Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288:reg:1:p10
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 1 (pt 10/14)
Character Range: 2715702–2718584

USA where dietary exposures did not explain the current body burden and exposures to hose dust were estimated to account for 82% of the total intake. Based on information presented in the available reviews, the following can be noted with respect to background intakes of PBDEs:
    * A range of dietary intakes has been determined by FSANZ (2007) for all age groups. Estimated 95th percentile dietary intakes from FSANZ (2007) for a child aged 25 years ranged from 7 ng/kg/day (lower‑bound) to 389 ng/kg/day (upper‑bound). These intakes are consistent with data reported from other countries, including Canada and USA, and corresponded with a margin of exposure (MoE) of 300 or greater where a threshold of 0.1 mg/kg/day was considered. The MoE was greater for all other age groups considered in the study.
    * PBDE in dust reported in indoor air in Australian buildings (Toms et al. 2006) ranged from 0.5179 pg/m3 for homes and 15487 pg/m3 for offices. Dust concentrations ranged from 87 ng/g3070 ng/g. PBCEs were detected in 9 out of 10 surface wipe samples. No estimation of intake associated with measured levels in air and dust was presented. The study size was limited and showed dust levels similar to or lower than those conducted overseas in Canada and USA.
    * Upper‑bound total intakes of PBDEs from all sources (ambient and indoor air, dietary and dust) in Canada (Health Canada 2006) have been estimated to be approximately 0.95 µg/kg/day for children aged 0.54 years. Higher intakes (2.6 µg/kg/day) are noted for breastfed infants. Recent review of total intakes from food, dust and air of PBDEs in USA (Schecter et al. 2008) range from 1.2 ng/kg/day for adults to 307 ng/kg/day for infants.
    * Based on the Australian data noted above, intakes by young children may range from 0.0070.5 µg/kg/day. The higher value is half that estimated by Health Canada (2006), both of which exceed the recommended oral TRV.
    * On the basis of the above, total intakes (and those reported from Australia) vary and may comprise a significant proportion of the recommended threshold value. Hence, consideration of 80% of the recommended TRV as background intakes is considered appropriate.

2.4              Identification of Toxicity Reference Values

2.4.1         Classification
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 1999) has classified technical deca‑BDE as Group 3—not classifiable. No classification is available for other BDEs.
It is noted that US EPA has a classification for deca‑BDE where it is classified as Group C—possible human carcinogen. US EPA has classified technical penta‑BDE and technical octa‑BDE as Group D—not classifiable.

2.4.2         Review of Available Values/Information
Review of PBDEs, in particular, penta‑BDE and octa‑BDE by NICNAS (2007), indicated there is insufficient information on the carcinogenic potential of