Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p308
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1072768–1076629

solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation and the factors that affect them.
2.1.2              Explain the processes by which the sun's energy is redistributed within the atmosphere and explain:
(a)           conduction;
(b)           advection;
(c)           convection;
(d)           latent heat;
(e)           radiation.
2.2                    Heat, temperature, pressure and humidity
2.2.1              A student should:
(a)           describe the method of measuring surface air temperature and know that actual temperatures may be much higher, for example, above a runway; and
(b)           know the meaning of the following terms:
(i)             isotherm;
(ii)            radiation, advection, convection, conduction;
(iii)          isobar, horizontal pressure gradient;
(iv)          saturated air, relative humidity, dew point;
(v)           evaporation, condensation, freezing.
2.2.2              List the effect of changes in temperature, pressure and humidity on air density.
2.2.3              List factors that influence the diurnal variation of surface air temperature and explain the temperature gradient between land and sea surfaces.
2.3                    Atmospheric stability
2.3.1              Differentiate between stable, unstable and conditionally atmospheric conditions.
2.3.2              Understanding of adiabatic process and the parcel method of assessing stability.
2.4                    Clouds and precipitation
2.4.1              Identify and classify cloud 'types':
(a)           classifications required are:
(i)             high, medium, low; and
(ii)            cumuliform, stratiform:
(A)          examples of 'type' are Cu, Ci etc.
2.4.2              State the standard abbreviation for each cloud type, and the method used to report cloud amount.
2.4.3              Describe the weather associated with each cloud type.
2.4.4              Differentiate between drizzle, rain, showers and virga.
2.4.5              Select statements that describe the conditions necessary for the formation/dispersal of various types of cloud.
2.5                    Visibility
2.5.1              Know the method used in meteorological forecasts and reports to determine visibility.
2.5.2              Describe the term 'runway visual range'.
2.5.3              Give reasons for differences between 'inflight' and 'reported' visibility.
2.5.4              List meteorological factors that will reduce inflight visibility.
2.6                    Winds – general
2.6.1              Describe the relationship between pressure and wind and apply Buys Ballot's law to assess the approximate location of high and low pressure systems.
2.6.2              Differentiate between:
(a)           squalls and gusts; and
(b)           backing and veering.
2.6.3              Compare surface and gradient winds in terms of direction and strength.
2.6.4              List the 'factors' that effect the diurnal variation of wind and describe typical 'variations' in surface wind strength during a 24-hour period.
2.7                    Air masses and fronts
2.7.1              Describe typical 'flying weather' associated with the following:
(a)           cold fronts;
(b)           warm fronts;
(c)           wave depressions;
(d)           occluded fronts;
(e)           tropical cyclones;
(f)             the equatorial trough.
2.7.2              For subsection 2.7.1 above, 'flying weather' embraces the following:
(a)           temperature (warmer/colder);
(b)           wind changes (back/veer, stronger/weaker);
(c)           stability and turbulence;
(d)           cloud type and approximate amount, precipitation.
2.8                    Flight considerations
2.8.1              With respect to the phenomena listed below in subclause 2.8.2, do the following:
(a)           state the conditions that are favourable to the development of