Document ID: chunk:federal_register_of_legislation:F2007L01320:body:0:p7
Version: federal_register_of_legislation:F2007L01320
Segment Type: other
Provision Reference: 
Character Range: 16116–19014

of up to 40% in 30 years indicate that few paddock trees will survive past the next century if current attrition rates continue (Carruthers and Paton in press). In the south-east of South Australia, paddock tree decline over the next 50 years has been estimated to be as high as 36%, based on authorised clearance records (Carruthers et al. 2004) and regional dieback estimates, with 65% of the predicted loss from authorised clearance. Research indicates that revegetation offsets are yet to be proven as effective replacement habitat, at least in the short to medium term (Carruthers and Paton in press). Offset plantings of Buloke will not become suitable cockatoo foraging habitat for at least 100 years (Maron and Lill 2004).

Maron (2004) found that over a 15 year period (1982-1997) Buloke tree loss averaged 33% in three cropping areas and was as low as 4% in a predominantly sheep grazing area. The most significant factor in the loss of trees was the installation of centre pivot irrigation systems. The burning of crop stubble, a common practice in the area, also resulted in Buloke tree deaths. In addition, much of the Buloke regeneration along roadsides is too dense to provide suitable foraging habitat (Maron 2004).

2.4 Grazing impacts on foraging sites (High priority)
Uncontrolled grazing is a major threat contributing to the death and decline of trees on private land throughout the range (Cutten and Hodder 2002). For example, in four paddocks near Naracoorte regularly used for feeding, 76% of stringybarks had some degree of ringbarking caused by cattle, and 15% were dead (R Hill in litt.). Cattle can also kill mature Bulokes (Maron in litt.).

2.5 Fragmentation of foraging habitat (Medium priority)
Red-tailed Black-Cockatoos use both fragmented and intact foraging habitat (Maron 2000, Hill in prep), but the energetic costs of foraging in highly fragmented stringybark areas may lead to reduced viability in such areas (Koch 2003). The disappearance of Carnaby's Cockatoo from parts of its former range was linked to severe habitat fragmentation (Saunders 1990). Habitat fragmentation brings with it a host of degrading impacts which need to be addressed at a landscape scale (Reid and Landsberg 2000, Radford et al. 2004, Ryan 2004). ForestrySA assisted through funding from South-East NRM Board are beginning to link South-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo habitat sites to private land sites in consultation with South Australia's Department for Environment and Heritage (SA DEH).

2.6 Weed invasion of foraging habitat (Medium priority)
Substantial areas of foraging habitat have been cleared for Pine Pinus radiata plantations.  Subsequently, wildling pines have established themselves in large numbers in nearby remnant stringybark woodlands, particularly in southern areas.  Pines suppress the growth of young stringybarks and most understorey plants, and