Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288:reg:3:p2
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2013C00288
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 2/5)
Character Range: 2491466–2494470

(1992) for chlordane in soil. No additional data is available to suggest more significant dermal absorption values are relevant for chlordane.

3.3.3         Inhalation of Dust
Chlordane is not considered sufficiently volatile to be of significance and inhalation exposures associated with particulates outdoors and indoors are expected to be of less significance than ingestion of soil. While likely to be negligible, potential inhalation exposures associated with dust have been considered in the HIL derived.

3.3.4         Plant Uptake
Chlordane has the potential to bioconcentrate in terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are few studies available on the potential for plant uptake. Chlordane has a high Koc value (log Koc = 3.496.3, ATSDR 1994) suggesting that the compound is largely bound to soil particulates and immobile in soil. In addition, chlordane has a low solubility in water. For plant uptake to be significant, the chemicals must be able to partition to soil water. Information available from EFSA (2007) notes that chlordane is considered a non-systemic (not taken up by the plant) insecticide. Hence, with respect to chlordane bound to the soil, this is considered to be insignificant and negligible.

3.3.5         Intakes from Other Sources – Background
The review presented by Di Marco (1993) in the derivation of the previous HIL included a review of intakes (using available Australian data) that may be derived from water, air (including homes where termiticide treatment had occurred), soil and food. It is noted that use of chlordane was phased out in all states/territories except the Northern Territory in 1995. In 1997, chlordane was allowed to be used in the Northern Territory until stocks of the product were exhausted. Chlordane is now banned in Australia and hence background intakes estimated by Di Marco (1993) associated with product use are no longer relevant.

Background intakes of chlordane (where the product is not used) range from 0.1 ng/kg/day for adults to 0.46 ng/kg/day for children (where food intakes were most significant). Food Standards Australia and New Zealand has not detected chlordane in any sample in the 19th, 20th or 23rd food surveys (FSANZ 2003; FSANZ 2011). Hence, background intakes would be expected to be negligible. Assuming a negligible background intake is considered appropriate, based on current information.

3.4              Identification of Toxicity Reference Values

3.4.1         Classification
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 2001) has classified chlordane as Group 2B—possibly carcinogenic to humans.

It is also noted that US EPA has classified chlordane as B2—probable human carcinogen (last reviewed in 1998).

3.4.2         Review of Available Values/Information
As chlordane has been banned from use in a number of countries, there are few recent studies/reviews available. Review of chlordane by the European Food Safety Committee (EFSA 2007) provided a review of long-term toxicity studies,