Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p264
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
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Character Range: 917398–921030

(ii)            stick shaker and pusher;
(iii)          visual and aural warnings.
7.3                    Take-off Warning System (TWS)
(a)           Purpose and function of TWS;
(b)           typical items monitored;
(c)           aural/visual warnings.

Unit 1.4.3                                   AGKH:  ATPL aircraft general knowledge – helicopter

1.                       Reserved

2.                       Advanced aerodynamics
2.1                    Review of terminology
2.1.1              Definitions
(a)           reference speeds, including VTOSS, CDP, landing decision point (LDP);
(b)           define; tip path, tip path plane, axis of rotation, shaft axis, disc area, chord line, pitch angle, angle of attack, coning angle, feathering, feathering axis, disc loading, blade loading, solidity, flapping, dragging, teetering rotor, articulated rotor, semi rigid rotor.
2.1.2              Aerodynamic forces
(a)           Effect of RAF on angle of attack, induced airflow and effects, total reaction, rotor thrust, torque, torque reaction, rotor thrust/rotor drag ratio, forces opposing weight, factors influencing rotor thrust, Bernoulli's theorem, Hookes joint effect.
2.1.3              Stability
(a)           static and dynamic stability;
(b)           stability during hover;
(c)           stability during forward flight;
(d)           effect of off-set flapping hinges;
(e)           effect of stabiliser bar;
(f)             effect of centre of gravity (CG);
(g)           effects of altitude and speed on stability;
(h)           effect of horizontal stabilizer.
2.1.4              Forward flight
(a)           arrangement of forces and effects of CG position;
(b)           basic aspects-tilting the disc through cyclic;
(c)           dissymmetry of lift, dissymmetry lift elimination through flapping;
(d)           flapback, designs to reduce flapping amplitude, Delta-3 hinge, offset pitch horn;
(e)           reverse flow, transitional lift, inflow roll.
2.1.5              Climbing and descending
(a)           forces in a vertical climb;
(b)           horse power available (HPAV) curve and factors affecting the HPAV: altitude, DA, collective setting;
(c)           rate and angle of climb and relationship to HPAV and horse power required (HPREQ) curve;
(d)           effect of wind, altitude, and sling loads on rate and angle of climb;
(e)           forces in a vertical descent;
(f)             over pitching;
(g)           rate and angle of descent and relationship to HPAV and HPREQ curves;
(h)           effect of wind, all up weight (AUW), altitude and sling loads on rate and angle of descent.
2.1.6              Hovering
(a)           definition;
(b)           hover in and out of ground effect (IGE, OGE);
(c)           factors affecting ground effect, height, DA, AUW, nature of surface, slope, wind, recirculation.
2.1.7              Turning
(a)           centripetal force and angle of bank;
(b)           rate and radius of turn, relationship of angle of bank;
(c)           steep turn, load factor, power requirement;
(d)           forces in climbing and descending turns;
(e)           effect of attitude and bank angle on rate and radius of turn;
(f)             effect of AUW on rate/radius;
(g)           effect of wind when turning around a ground feature;
(h)           effects of slipping and skidding.
2.1.8              Autorotation
(a)           definition;
(b)           autorotative forces/drag;
(c)           effects of airflow on vertical autorotation;
(d)           effects of airflow on forward autorotation;
(e)           rate of descent requirements for autorotation: