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region that encompasses all areas that could provide habitat for the species (may occur). These presence categories are created using an extensive database of species observations records, national and regional-scale environmental data, environmental modelling techniques and documented scientific research.

2.5 Key Biodiversity Areas
The Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) programme aims to identify, map, monitor and conserve the critical sites for global biodiversity across the planet. This process is guided by a Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas, the KBA Standard (IUCN 2016; KBA Standards and Appeals Committee 2019). It establishes a consultative, science-based process for the identification of globally important sites for biodiversity worldwide. Sites qualify as KBAs of global importance if they meet one or more of 11 criteria in five categories: threatened biodiversity; geographically restricted biodiversity; ecological integrity; biological processes; irreplaceability.

The global KBA partnership currently recognises four Key Biodiversity Areas as important for forty-spotted pardalote conservation and supporting the long-term persistence of the species. The four KBAs with forty‑spotted pardalote as one of their Trigger species were also recognised prior to the introduction of the KBA standard as Important Bird Areas for the species in 2008, based on analysis undertaken by BirdLife Australia. They include:

Bruny Island: The whole of Bruny Island and some close inshore islets is considered a KBA because although fragmented, it supported one of the largest populations of forty-spotted pardalotes scattered across the whole island. Bruny is geographically two islands joined by a narrow sandy isthmus. Most of the island is eucalypt forest and livestock-grazed fields, but there are also several small towns, notably Alonnah, Adventure Bay and Lunawanna. Some forests are zoned as Permanent Timber Production or Future Potential Production Forests, but there are several formally protected areas, notably South Bruny National Park, The Neck Game Reserve, Dennes Hill Nature Reserve (declared specifically for the species), two Forest Reserves and ten permanently protected conservation covenants on private land.

Maria Island: This KBA is comprised of Maria Island, which lies off the eastern coast of Tasmania, and the nearby small islets of Ile de Nord (9.7 ha) and Lachlan (2.5 ha), each of which is important for seabirds. Maria is virtually two islands, joined by a low, narrow isthmus. The most extensive vegetation unit is open-forest of Eucalyptus obliqua, E. globulus and E. viminalis with a shrubby understorey. The KBA currently supports forty‑spotted pardalotes across both the north and south of the island. The birds do not occur on Ile de Nord and Lachlan.

Central Flinders Island: The KBA includes a series of conservation reserves and adjacent land with similar habitat on central Flinders Island in Bass Strait. The KBA is defined by the distribution of previously documented breeding forty-spotted