Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288:reg:2:p4
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 2 (pt 4/6)
Character Range: 2409892–2412935

occur near hazardous waste sites, phenol is not anticipated to be genotoxic.' Hence phenol (at least at concentrations expected at contaminated site) is not considered genotoxic. On the basis of the available information, it is considered appropriate that a threshold doseresponse approach be adopted for phenol.

Few quantitative toxicity values are available; however the following threshold values are available from Level 1 Australian and International sources:

Source                Value                     Basis/Comments
Australian
ADWG                  No evaluation available
OCS (2012)            No evaluation available
International
WHO (2011)            No evaluation available
WHO (1994)            TDI = 0.060.2 mg/kg/day  Based on the range of NOAEL values associated with kidney and developmental effects in rats with the application of an uncertainty factor of 200 to get a range which is the recommended upper limit of the TDI. Some uncertainty is noted with respect to genotoxic potential and hence the evaluation provided is recommended to be periodically reviewed.
RIVM (2001)           TDI = 0.04 mg/kg/day      TDI based on a NOAEL of 40 mg/kg/day associated developmental effects in rats, and an uncertainty factor of 900 (and the TDI rounded).
                      TC = 0.02 mg/m3           TC is provisional (due to the poor database) and based on a NOAEC of 20 mg/m3 associated with adverse effects in various experimental animals after sub-chronic inhalation exposure, and an uncertainty factor of 1000.
Health Canada (2000)  TDI = 0.12 mg/kg/day      TDI based on review of the available database and consideration that developmental effects are the most sensitive end points (noting other end points have limited data). Value derived on the basis of a NOAEL of 12 mg/kg/day for kidney effects (noted to be lower than that from developmental effects) in rats, and an uncertainty factor of 100. Value derived is considered conservative.
EC (2006)             No ADI/TDI derived        No ADI/TDI derived however critical data points were identified for systemic toxicity where an oral LOAEL of 1.8 mg/kg/day (based on reduced blood cell count in mice), inhalation LOAEL of 21 mg/m3 (based on possible liver injury in exposed workers) and a dermal NOAEL of 1.18% (equivalent to 130 mg/kg/day) were identified. A NOAEL for developmental toxicity of 93 mg/kg/day was identified from a 2-generation rat study.
UK (UK EA 2009)       TDI = 0.7 mg/kg/day       TDI based on review of current studies and evaluations. The TDI is based on a NOAEL of 70 mg/kg/day associated with a 2-generation drinking water rat study, and an uncertainty factor of 100. The study chosen is considered more appropriate that that considered by US EPA, WHO and RIVM as it was of longer duration and associated with drinking water administration (note that phenol exhibited a higher degree of toxicity when given by stomach tube/gavage than when administered via drinking water).
                      TC = 0.035 mg/m3          Inhalation