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Raon-1 mini (DFlash2 draft)

This repository contains the DFlash2 draft model of Raon-1 mini preview for speculative decoding.

It is not a standalone model. Use it with Raon-1 mini preview as shown in the vLLM quickstart below.

Raon-1 mini is a 30B-A4B Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language model, designed and trained from scratch by KRAFTON AI. It demonstrates strong capabilities in Korean conversation and agentic tasks. As part of the Raon open model family, it is released under the Apache 2.0 license.

Want to try Raon-1 mini without setting anything up?
Chat with it for free, for a limited time, in the Raon-1 mini playground.

This is a preview release, not a final model. Specs and results may change before the final version.

Highlights

Reasoning: Built-in thinking, with leading results on the math and science benchmarks shown below.
Instruction following and search: Leads the comparison models on the instruction-following and search benchmarks shown below.
Korean and English: Strong Korean language ability, and solid performance in English.
Agent execution: Tool calling for agentic workflows, with support for Hermes Agent, Pi and OpenCode.
Speculative decoding support: A DFlash2 draft model is provided for accelerated speculative decoding.
Quantization options: Available in MXFP8 and NVFP4 formats, with NVFP4 enabling inference on a single NVIDIA RTX 5090 gpu (32 GB VRAM).

Model Overview

Raon-1 mini uses a hybrid Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture, consisting of 18 linear attention layers and 7 full attention layers.

Raon Delta Attention (RDA): Raon Delta Attention decouples the erase and write gates of Kimi Delta Attention, which improves long-context performance over KDA.
Raon-mHC: Raon-mHC reduces the computational cost of DeepSeek’s manifold-constrained hyper-connections (mHC), which speeds up training.
Hybrid layout: 18 of the 25 layers are Raon Delta Attention layers with a fixed-size state. Only the 7 MLA layers keep a KV cache, about 8 KiB per token in BF16.
Long context: Natively supports up to 262,144 tokens of context.
Sparse MoE: 6 of 128 routed experts plus 1 shared expert are active per token, so each token uses 4.3B of the 28.8B total parameters.

Field	Value
Architecture	MoE
Total Parameters	28.8B
Activated Parameters	4.3B
Layers	25
Hidden Size	2,560
Attention	Hybrid — RDA 3 : Gated MLA 1
Position Encoding	NoPE (no positional encoding)
Number of Attention Heads	40 for both RDA & Gated MLA
Attention Head Dimension	128 for RDA; 192 QK / 128 V, for Gated MLA
Query / KV LoRA Rank	576 / 512, for Gated MLA
Number of Experts	128
Number of Activated Experts	6 routed + 1 shared
Expert Intermediate Size	1,088
Dense FFN Intermediate Size (first layer)	12,032
Activation Function	SiTU-GLU
Residual Connection	Raon-mHC w/ 4 streams
Vocabulary Size	259,840
LM Head	Untied
Context Length	262,144 tokens

Benchmark Results

Red indicates the best performance of Raon-1 mini preview among MoE baselines.

Category	Benchmark	MoE			Dense
Category	Benchmark	Raon-1 mini preview (30B-A4B)	Qwen3.6-35B-A3B	Gemma 4 26B-A4B	Qwen3.8-27B	Muse Glimmer 30B
Knowledge	MMLU Pro	76.5	85.9	82.9	85.7	84.0
Knowledge	AA-Omniscience	3.5	−7.2	−46.6	−0.5	−34.7
Reasoning	GPQA Diamond	84.3	83.2	80.7	89.7	82.6
	AIME 2026	93.3	92.9	87.1	98.8	92.9
	HMMT Feb 2026	84.1	84.5	79.9	95.8	74.6
Instruction and multi-turn	IFBench	84.2	66.6	80.9	82.4	78.7
Instruction and multi-turn	MultiChallenge	59.0	58.2	58.4	63.6	63.4
Coding	LiveCodeBench v6	81.6	81.2	83.4	79.3	77.4
	SciCode	38.7	35.6	39.6	44.6	43.6
	SWE-Verified¹	70.8	63.2	61.6	74.6	72.0
	Terminal-Bench Lite	47.0	63.3	52.0	67.0	70.7
Agentic	GDPVal²	66.0	67.4	57.5	63.5	67.3
	AutomationBench³	29.7	24.9	36.2	58.7	32.1
	BrowseComp Plus	55.7	34.8	32.2	58.0	52.8
	BFCL v4 Overall	59.8	64.7	65.8	72.4	51.8
Long context	AA-LCR	67.3	69.3	67.0	80.3	81.3
Long context	GDP.pdf⁴	5.8	6.6	3.6	11.2	8.4
Korean conversation	Chatbot Korean (internal)⁵	92.9	74.5	90.6	90.1	87.0

Judge and user simulator: gpt-5.6-luna for all evaluations.
Red = Raon-1 mini preview is best within the MoE group (Raon-1 mini preview, Qwen3.6-35B-A3B, Gemma 4 26B-A4B). Dense models (Qwen3.8-27B, Muse Glimmer 30B) are shown for reference only.
¹ SWE-Verified: evaluated with the mini-SWE-agent harness.
² GDPVal (dataset): metric is a judge score, not Elo.
³ AutomationBench: public split, not the official evaluation set.
⁴ GDP.pdf: official Artificial Analysis (artificialanalysis.ai) text-only version. PDFs are OCR-ed in advance; no image input.
⁵ Chatbot Korean (internal): an internal benchmark measuring Korean colloquial ability in chatbot conversations across diverse situations. Not publicly released.

Sampling parameters

Raon-1 mini is designed for thinking mode; disabling it is not recommended.

Settings shared by all tasks:

Setting	Value
temperature	1.0
top_p	0.95
top_k	20
repetition_penalty	1.0
frequency_penalty	0
min_p	0
truncate_history_thinking	false

Settings that depend on the task:

Task	presence_penalty
Coding / math	0
Everything else (chat, summarization, knowledge Q&A, agents, etc.)	1.5

Speculative Decoding

We release a DFlash2 draft model alongside Raon-1 mini preview to accelerate inference through speculative decoding. In our benchmarks on a single NVIDIA B300, it delivers up to 2.18× higher output throughput than autoregressive decoding. Speedups vary by hardware and workload.

Throughput is measured in output tok/s, with speedup over autoregressive decoding in parentheses. Acceptance length (AL) is the mean number of tokens per verification step, averaged across requests at concurrency 1.

Benchmark	AL	AR · C=1	DFlash2 · C=1	AR · C=8	DFlash2 · C=8	AR · C=32	DFlash2 · C=32
GSM8K	4.76	296.3	646.3 (2.18×)	1,110.4	1,836.3 (1.65×)	1,528.9	2,619.3 (1.71×)
MATH-500	4.43	308.0	666.6 (2.16×)	1,496.1	2,511.3 (1.68×)	3,082.5	5,166.9 (1.68×)
HumanEval	3.96	305.4	607.9 (1.99×)	1,470.8	2,269.6 (1.54×)	2,793.1	4,596.4 (1.65×)
MBPP	3.85	307.0	604.1 (1.97×)	1,450.6	2,197.2 (1.51×)	2,956.2	5,017.9 (1.70×)
MT-Bench	3.24	304.9	570.2 (1.87×)	1,477.1	2,038.2 (1.38×)	2,521.3	3,935.4 (1.56×)

AR: autoregressive decoding; C: concurrency. Throughput is total output tokens divided by end-to-end wall time.
Evaluated with vLLM 0.28.0 and an MXFP8 target model; block size 8 (7 draft tokens), probabilistic draft sampling, temperature 1.0, top-p 0.95, top-k 20, thinking enabled, up to 4,096 new tokens, and 128 prompts per benchmark (80 for MT-Bench).

Quickstart

Raon-1 mini supports inference with Transformers, vLLM, llama.cpp, and MLX. The examples below show how to run the model locally or launch an OpenAI-compatible server, using thinking mode and the recommended sampling settings above.

The model repositories are gated. Request access once on this page (approval is automatic; it covers every Raon-1 mini preview repository), then log in so the examples below can download them:

pip install -U huggingface_hub
hf auth login

Transformers

Use Hugging Face Transformers to load Raon-1 mini and generate responses directly in Python.

Install the dependencies:

uv venv --python 3.12 --seed
source .venv/bin/activate

pip install \
    "transformers==5.16.1" \
    "accelerate==1.15.0"

Then run the model:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model_id = "KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    trust_remote_code=True,
)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    dtype="auto",
    device_map="auto",
    trust_remote_code=True,
)

messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about KRAFTON AI."}
]
inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    messages,
    add_generation_prompt=True,
    tokenize=True,
    return_dict=True,
    return_tensors="pt",
    enable_thinking=True,
    truncate_history_thinking=False,
).to(model.device)

outputs = model.generate(
    **inputs,
    max_new_tokens=32768,
    do_sample=True,
    temperature=1.0,
    top_p=0.95,
    top_k=20,
    min_p=0.0,
    repetition_penalty=1.0,
    presence_penalty=1.5,
)

# The reasoning ends at </think>; the answer follows it.
response = outputs[0][inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]:].tolist()
think_end = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids("</think>")
split = response.index(think_end) + 1 if think_end in response else 0
reasoning = tokenizer.decode(response[:split], skip_special_tokens=True).strip()
answer = tokenizer.decode(response[split:], skip_special_tokens=True).strip()
print("Reasoning:\n" + reasoning)
print("\nAnswer:\n" + answer)

presence_penalty is applied by the model's remote code, since Transformers has no built-in presence penalty. For coding and math, set presence_penalty to 0.0.

On a 32 GB GPU, use the base MXFP8 model with device_map="auto" and CPU offload.

vLLM (beta)

Use vLLM to serve Raon-1 mini through an OpenAI-compatible API with tool calling and DFlash2 speculative decoding. Tested on NVIDIA B300. The RTX 5090 NVFP4 profile is documented below.

Install from our fork and start the server:

VLLM_REF="raon-1-mini-preview"

uv venv --python 3.12
source .venv/bin/activate

VLLM_USE_PRECOMPILED=1 uv pip install \
    "vllm @ git+https://github.com/krafton-ai/vllm.git@${VLLM_REF}"

vllm serve KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview \
    --host 127.0.0.1 \
    --port 8000 \
    --served-model-name Raon-1-mini-preview \
    --max-model-len 262144 \
    --max-num-batched-tokens 16384 \
    --max-num-seqs 128 \
    --gpu-memory-utilization 0.85 \
    --kv-cache-dtype fp8_e4m3 \
    --enable-prefix-caching \
    --spec-method dflash \
    --spec-model KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-dflash2 \
    --spec-tokens 7 \
    --reasoning-parser raon_1 \
    --enable-auto-tool-choice \
    --tool-call-parser raon_1 \
    --default-chat-template-kwargs '{
      "enable_thinking": true,
      "truncate_history_thinking": false
    }'

The first start compiles the model's kernels and takes about 10 minutes; later starts reuse them. To serve the NVFP4 checkpoint, replace the model with KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-nvfp4 in the same command. It runs on a single GPU (tensor parallel size 1).

RTX 5090 (32 GB)

Use the NVFP4 checkpoint with the following settings. CUDA Toolkit 13 with nvcc on PATH is required.

# WSL2
export VLLM_WSL2_ENABLE_PIN_MEMORY=1

vllm serve KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-nvfp4 \
    --host 127.0.0.1 --port 8000 \
    --served-model-name Raon-1-mini-preview \
    --max-model-len 32768 \
    --max-num-batched-tokens 2048 \
    --max-num-seqs 8 \
    --gpu-memory-utilization 0.85 \
    --kv-cache-dtype fp8_e4m3 \
    --kv-cache-memory 3221225472 \
    --enable-prefix-caching --async-scheduling \
    --spec-method dflash \
    --spec-model KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-dflash2 \
    --spec-tokens 7 \
    --reasoning-parser raon_1 \
    --enable-auto-tool-choice --tool-call-parser raon_1 \
    --default-chat-template-kwargs '{"enable_thinking":true,"truncate_history_thinking":false}'

Send a request from another terminal:

curl http://localhost:8000/v1/chat/completions \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{
      "model": "Raon-1-mini-preview",
      "messages": [
        {
          "role": "user",
          "content": "Tell me about KRAFTON AI."
        }
      ],
      "max_tokens": 8192,
      "temperature": 1.0,
      "top_p": 0.95,
      "top_k": 20,
      "min_p": 0.0,
      "repetition_penalty": 1.0,
      "frequency_penalty": 0.0,
      "presence_penalty": 1.5,
      "chat_template_kwargs": {
        "enable_thinking": true,
        "truncate_history_thinking": false
      }
    }'

Reasoning is returned in message.reasoning; the answer is in message.content. For coding and math, set presence_penalty to 0.

llama.cpp

Use llama.cpp to run the GGUF checkpoint locally in a terminal or through an OpenAI-compatible API, with optional DFlash2 speculative decoding.

Checkpoint: KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-gguf

Build from our branch; upstream support is pending. On Windows, see the build guide.

git clone -b raon-1-mini-preview \
    https://github.com/krafton-ai/llama.cpp
cd llama.cpp

# Omit -DGGML_CUDA=ON on Apple silicon.
cmake -B build -DGGML_CUDA=ON
cmake --build build --config Release -j

Start a terminal chat. The model downloads automatically.

./build/bin/llama-cli \
    -hf KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-gguf:Q4_K_M \
    --ctx-size 262144 \
    --n-predict 32768 \
    --temp 1.0 \
    --top-p 0.95 \
    --top-k 20 \
    --min-p 0.0 \
    --repeat-penalty 1.0 \
    --frequency-penalty 0.0 \
    --presence-penalty 1.5 \
    --reasoning on \
    --chat-template-kwargs '{
      "enable_thinking": true,
      "truncate_history_thinking": false
    }'

Or start an OpenAI-compatible server:

./build/bin/llama-server \
    -hf KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-gguf:Q4_K_M \
    --host 127.0.0.1 \
    --port 8000 \
    --alias Raon-1-mini-preview \
    --ctx-size 262144 \
    --parallel 1 \
    --n-predict 32768 \
    --temp 1.0 \
    --top-p 0.95 \
    --top-k 20 \
    --min-p 0.0 \
    --repeat-penalty 1.0 \
    --frequency-penalty 0.0 \
    --presence-penalty 1.5 \
    --reasoning on \
    --chat-template-kwargs '{
      "enable_thinking": true,
      "truncate_history_thinking": false
    }'

For coding and math, use --presence-penalty 0.

For DFlash2 speculative decoding, append these options to either command with a trailing \ on the preceding line. The draft model downloads automatically.

    --spec-type draft-dflash \
    --spec-draft-n-max 7 \
    --spec-draft-sampling probabilistic

Send a request from another terminal:

curl http://localhost:8000/v1/chat/completions \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{
      "model": "Raon-1-mini-preview",
      "messages": [
        {
          "role": "user",
          "content": "Tell me about KRAFTON AI."
        }
      ],
      "max_tokens": 32768,
      "temperature": 1.0,
      "top_p": 0.95,
      "top_k": 20,
      "min_p": 0.0,
      "repeat_penalty": 1.0,
      "frequency_penalty": 0.0,
      "presence_penalty": 1.5,
      "chat_template_kwargs": {
        "enable_thinking": true,
        "truncate_history_thinking": false
      }
    }'

Reasoning is returned in message.reasoning_content; the answer is in message.content. For coding and math, set presence_penalty to 0.

MLX (Apple silicon)

Use MLX to run Raon-1 mini locally on Apple silicon, either directly in Python or through an OpenAI-compatible API.

Checkpoint: KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-mlx

Install the dependencies with Python 3.11+:

python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate

python -m pip install \
    "mlx==0.32.4" \
    "mlx-lm==0.32.2" \
    "transformers==5.20.1"

Run in Python:

from mlx_lm import load, generate
from mlx_lm.sample_utils import (
    make_logits_processors,
    make_sampler,
)

model, tokenizer = load(
    "KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-mlx",
    trust_remote_code=True,
)

messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "Tell me about KRAFTON AI."}
]
prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    messages,
    tokenize=False,
    add_generation_prompt=True,
    enable_thinking=True,
    truncate_history_thinking=False,
)

response = generate(
    model,
    tokenizer,
    prompt=prompt,
    max_tokens=32768,
    sampler=make_sampler(
        temp=1.0,
        top_p=0.95,
        top_k=20,
        min_p=0.0,
    ),
    logits_processors=make_logits_processors(
        repetition_penalty=1.0,
        frequency_penalty=0.0,
        presence_penalty=1.5,
    ),
)
print(response)

Or start an OpenAI-compatible server:

python -m mlx_lm server \
    --model KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-mlx \
    --trust-remote-code \
    --host 127.0.0.1 \
    --port 8000 \
    --max-tokens 32768 \
    --chat-template-args '{
      "enable_thinking": true,
      "truncate_history_thinking": false
    }' \
    --decode-concurrency 2 \
    --prompt-concurrency 2

Send a request from another terminal:

curl http://localhost:8000/v1/chat/completions \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{
      "model": "default_model",
      "messages": [
        {
          "role": "user",
          "content": "Tell me about KRAFTON AI."
        }
      ],
      "max_tokens": 32768,
      "temperature": 1.0,
      "top_p": 0.95,
      "top_k": 20,
      "min_p": 0.0,
      "repetition_penalty": 1.0,
      "frequency_penalty": 0.0,
      "presence_penalty": 1.5,
      "chat_template_kwargs": {
        "enable_thinking": true,
        "truncate_history_thinking": false
      }
    }'

Use http://localhost:8000/v1 as the base URL and default_model as the model name. For coding and math, set presence_penalty to 0.

Agentic Use

Raon-1 mini preview can be used with agent harnesses such as Hermes Agent, Pi, and OpenCode through an OpenAI-compatible API. The examples below assume an endpoint at http://localhost:8000/v1 with the model ID Raon-1-mini-preview. Adjust these settings to match your server, ensuring that tool calling and reasoning are properly supported.

With MLX, use KRAFTON/Raon-1-mini-preview-mlx as the model ID instead of Raon-1-mini-preview; mlx_lm server loads the model named in each request.

Hermes Agent

model:
  provider: custom
  default: Raon-1-mini-preview
  base_url: http://localhost:8000/v1
  api_key: dummy

Hermes automatically detects the context window from the server when supported. If detection fails, add context_length: 262144 under model:. Replace dummy with your API key if the endpoint requires authentication.

Pi

{
  "providers": {
    "raon": {
      "baseUrl": "http://localhost:8000/v1",
      "api": "openai-completions",
      "apiKey": "dummy",
      "models": [
        {
          "id": "Raon-1-mini-preview",
          "name": "Raon-1 mini preview",
          "reasoning": true,
          "contextWindow": 262144,
          "maxTokens": 32768
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Select the model using /model inside a session, or launch Pi with --model raon/Raon-1-mini-preview. Replace dummy with your API key if the endpoint requires authentication.

OpenCode

Register Raon-1 mini preview as a custom OpenAI-compatible provider in ~/.config/opencode/opencode.json (or opencode.json in your project root):

{
  "$schema": "https://opencode.ai/config.json",
  "provider": {
    "raon": {
      "npm": "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible",
      "name": "Raon",
      "options": {
        "baseURL": "http://localhost:8000/v1"
      },
      "models": {
        "Raon-1-mini-preview": {
          "name": "Raon-1 mini preview",
          "limit": {
            "context": 262144,
            "output": 32768
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "model": "raon/Raon-1-mini-preview"
}

The model field sets Raon-1 mini preview as the default model. You can also select it interactively using /models. If the endpoint requires authentication, configure an API key under options or use OpenCode's authentication settings.

For all three agent harnesses, the configured context window and maximum output tokens should not exceed the limits supported by the serving backend.

Access

Raon-1 mini preview is an open-weight model. Access is granted on request.

You can also try it in the Raon-1 mini playground, free for a limited time.

License

Hugging Face model card / README notice License - Apache 2.0

The Raon model, including its model weights, configuration files, and other model components made available for download through this repository, is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. Subject to that license, you may download, use, modify, and redistribute the model and its weights, including for commercial purposes.

Krafton and its licensors retain ownership of their respective intellectual property. The Apache License grants the rights stated in that license and does not transfer ownership. Rights in third-party materials remain subject to their applicable terms.

The Apache License does not extend to Krafton’s proprietary training datasets, training methodologies, undistributed software, hosted API, playground, or other proprietary materials not included in this repository.

Hosted API and Playground Have Separate License Terms

Krafton also makes Raon available through its hosted API and playground service (“RAON Service”). The Raon Service is not licensed under Apache 2.0. Access to and use of the Raon Service is governed by separate Hosted Access Terms and Conditions that are provided before access to the service is granted. The Hosted Access Terms and Conditions govern, among other things, permitted service use, suspension, termination, and Krafton’s right to charge fees in the future.

Beta Access

To request free, limited private-beta access to the hosted API or playground, email raon.krafton.ai@krafton.com Krafton will send a link to the applicable Hosted Access Terms and Conditions by email. You must accept those terms before Krafton issues a key for the hosted API or enables playground access. Krafton may modify, suspend, or discontinue the Raon Service and may offer future access on paid or different terms. No charges will apply unless you first agree to them.