Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p58
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 58/276)
Character Range: 228756–231626

wild tobacco prefers open areas it is generally considered to be less of a threat in forested national parks than shade-tolerant species such as red guava and African olive (Director of National Parks 2008). It is often found in parts of the valley bottoms in association with the native species bleeding heart (Homalanthus populifolius). Wild tobacco fruits and seeds are consumed by the Norfolk Island green parrot (Simmonds 2019).

Morning glory (Ipomoea cairica)

Morning glory is a perennial vine that rapidly invades open areas created by tree falls or abrupt woody weed removal (Director of National Parks 2008). This vine has a cosmopolitan global distribution and its native status on Norfolk Island is disputed. It was recorded in a drawing from 1790, and it may have been introduced by Polynesians as a medicinal plant. On Norfolk Island it is regarded as invasive and is generally removed during weed control activities. Morning glory has been found to threaten burrow-nesting seabird species with entanglement if left unmanaged (Carlile et al. 2015).

Formosan lily (Lilium formosanum)

Formosan lily is a vigorous, shade-tolerant, herbaceous species that escaped from cultivation. It produces large numbers of seeds and is difficult to remove once established. It often grows in disturbed sites in a range of locations such as native forests, pine plantations, guava and olive thickets, kikuyu pasture and domestic gardens (Director of National Parks 2008). Formosan lily has not yet invaded Phillip Island (Mills 2009b; R Ward 2024, pers comm 11 January).

Pathogens
There are known pathogens on Norfolk Island which affect either native flora or fauna, and there is the ongoing threat that new pathogens will be introduced to which natives will be particularly susceptible. Psittacine circoviral disease (PCD), or beak and feather disease, is listed under the EPBC Act as a key threatening process to endangered parrots. PCD occurs in the Norfolk Island green parrot population, however, studies by Taronga Zoo indicate that, while carriers of the virus, the species remains unaffected unless subjected to stress (Hill 2002). A survey of the virus in 2016 found a 0.05% prevalence among Norfolk Island green parrots (L Ortiz-Catedral 2024, pers comm 11 January), but PCD is still considered a threat to the Norfolk Island green parrot due to its small population size (TSSC 2016a).
Root and butt rot (Phellinus noxius) has been associated with the death of mature Norfolk Island pines and may pose a threat to other native plant species. The fungus naturally occurs in rainforests globally, but its impacts are exacerbated by low levels of soil phosphorus, highlighting the link between seabirds and the island's ecosystems (NIRC 2021).
There is an ongoing and significant risk of introducing extremely dangerous plant pathogens (and serious invertebrate