Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2017L00641:body:0:p46
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2017L00641
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 139379–142301

Western Australia
F-eQld = flatback turtle eastern Queensland
F-ArS = flatback turtle Arafura Sea
F-CD = flatback turtle Cape Domett
F-swKim = flatback turtle south-west Kimberley
F-Pil = flatback turtle Pilbara
H-nQld = hawksbill turtle north Queensland
H-neArn = hawksbill turtle north-east Arnhem Land
H-WA = hawksbill turtle Western Australia
O-nwCY = olive ridley turtle north-western Cape York
O-NT = olive ridley turtle Northern Territory
LB = leatherback turtle

5 RECOVERING MARINE TURTLES

5.1 Recovering a stock
As a result of their life history traits, marine turtles have the capacity to recover when important threats are removed. For example, green turtles in Hawaii were near extinction in the 1970s and have rebounded to approximately 4000 nesting females in 2015 after 40 years of protection from large scale commercial harvest[10]. Similarly, the south-west Pacific loggerhead turtle stock had declined from approximately 3500 adult females nesting on the east coast of Australia to approximately 500 by 2000. The compulsory use of turtle excluder devices introduced in the trawl fisheries of eastern Australia in 2001 may have resulted in an increase in nesting turtles over subsequent nesting seasons[138].
To achieve recovery, it is necessary to remove threats that cause direct mortality and to maximise stock reproductive output. Marine turtle experts have developed a general principle, based on age-specific growth models for southern Great Barrier Reef green turtles and south-west Pacific loggerhead turtles[30-32] that a minimum of 70 per cent of nests must produce hatchlings to maintain the stock. Where there has been significant decline in a stock, a greater proportion would be required to achieve recovery.

5.2 Summary of actions to be implemented
The threat risk assessment process identified the threats with highest priority for action. Only actions that address the most notable threats, those rated as 'high' (yellow) or 'very high' (pink) priority and those that measure recovery or address knowledge gaps are included. It is expected that every action will be progressed or completed during the life of this plan.
It is also recognised that during the life of this plan new information will become available. This may include the emergence of new threats or changes in relative risk, changes in stock classification, or due to increased knowledge about a threat. As new information becomes available it must be taken into consideration in the context of this plan.
The following tables provide actions to build on existing management (Section 4.3). While there are overarching pressures affecting the majority of turtle stocks, due to the regionalisation of each stock and their life cycle requirements, actions that are specific to a stock and its recovery have been described in the individual stock tables provided at Section 5.4.

Indicative cost of implementing actions
The