Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2024L00482:reg:2:p6
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2024L00482
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 2 (pt 6/7)
Character Range: 67015–70065

The potential impacts of these structures may be greatest where they are situated along migration routes where a large proportion of the population may be exposed to the threat. Wind turbines and associated energy infrastructure are located, and continue to be built, along the migratory route and within the non-breeding range. This ongoing development increases the likelihood of the birds being exposed to collision mortality or loss of habitat.

2.2.5 Competition
Swift Parrots can experience increased competition for resources from a range of native and non-native species, including the aggressive Noisy Miners (Manorina melanocephala) and introduced Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus) within altered habitats (Ford et al. 1993; Grey et al. 1998; Hingston 2019), and from introduced birds and bees (Brown 1989; Paton 1993; Hingston et al. 2004; Heinsohn et al. 2015; Hingston and Wotherspoon 2017; Hingston 2019). Swift Parrots compete with European Honeybees (Apis mellifera) and Starlings for tree cavities, where nestling parrots can be killed and the cavities usurped (Heinsohn et al. 2015). This competition is most prevalent in forest that is disturbed or fragmented (Stojanovic, D. unpublished data).

2.2.6 Climate variability and change
Drought is a natural part of Australia's climate and the present-day existence of the Swift Parrot demonstrates that the species is well-adapted to cope with a dry climate. However, the relatively recent and rapid decrease in available habitat, coupled with prolonged or more frequent drought periods, could increase threats on an already depleted population.
Climate projections for eastern Australia include reduced rainfall, increased average temperatures, and more frequent droughts and fires (CSIRO 2007; CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology 2015). Climate change impacts are compounded by the Swift Parrot's restricted area of occupancy, low (and decreasing) population, low population density at sites and short generation length (under 10 years). These variables are identified as increasing the risk of local extinction (Pearson et al. 2014) and are amongst the strongest predictor of species' vulnerability to climate change (Pearson et al. 2014).
Loss of nesting and foraging habitat from climate change and changes in seasonality and the geographic pattern of flowering is likely to pose a significant threat to the Swift Parrot (Porfirio et al. 2016). Direct impacts to the Swift Parrot as a result of climate change include cases of climate-related nest failures, altered rainfall patterns, flowering failures on the mainland, and extreme wildfires.
Climate change management requires both domestic and international action to stop further emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Although management of this global issue is beyond the scope of this plan, long-term monitoring of the species and habitats may be needed to understand the sensitivities of the Swift Parrot to climate change and to form the basis for future adaptive conservation management strategies. Further,