Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p332
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 1154814–1158778

the above.
(b)           effect of altitude and temperature variations:
(i)             fuel consumption;
(ii)            range;
(iii)          specific range;
(iv)          rate of climb.
3.2.2              Effect of operational decisions:
(a)           factors affecting choice of cruise speed (general discussion only):
(i)             direct costs;
(ii)            indirect costs;
(iii)          scheduled departure/arrival times;
(iv)          effect on connecting flights;
(v)           effects of competition;
(vi)          making up for delayed departure;
(b)           selection of cruise schedules:
(i)             economic cruise;
(ii)            LRC;
(iii)          use of high-speed cruise;
(iv)          selection of cruise altitude;
(v)           performance index for FMS input;
(c)           selection of descent point:
(i)             fuel used on descent;
(ii)            fuel used at low level;
(iii)          effect of early/late descent;
(d)           engine-out considerations.
3.2.3              En route flight path gradients:
(a)           en route climb gradient:
(i)             two-engine aircraft;
(ii)            three- and four-engine aircraft;
(b)           en route obstacle clearance (IMC case):
(i)             horizontal distance from obstacles;
(ii)            vertical clearance of obstacles;
(iii)          net gradient required at minimum clearance;
(c)           drift-down procedure:
(i)             increased vertical clearance required.
3.3                    Practical application
3.3.1              For the climb segment, given appropriate initial data, including variations from ISA, use typical operations manual information to determine each of the following:
(a)           time/distance/fuel used to a given altitude;
(b)           altitude reached after a given time or distance;
(c)           fuel/distance/time requirements for intermediate level changes.
3.3.2              Cruise and descent:
(a)           given appropriate initial data, including variations from ISA, use typical operations manual information to determine, under normal and engine-out conditions:
(i)             maximum and optimum cruise levels;
(ii)            TAS and fuel consumption at specified altitudes, adjusting for use of airconditioning packs, bleed air, etc. as required;
(iii)          maximum weight or temperature at which specified performance and/or altitudes can be attained;
(iv)          holding speeds and fuel consumption at specified and optimum altitudes;
(v)           appropriate descent points and calculate time/fuel used on descent.

4.                       Weight and balance
4.1                    Terminology
4.1.1              Explain, and be able to apply, the following terms and concepts in their correct context:
(a)           CG;
(b)           moment arm;
(c)           CG index;
(d)           CG envelope;
(e)           loading zones;
(f)             floor limits;
(g)           basic weight;
(h)           zero-fuel weight;
(i)             average weights for passengers and baggage;
(j)             approved load control system.
4.2                    Theory
4.2.1              Basic weight and balance:
(a)           explain the basic theory of CG and moments in respect to the following:
(i)             CG index;
(ii)            CG envelope;
(b)           explain the following terminology for weights:
(i)             basic weight;
(ii)            operating weight;
(iii)          zero-fuel weight;
(iv)          fuel weight;
(v)           payload;
(c)           explain the consequences of overloading on:
(i)             take-off performance;
(ii)            climb/cruise performance;
(iii)          aircraft structure;
(d)           understand requirement for passenger seal allocation and need to control seating changes in large aircraft.
4.2.2              Load control system:
(a)           describe purpose/function of a load control system:
(i)             weight control authority;