Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288:reg:7:p4
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 7 (pt 4/6)
Character Range: 2190951–2193868

0.05 mg/L, resulting in an intake (1 L/day and body weight of 15.5 kg) by toddlers of 0.004 mg/kg/day. It is noted that intakes of copper in drinking water supplies in New Zealand (MfE 2011) were higher, with intakes by a young child estimated to be 0.013 mg/kg/day.
    * Copper was reported in ambient air data collected in NSW (DEC 2003) where concentrations in urban, regional and industrial areas assessed ranged from 2.428 ng/m3. Intakes associated with these concentrations are negligible compared with intakes from food.
RIVM (2001) reviewed background intakes, which were considered to be 30 µg/kg/day for adults. Based on data from Australia and New Zealand for infants and young children, background intakes may comprise approximately 0.08 mg/kg/day, which is 60% of the recommended oral TRV.

7.4              Identification of Toxicity Reference Values

    7.4.1         Classification
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has not classified copper and copper compounds, however copper 8-hydroxyquinoline has been classified (IARC 1977) as Group 3—not classifiable. It is noted that US EPA has assessed copper as Group D: not classified.

    7.4.2         Review of Available Values/Information
Copper is not considered to be carcinogenic and therefore the consideration of a threshold dose-response approach is considered appropriate.

The following threshold values are available from Level 1 Australian and International sources:
Source              Value                      Basis/Comments
Australian
ADWG (NHMRC 2011)   TDI = 0.5 mg/kg/day        The ADWG (NHMRC 2011) derived a health-based guideline of 2 mg/L based on the provisional TDI of 0.5 mg/kg/day derived from WHO (1982). The evaluation from 1982, which has not been updated, identified a range of provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDI) of 0.05-0.5 mg/kg/day. The ADWG have adopted the upper end of the range provided.
OCS (2012)          ADI = 0.2 mg/kg/day        The ADI of 0.2 mg/kg/day is also listed on the current ADI list (OCS 2012), where it is noted to have been set in June 2005, based on the upper safe limit for adults set by FSANZ.
FSANZ (2003)        TL = 0.2 mg/kg/day         FSANZ (2003) has adopted a tolerable limit of 0.2 mg/kg/day for coppe,r referenced from WHO ('Trace Elements in Human Nutrition', 1996).
International
WHO (2011)          TDI = 0.14 mg/kg/day       The current WHO DWG (2011) have also derived a guideline of 2 mg/L, however they also note that intakes derived from consuming 23 L water per day are not expected to exceed a tolerable upper intake level of 10 mg/day (IOM 2001). This upper intake would be equal to a TDI of 0.14 mg/kg/day for a 70 kg adult. Copper is noted to be in the current WHO list for rolling revisions to the drinking water guidelines.
RIVM (2001)         TDI = 0.14 mg/kg/day       RIVM (2001) identified an oral TDI of 0.14 mg/kg/day,