Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p267
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 928271–932620

types commonly available;
(c)           outputs available;
(d)           availability determined by AFM:
(i)             use in flight;
(ii)            start in flight;
(iii)          outputs available in flight.
4.4                    Operational considerations
(a)           use of bleed air;
(i)             effect on performance;
(ii)            engine indications;
(iii)          EGT, RPM.
4.5                    Engine starting
(a)           electrical starters;
(i)             source of power;
(ii)            cross tie requirements;
(b)           critical engine RPM:
(i)             initiating fuel flow/ignition;
(ii)            self-sustaining RPM;
(iii)          stable idle;
(c)           typical engine start sequences;
(d)           typical start malfunctions:
(i)             cause and remedy;
(ii)            fails to light off;
(iii)          hot start;
(iv)          hung start;
(v)           fails to stabilise at idle;
(vi)          starter fails to disengage;
(vii)        torching/tailpipe fire;
(e)           starter/generator:
(i)             principle of operation and function.

5.                       Engine instruments
5.1                    Torque meter
(a)           inputs and methods of functioning;
(b)           types of indicators and units of torque;
(c)           typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine helicopter.
5.2                    RPM indicator
(a)           types of display:
(i)             RPM, percent;
(ii)            100% not necessarily a limit-biasing;
(b)           multiple RPM displays – N1, N2, NR:
(i)             conventional order of numbering;
(c)           typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine helicopter.
5.3                    Temperature indicator
(a)           types of display:
(i)             analogue/digital;
(b)           over temperature warnings;
(c)           typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine helicopter.
5.4                    Fuel consumption
(a)           flow meters:
(i)             analogue/digital indications;
(ii)            importance on start-up and shutdown;
(b)           fuel-used gauges:
(i)             may be separate or incorporated with flow meter;
(c)           typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine helicopter.
5.5                    Inflight tracking
5.5.1              Principles of operation.
5.6                    Monitoring systems
    (a) indicators, units;
    (b) warning systems;
    (c) mechanical and electrical remote signal transmission systems;
    (d) HUMS operation and indication.

6.                       Stability augmenation and autoflight control, system (AFCS)
6.1                    AFCS
(a)           purpose/function of AP:
(i)             common types (different axes)/inputs;
(ii)            pitch;
(iii)          collective;
(iv)          other;
(b)           components;
(c)           typical AP controller;
(d)           command and manual modes:
(i)             typical submodes;
(ii)            Stability Augmentation System (SAS);
(iii)          attitude retention system (ARS/ATT);
(iv)          ALT/HDG/IAS hold;
(v)           VOR/LOC/ILS/INS/GNSSGNSS tracking;
(vi)          FMS coupling;
(vii)        auto hover;
(e)           typical limitations/restrictions.
6.2                    Flight director (FD)
(a)           purpose/function of FD;
(b)           common types of presentation:
(i)             V-bars;
(ii)            cross-bars;
(c)           typical components;
(d)           typical FD controller;
(e)           typical modes of operation:
(i)             mode indicator.
6.3                    Autoflight
(a)           relationship between FD and AP;
(b)           relationship between FMS and FD/AP;
(c)           redundancy requirements.

7.                       Warning and recording equipment
7.1                    Auto Voice Activated Decision System (AVADS)
(a)           AVADS:
(i)             principles of operation;
(ii)            warnings;
(iii)          limitations.
7.2                    Rotor overspeed and underspeed warning system components
(a)           inputs;
(b)           outputs.
7.3                    Health Usage Monitoring System (HUMS)
(a)           actuation;
(b)           down loading.
Unit 1.4.4                                   AAGP:  ATPL aircraft general