Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00195:reg:3:p5
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00195
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 5/11)
Character Range: 26959–29890

pairs, solitary animals also occur that appear to be primarily males, suggesting that the adult population is slightly male biased (Jackson, 2000a). Individual animals within socially monogamous pairs generally forage apart and do not den together every night, as they may spend at least 1 to 2 days at a time in separate dens in different parts of their home-range. As a result, there are opportunities for extra-pair mating, which has been observed (Van Dyck, 1993).
Mahogany Gliders are relatively quiet as they forage and traverse over their home-range and rarely vocalise. Calls are typically limited to only 1 or 2 calling episodes per night that usually consist of a single or small number of calls, although calling bouts have been observed to continue for up to 9:30 minutes (Van Dyck, 1993; Jackson & Johnson, 2002). Observations suggest that both sexes vocalise and when undertaking their calls usually make a deep, nasal, course grunt "na-when, na-when" that is most often made between 22:00 and 01:00 hours.

3.3                 Distribution
The Mahogany Glider is only known to occur in a narrow band of open, wet sclerophyll woodlands between Ollera Creek (40 km south of Ingham) and the Hull River near Tully (a north–south distance of 120 km, in north Queensland, Australia (Parsons & Latch, 2006; DERM, 2009; Jackson, 2008) (see Map 1). Bioclimatic (BIOCLIM) modelling has suggested that the limited distribution is associated with areas with higher than average annual temperature, smaller temperature range, higher temperatures throughout the year, higher annual precipitation, higher seasonality of precipitation, higher seasonality of moisture index, and higher precipitation in the wettest quarter and warmest quarter when compared with the predicted distribution of the Squirrel Glider (Jackson & Claridge, 1999). The BIOCLIM modelling also predicted the distribution of the Mahogany Glider may occur above 500 m elevation in some areas within its known range and potentially on nearby Hinchinbrook Island and the Palm Islands (Jackson & Claridge, 1999; Thorsborne & Thorsborne, 1988). Despite the BIOCLIM prediction in elevation this species is primarily known to occur at elevations below 100 m (Jackson et al., 2011). The distribution of the Mahogany Glider also appears to be influenced by a woodland blend of vegetation that has historically been shaped and maintained by fire (Van Dyck, 1993).

3.4                 Population
Mahogany Glider habitat has been reduced by approximately 50% as a result of broadscale clearing for agriculture, with the remaining habitat being highly fragmented and containing only 5 primary subpopulations, 3 secondary populations and 2 range limit subpopulations remaining (Jackson et al., 2011; 2020; see Map 2). The total estimated population of the Mahogany Glider is estimated to be 1,500 to 2,000 individuals (Burbidge et al., 2014). An assessment of the population