Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2017L00641:body:0:p31
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2017L00641
Segment Type: other
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Character Range: 95892–98960

ants) and hermit crabs[79, 102, 248, 250, 254]. Predation impacts occur either directly through disturbance of the nest and consumption of eggs, or consumption of hatchlings as they emerge. Nests are normally predated by a variety of species, although in some areas individual pigs have been recorded successfully destroying almost every nest on one beach[254].
Pigs not only consume eggs and hatchlings, but in digging up nests can destroy the beach for future nesting by changing the floristic and soil structure[131]. Larger predators such as crocodiles prey on adult turtles either killing or injuring the turtle, thus reducing their reproductive success[250], and also eat the hatchlings. Predation is particularly a concern in remote areas where regular patrols, control measures and monitoring are infrequent or not possible.
Management of terrestrial predators is undertaken by a wide range of groups including: land-holders, community groups, local councils, state/territory/ Commonwealth agencies, Indigenous communities and ranger groups, and Threat Abatement Plans (TAPs) that identify the impact of predators on marine turtle nests. These TAPs are for: Reduction in impacts of Tramp Ants on Biodiversity in Australia and its Territories (2006); Predation by the European Red Fox (2008); and Predation, Habitat Degradation, Competition and Disease Transmission by Feral Pigs (2005). Management of terrestrial predators is a major component of the work programs of many Indigenous ranger groups and land and sea community based management plans.
Eradication is the permanent removal of every last terrestrial predator. With currently available technology, it is not possible to achieve eradication except on islands and in some highly managed local areas. Similarly, eradication is not appropriate for native species. Consequently, management is aimed at sustainable control of the damage caused by predators. Predator control needs to be ongoing and take into account the biology and behaviour of the predator species, the potential for greatest impact, and targeting known hotspots during the most relevant time period for a given predator.

4F Fisheries bycatch
Fisheries bycatch (or incidental catch) includes all non-target interactions between fishing gear and marine turtles. Incidental catch can affect juvenile, sub-adult and adult turtles in foraging areas, along migration routes or in internesting habitat. Interactions can be with commercial or recreational fisheries, and includes shark control programs. Management of the threat differs based on whether the fisheries interaction occurs within or outside Australian waters. Other threats associated with fishing activities such as the impact of discarded or lost gear is discussed in Section 4B Marine debris and impacts to the benthic environment are discussed in Section 4H Habitat modification.

Domestic fisheries bycatch
The Recovery Plan for Marine Turtles in Australia – July 2003 identified bycatch as one of the greatest threats to marine turtles in Australia. Since then significant