Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p19
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 19/276)
Character Range: 63387–68210

or brown light clay surface.                                               Basalt
Rooty Hill clay (Red Ferrosol)       Steep to moderate convex slopes and ridge tops, located on the dissected slopes and spurs of the eastern and central part of the island. Unrestricted drainage. Is largely under pasture.              Highly variable in depth, well-drained, moderately permeable, Red Ferrosol with a neutral brown, dark or brownish red light clay surface.                                Basalt
Steel's Point clay (Brown Ferrosol)  Gently undulating to flat, occurs extensively near Steel's Point and near Duncombe Bay and Rocky Point. Unrestricted drainage. Regarded as the most fertile arable soil on Norfolk Island.             Very deep, well drained, moderately permeable, Brown Ferrosol with a neutral to moderately alkaline dark light clay surface.                                             Likely tuff
Middlegate clay (Red Ferrosol)       Gently undulating drainage divide, occupying the least dissected central portion of the island in the Middlegate and Burnt Pine areas. Unrestricted drainage. Largely under pasture and horticulture.  Very deep, well drained, moderately permeable Red Ferrosol with a neutral dark light clay surface.                                                                       Basalt
Selwyn clay (Brown Ferrosol)         Gently undulating areas on cliff tops, on the west coast of the island. Unrestricted drainage. Associated with petrel burrows. Of high fertility but occurring in exposed areas.                       Deep to very deep, well drained, moderately permeable, Brown Ferrosol with a neutral dark light clay surface.                                                            Basalt
Skeletal soils                       Emily Bay calcareous sand (Calcarosol)                                                                                                                                                                 Undulating, confined to the Kingston area, wind deposited from the adjacent fringing reef. Unrestricted drainage.                                                        Highly permeable, strongly alkaline Calcarosol with a pale sand surface and a hard cemented calcareous pan at depth.                      Calcarenite
Unnamed shallow stony soils          Steep slopes, on upper portion of Mt Pitt and Mt Bates. Unrestricted drainage.                                                                                                                         Undescribed in this study.                                                                                                                                               Basalt
Cliff formation                      Very steep slopes. Excessive drainage.                                                                                                                                                                 Undescribed in this study.                                                                                                                                               Basalt and tuff
Alluvial soils                       Unnamed alluvial soils                                                                                                                                                                                 Gently sloping to flat, occurs in some of the valleys such as Watermill Creek. Unrestricted drainage.                                                                    Very deep, moderately well drained, highly permeable, with neutral to alkaline brown, red or dark light clay surface.                     Basaltic alluvium
Acid swamp soils                     Unnamed swamp soils                                                                                                                                                                                    Valley floors with restricted drainage, located in Kingston.                                                                                                             Not located during this survey—area has been filled with sediment and man-made materials.                                                 Basaltic alluvium

Sources: Stephens & Hutton 1954; Petheram et al. 2020.

1.2.4        Climate
The sub-tropical climate of Norfolk Island is moderated by the surrounding sea and is primarily affected by a belt of high-pressure systems that oscillate over the island. Annual and diurnal temperature ranges are small. The average daily minimum temperature ranges from 13°C to 15°C in winter and between 18°C and 20°C in summer. Average daily maximum temperatures range from 18°C to 19° C in winter and between 23°C and 25°C in summer. Annual average rainfall is 1,312 millimetres, peaking from May