Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p243
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 842391–846463

effective range of transmissions;
(c)           propagation of paths of radio waves:
             1.          ground waves;
             2.          sky waves;
(d)           factors affecting the propagation of radio waves and reception:
             1.          terrain;
             2.          ionosphere;
             3.         sun spot activity;
             4.         interference from electrical equipment;
             5.         thunderstorms;
             6.         power attenuation;
(e)           radio antennas:
             1.          characteristics of antennas;
             2.          use of antennas.
2.2.2              Describe the limitations of VHF and HF signals and factors affecting quality of reception and range of signal.

Unit 1.2.2                                   PAKC:  PPL aeronautical knowledge – all aircraft categories

1.                       Reserved

2.                       Power plants and systems
2.1                    Piston engines
2.1.1              Describe the meaning of full throttle height.
2.1.2              Describe the effect of increasing altitude and temperature on engine performance.
2.1.3              Describe the effect of the following factors on engine performance:
(a)           fuel/air mixture strength;
(b)           density height and altitude for:
             1.          normally aspirated engines; and
             2.          turbocharged/supercharged engines.
2.2                    Supercharging
2.2.1              Describe the purpose of supercharging.
2.2.2              Describe the common methods used to achieve supercharging.
2.2.3              Describe the device(s) used to limit supercharging of the intake system.
2.2.4              Describe the actions a pilot should take if engine limits are exceeded due to supercharging.
2.3                    Flight instruments
2.3.1              Explain the following terms:
(a)           pitot-static system;
(b)           pitot pressure static pressure;
(c)           alternate static source;
(d)           pressure error;
2.3.2              Describe the meaning of the following airspeeds:
(a)           indicated (IAS);
(b)           calibrated (CAS);
(c)           true (TAS).
2.3.3              For the following pressure instruments, state the effect of the factors listed under each instrument on the accuracy of the indications for that instrument:
(a)           ASI:
             1.          blockage/leaks (pitot or static);
             2.          manoeuvre induced errors (for example, sharp pull out from a dive);
(b)           VSI:
             1.          blockage of the static source;
             2.          lag;
             3.         the benefits of a IVSI;
(c)           Altimeter:
             1.          blockage of the static source;
             2.          lag;
             3.         incorrect subscale settings;
             4.         errors due to changes in atmospheric temperature and pressure.
2.3.4              For a direct reading magnetic compass, describe the principles of construction in relation to the following:
(a)           magnetic needles point to magnetic north;
(b)           fluid decreases oscillations and friction;
(c)           fluid in the compass should not contain bubbles;
(d)           pendulosity of magnet systems causes errors.
2.3.5              State the effect of the following errors on compass indications in the southern hemisphere:
(a)           turning errors;
(b)           acceleration errors.
2.3.6              State the purpose and use of a compass correction card to determine magnetic heading.
2.3.7              Describe the methods used to determine the serviceability of the primary flight instruments before commencing a flight.

3.                       Aeronautical radio telephony
3.1                    Operation of aeronautical radio systems
(a)           recall the phonetic alphabet and the method of transmitting numerals;
(b)           recall the correct use of aircraft call-signs;
(c)           state standard radio procedures for OCTA;
(d)