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worker before
the worker first commences lead risk work and 1 month after the worker first commences lead
risk work.
Further information on health monitoring can be found in the Health Monitoring for Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals – Guide for Persons Conducting a Business or Undertaking.

APPENDIX A – BY-PRODUCTS OF WELDING
This appendix contains information on types of fumes typically released during welding. Some of these substances have national exposure standards. You should refer to the Workplace Exposure Standards for Airborne Contaminants published on the Safe Work Australia website to determine
if an exposure standard has been set.

Source and Health Effect of Welding Fumes
Fume Type                                  Source                                                                                                                  Health Effect

Aluminium                                  Aluminium component of some alloys, e.g., nickel-chromium, copper, zinc, steel, magnesium, brass and filler materials.  Respiratory irritant.
Beryllium                                  Hardening agent found in copper, magnesium, aluminium alloys and electrical contacts.                                   "Metal Fume Fever." A carcinogen. Other chronic effects include damage to the respiratory tract.
Cadmium Oxides                             Stainless steel containing cadmium or plated materials, zinc alloy.                                                     Irritation of respiratory system, sore and dry throat, chest pain and breathing difficulty. Chronic effects include kidney damage and emphysema. Suspected carcinogen.
Chromium                                   Most stainless-steel and high-alloy materials, welding rods. Also used as plating material.                             Increased risk of lung cancer. Some individuals may develop skin irritation. Some forms are carcinogens (hexavalent chromium).
Copper                                     Alloys such as nickel-copper, brass, bronze. Also some welding rods.                                                    Acute effects include irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, nausea and "Metal Fume Fever."
Fluorides                                  Common electrode coating and flux material for both low-and high-alloy steels.                                          Acute effect is irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Long-term exposures may result in bone and joint problems. Chronic effects also include excess fluid in the lungs.
Iron Oxides                                The major contaminant in all iron or steel welding processes.                                                           Siderosis – a benign form of lung disease caused by particles deposited in the lungs. Acute symptoms include irritation of the nose and lungs. Tends to clear up when exposure stops.
Lead                                       Solder, brass and bronze alloys, primer/coating on steels.                                                              Chronic effects to nervous system, kidneys, digestive system and mental capacity. Can cause lead poisoning. Ototoxic and therefore risk of hearing loss.
Manganese                                  Most welding processes, especially high-tensile steels.                                                                 "Metal Fume Fever." Chronic effects may include central nervous system problems. Ototoxic and therefore risk of hearing loss.
Molybdenum                                 Steel alloys, iron, stainless steel, nickel alloys.                                                                     Acute effects are eye, nose and throat irritation, and shortness of breath.
Nickel                                     Stainless steel, nickel-chromium, nickel-copper and other high-alloy materials, welding rods and plated steel.          Acute effect is irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Increased cancer risk has been noted in occupations other than welding. Also associated with dermatitis and lung problems.
Vanadium                                   Some steel alloys, iron,