Case ID: se2d_822/html/0436-01.html
Source: Caselaw Access Project
Author: {"author": "TYSON, Judge. BERGER, Judge, concurring. INMAN, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.", "license": "Public Domain", "url": "https://static.case.law/"}
Date Created: 2024-08-24T03:29:51.129683

John Tyler ROUTTEN, Plaintiff, v. Kelly Georgene ROUTTEN, Defendant.
    No. COA17-1360
    Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
    Filed: November 20, 2018
    Jill Schnabel Jackson, Raleigh, for plaintiff-appellee.
    R. Daniel Gibson, for defendant-appellant.
   TYSON, Judge.

Kelly Georgene Routten ("Defendant") appeals from orders entered on 4 April 2017 and several other interim and temporary orders. We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand.

I. Background

John Tyler Routten ("Plaintiff") and Defendant were married on 23 March 2002 and separated from each other on 26 July 2014. Their union produced two children, a daughter and a son. The daughter, "Hanna," was born 2 June 2004. The son, "Billy," was born 17 July 2012.

On 21 July 2014, Plaintiff allegedly assaulted Defendant by pushing her onto the floor of their home. Defendant was granted an ex parte domestic violence protective order ("DVPO") against Plaintiff and was granted temporary custody of the parties' children on 25 July 2014. On 4 August 2014, Plaintiff filed a complaint ("the Complaint") against Defendant for child custody, equitable distribution, and a motion for psychiatric evaluation and psychological testing.

On 13 August 2014, Defendant voluntarily dismissed the DVPO. That same day the parties entered into a memorandum of judgment/order, which established a temporary custody schedule for the children and a temporary child support and post-separation support arrangement. Defendant purportedly did not receive a copy of the Complaint until after she had dismissed the DVPO and signed the memorandum of judgment/order. Defendant filed her answer to the Complaint on 6 October 2014 and asserted several counterclaims, including claims for alimony, child custody, child support, and attorney's fees. The parties participated in mediation and the trial court entered an equitable distribution order by consent of the parties on 29 April 2015.

On 21 September 2015, trial began on the parties' claims for permanent child custody, permanent child support, and Defendant's counterclaims for alimony and attorney's fees. At the conclusion of the trial on 24 September, the trial judge indicated Defendant needed to submit to a neuropsychological evaluation before he could decide permanent child custody.

On 21 December 2015, the trial court entered a custody and child support order, which established a temporary custody arrangement and ordered Defendant to "take whatever steps are necessary to obtain a complete neuropsychological evaluation no later than June 15, 2016." The 21 December 2015 order also provided that "[t]his case shall be set for a 3-hour custody review hearing on April 5, 2016" and "for a 6.5-hour subsequent hearing for review of custody and entry of final/permanent orders in July or August of 2016, once those calendars are available for scheduling trial dates." On 5 April 2016, the trial court conducted an in-chambers conference with the parties' counsel to determine the status of Defendant's neuropsychological evaluation.

On 27 April 2016, the trial court entered an order scheduling a three-hour hearing on 4 August 2018 to hear evidence relating to Defendant's neuropsychological evaluation and evidence relating to the best interests of the children. The 27 April 2016 order also decreed:

2. Defendant shall take whatever steps are necessary to obtain a complete neuropsychological evaluation no later than June 15, 2016....
3. Defendant shall notify Plaintiff's counsel in writing no later than May 15, 2016, of the name and address of the provider who shall perform the neuropsychological evaluation of Defendant.
4. Any written report resulting from the neuropsychological evaluation shall be produced to Plaintiff's counsel no later than ten (10) days prior to August 4th, 2016....

On 29 July 2016, Defendant filed a motion for a continuance and protective order in which she alleged that she had complied with the trial court's prior orders to obtain a neuropsychological evaluation. Defendant's 29 July 2016 motion was mailed to Plaintiff's counsel five days prior to the scheduled 4 August 2016 final custody hearing. The motion did not contain the date the neuropsychological evaluation was performed or the name and address of the provider who had performed the evaluation.

The final custody hearing took place on 4 August 2016. At the outset of the hearing, Defendant's trial counsel disclosed for the first time that Duke Clinical Neuropsychology Service had performed a neuropsychological evaluation of Defendant on 21 April 2016. During the hearing, Defendant admitted: (1) she had not disclosed to Plaintiff's counsel the 21 April 2016 evaluation by Duke prior to the 4 August 2016 hearing; (2) she had notified Plaintiff's counsel that Pinehurst Neuropsychology, not Duke, would perform the evaluation; and (3) she had filed motions in June and July 2016 suggesting that a neuropsychological evaluation had not yet been performed.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court transferred sole physical custody of the children to Plaintiff pursuant to a memorandum of order/judgment until a complete permanent custody order could be drafted and entered. The trial court entered a permanent child custody order on 9 December 2016 and an order for alimony and attorney's fees. On 9 and 13 December 2016, Defendant filed pro se motions for a new trial and relief from judgment pursuant to Rules 59 and 60 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure.

Following a series of subpoenas filed by Defendant following the trial court's final custody hearing on 4 August 2016, Plaintiff filed a motion for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction on 13 December 2016. Plaintiff's motion asserted, in part:

17. The subpoenas issued by Defendant seek the production of documents related to child custody issues. Child custody has been fully litigated and there are no hearings scheduled (or motions pending) that relate to child custody.
18. Defendant is representing herself pro se and appears to be using the subpoena process through the clerk's office to (improperly) attempt to continue litigating a claim that has been fully and finally litigated.

The trial court granted Plaintiff a temporary restraining order on 13 December 2016. The trial court conducted a hearing on Plaintiff's preliminary injunction motion on 3 January 2017. At the hearing, the trial court ordered Defendant to calendar her pending Rule 59 and 60 motions within ten days for the next available court dates. Defendant calendared the hearing for the Rule 59 and 60 motions for 1 March 2017. On 25 January 2017, the trial court entered an order granting Plaintiff's preliminary injunction. The trial court's order decreed, in relevant part: "Defendant is hereby restrained and prohibited from requesting issuance of a subpoena in this action by the Wake County Clerk of Superior Court or by any court personnel other than the assigned family court judge."

On 20 February 2017, Defendant filed amended Rule 59 and Rule 60 motions. The trial court concluded Defendant was entitled to the entry of a new order containing additional findings of fact and conclusions of law. On 6 March 2017, the trial court entered an amended permanent child custody order ("the Amended Order"). The Amended Order, in part, granted Plaintiff sole legal custody and physical custody, denied Defendant visitation with the children, but allowed Plaintiff to "permit custodial time between the children and Defendant within his sole discretion" and allowed Defendant two telephone calls per week with the children.

Defendant appeals the trial court's Amended Order and several other "related interim or temporary orders and ancillary orders."

We note Defendant initially chose to prosecute her appeal pro se . This Court provided the opportunity for this case to be included in the North Carolina Appellate Pro Bono Program. Following this Court's inquiry, Defendant accepted representation by a pro bono attorney under this Program. Upon Defendant's acceptance of pro bono representation, this Court ordered the parties to file supplemental briefs by order dated 23 August 2018.

II. Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction lies in this Court over an appeal of a final judgment regarding child custody in a civil district court action pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b)(2) (2017) and 50-19.1 (2017).

III. Standard of Review

In a child custody case, the standard of review is "whether there was competent evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact[.]" Barker v. Barker , 228 N.C. App. 362, 364, 745 S.E.2d 910, 912 (2013) (quoting Shear v. Stevens Bldg. Co. , 107 N.C. App. 154, 160, 418 S.E.2d 841, 845 (1992) ). "[T]he trial court's findings of fact are conclusive on appeal if supported by substantial evidence, even if there is sufficient evidence to support contrary findings. 'Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.' " Peters v. Pennington , 210 N.C. App. 1, 12-13, 707 S.E.2d 724, 733 (2011) (quoting State v. Smith , 300 N.C. 71, 78-79, 265 S.E.2d 164, 169 (1980) ) (citations omitted). "Whether [the trial court's] findings of fact support [its] conclusions of law is reviewable de novo ." Hall v. Hall , 188 N.C. App. 527, 530, 655 S.E.2d 901, 904 (2008) (alteration in original) (citation omitted).

"Absent an abuse of discretion, the trial court's decision in matters of child custody should not be upset on appeal." Everette v. Collins , 176 N.C. App. 168, 171, 625 S.E.2d 796, 798 (2006). "Abuse of discretion results where the court's ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision." Davis v. Kelly , 147 N.C. App. 102, 106, 554 S.E.2d 402, 405 (2001) (citation omitted).

IV. Issues

On appeal, Defendant contends: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by ordering Defendant to submit to a neuropsychological evaluation; (2) the trial court abused its discretion by delegating its authority to determine Defendant's visitation rights to Plaintiff; (3) the trial court infringed Defendant's constitutionally protected parental rights by awarding sole custody and visitation rights to Plaintiff; (4) the trial court violated N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.2(e)(3) (2017) by only granting Defendant telephone visitation; (5) the trial court entered numerous findings not supported by competent evidence; (6) the trial court infringed Defendant's procedural due process rights; (7) the trial court abused its discretion in calculating the amount of alimony; (8) the trial court abused its discretion in denying her claim for attorney's fees; and (9) the trial court abused its discretion with respect to her originally filed Rule 59 motion and three contempt motions at a hearing on 1 March 2017.

V. Analysis

A. Neuropsychological Evaluation

Defendant argues the trial court exceeded its authority under Rule 35 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure by ordering her to submit to a neuropsychological evaluation by a non-physician. Rule 35 states that a court "may order [a] party to submit to a physical or mental examination by a physician" when that party's physical or mental condition is in controversy. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 35 (2017). In Defendant's pro se briefs, she does not refer to a specific order she asserts was erroneously entered. In Defendant's supplemental pro bono brief, she specifically argues the trial court erred, or abused its discretion, by entering an order on 3 October 2014 requiring her to submit to an examination by a neuropsychologist.

The trial court's 3 October 2014 order required both parties to submit to psychological , not neuropsychological , evaluations by Dr. Kuzyszyn-Jones. Defendant did not include the 3 October 2014 order in her notice of appeal listing the various orders of the trial court she appealed from. "Proper notice of appeal is a jurisdiction requirement that may not be waived." Chee v. Estes , 117 N.C. App. 450, 452, 451 S.E.2d 349, 350 (1994). "[T]he appellate court obtains jurisdiction only over the ruling specifically designated in the notice of appeal as the ones from which the appeal is being taken." Id. Defendant's arguments concerning the requirement of the 3 October 2014 order to obtain a psychological evaluation by Dr. Kuzyszyn-Jones are waived and dismissed. See id. ; N.C. R. App. P. 3(d).

B. Father's Discretion over Visitation

Defendant also argues the trial court violated the statute and abused its discretion by granting Plaintiff the sole authority to "permit custodial time between the children and Defendant" in the Amended Order. Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.1(a), "custody" includes "custody or visitation or both." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.1(a) (2017).

The trial court's Amended Order concluded "It is not in the children's best interests to have visitation with Defendant." The Amended Order then provides:

2. Physical Custody. The minor children shall reside with Plaintiff. Plaintiff may permit custodial time between the children and Defendant within his sole discretion , taking into account the recommendations of [Hanna's]
counselor as to frequency, location, duration, and any other restrictions deemed appropriate by the counselor for permitting visitation between [Hanna] and [Defendant] . (Emphasis supplied).

Defendant cites In re Stancil , 10 N.C. App. 545, 179 S.E.2d 844 (1971), in support of her argument. Stancil involved a custody dispute between a child's mother and the paternal grandmother. Id. at 546-47, 179 S.E.2d at 845-46. In the trial court's custody award to the grandmother, it granted the grandmother "the right to determine the times, places and conditions under which she could visit with [the child]." Id. at 550, 179 S.E.2d at 848. This Court stated:

When the question of visitation rights of a parent arises, the court should determine from the evidence presented whether the parent by some conduct has forfeited the right or whether the exercise of the right would be detrimental to the best interest and welfare of the child. If the court finds that the parent has by conduct forfeited the right or if the court finds that the exercise of the right would be detrimental to the best interest and welfare of the child, the court may, in its discretion, deny a parent the right of visitation with, or access to, his or her child; but the court may not delegate this authority to the custodian.

Id. at 552, 179 S.E.2d at 849 (emphasis supplied). Here, although the trial court had determined, without finding Defendant had forfeited her parental visitation rights, that it was "not in the children's best interests to have visitation with Defendant." The trial court contradicted its finding and conclusion, the above rule stated in Stancil, and delegated its judicial authority to Plaintiff to determine Defendant's visitation. As with the trial court in Stancil, the trial court delegated the determination of Defendant's visitation with her children to Plaintiff, at "his sole discretion." The trial court erred and abused its discretion by delegating the determination of Defendant's visitation rights with her children to Plaintiff. Id . The trial court cannot delegate its judicial authority to award or deny Defendant's visitation rights to Plaintiff or a third-party. See id. ; Brewington v. Serrato , 77 N.C. App. 726, 733, 336 S.E.2d 444, 449 (1985) ("[T]he award of visitation rights is a judicial function, which the trial court may not delegate to a third-party" (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) ).

The decretal portion of the Amended Order is vacated and the matter remanded for the trial court to determine an appropriate custodial and visitation schedule consistent with this Court's opinion in Stancil. See Stancil, 10 N.C. App. at 552, 179 S.E.2d at 849.

C. Electronic Visitation

Defendant also argues the trial court abused its discretion by allowing her only electronic "visitation," specifically, two telephone calls per week with the children. Defendant raises her electronic visitation arguments for the first time on appeal. Based upon our holding to vacate the custodial and visitation schedule from the Amended Order and remand for additional findings and conclusions, it is unnecessary to address the merits of Defendant's arguments concerning electronic visitation.

However, the trial court is instructed on remand that: "electronic communication with a minor child may be used to supplement visitation with the child. Electronic communication may not be used as a replacement or substitution for custody or visitation." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.2(e) (2017) (emphasis supplied).

"Electronic communication" is defined as "contact, other than face-to-face contact, facilitated by electronic means, such as by telephone, electronic mail, instant messaging, video teleconferencing, wired or wireless technologies by Internet, or other medium of communication." Id. If on remand, the trial court does not determine Defendant is unfit or engaged in conduct inconsistent with her parental rights, the trial court may only order electronic visitation as a supplement to Defendant's visitation rights and not as a replacement for Defendant's visitation rights. See id. ; In re T.R.T., 225 N.C. App. 567, 573-74, 737 S.E.2d 823, 828 (2013).

D. Constitutionally Protected Status as Parent

Defendant contends the trial court violated her constitutionally protected interest as parent by awarding sole legal and physical custody of the children to Plaintiff without making a finding that she was unfit or had acted inconsistently with her constitutionally protected status as parent. We agree.

The Amended Order purported to deny Defendant all custody and visitation with her children, effectively terminating her parental rights.

The Supreme Court of North Carolina held in Owenby v. Young , that:

[T]he Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ensures that the government does not impermissibly infringe upon a natural parent's paramount right to custody solely to obtain a better result for the child. [ Adams v. Tessener , 354 N.C. 57, 62, 550 S.E.2d 499, 503 (2001)
(citing Troxel v. Granville , 530 U.S. 57, 72-73, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 2063-64, 147 L.Ed.2d 49, 61 (2000) ) ]. Until, and unless, the movant establishes by clear and convincing evidence that a natural parent's behavior, viewed cumulatively, has been inconsistent with his or her protected status, the "best interest of the child" test is simply not implicated. In other words, the trial court may employ the "best interest of the child" test only when the movant first shows, by clear and convincing evidence, that the natural parent has forfeited his or her constitutionally protected status.

357 N.C. 142, 148, 579 S.E.2d 264, 268 (2003). Our Supreme Court also recognized in Price v. Howard , that:

A natural parent's constitutionally protected paramount interest in the companionship, custody, care, and control of his or her child is a counterpart of the parental responsibilities the parent has assumed and is based on a presumption that he or she will act in the best interest of the child.

346 N.C. 68, 79, 484 S.E.2d 528, 534 (1997) (citations omitted). Each parent's constitutional rights are equal and individually protected.

See id. ; Quilloin v. Walcott , 434 U.S. 246, 255, 98 S.Ct. 549, 554, 54 L.Ed.2d 511, 519 (1978) ("We have recognized on numerous occasions that the relationship between parent and child is constitutionally protected.").

Before denying a parent all custodial and visitation rights with his or her children, the trial court: (1) must first make a written finding that the parent was unfit or had engaged in conduct inconsistent with his protected status as a parent, before applying the best interests of the child test; and (2) make these findings based upon clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. Moore v. Moore , 160 N.C. App. 569, 573-74, 587 S.E.2d 74 (2003) ; see Petersen v. Rogers , 337 N.C. 397, 403-404, 445 S.E.2d 901, 905 (1994) ("[A]bsent a finding that parents (i) are unfit or (ii) have neglected the welfare of their children, the constitutionally-protected paramount right of parents to custody, care, and control of their children must prevail.").

Based upon the trial court's failure to find Defendant is either unfit or has acted inconsistently with her constitutionally protected status as a parent, we vacate the trial court's conclusions of law and custody portions of its order. If on remand, the trial court purports to deny Defendant all custody and visitation or contact with her children, the trial court must make the constitutionally required findings based upon clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. Owenby , 357 N.C. at 148, 579 S.E.2d at 268 ; Moore , 160 N.C. App. at 573-74, 587 S.E.2d at 76.

The dissenting opinion claims this holding "diverges from established precedent" and "recognizes a new constitutional right" citing Respess v. Respess , 232 N.C. App. 611, 754 S.E.2d 691 (2014). However, the dissenting opinion either overlooks or disregards the precedents set by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of North Carolina, and this Court, including In re Civil Penalty , 324 N.C. 373, 379 S.E.2d 30 (1989).

E. In re Civil Penalty

The Supreme Court of North Carolina issued a decision in Lanier, Comr. of Insurance v. Vines , 274 N.C. 486, 164 S.E.2d 161 (1968). Subsequently, this Court interpreted the holding of Lanier in N.C. Private Protective Servs. Bd. v. Gray, Inc. , 87 N.C. App. 143, 360 S.E.2d 135 (1987). A later decision from this Court found Gray had "contradict[ed] the express language, rationale and result of Lanier ," and refused to follow that decision. In re Civil Penalty , 92 N.C. App. 1, 13-14, 373 S.E.2d 572, 579 (1988). Upon review, the Supreme Court concluded "that the effect of the majority's decision ... was to overrule Gray ," and rejected this Court's attempt to do so. In re Civil Penalty , 324 N.C. at 384, 379 S.E.2d at 37. "Where a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court." Id.

This sequence of events in In re Civil Penalty is precisely what happened after this Court's unanimous decision in Moore . The Supreme Court issued a decision in Owenby , holding that "[u]ntil, and unless, the movant establishes by clear and convincing evidence that a natural parent's behavior, viewed cumulatively, has been inconsistent with his or her protected status, the 'best interest of the child' test is simply not implicated." Owenby , 357 N.C. at 148, 579 S.E.2d at 268. The Court's unanimous decision in Moore , applied that precise result, holding: "[o]nce conduct that is inconsistent with a parent's protected status is proven, the 'best interest of the child' test is applied." 160 N.C. App. at 573, 587 S.E.2d at 76. No further appellate review of Moore occurred.

As occurred In re Civil Penalty , "[s]everal pages of the [ Respess ] opinion were devoted to a detailed rejection of the [ Moore ] panel's interpretation of [ Owenby ]." In re Civil Penalty , 324 N.C. at 383-84, 379 S.E.2d at 36. The panel in Respess violated our Supreme Court's holding of In re Civil Penalty when it refused to follow the unanimous binding ten-year precedent set forth in Moore . See In re Civil Penalty , 324 N.C. at 384, 379 S.E.2d at 37 ; Respess , 232 N.C. App. at 624-25, 754 S.E.2d at 700-01.

Further, numerous other precedential cases, also decided prior to Respess, have cited to Moore for the holding at issue, contrary to the assertion in the dissenting opinion. See, e.g. , Woodring v. Woodring , 227 N.C. App. 638, 644, 745 S.E.2d 13, 19 (2013) ("In the absence of extraordinary circumstances, a parent should not be denied the right of visitation." (quoting Moore , 160 N.C. App. at 573, 587 S.E.2d at 76 ) ); Maxwell v. Maxwell , 212 N.C. App. 614, 622-23, 713 S.E.2d 489, 495 (2011) ("we reverse and remand this matter for further findings of fact as to Plaintiff's fitness as a parent or the best interest of the minor children" (citing Moore , 160 N.C. App. at 574, 587 S.E.2d at 77 ) ); Slawek v. Slawek , No. COA09-1682, 206 N.C.App. 596, 2010 WL 3220668, at *6 n.4 (N.C. Ct. App. Aug. 17, 2010) (unpublished) ("To declare a parent unfit for visitation, there must be 'clear, cogent, and convincing evidence.' " (quoting Moore , 160 N.C. App. at 573, 587 S.E.2d at 76 ) ); Mooney v. Mooney , No. COA08-998, 197 N.C.App. 231, 2009 WL 1383395, at *5 (N.C. Ct. App. May 19, 2009) (unpublished) ("A trial court may only deny visitation under the 'best interest' prong of N.C.G.S. § 50-13.5(i) '[o]nce conduct that is inconsistent with a parent's protected status is proven.' " (quoting Moore , 160 N.C. App. at 573, 587 S.E.2d at 76 ) ); In re E.T. , No. COA05-752, 176 N.C.App. 189, 2006 WL 389731, at *3 (N.C. Ct. App. Feb. 21, 2006) (unpublished) ("The trial judge, prior to denying a parent the right of reasonable visitation, shall make a written finding of fact that the parent being denied visitation rights is an unfit person to visit the child or that such visitation rights are not in the best interest of the child." (quoting Moore , 160 N.C. App. at 572, 587 S.E.2d at 76 ) ); In re M.C. , No. COA03-661, 166 N.C.App. 515, 2004 WL 2152188, at *4 (N.C. Ct. App. Sep. 21, 2004) (unpublished) ("The trial court is required to make a finding that a natural parent is unfit before denying custody to that parent." (citing Moore , 160 N.C. App. 569, 587 S.E.2d 74 ) ); David N. v. Jason N. , 164 N.C. App. 687, 690, 596 S.E.2d 266, 268 (2004) ("The trial court is required to make a finding that a natural parent is unfit before denying custody to that parent." (citing Moore , 160 N.C. App. 569, 587 S.E.2d 74 ) ), rev'd on other grounds, 359 N.C. 303, 608 S.E.2d 751 (2005).

In Peters v. Pennington , this Court cited Moore, as follows:

In Moore , this Court stated that the prohibition of all contact with a natural parent's child was analogous to a termination of parental rights. The Court reasoned that, in order to sustain a 'total prohibition of visitation or contact' based on the unfitness prong of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.5(i), the trial court must find unfitness based on the clear, cogent, and convincing evidentiary standard that is applicable in termination of parental rights cases.

210 N.C. App. at 19, 707 S.E.2d at 737 (emphasis in original) (citing Moore , 160 N.C. App at 573-74, 587 S.E.2d at 76-77 ) ).

Our Supreme Court has not overturned any of this Court's published opinions listed above, including Moore , which protect the "constitutionally-protected paramount right" of each individual parent over the care, custody, and control of their children. See Petersen , 337 N.C. at 403-404, 445 S.E.2d at 905. The dissenting opinion does not address or distinguish any of these binding precedents upon this Court.

Were we to disregard each parent's individually protected constitutional right, the following scenario may arise: an unmarried couple conceives a child. The couple becomes estranged before the child is born, and the father never knows the mother was pregnant. Years later, after the child is born, the father learns of his child's existence and seeks to have a relationship with the child. The father files an action to seek custody or visitation with his child. Under Respess , the trial court could then deny the father any custody or visitation solely using the "best interests" test, without any findings of the father's unfitness or actions inconsistent with his parental status. The application of the "best interests" test under this scenario, without findings of unfitness or actions inconsistent, would be wholly incompatible with our precedents, which have recognized: "A natural parent's constitutionally protected paramount interest in the companionship, custody, care, and control of his or her child[.]" Price , 346 N.C. at 79, 484 S.E.2d at 534 ; see Quilloin , 434 U.S. at 255, 98 S.Ct. at 554, 54 L.Ed.2d at 519 ("the relationship between parent and child is constitutionally protected"); Owenby , 357 N.C. at 148, 579 S.E.2d at 268 ; Moore , 160 N.C. App. at 574, 587 S.E.2d at 77.

The dissenting opinion, and Respess , assert this Court's holding in Moore was in conflict with Owenby . Citing the precedents of the Supreme Court of the United States and the Supreme Court of North Carolina, this Court unanimously stated in Moore :

It is presumed that fit parents act in the best interest of their children. Troxel , 530 U.S. at 69, 120 S.Ct. at 2061, 147 L.Ed.2d at 59. A parent's right to a relationship with his child is constitutionally protected. See Quilloin v. Walcott , 434 U.S. 246, 255, 98 S.Ct. 549, 554, 54 L.Ed.2d 511, 519 (1978). Once conduct that is inconsistent with a parent's protected status is proven, the "best interest of the child" test is applied. Price v. Howard , 346 N.C. 68, 79, 484 S.E.2d 528, 534 (1997).

Moore , 160 N.C. App. at 573, 587 S.E.2d at 76.

This Court's application of the rule regarding each parent's constitutionally protected individual relationship of custody or visitation with her child in this case and in Moore is fully consistent with binding precedents and with our Supreme Court's holding in Owenby. "[T]he trial court may employ the 'best interest of the child' test only when the movant first shows, by clear and convincing evidence, that the natural parent has forfeited his or her constitutionally protected status." Owenby , 357 N.C. at 148, 579 S.E.2d at 268.

This opinion fully quotes and is consistent with the holding in Owenby and does not "conspicuously omit[ ]" any binding language therein, contrary to the dissenting opinion's assertion. See id.

F. Trial Court's Findings of Fact

Defendant argues the Amended Order contains numerous findings of fact which are not supported by competent evidence, and the findings of fact do not support the trial court's conclusions of law.

"Our trial courts are vested with broad discretion in child custody matters." Shipman v. Shipman , 357 N.C. 471, 474, 586 S.E.2d 250, 253 (2003) (citation omitted). Where substantial evidence in the record supports the trial court's findings of fact, those findings are conclusive on appeal, even if record evidence might sustain findings to the contrary. Id. at 475, 586 S.E.2d at 254 (citation omitted).

Here, the trial court made fifty-two findings of fact in its Amended Order. Defendant challenges over twenty of the findings of fact made by the trial court concerning Defendant's behavior, Defendant's misleading statements to Plaintiff's counsel and the trial court regarding her neuropsychological evaluation, Defendant's health, Defendant's relationship with Plaintiff, Defendant's relationship with the children, and the best interests of the children.

After careful review of the whole record, we conclude the trial court's findings of fact are based upon competent evidence in the record, including the testimony of the Plaintiff; the parties' former neighbors, Jennifer and Jared Ober; Dr. Kuzyszyn-Jones; Defendant's neurologist, Dr. Mark Skeen; and Defendant's own testimony from the September 2015 hearing and the 4 August 2016 hearing. Defendant's arguments are overruled.

Defendant also argues the trial court's conclusions of law are not supported by the findings of fact. Based upon our holding to vacate the trial court's conclusions of law for the reasons stated above in sections B and D, it is unnecessary to address these arguments.

G. Denial of Procedural Due Process Rights

Defendant also argues the trial court infringed her constitutional rights to procedural due process by conducting a temporary custody review on 5 April 2016 to determine the status of Defendant's obligation to complete the neuropsychological evaluation. This custody review was conducted in the trial judge's chambers, and not in open court.

Both Plaintiff's counsel and Defendant's counsel were present for this temporary custody review. The trial court did not enter an order based upon this temporary custody review that altered the custody arrangement specified in the 21 December 2015 temporary custody and child support order.

Following the 5 April 2016 custody review hearing, the trial court entered an order setting specific guidelines for when Defendant should complete the neuropsychological evaluation ordered by the trial court on 21 December 2015. As a result of the temporary custody review on 5 April 2016, the trial court only ordered that the permanent custody review hearing take place on 4 August 2016 and reiterated Defendant's obligation under the 5 December 2015 order to obtain a neuropsychological evaluation. Defendant's trial counsel offered no objection to the trial court holding the in-chambers custody review meeting. "A contention not raised in the trial court may not be raised for the first time on appeal." Creasman v. Creasman , 152 N.C. App. 119, 123, 566 S.E.2d 725, 728 (2002) (citations omitted).

Defendant also did not raise her procedural due process arguments in her amended Rule 59 and Rule 60 motions to set aside the trial court's permanent custody order. Id . ("We note that defendant did not raise this issue in his motion to set aside the judgment. The record does not reflect a ruling on this issue by the trial court"); N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1). These arguments are waived and dismissed.

H. Domestic Violence

Defendant also contends the trial court failed to consider evidence of domestic violence perpetrated by Plaintiff in making its custody determination in the Amended Order. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.2(a) (2017) provides, in relevant part:

An order for custody of a minor child entered pursuant to this section shall award the custody of such child to such person ... as will best promote the interest and welfare of the child. In making the determination, the court shall consider all relevant factors including acts of domestic violence between the parties, the safety of the child, and the safety of either party from domestic violence by the other party.

The Amended Order indicates it did consider Defendant's allegations of domestic violence by Plaintiff. Finding of fact 24 states:

There was significant conflict between the parties during their marriage, which culminated in physical altercations between the parties on more than one occasion. Defendant testified at length about these altercations during the September 2015 trial and described herself as a victim of domestic violence, but Plaintiff introduced a recording into evidence at the September 2015 trial in which Defendant can be heard laughing and attempting to goad Plaintiff into a physical altercation. There were two incidents in July of 2014 (shortly before the parties separated) during which Plaintiff attempted to retreat from Defendant during an argument by locking himself in another room but Defendant forced her way into the room. Furthermore, Defendant's medical records (as introduced into evidence by Defendant and/or made available to Plaintiff's counsel for cross-examination purposes at the September 2015 trial) are inconsistent with her testimony about the alleged altercations.

This finding of fact was supported by substantial competent evidence of Plaintiff's testimony and the audio recording referenced therein, which was admitted into evidence. Additionally, finding of fact 24 in the Amended Order is the same as finding of fact 22 in the initial permanent custody order. Defendant did not raise the issue of the trial court's purported failure to consider domestic violence in her amended Rule 59 and 60 motions. Defendant had a full opportunity to assert the trial court failed to consider domestic violence at the 1 March 2017 hearing on her Rule 59 and 60 motions, but failed to do so. See Creasman, 152 N.C. App. at 123, 566 S.E.2d at 728 ; N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1). Defendant may disagree with the weight and credibility the trial court gave the evidence, but the record clearly establishes the trial court considered the allegations of domestic violence in determining custody pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.2(a). Defendant's argument is overruled.

I. Alimony and Attorney's Fees

Defendant next argues the trial court abused its discretion with regard to the Alimony and Attorney Fee Order entered by the trial court on 9 December 2016, the same day the trial court entered its initial permanent custody order. Defendant argues the trial court erred by awarding her alimony for a duration calculated from the parties' date of separation and not from the parties' date of divorce. "Decisions concerning the amount and duration of alimony are entrusted to the trial court's discretion and will not be disturbed absent a showing that the trial court has abused such discretion." Robinson v. Robinson , 210 N.C. App. 319, 326, 707 S.E.2d 785, 791 (2011).

The trial court is required to consider the sixteen factors enumerated in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.3A(b) in deciding to award alimony. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.3A(c) ("[T]he court shall make a specific finding of fact on each of the factors in subsection (b) of this section if evidence is offered on that factor."). "[T]he award of ... attorney's fees in matters of child custody and support, as well as alimony ... is within the discretion of the trial court." McKinney v. McKinney , 228 N.C. App. 300, 307, 745 S.E.2d 356, 361 (2013).

Here, the trial court made several specific and unchallenged findings of fact with reference to attorney's fees and the required statutory factors for determining alimony. Defendant does not challenge any of these findings of fact or argue that these findings are not supported by competent evidence in the record. Defendant has failed to show the trial court abused its discretion in calculating the amount of alimony awarded or by denying Defendant's claim for attorney's fees. Defendant's arguments are overruled.

J. 1 March 2017 Hearing

Defendant attempts to argue the trial court erred with respect to actions taken by her own attorney at a hearing on 1 March 2017. This hearing was held on several motions filed by Defendant. After the trial court entered its original permanent child custody order and its order on alimony and attorney's fees on 9 December 2016, Defendant subsequently filed a pro se Rule 59 motion on 16 December and a pro se Rule 60 motion on 19 December.

Defendant obtained new counsel, who then filed amended Rule 59 and Rule 60 motions on 20 February 2017. These motions were heard by the trial court on 1 March 2017, in addition to three pro se contempt motions Defendant had previously filed.

At the outset of the 1 March 2017 hearing, Defendant's counsel stated to the trial court that the contempt motions "are right now being written up in a voluntarily dismissal to be dismissed with prejudice as of today." The trial court then proceeded to hear Defendant's amended Rule 59 and Rule 60 motions. The trial court granted Defendant's Rule 59 motion and later entered the Amended Order on 6 March 2017.

Defendant appears to argue the trial court should have considered her original pro se Rule 59 motion instead of the amended motion filed by her attorney. Defendant asserts her contempt motions should not have been dismissed on 1 March 2017. These motions were voluntarily dismissed by Defendant's own counsel and not by the trial court. Defendant was present for the 1 March 2017 hearing and did not voice any disagreement to the trial court over her counsel's voluntary dismissal of the contempt motions. Defendant cites no authority to support these arguments. Defendant fails to establish any error on the trial court's part with respect to the Rule 59 motion and the voluntary dismissal of her contempt motions. These arguments are dismissed.

VI. Conclusion

The trial court erred and abused its discretion by delegating its authority to determine Defendant's visitation rights to Plaintiff and by effectively terminating Defendant's parental rights without first making a finding of unfitness or acts inconsistent with her constitutionally protected status by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence, and violated the statute by limiting her access to her children to telephone calls only. Owenby, 357 N.C. at 148, 579 S.E.2d at 268 ; Moore , 160 N.C. App. at 573-74, 587 S.E.2d at 76 ; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.2(e).

Defendant has failed to show the trial court abused its discretion in calculating the amount of alimony, or in denying her claim for attorney's fees. Defendant has failed to preserve her arguments concerning the trial court's ordering of a neuropsychological evaluation and the trial court's purported violations of her procedural due process rights. Defendant's remaining arguments are overruled and dismissed for failures to object and preserve.

The Alimony Order and Attorney Fees Order are affirmed. The trial court's conclusions of law and decretal portions of its Amended Order are vacated and remanded for further proceedings as consistent with this opinion. It is so ordered .

AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

Judge BERGER concurs with separate opinion.

Judge INMAN concurs in part, dissents in part, with separate opinion.

BERGER, Judge, concurring.

I fully concur in the majority opinion, but write separately to address a trend in this Court's jurisprudence that has troubling implications.

In the last few years, this Court increasingly has overruled precedent on the ground that a case, although published and otherwise controlling, itself failed to follow an even earlier Court of Appeals or Supreme Court case.

At first glance, this approach might seem appropriate. After all, In re Civil Penalty tells us that one panel cannot overrule another on the same issue. 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 36-37 (1989). If it appears a second panel did precisely that by refusing to follow the precedent set by the first panel, should the third panel faced with the issue not ignore the second and follow the first? But, what if a fourth panel comes along and concludes that the second panel properly distinguished or limited the first panel? That fourth panel could refuse to follow the third panel on the ground that it improperly overruled the second.

This may sound more like a law school hypothetical than a real-world problem, but it is very real. As the case before us here demonstrates, this Court can be trapped in a chaotic loop as different panels disagree, not only on the interpretation of the law, but also on what law appropriately controls the issue.

This problem is compounded by the reality that we are an intermediate appellate court that sits in panels. Ordinarily, the doctrine of stare decisis will prevent appellate courts from casually tossing away precedent decided just a few years (or even months) earlier. But that precedential effect is much weaker when a court sits in panels where the judges considering the issue were not necessarily involved in the earlier decision. As the dissent notes in footnote 4, we make mistakes.

One solution to this problem is for this Court to write opinions following our precedent, notwithstanding that panel's view of the weaknesses and errors within the current state of the law. In such an opinion, that panel could explain why the precedent is incorrect and make a direct request for the Supreme Court to use their power of discretionary review to announce the correct rule.

But many judges on this Court view this approach as unrealistic. The Supreme Court hears cases on discretionary review primarily because they involve matters of "significant public interest" or "major significance to the jurisprudence of the State." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-31. Though our frequent intramural disputes over In re Civil Penalty seem significant to us, the underlying legal issues often are narrow, are of no public interest, and affect only minor or isolated issues within our jurisprudence. At a high court that hears only seventy or eighty cases on discretionary review each year, these simply won't make the cut.

There is another option. This Court now has the power to sit en banc . See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-16. When the Supreme Court issued procedural rules for our en banc review, it instructed that we may sit en banc "to secure or maintain uniformity of the court's decisions." N.C.

R. App. P. 31.1(a)(1). This suggests that our Supreme Court anticipated we would use our authority to sit en banc to address these minor conflicts in our case law and resolve them ourselves. And, of course, if this Court sitting en banc gets it wrong, an opinion explaining the conflicting cases and the detailed reasons underlying our interpretation of them would issue from this Court, producing an excellent vehicle by which the Supreme Court can grant review and announce the correct rule.

Unfortunately, we have yet to sit en banc . To date, there have been 61 petitions filed requesting this Court to hear cases en banc , and we have declined to hear every single one. Perhaps some of my fellow judges on this Court are skeptical of whether the Supreme Court wants us to resolve our own conflicts. Some may be convinced that this resolution is not ours, but the business of our higher court. Others may have different motives. Whatever the reasons we have declined to sit en banc may be, legitimate or otherwise, encouragement and accountability from the appellate bar would be beneficial. Of course, if the Supreme Court believes this Court should resolve our conflicts en banc , it would be helpful for that Court to say so.

INMAN, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I concur in the majority opinion affirming the Alimony Order and Attorney Fees Order. I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion vacating the trial court's conclusions of law regarding custody and its decree awarding full custody to Plaintiff. The majority's holding in this respect is precluded by established precedent of the North Carolina Supreme Court and this Court and threatens to upend the stability of decisions by our trial courts in child custody disputes between parents.

The trial court's Amended Order denying Defendant custody and visitation complied with Section 50-13.5 of the North Carolina General Statutes, which provides:

In any case in which an award of child custody is made in a district court, the trial judge, prior to denying a parent the right of reasonable visitation, shall make a written finding of fact that the parent being denied visitation rights is an unfit person to visit the child or that such visitation rights are not in the best interest of the child.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.5(i) (2018) (emphasis added). "Where a statute contains two clauses which prescribe its applicability and clauses are connected by the disjunctive 'or', application of the statute is not limited to cases falling within both clauses but applies to cases falling within either one of them." Grassy Creek Neighborhood All., Inc. v. City of Winston-Salem , 142 N.C. App. 290, 297, 542 S.E.2d 296, 301 (2001) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Ultimately the trial court found that "[i]t is not in the children's best interests to have visitation with Defendant." Given this finding, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.5(i), the trial court had the authority to suspend Defendant's visitation with the children without finding that Defendant was a person unfit to visit them.

The trial court's express finding that visitation with Defendant was not in the children's best interest followed several other findings by the trial court of Defendant's harmful interactions with her children, including: (1) Defendant's behavior necessitated that her daughter have a safety plan while in her custody; (2) Defendant engaged in physical and verbal altercations with her daughter; (3) Defendant was trespassed from her son's preschool as a result of her behavior there; (4) she had difficulty controlling her son's behavior; (5) she removed her son from preschool contrary to the school's recommendation and without Plaintiff's knowledge or consent; and (6) her daughter's emotional distress was caused by spending time with Defendant. Each of these findings was supported by competent evidence.

The majority does not hold that the trial court erred in its findings of fact regarding Defendant's harmful interactions with the children. The majority does not hold that the trial court erred in finding that visitation with Defendant was not in the children's best interest. Rather, the majority holds that Defendant has a constitutional right to visitation with her children which has been violated by the trial court and remands the matter for "constitutionally required findings based upon clear, cogent, and convincing evidence." In support of today's holding, the majority relies on Moore v. Moore , 160 N.C. App. 569, 587 S.E.2d 74 (2003), a decision disavowed by this Court-and one directly contrary to controlling North Carolina Supreme Court precedent-which held that when resolving a custody dispute between two parents, a trial court cannot suspend one parent's visitation rights absent a finding that either the parent is unfit or engaged in conduct that is inconsistent with his or her protected status. Id. at 573, 587 S.E.2d at 76.

Moore held that in a custody dispute between a child's natural or adoptive parents, "absent a finding that parents (i) are unfit or (ii) have neglected the welfare of their children, the constitutionally-protected paramount right of parents to custody, care, and control of their children must prevail." Id. at 572, 587 S.E.2d at 76 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As support for this holding, Moore quoted Petersen v. Rogers , 337 N.C. 397, 403-04, 445 S.E.2d 901, 905 (1994), which established a constitutionally-based presumption favoring a parent in a custody dispute with a non-parent (the " Petersen presumption"). But unlike Moore , Petersen involved a custody conflict between parents and non-parents. 337 N.C. at 399, 445 S.E.2d at 902. Moore did not acknowledge that factual distinction or provide any analysis to support extending the Petersen holding to a dispute between two parents. Nor did Moore acknowledge controlling Supreme Court precedent expressly holding that Petersen does not apply to custody disputes between two parents, such as the case we decide today.

Significantly, after Petersen was decided and a few months prior to Moore , the North Carolina Supreme Court, in a child custody dispute between a father and maternal grandmother, explained the distinction between proceedings involving (1) a parent versus a non-parent, and (2) a parent versus the other parent:

We acknowledged the importance of [a parent's] liberty interest nearly a decade ago when this Court [in Petersen ] held: absent a finding that parents (i) are unfit or (ii) have neglected the welfare of their children, the constitutionally protected paramount right of parents to custody, care, and control of their children must prevail. The protected liberty interest complements the responsibilities the parent has assumed and is based on a presumption that he or she will act in the best interest of the child. The justification for the paramount status is eviscerated when a parent's conduct is inconsistent with the presumption or when a parent fails to shoulder the responsibilities that are attendant to rearing a child. Therefore, unless a natural parent's conduct has been inconsistent with his or her constitutionally protected status, application of the "best interest of the child" standard in a custody dispute with a nonparent offends the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution. Furthermore, the protected right is irrelevant in a custody proceeding between two natural parents, whether biological or adoptive , or between two parties who are not natural parents. In such instances, the trial court must determine custody using the "best interest of the child" test.

Owenby v. Young , 357 N.C. 142, 145, 579 S.E.2d 264, 266-67 (2003) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (emphasis added). Moore failed to cite Owenby , much less attempt to distinguish its holding that a parent's constitutional right is irrelevant in a custody dispute with the other parent. Moore was not pursued further on appeal, so its conflict with Owenby was not reviewed by the Supreme Court.

The error of Moore was ultimately noted a decade later, in a unanimous decision written by a judge who had concurred in Moore . In Respess v. Respess , 232 N.C. App. 611, 754 S.E.2d 691 (2014), that judge, writing for a unanimous panel, concluded that "the standard articulated in Moore directly conflicts with prior holdings of ... our Supreme Court and therefore does not control our decision in the instant case." Id. at 624-25, 754 S.E.2d at 700-01. Respess explained that prior to Moore , precedent consistently held:

(1) the standard in a custody dispute between a child's parents is the best interest of the child; (2) the applicable burden of proof is the preponderance of the evidence; (3) the principles that govern a custody dispute between a parent and a non-parent are irrelevant to a custody action between parents; and (4) a trial court complies with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.5(i) if it makes the finding set out in the statute.

Id. at 627, 754 S.E.2d at 702. Respess acknowledged our Supreme Court's holding in In re Appeal of Civil Penalty , 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 36 (1989), that a panel of this Court is bound by a prior decision by another panel of this Court deciding the same issue, but held that rule of decision did not apply to bind the panel to follow Moore , because "this Court has no authority to reverse existing Supreme Court precedent." Respess , 232 N.C. App. at 625, 754 S.E.2d at 701. Respess was never appealed and, until our Supreme Court tells us otherwise, Respess remains good law on both points.

Today's majority opinion quotes a portion of the opinion in Owenby , but conspicuously omits the Supreme Court's key holding directly controlling in this case, that a constitutional analysis "is irrelevant in a custody proceeding between two natural parents" and that "[i]n such instances, the trial court must determine custody using the 'best interest of the child' test." Owenby , 357 N.C. at 145, 579 S.E.2d at 267 ; see also Respess , 232 N.C. App. at 626, 754 S.E.2d at 701-02 (" Moore's holding that the Petersen presumption applies to a trial court's decision to deny visitation rights to a non-custodial parent [in a dispute with the custodial parent] contradicts our Supreme Court's holding [in Owenby ] that Petersen is 'irrelevant' to a dispute between parents and that in such instances, the trial court must determine custody using the 'best interest of the child' test." (internal quotation marks, citation, and brackets omitted) ).

The majority also fails to distinguish the facts of this case from Respess , or to address the effect of Owenby on Moore's precedential value. The majority's holding today deviates from years of consistent precedent and confuses an otherwise settled area of law affecting families across our state.

The majority asserts that Respess violated the North Carolina Supreme Court's holding in In re Appeal of Civil Penalty that one panel of this Court is bound by a previous panel's decision on the same issue. But the majority fails to acknowledge that Respess explicitly held that In re Civil Penalty did not require this Court to repeat the holding in Moore that was contrary to controlling precedent by our Supreme Court. See Respess , 232 N.C. App. at 629, 754 S.E.2d at 703.

Earlier this year, in a unanimous opinion, this Court expressly adopted the holding in Respess which interpreted and distinguished In re Civil Penalty to disavow Moore . See Martinez v. Wake Cty. Bd. of Educ ., --- N. C. App. ----, ----, 813 S.E.2d 658, 667 (2018) (discussing Respess at length and holding that "it is clear that where a prior ruling of this Court is in conflict with binding Supreme Court precedent, we must follow the decision of the Supreme Court rather than that of our own Court"). Today's decision cannot be harmonized with Respess or Martinez .

The jurisprudential history of In re Civil Penalty , contrasted with the history of Moore , Respess , and today's decision, demonstrates the majority's error in this case. In re Civil Penalty arose from a conflict regarding the precedent established by the North Carolina Supreme Court in State ex rel. Lanier v. Vines , 274 N.C. 486, 490, 164 S.E.2d 161, 163 (1968). Lanier held that a statute allowing the Commissioner of Insurance to impose a monetary penalty of up to $25,000 for violations of administrative regulations improperly delegated power vested exclusively in the judiciary by Art. IV, § 3, of the North Carolina Constitution. Id . at 497, 164 S.E.2d at 168. Almost twenty years later, in North Carolina Private Protective Services Board v. Gray, Inc., 87 N.C. App. 143, 360 S.E.2d 135 (1987), this Court rejected a constitutional challenge to a statute authorizing the North Carolina Private Protective Services Board to impose monetary penalties of up to $2,000 for violations of agency regulations. Id. at 147, 360 S.E.2d at 138. Gray held that "[t]his case is readily distinguishable from the situation in Lanier ." Id. at 147, 360 S.E.2d at 138.

One year later, in In re Civil Penalty , 92 N.C. App. 1, 373 S.E.2d 572 (1988), in a split decision, this Court addressed the constitutionality of a statute authorizing the Department of Natural Resources to assess an administrative penalty against individuals who violated the Sedimentation Pollution Act. Id. at 3, 373 S.E.2d at 573. The majority opinion concluded that this Court was bound by the decision in Lanier , and not by Gray , reasoning that the "rationale [in Gray ] directly contradicts the rationale and result of Lanier ." Id. at 16, 373 S.E.2d at 581. The dissent asserted that the majority's failure to follow Gray 's interpretation of Lanier "unjustifiably overrule[d]" Gray , which "was correctly decided and should have governed the court's decision in the case before us." Id. at 21, 373 S.E.2d at 583 (Becton, J., dissenting). On review, the North Carolina Supreme Court agreed with the dissent and concluded that "the effect of the majority's decision here was to overrule Gray . This it may not do." In re Civil Penalty , 324 N.C. at 384, 379 S.E.2d at 37. The Supreme Court went on to explain, in a holding quoted by this Court in dozens of decisions over the past quarter century, that, "[w]here a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court." Id. at 384, 379 S.E.2d at 37.

Unlike this Court's decision in Gray , which addressed and distinguished the North Carolina Supreme Court's decision in Lanier , this Court's decision in Moore utterly failed to acknowledge the Supreme Court's decision in Owenby . A citation to Owenby is nowhere to be found in Moore . The assertion by the majority today that Moore applied the holding of Owenby misrepresents the reported decision.

Unlike Moore , Respess cited Owenby , discussed it at length, and characterized the Supreme Court's statement that the Petersen presumption is "irrelevant in a custody proceeding between two natural parents" as a "holding" in Owenby . Respess , 232 N.C. App. at 625-26, 754 S.E.2d at 701-02. As Respess has not been overturned by a higher court, we are thus bound by its interpretation of Owenby , and must conclude that the language ignored by the majority in today's decision is a holding by our Supreme Court. See In re Civil Penalty , 324 N.C. at 384, 379 S.E.2d at 37. And it is directly controlling here. This Court's holding in Moore must yield to the Supreme Court's holding in Owenby . We do not have the "authority to overrule decisions of the Supreme Court of North Carolina and [have a] responsibility to follow those decisions, until otherwise ordered by the Supreme Court." Cannon v. Miller , 313 N.C. 324, 324, 327 S.E.2d 888, 888 (1985).

The rule of decision established by In re Civil Penalty applies when two panels of this Court issue conflicting decisions on the same issue without distinguishing the facts or applicable law, passing each other like ships in the night. But In re Civil Penalty does not bind a panel of this Court to a decision by a prior panel that conflicts with Supreme Court precedent. The conflict between a decision by this Court and one by our Supreme Court is more akin to a row boat passing an ocean liner. It is resolved not by In re Civil Penalty but by stare decisis .

"A primary goal of adjudicatory proceedings is the uniform application of law. In furtherance of this objective, courts generally consider themselves bound by prior precedent, i.e. , the doctrine of stare decisis ." Bacon v. Lee , 353 N.C. 696, 712, 549 S.E.2d 840, 851-52 (2001). The doctrine of stare decisis "is a maxim to be held forever sacred." Commonwealth v. Coxe , 4 U.S. 170, 1 L.Ed. 786, 4 Dall. 170, 192 (Pa. 1800). Because it is so fundamental to our jurisprudence, the doctrine is generally applied without comment and is described at length only in dissenting opinions. "Adhering to this fixed standard ensures that we remain true to the rule of law, the consistent interpretation and application of the law." State ex. rel. McCrory v. Berger , 368 N.C. 633, 651, 781 S.E.2d 248, 260 (2016) (Newby, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). "[T]here must be some uniformity in judicial decisions ... or else the law itself, the very chart by which we are sailing, will become as unstable and uncertain as the shifting sands of the sea[.]" State v. Bell , 184 N.C. 701, 720, 115 S.E. 190, 199 (1922) (Stacy, J., dissenting).

This Court in Respess correctly held that it was not bound by In re Civil Penalty to follow Moore's holding-which plainly diverged from Supreme Court precedent. And, as Respess distinguished In re Civil Penalty and explained why it did not apply-i.e. , that it did not bind the panel to Moore -we are bound by that interpretation, ironically pursuant to In re Civil Penalty . Stated differently, the majority charts the same wayward course that previously led this Court to run aground even though our Supreme Court has built us a lighthouse in In re Civil Penalty ; just as Gray constituted a binding interpretation of Lanier , Respess provided binding interpretations of Owenby and In re Civil Penalty . We are bound by Respess unless and until it is disavowed by our Supreme Court.

The majority opinion today vacates the conclusions of law and custody portions of the Amended Order based on the trial court's failure to include findings only deemed necessary in Moore . Today's decision, like the decision in Moore , conflicts with binding precedent and the plain language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.5(i), the governing statute. Because the dispute is exclusively between the children's parents, the trial court properly applied the "best interest of the child" test. See Adams v. Tessener , 354 N.C. 57, 61, 550 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2001) ("In a custody proceeding between two natural parents (including biological or adoptive parents), or between two parties who are not natural parents, the trial court must determine custody based on the 'best interest of the child' test.").

The majority today also asserts-again citing Moore -that the "Amended Order purported to deny Defendant all custody and visitation with her children, effectively terminating her parental rights." A loss of visitation or custody in a Chapter 50 proceeding between two parents is fundamentally different from the termination of parental rights, which can only be accomplished in a proceeding pursuant to Chapter 7B. "Our jurisprudence has long recognized significant differences between a child custody order, which is subject to modification upon a showing of changed circumstances, and orders for adoption or for termination of parental rights, which are permanent." Respess , 232 N.C. App. at 626, 754 S.E.2d at 702 (citations omitted). Among other things, the standard of proof prescribed by Chapter 50 for custody disputes between parents is a preponderance of the evidence; by contrast, the standard of proof prescribed by Chapter 7B for termination of parental rights is clear and convincing evidence. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1110(b) (2018) ; Speagle v. Seitz , 354 N.C. 525, 533, 557 S.E.2d 83, 88 (2001).

For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion regarding the award of child custody and would affirm the Amended Order's conclusions of law and decree regarding custody.

Because I dissent from the majority opinion vacating the trial court's decree suspending Defendant's right to visitation with her children, I disagree with the majority's holding that the trial court erred by delegating to Plaintiff the sole discretion to allow, or deny, telephone contact between Defendant and their children. That is, if Defendant has no right to visitation, the trial court's delegation of discretion to Plaintiff is mere surplusage, albeit admittedly confusing. Assuming arguendo that the trial court erred in this portion of its decree, it was surplusage that does not require appellate review.

In sum, I concur in the majority opinion affirming the Alimony Order and Attorney Fees Order. I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion vacating the trial court's conclusions of law and its decree awarding full custody to Plaintiff. 
      
      Here are a few examples: State v. Alonzo , --- N.C. App. ----, ----, 819 S.E.2d 584, 586-87 (2018), temporary stay allowed , --- N.C. ----, 817 S.E.2d 733 (2018) ; State v. Jones , --- N.C. App. ----, ----, 802 S.E.2d 518, 523 (2017) ; State v. Mostafavi , --- N.C. App. ----, ----, 802 S.E.2d 508, 513 (2017), rev'd , 370 N.C. 681, 811 S.E.2d 138 (2018) ; State v. Meadows , --- N.C. App. ----, ----, 806 S.E.2d 682, 693-94 (2017), disc. review allowed , --- N.C. ----, 812 S.E.2d 847 (2018) ; In re D.E.P. , --- N.C. App. ----, ----, 796 S.E.2d 509, 514 (2017).
     
      
      "The judicial policy of stare decisis is followed by the courts of this state." Musi v. Town of Shallotte , 200 N.C. App. 379, 383, 684 S.E.2d 892, 896 (2009) (citation omitted). "Stare decisis is the preferred course because it promotes the evenhanded, predictable, and consistent development of legal principles, fosters reliance on judicial decisions, and contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the judicial process." Janus v. Am. Fed'n of State, Cnty., & Mun. Employees, Council 31 , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 2448, 2478, 201 L.Ed.2d 924, 954-55 (2018) (citing Payne v. Tennessee , 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991) ).
      "[A]ntiquity has never been a reason for this Court to overrule its own prior case law or that of the North Carolina Supreme Court; indeed, this Court does not have authority to do so." Strickland v. City of Raleigh , 204 N.C. App. 176, 181, 693 S.E.2d 214, 217 (2010) (citation omitted). "When this Court is presented with identical facts and issues, we are bound to reach the same conclusions as prior panels of this court." Smith v. City of Fayetteville , 220 N.C. App. 249, 253, 725 S.E.2d 405, 409 (2012) (citation omitted).
     
      
      Nevertheless, it is "an established rule to abide by former precedents, stare decisis , where the same points come up again in litigation, as well to keep the scale of justice even and steady, and not liable to waver with every new judge's opinion, as also because, the law in that case being solemnly declared and determined what before was uncertain, and perhaps indifferent, is now become a permanent rule, which it is not in the breast of any subsequent judge to alter or swerve from according to his private sentiments; he being sworn to determine, not according to his private judgment, but according to the known laws and customs of the land, - not delegated to pronounce a new law, but to maintain and expound the old one - jus dicere et non jus dare [to declare the law, not to make the law]." McGill v. Town of Lumberton , 218 N.C. 586, 591, 11 S.E.2d 873, 876 (1940) (citation omitted).
     
      
      Petersen quoted the holding in Stanley v. Illinois , 405 U.S. 645, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972), that " '[i]t is cardinal with us that the custody, care and nurture of the child reside first in the parents, whose primary function and freedom include preparation for obligations the state can neither supply nor hinder.' " 337 N.C. at 400-01, 445 S.E.2d at 903 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Stanley , 405 U.S. at 651, 92 S.Ct. at 1212-13, 31 L.Ed.2d at 559 ). Relying on Stanley , the Petersen Court noted that a natural parent has a "constitutionally-protected paramount right to custody, care, and control of their child." Id. at 400, 445 S.E.2d at 903, 337 N.C. 397.
     
      
      Although Moore was not appealed, our Supreme Court passed on the opportunity to ratify or adopt the holding of Moore two years later in In re T.K., D.K., T.K., & J.K. , 171 N.C. App. 35, 613 S.E.2d 739, aff'd 360 N.C. 163, 622 S.E.2d 494 (2005). That appeal followed a split decision by this Court. The dissent in In re T.K. asserted-as the majority holds here-that a trial court's order awarding visitation to the father was in error because, pursuant to Moore , the trial court did not make findings that the mother's "conduct was inconsistent with her protected status as a parent," or, by clear and convincing evidence, that the mother was "unfit as a parent." Id. at 44, 613 S.E.2d at 744 (Tyson, J., dissenting). On review, the Supreme Court affirmed the majority opinion per curiam . In re T.K. , 360 N.C. 163, 622 S.E.2d 494.
     
      
      As noted by the majority, until it was disavowed by Respess as violating controlling precedent, Moore was cited in subsequent decisions by this Court for its holding directly contrary to Owenby . But see Everette v. Collins , 176 N.C. App. 168, 173-74, 625 S.E.2d 796, 799-800 (2006) (distinguishing disputes between parents and non-parents, involving the "constitutionally protected status afforded parents," and disputes between only parents, applying the "best interest of the child" determination without constitutional analysis). But none of the decisions citing Moore for that holding acknowledged the conflict. Since Respess , Moore has been cited by this Court for its holding that a trial court's findings of fact must resolve factual issues rather than merely reciting witness testimony, but it has not been cited in a majority decision for the proposition disavowed in Respess . See State v. Robinson , --- N.C. App. ----, ----, 805 S.E.2d 309, 317 (2017) ; Lueallen v. Lueallen , --- N.C. App. ----, ----, 790 S.E.2d 690, 698 (2016) ; Kelly v. Kelly , 228 N.C. App. 600, 610, 747 S.E.2d 268, 278 (2013).
     
      
      I do not suggest that the panel in Moore deliberately ignored Owenby . The Supreme Court issued its decision in Owenby in May 2003; Moore was heard in this Court just three months later, in August 2003. Given the typical lapse of months between the submission of briefs and hearing before this Court in most cases, it is likely that Owenby was decided by the Supreme Court after briefing in Moore was completed, and that neither counsel nor the panel deciding Moore realized that binding precedent intervened. Such an error reflects not defiance or judicial recklessness but merely the very human occurrence of overlooking a new precedent when deciding one among a tremendous volume of cases heard by panels of this Court. By contrast, today's majority violates precedent specifically called to its attention.
     
      
      As recounted supra , there is nothing in Moore to indicate it was interpreting or applying Owenby , let alone that it was cognizant of the decision. Thus, Respess was not bound by any interpretation of Owenby in Moore , as none appears therein.