Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00777:body:0:p6
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00777
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Character Range: 15045–18032

(Barea and Watson 2007; Barea and Watson 2013). The overlap of breeding activity with mistletoe fruiting has additional benefits, as Painted Honeyeaters often display a preference to nest near or amongst mistletoe (Barea and Watson 2007; Barea and Watson 2013).

              The species appears to prefer mistletoe as a nest substrate and selects nest sites in habitats where mistletoe prevalence and parasitism rates are high (Barea 2008b). Nesting success is relatively low; in the foliage of trees it is approximately 43 percent and within mistletoe clumps it is only 17 percent, with 83 percent of nest failures caused by predation (Barea and Watson 2013).

              Generation time is estimated at 5.8 years, with a maximum longevity in the wild   estimated at 10.1 years (Garnett et al. 2011).

Diet and foraging
    Most honeyeaters have a mixed diet, consuming nectar, fruits and insects from a range of sources and locations (Oliver 2000). The Painted Honeyeater is a frugivore, a dietary specialist dependent on the presence of mistletoe plants and their fruit.
    Painted Honeyeater abundance can usually be determined by the availability of this food source (Oliver et al. 2003).

    At least five species of Amyema have been documented as being a food source for the Painted Honeyeater, which in turn assists in dispersal of the mistletoe by excreting            the seed (Reid 1987). Fruit of the Grey Mistletoe (Amyema quandang) is a source of carbohydrates, protein and water, and accounts for a significant amount of their diet (Barea and Watson 2013).

    Painted Honeyeaters consume nectar and insects when mistletoe fruit is not available (Oliver et al. 2003; Barea and Watson 2007; Barea and Watson 2013). They may also require insects and nectar to compensate for low availability of certain nutrients in the fruits (Barea and Herrera 2009). Mistletoe fruit is known to be low in amino acids and protein, so Painted Honeyeaters must rely on these other food sources to make up the remainder of their dietary requirements (Barea and Herrera 2009).

    1.7     Key Biodiversity Areas
    The Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) programme aims to identify, map, monitor and conserve the critical sites for global biodiversity across the planet. This process is  guided by a Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas, the KBA Standard (IUCN 2016). It establishes a consultative, science-based process for the identification of globally important sites for biodiversity worldwide. Sites qualify as KBAs of global importance if they meet one or more of 11 criteria in five categories: threatened biodiversity; geographically restricted biodiversity; ecological integrity; biological processes; and, irreplaceability. The KBA criteria have quantitative thresholds and can be applied to species and ecosystems in terrestrial, inland water and marine
    environments. These thresholds ensure that only those sites with significant populations