Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00775:reg:18:p14
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2022L00775
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 18 (pt 14/152)
Character Range: 77928–80906

eligible for purchasing a recreational license. Harvest areas include King Island and the Hunter Island Group both in western Bass Strait; the Furneaux Island Group in eastern Bass Strait and Tasmania's West Coast, near Strahan. The season generally runs for 16 days with a daily bag limit of 25 birds (15 on the west coast).

Sooty Shearwaters (Ardenna grisea) and Grey-faced Petrels (Pterodroma gouldi) in New Zealand are subject to an annual harvest for their oil, feathers and meat (Rodriguez et al. 2019).

Wildlife Conservation Plan for Seabirds 29
 Threats

 Transport
 Shipping
Ships may directly affect seabirds through their activities close to colonies or roost sites. For example, the bright deck lights of some ships may disturb and disorientate roosting seabirds as well as cause collision with birds (discussed further in Light Pollution below). Indirect influences relate to pollution from ships such as oil spills and garbage.
The use of boats or other watercraft close to breeding islands and roost site requires regular monitoring and assessment. Boat strike causing mortality of Little Penguins has been recorded in inshore coastal environments (Cannell et al. 2016).

 Aircraft
The passage of aircraft, particularly those flying low over breeding islands, may adversely affect colonies through excessive disturbance. This has been documented in Australia, mainly in the Great Barrier Reef. Hicks et al. (1987) found that Sooty Terns and Common Noddies breeding on Michaelmas Cay took flight in reaction to the landing and departure of seaplanes within 400 m. On Lady Elliot Island in the southern Great Barrier Reef, small commercial aircraft regularly land on an airstrip which bisects the island. The airstrip is several meters from breeding colonies of Crested (Thalasseus bergii) and Bridled Terns (O. anaethetus) and Common Noddies. Apart from the occasional bird strike, no studies have been made on the potential impact on breeding success or displacement. Helicopters are used in the Great Barrier Reef to transport tourists to some resort islands. Frequency, approach and overflight height are all potential issues that impact nesting seabirds. Some species may be more sensitive to aircraft, whereas at sites regularly exposed to aircraft, the disturbance may be less severe due to habituation (Giese 1998; Giese and Riddle 1999).
In some areas, local no-fly guidelines have been implemented around nesting areas for White-bellied Sea Eagles to reduce the potential impacts of aircraft on individuals.

 Drones

Drones are being increasingly used in innovative ways to enhance environmental research and conservation (Hodgson et al. 2018). Despite their widespread use for wildlife studies, there are few scientifically justified guidelines that provide minimum distances at which wildlife can be approached to minimize visual and auditory disturbance. Determining these distances is essential to ensuring that behavioural and survey data have