Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p63
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 63/276)
Character Range: 242924–246416

(or bycatch) of seabirds during oceanic longline fishing operations                             Commonwealth of Australia (2018b)
                                                                                                                 Threat abatement plan for the incidental catch (or bycatch) of seabirds during oceanic longline fishing operations
Injury and fatality to vertebrate marine life caused by ingestion of, or entanglement in, harmful marine debris  Commonwealth of Australia (2018a)
                                                                                                                 Threat abatement plan for the impacts of marine debris on the vertebrate wildlife of Australia's coasts and oceans
Fire regimes that cause declines in biodiversity                                                                 No TAP
Novel biota and their impact on biodiversity                                                                     2013 Non-statutory threat abatement guidelines
                                                                                                                 Threat abatement guidelines for key threatening process 'Novel biota and their impact on biodiversity'

       2.1.2            Future pressures

Potential invasive species
There are a range of invasive species not currently known to exist on Norfolk Island but present on other Pacific islands, mainland Australia and/or New Zealand that pose a major threat to listed species if introduced. Several tramp ant species such as red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes) have the potential to radically alter the ecology of oceanic islands (O'Dowd et al. 2003). Yellow crazy ants have been intercepted on several occasions arriving on cargo from Yamba in New South Wales (though this cargo route ceased in 2013). Vertebrates such as the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) can also have serious impacts on island ecology (Rodda et al. 2002; Cogger et al. 2006).
The potential of accidentally introducing cane toads (Rhinella marina) also represents a significant biosecurity risk to the fauna of the Norfolk Island Group. Cane toads are poisonous in all their life stages and are linked to a marked decline in native species wherever they are introduced (Hayes et al. 2009; Shine 2010).

Potential weed species
A number of plant species have the potential to become invasive weeds on Norfolk Island. A list of those of most concern is provided in Table 18.
Table 18 Potential weed species of concern in the Norfolk Island Group
Common name     Scientific name              Notes on impacts
Asparagus       Asparagus aethiopicus        Asparagus weeds are highly invasive climbing plants that can smother native vegetation.
Bitou bush      Chrysanthemoides monilifera  Bitou bush is a perennial shrub which was originally planted to revegetate coastal dunes in NSW and QLD following mining. It out‑competes and often eliminates the native flora which would otherwise grow on these dunes. The species is currently localised to one property on Norfolk Island where it has been present for an estimated 10 years, but it has the potential to spread under the right conditions.
Cascade curse   Polygala myrtifolia          Cascade curse (or Milkwort) is a shrub that is a serious bushland weed in mainland Australia, particularly in coastal habitats. It grows rapidly, outcompeting natives such as the coastal wattle.
Cassia