Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2024L00408:front:0:p250
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history including during the First World War, Second World War, Malayan Emergency and the Korean, Vietnam and Gulf wars.

The memorial was designed by sculptor Ante Dabro in collaboration with architects Lester Firth and Associates and Robert Woodward.

  Figure 61.  Royal Australian Navy Memorial
  Source:  Duncan Marshall

Kemal Ataturk Memorial (erected 1985)
The memorial honours Kemal Ataturk and the heroism and self-sacrifice of ANZAC and Turkish troops during the Gallipoli campaign.  Ataturk, then known as Mustafa Kemal, was a Lieutenant Colonel commanding the Turkish 19th Infantry Division at Ari Burnu during the Gallipoli landings in 1915.  He was later the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, and was given the honorific 'Ataturk' ('Father of the Turks') by the Turkish parliament.

The memorial was designed by architectural firm PDCM Pty Ltd, and the bronze portrait of Ataturk was designed by Turkish sculptor Hüseyin Gezer – a gift of the Turkish government.

It is the only memorial to an enemy commander on Anzac Parade.

The memorial was refurbished in 2007, with the five-pointed star being incorporated into the pavement.

  Figure 62.  Kemal Ataturk Memorial
  Source:  Duncan Marshall

  Figure 63.  Kemal Ataturk Memorial
  Source:  Duncan Marshall

    3.3 Landscape history

Introduction

This section identifies a chronological series of significant phases or periods in the evolution of the cultural landscape of the study area, and provides a brief description of the landscape character of each period.  The periods nominated here simplify the underlying complexity of interaction between social and political struggles to establish the "bush" capital of Australia with its many, often competing, visions.

These periods represent the particular influence of individuals regarding the vision, planning, design, implementation and maintenance of the landscape.

The periods considered are:
     * Aboriginal occupation – ongoing Ngunnawal association;
     * colonial occupation – 1825–1900;
     * Federal Capital of Australia – 1901–1921;
     * Establishment:  Committees & Commissions – 1921–1956;
     * National Capital Development Commission (NCDC) – 1957–1989;
     * National Capital Planning Authority (NCPA) – 1989–1997;  and
     * National Capital Authority (NCA) – 1997 to the present.

Aboriginal occupation

The Canberra region was occupied by three Aboriginal groups – the Ngarigo, the Walgalu and the Ngunnawal.  The Ngunnawal people are thought to have occupied Black Mountain, the adjoining Molonglo River flats and the Limestone Plains.  (Freeman 1996, p. 2)

The landscape character in this period may have changed through different climate changes over millennia with cycles of dry and wet periods.  The predominance of sclerophyllous vegetation such as eucalyptus open woodland and grassland at the time of European colonisation may have been associated with a dry cycle as well as the impact of the use of fire by Aboriginal people.  Vast stretches of open grassland existed on the plains