Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p252
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 874664–878085

meaning of the following terms used in the lift and drag formulae viz:
(a)           CL and CD – depend on shape and angle of attack of an aerofoil;
(b)           ½ ρ V2 – defines dynamic pressure (IAS);
(c)           S – defines surface area.
2.5                    Manoeuvres
2.5.1              Explain the forces of lift, weight, thrust and drag acting on an aircraft in the following cases:
(a)           steady level flight;
(b)           a steady climb;
(c)           a steady descent;
(d)           a balanced level turn.
2.6                    Performance considerations
2.6.1              Give reasons for flying for maximum still air range and endurance.
2.6.2              Given that certain flight conditions remain constant, explain the effect of changes in headwind/tailwind component on level flight range and endurance.
2.6.3              List/identify aerodynamic and engine considerations which are required to achieve maximum still air range and endurance when operating an aircraft with the following types of engine:
(a)           normally aspirated engine;
(b)           turbocharged/supercharged engine.
2.6.4              From (theoretical) power required and power available graphs identify the following:
(a)           best still air range speed;
(b)           best endurance speed;
(c)           maximum level flight speed.

Unit 1.3.2                                   CADA:  CPL aerodynamics – aeroplane

1.                       Reserved

2.                       Aerodynamics
2.1                    Changes in angle of attack
2.1.1              Explain the effect of changes in angle of attack up to the stalling angle on the following:
(a)           pressure changes above and below an aerofoil;
(b)           changes in airflow characteristics streamlined to turbulent;
(c)           lift and drag;
(d)           the boundary layer.
2.1.2              With reference to CL, CD, CL/CD graphs identify angles of attack associated with the following:
(a)           minimum drag – maximum level flight speed;
(b)           maximum lift – stalling angle;
(c)           best CL/CD – best glide range and still air range.
2.2                    Aerodynamic design features
2.2.1              Explain the purpose of the following design features/controls:
(a)           anhedral dihedral aspect ratio sweepback wash-out;
(b)           wing spoilers flaps vortex generators;
(c)           trim tabs.
2.3                    Lift and drag
2.3.1              With reference to CL, CD, CL/CD graphs, explain the angles of attack associated with the following:
(a)           minimum drag – maximum level flight speed;
(b)           maximum lift – stalling angle;
(c)           best CL/CD – best glide range and still air range.
2.3.2              State the effect on total drag resulting from changes in IAS, aircraft weight and height.
2.4                    Manoeuvres
2.4.1              Explain the relationship between speed, bank angle, radius and rate of turn during a balanced level turn.
2.4.2              For a given IAS, determine the approximate angle of bank to achieve a rate 1 turn (360o in 2 minutes).
2.4.3              Explain the following:
(a)           power must be applied to maintain speed in a level turn;
(b)           an aeroplane tends to overbank in level and climbing turns and not in descending turns.
2.4.4              Explain the following:
(a)           the effect of