Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p180
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 180/276)
Character Range: 667398–671687

Table 65 Risk assessment for Critically Endangered trees/shrubs as a grouping
Risk                                                                                                               Likelihood of exposure    Consequence  Threat rating
1. Loss and fragmentation of native vegetation through past land clearing                                          Almost certain (91–100%)  Extreme      Extreme
2. Loss and fragmentation of native vegetation through current or future land clearing                             Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
3. Degradation of native vegetation through past grazing or loss of nutrients                                      Likely (51–90%)           Major        High
4. Degradation of native vegetation through current or future grazing                                              Rare (0–10%)              Minor        Negligible
6. Predation by rodents                                                                                            Likely (51–90%)           Moderate     Medium
7. Predation by cats                                                                                               Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
8. Predation or damage by chickens                                                                                 Likely (51–90%)           Moderate     Medium
9. Predation by swamphens                                                                                          Rare (0–10%)              Negligible   Negligible
10. Predation by Argentine ant                                                                                     Possible (26–50%)         Minor        Low
11. Competition from/change of habitat because of weed invasion                                                    Likely (51–90%)           Major        High
12. Infection by pathogens already present                                                                         Possible (26–50%)         Moderate     Medium
13. Impacts of potential new invasive species or pathogens                                                         Possible (26–50%)         Major        High
14. Changes to vegetation, increased fire risk and/or direct physiological stress as a result of climatic changes  Almost certain (91–100%)  Major        Extreme
15. Problems caused by small populations, including lack of genetic diversity                                      Almost certain (91–100%)  Major        Extreme

Management actions
Continue propagation and planting within canopy breaks following weed control. The species is difficult to propagate from seed but propagates well from cuttings. Remove introduced species such as wild tobacco and coastal morning glory in proximity to established plants to promote natural regeneration (Sykes & Atkinson 1988). Manage or exclude grazing in areas know to contain A. arborescens. Carry out rodent and chicken control.

Recovery target
The recovery target is shown in Table 66.
Table 66 Recovery target for Achyranthes arborescens
EPBC Act status        Estimated population (2023)  Where known populations occur  2034 target
Critically Endangered  391                          >95% within the national park  1000
                                                    1% in the reserves

Relevant literature
Christian NE & Mills K (2021) Vegetation Mapping of Norfolk Island 2021. Unpublished data.
Gilmour PM & Helman CE (1989b) The Vegetation of Norfolk Island National Park. Report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Norfolk Island.
Invasive Species Council & TierraMar (2021) The Native Plant Communities of Norfolk Island. Invasive Species Council, Katoomba, NSW.
Orchard A (ed) (1994) Flora of Australia. Vol. 49. Oceanic Islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Mills K (2012b) The Flora of Norfolk Island. Report 14. The Endangered Plants in the national park: Field Survey and Review. Kevin Mills & Associates, Jamberoo, NSW.
Mills K (2017d) Survey of public reserves on Norfolk Island for threatened plant species: 6. Anson Bay Reserve and Selwyn Reserve. Prepared for Norfolk Island Regional Council.
Sykes W & Atkinson I (1988) Rare and Endangered Plants of Norfolk Island. Unpublished report