Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2018L00321:front:0:p15
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2018L00321
Segment Type: other
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Character Range: 40151–43076

and wildlife watching are also important commercial activities that offer unique visitor experiences to reefs, islands and lagoons particularly around Lord Howe and Norfolk Marine Parks. The Network also supports a range of recreational activities including fishing.
The island communities of Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island have a particularly strong affinity and historic connection to the ocean surrounding them as a source of food and for a range of social and economic benefits. The Norfolk Marine Park includes waters up to the high water mark, which incorporate a wide range of near-shore values and uses by the Norfolk community and visitors

Pressures in the Temperate East Network
Pressures are human-driven processes, events and activities that, if left unchecked, may impact on marine park values. Contemporary drivers of environmental change in the marine environment include population growth and economic activity, and related pressures such as increased vessel activity, marine debris, climate extremes and ocean warming. Figure 2.3 shows the types of uses occurring across the Temperate East Network. These present key challenges for biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of our marine resources, including in Australian Marine Parks.
Australia's 2016 State of the environment report reviewed pressures on Australia's marine environment and determined that they were low by global standards. However, given that more than 85 per cent of Australians live within 50 km of the sea, and with Australia's population of approximately 24.4 million projected to grow to 39.7 million by 2055, pressures on the marine environment are likely to increase.
Although pressures on marine ecosystems and biodiversity in the Temperate East Network may change over time, examples of pressures in the Network are outlined in Table 2.2. Research in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and elsewhere in the world has demonstrated that effective management of marine parks, helps to maintain the resilience of marine ecosystems and their ability to withstand and recover from such pressures.
In determining the management actions to be taken in the Temperate East Network and in making decisions about the activities that will be allowed to occur within marine parks, the Director will carefully consider how the values outlined in Section 2.3 and in Schedule 2 will be impacted by these pressures now and in the future.
Pressures such the extraction of living resources by fishing, and habitat modification through installation of infrastructure and anchoring will be managed in part through the zones and rules set out in Parts 3 and 4 of this plan.
Table 2.2 Summary of pressures in the Temperate East Network
Climate change
The impacts of climate change on the marine environment are complex and may include changes in sea temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, sea currents, increased storm frequency