Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2017L00641:body:0:p30
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2017L00641
Segment Type: other
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Character Range: 93069–96146

of turtles can assume various forms, from collecting animals and eggs on nesting beaches, to taking animals at sea and includes illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing[113].
As the actions required to address international take differ based on the jurisdiction in which the take occurs, this plan considers the threat of international take as either take within or take outside Australia's jurisdiction.
Australia combats IUU fishing through aerial surveillance, sea patrols and real-time monitoring of international fishing vessels. Within the South-East Asia and the Pacific region, Australia works with fishing countries and regional fisheries management organisations to improve fisheries management capacity, strengthen surveillance and enforcement programs, share information and data and raise awareness of the impacts of IUU fishing through education and outreach programs. To address the threat from international trade, the Australian Government's a signatory to the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

International take outside Australia's jurisdiction
For the purposes of this recovery plan, international take outside Australia's jurisdiction involves marine turtle stocks that nest within Australia, but are taken outside Australian waters or turtles that forage within Australian waters, but are impacted by take when they migrate outside Australia's jurisdiction to breed. This take may be legal or illegal depending on the jurisdiction and manner in which the turtle is taken. While information is limited and unevenly available, trade hotspots have been identified within the Indian Ocean and south-east Asia region. Similarly, while all species of marine turtle are at risk from the impacts of illegal take and trade, the take of hawksbill turtles for the tortoiseshell trade is of particular concern[113, 171].

International take within Australia's jurisdiction
Take of marine turtles by foreign nationals within Australia's economic exclusion zone is illegal except for Traditional Inhabitants of the Papua New Guinea villages detailed in the Torres Strait Treaty. Fishing activities in the joint portion of the Torres Strait Protected Zone must be conducted in accordance with the Torres Strait Fisheries Act 1984.
There are reports of foreign vessels entering Australian waters to harvest hawksbill turtles for the tortoise shell trade and green turtles are targeted for meat and eggs[136].

4E Terrestrial predation
Marine turtles, their eggs, hatchlings and habitat can be impacted by introduced and native terrestrial predators, such as pigs, foxes, cats, dogs, dingoes, crocodiles, monitors and goannas, silver gulls or nankeen night herons, bandicoots, water rats, ghost crabs, tropical fire ants (also known as ginger ants or tramp ants) and hermit crabs[79, 102, 248, 250, 254]. Predation impacts occur either directly through disturbance of the nest and consumption of eggs, or consumption of hatchlings as they emerge. Nests are normally predated by a variety of species, although in