Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00775:reg:18:p104
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00775
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 18 (pt 104/152)
Character Range: 326417–329555

Population Estimates and Trends
The global population is estimated to number 300,000-1,500,000 individuals (Delany and Scott 2006). The overall population trend is fluctuating, although some populations are stable and others have unknown trends (Delany and Scott 2006). The Australian population estimate and trends are unknown.

Species profiles

 Conservation Concerns and Actions
The species suffers from the loss of natural wetlands to land reclamation, dry seasons and an increase in drainage schemes (Hagemeijer and Blair 1997), as well as the canalization of rivers (Tucker and Heath 1994). Human activities near breeding colonies can result in disturbance and the loss of nesting sites (Tucker and Heath 1994) and many nests are lost to adverse weather. Whiskered Terns are affected by water quality and pollution from insecticides and eutrophication (Martí and Moral 2004). The intensification of fisheries and bycatch in fishing nets are issues in part of its range (Golemansky 2011).

 Recommended Management Actions
       Quantify the breeding population in Australia

       Regularly monitor breeding populations at index locations

       Determine non-breeding areas and migration routes

       Manage freshwater wetland habitats to support the lifecycle of the species

       Quantify and manage the potential impacts of human disturbance

       Measure contaminant levels in all relevant life stages

Wildlife Conservation Plan for Seabirds 141
 Species profiles

    White-winged Black Tern (Chlidonias
    leucopterus)

   Life History and Distribution
The White-winged Black Tern (Chlidonias leucopterus) is the smallest Chlidonias species, slightly smaller, slimmer and more compact than Whiskered Tern (C. hybrida). In breeding plumage, the adults are strikingly black and white, with diagnostic white forewing-coverts. The species breeds in Europe, Russia and China from April to August in small colonies of between 3 and 100 pairs (mostly 20-40 pairs) that may contain other species (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The species breeds inland on freshwater lakes (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998), swampy standing water, rivers (Snow and Perrins 1998) and shallow naturally flooded grassland (Richards 1990, Snow and Perrins 1998) with areas of open water bordered by stands of reeds, sedge and other aquatic vegetation (Snow and Perrins 1998). It generally avoids fish-ponds, rice-fields and ornamental waters (Richards 1990) but may feed over wet fields, dry farmland and steppe grassland (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Throughout the year the species feeds in flocks (Snow and Perrins 1998) and migrates and overwinters in large flocks (del Hoyo et al. 1996) of up to tens of thousands of individuals (Snow and Perrins 1998).

   Population Estimates and Trends
The global population is estimated to number 3,100,000-4,000,000 individuals (Delany and Scott 2006). The overall population trend is stable, although some populations have unknown trends (Delany and Scott 2006). The Australian population estimate and trends are unknown.

   Conservation Concerns