Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p233
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 809183–812947

dimensions;
(b)           temperature;
(c)           atmospheric pressure;
(d)           weight;
(e)           volume (liquids);
(f)             visibility.
2.5                    Basic physics
2.5.1              Describe the meaning of kinetic and potential energy and the relationship to basic aircraft operations.
2.5.2              Describe the meaning of 'aircraft energy state' with respect to kinetic and potential energy.
2.5.3              Describe the effects on 'aircraft energy state' of acceleration, deceleration, climb and descent.

3.                       Power plants and systems – basics
3.1                    Piston engine aircraft
3.1.1              Describe the basic principle of operation of a 4 stroke cycle internal combustion engine and state the purpose and function of the following components:
(a)           cylinders;
(b)           pistons;
(c)           piston rings;
(d)           inlet/exhaust valves;
(e)           crank shaft;
(f)             cam shaft;
(g)           spark plugs.
3.1.2              Describe the effect of increasing altitude and temperature on engine performance and how the following affect the power output of an engine:
(a)           throttle lever position;
(b)           RPM.
3.1.3              State the function of the following engine components and/or features:
(a)           carburettor;
(b)           throttle;
(c)           magneto, dual ignition;
(d)           alternator;
(e)           battery, battery compartment vent;
(f)             propeller;
(g)           circuit breaker, fuse, bus bar;
(h)           impulse start;
(i)             oil cooler;
(j)             fuel tank vents.
3.1.4              In relation to power plants and systems, state the purpose and importance of monitoring the following gauges:
(a)           RPM (tachometer);
(b)           CHT and EGT;
(c)           voltmeter, ammeter, loadmeter;
(d)           fuel pressure;
(e)           oil temperature and pressure.
3.1.5              Describe the purpose and function of an engine lubrication system in relation to engine cooling.
3.1.6              State the purpose of mixture control and describe the effect of excessively rich and lean mixture strengths on engine operation.
3.1.7              Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a simple carburettor and a direct injection system.
3.1.8              List typical services provided by the following systems in a light aircraft and the actions a pilot would take to rectify or detect a malfunction:
(a)           hydraulic system;
(b)           electrical system;
(c)           ignition system;
(d)           vacuum system.
3.2                    Fuels and oils
3.2.1              Describe the following in relation to fuels:
(a)           the sources of fuel contamination;
(b)           the advantages and disadvantages of fuelling prior to overnight parking;
(c)           how to identify different grades of aviation fuel;
(d)           the hazards/problems with:
(i)             mixing different hydraulic fluids;
(ii)            using incorrect grades of fuel.
3.3                    Engine handling
3.3.1              State the causes and effects of detonation, limited to improper use of mixture control, MP/RPM, and use of incorrect fuel octane.
3.3.2              Describe the effect on an engine of the following:
(a)           prolonged idling;
(b)           using incorrect mixture settings in flight.
3.3.3              State reasons for the following limitations/actions:
(a)           minimum oil pressure;
(b)           minimum/maximum oil temperature;
(c)           minimum/maximum CHT;
(d)           maximum RPM;
(e)           ignition checks: pre-take-off and shutdown;
(f)             prolonged use of starter motor;
(g)           use of