Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p300
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1044594–1048073

magnetic heading, relative heading and magnetic bearing.
2.2                    Time
2.2.1              Explain the terms UTC, local mean time, local (standard) time, local summer time.
2.2.2              Determine within +/- 5 min the beginning and end of civil twilight from AIP daylight and darkness graphs.
2.2.3              Complete conversions between LMT, UTC, local (standard) times, including local summer time.
2.2.4              List factors which may cause daylight to end earlier than the time extracted from AIP darkness graphs.
2.3                    Basics – Extract information from documents
2.3.1              On a WAC and AIP 'visual' charts (if applicable) which cover the local area of operation:
(a)           identify, without reference to the chart legend:
(i)             major features to assist in map reading, for example, roads, rivers, lakes;
(ii)            obstacles and spot heights, including elevation or height above terrain;
(iii)          CTA, PRDs, and aerodrome data on VTC/ERC (if applicable);
(b)           decode other symbols with reference to the chart legend;
(c)           assess the general height of the terrain from hypsometric tints and contours;
(d)           estimate track and distance;
(e)           demonstrate and explain the reason for chart orientation in flight.
2.3.2              On visual AIP charts identify airspace boundaries and symbols with reference to the chart legend.
2.3.3              Use ERSA to extract:
(a)           runway data;
(b)           data pertaining to prohibited, restricted and danger areas.
2.4                    Computation techniques
2.4.1              Use mental rules of thumb to estimate:
(a)           time interval using estimated GS and distance, for example, 120 kt = 2 nm/min;
(b)           endurance given fuel flow and fuel available (excluding reserve fuel).
2.4.2              Apply magnetic variation to obtain magnetic direction.
2.4.3              Carry out conversions between:
(a)           feet/metres;
(b)           nm/km;
(c)           lbs/kg;
(d)           US gal/litres/kg of avgas.
2.4.4              Calculate headwind, tailwind and cross-wind components given W/V and HDG using:
(a)           a navigation computer; and
(b)           conversion and wind component tables in ERSA.
2.4.5              Calculate the following:
(a)           CAS and TAS given air temperature and pressure height;
(b)           HDG, GS and drift given TAS, W/V, TR;
(c)           TR given HDG, TAS, W/V;
(d)           climb and decent rates and gradients;
(e)           TOPC and TOPD positions using average airspeed, W/V and rates of climb and descent.
2.5                    Pilot navigation
2.5.1              Principles of map reading:
(a)           describe the method of chart orientation; and
(b)           list situations when a pilot should read:
(i)             from map to ground; and
(ii)            from ground to map; and
(c)           select appropriate position lines to establish:
(i)             ground speed; and
(ii)            track error; and
(iii)          a fix; and
(d)           select appropriate ground features to establish position when flying:
(i)             at low level (500 ft AGL); and
(ii)            between (approximately) 2,000 and 10,000 ft; and
(iii)          over mountainous terrain, coastal areas, densely populated and sparsely populated areas.
2.5.2              Chart preparation and selection (practice):
(a)           draw tracks,