Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p291
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1013210–1016897

flying after a period of underwater diving and state the precautions to be taken if intending to fly after underwater diving.
2.5                    Basic knowledge of the anatomy of the ear
2.5.1              Outline the basic operation.
2.5.2              Explain the purpose of the eustachian tube and effects of atmospheric/cabin pressure changes.
2.5.3              State the effects of noise exposure on:
(a)           hearing loss: long- and short-term;
(b)           speech intelligibility;
(c)           fatigue.
2.6                    State recommended methods of hearing protection
2.7                    Vision, spatial disorientation, illusions
2.7.1              Outline the anatomy of the eye and its functioning during the day and at night.
2.7.2              State the factors that affect night vision and identify methods of 'dark adaptation'.
2.7.3              Recall the limitations of the eye in discerning objects at night and the 'off-centre' method of identifying objects at night.
2.7.4              Recall the limitations of the eye with respect to:
(a)           the ability to discern objects during flight, for example, other aircraft, transmission lines etc.;
(b)           empty field myopia;
(c)           glare;
(d)           colour vision in aviation;
(e)           common visual problems, viz:
             1.          myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia;
(f)             flicker vertigo.
2.7.5              Outline the importance of:
(a)           updating spectacle prescriptions;
(b)           selecting suitable sunglasses.
2.7.6              Recall the factors which are conducive to mid-air collisions and describe techniques for visual 'scanning'.
2.7.7              Define the term 'disorientation'.
2.7.8              Recall the sensory systems involved in maintaining body equilibrium i.e. equilibrium is normally maintained by use of the eyes, inner ear and proprioceptive system ('seat of pants').
2.7.9              Recall that these mechanisms do not provide reliable information under all conditions of flight.
2.7.10          Describe illusion(s) that may be associated with the factors listed below:
(a)           'leans';
(b)           linear and angular accelerations;
(c)           unperceived changes in the pitch; roll; yaw;
(d)           autokinetic illusions;
(e)           'graveyard spin' illusion.
(f)             somatogravic illusion.
2.7.11          Explain:
(a)           the conditions under which illusions may occur;
(b)           the conflict in perception of an artificial reference system and a pilot's senses when illusions are experienced;
(c)           the factors that may make a person more susceptible to disorientation;
(d)           how to overcome sensory illusions.
2.7.12          Recall the illusions that may result from the following:
(a)           false horizontal clues, for example, sloping cloud formations and sloping terrain;
(b)           depth perception, for example, flying over water, snow, desert and other featureless terrain effect of fog; haze; dust;
(c)           optical characteristics of windscreens;
(d)           landing illusions:
(i)             approach angles – steep; shallow;
(ii)            width and slope of runway;
(iii)          slope of (approach);
(iv)          terrain approaches over water;
(e)           relative motion between objects.
2.8                    Motion sickness
2.8.1              State the basic cause of motion sickness.
2.8.2              List factors that may aggravate motion sickness.
2.8.3              List methods of combating motion sickness in flight.
2.9                    Acceleration 'g' effects
2.9.1              Describe the