Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p165
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 165/276)
Character Range: 619546–623525

available nest sites                                                                                    Possible (26–50%)         Minor        Low
6. Predation by rodents                                                                                            Almost certain (91–100%)  Extreme      Extreme
7. Predation by cats                                                                                               Almost certain (91–100%)  Extreme      Extreme
8. Predation or damage by chickens                                                                                 Unlikely (11–25%)         Negligible   Negligible
9. Predation by swamphens                                                                                          Likely (51–90%)           Moderate     Medium
10. Predation by Argentine ant                                                                                     Likely (51–90%)           Major        High
11. Competition from/change of habitat because of weed invasion                                                    Unlikely (11–25%)         Minor        Low
12. Infection by pathogens already present                                                                         Unlikely (11–25%)         Negligible   Negligible
13. Impacts of potential new invasive species or pathogens                                                         Possible (26–50%)         Unknown      Unknown
14. Changes to vegetation, increased fire risk and/or direct physiological stress as a result of climatic changes  Likely (51–90%)           Major        High
15. Problems caused by small populations, including lack of genetic diversity                                      Likely (51–90%)           Moderate     Medium

Management actions
Continue control of swamphens on Phillip Island. Retain status of pest-free Phillip Island through detection monitoring for introduced vertebrates and invertebrates. Maintain existing artificial breeding structures where standing camps have been removed and construct additional artificial breeding structures to improve breeding success. Protect natural nesting areas including appropriate weed control and revegetation.
Conduct annual monitoring of a subset (≥ 30) of known nesting sites (both natural and artificial) to provide a measure of breeding success. Nesting sites should be monitored in mid-January for birds incubating eggs and again rechecked in mid-April for fledglings. Near-fledged birds should be banded with Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS) bands. Nest surveys should be undertaken every three years for five days in January with a minimum of three nights of four-hour searches, to provide an estimate of population size and colony expansion.

Relevant literature
Carlile N & O'Dwyer T (2018) NI2016–26 Report to the Director national parks and Manager Norfolk Island National Park. Office of Environment and Heritage NSW.
Christian M (2005) Norfolk Island … the birds. Green Eyes Publications, Norfolk Island.
Clark BL, Carneiro APB, Pearmain EJ et al. (2023) Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds. Nature Communications 14, 3665.
Director of National Parks (2010) Norfolk Island Region Threatened Species Recovery Plan. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra.
Garnett ST & Baker GB (2021) The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Garnett ST & Crowley GM (2000) The Action Plan for Australian Birds. Environment Australia, Canberra.
Halpin LR, Carlile N, Baker GB & Garnett ST (2021) White-necked Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis cervicalis, in ST Garnett & GB Baker (eds), The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. pp. 177-179.
Halpin LR, Mott R, Clay TA, Humphries GRW, Chatwin TA, Carlile N & Clarke RH (2022) Predicting the foraging habitats of sympatrically breeding gadfly petrels in the South Pacific Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science 9,