Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2016L00394:body:0:p19
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2016L00394
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 47237–50058

to another with a material hoist or craning material will minimise the risk of workers developing a musculoskeletal disorder.
    * Benching, battering or shoring the sides of the excavation will minimise the risk of a person being trapped and prevent the excavation from collapsing.
    * Enclosing an open cab excavator, for example using a falling object protective structure (FOPS) or a roll-over protective structure (ROPS), will minimise the risk of an operator being struck by a falling object or being crushed if the excavator rolls over.
    * Using safety switches or residual current devices (RCD) to minimise the risk of electric shock.

Minimising the risk using administrative controls
Administrative controls should only be considered when other higher order control measures are not practicable, or to increase protection from the hazard. These are work methods or procedures designed to minimise the exposure to a hazard, such as ensuring there is no unauthorised entry of a person to a work area. For example:
    * Using a 'keep out' sign and a person to secure an exclusion zone when dismantling scaffolding to minimise the risk of people entering the work area and being struck
      by a falling object.
    * Scheduling tasks so they are completed outside peak UV radiation times to reduce exposure to UV radiation.
    * Implementing a training program to show workers how to use new equipment.
    * Implementing a job rotation system.
    * Using permit systems to prevent unauthorised persons from entering a confined space.

Minimising the risk using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
PPE is the lowest order control measure in the hierarchy of controls. PPE should also only be considered when other higher order control measures are not reasonably practicable or to increase protection from the hazard.
PPE relies on the proper fit and use of the PPE and does nothing to change the hazard itself.
It therefore requires thorough training and effective supervision to ensure compliance and effectiveness. Examples of PPE include:
    * Wide brimmed hats that shade face, head, neck and ears (where hard hats are required then it should be a hard hat brim or neck flap), sunglasses and broad spectrum SPF 30 or higher sunscreen to minimise the exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
    * High visibility reflective clothing or vests.
    * Ear plugs or ear muffs to minimise the risk of exposure to excessive noise when operating noisy machinery and power tools.

Combination of control measures
In many cases a combination of control measures may be implemented to control a risk. When selecting and implementing a combination of control measures it is important to consider whether any new risks might be introduced as a result and, if so, whether the combination of the control measures