Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288:reg:5:p4
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 5 (pt 4/9)
Character Range: 2152540–2155353

(also included in background intakes). To address this in the derivation of HIL A, half the intake estimated to be derived from home-grown produce is assumed to be already accounted for in the total background intake (noted below).

    5.3.5         Intakes from Other Sources – Background
Intakes of total chromium were addressed in the FSANZ 22nd Australian Total Diet Survey (2008). Estimated dietary intakes of chromium (total) for infants and 23-year-olds ranged from 1426 µg/day, and for adults ranged from 1453 µg/day for males 1930 years. The average values reported are consistent with intakes reported from Germany and USA by APVMA (2005). Dietary intakes of total chromium may comprise a significant portion of the TDI for Cr VI. However it is noted that the most common form of chromium in fresh produce is Cr III. If Cr VI comprised 10% of the total Cr intake from the diet (based on data from bread analyses, Soares et al. 2010) then background intakes may comprise 0.090.17 µg/kg/day for young children aged 23 years. It is considered reasonable that an average intake be adopted given additional intakes from plant uptake are included in addition to these intakes, resulting in some doubling up of intakes from food sources. The average intake of Cr VI is estimated to be 0.13 µg/kg/day for 23 year olds, approximately 10% of the recommended oral TRV.

No data on Cr VI in air is available for Australia. Intakes of Cr VI from air may comprise up to 30% of total chromium (RIVM 2001), which has been reported up to 1.5 ng/m3 (RIVM 2001) to 3 ng/m3 (DEFRA & EA 2002). It is noted that concentrations of Cr VI in Europe and the UK are expected to be higher than in Australia due to the potential for long-range atmospheric transport from a greater proportion of industry in these general regions. Based on the recommended TRV for particulate-phase Cr VI, these conservative air concentrations comprise less than 1% of the TC and are assumed negligible.

5.4              Identification of Toxicity Reference Values

    5.4.1         Classification
IARC (2012) has classified Cr VI compounds as Group 1 carcinogens—carcinogenic to humans based on: sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of Cr VI compounds as encountered in the chromate production, chromate pigment production and chromium plating industries.

Chromium is classified by the US EPA as a Group A (known human carcinogen by the inhalation route), with carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure noted to be Group D (not classified).

    5.4.2         Review of Available Values/Information
Oral and inhalation exposures have been reviewed separately as follows.

5.4.2.1         Oral Intakes
There is limited data available regarding the carcinogenic potential of ingested Cr VI. Cr VI compounds appear to be