Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2016L00419:body:0:p27
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2016L00419
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 72550–78111

high-alloy materials, welding rods and plated steel.          Acute effect is irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Increased cancer risk has been noted in occupations other than welding. Also associated with dermatitis and lung problems.
Vanadium                                   Some steel alloys, iron, stainless steel, nickel alloys.                                                                Acute effect is irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Chronic effects include bronchitis, retinitis, fluid in the lungs and pneumonia.
Zinc Oxides                                Galvanized and painted metal.                                                                                           Metal Fume Fever.

Source and Health Effect of Welding Gases
Gas Type                                   Source                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Health Effect

Carbon Monoxide                            Formed in the arc.                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Absorbed readily into the bloodstream, causing headaches, dizziness or muscular weakness. High concentrations may result in unconsciousness and death. Ototoxic and therefore risk of hearing loss.
Hydrogen Fluoride                          Decomposition of rod coatings.                                                                                                                                                                                                      Irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Overexposure can cause lung, kidney, bone and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               liver damage. Chronic exposure can result in chronic irritation of the nose, throat and bronchi.
Nitrogen Oxides                            Formed in the arc.                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Eye, nose and throat irritation in low concentrations. Abnormal fluid in the lung and other serious effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               at higher concentrations. Chronic effects include
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               lung problems such as emphysema.
Oxygen Deficiency                          Welding in confined spaces, and air displacement by shielding gas.                                                                                                                                                                  Dizziness, mental confusion, asphyxiation and death.
Ozone                                      Formed in the welding arc during open arc welding processes including Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW), Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), especially during plasma-arc, Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) processes.   Acute effects include fluid in the lungs. Very low concentrations (e.g., one part per million) cause headaches and dryness of the eyes. Chronic effects include significant changes in lung function.
Phosphine                                  Metal coated with rust inhibitors. Phosphine is formed by reaction                                                                                                                                                                  Irritant to eyes and respiratory system, can damage kidneys and other organs.
                                           of the rust inhibitor with welding radiation.

Source and Health Effect of Organic Vapours as a result of Welding
Gas Type                                                            Source                                                                                                         Health Effect

Aldehydes (such as formaldehyde)                                    Metal coating with binders and pigments. Degreasing solvents                                                   Irritant to eyes and respiratory tract.
Diisocyanates                                                       Metal with polyurethane paint.                                                                                 Eye, nose and throat irritation. High possibility of sensitization, producing asthmatic or other allergic symptoms, even at very low exposures.
Phosgene                                                            Metal with residual degreasing solvents. Phosgene is formed by reaction of the solvent and welding radiation.  Severe irritant to eyes, nose and respiratory system. Symptoms may be delayed.