Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p245
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 849693–853604

power attenuation;
(e)           radio antennas:
             1.          characteristics of antennas;
             2.          use of antennas.
3.10.2          Describe the limitations of VHF and HF signals and factors affecting quality of reception and range of signal.

Unit 1.2.3                                   GNSSC:  Basic GNSS and en route GPS navigation principles – all categories

1.                       Reserved

2.                       Global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
2.1                    GNSS operation
2.1.1              Describe the principles of operation, performance limitations and errors of a GNSS system, including the following:
(a)           methods of position fixing using a GNSS system;
(b)           the GNSS operating procedures which provide safeguards against navigational error and loss of situational awareness;
(c)           GNSS operating procedures for typical navigational tasks using a specific type of aircraft equipment;
(d)           indications of waypoint passage;
(e)           GNSS operational and serviceability checks;
(f)             the human factors limitations associated with the use of GNSS equipment;
(g)           the requirements applicable to pilots and equipment for GNSS operations.

Unit 1.2.4                                   PAKA:  PPL aeronautical knowledge – aeroplane

1.                       Reserved

2.                       Power plants and systems
2.1                    Propellers
2.1.1              List reasons for propeller overspeed in aeroplanes fitted with a fixed pitch propeller and state the remedial action a pilot should take in the event of an overspeed.
2.2                    Aircraft systems
2.2.1              Describe or state the function of the following typical components installed in aeroplanes, including the possibility of 'overpowering the system and associated precautions a pilot should take:
(a)           stall warning devices;
(b)           auto-pilot components, including the following:
             1.          roll attitude heading pitch controls;
             2.          trim indicator;
             3.         cut-out mechanisms.

3.                       Take-off and landing performance
Note: Use of take-off and landing charts is included in 'Type' training.
3.1.1              State the effect (increase/decrease) of the following factors on take-off, landing, and take-off climb performance:
(a)           strength of headwind/tailwind component;
(b)           air temperature;
(c)           QNH;
(d)           density height (non-standard conditions);
(e)           airfield elevation;
(f)             runway slope;
(g)           surface conditions, including the following:
(i)             wet runway;
(ii)            dry runway;
(iii)          slushy runway;
(h)           ground effect and windshear;
(i)             frost on an aircraft.
3.1.2              Differentiate between pressure height and density height.
3.1.3              Describe how to use an altimeter to obtain the following:
(a)           local QNH at an aerodrome;
(b)           pressure height of an aerodrome;
(c)           elevation of an aerodrome.
3.1.4              Explain the following terms:
(a)           maximum structural take-off and landing weight;
(b)           climb weight limit.
3.1.5              State the likely results of exceeding aircraft weight limits.

Unit 1.2.5                                   PAKH:  PPL aeronautical knowledge – helicopter

1.                       Reserved

2.                       Aircraft general knowledge
2.1                    Engine and transmission systems
2.1.1              Describe the actions a pilot should take in the event of a malfunction of an exhaust driven supercharger or waste gate and the likely indication of the malfunction.
2.1.2              Reserved.

Unit 1.2.6 PAKG::  PPL aeronautical knowledge – gyroplane

1. Power plants and