Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p167
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 167/276)
Character Range: 625862–629633

of this species.
The Norfolk Island Group distribution of nesting Kermadec petrels is shown in Map 22.

Ecology
Breeding occurs on Phillip Island in all months of the year with peaks in numbers in spring and summer (Carlile et al. 2021). A single egg is incubated for 50 days, and fledging takes another 96 days (Carlile and O'Dwyer 2023). Nests among rocks and vegetation, under stands of wind-swept African olive (Olea europaea cuspidata) and under clumps of New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax).
Forages far out to sea and feeds on small squid and crustaceans (Halpin et al. 2022). Not known to frequent at-sea areas of high plastic concentrations in breeding or non-breeding periods (Clarke et al. 2023).

Habitat
Marine, pelagic in waters 15-25 degrees C. Breeds on high islands among rocks and vegetation. On Phillip Island, breeding habitat occurs on sloping terrain 182–228 m above the shoreline and up to 85 m from the coast in small sub-colonies under low scrubby woodland (Carlile and O'Dwyer 2023).
Map 22 Distribution of Pterodroma neglecta neglecta within the Norfolk Island Group
Green shading indicates locations where the species has been recorded breeding. Source: Carlile and O'Dwyer 2023.

Threats
Kermadec petrels are prone to nest predation because they nest on the surface of the ground. Purple swamphens prey on eggs and chicks on Phillip Island and are the major immediate threat to the population. Rats and cats have reduced or eliminated Kermadec petrel populations on other islands, and the accidental introduction of either species to Phillip Island would present an extreme threat. Other threats include degradation of breeding habitat, which could occur through revegetation activities either removing excessive African olive or failing to maintain open areas without shrubs near current nesting sites, and the reduction in the quality of foraging areas through climate-related shifts in oceanic resources.

Impact on other species
None known.

Risk assessment
The risk assessment is shown in Table 58 and Table 59.
Table 58 Risk assessment for Pterodroma neglecta neglecta (current range, Phillip Island)
Risk                                                                                                               Likelihood of exposure    Consequence  Threat rating
1. Loss and fragmentation of native vegetation through past land clearing                                          Almost certain (91–100%)  Extreme      Extreme
2. Loss and fragmentation of native vegetation through current or future land clearing                             Unlikely (11–25%)         Negligible   Negligible
3. Degradation of native vegetation through past grazing or loss of nutrients                                      Likely (51–90%)           Major        High
4. Degradation of native vegetation through current or future grazing                                              Unlikely (11–25%)         Negligible   Negligible
5. Lack of available nest sites                                                                                    Unlikely (11–25%)         Negligible   Negligible
6. Predation by rodents                                                                                            Possible (26–50%)         Extreme      High
7. Predation by cats                                                                                               Unlikely (11–25%)         Extreme      Medium
8. Predation or damage by chickens                                                                                 Rare (0–10%)              n/a          n/a
9. Predation by swamphens                                                                                          Likely (51–90%)           Extreme      Extreme
10. Predation