Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2017L01040:body:0:p19
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on a single property (Gibson 2016). Within Australia climate-mediated threats, including impacts on water temperature and availability, are putting the conservation status of two-thirds of all freshwater crayfish species at risk (Richman et al. 2015).

4.2.5 Management approaches to managing threatening processes
Given the nature of the threats that are impacting upon crayfish survival, researchers are increasingly identifying the need for catchment-level management approaches to address both direct and indirect (e.g. downstream) impacts. Davies et al. (2005) highlight the need to consider catchment-scale management to secure the future of the species, with an emphasis on the protection of crayfish in higher order streams to address the cumulative impacts of modified land-use (including forestry and agriculture), point source pollution and illegal fishing. Minimising the impacts of land-use activities on downstream reaches that support optimal habitat for both juvenile and adult crayfish is of particular importance (Davies et al. 2005). Research indicates that optimal habitat includes, but is not limited to, class 4 streams such as Coopers Creek, where groundwater inputs strongly supplement base flows (Davies et al. 2005). Davies et al. (2016) also recommend a holistic approach to river and catchment management to address the relationship between catchment-wide activities and localised impacts, including the potential for upper catchment disturbances to result in flow-on effect to downstream habitats. Barmuta (2011), in relation to forest practices in particular, also discusses the need for management of freshwater systems to incorporate both broad landscape-scale and fine-scale planning in order conserve these ecosystems and the values they support.

5 Current management practices
As the giant freshwater crayfish is protected under the EPBC Act, it is an offence to kill, injure, take, trade, keep, or move any individual without a permit in Commonwealth areas and Commonwealth waters. In addition, all listed threatened species are considered matters of national environmental significance (MNES), and any action that may have an impact on MNES must be referred to the Minister of the Environment for approval. The Department of the Environment and Energy, as the Australian Government Department responsible for administering the EPBC Act, maintains a suite of interactive tools that allow users to search, find and generate reports on information and data describing MNES, including the giant freshwater crayfish.
The giant freshwater crayfish is also protected across its range in Tasmania. Under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 it is an offence to knowingly take, trade in, keep or process any listed species without a permit. Management of the giant freshwater crayfish is primarily the responsibility of the Inland Fisheries Service (Tasmania) under the provisions of the Inland Fisheries Act 1995, and the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (Tasmania) under the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.