Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2024L00408:front:0:p190
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2024L00408
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 607583–610565

travel along a route or pathway. Examples of 'focused activity' are camping, knapping and heat-treating stone, cooking in a hearth, and processing food with stone tools. In practical terms, over a period of thousands of years an accumulation of 'unfocused' discard may result in an archaeological concentration that may be identified as a 'site'. Definitions of background discard comprising only qualitative criteria do not specify the numbers (numerical flux) or 'density' of artefacts required to discriminate site areas from background discard.

       Sites

       A site is defined as any material evidence of past Aboriginal activity that remains within a context or place which can be reliably related to that activity.

       Frequently encountered site types within southeastern Australia include open artefact scatters, coastal and freshwater middens, rock shelter sites including occupation deposit and/or rock art, grinding groove sites and scarred trees. For the purposes of this section, only the methodologies used in the identification of these site types are outlined.

       Most Aboriginal sites are identified by the presence of three main categories of artefacts: stone or shell artefacts situated on or in a sedimentary matrix, marks located on or in rock surfaces, and scars on trees. Artefacts situated within, or on, a sedimentary matrix in an open context are classed as a site when two or more occur no more than 60 metres away from any other constituent artefact. The 60 metre specification relates back to the definition of an isolated find (Refer above).

       Any location containing one or more marks of Aboriginal origin on rock surfaces is classed as a site. Marks typically consist of grinding features such as grinding grooves for hatchet heads, and rock art such as engravings, drawings or paintings. The boundaries of these sites are defined according to the spatial extent of the marks, or the extent of the overhang, depending on which is most applicable to the spatial and temporal integrity of the site.

         4.   ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

       The Australian War Memorial study area comprises two precincts, situated at Campbell and Mitchell in northern ACT.

          4.1  Campbell Precinct

       The Campbell precinct study area consists of the National Memorial and Grounds and comprises an area of approximately of 14 hectares. The Campbell study area is contained by the major arterial roads of Limestone Avenue to the southwest and Fairbairn Avenue to the south. Treloar Crescent encloses the northern and eastern boundaries of the study area. The site houses four buildings including the Australian War Memorial, the CEW Bean Building, the Administration Building and the Outpost Café. The grounds of the precinct have been extensively landscaped to contain memorials, plaques, a parade garden and commemorative and landscape plantings (Figure 4.1).

       The study area consists predominantly of the lower southwest