Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L01285:reg:3:p2
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L01285
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 2/26)
Character Range: 74284–77338

concerning foraging distribution (BirdLife International 2004), details of the breeding biology, feeding ecology, foraging distribution and population trend of many albatross and petrel species are still lacking because of a lack of long-term studies (Phillips et al. 2016). Cumulatively, these terrestrial and marine threats are putting the long-term viability of many species at risk. The threats and issues discussed below are grouped according to subject matter, and do not necessarily appear in order of importance.

The key terrestrial and marine threats to the survival of albatrosses and petrels are set out below. The list is not exhaustive, but identifies the main threats likely to cause one or more of the following adverse impacts affecting the species:
    * direct mortality
    * indirect loss of reproductive opportunities
    * disturbance including effects on nesting and/or foraging behaviour
    * morbidity including from injury, disease, and/or contamination
    * disorientation through artificial light and ship strikes
    * avoidance behaviours
    * abandonment of nests
    * damage to nesting habitat
    * loss of nesting habitat.
The information about the threats to the conservation of albatrosses and petrels is synthesised from a range of sources, noting that this information is likely to change over the life of this recovery plan. Prior to using any listing status against a species, please refer to the threatened species and ecological communities or Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT) webpages for current information. These data represent EPBC listed species that have been mapped by the Department and are available for public use, subject to Sensitive Species Policies, as a result of which some maps may be withheld.
Up-to-date information on particular species may be found at the following sources in particular:
    * Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT) of the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water
    * Species Assessments developed for the 22 albatross and nine petrel species listed under the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels.
    * Red List of Threatened Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
    * The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020 (Baker & Garnett 2021).
    * Species Profiles distribution maps (see Appendix A) Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water's Species of National Environmental Significance datasets.
NB. The distribution maps show modelled national distributions within the Australian context to support assessment of environmental impacts under the EPBC Act. Species distributions are indicative and not meant for local assessment. Planning or investment decisions at a local scale should seek some form of ground-truthing to confirm the existence of the species or ecological community at locations of interest.

3.2           Threat prioritisation
Each of the threats to albatrosses and petrels has been assessed to determine the risk posed to albatross and