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Indic-Transcribe-core

Multilingual speech recognition for 25 Indian languages, in each language's native script.

Indic-Transcribe-core is a multilingual Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) model built for 25 Indian languages. It is trained to be robust and general purpose: it handles the full diversity of Indian accents and holds up in noisy real-world conditions, from crowded markets to call-center floors, with strong coverage in the domains where Indian voice products are actually built — education, agriculture, and healthcare.

The model transcribes into the native script of the language being spoken, and can identify the language on its own when you don't know it in advance.

This model is ready for commercial use.

Why Choose Indic-Transcribe-core?

🔀 Code-mixing, natively. Indians rarely speak one language at a time. Indic-Transcribe-core transcribes Hinglish and other mixed speech as it is actually spoken, instead of forcing it into a single language.
🌐 Language identification built in. Use the model directly as a language-ID system, or let it auto-detect the language and then transcribe — at the cost of one decoder step, not a second encoder pass.
🏥 Domain coverage where it matters. Deep vocabulary in education, agriculture, and healthcare.

Supported Languages

The model covers 25 languages across four groups:

Group	Languages
Indian-accented English	English
22 constitutionally recognised languages	Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu
Hindi dialect	Bhojpuri
Low resource	Bhili

Model Architecture

Architecture Type: NVIDIA Canary: FastConformer encoder with a Transformer decoder.

Indic-Transcribe-core is built on the nvidia/canary-1b-v2 architecture. The FastConformer encoder produces acoustic representations that the Transformer decoder converts into text, with task tokens selecting the target language.


Model name	Indic-Transcribe-core
Task	Speech-to-Text (Automatic Speech Recognition)
Base model	nvidia/canary-1b-v2
Total parameters	1.2B
Encoder	FastConformer: 32 layers, 811M params, 1024 hidden dim, 8 attention heads, conv kernel 9
Decoder	Transformer: 24 layers, 419M params, 1024 hidden size, 8 attention heads
Vocabulary	7,152 tokens (1,152 special / task + 6,000 multilingual)
Sub-word algorithm	BPE (byte fallback disabled)
Precision	fp32 on disk, bf16 at inference
Checkpoint size	4.6 GB

Capabilities

Feature	Indic-Transcribe-core
Languages	25
Code-mixed audio	✅
Transcription output	Native script
Automatic language ID	✅

Results at a Glance

Accuracy is reported as OIWER — an orthographically-informed word error rate that accepts documented spelling and transliteration variants as correct, scored against multi-reference transcripts. Lower is better.

Voice of India benchmark

Model	Average	Assamese	Bhojpuri	Bengali	Gujarati	Hindi	Chhattisgarhi	Kannada	Maithili	Malayalam	Marathi	Odia	Punjabi	Tamil	Telugu	Urdu
Indic-Transcribe-core	8.7	8.2	13.3	4.3	9.2	3.5	13.6	7.4	11.3	11.5	5.7	8.7	8.3	9.0	11.4	5.0
Saaras V3	10.7	9.1	17.9	5.2	9.7	3.8	14.0	8.8	14.2	12.2	6.5	11.1	8.6	9.1	13.5	7.5
Indic-Transcribe-flex	11.3	9.6	18.5	5.0	10.8	4.1	13.6	9.7	15.1	13.7	6.6	10.2	9.5	10.8	13.1	5.6
Indic Conformer	17.8	13.1	30.3	9.5	16.3	6.5	24.5	16.3	16.3	28.2	11.6	13.1	19.1	16.2	20.0	8.0
Gemini 3 Pro	21.1	23.7	24.1	10.3	18.1	9.3	19.6	20.1	27.2	21.0	14.0	25.7	19.3	15.5	24.6	10.6
Gemini 3 Flash	23.1	25.0	20.2	11.1	20.3	7.1	21.7	18.5	28.0	30.1	14.2	23.3	23.2	17.3	25.5	11.0
Gemma E4B	36.1	45.0	27.0	19.6	27.3	9.1	24.0	31.0	36.7	44.4	24.4	44.4	23.4	37.9	41.6	14.2
OmniASR LLM 7B	44.5	23.9	26.3	20.9	32.0	9.6	20.7	35.0	44.6	48.8	24.5	72.3	31.7	40.6	48.7	14.8
OmniASR CTC 7B	62.5	33.3	39.2	43.5	62.5	20.7	33.4	50.0	51.6	61.3	33.6	90.2	80.7	58.3	62.1	89.3

Indic-Transcribe Core offers better accuracy. Do check out Indic-Transcribe Flex for support for more transcription modes and languages.

How to Use this Model

Installation

pip install torch torchaudio transformers sentencepiece soundfile

The model code ships inside this repository, so there is nothing else to install — no NeMo, no other toolkit.

Conda environment (recommended for reproducibility)

conda create -n indic-transcribe python=3.10 -y
conda activate indic-transcribe
pip install torch torchaudio transformers sentencepiece soundfile

Input audio requirements


Sample rate	16 kHz (resampled automatically if it differs)
Channels	Mono
Formats	`.wav`, `.flac`, `.mp3`
Speakers	Single speaker — see Limitations

# Convert anything to the expected format
ffmpeg -i input.mp3 -ac 1 -ar 16000 -c:a pcm_s16le audio.wav

Basic inference

from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download
from indic_transcribe import IndicTranscribe

asr = IndicTranscribe.from_pretrained(snapshot_download("bodhan-ai/indic-transcribe-core"))
print(asr("audio.wav", lang="hi"))
# मैंने कल पांच बजे तीन फाइलें अपलोड कीं

Output is always in the native script of the language being transcribed.

Automatic language ID + transcription

When you don't know the language ahead of time, omit lang. The model identifies it first, then transcribes — at the cost of one decoder step, not a second encoder pass.

text, lid = asr.transcribe("unknown_language.wav", return_lid=True)
print(lid["lang"])   # e.g. "ta"
print(text)

A language you supply always wins; identification only fills a gap. return_lid=True also works when you did supply one, so a disagreement between your metadata and the model stays visible instead of silent:

text, lid = asr.transcribe("audio.wav", lang="hi", return_lid=True)
# lid == {"lang": "hi", "source": "explicit", "topk": [("hi", 0.9999), ("ur", 0.0001), ...]}

Language identification only

To use the model purely as a language-ID system, read the predicted language and discard the transcript.

for path in ["a.wav", "b.wav", "c.wav"]:
    print(path, asr.identify(path))
    # [('ta', 0.9812), ('ml', 0.0104), ('kn', 0.0031), ...]

identify returns the ranked distribution rather than a single string, because for the confusable pairs the top-1 alone hides how close the decision was. Accuracy is uneven across languages — the Hindi-belt languages in particular are often absorbed by Hindi. If you have a language label, pass it.

You can narrow the candidate set when you know your traffic:

from indic_transcribe import RECOMMENDED_LANGS

asr.identify("audio.wav", allowed_langs=RECOMMENDED_LANGS)

This is a hard filter — audio in an excluded language is silently reassigned to the nearest permitted one rather than flagged.

Input(s)

Field	Details
Input Type(s)	Audio, Language ID
Input Format(s)	`.wav`, `.flac`, `.mp3`; string language code
Input Parameters	One-dimensional (1D) audio; one-dimensional (1D) language ID
Other Properties	16 kHz mono; audio is resampled automatically if it differs. Single speaker.

Output

Field	Details
Output Type(s)	Text string in the input language
Output Format(s)	String
Output Parameters	One-dimensional (1D)
Other Properties	Native-script rendering; optional detected-language tag.

Supported Language Codes

Pass these to lang. Omit lang for automatic language identification.

Example	Value
Hindi	`lang="hi"`
Tamil	`lang="ta"`
Bengali	`lang="bn"`
Indian English	`lang="en"`
Auto-detect	omit `lang`

All 25 languages use standard ISO 639-1 / 639-3 codes (also listed in the language: field at the top of this card).

Full list of language codes (25)

Language	Code	Script	Group
English (Indian)	`en`	Latin	Indian-accented English
Assamese	`as`	Bengali–Assamese	Scheduled
Bengali	`bn`	Bengali	Scheduled
Bodo	`brx`	Devanagari	Scheduled
Dogri	`doi`	Devanagari	Scheduled
Gujarati	`gu`	Gujarati	Scheduled
Hindi	`hi`	Devanagari	Scheduled
Kannada	`kn`	Kannada	Scheduled
Kashmiri	`ks`	Perso-Arabic / Devanagari	Scheduled
Konkani	`kok`	Devanagari	Scheduled
Maithili	`mai`	Devanagari	Scheduled
Malayalam	`ml`	Malayalam	Scheduled
Manipuri	`mni`	Bengali / Meetei Mayek	Scheduled
Marathi	`mr`	Devanagari	Scheduled
Nepali	`ne`	Devanagari	Scheduled
Odia	`or`	Odia	Scheduled
Punjabi	`pa`	Gurmukhi	Scheduled
Sanskrit	`sa`	Devanagari	Scheduled
Santali	`sat`	Ol Chiki	Scheduled
Sindhi	`sd`	Perso-Arabic / Devanagari	Scheduled
Tamil	`ta`	Tamil	Scheduled
Telugu	`te`	Telugu	Scheduled
Urdu	`ur`	Perso-Arabic	Scheduled
Bhojpuri	`bho`	Devanagari	Hindi dialect
Bhili	`bhb`	Devanagari	Low resource

Limitations

Native script only. This model transcribes into the language's own script. It does not produce mixed-script/ITN or romanized output — spoken numbers stay as words, and English words inside Indic speech are rendered in the native script. Apply your own inverse text normalization or transliteration downstream if you need it.
Single-speaker audio. The model is trained for single-speaker recordings. For multi-speaker scenarios, pair it with a diarization module and transcribe each speaker turn separately.
Automatic language ID is uneven — do not rely on it for Hindi-belt languages. Accuracy varies widely by language, and Bhojpuri, Maithili and Urdu are absorbed by Hindi far too often to be trusted. Pass lang explicitly whenever you have it.

License / Terms of Use

Released under Indic Open Model License v1.0.

The base model, nvidia/canary-1b-v2, carries its own license terms — ensure your use complies with both.

If you find the license difficult to understand, here is a plain-language guide to the Indic Open Model License.

Broad, no-cost access for research, government, nonprofit, and commercial use — with a few conditions attached.

This deed is a human-readable summary of the license, not a substitute for it. Where the two disagree, the full Indic Open Model License governs.

You're free to

No cost, no royalty, worldwide — for research, government, nonprofit, and commercial use, at any scale.

✅ Run it — for inference, in a product, in research, however you like.
✅ Change it — fine-tune, distill, quantize, merge, or otherwise build on it.
✅ Self-host it — power your own product or service with it, commercial or not.
✅ Share it — pass on copies of the model or your own version of it.

As long as you

Five conditions cover almost everything. The rest of the license is these, spelled out in legal detail.

1. Give credit

Wherever you ship the model or a derivative to anyone else, say where it came from — and don't strip out existing notices.

"Built with [Model Name] from Bodhan AI / AI4Bharat."

2. Pass it on the same way

If you give your fine-tuned or derived version to anyone else — hand it over, or run it as a service for them — it carries this exact license. You can't relicense it on different terms.

3. Ask before hosting it for others

Self-hosting is free. But if you're going to run it as an API or hosted service that other people or companies call directly, that needs Bodhan AI's written sign-off first — unless you're a nonprofit, government, or academic user, or you publicly release an equally capable open version within 90 days.

4. Don't use it to cause harm

No exceptions — not even for nonprofit or research use. That means no:

child sexual abuse material, or content that sexualizes minors
weapons development, including chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear
mass surveillance or social-scoring systems
disinformation campaigns, including election manipulation
automated decisions that affect someone's legal rights without human oversight
deepfakes or voice clones of real people without their consent
robocalls, auto-dialers, or voice-phishing scams
AI companion products designed to simulate romance or foster emotional dependency

5. Talk to us if your product gets huge

If your own product built on this — not through hosting it for others, that's covered above — crosses either threshold, you'll need a separate commercial license. Doesn't apply to nonprofit, government, or academic users.

Threshold
500M+	monthly active users
	or
$250M+	annual revenue

Good to know

No warranty. The model is provided as-is. It isn't tested or certified for safety-critical use — medical, aviation, nuclear, or similar — so test thoroughly before relying on it in high-stakes settings.
You handle your own compliance. Export controls, sanctions, and data-protection law (including India's DPDP Act, where it applies) are on you, not Bodhan AI.
This deed doesn't replace the license. It leaves out most of the legal detail — termination, dispute resolution, confidentiality, and more all live in the full text. Read that before you rely on anything here.

Use Case

Native-script transcription of multilingual and code-mixed Indian-language audio, plus language identification.

Deployment Geography

Global

Citation

@misc{indictranscribe2026,
  title  = {Indic-Transcribe: Built for the way India actually speaks},
  author = {Bodhan AI, AI4Bharat},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://bodhan.ai/research/blogs/indic-transcribe}
}

Ethical Considerations

The integration of foundation and fine-tuned models into AI systems requires additional testing using use-case-specific data to ensure safe and effective deployment. Developers should work with their team to ensure this model meets requirements for the relevant industry and use case, and addresses unforeseen product misuse.