Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p294
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1023006–1026668

describe the effects of illicit drugs and alcohol on proficiency, for example:
(i)             judgment, comprehension, attention to detail; and
(ii)            the senses, coordination and reaction times.
2.4                    Drugs
2.4.1              Explain that drug abuse is a behavioural problem and is independent of:
(a)           dependence (addiction); and
(b)           frequent use.
2.4.2              Define illicit or non-illicit psychoactive substances.
2.4.3              Explain the adverse effects of illicit or non-illicit psychoactive substances.
2.4.4              Explain the effects and duration of such effects on human performance related to perception, speed of processing information, and reaction time of such drugs as:
(a)           cannabis-based substances, for example, marijuana, ganja; and
(b)           amphetamine-based substances, for example, ecstasy; and
(c)           opium-based substances, for example, codeine, heroin.
2.5                    Blood donations
2.5.1              Explain the effect on flying after giving a blood donation.
2.6                    Hyperventilation
2.6.1              Describe the effects of hyperventilation on the human body.
2.7                    Atmospheric pressure changes
2.7.1              Trapped gases
(a)           describe the effect of changes in pressure on gases trapped in the body cavities; and
(b)           describe the effect on normal bodily function; and
(c)           state/list measures for prevention/treatment.
2.8                    Vision, spatial disorientation, illusions
2.8.1              Describe the limitations of the eye in discerning objects at night and the 'off‑centre' method of identifying objects at night.
2.8.2              Explain the limitations of the eye with respect to:
(a)           the ability to discern objects during flight, for example, other aircraft, transmission lines etc; and
(b)           empty field myopia; and
(c)           glare; and
(d)           colour vision in aviation; and
(e)           common visual problems, viz myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia; and
(f)             rotor flicker and its effects (helicopters only).
2.8.3              Know of the factors which are conducive to mid-air collisions and describe/practice techniques for visual 'scanning'.
2.8.4              Describe the sensory systems involved in maintaining body equilibrium i.e. that equilibrium is normally maintained by use of the eyes, inner ear and proprioceptive system ('seat of pants').
2.8.5              Describe illusion(s) that may be associated with the factors listed below:
(a)           'leans'; and
(b)           linear and angular accelerations; and
(c)           unperceived changes in the pitch roll yaw; and
(d)           autokinetic illusions; and
(e)            'graveyard spin' illusion; and
(f)             somatogravic illusion.
2.8.6              Explain:
(a)           that sensory illusions usually occur when external visual clues are poor or ambiguous and that they are predictable; and
(b)           the importance of an artificial visual reference system and a pilot's ability to use the system; and
(c)           the factors that may make a person more susceptible to disorientation; and
(d)           how to overcome sensory illusions.
2.9                    Motion sickness
2.9.1              Describe the cause of motion sickness.
2.9.2              Explain the factors which may aggravate motion sickness.
2.10                Acceleration 'g' effects
2.10.1          Describe the effects of positive and negative accelerations on the human body, include:
(a)           on the cardiovascular systems;