Case ID: sw_199/html/1098-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "DAVIDSON, P. J.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

WATSON v. STATE.
    (No. 4621.)
    (Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
    Nov. 28, 1917.
    Rehearing Denied Jan. 16, 1918.)
    1. Forgeey &wkey;>14 — Delivery of Instrument.
    Where defendant forged a note with intent to defraud, the offense was complete, though the note was not delivered to the payee.
    2. Forgery &wkey;29(l) — Indictment —Setting Forth Forged Instruments — Allegation oe Corporation. ,
    An indictment which sets out the forged note by its tenor need not allege that the payee, a bank, is a corporation, the bank not being the injured party.
    3. Forgery <&wkey;7(l), 29(2) — Indictment—Setting out Extrinsic Facts.
    It is settled law that a forged instrument must be such as, if true, would create, increase, diminish, discharge or defeat a pecuniary obligation, or would transfer or in some manner affect property, and that it is legally of such character must appear either from the face of the instrument or by additional averments in the indictment of extrinsic facts necessary to charge forgery.
    4. Criminal Law <&wkey;858(3) — Evidence — Documents Taken to the Jury Room.
    Code Cr. Proe. 1911, art. 751, providing that the jury may take with them on retiring to consider verdict all the original papers in the cause and any papers used as evidence, is permissible, and not mandatory, and it is not error for the trial judge not to send out an alleged forged instrument when not called for by the jury.
    5. Criminal Law <&wkey;923(l) — New Trial — Disqualification of Juror — Householder or Freeholder.
    That defendant did not know that one of the jurors was not householder or freeholder, and thereby subject to challenge, at the time he was accepted, will not of itself require the granting of a new trial.
    6. Criminal Law <®=o923(2) — Rulings on Motion for New Trial — Review.
    That a juror upon his examination misled the defendant with reference to his being impartial without a showing that defendant learned of juror’s prejudice subsequent to his acceptance is insufficient for the granting of a new trial.
    Appeal from District Court, Freestone County; A. M. Blackmon, Judge.
    J. E1. Watson was convicted of forgery, and be appeals.
    Affirmed.
    Boyd & Bell and Geppert & Wroe, all of Teague, for appellant. E. B. Hendricks, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
   DAVIDSON, P. J.

Appellant was convicted of forgery, bis punishment being assessed at two years’ confinement in the penitentiary.

Appellant assigns what be denominates “fundamental error” based on the proposition that the indictment shows on its face the forged instrument is payable to the Farmers’ & Merchants’ State Bank of Teague, Tex., but it fails to allege that the note was delivered to that bank. This proposition is without merit. The name of R. L. King is the name forged to the note, which was payable to the Farmers’ & Merchants’ State Bank of Teague, Tex. The delivery of this note to that bank was not necessary to constitute forgery. It is not necessary to perpetrate the fraud in ord,er to constitute forgery. If appellant forged the note with intent to defraud, the offense was complete.

Another “fundamental” proposition asserted by appellant is that the note, being set out by its tenor, should have also alleged that bank was a partnership, joint-stock company, or a corporation; the contention being that extrinsic averments must be alleged where it appears that the forged instrument is not made payable to an individual. We do not understand such to be the law applicable to this character of forgery. The rule is it is not necessary in instruments of this character to charge that the bank was incorporated. The cases will be found collated in Mr. Branch’s Ann. P. O. at page 853. The bank is the payee, not the payer. It is not necessary to discuss what might be involved if the name of the bank had been forged. King’s name was forged, and the bank made the payee. See Lucas v. State, 39 Tex. Cr. R. 48, 44 S. W. 825; Webb v. State, 39 Tex. Cr. R. 534, 47 S. W. 356; Usher v. State, 47 Tex. Cr. R. 93, 81 S. W. 309; Whitaker v. State, 66 Tex. Cr. R. 541, 147 S. W. 509; Davis v. State, 70 Tex. Cr. R. 253, 156 S. W. 1171. Mr. Brancli, in his Annotated P. 0., thus states the rule in a very condensed and accurate form, as shown by the opinions of this court cited in support of this proposition:

“When the alleged forged instrument is an ordinary bank check, draft, promissory note, _ or other ordinary commercial instrument importing a pecuniary obligation on its face, it is not necessary to allege that the payee is a firm, partnership, or corporation.”

He also states this further rule which indirectly may be applicable:

“Where the check or draft alleged to be forged is drawn on a bank, it is not necessary to allege that the bank was incorporated or unincorporated, the bank not being the injured party”— citing quite a number of authorities.

It may also be stated that, where the forged instrument is not an ordinary commercial instrument, and the name purporting to be signed thereto is not applicable to a private person, there should be an extrinsic averment showing whether it was a corporation, joint-stock company, or a partnership. This was held in Lynch v. State, 41 Tex. Cr. R. 209, 53 S. W. 693. It is again asserted that, if the alleged forged instrument is an ordinary commercial instrument importing a pecuniary obligation on its face and is signed by a name applicable to a firm, it need only be set out by its tenor, and in such case it is not necessary to allege the names of the individual members or to allege that their names were unknown. Many cases are cited by Mr. Branch in support of this proposition.

It seems to be the settled law that in forgery the forged instrument must be such that, if true, it would create, increase, diminish, discharge, or defeat any pecuniary obligation, or would have transferred, or in any manner have affected, any property whatever, and it must appear that it is legally of such character, either from the face of the instrument itself, or, if that alone does not show it, then additional averments of such extrinsic facts must be alleged as to charge a forgery. Under none of these authorities can it be held to be the law that extrinsic averments would be necessary under a forged instrument like the one set out in this record.

Another contention of appellant is that the court erred in not permitting the jurors to take the alleged forged instrument with them into the jury room, it being a written instrument introduced in evidence before the jury. The bill recites that when the jury retired defendant requested the court to permit the jury to take with them in the jury room the note alleged to have been" forged by defendant. This was refused by the court. The trial judge explains this bill as follows:

“The note in question had been passed' around and carefully examined by the several members of the jury. None of them requested or intimated to the court that they desired further examination. Fearing that same might become lost, and being an important document designed for use by the district attorney in other pending cases, the court deemed it advisable to not send same to the jury roomj unless called for by the jury.”

This ruling of -the court is not erroneous. See Wragg v. State, 65 Tex. C. R. 136, 145 S. W. 342; Schultz v. State, 15 Tex. App. 258, 49 Am. Rep. 194. Article 751 of the Revised Code of Criminal Procedure provides that the jury may take with them on retiring to consider their verdict all the original papers in the cause and any papers used as evidence. This statute has been, at least as far back as Schultz v. State, supra, held to be permissible, and not mandatory and it is not error not to send the papers out unless called for. by the jury. The cases above cited support this proposition.

In the motion for new trial it is alleged, first, that one of the jurors was not a householder or freeholder, and therefore should not have sat on the jury. The idea conveyed is that appellant did not know at the time he accepted this juror that he came within that cause for challenge. That of itself will not require the granting of a motion for new trial. Leeper et al. v. State, 29 Tex. App. 63,14 S. W. 398; Mays v. State, 36 Tex. Cr. R. 437, 37 S. W. 721; Williamson v. State, 36 Tex. Cr. R. 225, 36 S. W. 444. This rule has also been laid down by the Supreme Court. Schuster v. La Londe, 57 Tex. 28.

With reference to this same affidavit another ground of the motion for new trial alleges that the juror was prejudiced against him and had so expressed himself prior to being taken upon the jury. The motion for new trial contains the following:

That the said Baggett was not an impartial juror; that be was not acceptable to defendant because be was biased and prejudiced against him; that appellant was called upon to exercise his peremptory challenges when there were but nineteen jurors in the jury box, and at least nine of these were known to him to have their minds made up that he was guilty; that this appellant at the time exercised his right and excused nine jurors peremptorily, “and that he would have exercised another challenge against said juror O. A. Baggett, but, owing to the fact that there would only be four jurors left, he desired to retain one challenge for the balance of the jury, which had to be summoned by the sheriff to fill out the panel; that the said juror was not an impartial juror, and that he had made statements to others as is shown by the affidavits of B. Saunders and J. W. Newman hereto attached, and which clearly showed that he had a fixed and determined purpose in finding this defendant guilty should he become a member of the jury; that the said juror was prejudiced against this defendant, as is shown by said affidavits; that the said juror was also examined on his voir dire with reference to his impartiality, and stated that he was not prejudiced against this defendant; that the said juror misled the defendant, the court, and counsel with reference to his qualification to sit on the jury, and with reference to his impartiality; that the said juror Baggett was forced upon the defendant without his consent and by virtue of the said juror’s answer to the questions propounded to him on his voir dire, and by reason of the fact that he was forced to use all his peremptory challenges on other jurors who were equally objectionable as said juror Baggett.”

His contention is that the juror stands in the same relation as if be bad challenged him for cause and the challenge had been overruled. This is all that, is contained in the motion for new trial, which is sworn to by appellant.

It will be noticed that the defendant does not undertake to say that he was unaware of the prejudice or partiality of this- juror before'taking him on the jury. It is made to appear, on the contrary, that he thought this juror was prejudiced, and would have excused him, but was afraid more objectionable jurors would be summoned by the sheriff upon whom he expected or desired to exercise this challenge. Nowhere does he undertake to assert that the partiality 'of this juror was unknown to him, and, so far as the motion and his affidavit are concerned, it is entirely consistent with the fact that he did know as that he did not know of this “partiality.” There was no attempt to get rid of the juror by challenge, or that appellant had an objectionable juror forced upon him.

The attorneys in the case filad an affidavit to the effect that they did not know, that they were unaware of the fact, that the juror was prejudiced against defendant, and they did not learn of such disqualification until after they had filed defendant’s original motion for new trial. They say they were not negligent, but make no statement as to this matter or when they discovered that the juror had previously expressed himself, except a general statement that it was subsequent to the filing of the original motion for new trial. It is shown none of these matters were alluded to in the original motion. The conviction occurred on the 14th of the month. That is the day the record shows entry of conviction was made on the minutes. The original motion for new trial not being in the record, we suppose that they complied with the law and filed it within the requisite two days, which would have occurred not later than the 16th. The amended motion for new trial was filed on April 27th, the date that the original motion was set down for hearing. The affidavits were not brought to the attention of the court with reference to the juror Baggett except in connection with the filing of the motion for new trial. They were appended to that motion, and filed at the same time, and the judge certifies this was on' the day upon which the original motion was set down for disposition. All these matters were controverted by the district attorney, and the judge certifies further that when this motion was filed on the 27th of April the district attorney at once made an effort, to locate and have present at the hearing of the motion the attacked juror, but he could not be found. It will be noticed that no information is given in any of these statements at what time it was ascertained, except it was' after the 16th of the month; nor do they undertake to show or explain why these affidavits were not called earlier to the court’s attention than the day upon which they were filed. These affidavits were sworn to on the 26th, a day before they were filed and x day before the amended motion was filed. So far as the record is concerned, the matter rested on the affidavits, and the attack made by the state upon it by controverting the motion. The affiants were not placed upon the stand, and, so far as the record is concerned, there was no effort made to introduce any testimony, and the trial on these matters stood upon the face of the papers above mentioned. It occurs to us that this matter does not present itself in such manner as to require this court to reverse. Appellant should have made it appear to the court that this was discovered by him after the juror was taken on the jury. The motion for new trial is drawn with some degree of skill and attention, but it omits to state that the appellant was not aware of this juror’s íweju-dice, if he was prejudiced, and accepted him on the jury. His motion as sworn to by him indicates that he thought he was not a favorable juror; in other words, that he was unfavorable at the time he took him. It fails to show why he did not exercise a challenge for cause on the nine objectionable jurors, and did not call the court’s attention thereto. If they were as objectionable as contended, the court would doubtless have sustained the cause for challenge. It was appellant’s duty to call the court’s attention thereto. He did not do this.

The case of Dougherty v. State, 59 Tex. Cr. R. page 472, 128 S. W. 398, seems to be in point, except in the Dougherty Case it seems more favorably stated for defendant than in this case. The Dougherty Case discusses this matter at some length, and in the usual felicitous style in which Judge Ramsey wrote with reference to questions of importance. Under that authority and the cases cited we are of opinion the court did not err. There is a later case of Haggart v. State, 77 Tex. Cr. R. 270, 178 S. W. 328, that upon the face of the opinion might tend to sustain the contention of appellant, but upon an examination of that record it shows that the matters about which this record is deficient were entirely covered. That opinion, however, treats the matter rather generally, and does not go into detail in reference to the motion for new trial. The record, when investigated, which the writer has done, shows Haggart was unaware of the condition of the jurors or their prejudice against him, and this he set out fully in his motion for new trial. It was thoroughly sustained by the facts. We are of opinion, therefore, this question as presented would hardly authorize this court to set aside this conviction.

Exceptions to introduction of extraneous forgeries are too general to be discussed.

•The judgment is affirmed. 
      <®^jFor other cases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes