Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L01285:reg:2:p9
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L01285
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 2 (pt 9/14)
Character Range: 54520–57466

The recovery plan also contributes towards addressing the impacts from high seas fishing activities affecting albatrosses and petrels as associated and dependent species. The following international and regional fisheries arrangements and instruments are of relevance to the plan:
    * Agreement for the Establishment of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
    * Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
    * Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPFC)
    * Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fishery Resources in the South Pacific Ocean (SPRFMO)
    * Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
    * Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO 1995)
    * International Plan of Action for reducing incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries (FAO 1999)
    * Fishing Operations 2. Best Practices to Reduce Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Capture Fisheries (FAO 2009).

2.5           Albatross and petrel ecology
Albatrosses and petrels are mostly surface seizing, pelagic predators that feed on live and moribund prey (Barton 1979, Harper et al. 1985, Harper 1987, Wood 1992, Croxall & Prince 1994). The ability to dive varies across species and involves either surface plunge dives or shallow dives to catch prey (generally <15 m) (Prince et al. 1994a, Hedd et al. 1997, Hedd et al. 2001, Robertson et al. 2006). Some species also prey on other seabirds and scavenge carrion on land (Cherel et al. 2002, Le Bohec et al. 2003).
Albatrosses and petrels are wide-ranging, opportunistic predators. Birds will forage singly and will aggregate in larger numbers where there is a rich food source (Dixon 1933, Brothers 1991). Individual species prefer to feed during the day or at night (often by moonlight) (Hedd et al. 2001, Phalan et al. 2007). Albatrosses and petrels have a diverse diet, depending on the availability of food, including cephalopods, crustaceans, cyclostomes, fish and tunicates, although diet is not well known for several species (Cherel & Klages 1998, Green et al. 1998, Hedd & Gales 2001, Xavier et al 2003a, 2003b). Albatrosses and petrels exhibit a tendency to follow fishing vessels, sometimes in large numbers involving various species (Dixon 1933, Brothers 1991). Competition for fisheries discards and baited hooks can be intense (van der Hoff 2001), with smaller birds subject to secondary attacks by other larger birds (Weimerskirch et al. 1986, Harper 1987, Brothers 1991).
Albatross and petrel species occurring in Australia's jurisdiction predominantly breed on remote, offshore islands in the higher latitudes, with the exception of the Northern Royal Albatross and Westland Petrel that breed on the South Island of New Zealand. The approach to nesting varies between and within species. Some breeding pairs will form solitary nests while others will nest in