Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p249
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 864618–868239

headphones and speaker.
4.6.7              Describe the difference between a distress and emergency message and the standard phrases used.
4.6.8              Extract radio failure procedures from ERSA.
4.6.9              In relation to the use of an aeronautical radiotelephone describe the controls used to transmit and receive, including audio panel selections.
4.7                    Radio waves
4.7.1              Describe the basic principles and characteristics of radio waves, wave propagation, transmission and reception:
(a)           radio frequency band ranges (MF, HF, VHF, UHF);
(b)           properties of radio waves and the effective range of transmissions;
(c)           propagation of paths of the following types of radio wave:
             1.          ground waves;
             2.          sky waves;
(d)           factors affecting the propagation of radio waves and reception with respect to the following:
             1.          terrain;
             2.          ionosphere;
             3.         sun spot activity;
             4.         interference from electrical equipment;
             5.         thunderstorms;
             6.         power attenuation;
(e)           the following types of radio antennas:
             1.          characteristics of antennas;
             2.          use of antennas.
4.7.2              Describe the limitations of VHF and HF signals and factors affecting quality of reception and range of signal.

Unit 1.2.10 CAKA:  CPL aeronautical knowledge – aeroplane

5.                       Reserved

6.                       Engine and systems
6.1                    Propellers
6.1.1              Compare the performance characteristics of various propeller and engine systems, including the following:
(a)           aeroplanes with fixed pitch propellers and those fitted with a variable pitch propeller;
(b)           engine operation (within limits) at high MP/low RPM and low MP/high RPM;
(c)           normally aspirated and turbocharged/supercharged engines.
6.1.2              Explain the following with regard to a variable pitch propeller adopting either a full fine or full coarse pitch when the propeller oil pressure is lost:
(a)           centrifugal twisting moment (CTM) tends to reduce (fine) pitch;
(b)           counter weights, when used, increase (coarsen) pitch;
(c)           oil pressure is used to decrease pitch if counterweights are fitted;
(d)           oil pressure is used to increase pitch if counterweights are not fitted.
6.1.3              Describe the following terms:
(a)           blade angle, helix angle/pitch;
(b)           propeller thrust and torque;
(c)           thrust horsepower (THP);
(d)           brake horsepower (BHP);
(e)           asymmetric blade effect.
6.1.4              Describe how a propeller converts engine power into thrust and explain what is meant by fine and course pitch stops.
6.2                    Constant speed units (CSU)
6.2.1              Explain the principle of operation of a CSU.
6.2.2              Describe the effect of a CSU malfunction on engine operation.
6.2.3              Explain the method of using engine controls in the event of a malfunction of a CSU.
6.2.4              Describe the cockpit indications in an aeroplane fitted with a variable pitch propeller which could signify:
(a)           the presence of engine ice; and
(b)           when engine ice has been cleared after application of 'carb heat'.
6.2.5              Explain the effect of using carburettor heat on aeroplanes fitted with a CSU.
6.2.6              Describe how power output is controlled when