Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288:reg:13:p4
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 13 (pt 4/9)
Character Range: 2318010–2320786

to 0.09 mg/kg/day was considered.

It is noted that the inclusion of home-grown produce in the calculations presented for HIL A results in some double counting of intakes from fruit and vegetable produce. The amount of double counting cannot be easily determined; however, to partially address this issue, the lower intake value calculated for zinc from home-grown produce has been included in the derivation of HIL A.

    13.3.5     Intakes from Other Sources – Background
Review of current information from Australia indicates the following:
    * Zinc in dietary intakes has been assessed most recently in the 20th and 23rd Total Diet Survey (FSANZ 2003 and 2011) where mean dietary exposures ranged from 0.627 mg/kg/day for infants and 0.5 mg/kg/day for toddlers aged 23 years to 0.128 mg/kg/day for adult females. These intakes were higher than the recommended daily intakes (RDI) established by NHMRC (as noted by FSANZ 2003) for adult males, boys, toddlers and infants and lower than the RDI for adult females and girls. The RDI for zinc (NHMRC 2003 and 2006) ranges from 3 mg/day for breastfed infants, 36 mg/day for formula-fed infants to 45 mg/day for children aged 7 months to 3 years, 6 mg/day for 47-year-olds, 9 mg/day for 811-year-olds and 12 mg/day for 1218-year-olds. The mean intake by infants was considered to comprise up to 63% of the tolerable limit of 1 mg/kg/day established by WHO.
    * Typical concentrations of zinc reported in the ADWG (NHMRC 2011) are up to a maximum 0.26 mg/L with typical concentrations less than 0.05 mg/L. Based on typical and maximum concentrations, these result in intakes (1 L/day and body weight of 15.5 kg) by toddlers of 320 µg/kg/day.
    * Zinc was reported in ambient air data collected in NSW (DEC 2003) where concentrations (24-hour averages) in urban, regional and industrial areas assessed ranged from 1171 ng/m3 (average of 33 ng/m3). These concentrations are consistent with those reported in New Zealand and Canada (HSDB) but lower than those reported in the US and Germany (from older data) (WHO 2001) and the UK (HSDB). Based on the mean concentration reported in Australian air, intake by young children is approximately 25 ng/kg/day, significantly less than intakes from food and water.
    * Based on the above, background intakes by young children (2 years) are estimated to be approximately 0.4 mg/kg/day (dominated by dietary intakes), which is above the RDI of 0.32 mg/kg/day and approximately 80% of the recommended TDI. Intakes estimated by WHO (2001) for infants and children aged 2 months to 19 years range from 5.613 mg/day (from dietary intakes). For a 2-year-old child these intakes range from 0.40.9 mg/kg/day (80% to greater than 100% of the recommended TD). Based on mean intakes