Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L01285:reg:13:p55
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L01285
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 13 (pt 55/98)
Character Range: 377351–380887

and about 23 breeding pairs were estimated at Hawker Island, Princess Elizabeth Land in 2014 (ATCM 2016).

Population estimates and trends

The breeding population of Southern Giant Petrel on Macquarie Island is considered stable based on a TRIM analysis (Pannekoek & van Strien 2006) over the past 10 years (DPIPWE 2021a), with no estimates available for Heard Island and McDonald Islands or for breeding sites within the AAT.
Globally, the population trend appears variable at between a 17% increase to a 7% decline in the global population over three generations (BirdLife International 2018g). There were an estimated 46,100 breeding pairs in 2021 (ACAP 2022).

Habitat critical to survival of species

Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and Macquarie Island, are subject to management plans that protect these listed world heritage sites and adjacent marine reserves (Parks and Wildlife Service 2006, Commonwealth of Australia 2014). The Antarctic breeding sites are all located in designated Antarctic Specially Protected Areas and subject to management plans (ATCM 2013, 2015, 2016). All breeding populations of Southern Giant Petrel in Australia's jurisdiction are likely to be important for the long-term persistence of the species within Australia.

The species occupies 193 breeding sites in Antarctica (Adélie  Land, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands) and on island groups of Argentina (Isla Arce, Isla de los Estados, Isla Gran Robredo, Isla Observatorio), Australia (AAT, Heard Island, McDonald Islands, Macquarie Island), Chile (Isla Noir, Islas Diego Ramirez), France (Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands), South Africa (Prince Edward Islands), United Kingdom (Gough Island), and other (Falkland Islands/as Malvinas, South Georgia/Islas Georgias del Sur, South Sandwich Islands/Islas Sandwich del Sur), with the largest population at the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas (ACAP 2012s).

Threats

The risk matrix for the Southern Giant Petrel is provided at Table 22, with the threats in Australia's jurisdiction are highlighted.
Table 22: Southern Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus) risk matrix.
Likelihood of occurrence  Consequences

Not significant           Minor         Moderate                                                             Major  Catastrophic

Almost certain                          Marine pollution: marine plastics ingestion

                                        Fisheries interactions: pelagic longline, demersal longline, trawl

Likely

Possible                                Marine pollution: heavy metal contamination

                                        Geological processes: volcanic activity leading to nest abandonment

                                        Human disturbance: at breeding sites leading to nest abandonment

Unlikely

Rare or Unknown                         Disease: avian cholera, avian pox virus

Note: Threats occurring in Australia's jurisdiction are highlighted in bold.
Figure 5: Modelled Australian distribution of Southern Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus).

Macronectes halli Northern Giant Petrel Mathews 1912
Family: Diomedeidae

Taxonomy

Macronectes halli Mathews 1912 is accepted nomenclature for the Northern Giant Petrel. Originally Macronectes giganteus halli Mathews 1912. The Northern Giant Petrel was considered polytypic with Macronectes giganteus (Southern Giant Petrel) until Bourne & Warham (1966) proposed recognition at the specific level based on morphology and demographic differences, a view also