Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p97
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 97/276)
Character Range: 405437–408710

be closely integrated with delivery of management. Experimental research is needed to test the effectiveness of different management approaches. Research is also needed to improve our understanding of Norfolk Island's ecosystems and biodiversity in general and to determine the status of some currently unlisted endemic species.

4.6.1        Monitoring
Adaptive management requires well-targeted and informative monitoring, which must be seen as an integral part of management. To support effective evaluation and improvement (see section 4.6.2), monitoring will be needed across chains of linked indicators. Typically, these chains will include four elements (Figure 7):
 1.         A measure of resources expended
 2.         An indicator of management outputs (relating to delivery of direct actions outlined in section 4.4)
 3.         One or more indicators of pressures (relating to management targets outlined in section 4.3)
 4.         One or more indicators of species populations (relating to targets outlined in section 4.2)
Figure 7 An example of a chain of linked indicators, representing the monitoring of a sequence of results towards a final target for a threatened species
Choice of indicators should take into consideration:
    * Relevance:
          Information content in relation to the variable of interest (such as threatened species population, threat, or management action)
          Specificity to the variable
          Sensitivity to changes over time
    * Measurability:
          Feasibility of measurement
          Confidence in accuracy and precision
The inclusion of pressure indicators (providing information on a pressure that is impeding recovery of one or more species) and 'value' indicators (providing direct information about populations of threatened species) is essential—it is vital to go beyond simply measuring actions delivered and include measurement of desired outcomes. Monitoring across all management programs, with coordinated and consistent methods across different sites and land tenures, will provide a comprehensive and integrated picture of trends in threatened species as well as the factors that are expected to influence those species (Figure 8).

Actions
    * Complete the design of a comprehensive and integrated monitoring plan, covering all the major management programs and including finalisation of appropriate resource, management, pressure and threatened species indicators, with associated protocols for survey methods, frequency of data collection, and survey locations.
    * Where appropriate, the monitoring plan should be consistent with existing national standards for evaluating outcomes, such as the National standards for the practice of ecological restoration in Australia (SERA 2017).
    * Implement the monitoring plan, including prompt analysis and interpretation of data collected to inform evaluation.
Figure 8 Schematic overview of a possible integrated monitoring program to comprehensively track results across major management programs
Text in boxes indicates broad indicators that may require further refinement, including considering possible sub-indicators stratified spatially or by other relevant covariates. Many management indicators can be divided into two levels –