Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p16
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 16/276)
Character Range: 55011–57883

threatened species management. Many of the workshop participants, along with other experts, subsequently contributed to an assessment of risks to individual species and/or to development of the text of the plan.
Meetings were held with the Norfolk Island Flora & Fauna Society and the community in August 2021 and May 2023 and with the Norfolk Island National Park Advisory Committee in September 2021.
Further workshops were held in 2022 with Parks Australia and Norfolk Island Regional Council staff, focusing on indicators of management effectiveness and on estimating the costs of implementing the plan. More accurate and detailed costs of management programs were determined using a local and regional-scale conservation budgeting framework and tool previously used to develop cost estimates of threatened species recovery across Australia (Yong et al. 2023). That cost analysis was led by Chuanji Yong.
This plan was made available for public comment during 2023. Relevant comments in submissions received were considered and addressed in the final drafting phase.

1.2         The Norfolk Island Group

1.2.1        Regional overview
The Norfolk Island Group is founded on a seamount of volcanic origin in the South Pacific Ocean (29°02'S, 167°57'E), between New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and New Zealand, at the intersection of tropical and temperate oceanic island environments. The Group consists of the main island of Norfolk Island, the small uninhabited Nepean and Phillip Islands, and numerous rocky islets dotted about the Norfolk Island coastline. The island is predominantly bounded by precipitous cliffs of basalt and tuff. The plateau averages around 100 m above sea level with two peaks in the north over 300 m. Norfolk Island is approximately 1,450 km from Brisbane and 1,100 km from Auckland. The nearest islands to Norfolk Island are New Caledonia (767 km to the north) and Lord Howe Island (896 km to the southwest). The islands of the Norfolk Group are truly oceanic. Few oceanic islands occur in the Pacific Ocean between latitude 25°S and 35°S, and the islands are an important link between tropical and temperate environments.
Norfolk Island has a land area of 3,455 hectares (ha) of which approximately 75% is held privately as freehold or leasehold. The remainder is a combination of Commonwealth Crown land or Council‑owned land, designated for a range of public uses, including conservation. Currently, 650 ha of the Island Group are managed as national park. This includes the Mt Pitt section of Norfolk Island, the Norfolk Island Botanic Garden and all of Phillip Island. An additional 237 ha are protected in a network of 18 public reserves, most of which are located along the coastline.

1.2.2        Geology and geomorphology
Norfolk and Phillip Islands are small remnants of a large volcano that developed on the Norfolk Ridge. The