Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p305
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1061470–1065807

coverage;
(e)           range;
(f)             errors and accuracy;
(g)           factors affecting range and accuracy.
2.6.2              VOR and Doppler-VOR (including use of RMI):
(a)           application for navigation;
(b)           principles;
(c)           presentation and interpretation;
(d)           coverage;
(e)           range;
(f)             errors and accuracy;
(g)           factors affecting range and accuracy.
2.6.3              DME (distance measurement equipment):
(a)           application for navigation;
(b)           principles;
(c)           presentation and interpretation;
(d)           range;
(e)           errors and accuracy;
(f)             factors affecting range and accuracy.
2.6.4              ILS (instrument landing system):
(a)           application for navigation;
(b)           principles;
(c)           presentation and interpretation;
(d)           coverage;
(e)           range;
(f)             errors and accuracy;
(g)           factors affecting range and accuracy.
2.6.5              MLS (microwave landing system):
(a)           application for navigation;
(b)           principles;
(c)           presentation and interpretation;
(d)           coverage;
(e)           range;
(f)             errors and accuracy;
(g)           factors affecting range and accuracy.
2.7                    Route navigation
2.7.1              Route selection:
(a)           great circle tracks;
(b)           choice of speed and flight level;
(c)           ETOPS considerations.
2.7.2              Navigation on climb and descent:
(a)           wind and temperature variations:
(i)             desirability of allowing for variations;
(ii)            availability of data in actual situations.
(b)           weather/traffic avoidance:
(i)             concept of track miles.
(c)           allowance for use of anti-ice equipment:
(i)             reduced rate of climb;
(ii)            reduced rate of descent.
2.7.3              Use of radio NavAids:
(a)           requirement for regular position fixing;
(b)           use of navaid position lines to establish position:
(i)             along track;
(ii)            across track;
(iii)          desired/preferred form of P/L intersections;
(c)           computer-controlled navaid receivers:
(i)             auto-tuning;
(ii)            manual selection;
(iii)          precautions.
2.7.4              Calculation of track and groundspeed:
(a)           review basic track and groundspeed calculations:
(i)             plotted positions, IAS/TAS/GS, HDG/TRK;
(ii)            determination of wind velocity (track and groundspeed methods only);
(iii)          calculation of ETAs, EETs;
(b)           review ETP and PNR calculations;
(c)           inflight diversion to fixed point:
(i)             last PSD;
(ii)            time and fuel required.
2.8                    Basic radar principles
2.8.1              Pulse techniques and associated terminology.
2.8.2              Ground radar:
(a)           coverage of ATC radars, factors affecting range and accuracy;
(b)           facilities provided by Met radars for storm warning and avoidance.
2.8.3              Airborne weather radar:
(a)           principles;
(b)           types;
(c)           presentation and interpretation;
(d)           factors affecting range and accuracy.
2.8.4              SSR (secondary surveillance radar) and transponder:
(a)           principles;
(b)           application for traffic control;
(c)           presentation and interpretation;
(d)           advantages compared to primary radar for traffic control.
2.8.5              Radio altimeter:
(a)           principle of operation;
(b)           display;
(c)           accuracy, errors.
2.9                    Area navigation systems
2.9.1              Type of systems
(a)           Self-contained on-board systems including the following;
(i)             INS;
(ii)            DOPPLER;
(b)           External sensor systems including the following:
(i)             VOR and DME;
(ii)            GNSS.
2.9.2              General principles:
(a)           inputs required:
(i)             air data inputs;
(ii)            other inputs;
(b)           outputs generated:
(i)             types of outputs;
(ii)            uses.
2.9.3              RNAV systems:
(a)           principle of VOR/DME area navigation (RNAV);