Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p299
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1041376–1044887

of these 'threat(s) and recognise the 'threat(s)' in a given scenario.
6.4                    Error
6.4.1              Define and explain 'error'.
6.4.2              Explain types of 'errors', such as those independent of 'threat(s)', induced by 'threat(s)' and with the potential to escalate other 'errors' (chain of errors) – recognise and give examples.
6.4.3              Explain categories of 'errors' such as those due to aircraft handling, flight management, procedures and communication – give examples of these 'error(s) and recognise the 'error(s)' in a given scenario.
6.4.4              Describe some measures or practices (for example, use of checklist, SOPs) to prevent occurrence of 'errors'.
6.4.5              Analyse scenarios of crew facing 'error(s)', and how crew may recognise and prevent 'errors' to ensure safe flight.
6.5                    Undesired aircraft states (UAS)
6.5.1              Define and explain UAS.
6.5.2              Explain categories of UAS such as those arising from ineffective 'threat' and/or 'error' management, and those spontaneously and directly from a 'threat' – recognise and give examples.
6.5.3              Explain categories of UAS such as those due to aircraft handling, ground navigation and incorrect aircraft configuration – give examples of these UAS and recognise the UAS in a given scenario.
6.5.4              Explain the primacy of UAS management over 'error' or 'threat' management – recognise and give examples of the importance of ensuring that tasks are prioritised to manage a UAS.
6.5.5              Explain what resources an aircraft cockpit crew could identify and use to avoid or manage a UAS.
6.5.6              Analyse scenarios of crew facing UAS, and what should be the recovery action, and what would be the end states (outcomes) if recovery action is not taken.
6.6                    Countermeasures
6.6.1              Define and explain 'countermeasures'.
6.6.2              Describe and give examples of types of 'countermeasures' such as systemic-based, individual and team 'countermeasures'.
6.6.3              Describe and give examples of 'countermeasures'.
6.7                    TEM in multi-crew operations
6.7.1              Detail a process to identify and manage threats and errors during multi-crew operations, such as data gathering, threat analysis, decision making.
6.7.2              Analyse scenarios of multi-crew operations with regards to TEM.
6.7.3              Give examples of how establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships in multi-crew operations can promote safe flight.

Section 1.7                         Navigation (NV)

Unit 1.7.1                                   PNVC:  PPL navigation – all aircraft categories

1.                       Reserved

2.                       General navigation
2.1                    Form of the earth
2.1.1              Describe:
(a)           the shape and rotation of the earth;
(b)           latitude, longitude;
(c)           the difference between true and magnetic north;
(d)           how distance and direction are measured and applied to navigation;
(e)           magnetic variation and compass deviation;
(f)             the relationship between magnetic heading, relative heading and magnetic bearing.
2.2                    Time
2.2.1              Explain the terms UTC, local mean time, local (standard) time, local summer time.
2.2.2              Determine within +/- 5 min the beginning and end of civil twilight from AIP daylight and