Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00777:body:0:p14
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00777
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 37617–40792

its preference for open areas adjoining eucalypt woodland, and may
            occupy areas up to 300 m from a forest edge. In areas occupied by Noisy Miners, the abundance and species richness of other bird species are about half that recorded at
            nearby areas unoccupied by Noisy Miners (Piper and Catterall 2003; Clarke and Oldland 2007; Maron et al. 2013; Thomson et al. 2015). Aggressive exclusion of other birds by Noisy Miners is now listed as a Key Threatening Process under the EPBC Act, as well as in Victoria and New South Wales under the respective state legislation, and their impact on woodland birds was one of the factors in those determinations.

            Honeybees may also compete with woodland birds such as the Painted Honeyeater for nectar (Menkhorst 1993), although the significance of this for the Painted Honeyeater
            is unknown and requires further investigation. Competition from feral honeybees
            (Apis mellifera) is listed as a 'Key Threatening Process' for nectivorous species in
            New South Wales and Victoria.

            2.2.4       Climate variability and change
            Australia's changing climate threatens the Painted Honeyeater's habitat through both increased risk of drought, fire and altered flowering or fruiting phenology, potentially leading to further habitat loss and degradation. Threats from climate change can be addressed through efforts to make Painted Honeyeater populations and their habitat more resilient by identifying and protecting important drought refuges and improving drought refuges.

            VanDerWal et al. (2013) indicate that birds in the Australian temperate zone have experienced a net poleward (south-east) shift in their climatic niche, away from increasing temperatures, since 1950. Approximately 50 per cent of these temperate species would have experienced range contraction (rather than shift or expansion)
            due to the east coastal limits of their range. For Painted Honeyeaters, this means that refuge at the regional scale is likely to occur in the south-east of their current extent such that southern KBAs (i.e. South-west slopes and Warby-Chiltern) may carry the greatest responsibility for adaptive habitat enhancement.

            Implementation of appropriate burning practices - including cool cultural burns
            to reduce the incidence of intense, hot wildfires which burn the tree canopy and
            result in mistletoe mortality - is an important part of climate change adaptation and management.

            Climate change limitation, adaptation and management requires both domestic and international action to prevent further accumulation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Although management of this global issue is beyond the scope of this plan, long-term monitoring of the Painted Honeyeater and its habitat in relation to climate data may assist in mitigating the impacts on the species. A long-term monitoring program would allow better understanding of the specific sensitivities of the Painted Honeyeater as a nomadic species to climate change, and provide a basis for future adaptive conservation