sileod/deberta-v3-small-tasksource-nli
Zero-Shot Classification
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2,395 | Screenwriter moviegoers are those who don't mind being spoiled by spoilers and even inquire about plot introductions and review all kinds of movies in advance. This kind of moviegoers pursue the feeling of controlling the development of the plot and don't like surprises. | Xiao Li belongs to the screenwriter moviegoers according to the above definition, because he is fond of suspense movies, enjoys brain-burning plots, and assumes the role of a detective when watching movies. | not-entailment |
12,605 | The goblin fern, which requires a thick layer of leaf litter on the forest floor, is disappearing from North American forests. In spots where it has recently vanished, the leaf litter is unusually thin and, unlike those places where this fern still thrives, is teeming with the European earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, which eats leaf litter. L. rubellus is thus probably responsible for the fern' s disappearance. | L. rubellus does not favor habitats where the leaf litter layer is considerably thinner than what is required by goblin ferns is an assumption on which the argument depends. | entailment |
4,784 | Since last year, real estate prices in many major cities across the country, including Guangzhou, have increased by varying degrees, and some cities have even hit recent highs. This is also since the state introduced a series of control measures last year, and real estate prices have risen again. This also public opinion has once again launched a debate on whether the economy is overheating. In this context, some people believe that the macro-control measures introduced by the country last year have not achieved the expected results. | If the country does not introduce a series of macro-control measures, real estate prices may rise even higher can most effectively refute the above conclusion. | entailment |
11,024 | Although many political candidates object to being made the target of advertising designed to cast them in an adverse light, such advertising actually benefits its targets because most elections have been won by candidates who were the targets of that kind of advertising. | The pattern of flawed reasoning in the argument most closely parallels that in which one of the following: Although many actors dislike harsh reviews of their work, such reviews actually help their careers because most of the really prestigious acting awards have gone to actors who have had performances of theirs reviewed harshly. | entailment |
13,233 | Downtown Petropolis boasted over 100 large buildings 5 years ago. Since then, 60 of those buildings have been demolished. Since the number of large buildings in a downtown is an indicator of the economic health of that downtown, it is clear that downtown Petropolis is in a serious state of economic decline. | There have never been significantly more than 100 large buildings in downtown Petropolis is an assumption required by the argument. | not-entailment |
5,408 | All foreign students from China live on campus; All students living on campus must participate in the sports meeting; Some Chinese students have joined the student union; Some students majoring in psychology have also joined the student union; None of the psychology majors took part in the sports meeting | Some Chinese students majored in psychology cannot be drawn as a conclusion. | entailment |
4,427 | Technological innovation is a complete process from the generation of new products or processes to market application. It includes a series of activities from the generation of new ideas, research, development, commercial production to promotion; From commercial production to promotion, it is the process of promoting the creation of brand intellectual property rights. | Technicians have introduced and absorbed foreign developed technologies, designed and produced high-speed EMUs with independent intellectual property rights, and have been applied to Beijing Tianjin, Wuhan Guangzhou and other lines belongs to technological innovation according to the above definition. | entailment |
12,087 | A study of 8, 000 randomly chosen adults in a European country found that 75 percent of those who consumed alcohol an average of twice or more per week over a six-month period suffered at least one cold during that period. We can tentatively conclude from this that consuming alcohol tends to increase one' s susceptibility to colds. | The statement 'Eighty percent of those in the study who consumed alcohol three times or more per week suffered colds over the six-month period' would most weaken the argument. | not-entailment |
15,103 | Balance is particularly important when reporting the 5. background of civil wars and conflicts. Facts must not be deliberately manipulated to show one party in a favorable light, and the views of each side should be fairly represented. This concept of balance, however, does not justify concealing or glossing over basic injustices in an effort to be even-handed. If all the media were to adopt such a perverse interpretation of balanced reporting, the public would be given a picture of a world where each party in every conflict had an equal measure of justice on its side, contrary to our experience of life and, indeed, our common sense. | The main point of the argument is that balanced reporting presents the public with a picture of the world in which all sides to a conflict have equal justification. | not-entailment |
4,151 | The current reforms in China means the reorganization and innovation of the social structure. The marketization of economy and the democratization of politics are the two wheels of modern society. But the development of democratic politics depends not only on the construction of democratic system, but also on the cultural identity of democratic system. Without this, democratic politics both lacks the source, and can appear the situation of operation invalidation. | The implementation of democratic politics is beneficial to social progress under any circumstances can be inferred. | not-entailment |
7,893 | Food safety has become a hot issue in modern society. A social survey of a city this year showed that 29.2% of the respondents had sense of security. 23.8% of the respondents did not have sense of security, compared with 22.4% and 32.6% last year. As a result, investigators assert that the city's public sense of security for food has improved this year and that the overall situation of food safety is better than last year. | The statement 'This year, some respondents did not express their attitudes towards food safety' is the most likely to question the above findings. | not-entailment |
4,207 | Educational balance refers to ensuring equal rights and obligations to citizens or future citizens through laws and regulations, providing relatively equal educational opportunities and conditions through policy formulation and adjustment and resource allocation, and achieving a relative balance of educational effects and opportunities for success with an objective and fair attitude and scientific and effective methods. | According to the above definition, A city decided not to implement the policy of allocating funds, but to allocate funds to schools with poor hardware conditions, and strive to make all schools in the city within three years of the basic balance of hardware conditions is not part of implementing educational balance. | not-entailment |
10,895 | Montgomery, a biologist who is also well read in archaeology, has recently written a book on the origin and purpose of ancient monumental architecture. This book has received much positive attention in the popular press but has been severely criticized by many professional archaeologists for being too extreme. Montgomery' s views do not deserve a negative appraisal, however, since those views are no more extreme than the views of some professional archaeologists. | The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to establish that professional archaeologists' views that are at least as extreme as Montgomery's views do not deserve negative appraisal for that reason. | entailment |
1,868 | The earliest foundation of Beijing was Youzhou City in the Tang Dynasty. in the following thousand years, Beijing had four large-scale development, or expansion, or new construction, namely, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty and the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. the inner city built in the early Ming Dynasty and the outer city built after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the convex wall of Beijing was completed in this way. The Qing Dynasty inherited Beijing of the Ming Dynasty, leaving the overall layout system unchanged until modern times. | Beijing expanded its outer city in the early Ming Dynasty can be seen to be correct. | entailment |
1,552 | In the fable of the race between the tortoise and the hare, the rabbit who is good at running is a negative example. But among the marathon runners, the rabbit plays a glorious role. Rabbit, whose scientific name is speed match, is responsible for guiding runners to run at a steady pace and finish the race within a preset time. Running is considered to be a lonely sport, but once you appear on the field as a rabbit, you can't just focus on refreshing your own results. instead, a qualified rabbit should emphasize his sense of existence. Pass on the confidence of finishing the race and the sense of stability of running to the runners who follow them. | The correct interpretation of 'Rabbit is duties' is 'Compete at a level and constantly transcend self-limitations.' | entailment |
4,699 | Crisis management planning refers to a comprehensive process of some methods and measures to prevent the outbreak of a crisis or reduce and eliminate the risks and losses caused by the crisis, so as to make people more effectively master things and social public opinion through planning means. | The statement 'The house suddenly collapsed. Xiao Liu escaped from the crack because of his short stature and fast running' does not belong to crisis management planning according to the above definition. | entailment |
3,272 | A German scientist did a study in which he showed a group of 6-month-old babies pictures of the same size and color. Some pictures showed flowers or fish, and others showed spiders or snakes. They found that the babies did not respond significantly to pictures of flowers or fish, but all had significantly larger pupils when shown pictures of spiders or snakes. As a result, the scientist believes fear of dangerous animals is something we are born with, not learned. | The premise of the above argument is that dilated pupils are a sign of stress or fear. | entailment |
7,339 | Extended products refer to the sum of various benefits that customers receive when purchasing products. | A shopping mall's New Year's offer is that the top 100 customers can buy a new mobile phone for only 100 yuan are extended products. | not-entailment |
5,587 | Some people will not feel tired even if they are under high-intensity pressure for a long time, while others will feel tired after doing a little work, which may be related to different genes in addition to different physique or habits. Through the observation of the genome of 50 patients with chronic syndrome, the research team of the University of Glasgow in England found that some genes of these patients are the same age, Healthy people of the same sex have different genes. | Scientists have identified the genes that cause chronic fatigue syndrome can best support the application of the research results in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. | entailment |
2,351 | early education, which originated in Germany, is an interactive activity that allows children to achieve physical, emotional, intellectual, personality, spiritual and other aspects of coordinated development and healthy growth in the process of playing and communicating with their parents. to put it simply, it is a way of interaction between parents and children, which aims to promote the growth of children. The early education of Chinese families is a different story. In a survey of early education, it is found that advanced education for young children is mainly focused on literacy, reading, computer, English and Japanese, etc.; except that many kindergartens have been involved in characteristic classes, parents spend more time taking their children to attend training courses and work on Chinese, English and math. | China's early education should focus on knowledge learning conforms to the context. | entailment |
14,150 | Although the geological record contains some hints of major meteor impacts preceding mass extinctions, there were many extinctions that did not follow any known major meteor impacts. Likewise, there are many records of major meteor impacts that do not seem to have been followed by mass extinctions. Thus the geological record suggests that there is no consistent causal link between major meteor impacts and mass extinctions. | The assumption that if there were a consistent causal link between major meteor impacts and mass extinctions, then all major meteor impacts would be followed by mass extinctions enables the argument's conclusion to be properly inferred. | entailment |
2,091 | Beber's law means that when someone experiences a strong stimulus, the first big stimulus can dilute the influence of the second small stimulus. | According to the above definition, the verse 'After seeing the rough sea, the water in other places is not worth mentioning' does not conform to the connotation of Beber's law. | not-entailment |
13,922 | Theories generated by scientific research were used to develop several products that, although useful, damage the environment severely. The scientists who conducted the research, however, should not be held responsible for that damage, since they merely generated the theories and could neither foresee nor restrict the kinds of products that might be designed using those theories. | Individuals should be held responsible for the foreseeable undesirable consequences of the activities that they perform and receive credit for the foreseeable desirable consequences of those activities justifies the conclusion above. | not-entailment |
2,015 | The consumer market in social life is one of the important areas that embody the market concept. Strive to improve product quality, service quality is the manufacturer, there is no denying the responsibility of the business and the concept of customer supremacy is also an indisputable marketing concept. But it is indeed a common prejudice that the customer is God. Because one side pays the money between the consumer and the consumer provider, the other side provides the corresponding product, or the other side provides the service, of course, the other party has to pay the equivalent price. In essence, there is no distinction between high and low. | The passage is intended to emphasize that there is an equal trading relationship between consumers, manufacturers, and merchants. | entailment |
4,149 | It is often more important to ask a question than to solve it.Because solving a problem may be a mathematical or experimental skill.It is often more important to ask a question than to solve it. Because problem solving may be a mathematical or experimental skill. To ask new questions requires creativity and imagination, and it marks real progress in science. | People who lack creativity and imagination are not good at asking questions can be inferred from the above. | entailment |
11,878 | Until about 400 million years ago, fishes -- the first true swimmers -- were jawless. Their feeding methods were limited to either sucking in surface plankton or sucking in food particles from bottom mud. With the development of biting jaws, however, the life of fishes changed dramatically, since jaws allowed them actively to pursue prey, to seize it in their jaws, and to manipulate it between their teeth. The jawed fishes then developed along two main lines: one retained cartilage for its skeletons, for example, sharks and rays; the other adopted bone as its principal skeletal material. From the latter group evolved the most abundant and diverse of all of today' s vertebrate groups, the teleosts, some 21, 000 species, which vary from barracudas to sea horses. | Fish are the primary prey of all jawed fishes must also be true if all of the statements in the passage are true. | not-entailment |
1,365 | Just look at the growing machine replacement craze, in the current tight labor supply background, it has not seen an obvious negative impact on employment. Moreover, the deepening of the industry and the refinement of the division of labor brought about by the scientific and technological revolution may lead to more job opportunities. But the categorical denial that there is no contradiction between machine replacement and full employment is overly optimistic. At present, employees who engage in repetitive, routine and high-risk jobs are most likely to be eliminated in the man-machine competition. In the face of the renewal of science and technology, we should not easily give up the traditional manufacturing industry which is conducive to increasing employment in the structural reform, and we also need to speed up the development of modern service industries that are conducive to absorbing the employed population. | The statement 'In the structural reform, attention should be paid to taking measures to alleviate the impact of machines on employment' tells the gist of the passage. | entailment |
119 | Compensatory wage gap: refers to the wage difference caused by the non-monetary characteristics of different jobs. | According to the above definition, the annual income of meter readers in a city's power system being higher than the city's per capita wages, and the high wages being used to compensate employees for the physical and mental labor consumed in the work process is not related to compensatory wages. | not-entailment |
622 | The reverse fallacy refers to a logical error in judging whether an opinion is correct or not based on the result generated if a certain opinion is valid (or not). | The statement 'Because you are late, the customer is angry, and the company loses a big contract. Therefore, it's all your fault' has reverse fallacy according to the above definition. | not-entailment |
12,921 | It was once believed that cells grown in laboratory tissue cultures were essentially immortal. That is, as long as all of their needs were met, they would continue dividing forever. However, it has been shown that normal cells have a finite reproductive limit. A human liver cell, for example, divides 60 times and then stops. If such a cell divides 30 times and then is put into a deep freeze for months or even years, it remembers where it stopped dividing. After thawing, it divides another 30 times -- but no more. | If the information above is accurate, a liver cell in which more than 60 divisions took place in a tissue culture CANNOT be a normal human liver cell that had been frozen after its first division and afterward thawed. | entailment |
5,930 | There is a multiple illusion among the employed: that in this era of diversification and openness, everyone is responsible for their own future, and their choices for the future path are diversified and free. But just look at the reality and you will know this. The goal of this choice is singular.Everyone rushed to the city, staring at high-paying white-collar positions, thinking that it was a choice of personality, but actually all merged into the same river; thought it was plural, but was actually assimilated into a single; thought it was a free choice ,actually imprisoned by a closed mind-this is the multiple illusion. | Competition for high-paying jobs will become more intense can be derived from the information provided. | entailment |
781 | Recently, scientists in a certain country are trying to use particle accelerators to treat cancer. They put several tumor cell cultures, including glial cells, in a plexiglass vessel that simulates a human head. Then put this human head within the scope of the particle accelerators. For the first time, scientists accumulate a sufficient amount of boron-10 in tumor cells, and then irradiate the tumor with a neutron beam to cause a nuclear reaction within the tumor cells, and the tumor cells die. | Only tumor cells will die under the effect of the neutron beam can best support the success of the experiment. | entailment |
7,881 | Jianghai District of a certain city decided to renew the appearance of four roads in Dongfeng Road, Xihe Road, Nantang Road and Beihai Road. In order to understand the opinions of the masses and formulate a new plan in line with public opinion, four comrades A, B, C and D from the relevant departments of the district government work together to carry out research. It is known that each person chooses two roads and there are exactly two people who choose each road: in the survey of each road, B and C are never in the same group. In addition, we also know: (1) if A chooses Dongfeng Road, D also chooses Dongfeng Road; (2) if C chooses Nantang Road, D also chooses Nantang Road; (3) A does not choose Nantang Road. | Based on the above information, A choose Xihe Road and Beihai Road can be inferred. | entailment |
1,962 | If China wants to make great achievements in the 21st century, it should not only make efforts on the general skills of international competition and interaction, but more importantly, it should have a clear understanding of the evolution and development trend of world political characteristics in time, so as to stimulate greater strategic wisdom, have a keen insight into the possible trends of the world in the future, timely eliminate all kinds of drawbacks that are not suitable for future development, and safeguard national security and interests. Seek the all-round development of society. In other words, the mission of international strategy is not and cannot be to design some kind of self-righteous outcome for the world. | China's international strategy should adapt to the general trend of the evolution and development of world political characteristics is intended to be emphasized in this passage. | entailment |
3,724 | Some area has introduced European and American black poplar for papermaking since the 1970 s. These European and American black poplars adapt to the local climate, grow fast and expand their planting area rapidly. However, in recent years, the local eco-environmental problems are becoming more and more serious. Therefore, some people think that the ecological environment of the region can be repaired by cutting off these European and American black poplars. | The statement 'It is acquiesced that there is a causal relationship between the expansion of planting area and eco-environmental problems in Europe and America' can best point out the shortcomings of the above discussion. | entailment |
13,600 | Mayor: Periodically an ice cream company will hold a free ice cream day as a promotion. Showing up may not cost you any money, but it sure does cost you time. We learn from this that when something valuable costs no money you get overconsumption and long lines. Currently, those who drive to work complain about the congestion they face in their rush-hour commutes. What is needed is a system for charging people for the use of roads during rush hour. Then rush hour congestion will abate. | The claim that when something valuable costs no money you get overconsumption and long lines is a general claim used in support of the argument's overall conclusion in the mayor's argument. | entailment |
13,639 | Mayor McKinney' s policies have often been criticized on the grounds that they benefit only wealthy city residents, but that is not a fair evaluation. Some of McKinney' s policies have clearly benefited the city' s less affluent residents. McKinney actively supported last year' s proposal to lower the city' s high property taxes. Because of this tax decrease, more development is taking place in the city, helping to end the housing shortage and stabilize the rents in the city. | The main conclusion of the argument is that McKinney's policies have often been criticized for benefiting only wealthy city residents. | not-entailment |
10,740 | In polluted industrial English cities during the Industrial Revolution, two plant diseases -- black spot, which infects roses, and tar spot, which infects sycamore trees -- disappeared. It is likely that air pollution eradicated these diseases. | The statement 'Black spot and tar spot were the only plant diseases that disappeared in any English cities during the Industrial Revolution' most strengthens the reasoning above. | not-entailment |
10,989 | Vandenburg: This art museum is not adhering to its purpose. Its founders intended it to devote as much attention to contemporary art as to the art of earlier periods, but its collection of contemporary art is far smaller than its other collections. Simpson: The relatively small size of the museum' s contemporary art collection is appropriate. It' s an art museum, not an ethnographic museum designed to collect every style of every period. Its contemporary art collection is small because its curators believe that there is little high-quality contemporary art. | An art museum should collect only works that its curators consider to be of high artistic quality is a principle, if valid, that most helps to justify the reasoning in Simpson's response to Vandenburg. | entailment |
6,455 | A middle-aged man was admitted to the hospital with no feeling on the left side of his body. A child was shouting loudly in the ward and was pinched by his father and screamed with pain. The patient said, I really envy this child! Someone asked: envy him carefree? The patient shook his head. envy his flower-like age? The patient said, No, I envy him for having such sensitive pain.If I can feel the pain, it means there is a chance of recovery. |
The best title for this text is 'Pain in Life.' | not-entailment |
1,631 | Thirty-five years ago, in the second-class primary school at the entrance of Gaojing Hutong, Xizhimen Street, Beijing, there were two children with different personalities: One boy, who was born stiff, shy and cowardly, cared about the surface reputation, and cried when bullied. Another boy, naturally free and easy, energetic, stored his strength in it and didn't easily show it. He was interrupted by the teacher. His tears were so painful that he wouldn't drop a tear or beg for mercy. Because of this difference in talent, Lao She and I had different ways of life. | The statement 'When I was a child, my personality was different, which led to the author and Lao She finally breaking up in the future' is not in line with the meaning of the text. | entailment |
1,610 | Lu Xun wrote with grief and indignation: It's not the young who write commemorations for the old, but in the past 30 years, I have witnessed the blood of many young people, silting up layers by layers, burying me so that I can't breathe. I can only use such pen and ink to write a few articles, which can be regarded as digging a small hole from the soil and extending my mouth to the stump. What kind of world is this? | It reflects that Mr. Lu Xun is in an extremely dangerous and repressive environment is not accurate in the understanding of the word extending mouth to the stump above. | entailment |
1,869 | The brain is not only the most complex organ in biological structure and function, but also a superb, exquisite and perfect information processing system. The total number of nerve cells in the human brain is about 1012, equivalent to the total number of stars in the entire Milky way. In addition, there are 10 to 50 times more glial cells than nerve cells. The brain is in charge of human language, thinking, feeling, emotion, movement and other advanced activities, which are closely related to the topological structure of neurons or clusters of neurons in the brain network, which essentially determines the function of the whole brain. | The main content of this text is that the physiological structure of the brain provides the basis for processing complex information. | not-entailment |
9,035 | The crime of unknown origin of a huge amount of property is objectively conducive to the protection of embezzlement and bribery. Once a huge amount of property is loaded into the basket of unknown sources, it is not necessary to find out its sources one by one. How tolerant it is for those who were embezzlement and bribery.Moreover, the charge gives judicial personnel too much discretion and room for blending. Therefore, the unknown source of a huge amount of property should be punished as the crime of embezzlement and bribery.. | Presumption of innocence and right to silence are the basic concepts of the modern rule of law. If the defendant is not proved guilty, he should be found innocent does not support the above argument. | entailment |
8,037 | When foreign banks enter emerging market countries, in order to maintain their own survival, the main bodies of banking in emerging market countries will strive for a larger market share as much as possible. fully expand their competitive advantages and strive to provide customers with quality and cheap financial products and financial services. This process will inevitably lead to the improvement of banking micro-efficiency. | The content of this process is the process of expanding market share of banks in emerging market countries. | not-entailment |
2,964 | A scientific research institution studies a strange phenomenon reflected by citizens, which can not be explained by existing scientific theories. Assistant researcher Xiao Wang asserted that this phenomenon is an illusion. | Xiao Wang's assertion that 'some illusions can be explained by existing scientific theories' is most likely to be not true if it is correct. | not-entailment |
14,419 | Statistics teachers often debate whether to teach the mathematical theories underlying statistics or to focus on the use of statistical methods to solve real problems. This is like the difference between learning to build a car and learning to drive one. Almost all statistics courses teach building, and if there is extra time, they may cover a tip or two on driving. But, just as ordinary drivers do not need to know how to build a car in order to drive one, __ | The statement 'users of statistics do not need to understand the underlying theory in order to solve real problems' most logically completes the argument. | entailment |
9,041 | A chemical plant produces an insecticide that makes small mammals such as otters infertile. After the factory began operation, the incidence of infertility of an otter living in a nearby river increased rapidly. Therefore, the factory must have polluted the river when producing pesticides. | A low-calcium diet can lead to a decline in poultry egg production. When chickens on a farm are released to look for food in the spring, their egg production is significantly reduced. Therefore, the food they find and eat must be very low in calcium contains a reasoning error that is most similar | entailment |
10,965 | The recent cleaning of frescoes in the Sistine Chapel has raised important asthetic issues. Art historians are now acutely aware that the colors of the works they study may differ from the works' original colors. Art historians have concluded from this that interpretations of the frescoes that seemed appropriate before the frescoes' restoration may no longer be appropriate. | The principle that 'the colors of an artwork are relevant to an appropriate interpretation of that work' most helps to justify the art historians' reasoning. | entailment |
2,673 | The Campus Food Festival of Jianghai University opened. Five people from a female dormitory actively signed up for the activity. Their names are Jin can, Mu Xin, Narcissus, Huoshan and Tulun. The organizers require each applicant to make only one dish to participate in the evaluation, but bring their own ingredients. Limited to conditions, the dormitory has only five kinds of ingredients: Flammulina velutipes, fungus, peach, ham and potatoes. It is required that only 2 people can choose each kind of food. Each person can only choose two kinds of ingredients, and the first word of the name of the food selected by each person is different from his or her surname. It is known that: (1) if Jin can chooses peaches, daffodils do not choose Flammulina velutipes; (2) if Mu Xin chooses Flammulina velutipes or potatoes, she must also choose Auricularia auricula; (3) if Huo Shan chooses peaches, she must also choose fungus and potatoes; (4) if Mu Xin chooses ham, Huoshan does not choose Flammulina velutipes. | Based on this, it can be concluded that Turun uses flammulina and peaches is correct. | entailment |
1,132 | When you think of society as a complex system, pay attention to the dynamic coordination of multiple factors to better promote social harmony. If you encounter problems, start from the concept, make simple qualitative and judgment, and strive for consistency Either one or the other. This kind of simplification, one-sidedness, and extremeness of thinking is incompatible with the harmonious society. | The main point of the passage is that seeking common ground while reserving differences is a concept for building a harmonious society. | not-entailment |
13,649 | Nearly all mail that is correctly addressed arrives at its destination within two business days of being sent. In fact, correctly addressed mail takes longer than this only when it is damaged in transit. Overall, however, most mail arrives three business days or more after being sent. | If the statements above are true, then a large proportion of the mail that is correctly addressed is damaged in transit must be true. | not-entailment |
7,510 | False safety means that the brain is extremely excited under high tension, but it is not easy to cause problems; while in a state of close to success, the spirit becomes more and more relaxed, and there is a sense of security immediately, but it is precisely this moment of relaxation that leads to great disaster. | In a special industry such as thermal power plants, during the peak period of electricity consumption and under bad weather, there are generally no accidents of human misoperation; but in normal times, accidents are not uncommon is false safety. | entailment |
4,206 | The refraction of light is an optical phenomenon, which refers to the phenomenon of deflection of direction when light is shot in by one medium, another medium, or propagated in the same uneven medium. | According to the above definition, when you stand on the shore and see the clear water, don't go down, because the actual depth is deeper than you see is not a refraction of light. | not-entailment |
14,029 | Political theorist: Many people believe that the punishment of those who commit even the most heinous crimes should be mitigated to some extent if the crime was motivated by a sincere desire to achieve some larger good. Granted, some criminals with admirable motives deserve mitigated punishments. Nonetheless, judges should never mitigate punishment on the basis of motives, since motives are essentially a matter of conjecture and even vicious motives can easily be presented as altruistic. | The principle that it is better to err on the side of overly severe punishment than to err on the side of overly lenient punishment, if valid, most helps to justify the political theorist's reasoning. | entailment |
3,498 | Women constitute the majority of the country's population, and most of the tranquilizer prescriptions prescribed by doctors are for female patients. However, drug trials are only performed on men to complete the testing of the efficacy of these drugs and the calibration of recommended doses. It is even used for Animals tested for drug toxicity also use males. | No one has said that the tranquilizers prescribed to women have side effects is most supported by the above views. | not-entailment |
7,655 | After comparing bone changes in people living in Europe over the past 33,000 years, the researchers found that the strength of both leg bones continued to decline from the Middle Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, but the strength of the upper arm bone, which was not related to running, remained stable. It was during this period that agriculture began to rise and human beings gradually changed to a settled way of life. The rise of agriculture has led to lighter bones in modern humans, but the strength of the two later leg bones has barely changed. The researchers concluded that the effects of mechanization and urbanization on bone strength were not significant. | The statement 'From 33,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, the human way of life has not changed significantly' is the most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion. | not-entailment |
4,682 | Accident: refers to an accident caused by accidental factors due to the intentional or negligent act of the parties. | Xiao Ming bumped his classmates while playing during recess belongs to accident according to the above definition. | entailment |
9,948 | A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and He Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Kevin are selected at different times; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time. | If Guo Yanran is selected, Peng Youwen must also be selected. | not-entailment |
5,562 | If someone agrees to act as a mediator between the two parties to the conflict, he must waive the right to take sides afterwards. Because taking sides after mediation is tantamount to stating that previous justice was disguised. | The statement "If the mediator makes his prejudice public, he can protect one party when arguing" best emphasizes the above description. | not-entailment |
4,941 | A family is a social unit based on marriage and blood relationship, including parents, children and other relatives living together. | Xiao Li, who was kicked out of the house by his father since he was a child because he is not doing his job properly, is not a family member according to the above definition. | not-entailment |
5,813 | AD hoc modification refers to modifying or adding some new assumptions to a scientific theory so that it is not verifiable or testable in order to avoid the risk of disproving it. | Adherents of Aristotle, insisting that all heavenly bodies were perfect spheres, proposed that the moon was filled with undetectable material that would keep it perfectly spherical is an example of AD hoc modification. | entailment |
3,370 | To make a correct analysis and judgment of social phenomena, even if they are regional, they must go into the real society for investigation and research, and must not speculate. To understand the causal relationship of things and establish relevant theories, there must be no realistic data for verifying the theory. | Social research is not complicated. It only needs practical data is correct. | not-entailment |
7,610 | Some people say that all students who are admitted to the university are students who study hard, and Zhang San did not enter the university, so Zhang San is not a student who studies hard. | The statement 'All civil servants rated as excellent have work experience in the village, and Xiao Zhang is rated as an excellent civil servant, so Xiao Zhang has work experience in the village' clearly shows that the above argument is not valid. | not-entailment |
3,758 | Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Law of the PRC stipulates: Joint crime refers to two or more persons committing a joint intentional crime. | According to the above definition, A and B conspiring to teach C a lesson and then A going into the room to beat C is a joint crime. | not-entailment |
1,372 | Science is the search for truth. In the process of exploring the truth, people's understanding of objective laws goes through a painstaking and tortuous process. There is often such a situation: due to different angles of research, differences in mastering data, and different methods of understanding, there will be a situation of winding mountains and steep peaks on the side, and different patterns in the past from far and near. So as to cause academic debate. Therefore, successful scientists regard opposition as a great help to themselves and criticism to themselves as a precious friendship. As Li Siguang said, nothing motivates me more than frank criticism of my thesis. Goethe also said: what we agree with makes us feel at ease. It is what we oppose that makes our ideas fruitful. This is all because those in favor may not be correct and those against may not be wrong. to say the least, even erroneous objections are very beneficial to one's own scientific research. | Successful scientific workers all know the importance of opposing opinions is true of the argument in this paragraph. | entailment |
9,907 | At the end of 2009, the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of China showed that only 6.48% of the people had overall health quality, of which only 4.66% had the literacy of chronic disease prevention. This shows that the national awareness of the disease is still very poor. Only when the national quality is fundamentally improved, the fallacies of Li Yi and Zhang Wuben will not have so many people blindly follow. | If the quality of the national awareness cannot be fundamentally improved, many people will blindly follow the fallacies of Li Yi and others can be inferred from the above statement. | entailment |
12,528 | M: The Greek alphabet must have been invented by some individual who knew the Phoenician writing system and who wanted to have some way of recording Homeric epics and thereby preserving expressions of a highly developed tradition of oral poetry. P: Your hypothesis is laughable! What would have been the point of such a person' s writing Homeric epics down? Surely a person who knew them well enough to write them down would not need to read them; and no one else could read them, according to your hypothesis. | Attempting to undermine M's hypothesis by making it appear absurd is an argumentative strategy that P uses in responding to M. | entailment |
8,445 | The more we are in a flashy place, the more we hope to encounter a spiritual habitat. Although we live in a commercial society, the bookstore is still a place of comfort for the soul. From cities to shopping malls, if there is a bookstore with strong cultural flavor, it will certainly make people feel a different atmosphere. Bookstores are stationed in shopping malls, which can not only bring passenger flow to shopping malls, but also improve the taste of shopping malls. With a similar cultural mall model that combines reading, leisure and other cultural products, a special cultural chain can be built within the shopping mall. | If the above statement is true, then the statement "If you want to build a special cultural chain within the mall, you should not ignore the bookstore" is true. | entailment |
9,139 | In ball games, it is wrong to use replay to decide a penalty, because no matter how many cameras follow the game on the field, some foul actions will inevitably be missed, and it is impossible to be aware of what happened to you in the past. | The most similar option to the above argument is "We shouldn't want the police because they can't stop all criminal activities." | entailment |
639 | At present, the widely used mechanical metamaterial has excellent characteristics such as negative thermal expansion, and high strength and high stiffness at low weight. However, once this mechanical metamaterial is constructed, its properties cannot be changed or adjusted. Recently, researchers have developed a new type of material which overcome this problem. It is certain that in the near future, robots, smart wearable equipment and other fields will definitely fundamentally change. | If true, the statement "From the synthesis of a new material to the specific practical application of the material, it is necessary to overcome a variety of unpredictable difficulties" will most support the above conclusion. | not-entailment |
2,831 | Statistics for the first half of this year show that CPI in Province A fell 1.7% in three consecutive months after a 1.8% month-on-month increase in three months. In the same period, CPI in Province B rose 1.8% in three consecutive months after a 1.7% month-on-month decrease in three consecutive months. | The CPI of Province A was higher than that of Province B in June this year is not true if CPI in December was the same in both provinces. | entailment |
14,391 | Educational Theorist: Recent editorials have called for limits on the amount of homework assigned to children. They point out that free-time activities play an important role in childhood development and that large amounts of homework reduce children' s free time, hindering their development. But the average homework time for a ten year old, for example, is little more than 30 minutes per night. Clearly, ttherefore, there is no need to impose the limits these editorials are calling for. | In most schools, if not all, the homework assignments given are of a length that does not diverge widely from the average is an assumption on which the educational theorist's argument relies. | entailment |
6,913 | Literary agents have a very keen sense of smell, and their desire to find good things is endless. They are well aware of the dynamics of the literary world, and their main job every day is to figure out what kind of works sell well. To this end, they track all large newspapers and literary magazines, read a large number of critical articles, and communicate privately with writers, editors and other people in the publishing industry, and obtain various internal news in this way. | The statement 'Literary economic man is the link between publishers and writers' supports the main point above. | entailment |
10,759 | In a few recent cases, some teenagers with advanced programming abilities used a new programming language, FANTOD, to hack into ETS and change their own SAT scores. All of the teenagers convicted of this crime were highly skilled in programming FANTOD. In light of these cases, some colleges have discounted the official SAT scores of applicants with a knowledge of FANTOD, and have required them to take special admission tests in supervised conditions on their own campuses. | The college admissions process possibly places some students with a knowledge of FANTOD at a disadvantage can most properly be drawn from the information above. | entailment |
10,444 | When local governments auction land, there is a basic price, which is called the base price of land. The ratio of the amount that exceeds the base price of land to the base price of land is called premium rate. The premium rate indicates the popularity of the land market and the property market. There is a piece of land in City B that was temporarily suspended during its first listing this year because the premium rate will hit a record high. The second listing ended up trading at a premium lower than the first listing, but the total amount of the transaction exceeded the amount that could be achieved the first time. | When the land in city B was listed for the second time, the government raised the base price of its land best explains the seemingly inconsistent phenomenon mentioned above. | entailment |
10,070 | Three Chinese students, Zhang Lin, Zhao Qiang, and Li Shan, and three foreign students, John, Jessie, and Anna, went on a summer vacation. The optional tourist destinations are Xi'an, Hangzhou, Dalian and Zhangjiajie. Already know: (1) each person can only go to one place; (2) wherever there are Chinese students, there must be foreign students; (3) wherever there are foreign students, there must be Chinese students; (4) John went to Xi'an or Hangzhou, and Zhao Qiang went to Zhangjiajie. | If Jesse goes to Dalian, Anna goes to Zhangjiajie must be true. | entailment |
9,154 | Because the conclusions of quantum theory are counterintuitive, some scientists hold different views on the theory. Although they try to strictly show that the assertion of quantum theory is imprecise (that is, they try to strictly falsify it), they find that its error is usually reasonable. within the accepted statistical range. These results of quantum theory differ from those of competing theories, and it seems reasonable to accept quantum theory. | The principle that 'a theory should not be considered plausible until it has been attempted to be strictly falsified' is most helpful in justifying the above reasoning. | not-entailment |
9,162 | A unit arranges 6 people on duty on The first day, the second day, the third day of the new year. They are G., H, K, L, P, and S. Two people are required to be on duty every day. The personnel arrangement must meet the following conditions: (1) L and P must be on duty on the same day. (2) G and H cannot be on duty on the same day. (3) If K is on duty in the first day, then G is on duty in the second day. (4) ) If S is on duty in the third day, then H is on duty in the second day. | If P is on duty in the second day, G is on duty in the first day. | entailment |
5,722 | Truth refers to the correct reflection of objective things and their laws in people's consciousness. Truth can be divided into rational truth and factual truth. Rational truth refers to the truth with universality and inevitability, and its opposite is impossible; Factual truth refers to the truth with contingency, and its opposite is possible. | According to the above definition, if A is greater than B and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C is a rational truth. | entailment |
2,179 | A.I has been used in medical services for a long time. The performance of the robot doctor looks magical, but in the eyes of A.I experts, these medical applications belong to the category of image recognition in computer vision and the image recognition technology supported by big data has surpassed the performance of human beings in many aspects. It is normal to show strength in the field of medical imaging. | A.I has become mature in medical image recognition is intended to be explained in this passage. | entailment |
395 | Subjective lens refers to taking the camera lens as the actor's eyes and directly witnessing the scene seen by the actor in film and television activities. | The TV series The Romance of the Three Kingdoms shows every corner of Zhou Yu's account was magnified with close-up shots during the process of Jiang Gan's stealing is a subjective lens according to the above definition. | entailment |
11,840 | Journalist: Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run. However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission. So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year. | The answer to the question 'Is submitting a list of holdings the only way to fulfill the election commission's financial disclosure requirements?' would be most useful in evaluating the journalist's argument. | not-entailment |
1,207 | When eating fish, small thorns are more troublesome than big thorns, because big thorns are easy to be found, and small thorns must be removed with great efforts. In life, small faults are more difficult to correct than big faults, because big mistakes are easy to be found, and small faults must be paid special attention to before they can be found. Although fish with small thorns often have delicate and delicious meat, many people are unwilling to eat that kind of fish because they are afraid of small thorns. Although people with strange temper and informal manners often have special talents, many people are unwilling to deal with these people because they hate these small problems. | The purpose of the above words is that small problems can have a big impact. | entailment |
14,048 | Economist: The economy seems to be heading out of recession. Recent figures show that consumers are buying more durable goods than before, indicating that they expect economic growth in the near future. | The truth of the statement that consumers are buying more durable goods than before is required in order for the economist's argument's conclusion to be true. | not-entailment |
2,525 | The soldiers of the communication unit have learned a lot of infantry tactics. Zhao Hong is a soldier of the communications unit, so he has also learned a lot of infantry tactics. | Workers in a factory participated in many popular science lectures, and Mr. Ma was a worker in a factory, so he also participated in many popular science lectures is most similar to the above theory. | entailment |
8,738 | The national academic conference held by a certain society received nearly a thousand conference papers each time. In order to ensure the quality of the conference exchange papers, the academic conference organizing committee decided to select only 10% of the conference papers as conference exchange papers. | The assumption that in every submitted conference paper, there is always a certain proportion of the paper quality is guaranteed is most likely to be based on the decision of the organizing committee of the academic conference. | entailment |
6,672 | In recent years, there has been a trend of forced apportionment of newspaper subscriptions year after year, which is better than one year. By virtue of their functions and powers, some superior departments put the burden on the grass-roots level and leave the benefits to themselves. | The most accurate restatement of the main idea of this passage is that newspaper subscription has been paid attention to by the grass-roots level. | not-entailment |
2,140 | Rational expectation means that when people anticipate an economic phenomenon, if they are rational, they will make full use of the information they get to act without making systematic mistakes. | According to the above definition, Lao Qin carrying out stock operations based on his long-term experience in stock speculation belongs to rational expectation. | entailment |
3,746 | Scientists have found that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has a preventive effect on heart disease. People who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day have significantly lower levels of HDL. If you stop smoking, the content will increase. HDL content is the highest in thin people and the lowest in obese people. In men, the content of HDL decreases in their forties, on the contrary, in women, the content of HDL in elderly women is higher than that in elderly men. | Compared with women, men are more likely to suffer from heart disease is correct. | not-entailment |
8,047 | If you do a job just to make a living and don't like it, it's just your occupation. You do a job just because you like it and you don't care whether it brings benefits or not. this job is your career. Ideally, occupation and career are consistent and you can do what you like and make a living. | The main description of this passage is Goal and reality. | not-entailment |
11,837 | Pharmacist: A large study of people aged 65 -- 81 and suffering from insomnia showed that most of insomnia' s symptoms are substantially alleviated by ingesting melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland, which plays a role in the regulation of the body' s biological clock. Thus, the recent claims made by manufacturers of melatonin supplements that the pineal gland produces less melatonin as it ages are evidently correct. | The pharmacist's argument is flawed in that it relies on a sample that is unrepresentative. | entailment |
9,724 | A new study shows that China's consumption escalation is continuing. The so-called upgrading of the consumption refers to the growing demand of consumers for high-quality goods and services at higher prices that can better meet the needs of their better material and spiritual life. | According to the above definition, more and more Chinese people paying more to enjoy high-end goods and services that are healthy, happy, experienced and rich in meaning best reflects the upgrading of consumption. | entailment |
9,167 | After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N. | The second upper L could be true. | entailment |
8,742 | After many elimination competitions, four contestants A, B, C and D competed for the final ranking, and there was no juxtaposition of the rankings.Analysts predict that ,1. The first place is A or B; 2. If C is not the first place, nor is it the first place; 3. A is not the first place. | It cannot be inferred if only one sentence is correct in the analyst's prediction. | not-entailment |
11,778 | Researchers examined 100 people suffering from herniated disks in their backs. Five of them were found to have a defect in a particular gene. The researchers also examined 100 people who had no problems with the disks in their backs; none had the genetic defect. They concluded that the genetic defect increases the likelihood of herniated disks. | The statement 'When the researchers examined the family of one of the subjects who did not suffer from herniated disks, they found 30 family members who did not have the defective gene, and 20 of them suffered from herniated disks' most strengthens the researchers' reasoning. | not-entailment |
7,768 | A unit must select 3 from the 6 staff members of A, B, C, D, E, and A to participate in the Provincial Vocational Skills Competition. 4 judges respectively put forward their own opinions: (1) At least among A and C Choose one person; (2) Choose at least one person out of B and E; (3) Choose at most one person out of B and C; (4) Choose at most one person out of A and D. Later, I learned that E cannot be due to illness. Participated, and the opinions of the above 4 judges have been respected. | The contestant selected by the unit is C, D, F. | not-entailment |
6,592 | In the public impression, every time the tailings treatment is strengthened, it is always after the serious tailings dam break accident. And the assault type of tailings treatment is unlikely to be effective for a long time. A large number of tailings are increasing with the continuous increase of mining. With the depletion of the mine, the tailings stored for years are stacked on the hillside of the river bank. Due to the lack of effective treatment methods at the technical level, they can only be exposed in an unsafe way. Continue to remain in nature. | The main message of this passage is that if the tailings cannot be treated effectively, it will give rise to all kinds of hidden dangers and threats. | entailment |
7,668 | Lao Zhang, Lao Zhang's sister, Lao Zhang's son and Lao Zhang's daughter have a table tennis match. After the competition, it was found that the age of the first place was the same as that of the fourth place, but the sex of the first twin (one of the above four) was different from that of the fourth place. | Lao Zhang's daughter is No. 1 based on the above information. | entailment |
12,167 | Franklin: It is inconsistent to pay sports celebrities ten times what Nobel laureates are paid. Both have rare talents and work hard. Tomeka: What you' ve neglected to consider is that unlike Nobel laureates, sports celebrities earn millions of dollars for their employers in the form of gate receipts and TV rights. | Franklin's and Tomeka's statements provide the most support for holding that they disagree about the truth of the statement 'There is no rational basis for the salary difference between sports celebrities and Nobel laureates.' | entailment |
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https://github.com/csitfun/LogiQA2.0
Temporary citation:
@article{liu2020logiqa,
title={Logiqa: A challenge dataset for machine reading comprehension with logical reasoning},
author={Liu, Jian and Cui, Leyang and Liu, Hanmeng and Huang, Dandan and Wang, Yile and Zhang, Yue},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.08124},
year={2020}
}
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