Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2023L01376:reg:3:p11
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2023L01376
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 11/13)
Character Range: 114129–117136

Park.
Excepting for those populations located within the Conondale National Park, there are no known large areas of contiguous habitat containing populations of M. ternifolia. Populations are generally small numbering less than 25 adult individuals and are more distant from each other compared with M. integrifolia, thus having lower connectivity among smaller more isolated populations in a landscape that is highly fragmented and subject to high pressures from ongoing human development.
Modelling of the change in distribution of M. ternifolia under climate change suggests that this species will be less impacted by current projections of future climate compared with the other three Macadamia species, however, areas of high suitability climate niche is predicted to shift to upland areas of the Maleny/Blackall Range and the Conondale Ranges (Powell et al. 2014).

Macadamia tetraphylla
Macadamia tetraphylla has experienced a greater loss of habitat from land clearing relative to M. integrifolia or M. ternifolia, with the effective loss of the vast majority of the southern and central parts of its former range. Macadamia tetraphylla populations in these areas are generally small, isolated and at risk of hybridisation through pollination from nearby Macadamia nut farm cultivars, which are predominantly based on M. integrifolia germplasm (O'Connor 2013).
The species is now most frequently found on the core of Wollumbin (Mount Warning) and its caldera, along the Border Ranges and foothills between the coast and Numinbah, and along the coastal ranges and valleys from the NSW border to Beenleigh. The diversity of M. tetraphylla habitats and tenures through these areas presents complex challenges for planning and management, with a range of different practices required to effectively manage threatening processes.
The high urban growth zone from Beenleigh to the Gold Coast represents a major threat to local remnant wild M. tetraphylla populations which are subject to intense pressure from urban expansion and subdivision. Some roadside populations are at risk from road widening and ongoing maintenance activities, such as slashing and spraying.
Coastal populations found in littoral rainforest are highly susceptible to fragmentation and edge effects resulting from clearing for urban development and other land uses. These habitats are also vulnerable to invasion by aggressive weeds, such as lantana and asparagus fern (Asparagus spp.), which can modify remnant vegetation structure and composition. In NSW, M. tetraphylla is identified as a species at risk from Bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) (DECC 2006).
The relatively wet and cool conditions on the slopes of Wollumbin (Mount Warning), its caldera and along the Border Ranges, make it likely that populations in these areas are less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change (Powell et al. 2014). Macadamia tetraphylla populations located outside these areas are more at risk to the potential consequences of climate