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56ddde6b9a695914005b9628 | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | In what country is Normandy located? | France | [
"France",
"France",
"France",
"France"
] | squad | null | 168 |
56ddde6b9a695914005b9629 | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | When were the Normans in Normandy? | 10th and 11th centuries | [
"10th and 11th centuries",
"in the 10th and 11th centuries",
"10th and 11th centuries",
"10th and 11th centuries"
] | squad | null | 168 |
56ddde6b9a695914005b962a | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | From which countries did the Norse originate? | Denmark, Iceland and Norway | [
"Denmark, Iceland and Norway",
"Denmark, Iceland and Norway",
"Denmark, Iceland and Norway",
"Denmark, Iceland and Norway"
] | squad | null | 168 |
56ddde6b9a695914005b962b | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | Who was the Norse leader? | Rollo | [
"Rollo",
"Rollo",
"Rollo",
"Rollo"
] | squad | null | 168 |
56ddde6b9a695914005b962c | The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agree... | What century did the Normans first gain their separate identity? | 10th century | [
"10th century",
"the first half of the 10th century",
"10th",
"10th"
] | squad | null | 168 |
56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Who was the duke in the battle of Hastings? | William the Conqueror | [
"William the Conqueror",
"William the Conqueror",
"William the Conqueror"
] | squad | null | 290 |
56dddf4066d3e219004dad60 | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | Who ruled the duchy of Normandy | Richard I | [
"Richard I",
"Richard I",
"Richard I"
] | squad | null | 290 |
56dddf4066d3e219004dad61 | The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of... | What religion were the Normans | Catholic | [
"Catholic",
"Catholic orthodoxy",
"Catholic"
] | squad | null | 290 |
56dde0379a695914005b9636 | The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century... | What is the original meaning of the word Norman? | Viking | [
"Viking",
"Norseman, Viking",
"Norseman, Viking"
] | squad | null | 95 |
56dde0379a695914005b9637 | The English name "Normans" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz, plural of Normant, modern French normand, which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann "Northman" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr, Latinized variously as Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century... | When was the Latin version of the word Norman first recorded? | 9th century | [
"9th century",
"9th century",
"9th century"
] | squad | null | 95 |
56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75 | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | When was the Duchy of Normandy founded? | 911 | [
"911",
"911",
"911"
] | squad | null | 206 |
56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76 | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | Who did Rollo sign the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte with? | King Charles III | [
"King Charles III",
"King Charles III",
"King Charles III"
] | squad | null | 206 |
56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77 | In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte betw... | What river originally bounded the Duchy | Seine | [
"Seine",
"Epte",
"Seine"
] | squad | null | 206 |
56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d | Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the west in the Cotentin Peninsu... | Who upon arriving gave the original viking settlers a common identity? | Rollo | [
"Rollo",
"Rollo",
"Rollo"
] | squad | null | 153 |
56dde27d9a695914005b9651 | The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture ... | What was the Norman religion? | Catholicism | [
"Catholicism",
"Catholicism",
"Catholicism"
] | squad | null | 106 |
56dde27d9a695914005b9652 | The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture ... | What part of France were the Normans located? | north | [
"north",
"the north",
"north"
] | squad | null | 106 |
56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b | The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their lineage to Franks of the Caro... | What was one of the Norman's major exports? | fighting horsemen | [
"fighting horsemen",
"fighting horsemen",
"fighting horsemen"
] | squad | null | 134 |
56de0f6a4396321400ee257f | Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine se... | Who was the Normans' main enemy in Italy, the Byzantine Empire and Armenia? | Seljuk Turks | [
"Seljuk Turks",
"the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks",
"the Seljuk Turks"
] | squad | null | 163 |
56de0ffd4396321400ee258d | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | When did Herve serve as a Byzantine general? | 1050s | [
"1050s",
"in the 1050s",
"in the 1050s"
] | squad | null | 135 |
56de0ffd4396321400ee258e | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | When did Robert Crispin go up against the Turks? | 1060s | [
"1060s",
"In the 1060s",
"In the 1060s"
] | squad | null | 135 |
56de0ffd4396321400ee258f | One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led th... | Who ruined Roussel de Bailleul's plans for an independent state? | Alexius Komnenos | [
"Alexius Komnenos",
"Alexius Komnenos",
"Alexius Komnenos"
] | squad | null | 135 |
56de10b44396321400ee2593 | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | What was the name of the Norman castle? | Afranji | [
"Afranji",
"Afranji",
"Afranji"
] | squad | null | 205 |
56de10b44396321400ee2594 | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | Who was the leader when the Franks entered the Euphrates valley? | Oursel | [
"Oursel",
"Oursel",
"Oursel"
] | squad | null | 205 |
56de10b44396321400ee2595 | Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley i... | Who did the Normans team up with in Anatolia? | Turkish forces | [
"Turkish forces",
"Turkish forces",
"Turkish forces"
] | squad | null | 205 |
56de11154396321400ee25aa | Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Al... | What were the origins of the Raouliii family? | Norman mercenary | [
"Norman mercenary",
"an Italo-Norman named Raoul",
"descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul"
] | squad | null | 106 |
56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | What was the name of the count of Apulia | Robert Guiscard | [
"Robert Guiscard",
"Robert Guiscard",
"Robert Guiscard"
] | squad | null | 397 |
56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | When did Dyrrachium fall to the Normans? | 1082 | [
"1082",
"February 1082",
"February 1082"
] | squad | null | 397 |
56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be | Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan ... | How many men were in Robert's army? | 30,000 | [
"30,000",
"30,000",
"30,000"
] | squad | null | 397 |
56de15104396321400ee25b7 | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllaveni... | Where did the Normans and Byzantines sign the peace treaty? | Deabolis | [
"Deabolis",
"Deabolis",
"Deabolis"
] | squad | null | 181 |
56de15104396321400ee25b8 | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllaveni... | Who was Robert's son? | Bohemond | [
"Bohemond",
"Bohemond",
"Bohemond"
] | squad | null | 181 |
56de15104396321400ee25b9 | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllaveni... | What river was Petrela located by? | Deabolis | [
"Deabolis",
"the river Deabolis",
"Deabolis"
] | squad | null | 181 |
56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2 | The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands. | When did the Normans attack Dyrrachium? | 1185 | [
"1185",
"in 1185",
"1185"
] | squad | null | 72 |
56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3 | The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands. | What was the naval base called? | Dyrrachium | [
"Dyrrachium",
"Dyrrachium",
"Dyrrachium"
] | squad | null | 72 |
56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4 | The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic—fell again to Byzantine hands. | Where was Dyrrachium located? | the Adriatic | [
"the Adriatic",
"the Adriatic",
"Adriatic"
] | squad | null | 72 |
56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8 | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Who did Emma Marry? | King Ethelred II | [
"King Ethelred II",
"Ethelred II",
"King Ethelred II"
] | squad | null | 144 |
56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9 | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Who was Emma's brother? | Duke Richard II | [
"Duke Richard II",
"Duke Richard II",
"Duke Richard II"
] | squad | null | 144 |
56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | To where did Ethelred flee? | Normandy | [
"Normandy",
"Normandy",
"Normandy"
] | squad | null | 144 |
56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb | The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sis... | Who kicked Ethelred out? | Sweyn Forkbeard | [
"Sweyn Forkbeard",
"Sweyn Forkbeard",
"Sweyn Forkbeard"
] | squad | null | 144 |
56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0 | When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it ... | Who was Edward the Confessor's half-brother? | Harthacnut | [
"Harthacnut",
"Harthacnut",
"Harthacnut"
] | squad | null | 160 |
56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1 | When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it ... | When did Edward return? | 1041 | [
"1041",
"in 1041",
"1041"
] | squad | null | 160 |
56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2 | When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it ... | Who did Edward make archbishop of Canterbury? | Robert of Jumièges | [
"Robert of Jumièges",
"Robert of Jumièges",
"Robert of Jumièges"
] | squad | null | 160 |
56de16ca4396321400ee25c5 | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | Where did Harold II die? | Battle of Hastings | [
"Battle of Hastings",
"the Battle of Hastings",
"at the Battle of Hastings"
] | squad | null | 119 |
56de16ca4396321400ee25c6 | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | Who killed Harold II? | William II | [
"William II",
"Duke William II",
"Duke William II"
] | squad | null | 119 |
56de16ca4396321400ee25c7 | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | When was the Battle of Hastings? | 1066 | [
"1066",
"In 1066",
"1066"
] | squad | null | 119 |
56de16ca4396321400ee25c8 | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | Who was the ruling class ahead of the Normans? | Anglo-Saxons | [
"Anglo-Saxons",
"the Anglo-Saxons",
"Anglo-Saxons"
] | squad | null | 119 |
56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7 | Eventually, the Normans merged with the natives, combining languages and traditions. In the course of the Hundred Years' War, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English. The Anglo-Norman language became distinct from the Latin language, something that was the subject of some humour by Geoffrey Chauce... | What was the Anglo-Norman language's final form? | Modern English | [
"Modern English",
"Modern English",
"Modern English"
] | squad | null | 124 |
56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da | The Normans had a profound effect on Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169. Initially the Normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity. Yet, with time, they came to be subsumed into Irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became "more Irish than the Irish themsel... | In what year did the Norman's invade at Bannow Bay? | 1169 | [
"1169",
"1169",
"1169"
] | squad | null | 291 |
56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db | The Normans had a profound effect on Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169. Initially the Normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity. Yet, with time, they came to be subsumed into Irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became "more Irish than the Irish themsel... | What country did the Normans invade in 1169? | Ireland | [
"Ireland",
"Ireland",
"Ireland"
] | squad | null | 291 |
56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc | The Normans had a profound effect on Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169. Initially the Normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity. Yet, with time, they came to be subsumed into Irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became "more Irish than the Irish themsel... | What culture did the Normans combine with in Ireland? | Irish | [
"Irish",
"Irish",
"Irish"
] | squad | null | 291 |
56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0 | One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far ... | Who was Margaret's brother? | Edgar | [
"Edgar",
"Edgar",
"Edgar Atheling"
] | squad | null | 114 |
56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1 | One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far ... | Who was Margaret's husband? | King Malcolm III of Scotland | [
"King Malcolm III of Scotland",
"King Malcolm III",
"King Malcolm III"
] | squad | null | 114 |
56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2 | One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far ... | When was Scotland invaded by William? | 1072 | [
"1072",
"1072",
"1072"
] | squad | null | 114 |
56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3 | One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far ... | Who was the hostage? | Duncan | [
"Duncan",
"Duncan",
"Duncan"
] | squad | null | 114 |
56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be | Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings, such as Robert the Bruce, as well as founding a considerable number of the Scottish clans. King David I of Scotland, whose elder brother Alexander I had married Sybilla of Normandy, was instrumental in introduc... | Who did Alexander I marry? | Sybilla of Normandy | [
"Sybilla of Normandy",
"Sybilla of Normandy",
"Sybilla"
] | squad | null | 226 |
56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf | Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings, such as Robert the Bruce, as well as founding a considerable number of the Scottish clans. King David I of Scotland, whose elder brother Alexander I had married Sybilla of Normandy, was instrumental in introduc... | What culture's arrival in Scotland is know as the "Davidian Revolution"? | Norman | [
"Norman",
"Norman",
"Norman"
] | squad | null | 226 |
56de3d594396321400ee26ca | Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales. | Where was Ralph earl of? | Hereford | [
"Hereford",
"Hereford",
"Hereford"
] | squad | null | 67 |
56de3d594396321400ee26cb | Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales. | Who was Ralph in charge of being at war with? | the Welsh | [
"the Welsh",
"the Welsh",
"the Welsh"
] | squad | null | 67 |
56de3d594396321400ee26cc | Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales. | Who made Ralph earl? | Edward the Confessor | [
"Edward the Confessor",
"Edward the Confessor",
"Edward the Confessor"
] | squad | null | 67 |
56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2 | Subsequent to the Conquest, however, the Marches came completely under the dominance of William's most trusted Norman barons, including Bernard de Neufmarché, Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire and Hugh Lupus in Cheshire. These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wales was at some poi... | What country was under the control of Norman barons? | Wales | [
"Wales",
"Wales",
"Wales"
] | squad | null | 93 |
56de3e414396321400ee26d8 | The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch. They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia. In 1018, Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moori... | What year did Roger de Tosny fail to accomplish what he set out to do? | 1018 | [
"1018",
"1064",
"1018"
] | squad | null | 108 |
56de3e414396321400ee26d9 | The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch. They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia. In 1018, Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moori... | Who was in charge of the papal army in the War of Barbastro? | William of Montreuil | [
"William of Montreuil",
"William of Montreuil",
"William of Montreuil"
] | squad | null | 108 |
56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6 | In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent princ... | When did the Siege of Antioch take place? | 1097 | [
"1097",
"1097",
"1097"
] | squad | null | 123 |
56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7 | In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent princ... | What was the name of Bohemond's nephew? | Tancred | [
"Tancred",
"Tancred",
"Tancred"
] | squad | null | 123 |
56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8 | In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent princ... | What major conquest did Tancred play a roll in? | Jerusalem | [
"Jerusalem",
"Jerusalem",
"Jerusalem"
] | squad | null | 123 |
56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe | The conquest of Cyprus by the Anglo-Norman forces of the Third Crusade opened a new chapter in the history of the island, which would be under Western European domination for the following 380 years. Although not part of a planned operation, the conquest had much more permanent results than initially expected. | How long did Western Europe control Cyprus? | 380 years | [
"380 years",
"380 years",
"380 years"
] | squad | null | 61 |
56de3f784396321400ee26fa | In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships,... | What ruined Richard's plans to reach Acre? | a storm | [
"a storm",
"a storm",
"a storm"
] | squad | null | 147 |
56de3f784396321400ee26fb | In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships,... | Who was Richard's fiancee? | Berengaria | [
"Berengaria",
"Berengaria",
"Berengaria"
] | squad | null | 147 |
56de3f784396321400ee26fc | In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships,... | What year did the storm hit Richard's fleet? | 1191 | [
"1191",
"1191",
"1191"
] | squad | null | 147 |
56de3f784396321400ee26fd | In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships,... | Who ruled Cyprus in 1191? | Isaac Komnenos | [
"Isaac Komnenos",
"Isaac",
"Isaac Komnenos"
] | squad | null | 147 |
56de40da4396321400ee2708 | Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Limassol at the same time, in particular Guy de Lusignan. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival Conrad of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the crusade, and of... | Who was Guy's Rival? | Conrad of Montferrat | [
"Conrad of Montferrat",
"Conrad of Montferrat",
"Conrad of Montferrat"
] | squad | null | 211 |
56de40da4396321400ee2709 | Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Limassol at the same time, in particular Guy de Lusignan. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival Conrad of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the crusade, and of... | What were Isaac's chains made out of? | silver | [
"silver",
"silver",
"silver"
] | squad | null | 211 |
56de40da4396321400ee270a | Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Limassol at the same time, in particular Guy de Lusignan. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival Conrad of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the crusade, and of... | Who led Richard's troops when Cyprus was conquered? | Guy de Lusignan | [
"Guy de Lusignan",
"Guy de Lusignan",
"Guy de Lusignan"
] | squad | null | 211 |
56de49564396321400ee277a | Between 1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa. Their troops were gathered in Normandy, Gascony and were later reinforced by Castilian coloni... | What continent are the Canarian Islands off the coast of? | Africa | [
"Africa",
"Africa",
"Africa"
] | squad | null | 83 |
56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7 | Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla. | Who became the King of the Canary Islands? | Bethencourt | [
"Bethencourt",
"Bethencourt",
"Bethencourt"
] | squad | null | 63 |
56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8 | Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla. | Who bought the rights? | Enrique Pérez de Guzmán | [
"Enrique Pérez de Guzmán",
"Enrique Pérez de Guzmán",
"Enrique Pérez de Guzmán"
] | squad | null | 63 |
56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9 | Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla. | Who sold the rights? | Maciot de Bethencourt | [
"Maciot de Bethencourt",
"Maciot de Bethencourt",
"Maciot de Bethencourt"
] | squad | null | 63 |
56de4a474396321400ee2786 | The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues: These are the Très ancien coutu... | Where are Jersey and Guernsey | Channel Islands | [
"Channel Islands",
"the Channel Islands",
"the Channel Islands"
] | squad | null | 138 |
56de4a474396321400ee2787 | The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues: These are the Très ancien coutu... | How many customaries does Norman customary law have? | two | [
"two",
"two",
"two"
] | squad | null | 138 |
56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd | Norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued. They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy, and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north French style fundamentally altered the military landscape. Their style was chara... | What is the Norman architecture idiom? | Romanesque | [
"Romanesque",
"Romanesque",
"Romanesque"
] | squad | null | 76 |
56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be | Norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued. They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy, and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north French style fundamentally altered the military landscape. Their style was chara... | What kind of arches does Norman architecture have? | rounded | [
"rounded",
"rounded",
"rounded"
] | squad | null | 76 |
56de4b074396321400ee2793 | In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kin... | What architecture type came after Norman in England? | Early Gothic | [
"Early Gothic",
"Early Gothic",
"Early Gothic"
] | squad | null | 64 |
56de4b074396321400ee2794 | In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kin... | What architecture type came before Norman in England? | Anglo-Saxon | [
"Anglo-Saxon",
"Anglo-Saxon",
"Anglo-Saxon"
] | squad | null | 64 |
56de4b074396321400ee2795 | In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kin... | What place had the Norman Arab architectural style? | Sicily | [
"Sicily",
"Sicily",
"Kingdom of Sicily"
] | squad | null | 64 |
56de4b5c4396321400ee2799 | In the visual arts, the Normans did not have the rich and distinctive traditions of the cultures they conquered. However, in the early 11th century the dukes began a programme of church reform, encouraging the Cluniac reform of monasteries and patronising intellectual pursuits, especially the proliferation of scriptori... | When did the church reform begin? | early 11th century | [
"early 11th century",
"11th century",
"in the early 11th century"
] | squad | null | 230 |
56de4b5c4396321400ee279a | In the visual arts, the Normans did not have the rich and distinctive traditions of the cultures they conquered. However, in the early 11th century the dukes began a programme of church reform, encouraging the Cluniac reform of monasteries and patronising intellectual pursuits, especially the proliferation of scriptori... | Who used the church to unify themselves? | dukes | [
"dukes",
"the dukes",
"dukes"
] | squad | null | 230 |
56de4bb84396321400ee27a2 | The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this Norman creativity. The former, with their violence, caused the wanton destruction of many Norman edifices; the latter, with its assau... | When were the French wars of religion? | 16th century | [
"16th century",
"the 16th century",
"in the 16th century"
] | squad | null | 95 |
56de4c324396321400ee27ab | By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery. It was commissioned by Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent, employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings. | What kind of needlework was used in the creation of the Bayeux Tapestry? | embroidery | [
"embroidery",
"embroidery",
"embroidery"
] | squad | null | 70 |
56de4c324396321400ee27ac | By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery. It was commissioned by Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent, employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings. | What is Norman art's most well known piece? | Bayeux Tapestry | [
"Bayeux Tapestry",
"the Bayeux Tapestry",
"the Bayeux Tapestry"
] | squad | null | 70 |
56de4c324396321400ee27ad | By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery. It was commissioned by Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent, employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings. | Who commissioned the Tapestry? | Odo | [
"Odo",
"Odo",
"Odo"
] | squad | null | 70 |
56de51244396321400ee27ef | In Britain, Norman art primarily survives as stonework or metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal fonts. In southern Italy, however, Norman artwork survives plentifully in forms strongly influenced by its Greek, Lombard, and Arab forebears. Of the royal regalia preserved in Palermo, the crown is Byzantine in style an... | What is the most important type of Norman art preserved in churches? | mosaics | [
"mosaics",
"mosaics",
"mosaics"
] | squad | null | 192 |
56de51c64396321400ee27f7 | Normandy was the site of several important developments in the history of classical music in the 11th century. Fécamp Abbey and Saint-Evroul Abbey were centres of musical production and education. At Fécamp, under two Italian abbots, William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna, the system of denoting notes by letters was d... | In what century did important classical music developments occur in Normandy? | 11th | [
"11th",
"the 11th",
"11th"
] | squad | null | 148 |
56de51c64396321400ee27f8 | Normandy was the site of several important developments in the history of classical music in the 11th century. Fécamp Abbey and Saint-Evroul Abbey were centres of musical production and education. At Fécamp, under two Italian abbots, William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna, the system of denoting notes by letters was d... | Who were the two abbots at Fécamp Abbey? | William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna | [
"William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna",
"William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna",
"William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna"
] | squad | null | 148 |
56de52614396321400ee27fb | At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. There they continued the tra... | Where did the monks flee to? | southern Italy | [
"southern Italy",
"southern Italy",
"southern Italy"
] | squad | null | 73 |
56de52614396321400ee27fc | At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. There they continued the tra... | What monastery did the Saint-Evroul monks establish in Italy? | Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. | [
"Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.",
"a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia",
"Sant'Eufemia"
] | squad | null | 73 |
56de52614396321400ee27fd | At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. There they continued the tra... | Who patronized the monks in Italy? | Robert Guiscard | [
"Robert Guiscard",
"Robert Guiscard",
"Robert Guiscard"
] | squad | null | 73 |
56de52614396321400ee27fe | At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. There they continued the tra... | What tradition were the Saint-Evroul monks known for? | singing | [
"singing",
"singing",
"singing"
] | squad | null | 73 |
56e16182e3433e1400422e28 | Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable t... | What branch of theoretical computer science deals with broadly classifying computational problems by difficulty and class of relationship? | Computational complexity theory | [
"Computational complexity theory",
"Computational complexity theory",
"Computational complexity theory"
] | squad | null | 82 |
56e16182e3433e1400422e29 | Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable t... | By what main attribute are computational problems classified utilizing computational complexity theory? | inherent difficulty | [
"inherent difficulty",
"their inherent difficulty",
"inherent difficulty"
] | squad | null | 82 |
56e16182e3433e1400422e2a | Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable t... | What is the term for a task that generally lends itself to being solved by a computer? | computational problems | [
"computational problems",
"A computational problem",
"computational problem"
] | squad | null | 82 |
56e16839cd28a01900c67887 | A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storag... | What measure of a computational problem broadly defines the inherent difficulty of the solution? | if its solution requires significant resources | [
"if its solution requires significant resources",
"its solution requires significant resources",
"if its solution requires significant resources"
] | squad | null | 119 |
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