Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p234
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 812576–816097

mixture settings in flight.
3.3.3              State reasons for the following limitations/actions:
(a)           minimum oil pressure;
(b)           minimum/maximum oil temperature;
(c)           minimum/maximum CHT;
(d)           maximum RPM;
(e)           ignition checks: pre-take-off and shutdown;
(f)             prolonged use of starter motor;
(g)           use of pitot heat on the ground;
(h)           engine warm up on prolonged descents.
3.3.4              Explain the significance of blue or black exhaust smoke produced by an aircraft piston engine.
3.4                    Malfunctions
3.4.1              For paragraphs (a), (b) and (c), the components are listed in paragraph (d):
(a)           describe the cockpit indications which may suggest a malfunction or failure of a component;
(b)           state the actions (if any) a pilot should take to rectify a malfunction or failure of a component;
(c)           describe the consequences if a malfunction or failure of a component listed above cannot be rectified;
(d)           the following is a list of components that applies to paragraphs (a), (b) and (c):
             1.          alternator;
(i)             magneto;
(ii)            battery;
(iii)          ignition switch;
(iv)          fuel vent (blockage), fuel/booster pump;
(v)           oil cooler, cowl flaps;
(vi)          vacuum pump;
(vii)        hydraulic brakes.
3.4.2              For paragraphs (a) and (b), the piston-engine gauges are listed in paragraph (c):
(a)           with reference to engine gauge indications, identify reasons for an abnormality and state pilot actions (if any) to rectify a problem;
(b)           state the consequences if the problem cannot be rectified by the pilot;
(c)           the following is a list of piston-engine gauges that applies to paragraphs (a) and (b):
             1.          oil temperature and pressure;
(i)             CHT;
(ii)            fuel pressure;
(iii)          tachometer;
(iv)          ammeter/load meter;
(v)           voltmeter;
(vi)          engine icing.
3.4.3              Describe the method for checking the operation of carburettor heat prior to take-off.
3.4.4              State the atmospheric conditions of outside air temperature and relative humidity, engine control settings and power conditions which are conducive to the formation in a carburettor, including the severity of the icing, of the following:
(a)           throttle ice;
(b)           fuel evaporation ice;
(c)           impact ice.
3.4.5              State the danger of progressive throttle increments if engine icing is not diagnosed.
3.4.6              Describe the use of carburettor heat for:
(a)           anti-icing;
(b)           de-icing;
(c)           ground operation.
3.4.7              Describe the difference between the use of 'alternate air' and 'carburettor heat' controls.
3.4.8              State the effect of the application of carburettor heat on engine performance and engine instrument indications.
3.4.9              Describe the symptoms of fuel vaporisation and the method of rectification.
3.5                    Flight instruments
3.5.1              Explain the colour code markings on an airspeed indicator (ASI).
3.5.2              Describe the basic operation of the primary flight instruments and associated systems.
3.5.3              State:
(a)           the effect of a blockage of the pitot or static source on the indications displayed by each pressure instrument; and
(b)           the effect of using an