Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p346
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1202379–1206165

from the NDB, given heading and relative bearings.
15.2.5          Calculate heading to steer to intercept a new or original track to or from an NDB.
15.2.6          Calculate heading to steer to intercept desired inbound track before reaching the NDB.
15.2.7          Calculate relative bearing which will indicate that a desired track to or from an NDB has been intercepted, given the intercept heading.
15.2.8          Fix position, given relative bearing indications utilising 2 NDB stations.
15.3                GNSS
15.3.1          GNSS system components and principle of operation:
(a)           Describe the GNSS system and its principles of operation, including the following:
(i)             GNSS system components;
(ii)            space segment;
(iii)          GNSS Satellite signal;
(iv)          pseudo random code (C/A course acquisition code);
(v)           control segment;
(vi)          user segment (the GNSS receiver);
(vii)        pseudo ranging;
(viii)       principle of position fixing/minimum satellites required for navigation functions;
(ix)          TSO/performance limitations of various equipment types;
(x)           RAIM;
(xi)          masking function;
(xii)        receiver displays of system integrity;
(xiii)       operating modes – navigation with and without RAIM, DR.
(b)           Explain why GNSS uses the WGS84 coordinate system.
15.3.2          GNSS errors.
15.3.3          Describe the cause and magnitude of typical GNSS errors:
(a)           ephemeris;
(b)           clock;
(c)           receiver;
(d)           atmospheric and ionospheric;
(e)           multipath;
(f)             SA;
(g)           typical total error associated with C/A code;
(h)           effect of PDOP/GDOP on position accuracy;
(i)             susceptibility to interference;
(j)             comparison of vertical and horizontal errors;
(k)           tracking accuracy and collision avoidance.

16.                   Flight instrument errors
16.1.1          State how the compass is affected by turning error, acceleration and deceleration error.
16.1.2          State how the attitude indicator is affected by power source output, acceleration and deceleration error, and bank and pitch limits.

17.                   Human factors relevant to IFR operations
17.1.1          State the part played by the vestibular systems, namely the semicircular canals and otiliths, in helping the pilot maintain orientation.
17.1.2          State what circumstances aggravate vestibular disorientation, and how to overcome this problem.
17.1.3          State what causes, and may aggravate, vestibular disorientation such as somatogravic illusions, somatogyral illusions and 'graveyard spiral', coriolis effect, and 'leans'.
17.1.4          State conditions and causes under which visual illusions, such as 'false horizons', visual-cue illusions, relative motion illusions, 'flicker' effect', black hole' illusion, and autokinesis may occur.
17.1.5          Be aware of the human factors limitations associated with the use of GNSS equipment to provide safeguards against navigational errors and loss of situational awareness because of the following:
(a)           mode errors;
(b)           data entry errors;
(c)           data validation and checking, including independent cross-checking procedures;
(d)           automation induced complacency;
(e)           non-standardisation of the GNSS receiver units;
(f)             human information processing and situational awareness.

Section 2.3                         Aerial application rating and endorsements

Unit 2.3.1                                   AAGR:  aerial application rating – all aircraft categories

1.                       Reserved

2.                       Flight rules
2.1                    Legislation