Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p152
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 152/276)
Character Range: 581938–584812

species is well established on the Norfolk Island Group and occurs on all three islands. Numbers appear to have been stable, particularly on Phillip Island where there are no predators (Schodde et al. 1983). Phillip Island supports one of the largest breeding populations in Australia. 100–1000 pairs were estimated during 2006 (Priddel et al. 2010) and <1000 pairs in 2017–18 (Carlile & O'Dwyer 2018).

Ecology
Nest selection occurs in November with eggs laid through December, and eggs hatch up until early February, after 45 days of incubation. Usually a single egg is laid and only one chick is ever brooded, with fledging at 85 days. Nest consists of a scrape on the ground on an inaccessible ledge or under shrubs usually near the tops of coastal sea cliffs or steep hills.
Diet consists of squid and fish taken from far offshore.

Habitat
Marine, pelagic mainly in subtropical and tropical waters.

Threats
The main threat to this species is the reduction in the quality of foraging areas due to climate-related shifts in oceanic resources. On Norfolk Island, other threats include interference by people and predation by cats and rats where ternlets nest above the cliff edge or in accessible areas (such as Hundred Acres Reserve and Rocky Point Reserve). Most of the population is not under threat as they nest below the cliff edge. On Phillip Island, additional threats include reforestation, which could render the internal parts of the island unavailable for nesting, and predation of unattended nestlings by purple swamphens.

Impact on other species
None known.

Management actions
Protect nesting areas on Norfolk Island from disturbance by rats and cats. Continue the control of purple swamphens on Phillip Island. Retain status of pest-free Phillip Island through detection monitoring for introduced vertebrates and invertebrates.

Relevant literature
Carlile N & O'Dwyer T (2018) NI2016–26 Report to the Director national parks and Manager Norfolk Island National Park. Office of Environment and Heritage NSW.
Christian M (2005) Norfolk Island … the birds. Green Eyes Publications, Norfolk Island.
Garnett ST & Crowley GM (2000) The Action Plan for Australian Birds. Environment Australia.
Garnett ST, Szabo J & Dutson G (2011) The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Priddel D, Carlile N, Evans O, Evans B & McCoy H (2010) A review of the seabirds of Phillip Island in the Norfolk Island Group. Notornis 57, 113–127.
Schodde R, Fullagar P & Hermes N (1983) A review of Norfolk Island birds past and present (Special Publication No. 8). Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.

Anous minutus—black noddy

Conservation significance
Secure, widespread
EPBC Act Listing Status: Marine

Distribution
Widespread over subtropical and tropical seas worldwide, breeding on various islands. It breeds on the Norfolk