Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p314
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1093973–1098003

(b)           reduced visibility:
(i)             distinction between fog, mist and haze;
(c)           hazards presented by reduced visibility:
(i)             in flight;
(ii)            on take-off or landing;
(iii)          unseen obstacles on runway;
(iv)          directional control, especially asymmetric roll control;
(v)           obstacle avoidance if direction deviates;
(d)           difference between horizontal and vertical visibility;
(e)           effects of vertical visibility being greater than horizontal visibility on final approach:
(i)             impression of greater visibility below aircraft's present height;
(ii)            tendency to duck under glide path;
(iii)          tendency to allow sink rate to increase;
(iv)          reduction of visibility after flaring.
2.4.2              Fog:
(a)           formation of fog:
(i)             mechanism;
(ii)            prerequisite conditions;
(b)           synoptic conditions favourable to the formation and clearing of:
(i)             radiation fog;
(ii)            advection fog;
(iii)          steam fog;
(iv)          frontal fog.
2.4.3              Other causes of reduced visibility:
(a)           effects of mist, smoke, dust, sand and sea spray;
(b)           conditions favourable for such effects to develop.
2.5                    Ice accretion
2.5.1              Airframe icing
(a)           mechanism by which airframe ice is formed:
(b)           types of icing:
(i)             atmospheric conditions associated with each type;
(c)           airframe areas most susceptible to icing:
(i)             factors affecting type, rate and severity of icing;
(d)           hazards presented by airframe icing;
(e)           environmental conditions presenting an icing hazard:
(i)             concept of visible moisture;
(ii)            maximum and minimum air temperatures.
2.5.2              Engine icing (turbine engines only):
(a)           conditions conducive to engine icing:
(i)             atmospheric conditions;
(ii)            aircraft conditions;
(b)           sections of engine most susceptible to icing:
(i)             factors affecting type, rate and severity of icing;
(c)           hazards presented by engine icing.
2.5.3              Reports of icing:
(a)           requirement to report;
(b)           classification of degree of icing.
2.6                    Air masses and fronts
2.6.1              Properties of an air mass:
(a)           concept of an air mass;
(b)           factors affecting the properties of an air mass:
(i)             description of an air mass.
2.6.2              Classification of air masses:
(a)           classification on basis of area of origin;
(b)           modifications due to advection.
2.6.3              Basic synoptic analysis:
(a)           high and low pressure areas:
(i)             relationship with air masses;
(b)           boundaries between air masses:
(i)             non-frontal boundaries;
(ii)            general/common situations;
(iii)          ridges;
(iv)          cols.
2.6.4              Fronts:
(a)           warm fronts:
(i)             formation/mechanism of warm front;
(ii)            associated clouds and weather;
(iii)          hazards presented by warm fronts;
(b)           cold fronts:
(i)             formation/mechanism of cold front;
(ii)            associated clouds and weather;
(iii)          hazards presented by cold fronts;
(c)           occluded fronts:
(i)             formation/mechanism of occluded front;
(ii)            associated clouds and weather;
(iii)          hazards presented by occluded fronts;
(d)           quasi-stationary fronts:
(i)             formation/mechanism of quasi-stationary front;
(ii)            associated clouds and weather;
(iii)          hazards presented by quasi-stationary fronts.
2.7                    Air masses and frontal analysis
2.7.1              Frontal depressions:
(a)           formation of frontal depressions;
(b)           warm and cold fronts:
(i)             occlusion process;
(c)