interior; et al., Respondents, and American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign, et al., RespondentIntervenors.
    Case No. 11-cv-263.
    United States District Court, D. Wyoming.
    April 3, 2013.
    
      Constance E. Brooks, Michael B. Marinovich, C.E. Brooks & Associates, P.C., Denver, CO, L. Galen West, West Law Office, P.C., Rock Springs, WY, for Petitioner.
    Ignacia S. Moreno, Assistant Attorney General, Seth M. Barsky, Section Chief, Coby Howell, Trial Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, Portland, OR, for Federal Respondents.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION GRANTING JOINT MOTION TO DISMISS

NANCY D. FREUDENTHAL, Chief Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on a joint motion to dismiss filed by Petitioner Rock Springs Grazing Association (RSGA) and Respondents (collectively BLM) pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2) and the terms of the Consent Decree and Joint Stipulation for Dismissal (Consent Decree). Document (Doc.) No. 81; 81-1. For background purposes, RSGA filed this case requesting the Court direct the BLM to remove all of the wild horses that had strayed onto the RSGA lands within the Wyoming Checkerboard, which is a strip of land containing approximately two million acres of private and federal land following the railroad from Tipton to Bryan, Wyoming. The BLM resisted, advancing various reasons why the Court could not grant the relief requested. The BLM also argued it met its legal obligations by past actions, and by making arrangements to remove wild horses from RSGA lands. At the hearing, RSGA and the BLM requested the Court defer ruling, to afford the parties an opportunity to engage in settlement discussions. After some delay, RSGA and the BLM resolved their differences and filed a Joint Motion to Dismiss with Consent Decree.

The International Society for the Protection of Mustangs and Burros, the American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign, and The Cloud Foundation (Intervenors) received a copy of the Consent Decree on January 11, 2013. Doc. No. 81, ¶ 6. The Joint Motion to Dismiss Case with the Consent Decree was filed with the Court on February 12, 2013. On February 25, 2013, Intervenors filed their opposition to the terms of the Consent Decree. Doc. No. 86. The Court has considered the filings and is otherwise informed in the premises, and will grant the Joint Motion to Dismiss and approve the Consent Decree in the form provided.

BACKGROUND

A. Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act

The Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1331-1340 (the Wild Horses Act), recognizes that “wild free-roaming horses and burros ... belong to no one individual. They belong to all the American people.” S.Rep.No. 242, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. 1 (1971). “In structure and purpose, [the Wild Horses Act] is nothing more than a land-use regulation enacted by Congress to ensure the survival of a particular species of wildlife.” Mountain States Legal Foundation v. Hodel, 799 F.2d 1423, 1428 (10th Cir.1986). Reflecting this, the Wild Horses Act directs the Secretary to provide for the protection and management of these animals. As such, it is “reasonably related to the promotion of the public interest.” Id. at 1430.

The BLM administers the Wild Horses Act as the Secretary’s delegate. Because the Wild Horses Act prohibits the harassment of wild horses when it is done “maliciously,” 16 U.S.C. § 1338(a)(3), it is not entirely clear what measures may be taken by landowners to protect their land from wild horses without risk of sanctions. It is clear, however, that Section 4 of the Wild Horses Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1334 (Section 4), entitles landowners to enjoy the use of their property unencumbered by wild horses, and provides them a specific remedy to remove the animals. If wild horses “stray from public lands onto privately owned land, the owners of such land may inform the nearest Federal marshall [sic] or agent of the Secretary, who shall arrange to have the animals removed.” Id. The BLM has interpreted this statutory provision by promulgating regulations, which provide: “Upon written request from the private landowner to any representative of the [BLM], the authorized officer shall remove stray wild horses and burros from private lands as soon as practicable.” 43 CFR § 4720.2-1.

The operation and benefits of Section 4 of the Wild Horses Act has been described as follows:

The removal of the animals is primarily for the benefit of the public in that it keeps wild horses and burros on public lands. As a byproduct, the landowner has the benefit of having the animals removed from his land without cost and by merely reporting to the government that they are on his land. This byproduct also works to the benefit of the public. Because the landowner has an easy and cost-free way to remove the animals, he will not be tempted to shoot or otherwise harm them. Accordingly, less animals will be maimed or killed.

Roaring Springs Associates v. Andrus, 471 F.Supp. 522, 525-26 (D.Ore.1978).

B. Section k. Litigation

Notwithstanding the Court’s observations in Roaring Springs, litigation eoncerning Section 4 of the Wild Horses Act suggests that nothing is easy or cost-free to landowners when it comes to removing animals. RSGA is the landowner in this case. RSGA was established in 1907 to assemble the land rights to use the range-land resources within a portion of the Wyoming Checkerboard, which at that time was owned by the government, the Union Pacific Railroad, and the State of Wyoming. Doc. 1, ¶ 20. The RSGA land follows the railroad right-of-way from Tipton to Bryan, Wyoming, encompassing an area roughly 40 miles wide and 80 miles long and containing slightly more than two million acres. Id.

The “checkerboard” derives its name from the pattern of alternating sections of private and public land which it comprises. The checkerboard scheme of land ownership is a result of the Union Pacific Act passed in 1862. Under that Act, the Union Pacific Railroad Company was awarded the odd-numbered lots of public land along the railbed right-of-way as the company completed each mile of the transcontinental railroad. Today, more than half of the checkerboard remains under federal ownership, while the remainder is held privately.

Mountain States Legal Foundation v. Hodel, 799 F.2d 1423, 1424, fn. 1 (10th Cir.1986).

RSGA uses the Wyoming Checkerboard for grazing cattle and sheep. Wild horses also graze on the Wyoming Checkerboard and, because the Wyoming Checkerboard is not fenced, wild horses move freely throughout the area. The Wyoming Checkerboard is generally described as high desert, with limited forage, limited fences, and sensitive to overuse.

The instant controversy began years ago, shortly following enactment of the Wild Horses Act. Relying on Section 4 of the Wild Horses Act, in 1977, RSGA formally requested removal of all of the wild horses from its private lands. A.R. 03316. Unsatisfied with the BLM’s response, in 1979 RSGA and the Mountain States Legal Foundation filed suit to compel removal in addition to other relief. A.R. 00858-59.

In 1981, the Court entered an order which found that “the wild horse population has dramatically increased and the excess demand on grazing lands has created severe problems for ranchers in the Rock Springs area and the ecological balance of the range.” A.R. 00870. For purposes of this case, the relevant part of the 1981 Order provides “that the Rock Springs District office of the [BLM] shall within one year from the date of this Order remove all wild horses from the checkerboard grazing lands in the Rock Springs District except that number which the [RSGA] voluntarily agrees to leave in said area.” Id.

Following the 1981 Order, the BLM began its NEPA process and established herd management areas (HMAs) throughout the Rock Springs District to include a total of 1,525 wild horses (AMLs). Doc. 1, ¶ 32; A.R. 01899; A.R. 01780; A.R. 01948; A.R. 01848; A.R. 02130. The BLM undertook wild horse gathers to meet this objective. In 1984, RSGA filed a motion to enforce the 1981 Order, and the parties stipulated to an amended order whereby the BLM committed to the removal of all but 1,500 to 1,600 wild horses. Doc. 1, ¶¶ 34 & 47; A.R. 03350-56 & 03359. The BLM also committed to dedicate about 90% of the Wyoming BLM wild horse program funding for the following three years to achieve and maintain the AMLs. Id.

In 1985, the BLM estimated the wild horse population was nearing the 1,500-1,600 level, and wrote to RSGA to document compliance with the 1981 Order. A.R. 03373 (“Rock Springs District is in compliance with the Court Order of March 31, 1981 and amendments. I now consider our Wild Horse Program to be in management mode instead of a roundup project.”). RSGA neither acquiesced in, nor contested this determination. Doc. 1, ¶ 36.

In 2003, the State of Wyoming filed suit against the BLM to enforce the terms of the respective land use plans governing public lands in Wyoming. A.R. 01262-86. A Consent Decree was entered whereby the BLM agreed to maintain the AMLs for each HMA, and to inventory and gather from each HMA every three years to the lower level of the AML. A.R. 01287-95.

The BLM initially instituted the steps required under the consent decree and gathered and removed wild horses from the HMAs that were within or bordered the RSGA lands. Id. at ¶ 45; A.R. 02218. However, in 2009 and 2010, the BLM removed very few wild horses, but planned and executed a large removal in calendar-year 2011, gathering over 3,400 horses. A.R. 02218; A.R. 04082.

Notwithstanding the BLM’s efforts, RSGA alleges that the estimated number of wild horses located in the HMAs encompassing the RSGA lands greatly exceed the previously agreed range of 500 horses within the RSGA lands and no more than a total of 1500 to 1600 wild horses within the four Rock Springs HMAs that include RSGA lands and the HMAs adjacent to the RSGA lands. RSGA also alleges the numbers exceed the AMLs (1445-1680) adopted in horse management plans and Resource Management Plans. Id. at ¶ 47. This prompted the October 4, 2010 letter from RSGA to the BLM under Section 4 of the Wild Horses Act, demanding the removal of all wild horses from lands it owned or leased. A.R. 01427-29.

After receipt of the October 4th letter, the BLM responded explaining that its gather schedule for wild horses “is based on available funding for [the] Fiscal Year and the priorities set by the states” that “[c]urrently for FY2011, BLM is not funded to accomplish [the] task” of “removing] all wild horses from [RSGA’s] private land, including the land within the Divide Basin HMA;” that “[h]owever, the Divide Basin HMA issue is the highest Wyoming priority for FY2012;” that “BLM Wyoming has started the NEPA process” to deal with the matter; and that it intends to request that this matter “be placed on the FY2012 gather schedule at the earliest possible date, based upon appropriations.” A.R. 01430-31. The BLM further explained that the agency “continuéis] to manage wild horses and associated habitats in accordance with the Green River Resource Management Plan (RMP) ... its objectives, applicable laws, regulations, and policies,” and that “[t]he Rock Springs Field Office is currently updating the RMP in which wild horse management will be addressed and AMLs will be re-evaluated.” Id. The BLM did not say it would proceed to make arrangements to remove all wild horses from RSGA lands.

Thus, RSGA filed this case on July 27, 2011, which prompted a motion for Intervention by the International Society for the Protection of Mustangs and Burros, the American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign, and The Cloud Foundation on September 28, 2011. Doc. No. 1, 16. Finding that these groups have a legally protectable interest in protecting the wild horses that live on the Wyoming Checkerboard, which could be impaired by the lawsuit, and that there is a divergence of interests between these groups and the BLM, the Court granted intervention. Doc. No. 32. The dispute then went to hearing on September 17, 2012, with the ruling deferred pending settlement discussions between RSGA and the BLM. Doc. No. 76, 77.

C. Consent Decree

On February 12, 2013, RSGA and the BLM filed a Joint Motion to Dismiss Case with Consent Decree. In summary, among other things, the Consent Decree provides:

a. the BLM agrees to remove the wild horses from the RSGA lands;

b. the BLM agrees to initiate a process to consider appropriate changes in the HMA boundaries that currently include RSGA lands and to consider revision of the respective numbers of wild horses as expressed by AMLs;

c. RSGA agrees to accept on its lands within the Wyoming Checkerboard up to 205 to 300 wild horses within the White Mountain Herd Management Area subject to the BLM’s agreement to institute fertility control measures and to keep the numbers to the lower range of the agreed-upon numbers.

RSGA and the BLM argue for approval by the Court of the Consent Decree, which provides for a ten-year term with the Court retaining jurisdiction. RSGA and the BLM argue the Consent Decree is fair, adequate and reasonable based on the facts presented in this case. They argue it supports the public policy favoring settlement of a dispute and it serves the objectives of the Wild Horses Act, by retaining wild horses on the public lands while reducing landowner conflicts where the wild horses stray onto private lands. In addition, RSGA and the BLM argue the Consent Decree promotes the public interest in providing that future decisions concerning the wild horse areas and numbers will occur through a public process whereby HMA boundaries and AMLs will be considered for revision in accordance with applicable federal laws, which will afford Intervenors and other interested parties an opportunity to comment to the BLM with respect to changes, and to appeal any final agency action.

Intervenors argue the Consent Decree should be rejected because the Court lacks jurisdiction over RSGA’s claims, and because it “adversely affects the legal rights and interest” of the Intervenors in many respects. Johnson v. Lodge # 93 of the Fraternal Order of Police, 393 F.3d 1096, 1107 (10th Cir.2004).

ANALYSIS

A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

A consent decree must spring from and serve to resolve a dispute within the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. Therefore, Intervenors’ jurisdictional arguments must be addressed first. Intervenors argue the positions from the briefs that, in the wake of Norton v. S. Utah Wilderness Alliance, 542 U.S. 55, 66-67, 124 S.Ct. 2373, 159 L.Ed.2d 137 (2004), RSGA cannot obtain a Court order requiring the BLM to remove any horses from the public lands, because the BLM has wide discretion with regard to its “broad statutory mandate” to “manage wild free-roaming horses and burros,” under the Wild Horses Act. The BLM responds that the Court need not affirmatively resolve the subject matter jurisdictional arguments from the briefs to enter the Consent Decree. Rather, the Court has jurisdiction to enter the Consent Decree provided that RSGA’s claims are not “so insubstantial, implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions of this Court, or otherwise completely devoid of merit as not to involve a federal controversy.” Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 89, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998) (quoting Oneida Indian Nation of NY. v. Oneida County, 414 U.S. 661, 666, 94 S.Ct. 772, 39 L.Ed.2d 73 (1974)). The BLM acknowledges that RSGA’s claims meet this minimal standard.

The Court agrees with the BLM as to RSGA’s claims grounded in 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (federal question), 28 U.S.C. § 2201 (declaratory judgment), 28 U.S.C. § 1361 (mandamus), and 5 U.S.C. §§ 701-706(APA). Doc. 1, ¶ 10 & p. 31. It seems without question that this case requires an interpretation of the Wild Horses Act, which is clearly basic and in the forefront of this dispute. The parties may disagree about the proper interpretation and application of Norton, as well as the role of the Court versus the role of the agency when a case is brought by a private landowner seeking a meaningful removal remedy following a demand under Section 4 of the Wild Horses Act. Nonetheless, any such disagreement does not deprive this Court of jurisdiction to consider the Consent Decree in the context of the motion to dismiss.

With this said, however, the Court does not agree that it has jurisdiction to enforce the 1981 Judgment and Order (as amended) under Rule 70 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651. Rule 70(a) provides “[i]f a judgment requires a party to convey land, to deliver a deed or other document, or to perform any other specific act and the party fails to comply within the time specified,” and authorizes a court to “order the act to be done.” The All Writs Act provides an equitable form of relief that is exercised where “necessary or appropriate in aid of [a court’s] jurisdictions.” 28 U.S.C. 1651(a); Wis. Right to Life v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 542 U.S. 1305, 1306, 125 S.Ct. 2, 159 L.Ed.2d 805 (2004) (explaining that the authority under the All Writs Act should be used “sparingly and only in the most critical and exigent circumstances”). Neither Rule 70 nor the All Writs Act confers jurisdiction. Analytical Eng’g, Inc. v. Baldwin Filters, 425 F.3d 443, 449 (7th Cir.2005) (citing Georgia Cent. Credit Union v. Martin G.M.C Trucks, Inc., 622 F.2d 137, 139 (5th Cir.1980) (“Rule 70 does not establish jurisdiction or venue); and Commercial Sec. Bank v. Walker Bank & Trust Co., 456 F.2d 1352, 1355 (10th Cir.1972) (the All Writs Act “does not operate to confer jurisdiction”).

Consistent with this analysis, there is no legal basis to conclude the Court retained any jurisdiction in Case No. 79-275, or that the BLM has any continuing obligation to maintain the wild horse numbers associated with that case for any period beyond the removal program criteria specified in the stipulated, amended 1981 Order for fiscal years 1984, 1985 and 1986. Because RSGA’s complaints deal with the BLM actions and inactions well beyond these three fiscal years, the Court concludes that Case No. 79-275 is closed and it provides no jurisdictional basis for this case.

B. Legal Rights and Interests of the Intervenors — RSGA Lands The

Intervenors argue it was a party to the earlier “agreement” under which RSGA agreed to keep 500 horses on the private land in the Wyoming Checkerboard, which was incorporated by the Green River Resource Management Plan (RMP). The Intervenors argue that RSGA and the BLM cannot modify this earlier agreement without the approval of the Intervenors and an amendment to the RMP. More specifically, the Intervenors argue that the provision in the Consent Decree whereby the BLM agrees to remove all wild horses located on RSGA’s private lands, including Wyoming Checkerboard lands, with the exception of those wild horses found within the White Mountain HMA, violates their legal rights and interests under the earlier “500 horses” agreement and the RMP.

As explained above, this case is not predicated on, nor restricted by any prior agreement. Even if the prior agreement between RSGA and the Intervenors had been entered by the Court as a Consent Decree, which it was not, that would not limit the Court’s discretion or authority. Courts retain power to modify earlier consent decrees and “a sound judicial discretion” may call for such modification “if the circumstances, whether of law or fact, obtaining at the time of its issuance have changed, or new ones have arisen.” System Federation No. 91 v. Wright, 364 U.S. 642, 646-647, 81 S.Ct. 368, 5 L.Ed.2d 349 (1961).

The Court will next turn to Intervenors’ argument that the Consent Decree is inconsistent with the RMP, which is binding on the BLM unless and until it is amended. Specifically, Intervenors object to the BLM’s agreement to remove all wild horses located on RSGA’s private lands, including Wyoming Checkerboard lands, with the exception of those wild horses found within the White Mountain HMA, in accordance with the schedule contained in Paragraph 5 of the Consent Decree. Intervenors argue there is no way to distinguish between horses on “private” lands and those on public lands and thus it would be impossible for the BLM to make this agreement without infringing on Intervenors’ rights to maintain wild horses on the public lands to the greatest extent possible consistent with the RMP.

While the Court fully appreciates the land management challenges presented by checkerboard ownership, those problems do not deprive RSGA of its rights as a private landowner under Section 4 of the Wild Horses Act, nor the deference due the BLM as the agency with substantial expertise in the management of the HMAs. The BLM is statutorily obligated to manage wild horses in this area consistent with RSGA’s Section 4 legal rights notwithstanding the RMP herd management objectives for federal land, or the particular management challenges presented.

In this instance, it is important to note that the Consent Decree allows the BLM to maintain certain numbers of wild horses on RSGA’s private lands notwithstanding RSGA’s Section 4 rights. This is a far cry from the relief requested by RSGA, which was removal of all of the horses from RSGA’s lands. Given the statutory rights afforded RSGA under Section 4, the Court cannot conclude that the Consent Decree is either contrary to Intervenors’ rights and interests, or is unfair or unreasonable as to RSGA’s private lands.

C. Legal Rights and Interests of the Intervenors — Public Lands

Intervenors argue the Consent Decree is contrary to their rights and interests in keeping wild horses on public lands to the greatest extent permitted by law and, until and unless the BLM can make the “excess” determination required by the Wild Horses Act. Intervenors argue the Consent Decree is illegal because the statutorily required decisions have not been made pursuant to law, namely that an overpopulation exists and that the wild horses slated for removal are “excess animals.”

For example, Intervenors point to provisions of the Consent Decree which specify that “[i]f BLM determines ... that the wild horse population in the Adobe Town or White Mountain HMAs is likely to exceed the respective AML, the BLM shall adjust its annual work plan to gather and remove excess wild horses from the HMA(s) so that the population is reduced to the low end of AML.” Doc. No. 81-1, ¶4. Intervenors also complain about the provision that “[i]f BLM determines ... that the population in the Checkerboard lands is likely to exceed 200 wild horses for Salt Wells/Adobe Town Areas combined or 100 wild horse for Divide Basin, the BLM shall prepare to remove the wild horses from Checkerboard lands within the respective areas.” Id. Intervenors also complain about the provisions relating to the use of fertility controls to suppress the population growth of the horses. Id. at ¶ 2. Intervenors argue that these decisions must be made only after an “excess determination” is made pursuant to the Wild Horses Act, and only as part of the BLM’s broader resource plan for the public lands in question, which requires public notice and comment as well as review under the requirements of NEPA. Finally, Intervenors argue that the provisions of the Consent Decree which anticipate scoping under NEPA to consider certain proposed changes to the RMPs for the Rock Springs and Rawlins Field Offices violate NEPA by limiting the BLM’s choices of reasonable alternatives.

As to the provisions of the Wild Horses Act, Intervenors provide no authority for the argument that the BLM cannot engage in gather or fertility control programs unless or until an “excess” or overpopulation determination is made. Among other obligations, the Wild Horses Act directs the Secretary to protect and manage wild horses “as components of the public lands” and “in a manner that is designed to achieve and maintain a thriving natural ecological balance on the public lands.” 16 U.S.C. § 1333(a). A current inventory is required and one purpose of the inventory is to “make determinations as to whether and where an overpopulation exists and whether action should be taken to remove excess animals.” 16 U.S.C. § 1333(b). The Consent Decree provides for an inventory (wild horse census) for the HMAs at issue, and provides for gathers when the census results and projected reproduction rates show the HMA is likely to exceed the respective AML. Doc. No. 81-1, ¶ 3^1. This process is not inconsistent with the Wild Horses Act.

Further, Intervenors do not adequately support their argument that the Consent Decree requires amendment of the Green River RMP and compliance with NEPA. The AMLs for the HMAs are established in the Green River RMP and no party has identified how, if at all, these AMLs are changed by the Consent Decree. Further, the Green River RMP expressly provides for selective gathering programs to be implemented in each of the wild horse HMAs, to include fertility control. A.R. 01065. While the Consent Decree is more specific than the RMP concerning when gathers will occur and how fertility control may be utilized, this specificity is not, on its face, inconsistent with the Green River RMP or NEPA principles.

As to paragraph 6 of the Consent Decree which anticipates scoping under NEPA for the purposes of considering proposed actions, Intervenors argue this violates NEPA by limiting the BLM’s options. Regulations provide that while the NEPA environmental impact statement process is underway, an agency will take “no action ... which would ... [l]imit the choice of reasonable alternatives.” 40 C.F.R. § 1506.1(a). As to this argument, however, the Consent Decree expressly prohibits any construction which would “limit or modify the discretion accorded to BLM by the applicable federal law and regulations, including but not limited to the [Wild Horses Act]; the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), 43 U.S.C. §§ 1701 et seq.; the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321 et seq.; the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq.; or general principles of administrative law with respect to the procedures to be followed in carrying out any of the activities required herein, or as to the implementation or conduct of any of the activities required herein.” Doc. No. 81-1, ¶ 10.

The issue of whether the Consent Decree actually limits the BLM’s discretion will turn on the implementation and force of the Decree, which is unclear at this juncture. At this point, deciding how — and even whether — paragraph 6 of the Consent Decree may affect Intervenors’ rights and interests in wild horse management on public lands, would require the Court to engage in speculation and guesswork. Based on the undeveloped record presented, the Court concludes that the Consent Decree is not inconsistent on its face with the resource management or NEPA processes, and Intervenors’ arguments on this point are not ripe for adjudication. Further, reaching the merits of Intervenors’ contentions would inappropriately interfere with further administrative action. In short, at this juncture, adjudicating the issues raised by the Intervenors as to the effect of the Consent Decree on the agency’s statutory obligations would, to some degree, preempt the BLM’s ability to implement the Decree in a manner consistent with its organic statutes. “A claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.” Texas v. United States, 523 U.S. 296, 300, 118 S.Ct. 1257, 140 L.Ed.2d 406 (1998) (quotation omitted). This is precisely the situation before the Court.

D. Livestock Use on Public Lands

Intervenors argue against approval of the Consent Decree based on their view that it illegally elevates the interests of private livestock owners over the interests of Intervenors. Intervenors point to statements in declarations supporting their contentions that livestock use is more detrimental to public lands than wild horses. Intervenors also argue that livestock owners use public resources at taxpayer expense for a fraction of the commercial market price.

This lawsuit and the Consent Decree concern wild horse management, not livestock management. With that said, however, the Court recognizes that there will always be a tension in balancing the objective of maintaining viable, healthy wild horse herds and the objective of maintaining and protecting other resource uses including livestock use. Whether the Consent Decree adversely or illegally affects this balance rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, and indeed may not occur at all. Therefore, Intervenors’ claim that the Consent Decree is illegal on this basis is not ripe for adjudication.

E. Effect on Wild Horses

Intervenors argue the Consent Decree will have extreme consequences for Wyoming Wild Horses. This argument appears to be based on Intervenors’ view that the BLM will adopt the alternatives identified in paragraph 6 of the Consent Decree. For the reasons stated above, this contention is not ripe for adjudication.

F. Failure to Provide Notice/Information to Intervenors

Intervenors argue that the Consent Decree requires the BLM to inform RSGA of certain facts or events, without requiring similar information to be provided to Intervenors. These notices deal with census results, horse gather schedules, and notice of disagreements. The Court would note that Intervenors will receive notice of any filings in this docket.

The Court cannot conclude that a failure to include Intervenors in the notice provisions renders the Consent Decree unfair, unreasonable, illegal or against public policy. Further, Intervenors are not required to participate in any informal dispute resolution process as a precondition to seeking relief from the Court. Therefore, Intervenors stand in an enhanced position in the event they have a disagreement concerning the interpretation or performance of the Consent Decree.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, the Court approves the Consent Decree as a fair, reasonable, equitable and adequate settlement of RSGA’s claims against the BLM, and which does not on its face violate the law or public policy.

IT IS ORDERED that the Joint Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. All the provisions in the Consent Decree and Joint Motion to Dismiss are hereby incorporated by reference, approved, granted and expressly made an order of this Court.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the terms and the conditions of the Consent Decree and Joint Motion to Dismiss are hereby APPROVED, and the Petition is hereby DISMISSED with prejudice subject to the terms and condition of the Consent Decree and Joint Motion to Dismiss.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Court will retain continuing jurisdiction of this action consistent with the terms of the Consent Decree.

IT IS FINALLY ORDERED that the parties will bear their respective costs and attorney fees incurred herein.

CONSENT DECREE AND JOINT STIPULATION FOR DISMISSAL

The parties to this Consent Decree are the Petitioner Rock Springs Grazing Association (RSGA) and Respondents, including Department of the Interior, Ken Salazar, Secretary, and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), et al. WHEREAS, the RSGA filed suit to compel the removal of wild horses from the private lands which the RSGA owns and leases within the Wyoming Checkerboard; WHEREAS, the alternating public land sections within the Wyoming Checkerboard are owned by the United States and administered by the BLM;

WHEREAS, the RSGA was incorporated in 1909 to manage livestock grazing and to conserve the range resources in the high desert environment, and since that time has done so continuously;

WHEREAS, the RSGA holds a grazing permit from the BLM for the alternating sections of the public lands within the Wyoming Checkerboard;

WHEREAS, the RSGA conservation plan limited livestock grazing, primarily by sheep, to the winter months to provide sufficient winter forage;

WHEREAS, since 1971, when Congress enacted the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act (WHA), 16 U.S.C. §§ 1331-1340, wild horse numbers within the Wyoming Checkerboard and elsewhere have proven difficult to control;

WHEREAS, RSGA reached an agreement with wild horse advocacy groups to tolerate 500 wild horses on the Checkerboard in January 1979, once “BLM has proven that they are capable of managing the wild horses with respect to numbers of horses to be allowed in the Rock Spring District”;

WHEREAS, in 1979, RSGA sued BLM to compel removal of the wild horses from the private lands and the Wyoming District Court directed BLM to “remove all wild horses from the checkerboard grazing lands in the Rock Springs District except that number which the RSGA voluntarily agrees to leave in said area;”

WHEREAS, the wild horses utilize all of the land within the Checkerboard without regard to land ownership and fencing the private lands may violate the Unlawful Inclosures Act, 43 U.S.C. §§ 1061-1066, may disrupt wildlife movement and migration, may increase predation of birds, particularly sage grouse, and may be costly;

WHEREAS, the BLM efforts to substitute fertility control for wild horse gathers remains experimental;

WHEREAS, the State of Wyoming big game population objectives have increased significantly since the RSGA and wild horse groups initially agreed to specific numbers of wild horses, the increased big game numbers also utilize the rangeland resources and, in many eases, directly compete with wild horses for water and forage;

WHEREAS, in 1995, the BLM adopted regulations governing standards for range-land resources, including managing for the health of native vegetation and riparian areas, 43 C.F.R. Part 4180;

WHEREAS, the wild horses utilize the range year round and, due to greater availability of water on the Checkerboard and topography, the wild horses spend much of each year on the Checkerboard;

WHEREAS, due to the Checkerboard landownership pattern, RSGA and BLM have enjoyed and continue to work in partnership on a broad range of land issues and intend that this settlement facilitate this decades old partnership;

WHEREAS, management of wild horses on the Checkerboard must also conform to the rights of private landowners under Section 4 of the WHA;

WHEREAS, the parties have concluded their discussions and the parties agree that it is in the public interest to resolve this controversy and enter into a stipulation with respect to the wild horses located on private RSGA land and to initiate a process to better manage wild horses on the adjacent public lands, and further that the parties have engaged in arm’s length negotiations, and that it is in the interest of the public, the parties, and judicial economy to resolve this action through settlement.

THEREFORE, without admission or adjudication of any question of fact or law, the parties agree as follows:

1. Pursuant to 16 U.S.C. § 1334, BLM agrees to remove all wild horses located on RSGA’s private lands, including Wyoming Checkerboard lands, with the exception of those wild horses found within the White Mountain Herd Management Area (HMA), in accordance with the schedule set forth in paragraph 5. RSGA agrees to allow the current Appropriate Management Level (AML) of 205-300 wild horses on the White Mountain HMA, which includes the Checkerboard lands within the White Mountain HMA. Pending further review and analysis of the White Mountain HMA in accordance with Paragraph 6 infra, the White Mountain HMA will be maintained at 205-300 wild horses. When it is necessary to conduct a gather to maintain horse numbers within the range of 205 to 300, BLM agrees to gather and remove down to the low end of AML (205) in the White Mountain HMA and use fertility control or other population control methods to reduce annual population growth pursuant to its existing authority. Water developments may be considered within the Checkerboard lands within the White Mountain HMA to facilitate public viewing of wild horses.

2. BLM retains discretion to implement all available fertility control methods pursuant to existing authority, such as PZP, SpayVac, and the discretion to consider the spaying of mares and gelding of stallions in the Adobe Town and the White Mountain HMAs in an attempt to achieve low end of AML within these respective HMAs. Initially, BLM will consider use of SpayVac on the White Mountain HMA mares.

3. No later than November 30 of each year, for the duration of this decree, the BLM will report to RSGA representatives on the results of the wild horse census results for Salt Wells / Adobe Town, Divide Basin, and White Mountain areas. RSGA will sign and return a copy of the report to the Field Manager to document the communication. Consistent with the historically close cooperation between BLM and RSGA, the parties may also meet to discuss the results. The BLM will also provide RSGA notice on when the gathers will occur to remove wild horses as provided in paragraph 4.

4. If BLM determines, based on the results of any census and on projected reproduction rates, that the wild horse population in the Adobe Town or White Mountain HMAs is likely to exceed the respective AML, the BLM shall adjust its annual work plan to gather and remove excess wild horses from the HMA(s) so that the population is reduced to the low end of AML. If BLM determines, based on the results of any census and on projected reproduction rates, that the population in the Checkerboard lands is likely to exceed 200 wild horses for Salt Wells/Adobe Town Areas combined or 100 wild horses for Divide Basin, the BLM shall prepare to remove the wild horses from Checkerboard lands within the respective area. Absent census data that determine population numbers, the parties agree that until otherwise established and agreed, the population levels in the future will be estimated by assuming a projected reproduction rate of 20% annual increase in herd size. The census conducted by BLM will also be adjusted to account for undercounting consistent with the principles discussed in Instruction Memorandum 2010-57. A different adjustment may be used if so agreed by the parties.

5. BLM will commit to gather and remove wild horses from Checkerboard lands within Salt Wells and Adobe Town HMAs in 2013, Divide Basin HMA in 2014, and White Mountain HMA in 2015, with the exception of those wild horses that are allowed to remain as identified in paragraphs 1 and 4. BLM will also commit-to an additional gather and removal in the above areas in 2016, if necessary to achieve the numbers identified in paragraphs 1 and 4.

6. No later than 180 days after this Consent Decree is approved by the Court, BLM will submit to the Federal Register for publication a notice[s] of scoping under NEPA to consider the environmental effects of revising the respective Resource Management Plans for the Rock Springs and Rawlins Field Offices by considering proposed actions that would:

a. Change the Salt Wells HMA to a Herd Area, which would be managed for zero wild horses, and if BLM determines there are more than 200 wild horses within the Herd Area, the area will be re-gathered to zero wild horses.

b. Change the Divide Basin HMA to a Herd Area, which would be managed for zero wild horses, and if BLM determines there are more than 100 -wild horses within the Herd Area, the area will be re-gathered to zero wild horses.

c. Change the Adobe Town HMA AML to 225-450 wild horses or lower, and that gathered wild horses will not be returned to the Salt Wells area.

d. Manage the White Mountain HMA as a non-reproducing herd by utilizing fertility control and sterilization methods to maintain a population of 205 wild horses and to initiate gathers if the population exceeds 205 wild horses.

7. Nothing in this agreement allows wild horses on RSGA lands outside of the historical HMAs or areas and except as agreed above nothing in this agreement constitutes a waiver of RSGA’s right to notify BLM to remove all of the wild horses from its private lands pursuant to Section 4 of the WHA.

CONTINUING JURISDICTION, ENFORCEMENT and DISPUTE RESOLUTION

8. This Court shall have continuing jurisdiction over this matter with respect to any dispute arising under this Consent Decree and any alleged violation of this Consent Decree. This Court may issue such further orders or directions as may be necessary or appropriate to construe, implement, or enforce the terms of this Consent Decree.

Petitioner agrees that if a violation of this Consent Decree occurs, it shall not seek to have Respondents or any officials of the Department of the Interior or the BLM, including but not limited to the Secretary of the Interior, the Director of the BLM, or officials of the BLM’s Wyoming State Office held in contempt of court for failure to comply with the terms of this Consent Decree. The Petitioners will seek enforcement against the Department of the Interior and/or the BLM and not against the Secretary of Interior of officials of the BLM in their individual capacities.

9. In the event of a disagreement between the Parties concerning the interpretation or performance of any provision in this Consent Decree, a Party shall invoke the dispute resolution procedures of this Section by notifying the other Parties in writing of the matter(s) in dispute and of the Party’s intention to resolve the dispute under this Section. The Parties shall then attempt to resolve the dispute informally for a period of thirty (30) calendar days from the date of the notice. If the Parties cannot resolve a dispute by the end of the period of informal negotiations, the Party seeking interpretation or performance may file a motion for relief or enforcement with this Court. If the Party prevails, then it may request fees and costs. The other Party retains all defenses and objections, including those relating to fees and costs.

AGENCY DISCRETION

10. Nothing in this Consent Decree shall be construed to limit or modify the discretion accorded to BLM by the applicable federal law and regulations, including but not limited to the WHA; the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), 43 U.S.C. §§ 1701 et seq.; the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321 et seq.; the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq.; or general principles of administrative law with respect to the procedures to be followed in carrying out any of the activities required herein, or as to the implementation or conduct of any of the activities required herein.

MODIFICATION and TERMINATION

11. Any party may file a motion with the Court to modify or terminate its agreement for good cause shown. In any event, this Consent Decree shall terminate no later than 10 years after entry of the decree, subject to the right of the parties to negotiate an extension.

12. Any dates or time frames set forth in this Consent Decree may be extended by written agreement of the Parties and notice to the Court. To the extent the Parties are not able to agree to an extension, the Respondents may seek a modification of this Consent Decree. The Respondents shall be deemed to be in compliance with this Consent Decree pending resolution by the Court of any motion by the Respondents to modify a date established by this Consent Decree. If the Court denies a motion by the BLM to modify a date established by this Consent Decree, then the date for performance for which modification has been requested shall be such date as the Court may specify.

FORCE MAJEURE

13. For purposes of this Consent Decree, a Force Majeure event is any occurrence (including, but not limited to, wildfire and drought) outside the control of the Respondents, or of any entity employed by the Respondents that delays or prevents compliance with this Consent Decree despite the Respondents’ best efforts to comply. The Respondents’ “best efforts” include using best efforts to anticipate, avoid, and mitigate any potential Force Majeure event (1) as it is occurring and (2) following the potential Force Majeure event, such that delay is minimized to the greatest extent possible.

14. When a Force Majeure event is occurring or has occurred which may delay the completion of any requirement of this Consent Decree, the Department of the Interior and/or the BLM shall notify the RSGA, in writing, within fifteen (15) days after learning of the event. The notice shall describe the basis for the Force Majeure delay, the anticipated length of the delay, and the revised timetable for completing the requirements of this Consent Decree. In proceeding on any dispute regarding a delay in performance, the dispute resolution provisions of Paragraph 9 shall apply.

15. In the event that performance of any provision or term of this Consent Decree conflicts with an order issued by any other federal court, the Respondents shall be entitled to a show cause hearing before this Court takes any action to enforce the provisions or terms of this Consent Decree.

APPLICABLE LAW

16. This Consent Decree shall be governed by and construed under the laws of the United States.

COMPLIANCE WITH OTHER LAWS

17. The RSGA recognizes that the Respondents are required to comply with other federal laws in conjunction with undertaking the required actions herein. No provision of this Consent Decree shall be interpreted or constitute a commitment or requirement that the Respondents take actions in contravention of the WHA, FLPMA, NEPA, the APA, the Endangered Species Act, or any other law or regulation, either substantive or procedural. No provision of this Consent Decree shall be interpreted as or constitute a commitment or requirement that the United States Department of the Interior and/or the BLM obligate or pay funds in contravention of the Anti-Deficiency Act, 31 U.S.C. § 1341, or any other law or regulation. Nothing in this Decree infringes on RSGA rights under Section 4 of the WHA, 16 U.S.C. § 1334.

NO ADMISSION OF LIABILITY

18. This Consent Decree was negotiated, mutually drafted, and executed by the Parties in good faith to avoid further litigation and is a settlement of claims which were contested, denied and disputed in part. Neither the execution of this Consent Decree nor any action taken hereunder is an admission of any fact, liability or wrongdoing of any kind regarding any of the matters addressed in the Consent Decree. Accordingly, with the exception of this proceeding, this Consent Decree shall not be admissible in any judicial or administrative proceeding for use against any Settling Party over the objection of that Settling Party.

DISMISSAL WITH PREJUDICE

19. Subject to the provisions herein, the RSGA petition is dismissed with prejudice upon entry of an order by the Court ratifying and approving this Consent Decree. RSGA reserves all rights to bring an action for alleged future violations by Respondents of the WHA. Respondents reserve any and all defenses to such future actions.

SEVERABILITY

20. In the event that any provision or term of this Consent Decree is deemed unlawful; the balance of the Decree shall remain in force and effect.

FEES and COSTS

21. Each party will bear their own attorneys’ fees and costs. If a dispute arises under the terms of this Consent Decree, the Parties do not waive any right or defense to claim or contest fees and costs, including the hourly rate, in any future litigation or in any future proceedings in the present action. 
      
      . "The principal goal of [the Wild Horses Act] is to provide for the protection of the animals from man...." S.Rep. No. 242, 92nd Cong., 1st Sess., reprinted in 1971 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 2149, 2151. Further, the protection of the wild horses and burros on public lands was upheld as a proper exercise of congressional power under the Property Clause in Kleppe v. New Mexico, 426 U.S. 529, 96 S.Ct. 2285, 49 L.Ed.2d 34 (1976).
     
      
      . RSGA is considered by the Court to be the "owner” of the private land (generally the odd numbered sections) within the Wyoming Checkerboard because RSGA either owns or controls this land. Private land not owned by RSGA is leased to RSGA by Anadarko Land Corp., an amicus curiae in support of RSGA. Doc. 64.
     
      
      . The Wyoming Checkerboard is crucial winter range habitat for horses, although animals can be found there year long.
     
      
      . Prior to filing the 1979 lawsuit, RSGA reached an agreement with two wild horse advocacy groups. RSGA agreed to tolerate 500 wild horses on the Wyoming Checkerboard and 1,000 on the public land to the north and south of the Wyoming Checkerboard, totaling 1,500-1,600 wild horses within the entire Rock Springs District. A.R. 03329-30. Shortly after this agreement, the BLM shut down the wild horse gather program indefinitely, citing lack of funding. A.R. 03335. This prompted RSGA and Mountain State Legal Foundation to file suit.
     
      
      . AMLs refers to “apparent management numbers." The wild horse population objective of 1525 AMLs was divided into the following HMAs (Doc. No. 1, ¶ 32): Big Sandy Solid Block 600
      Big Sandy Solid Block 600
      Salt Wells Checkerboard (RSGA lands) 500
      Salt Wells Pilot Butte Solid Block 400
      Pinedale 25
     
      
      . Given that the initial HMAs have changed over time, the 1500-1600 wild horses are considered within the four Rock Springs HMAs that include RSGA lands and the HMAs adjacent to RSGA lands. Doc. 1, ¶ 47.
     
      
      . The BLM invited RSGA to observe the horses and challenge BLM's data, to conduct an independent inventory, or to accompany the BLM staff in its February 1986 inventory. A.R. 03373. Following the February inventory, the inventory of horses was estimated by the BLM at 1,737, which the BLM concluded “is within the presumed allowable fluctuation of population, 1,296 to 1,754.” Id. at 3379-80. Again, the BLM invited RSGA’s concurrence with its declaration and “the hopeful final resolution of this court order.” Id. No response appears in the record.
     
      
      . By this time the Green River Resource Management Plan, which governs public land management for the Rock Springs Resource Area, adopted the following HMAs and AMLs, with a total AML of 1,105 to 1,600 wild horses to be maintained among the listed five HMAs (to which RSGA had agreed and which were also incorporated in the Consent Decree) (A.R. 01065; 01115; 01289; Doc. 1, ¶¶ 39-40 & 42):
      Salt Wells 251-365
      Adobe Town 165-235 (only Rock Springs District Portion)
      White Mountain 205-300
      Little Colorado Desert 69-100
      Great Divide Basin 415-600
     
      
      . RSGA estimates that, when its petition was filed, there were approximately 3,680 wild horses within the Rock Springs District. Although the BLM gathered and removed wild horses in 2011, RSGA contends that the wild horse numbers still exceed the AMLs. Doc. 61, p. 23. This allegation is supported by a BLM internal working document dated March 31, 2011 whereby the BLM State Director- estimated that horse numbers exceed AMLs in 11 of 16 HMAs. A.R. 02167. RSGA’s specific calculations concerning excess animals are contested. Notwithstanding whether the horse numbers exceed the AMLs and if so, by how much, there is no dispute that wild horses have strayed onto RSGA’s lands and that RSGA has made a valid request under Section 4 for the removal of all wild horses from its lands.
     
      
      . Intervenors allege they were not allowed to participate in any way as to the substance of the Consent Decree. Doc. No. 86-1, p. 4.
     
      
      . See footnote 4 supra.
     
      
      . "A [BLM] district manager once suggested that had Congress deliberately planned to construct a land tenure pattern as difficult as possible to administer it probably could not have devised anything worse than the checkerboard arrangement.” Wesley Calef, Private Grazing and Public Lands p. 167 (Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1960).
     
      
      . Under the terms of the Consent Decree, RSGA will allow wild horses on its private lands within the White Mountain HMA at the current AML of 205-300. Also, RSGA's Section 4 rights are affected by the gather schedule for all HMAs. The BLM has no obligation to prepare to remove wild horses from the Wyoming Checkerboard lands within the respective HMAs until the population is estimated to exceed 200 wild horses for Salt Wells/ Adobe Town areas combined or 100 wild horses for Divide Basin. Finally, the yearly gather/removal commitments are identified as Salt Wells and Adobe Town HMAs in 2013, Divide Basin HMA in 2014, and White Mountain HMA in 2015 with additional gathers in 2016 if necessary.
     
      
      . The Consent Decree provides for the BLM to undertake the process to consider the option of revising the HMA boundaries and the AMLs for what are now the Salt Wells, Great Divide Basin and part of Adobe Town HMAs. Doc. No. 81-1, ¶ 6. The BLM also commits to consider an amendment to the RMP to manage the White Mountain herd as non-reproducing. Id. at ¶ 6.d.