Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p235
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 815826–819382

the basic operation of the primary flight instruments and associated systems.
3.5.3              State:
(a)           the effect of a blockage of the pitot or static source on the indications displayed by each pressure instrument; and
(b)           the effect of using an alternate static source located inside the cockpit, on the reliability of pressure instrument indications; and
(c)           the effect of low suction and loss of electrical power on the reliability of the gyroscopic flight instruments; and
(d)           the causes of toppling of gyroscopic instruments and identify conditions under which they would re-erect; and
(e)           how, when and why a directional indicating gyro should be synchronised with the magnetic compass.
3.5.4              Describe the methods to determine the serviceability of the primary flight instruments and magnetic compass.

4.                       Aerodynamics
4.1                    Basic aerodynamics
4.1.1              Basic physics – aircraft energy state in terms of the following:
(a)           kinetic energy;
(b)           potential energy;
(c)           inertia.
4.1.2              Explain the meaning of the following terms:
(a)           aerofoil, angle of attack, relative airflow;
(b)           centre of pressure, centre of gravity;
(c)           lift, weight, thrust, drag.
4.1.3              Describe the meaning of the following terms in respect of an aerofoil:
(a)           chord;
(b)           span;
(c)           camber;
(d)           aerodynamic stall.
4.2                    Lift and drag
4.2.1              State whether lift and drag of an aerofoil will increase or decrease with changes in the following:
(a)           airspeed;
(b)           angle of attack.
4.2.2              Explain the following types of drag which affect a subsonic aircraft in flight:
(a)           parasite (zero lift) – form, interference, skin friction;
(b)           induced (lift dependent).
4.2.3              State how total drag varies with airspeed.
4.3                    Climbing
4.3.1              Describe the difference between rate of climb and angle of climb.
4.4                    Wake turbulence
4.4.1              List the factors that affect the strength of vortex flow with respect to the following:
(a)           aircraft weight;
(b)           speed;
(c)           wing shape.
4.4.2              State the primary control hazard that may result from a vortex encounter.
4.4.3              Describe the following:
(a)           approximate flow direction around each vortex; and
(b)           approximate location of vortices (in still air) generated by a preceding aeroplane during:
(i)             cruise flight; and
(ii)            take-off and landing; and
(c)           approximate take-off/touchdown points and flight profiles which should be used to avoid wake turbulence.
4.4.4              State the effect of wind and atmospheric turbulence on the following:
(a)           strength of vortices;
(b)           longevity of vortices;
(c)           location and direction of movement of vortices.
4.5                    Thrust stream turbulence (jet blast or rotor downwash)
4.5.1              Describe how the hazard from thrust stream turbulence varies with changes in engine power and distance from the source.

5.                       Navigation
5.1                    Charts
5.1.1              Identify the major features displayed on visual charts.
5.1.2              State the charts used to identify controlled airspace (CTA) and prohibited, restricted and danger