Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p339
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1178905–1182751

of station passage.
5.1.5              Given VOR lateral course deviation indications, determine the position of the aircraft with reference to the VOR ground station.
5.1.6              VOR OBS settings required to provide command indications when flying on given tracks both to and from the VOR.
5.1.7              Determine aircraft position given cockpit instrument indications utilising a VOR.
5.1.8              Instrument indications when the aircraft is abeam the VOR on a given track.
5.1.9              DME including the following:
(a)           the use of DME and its limitations;
(b)           effect of aircraft altitude (slant range);
(c)           effect when not tracking direct to and from the aid;
(d)           DME arrival procedures.
5.1.10          ILS and LOC including the following:
(a)           components of the ILS including marker beacons;
(b)           operational considerations;
(c)           errors including G/S fluctuations and course reversal indications.
5.2                    GNSS
5.2.1              The GNSS system and its principles of operation, including the following:
(a)           GNSS system components;
(b)           space segment;
(c)           GNSS satellite signal;
(d)           pseudo random code (C/A course acquisition code);
(e)           control segment;
(f)             user segment (the GNSS receiver);
(g)           pseudo ranging;
(h)           principle of position fixing/minimum satellites required for navigation functions;
(i)             TSO/Performance limitations of various equipment types;
(j)             RAIM;
(k)           masking function;
(l)             receiver displays of system integrity;
(m)         operating modes – navigation with and without RAIM, DR;
(n)           explain why GNSS use the WGS84 coordinate system;
(o)           effect of PDOP/GDOP.
5.2.2              The following terms in relation to a navigational system and recall to what extent the GNSS system meets the associated requirements:
(a)           accuracy;
(b)           integrity;
(c)           means of providing GNSS integrity;
(d)           RAIM, procedural, systems integration;
(e)           availability;
(f)             continuity of service.
5.2.3              Degradation of GNSS accuracy by the following GNSS errors:
(a)           ephemeris;
(b)           clock;
(c)           receiver;
(d)           atmospheric/ionospheric;
(e)           multipath;
(f)             selective availability (SA);
(g)           typical total error associated with c/a code;
(h)           interference.
5.2.4              Requirements for use of GNSS in the following IFR operations:
(a)           en route;
(b)           RNP instrument approach operations;
(c)           alternates;
(d)           RNP operations.
5.2.5              Pilots actions and implications for the following GNSS warnings and messages, including the following:
(a)           loss of RAIM;
(b)           2D navigation;
(c)           in dead reckoning mode;
(d)           database out-of-date;
(e)           database missing/failure;
(f)             GNSS fail;
(g)           barometric input fail;
(h)           power/battery fail;
(i)             parallel offset on.
5.2.6              Parameters applicable to tracking tolerances, automatic waypoint sequencing, CDI sensitivity and RAIM availability in each of the following segments:
(a)           en route;
(b)           terminal;
(c)           initial approach;
(d)           intermediate approach;
(e)           final approach;
(f)             missed approach.
5.2.7              Indications requiring a missed approach to be initiated.
5.2.8              The effect of availability or otherwise of baro-aiding on RAIM availability and prediction.
5.2.9              Describe the effect of satellite unserviceability on the reliability of each type of prediction.
5.3