Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p330
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1147518–1151664

function;
(ii)            effect on V1;
(iii)          effect on TOW when runway-limited;
(f)             VR and V2:
(i)             interrelationship with V1;
(ii)            range of acceptable values;
(g)           allowance for headwind/tailwind;
(h)           allowance for abnormal runway surfaces:
(i)             wet;
(ii)            standing water/snow;
(iii)          gravel.
2.2.2              Take-off climb:
(a)           concept/purpose of take-off segments;
(b)           composition of segments:
(i)             first;
(ii)            second;
(iii)          third;
(iv)          fourth;
(c)           take-off climb gradients:
(i)             distinction between gross and net gradient;
(ii)            purpose of net gradient;
(d)           gradients required in each segment:
(i)             gross and net;
(ii)            two-, three- and four-engine aircraft;
(e)           obstacle clearance requirements:
(i)             take-off area (IMC case only);
(ii)            vertical clearance;
(f)             curved departures:
(i)             point at which turn may commence;
(ii)            bank angle;
(iii)          vertical clearance.
2.2.3              Take-off weight restrictions:
(a)           factors affecting the maximum permissible take-off weight, including;
(i)             structural limit;
(ii)            TODA limit;
(iii)          ASDA limit;
(iv)          second-segment climb limit;
(v)           effect of different flap settings:
(A)          lift-off speed;
(B)          lift-off distance;
(C)          second segment performance;
(vi)          effect of increased V2 ('V2 overspeed'):
(A)          lift-off speed;
(B)          lift-off distance;
(C)          second segment climb performance;
(vii)        typical penalties applied for non-standard take-off:
(A)          line-up allowance;
(B)          use of anti-ice;
(C)          non-availability of reverse thrust;
(D)          non-availability of anti-skid braking;
(E)          non-availability of ground spoilers;
(F)           abnormal runway surface.
         2.2.4              Effects of operating technique:
(a)           explain the effects of early or late rotation speed:
(i)             runway distance to lift-off;
(ii)            vertical clearance at runway end;
(b)           explain the effects of too-rapid or too-slow rotation rate:
(i)             runway distance to lift-off;
(ii)            obstacle clearance;
(c)           possibility of tail-strike or stall with early or rapid rotation.
2.2.5              Take-off thrust de-rating:
(a)           concept of de-rated thrust;
(b)           typical restrictions/limitations on use of de-rate;
(c)           typical de-rate values.
2.3                    Practical application – take-off
(a)           use typical operations manual data to determine either:
(i)             MTOW on given runway; or
(ii)            minimum runway length at given take-off weight incorporating any or all of the following variables:
(A)          runway slope;
(B)          wet runway;
(C)          wind component;
(D)          temperature;
(E)          altitude;
(F)           flap setting;
(G)          engine type and/or power derate setting;
(H)          obstacles of various heights at various distances;
(b)           use typical operations manual data to determine V1, VR and V2.
2.4                    Theory – landing performance
2.4.1              Runway:
(a)           derivation/basis of landing distance:
(i)             certification landing technique;
(ii)            factoring;
(b)           normal/abnormal runway surfaces;
(c)           allowance for wind.
2.4.2              Approach and touchdown:
(a)           determination/basis of VREF:
(i)             nominally 1.3 VS;
(ii)            typical additives for gust;
(b)           nominal approach path:
(i)             3o-degree slope;
(ii)            runway aim point (1,000 ft from threshold);
(iii)          threshold crossing height;
(iv)          compare with certification landing technique;
(c)           effect of different flap settings:
(i)             approach speed;
(ii)            visibility (cockpit cutoff