Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p270
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 940233–944434

(iii)          axial:
(A)          single/twin;
(iv)          inlet guide vanes;
(v)           vulnerability to icing;
(vi)          bleed air provisions;
(vii)        compressor stalling:
(A)          causes, symptoms, avoidance;
(B)          unloading compressor during start;
(c)           fan:
(i)             purpose/function of fan;
(ii)            relationship to compressor;
(iii)          inlet guide vanes;
(iv)          reverse thrust;
(d)           combustion system:
(i)             purpose/function of combustion system;
(ii)            combustion chamber:
(A)          individual/annular;
(iii)          fuel injectors;
(iv)          igniters;
(v)           air/fuel ratios;
(e)           turbine:
(i)             purpose/function of turbine;
(ii)            single/twin/triple turbines:
(A)          for example, driving two-stage compressor with fan;
(iii)          thermal and mechanical stress;
(iv)          effects of damage;
(v)           monitoring turbine temperature:
(A)          desired to monitor inlet temperature;
(B)          difficulties/compromise in monitoring;
(C)          terminology – EGT, TGT, TIT;
(vi)          reverse thrust mechanisms:
(A)          cascade, buckets;
(B)          safety interlocks;
(f)             exhaust:
(i)             purpose/function of exhaust;
(ii)            sources of noise;
(iii)          hushkits.
4.3                    Turbo-prop
(a)           drive train from engine:
(i)             flight range; and
(ii)            ground range;
(b)           control of propeller:
(i)             variable speed engine;
(ii)            constant speed engine;
(c)           reverse thrust:
(i)             concept of zero thrust;
(d)           feathering;
(e)           propeller brake.
4.4                    Auxiliary power unit (APU)
(a)           purpose/function of APU;
(b)           types commonly available;
(c)           outputs available;
(d)           availability determined by AFM:
(i)             use in flight;
(ii)            start in flight;
(iii)          outputs available in flight.
4.5                    Operational considerations
(a)           use of reverse thrust:
(i)             effectiveness with decreasing speed;
(ii)            instability of airflow in reverse at low-ground speeds;
(iii)          monitoring and precautions;
(iv)          deliberate or inadvertent use in flight (where not permitted by AFM);
(b)           use of bleed air:
(i)             effect on thrust and performance;
(ii)            engine indications:
(A)          EGT;
(B)          RPM;
(C)          EPR.
4.6                    Engine starting
(a)           air-driven starters:
(i)             characteristics;
(ii)            sources of air;
(iii)          failure to disconnect;
(b)           critical engine RPM:
(i)             initiating fuel flow/ignition;
(ii)            self-sustaining RPM;
(iii)          stable idle;
(c)           typical engine start sequence;
(d)           typical start malfunctions:
(i)             cause and remedy for each of the following:
(A)          fails to light off;
(B)          hot start;
(C)          hung start;
(D)          fails to stabilise at idle;
(E)          starter fails to disengage;
(F)           torching/tailpipe fire.

5.                       Engine instruments
5.1                    EPR gauge
(a)           inputs;
(b)           displays:
(i)             analogue/digital readout;
(ii)            setting target EPR:
(A)          manual/auto settings;
(c)           typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine aircraft.
5.2                    Torque meter
(a)           inputs and methods of functioning;
(b)           types of indicators and units of torque;
(c)           typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine aircraft.
5.3                    RPM indicator
(a)           types of display:
(i)             RPM or percentage;
(ii)            100% not necessarily a limit and markings;
(b)           multiple RPM displays – N1, N2, N3:
(i)             conventional order of numbering;
(c)           typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine aircraft.
5.4                    Turbine temperature indicator