Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050:body:0:p265
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025C00050
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 920669–924699

when turning around a ground feature;
(h)           effects of slipping and skidding.
2.1.8              Autorotation
(a)           definition;
(b)           autorotative forces/drag;
(c)           effects of airflow on vertical autorotation;
(d)           effects of airflow on forward autorotation;
(e)           rate of descent requirements for autorotation:
(i)             minimum rate of descent, maximum air range;
(f)             effect of weight, altitude, temperature.
2.1.9              Rotor blades
(a)           feathering, taper, washout, lift distribution;
(b)           flapping, flapping to equality;
(c)           dragging;
(d)           changing blade CG;
(e)           limits of rotor RPM.
2.1.10          Tail rotor
(a)           principles of operation – pitch control;
(b)           primary and additional purpose;
(c)           auto rotation;
(d)           tail rotor drift;
(e)           tail rotor roll;
(f)             tail rotor flapping, shrouded rotors.
2.1.11          Ground resonance
(a)           definition;
(b)           causes of ground resonance;
(c)           recovery action.
2.1.12          Vortex ring state
(a)           how vortex rings develop;
(b)           effect of ROD-flow and tip vortex action on rotor thrust;
(c)           effects of power and airspeed on vortex ring state;
(d)           flight conditions leading to vortex ring state;
(e)           tail rotor vortex ring state;
(f)             loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).
2.1.13          Retreating blade stall
(a)           conditions which could cause retreating blade stall;
(b)           effect of reverse flow, effect of airspeed on stall angle;
(c)           factors effecting the advancing blade;
(d)           symptoms and recovery from retreating blade stall;
(e)           methods to minimize retreating blade stall (swept tips);
(f)             effect of altitude on VNE.
(g)           forward speed limiting factors.
2.1.14          Blade sailing, dynamic roll-over, mast bumping
(a)           definitions;
(b)           cause of blade sailing and prevention;
(c)           forces in dynamic roll-over;
(d)           avoidance of dynamic roll-over;
(e)           factors effecting mast bumping/flapping amplitude;
(f)             avoidance of mast bumping.

3.                       Airframe and systems
3.1                    Flight controls
3.1.1              Review flight controls:
(a)           primary flight controls;
(i)             pitch and roll (cyclic), yaw, collective;
(ii)            trim systems;
(iii)          canted tail rotor;
(iv)          sweep back on tips;
(v)           shrouded tail rotor.
3.1.2              Aerodynamic enhancements:
(a)           canted tail rotor;
(b)           sweep back on tips;
(c)           shrouded tail rotor;
(d)           tail surfaces, fins, end plates, stabilators.
3.1.3              Powered controls:
(a)           methods of transmitting demand to control surfaces;
(b)           feedback;
(c)           natural and artificial feel;
(d)           possibility/availability of manual reversion.
3.2                    Airconditioning
3.2.1              Typical air supply system:
(a)           power sources:
(i)             engine, transmission, driven compressor;
(ii)            bleed air;
(iii)          gas turbine compressor;
(iv)          turbo-charger compressor;
(b)           typical services provided;
(c)           availability of services:
(i)             possibility of limitations during take-off and landing or during engine start.
3.2.2              Airconditioning system
(a)           types of systems:
(i)             freon;
(ii)            air cycle machine;
(b)           brief outline of operation of system:
(i)             single zone; and
(ii)            multi-zone;
(c)           purpose and need for humidifier.
3.3                    Ice and rain protection
3.3.1              Distinction between anti-ice and de-ice systems.
3.4                    Landing gear
3.4.1              Wheel systems
(a)           main