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1,799 | Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant. | Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service. | 1REFUTES
| Digital radio |
38 | Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age. | According to research published in Nature Geoscience, human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will defer the next ice age. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Ice age |
1,120 | The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link. | Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Arctic sea ice decline |
1,430 | Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000. | As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Climate change in the United States |
1,255 | the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink. | The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Retreat of glaciers since 1850 |
2,570 | The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct. | The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct. | 0SUPPORTS
| Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
590 | Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees. | As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), "there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C". | 1REFUTES
| Climate sensitivity |
2,244 | So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise. | Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Carbon dioxide |
2,083 | Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy | "'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails". | 1REFUTES
| Phil Jones (climatologist) |
1,652 | The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements. | The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Global warming |
1,952 | Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013. | Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer. | 1REFUTES
| Arctic sea ice decline |
454 | Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.” | Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. | 1REFUTES
| Global warming |
430 | “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing. | A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass. | 1REFUTES
| Sea level rise |
3,111 | Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al. | A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Hockey stick graph |
435 | NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally. | 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| 2015 in science |
765 | The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.” | This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
1,407 | “In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight]. | Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone – A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Storm |
1,815 | Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and | This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies. | 0SUPPORTS
| Paleolithic |
104 | Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature. | Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
736 | But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time. | The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Radiocarbon dating |
2,564 | This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations. | This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature. | 0SUPPORTS
| Sea |
1,296 | precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener | The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD). | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Sahara |
717 | Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates | An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway." | 0SUPPORTS
| Greenland ice sheet |
38 | Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age. | An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Ice age |
1,487 | NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] | During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| International Space Station |
1,028 | A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.” | However, they ended up having little impact, especially in the latter half of the war. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Anti-submarine warfare |
2,117 | Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics. | Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Sea level rise |
246 | at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb. | The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Eocene |
1,968 | The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming. | Germany led the way by starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on April 30, 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Daylight saving time |
313 | Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be. | The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Global warming |
1,441 | 195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature. | The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference |
1,938 | Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions. | In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Clean Power Plan |
2,284 | Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect. | Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Global warming |
2,090 | Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle | The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Arctic |
2,614 | "The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii. | Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions. | 0SUPPORTS
| Keeling Curve |
1,893 | Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . . | The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop. | 0SUPPORTS
| Effects of global warming on human health |
957 | ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C | Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Arctic |
141 | Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did | Brands cannot let this deception pass unchallenged and have no choice but to suspend all business with Wilmar until it can prove it only trades clean palm oil from responsible producers." | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Greenpeace |
978 | The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades. | Disease tends to intensify under the same conditions that unemployment and economic difficulties arise: prolonged, cold, dry seasons. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Little Ice Age |
1,945 | President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement. | He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Presidency of Donald Trump |
2,983 | Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century. | Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. | 0SUPPORTS
| Carbon dioxide |
1,655 | Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans. | There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions. | 0SUPPORTS
| Earth |
2,161 | CO2 limits won't cool the planet | Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Carbon dioxide |
2,704 | Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions. | It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. | 1REFUTES
| Agriculture |
785 | In many other cases, though — hurricanes, for example — the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed. | Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Global warming |
1,867 | Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests." | "Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill". | 0SUPPORTS
| Chevron Corporation |
1,011 | The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’” | Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate. | 0SUPPORTS
| Greenland ice sheet |
2,248 | Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time. | Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2). | 0SUPPORTS
| Climate sensitivity |
591 | But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases. | African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Climate change adaptation |
2,209 | Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air. | This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters. | 0SUPPORTS
| Tropical cyclone |
701 | “‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said. | Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| John Christy |
1,480 | I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions. | 187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together). | 1REFUTES
| Paris Agreement |
250 | CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener. | This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Orbital ring |
311 | there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, | These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers. | 1REFUTES
| Climate of Argentina |
194 | The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…] | "AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System". | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Greenhouse gas |
267 | Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces. | Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Greenland |
1,508 | global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature. | Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Global warming |
377 | If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies. | The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Atmosphere of Venus |
38 | Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age. | Based on changes of Antarctica's ice mass balance over millions of years, due to natural climate fluctuations, researchers concluded that the sea-ice acts as a barrier for warmer waters surrounding the continent. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Sea level rise |
1,316 | In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action. | They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Global warming |
2,144 | 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven | It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
1,028 | A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.” | "Shots which appeared certain to score missed by the width of a coat of paint. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Alf Ramsey |
2,817 | The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere". | 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change. | 1REFUTES
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
2,782 | "NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing. | Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Global warming |
305 | There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods | Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ... | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
3,000 | The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences. | The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Under the Volcano |
591 | But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases. | The Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I (October 2017) provided the following summary: This assessment concludes, based on extensive evidence, that it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
2,489 | "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research. | As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Attribution of recent climate change |
983 | ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. | In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: "open" as opposed to "closed" vegetation. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Kalahari Desert |
98 | Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid. | About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Earth |
279 | In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century. | He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Phil Jones (climatologist) |
2,476 | The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's. | The trend reversed in the early 1990s. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Global dimming |
2,168 | IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading | More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Sea level rise |
1,077 | Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said. | There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Antarctica |
1,531 | Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities. | The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. | 0SUPPORTS
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
93 | unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed | "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn". | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Australia |
1,963 | Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent. | For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Hurricane Katrina |
362 | North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves. | The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves |
1,908 | In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal. | The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Coal |
2,004 | They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change). | Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming." | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Al Gore |
2,557 | Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood. | To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
2,682 | The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date. | Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
699 | While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend | The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate. | 0SUPPORTS
| Volcanism |
1,127 | This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year. | However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) warmer for six consecutive months or longer. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| El Niño |
2,773 | Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies. | The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record. | 1REFUTES
| Divergence problem |
1,407 | “In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight]. | The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted °C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes by conventions of the International System of Units (SI). | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Temperature |
1,910 | It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life. | Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Solar panel |
2,509 | In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase. | During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Pacific decadal oscillation |
863 | The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected. | According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Philadelphia |
1,476 | The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius. | Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
1,155 | But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) | The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Kyoto Protocol |
2,750 | There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions from doubling by 2100" | Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries. | 0SUPPORTS
| Greenhouse gas |
503 | “During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding. | On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| 2013–14 North American winter |
3,038 | Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming." | If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Greenhouse gas |
343 | They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future. | While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
1,530 | Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions. | In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. | 0SUPPORTS
| Global warming |
740 | “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long. | The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984). | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Paleothermometer |
3,039 | Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend. | These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. | 0SUPPORTS
| Climate |
2,876 | Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004). | The Working Group I report (WG1) was published in September 2013. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Scientific consensus on climate change |
275 | until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years | Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. | 2NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
| Global warming |
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Dataset Card for "climate_fever_fixed"
Dataset Summary
This dataset was created to aid our team in developing a model to more accurately perform climate change-related fact checking. We approach this task from a perspective heavily impacted by the work of the ClimateBERT team. With that in mind, our team likewise leveraged a BERT Language model to solve this task. This dataset presents an edited version of the Climate_Fever dataset, hosted by HuggingFace. Climate_Fever is composed of climate-related documents that have been annotated with labels related to fact-checking and misinformation. However, in the climate-plus project, we decided to modify the dataset to remove redundancy and keep only the essentials of a text-entailment problem: claim as the premise and evidence as the hypothesis.
Data Fields
This dataset contains 7675 records, each of which is composed of several attributes:
claim_id: aintegerfeature, which serves as a unique identifier for each record/row.claim: astringfeature, containes the raw text of a given climate-related claim.evidence: astringfeature, which provides free text evidence that relates to the previously established claim.label: aclass labelfeature representing an assigned class, where values can either be 0: "supports", 1: "refutes" and 2: "not enough info".category: astringfeature, which provides additional detail about the particular focus of a given claim.
This dataset was then broken into train, test and validation sets to enable proper evaluation of our model. These splits contain the following amount of data:
Train: 4300 RecordsTest: 1540 RecordsVal: 1840 Records
Source Data
This dataset represents an evolved version of the original Climate_Fever dataset, hosted by HuggingFace. It was adapted to meet the needs of our team, as we attempted to solve a specific climate change-related task. The original dataset adopted the FEVER methodology, discussed in more detail here. Their original dataset consists of 1,535 real-world claims regarding climate-change collected on the internet. Each claim is accompanied by five manually annotated evidence sentences retrieved from the English Wikipedia that support, refute or do not give enough information to validate the claim totalling in 7,675 claim-evidence pairs.
Methodology
This dataset was curated by our team to reduce redundancy and keep only the essentials of a text-entailment problem: claim as the premise and evidence as the hypothesis. For each given claim, there are multiple sentences of evidence. We decided to expand the one-to-many relation to one-to-one. This resulted in a modified version of the climate_fever dataset that includes only one evidence sentence per claim.
Languages
The text contained in the dataset is entirely in English, as found in the real-world financial disclosures identified by the TCFD. The associated BCP-47 code is en, to ensure clear labeling of language usage for downstream tasks and other future applications.
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