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the RSS method;

(e)         except in the case of the R2 (definite passing) standard, a buffer of 10 NM is added arithmetically. The distance standard, therefore, equals:

where:
 d = magnitude of the CEP (NM)
 dc = 'closure' distance of each aircraft owing to TAS variation
  = 3 NM for initial climb
  = 6 NM for cruise, arrival and change of level
 db = buffer
  =10 NM (except in case of R2)
  = 0 (R2 only).

10.9.4.2         The method of application of distance separation minima, together with relevant minima are contained in paragraphs 10.6.7 to 10.6.13.

10.9.5              Explanation of Derivation of Longitudinal Separation Standards

10.9.5.1         Tolerances used in the deviation of longitudinal separation standards are:

(a)         initial climb:

(i)            INS/IR              ± 5 NM along track

(ii)          DME               ± 5 NM.

(b)         cruise, arrival, change of level and definite passing:

(i)            Single INS/IRS:

± 8.5 NM along track up to 1.5 hours

± 12.4 NM along track up to 3 hours

± 18.2 NM along track up to 5 hours

(ii)          Dual INS/IRS:

± 12.9 NM along track up to 5 hours

± 27.7 NM along track up to 12 hours

(iii)        DME:

± 6 NM.

For flight times exceeding 1.5 hours, INS/IRS tolerances are the largest.

10.9.5.2         The minimum time separation (Tsep) between two aircraft is given by:

 MIN,

where:

 d = magnitude of the CEP (NM)
 G/S  = minimum groundspeed (KT)

Alternatively, the equation can be expressed as:

(a)         10 MIN separation (Tsep = 10 MIN):

(i)            For single INS/IRS with 3 hourly updating (d = 12.4 NM)

G/S = 219 KT.

(ii)          for single INS/IRS with 5 hourly updating (d = 18.2 NM)

G/S = 322 KT.

(iii)        for dual INS/IRS with 5 hourly updating (d = 12.9 NM)

G/S = 228 KT.

(iv)        or dual INS/IRS with 12 hourly updating (d = 27.7 NM)

G/S = 490 KT.

(b)         15 minute separation (Tsep = 15 min):

(i)            for single INS/IRS with 3 hourly updating (d = 12.4 NM)

G/S = 97 KT.

(ii)          for single INS/IRS with 5 hourly updating (d = 18.2 NM)

G/S = 142 KT.

(iii)        for dual INS/IRS with 5 hourly updating (d = 12.9 NM)

G/S = 101 KT.

(iv)        for dual INS/IRS with 12 hourly updating (d = 27.7 NM)

G/S = 216 KT.

(c)          20 minute separation (Tsep = 20 MIN):

(i)            for single INS/IRS with 3 hourly updating (d = 12.4 NM)

G/S = 65 KT.

(ii)          for single INS/IRS with 5 hourly updating (d = 18.2 NM)

 G/S = 95 KT.

(iii)        for dual INS/IRS with 5 hourly updating (d =12.9 NM)

G/S = 67 KT.

(iv)        for dual INS/IRS with 12 hourly updating (d = 27.7 NM)