Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287:reg:3:p42
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2025L00287
Segment Type: reg
Provision Reference: reg 3 (pt 42/276)
Character Range: 166377–170896

also includes plantations of native species such as pine plantations.
Source: Invasive Species Council & TierraMar 2021.
Table 13 Plant communities of Phillip Island
Community                                 Key species                                    Proposed pre-European occurrence                                                                                      2008 occurrence
Pine hardwood subtropical forest              * Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk pine)    Valley floors and adjacent lower slopes                                                                               There are only a handful of remnant rainforest trees remaining on the island other than Araucaria heterophylla and Lagunaria patersonia
                                              * Lagunaria patersonia (white oak)
                                              * Celtis paniculata (whitewood)
                                              * Capparis nobilis
White oak forest / low forest                 * Lagunaria patersonia (white oak)         Covered much of the island, on most slopes                                                                            White oak is regenerating across the island
                                              * Phormium tenax (flax)
Exposed cliff edge shrubland                  * Coprosma baueri (coastal coprosma)       Near high cliffs in the south‑western and western parts of the island                                                 On the cliff edges on the highest parts of the island
                                              * Phormium tenax (flax)
                                              * Lagunaria patersonia (white oak)
Moo-oo headland sedgeland                     * Cyperus lucidus (moo-oo)                 Dominated large parts of the island, particularly exposed headlands and slopes around the island and the high ridges  Extensive areas across much of the eastern parts of the island
                                              * Achyranthes aspera (chaff flower)
                                              * Carpobrotus glaucescens (pigface)
Salt couch foreshore grassland                * Sporobolus virginicus (salt couch)       Foreshores around the island where there is gentle topography                                                         At the rear of rock platforms almost at sea level and in the mouths of some of the valleys and on West End
                                              * Lobelia anceps (native lobelia)
                                              * Wollastonia biflora (mile‑a-minute)
Pigface herbland                              * Carpobrotus glaucescens (pigface)        Cliffs and cliff edges overlooking the sea                                                                            Grows extensively on the cliffs and around the fringes of the island
                                              * Achyranthes aspera (chaff flower)
Non-native olive low forest / shrubland       * Olea europaea cuspidata (African olive)  None                                                                                                                  Extensive stands on the western part of the island
Non-native red-leg grass grassland            * Bothriochloa macra (red-leg grass)       None                                                                                                                  A large patch above Owen's Camp, and scattered small areas across the island
Non-native paspalum grassland                 * Paspalum dilatatum                       None                                                                                                                  Extensive on the valley floors and some adjacent slopes.

The first six plant communities described have been postulated by Mills (2009b) for pre-European Phillip Island. Remnants and/or regrowth of these communities can be found on Phillip Island today.
Source: Mills 2009b.

Distribution of plant communities
The distribution of plant communities existing in 1750 and present in 2020 are shown in Map 11 and Map 12. Table 14 summarises the area of native plant communities (remnant and non-remnant) on Norfolk Island predicted for 1750 and estimated for 2020. Table 15 summarises the current distribution of remnant plant communities by proportion across tenure types, dividing land into the Norfolk Island National Park, public reserves, and other land.
Map 11 Norfolk Island native plant communities present