Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288:reg:4:p5
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 4 (pt 5/8)
Character Range: 2134664–2137668

most sensitive end point. The following are available for oral intakes from Level 1 Australian and International sources:
Source              Value                                                       Basis/Comments
Australian
ADWG(NHMRC 2011)    TDI = 0.0007 mg/kg/day                                      The threshold oral value available from the ADWG (NHMRC 2011) of 0.0007 mg/kg/day is derived from a WHO/JECFA evaluation in 2000. The JECFA summary provided in 2004 noted that a PTWI of 0.007 mg/kg was established in 1988. This differs from that referenced (not cited) and considered in the ADWG. It is noted however that WHO may have rounded the TDI adapted as both values are similar.
International
JECFA (WHO 2010)    PTMI = 0.025 mg/kg (equivalent to PTDI = 0.0008 mg/kg/day)  Review of cadmium by JECFA in 2010 withdrew the previous PTWI (noted below). The review considered more recent epidemiological studies where cadmium-related biomarkers were reported in urine following environmental exposures. They identified that in view of the long half-life of cadmium in the body, dietary intakes should be assessed over months and tolerable intakes assessed over a period of at least a month. Hence the committee established a PTMI of 0.025 mg/kg. While established over a month, use of the value in the methodology adopted for establishing HILs requires a daily value. Exposures assessed in the HILs are chronic and hence, while used as a daily value, it relates to long-term exposures to cadmium.
                                                                                The former JECFA (WHO 2005) review provided a PTWI of 0.007 mg/kg for cadmium in reviews available from 1972 to 2005. This is equivalent to an oral PTDI of 0.001 mg/kg/day. This is based on a review by JECFA where renal tubular dysfunction was identified as the critical health outcome with regard to the toxicity of cadmium. The PTWI is derived on the basis of not allowing cadmium levels in the kidney to exceed 50 mg/kg following exposure over 4050 years. This PTDI is adopted by FSANZ (2003), the current WHO DWG (2011) and was used in the derivation of the current HIL (Langley 1991).
WHO (2011)          PTMI = 0.025 mg/kg (equivalent to PTDI = 0.0008 mg/kg/day)  Based on JECFA review noted above
RIVM (2001)         TDI = 0.0005 mg/kg/day                                      Value derived on the same basis as JECFA (WHO 2005), however RIVM has included an additional uncertainty factor of 2 to address potentially sensitive populations.
ATSDR (2008)        Oral MRL = 0.0001 mg/kg/day                                 The MRL is based on the BMDL10 for low molecular weight proteinuria estimated from a meta-analysis of environmental exposure data (from ATSDR).
US EPA (IRIS 2012)  RfD = 0.0005 mg/kg/day for intakes from water and           Cadmium was last reviewed by the US EPA in 1994. The RfD for intakes from water were derived on the same basis as considered by ATSDR. RfD were derived for intakes