Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p186
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 186/276)
Character Range: 687554–691883

is shown in Table 71.
Table 71 Risk assessment for Endangered ferns as a grouping
Risk                                                                                                               Likelihood of exposure    Consequence  Threat rating
1. Loss and fragmentation of native vegetation through past land clearing                                          Almost certain (91–100%)  Extreme      Extreme
2. Loss and fragmentation of native vegetation through current or future land clearing                             Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
3. Degradation of native vegetation through past grazing or loss of nutrients                                      Almost certain (91–100%)  Extreme      Extreme
4. Degradation of native vegetation through current or future grazing                                              Possible (26–50%)         Moderate     Medium
6. Predation by rodents                                                                                            Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
7. Predation by cats                                                                                               Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
8. Predation or damage by chickens                                                                                 Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
9. Predation by swamphens                                                                                          Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
10. Predation by Argentine ant                                                                                     Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
11. Competition from/change of habitat because of weed invasion                                                    Possible (26–50%)         Moderate     Medium
12. Infection by pathogens already present                                                                         Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
13. Impacts of potential new invasive species or pathogens                                                         Unlikely (11–25%)         Minor        Low
14. Changes to vegetation, increased fire risk and/or direct physiological stress as a result of climatic changes  Likely (51–90%)           Major        High
15. Problems caused by small populations, including lack of genetic diversity                                      Possible (26–50%)         Major        High

Management actions
Implement targeted weed control and maintenance. Implement revegetation/habitat restoration. Investigate potential for ex situ conservation (germplasm storage, propagation, replanting, representation in botanic gardens collections).

Recovery target
The recovery target is shown in Table 72.
Table 72 Recovery target for Blechnum norfolkianum
EPBC Act status        Estimated population (2023)  Where known populations occur  2034 target
Critically Endangered  5                            100% within the national park  100 groups of plants

Relevant literature
Braggins JE (1996) Report on the conservation status of the ferns of Norfolk Island. Unpublished report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency.
Christian NE & Mills K (2021) Vegetation Mapping of Norfolk Island 2021. Unpublished data.
de Lange PJ, Johnson PN, Norton DA, Hitchmough R, Heenan PB, Courteney SP, Molloy B.P.J, Ogle C.C & Rance BD (2004) Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 42, 45–76.
Invasive Species Council & TierraMar (2021) The Native Plant Communities of Norfolk Island. Invasive Species Council, Katoomba, NSW.
Orchard A (ed) (1994) Flora of Australia. Vol. 49. Oceanic Islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Mills K (2012b) The Flora of Norfolk Island. Report 14. The Endangered Plants in the national park: Field Survey and Review. Kevin Mills & Associates, Jamberoo, NSW.
Sykes W & Atkinson I (1988) Rare and Endangered Plants of Norfolk Island. Unpublished report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Norfolk Island.
TSSC (Threatened Species Scientific Committee) (2003c) Commonwealth Listing Advice for Norfolk Island Flora – 16 Endangered Species.

Boehmeria australis australis—tree nettle, nettletree