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307	0	Abraham Lincoln	original	4,096	<mask> (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. <mask> led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. <mask> was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas.<mask> ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the Union. To secure its independence, the new Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and <mask> called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union. <mask>, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised <mask>, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people.His Gettysburg Address appealed to nationalistic, republican, egalitarian, libertarian, and democratic sentiments. <mask> scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland, and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. He engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation, including his order that the Army and Navy liberate, protect, and recruit former slaves. He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country. <mask> managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation.On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. <mask> is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is often ranked as the greatest president in American history. Family and childhood Early life <mask> was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of <mask> and Nancy Hanks <mask>, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of <mask>, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family then migrated west, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. <mask>'s paternal grandparents, his namesake Captain <mask> and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky. The captain was killed in an Indian raid in 1786.His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, <mask>'s father, witnessed the attack. Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s. The heritage of <mask>'s mother Nancy remains unclear, but it is widely assumed that she was the daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, <mask>, and Thomas, who died as infant. <mask> bought or leased farms in Kentucky before losing all but of his land in court disputes over property titles. In 1816, the family moved to Indiana where the land surveys and titles were more reliable.Indiana was a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory, and they settled in an "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. In 1860, <mask> noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties. In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. At various times, he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptists church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery. Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to in Indiana, an area which became the Little Pigeon Creek Community. Mother's death On October 5, 1818, <mask> succumbed to milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, 9-year-old <mask>, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating <mask>. On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. <mask> became close to his stepmother and called her "Mother". <mask> disliked the hard labor associated with farm life. His family even said he was lazy, for all his "reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc.". His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy "physical labor", but loved to read. Education and move to Illinois <mask> was largely self-educated.His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read but probably not to write, at age seven, and in Indiana, where he went to school sporadically due to farm chores, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregate by the age of 15. He persisted as an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his reading included the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. As a teen, <mask> took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21. <mask> was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an ax. He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21. He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as "the Clary's Grove Boys". In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended <mask> family, including <mask>, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County. <mask> then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part due to his father's lack of education. In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, <mask> struck out on his own. He made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six years. <mask> and some friends took goods by flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was first exposed to slavery.In 1865, <mask> was asked how he came to acquire his rhetorical skills. He answered that in the practice of law he frequently came across the word "demonstrate" but had insufficient understanding of the term. So, he left Springfield for his father's home to study until he "could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid [here, referencing Euclid's Elements] at sight." Marriage and children <mask>'s first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New Salem. By 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged. She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever. In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.Late in 1836, <mask> agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied. In 1839, <mask> met Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled at <mask>'s request, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister. While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose."In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near his law office. Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative. <mask> was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The oldest, Robert Todd <mask>, was born in 1843 and was the only child to live to maturity. Edward Baker <mask> (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. <mask>'s third son, "Willie" <mask> was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad<mask>, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.<mask> "was remarkably fond of children" and the <mask>s were not considered to be strict with their own. In fact, <mask>'s law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when <mask> would bring his children to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for <mask> I kept my mouth shut. <mask> did not note what his children were doing or had done." The deaths of their sons, Eddie and Willie, had profound effects on both parents. <mask> suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought to be clinical depression.Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her for a time to an asylum in 1875. Early career and militia service In 1832, <mask> joined with a partner, Denton Offutt, in the purchase of a general store on credit in New Salem. Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and <mask> eventually sold his share. That March he entered politics, running for the Illinois General Assembly, advocating navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a raconteur, but he lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election. <mask> briefly interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War. In his first campaign speech after returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.<mask> finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct. <mask> served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading, and decided to become a lawyer. Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, <mask> borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on his own. He later said of his legal education that "I studied with nobody." Illinois state legislature (1834–1842) <mask>'s second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent. Then followed his four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1836, and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. <mask> emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844 began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man". U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849) True to his record, <mask> professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization. In 1843, <mask> sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term. <mask> not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846 but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line. He was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department. <mask> teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support.Political views On foreign and military policy, <mask> spoke against the Mexican–American War, which he imputed to President James K. Polk's desire for "military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood". He supported the Wilmot Proviso, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico. <mask> emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil". <mask> demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil. The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost <mask> political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty <mask>".<mask> later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers. <mask> had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House. Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election. Taylor won and <mask> hoped in vain to be appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office. The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory as consolation. This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and	[ "Abraham Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln", "Thomas Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Samuel Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln", "Abraham", "Lincoln", "Abraham", "Thomas Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Nancy Lincoln", "Abraham", "Lincoln", "Abraham", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Abraham", "Abraham", "Abraham", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "\" Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln" ]
307	1	Abraham Lincoln	original	4,096	resumed his law practice. Prairie lawyer In his Springfield practice, <mask> handled "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer".Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years. <mask> handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, <mask> initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him. He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company, a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but it made <mask> the only president to hold a patent. <mask> appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor.From 1853 to 1860, one of his largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad. His legal reputation gave rise to the nickname "Honest Abe". <mask> argued in an 1858 criminal trial, defending William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. The case is famous for <mask>'s use of a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, <mask> produced a Farmers' Almanac showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted. Leading up to his presidential campaign, <mask> elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn "Peachy" Harrison who was a third cousin; Harrison was also the grandson of <mask>'s political opponent, Rev.Peter Cartwright. Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison. <mask> angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible hearsay. <mask> argued that the testimony involved a dying declaration and was not subject to the hearsay rule. Instead of holding <mask> in contempt of court as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal. Republican politics (1854–1860) Emergence as Republican leader The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue. In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, <mask> highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to "both extremes" on the slavery issue.As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the resulting spread of slavery, but Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May 1854. <mask> did not comment on the act until months later in his "Peoria Speech" in October 1854. <mask> then declared his opposition to slavery which he repeated en route to the presidency. He said the Kansas Act had a "declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself.I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world ..." <mask>'s attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life. Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting on the demise of his party, <mask> wrote in 1855, "I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist...I do no more than oppose the extension of slavery." The new Republican Party was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party, and combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members, <mask> resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists. <mask> held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist Know Nothing movement. In 1854, <mask> was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his seat. The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath, <mask> sought election to the United States Senate.At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature. After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. <mask> instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. <mask>'s decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, Joel Aldrich Matteson. 1856 campaign Violent political confrontations in Kansas continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. As the 1856 elections approached, <mask> joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which formally established the Illinois Republican Party.The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state. <mask> gave the final speech of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union. At the June 1856 Republican National Convention, though <mask> received support to run as vice president, John C. Frémont and William Dayton comprised the ticket, which <mask> supported throughout Illinois. The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State James Buchanan and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan prevailed, while Republican William Henry Bissell won election as Governor of Illinois, and <mask> became a leading Republican in Illinois. Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise. After Scott was returned to the slave state he petitioned a federal court for his freedom.His petition was denied in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in the decision wrote that blacks were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution. While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North. <mask> denounced it as the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power. He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal "in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". <mask> debates and Cooper Union speech In 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and <mask> hoped to defeat him. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and <mask>'s 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state. Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and <mask> won the nomination with little opposition. <mask> accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal. After his nomination he delivered his House Divided Speech, with the biblical reference Mark 3:25, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided.It will become all one thing, or all the other." The speech created a stark image of the danger of disunion. The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select <mask> or Douglas. When informed of <mask>'s nomination, Douglas stated, "[<mask>] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won." The Senate campaign featured seven debates between <mask> and Douglas. These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands. The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically.<mask> warned that Douglas’ "Slave Power" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that all men are created equal. Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, that local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery and accused <mask> of having joined the abolitionists. <mask>'s argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery. Douglas's argument was more legal, claiming that <mask> was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision. Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. <mask>'s articulation of the issues gave him a national political presence. In May 1859, <mask> purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratically but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support.In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned <mask> as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Simon Cameron. While <mask> was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek office. In January 1860, <mask> told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination if offered, and in the following months' several local papers endorsed his candidacy. Over the coming months, <mask> was tireless, making nearly fifty speeches along the campaign trail. By the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party. However, despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States, he was less appreciated in the east. Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of <mask>'s compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited <mask> to give a speech at Cooper Union, in which he argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected any "groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong". Many in the audience thought he appeared awkward and even ugly. But <mask> demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought him into contention. Journalist Noah Brooks reported, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience." Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a "superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery". In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, <mask> said, "The taste is in my mouth a little."1860 presidential election On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. <mask>'s followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and <mask> received his first endorsement. Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), <mask>'s supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate". In 1860, <mask> described himself: "I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes." Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of <mask> by his campaign. At times he was presented as the plain-talking "Rail Splitter" and at other times he was "Honest Abe", unpolished but trustworthy. On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, <mask> won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase.A former Democrat, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, was nominated for vice president to balance the ticket. <mask>'s success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff. Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support. <mask>'s managers had focused on this delegation while honoring <mask>'s dictate to "Make no contracts that will bind me". As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with <mask> that the North was the aggrieved party. Throughout the 1850s, <mask> had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession. When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. <mask> and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South. Prior to the Republican convention, the <mask> campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties. People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against <mask> and rallied supporters for <mask>. As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, <mask> gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on <mask>'s life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty.The goal was to demonstrate the power of "free labor", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts. The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed <mask>'s life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies. Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him. In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to	[ "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln Douglas", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln" ]
307	2	Abraham Lincoln	original	4,096	deal with the influx of attention. He also hired John George Nicolay as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency. On November 6, 1860, <mask> was elected the 16th president. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West.No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War. <mask> received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon. His victory in the electoral college was decisive: <mask> had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents. Presidency (1861–1865) Secession and inauguration The South was outraged by <mask>'s election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed. Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America, and adopted a constitution. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal.President Buchanan and President-elect <mask> refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional president on February 9, 1861. Attempts at compromise followed but <mask> and the Republicans rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories. <mask> said, "I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right." <mask> tacitly supported the Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when <mask> took office. That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed. A few weeks before the war, <mask> sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.En route to his inauguration, <mask> addressed crowds and legislatures across the North. He gave a particularly emotional farewell address upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive. The president-elect evaded suspected assassins in Baltimore. On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard. <mask> directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states: <mask> cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating "One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute." The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: "We are not enemies, but friends.We must not be enemies ... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, <mask> and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated. In his second inaugural address, <mask> looked back on the situation at the time and said: "Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came." Civil War Major Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and <mask>'s order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war.On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight. Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated <mask> made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion. William Tecumseh Sherman talked to <mask> during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war. Donald concludes that, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that." On April 15, <mask> called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states.This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of Richmond as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral. The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line to defend the nation. As States sent Union regiments south, on April 19, Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains. Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting local Maryland officials.<mask> suspended the writ of habeas corpus where needed for the security of troops trying to reach Washington. John Merryman, one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus. In June Taney, ruling only for the lower circuit court in ex parte Merryman, issued the writ which he felt could only be suspended by Congress. <mask> persisted with the policy of suspension in select areas. Union military strategy <mask> took executive control of the war and shaped the Union military strategy. He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as commander-in-chief by exercising unprecedented authority. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers.<mask> gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions. <mask> also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict. It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized <mask> for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. On August 6, 1861, <mask> signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery.In August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels. <mask> canceled the illegal proclamation as politically motivated and lacking military necessity. As a result, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000. Internationally, <mask> wanted to forestall foreign military aid to the Confederacy. He relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward while working closely with Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman Charles Sumner. In the 1861 Trent Affair which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the Trent, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. <mask> ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats.Biographer James G. Randall dissected <mask>'s successful techniques: <mask> painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, <mask> replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton. Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000. Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction. He worked more often and more closely with <mask> than any other senior official. "Stanton and <mask> virtually conducted the war together", say Thomas and Hyman.<mask>'s war strategy embraced two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory. Twice a week, <mask> met with his cabinet in the afternoon. Occasionally Mary prevailed on him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard. For his edification <mask> relied upon a book by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck entitled Elements of Military Art and Science; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini. <mask> began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River. <mask> saw the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory. General McClellan After the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement, <mask> appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief.McClellan then took months to plan his Virginia Peninsula Campaign. McClellan's slow progress frustrated <mask>, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on <mask>'s reservation of troops for the capitol. In 1862, <mask> removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction. He elevated Henry Halleck in July and appointed John Pope as head of the new Army of Virginia. Pope satisfied <mask>'s desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thus protecting Washington from counterattack. But Pope was then soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, <mask> restored him to command of all forces around Washington. Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam. That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated <mask>'s Emancipation Proclamation in January. McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General Don Carlos Buell likewise refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. <mask> replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and after the 1862 midterm elections he replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. The appointments were both politically neutral and adroit on <mask>'s part. Burnside, against presidential advice, launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December.Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so <mask> replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker. In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of habeas corpus, military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations. In the spring of 1863 <mask> was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston. Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade. Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite <mask>'s demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.Emancipation Proclamation The Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865 delegated the issue to the individual states. <mask> argued that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented. He sought to persuade the states to agree to compensation for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition. <mask> rejected Fremont's two emancipation attempts in August 1861, as well as one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and would upset loyal border states. In June 1862, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory, which <mask> signed. In July, the Confiscation Act of 1862 was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; <mask> approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional. He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise.<mask> at this time reviewed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet. Privately, <mask> concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification; Republican editor Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune agreed. In a letter of August 22, 1862, <mask> said that while he personally wished all men could be free, regardless of that, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union: The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and effective January 1, 1863, affirmed the freedom of slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under such control. <mask>'s comment on signing the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper." He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites. With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south	[ "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln" ]
307	3	Abraham Lincoln	original	4,096	liberated three million slaves.Enlisting former slaves became official policy. By the spring of 1863, <mask> was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, <mask> wrote, "The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once". By the end of 1863, at <mask>'s direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley. The Proclamation included <mask>'s earlier plans for colonies for newly freed slaves, though that undertaking ultimately failed. Gettysburg Address (1863) <mask> spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863. In 272 words, and three minutes, <mask> asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal".He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and the future of democracy would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth". Defying his prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history. General Grant Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and in the Vicksburg campaign impressed <mask>. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, <mask> had said, "I can't spare this man. He fights." With Grant in command, <mask> felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops.Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded <mask> to promote Grant to supreme commander. Grant then assumed command of Meade's army. <mask> was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864. He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, <mask> promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since George Washington. Authorization for such a promotion "with the advice and consent of the Senate" was provided by a new bill which <mask> signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1864. Grant in 1864 waged the bloody Overland Campaign, which exacted heavy losses on both sides.When <mask> asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Grant's army moved steadily south. <mask> traveled to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia, to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman. <mask> reacted to Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North. <mask> authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability. He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake. <mask>'s engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general Jubal Early raided Washington, D.C. Legend has it that while <mask> watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future Supreme Court Justice) Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!"As Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group meeting with <mask>, Seward, and others at Hampton Roads. <mask> refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized. On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege. The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and <mask> visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, officially ending the war. Re-election <mask> ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions, along with War Democrats Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson.<mask> used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him. At its convention, the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, <mask> ran under the label of the new Union Party. Grant's bloody stalemates damaged <mask>'s re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. <mask> confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House; <mask> did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The pledge read as follows: The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing" of the party and called the war a "failure"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Meanwhile, <mask> emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support.Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatism. The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for <mask>. The National Union Party was united by <mask>'s support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads. On November 8, <mask> carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers. On March 4, 1865, <mask> delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will.Historian Mark Noll places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial. <mask> said: Reconstruction Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as <mask> and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked <mask> how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, <mask> replied, "Let 'em up easy." <mask> was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one. <mask> led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, who otherwise remained <mask>'s allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, <mask> urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held.His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance. As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored. In Tennessee and Arkansas, <mask> respectively appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors. In Louisiana, <mask> ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery. Democratic opponents accused <mask> of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade–Davis Bill, which <mask> vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.<mask>'s appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who <mask> believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies. After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, <mask> increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole matter" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress. This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. Passage became part of <mask>'s reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865. With ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.<mask> believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. <mask> announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists. Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly how Reconstruction would have proceeded had <mask> lived. Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that: Eric Foner argues that: Native American policy <mask>'s experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather <mask> by Indian assailants, in the presence of his father and uncles. <mask> claimed Indians were antagonistic toward his father, <mask>, and his young family.Although <mask> was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, which was fought in Wisconsin and Illinois in 1832, he saw no significant action. During his presidency, <mask>'s policy toward Indians was driven by politics. He used the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage, making appointments to his loyal followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin. He faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks. On August 17, 1862, the Dakota uprising in Minnesota, supported by the Yankton Indians, killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and deeply alarmed the <mask> administration. Some believed it was a conspiracy by the Confederacy to launch a war on the Northwestern front. <mask> sent General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, to Minnesota as commander of the new Department of the Northwest.<mask> ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the Dakota Uprising. When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, <mask> revoked the policy. Pope fought against the Indians mercilessly, even advocating their extinction. He ordered Indian farms and food supplies be destroyed, and Indian warriors be killed. Aiding Pope, Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley led militiamen and regular troops to defeat the Dakota at Wood Lake. By October 9, Pope considered the uprising to be ended; hostilities ceased on December 26. An unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives, with <mask> effectively acting as the route of appeal.<mask> personally reviewed each of 303 execution warrants for Santee Dakota convicted of killing innocent farmers; he commuted the sentences of all but 39 (one was later reprieved). <mask> sought to be lenient, but still send a message. He also faced significant public pressure, including threats of mob justice should any of the Dakota be spared. Former Governor of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey told <mask>, in 1864, that he would have gotten more presidential election support had he executed all 303 of the Indians. <mask> responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes." Other enactments In the selection and use of his cabinet, <mask> employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency. <mask> commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet.We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services." Goodwin described the group in her biography as a Team of Rivals. <mask> adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating. <mask> vetoed only four bills, including the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh Reconstruction program. The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost.The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869. The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s. There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax. In 1861, <mask> signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs, following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($ in current dollar terms). The Revenue Act of 1862 adopted rates that increased with income.<mask> presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The National Banking Act created the system of national banks. The US issued paper currency for the first time, known as greenbacks—printed in green on the reverse side. In 1862, Congress created the Department of Agriculture. In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. <mask> attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days. <mask> is largely responsible for the Thanksgiving holiday.Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, <mask> declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June 1864, <mask> approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park. Judicial appointments Supreme Court appointments <mask>'s philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known."<mask> made five appointments to the Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. Samuel Freeman Miller supported <mask> in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was <mask>'s campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where <mask> practiced. Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, <mask>'s Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. <mask> believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.Other judicial appointments <mask> appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts but no judges to the United States circuit	[ "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Abraham", "Lincoln", "Thomas Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln" ]
307	4	Abraham Lincoln	original	4,096	courts during his time in office. States admitted to the Union West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Nevada, which became the third state in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864. Assassination John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. After attending an April 11, 1865 speech in which <mask> promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President. When Booth learned of the <mask>s' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate <mask> and Grant at Ford's Theatre. <mask> and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play. At 10:15 in the evening, Booth entered the back of <mask>'s theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of <mask>'s head, mortally wounding him. <mask>'s guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. After being attended by Doctor Charles Leale and two other doctors, <mask> was taken across the street to Petersen House. After remaining in a coma for eight hours, <mask> died at 7:22 in the morning on April 15. Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages." <mask>'s body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers.President Johnson was sworn in the next morning. Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested for court martial. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge. Funeral and burial The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. The caskets containing <mask>'s body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train. The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands.Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing or in silent grief. Poet Walt Whitman composed "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" to eulogize him, one of four poems he wrote about <mask>. African Americans were especially moved; they had lost 'their Moses'. In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war. Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some <mask> haters celebrated his death. <mask>'s body was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield and now lies within the Lincoln Tomb. Religious and philosophical beliefs As a young man, <mask> was a religious skeptic.He was deeply familiar with the Bible, quoting and praising it. He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others. He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs. Through his entire public career, <mask> had a proneness for quoting Scripture. His three most famous speeches—the House Divided Speech, the Gettysburg Address, and his second inaugural—each contain direct allusions to Providence and quotes from Scripture. In the 1840s, <mask> subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power. With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God.He never joined a church, although he frequently attended First Presbyterian Church with his wife beginning in 1852. In the 1850s, <mask> asserted his belief in "providence" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence. The death of son Willie in February 1862 may have caused him to look toward religion for solace. After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity. He wrote at this time that God "could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun, He could give the final victory to either side any day.Yet the contest proceeds." <mask> did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing those beliefs in major speeches. By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars as the greatest such address in American history, and by <mask> himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least.<mask> explains therein that the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will. <mask>'s frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants. On the day <mask> was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land. Health <mask> is believed to have had depression, smallpox, and malaria. He took blue mass pills, which contained mercury, to treat constipation. It is unknown to what extent he may have suffered from mercury poisoning. Several claims have been made that <mask>'s health was declining before the assassination.These are often based on photographs of <mask> appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting. It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. Legacy Republican values <mask>'s redefinition of republican values has been stressed by historians such as John Patrick Diggins, Harry V. Jaffa, Vernon Burton, Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz. <mask> called the Declaration of Independence—which emphasized freedom and equality for all—the "sheet anchor" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s. He did this at a time when the Constitution, which "tolerated slavery", was the focus of most political discourse. Diggins notes, "<mask> presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech. Instead of focusing on the legality of an argument, he focused on the moral basis of republicanism.His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract. Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state. Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs. As a Whig activist, <mask> was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats. William C. Harris found that <mask>'s "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism." James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concludes that "he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders."Reunification of the states In <mask>'s first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people." The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century. Historical reputation In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are <mask>, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies.Between 1999 and 2011, <mask>, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan have been the top-ranked presidents in eight surveys, according to Gallup. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked <mask> number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington. <mask>'s assassination left him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty. Republicans linked <mask>'s name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered <mask> as a man of outstanding ability. Historians have said he was "a classical liberal" in the 19th-century sense.Allen C. Guelzo states that <mask> was a "classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright", whose portrait <mask> hung in his White House office. Schwartz argues that <mask>'s American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Union nationalism, as envisioned by <mask>, "helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt." In the New Deal era, liberals honored <mask> not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the welfare state. Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of <mask> was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life." During the Great Depression, he argues, <mask> served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful". Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan.Americans asked, "What would <mask> do?" However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II <mask>'s symbolic power has lost relevance, and this "fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness." He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept. In the Cold War years, <mask>'s image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes. By the late 1960s, some African-American intellectuals, led by Lerone Bennett Jr., rejected <mask>'s role as the Great Emancipator. Bennett won wide attention when he called <mask> a white supremacist in 1968. He noted that <mask> used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks.Bennett argued that <mask> opposed social equality, and proposed sending freed slaves to another country. Defenders, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day; and that he was a "moral visionary" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible. The emphasis shifted away from <mask> the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government on emancipation. By the 1970s, <mask> had become a hero to political conservatives, apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage, his acting in terms of Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers. <mask> became a favorite exemplar for liberal intellectuals across the world. Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that <mask>'s image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century. On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that <mask> was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason".In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named <mask> his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies. <mask> has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light. Memory and memorials <mask>'s portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill. His likeness also appears on many postage stamps. While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell. He was the first of five presidents to do so. He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska.The United States Navy is named after <mask>, the second Navy ship to bear his name. <mask> Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital, and is one of the top five visited National Park Service sites in the country. Ford's Theatre, among the top sites in Washington, D.C., is across the street from Petersen House (where he died). Memorials in Springfield, Illinois include <mask> Presidential Library and Museum, <mask>'s home, as well as his tomb. A portrait carving of <mask> appears with those of three other presidents on Mount Rushmore, which receives about 3 million visitors a year. See also Outline of <mask> Grace Bedell <mask> Tower List of civil rights leaders List of photographs of <mask> <mask> (film): 2012 film by Steven Spielberg. Linconia, a proposed colony in Central America named for <mask> Notes References Bibliography Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else, Penguin Press.ISBN 9781984879059 External links Official Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum The Lincoln Presidential Library's ongoing digitization of all documents written by or to <mask> during his lifetime Collected Works of <mask> – complete collected works as edited by Basler et	[ "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln" ]
11,195,016	0	Alfie Hale	original	4,096	Alfred "<mask><mask> (born 28 August 1939 in Waterford, Republic of Ireland) is a former Irish footballer and manager who played for several clubs in both the League of Ireland and the English League, most notably, Waterford, Aston Villa, Doncaster Rovers and Cork Celtic. During his career <mask> scored 153 goals in the League of Ireland and a further 66 with English League clubs. As an international, <mask> also played for the Republic of Ireland. After retiring as a player <mask> managed several teams in the League of Ireland, most notably, Cork Celtic, Waterford United and Kilkenny City. In June 2003, <mask> and such other notable Waterford footballers as Davy Walsh, Paddy Coad, Peter Thomas, Jim Beglin and John O'Shea were honoured by the Waterford City Council and presented with a Waterford Crystal vase. Playing career Waterford Hale spent much of his playing and coaching career at Waterford United. His father, three brothers and two uncles had all played for the club in the 1930s.In 1930 the trio even formed an all-<mask> half-back line in a league game at home to Bohemians. At the age of 17 <mask> junior along with Peter Fitzgerald (footballer) made a scoring League of Ireland debut at Kilcohan Park on St Patrick's Day 1957 in a 3–1 win over Bohemians He left Waterford in 1960 but after seven seasons in the English League, he returned in 1966. Then together with Johnny Matthews, he became a central figure in a Waterford team that dominated the League of Ireland. In 1971–72 <mask> was player-manager of the side when they beat Cork Hibernians in dramatic circumstances at Flower Lodge to claim his fifth league title in six seasons. In both 1971–72 and 1972–73 he also finished as joint top goalscorer in the league, scoring 22 and 20 goals respectively. He is also the 7th highest League of Ireland goalscorer of all time with 153 league goals. He was awarded a benefit game in August 1971.He scored twice against AC Omonia in the 1972–73 European Cup. Aston Villa In June 1960, aged 19, <mask> was sold by Waterford United to Aston Villa for a fee of £4,500. However, <mask> failed to establish himself in the Villa first team and went on to make just 7 first team appearances, scoring 2 goals. Despite this <mask> won his first international cap for the Republic of Ireland while at Villa. Doncaster Rovers <mask> signed for Doncaster Rovers in the summer of 1962 and made his debut for the club on 18 August in a 2–0 defeat to Brentford in the Football League Fourth Division. He scored four goals in a single game as he helped Rovers to a record league win when they beat Darlington. In three seasons with Rovers, <mask> made 119 league appearances and scored 42 goals.He also made 7 appearances for Rovers in the League Cup and 9 in the FA Cup, scoring 2 further goals. Republic of Ireland international Between 1962 and 1973, <mask> made 14 appearances and scored 2 goals for the Republic of Ireland national football team. He made his senior international debut on 8 April 1962 in a 3–2 home defeat against Austria. <mask> went on to score twice for the Republic of Ireland, both goals coming in 1968, against Poland and then Austria. He made his last appearance for the Republic of Ireland on 21 October 1973 as a substitute in a 1–0 home win against Poland. Coaching career As a manager <mask> would return to Waterford United for two further spells. During the first of these, between 1982 until 1986, he guided the club to victory in the League of Ireland Cup in 1985 and to the FAI Cup final in 1986.He returned to manage the club again between 1991 and 1993 and helped them achieve promotion from the First Division in 1992. In 2005, he briefly returned to Waterford United once again, this time acting as special advisor. Aside from Waterford, <mask> has also coached several other teams in the League of Ireland. He was appointed player/manager of Thurles Town in May 1981 where he made history by becoming the League of Ireland's oldest ever goalscorer, and also the only player to score in four different League of Ireland decades. As manager of Cobh Ramblers, <mask> gave Roy Keane his debut in 1990. Between 1995 and 1999 he was manager of Kilkenny City and in 1997, with a team which included the likes of his Nephew Richie, Brendan Rea, Paul Cashin and Pascal Keane, he guided them to the First Division title. After leaving Kilkenny, <mask> remained active in junior football working with Waterford Crystal F.C.and Tramore F.C, winning the first league in 50 years with Tramore in 2000–01. Businessman At the same time as managing various League of Ireland clubs, <mask> also established himself as a prominent businessman in the Waterford area. In 1978, he opened a sports shop, currently trading under the name <mask> <mask>'s Intersport and located at Arundal Square. He also owns a chain of pubs including <mask> <mask>'s Bar in Ballybricken and <mask> <mask>'s Sports Bar on Lombard Street. In December 2008, he settled with the Revenue Commissioners for over €100,000. At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season <mask> is tenth in the all-time League of Ireland goalscoring list with 153 league goals. Honours Player Waterford League of Ireland 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73: League of Ireland Shield 1968–69: Top Four Cup 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73: Munster Senior Cup 1965–66, 1966–67: SWAI Personality of the Year 1972–73 Player manager Cork Celtic League of Ireland 1973–74: Manager Waterford League of Ireland Cup 1984–85: Munster Senior Cup 1985–86: Kilkenny City League of Ireland First Division 1996–97: References Who's Who of Aston Villa (2004): Tony Matthews The Boys in Green – The FAI International Story (1997): Sean Ryan External links Honoured by Waterford City Council Career details with Waterford 1939 births Living people Association football inside forwards Republic of Ireland association footballers Republic of Ireland international footballers Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers English Football League players League of Ireland players Aston Villa F.C.players Doncaster Rovers F.C. players Limerick F.C. players Newport County A.F.C. players Waterford F.C. players St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players Waterford F.C. managers Republic of Ireland football managers League of Ireland managers Association footballers from County Waterford Irish businesspeople Cork Celtic F.C.players Cork Hibernians F.C. players League of Ireland XI players	[ "Alfie", "\" Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Alfie", "Hale", "Alfie", "Hale", "Alfie", "Hale", "Hale" ]
142,241	0	Gene Simmons	original	4,096	<mask> (born Chaim Witz August 25, 1949) is an Israeli-American musician, singer and songwriter. Also known by his stage persona The Demon, he is the bassist and co-lead singer of Kiss, the rock band he co-founded with Paul Stanley, Ace Frehley and Peter Criss in the early 1970s. Early life <mask> was born as Chaim Witz on August 25, 1949, at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish immigrants from Hungary. His mother, Florence Klein (1925-2018) (née Flóra Kovács), was born in Jánd and survived internment in Nazi concentration camps. She and her brother, Larry Klein, were the only members of the family to survive the Holocaust. His father, Ferenc "Feri" Yehiel Witz (1925-2002), was a carpenter. <mask> spent his early childhood in Tirat Carmel and was raised in a practicing Jewish household.He practiced playing his guitar for hours on end. He has said that his family was "dirt poor," scraping by on rationed bread and milk. At age seven, he began to pick wild fruit and sell it on roadsides together with a friend. At age eight, he immigrated to the United States with his mother and settled in New York City. His father remained in Israel, where he has another son and three daughters. In the United States, <mask> changed his name to <mask>, adopting his mother's maiden name. At age nine, he briefly attended a Jewish religious school, Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, before transferring to a public school.He later attended Richmond College and Sullivan County Community College, both in New York, and chose a stage name in tribute to the rockabilly singer Jumpin' <mask>. Before his musical career began, Klein worked a variety of jobs in the city. A proficient typist, he served as an assistant to an editor of Vogue, and spent several months as a sixth grade instructor on the Upper West Side. The Beatles had a significant influence on <mask>. "There is no way I'd be doing what I do now if it wasn't for the Beatles. I was watching The Ed Sullivan Show and I saw them. Those skinny little boys, kind of androgynous, with long hair like girls.It blew me away that these four boys [from] the middle of nowhere could make that music." Career Kiss <mask> became involved with his first band, Lynx, then renamed the Missing Links, when he was a teenager. Eventually, he disbanded the band to form the Long Island Sounds, the name being a pun on Long Island Sound. While he played in these bands, he worked at odd jobs on the side to make more money, including trading used comic books. <mask> attended Sullivan County Community College in Loch Sheldrake, New York. He joined a new band, Bullfrog Bheer, and the band recorded a demo, "Leeta"; this was later included on the Kiss box set. <mask> formed the rock band Wicked Lester in the early 1970s with Stanley Eisen (now known as Paul Stanley) and recorded one album, which was never released.Dissatisfied with Wicked Lester's sound and look, <mask> and Stanley attempted to fire their band members; they were met with resistance, and they quit Wicked Lester, walking away from their record deal with Epic Records. They decided to form the "ultimate rock band", and started looking for a drummer. <mask> and Stanley found an ad placed by George Peter John Criscuola (known as Peter Criss) who was playing clubs in Brooklyn at the time; they joined and started out as a trio. During this time, Criss and <mask> also appeared on an unreleased album by Captain Sanity together with members from Criss' previous band Chelsea. Paul Frehley (better known as Ace Frehley) responded to an ad they put in The Village Voice for a lead guitar player, and soon joined them. Kiss released their self-titled debut album in February 1974. Stanley took on the role of lead performer on stage, while <mask> became the driving force behind what became an extensive Kiss merchandising franchise.The eye section of his "Demon" makeup with Kiss came from the wing design of comic book character Black Bolt. In 1983, when Kiss's fame was waning, the members took off their trademark make-up and enjoyed a resurgence in popularity that continued into the 1990s. At this time, Peter Criss, the original drummer, was voted out of the band, and a replacement was sought to fill his vacancy. The new drummer was Paul Charles Caravello, who went by the stage name of Eric Carr, and played for Kiss from 1980 until his death in 1991. The band hosted its own fan conventions in 1995, and fan feedback about the original Kiss members reunion influenced the highly successful 1996–1997 Alive Worldwide reunion tour. In 1998, the band released Psycho Circus. Since then, the original line-up has once again dissolved, with Tommy Thayer replacing Ace Frehley on lead guitar and Eric Singer (who performed with Kiss from 1991 through 1996) replacing Peter Criss on drums.Other projects In 1989, <mask> managed the recording side of Liza Minnelli's entry into mainstream pop. On August 15, 2013, <mask>, Paul Stanley and manager Doc McGhee became a part of the ownership group that created the LA Kiss Arena Football League team, which played their home games at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. The team has since folded. He has his own magazine, Gene Simmons Tongue Magazine, his own label, Simmons Records, and animated series, My Dad the Rock Star. Simmons Records has released albums by such bands as Kobra and the Lotus, Silent Rage, Gypsy Rose and House of Lords as well as <mask>'s own solo releases. Film and television <mask> has been involved with such television projects as: My Dad the Rock Star, a cartoon by the Canadian animation company Nelvana, about the mild mannered son of a <mask> Simmons-like rock star Mr. Romance, a show created and hosted by <mask> on the Oxygen cable television channel Rock School, a UK reality show in which <mask> tries to make a rock band out of a group of students of Christ's Hospital School in the first season, and in the second, a group of kids from a comprehensive school in Lowestoft Gene Simmons Family Jewels, a reality show documenting the personal lives of <mask>, his wife, his son and daughter In 1985, <mask> appeared on the TV series Miami Vice in an episode titled "The Prodigal Son".The episode served as the season premiere of the show's second season. <mask> appeared as a psychic working at the Mystic Journey Bookstore in Venice, California on the American hidden camera prank TV series I Get That a Lot. He also guest-starred as himself in the 2014 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode Long Road Home. <mask> performed in the 1984 Michael Crichton thriller Runaway starring Tom Selleck, Cynthia Rhodes and Kirstie Alley as well as the 1987 Gary Sherman action film Wanted: Dead or Alive starring Rutger Hauer. In March 2015, <mask> founded the film production company Erebus Pictures and announced as the first project the Horror-thriller film Armed Response. Playing style <mask> plays bass, and lead vocals are split between <mask> and rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley in most Kiss songs. Some notable songs featuring <mask> singing lead include "Rock and Roll All Nite", "Deuce", "A World Without Heroes", "I Love It Loud", "Calling Dr. Love", "Unholy", "Spit" (second lead vocals), "Boomerang", "You Wanted the Best" (first lead vocals), and "Christine Sixteen", among others.Stage makeup and persona In addition to playing bass, <mask> is known for his long tongue, which he frequently sticks out while performing, and on stage is known for his demonic figure by spitting fire and vomiting stage blood. Personal life <mask> is a science fiction and comic book fan and published several science-fiction fanzines, among them Id, Cosmos (which eventually merged with Stilletto to become Cosmos-Stilletto and then Faun), Tinderbox, Sci-Fi Showcase, Mantis and Adventure. He also contributed to other fanzines, among them BeABohema and Sirruish. By 1977, however, he would write in a letter of comment to Janus, "I haven't been active [in fandom] for about five years". <mask> lives in Los Angeles, California with his wife, Shannon Lee Tweed a Canadian actress and former Playboy Playmate. Although they began dating in 1983, they did not marry until 28 years later. <mask> often joked that he and Tweed were "happily unmarried" for over 20 years.He also often paraphrased Groucho Marx, saying "Marriage is an institution, and I don't want to live in an institution". <mask> and Tweed wed on October 1, 2011 at the Beverly Hills Hotel. They have two children: Nick (born January 22, 1989) and Sophie (born July 7, 1992). He formerly had live-in relationships with Cher and Diana Ross, revealing that he fell in love with Ross while dating Cher. <mask> can speak Hungarian, German, English, Hebrew, and some Japanese. <mask> does not drink alcohol or use drugs. Homecoming visit to Israel In March 2011, <mask> visited his birth country, Israel.He described the trip as a "life changing experience". He talked about how he still feels that he is an Israeli: "I'm Israeli. I'm a stranger in America. I'm an outsider". While there, <mask> met his half-brother Kobi, and triplet half-sisters Drora, Sharon and Ogenia. <mask> announced he has plans to take Kiss to Israel. He has said that he is an ardent supporter of Israel.At a press conference in Israel, he spoke in both Hebrew and English. Political views <mask> was a supporter of the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration. He supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing on his website: "I'm ashamed to be surrounded by people calling themselves liberal who are, in my opinion, spitting on the graves of brave American soldiers who gave their life to fight a war that wasn't theirs... in a country they've never been to... simply to liberate the people therein". In a follow-up, <mask> explained his position and wrote about his love and support for the United States: "I wasn't born here. But I have a love for this country and its people that knows no bounds. I will forever be grateful to America for going into World War II, when it had nothing to gain, in a country that was far away... and rescued my mother from the Nazi German concentration camps. She is alive and I am alive because of America.And, if you have a problem with America, you have a problem with me". During the 2006 Lebanon War between Israel and Lebanon, <mask> sent a televised message of support (in both English and Hebrew) to an Israeli soldier seriously wounded in fighting in Lebanon, calling him his "hero". In 2010, <mask> said he regretted voting for Barack Obama and criticized the 2009 health care reforms. Following Obama's 2011 speech on the Middle East in which the President called on Israel and the Palestinians to	[ "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Klein", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene", "Simmons", "Gene", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons" ]
142,241	1	Gene Simmons	original	4,096	negotiate a settlement "based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps", <mask> told CNBC that Obama was gravely misguided. "If you have never been to the moon, you can't issue policy about the moon. For the president to be sitting in Washington D.C. and saying, 'Go back to your '67 borders in Israel' – how about you live there and try to defend an indefensible border – nine miles (14 km) wide?" <mask> also accused the United Nations of being "the most pathetic body on the face of the earth".During his visit to Israel in 2011, he stated that the artists refusing to perform in Israel for political reasons are "stupid". In an April 2012 interview, <mask> endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for President: "America should be in business and it should be run by a businessman." On November 6, 2015, he attended a Friends of the Israel Defense Forces gala in Beverly Hills, which raised more than $31 million. On November 10, 2021, he stated that people who refused to get the vaccine against COVID-19 "an enemy" and called them "evil". Philanthropy <mask> is a known advocate for ChildFund International's work. He traveled to Zambia during his Gene Simmons Family Jewels show to visit several of his sponsored children, of whom he has more than 140. <mask> said that the trip "[was] a stark reminder that life doesn't treat everyone the same".<mask>'s family received the MEND Humanitarian Award for their philanthropic efforts and support for Mending Kids International at the organization's annual gala on November 9, 2013. The award was presented by Mel Gibson. In his acceptance speech, <mask> spoke of his own difficult childhood in Israel in a bullet-riddled house. He recalled his mother's excitement when they received a CARE box one day. <mask> <mask> has boasted many times about having bedded thousands of women.In 2010, he claimed the tally stood at 5,000 and that he has a Polaroid picture of each liaison, including the hotel key where it took place. A number of years prior, as a guest on TSN's Off the Record with Michael Landsberg, <mask> told fellow guest Thea Andrews he had slept with 4,500 women, to which Andrews replied she was not interested in being 4,501. The show's other guest, Mark Tewksbury, offered himself to <mask> instead, to which <mask> declined. Tewksbury would state in a 2012 interview with the National Post that <mask> shook his head at Tewksbury off-camera. He told Terry Gross: "If you want to welcome me with open arms, I'm afraid you're also going to have to welcome me with open legs", paraphrasing a lyric from the Who's 1981 song "You Better You Bet". Gross replied: "That's a really obnoxious thing to say". At the time, <mask> refused to grant permission to NPR to make the interview available online.However, it appears in print in Gross' book All I Did Was Ask and unauthorized transcripts are available. NPR re-broadcast part of the interview in August 2007. In a 2014 interview with The Huffington Post, <mask> noted he was upset over what he perceived as Gross's "holier-than-thou" attitude, which included mislabeling his band Kiss as "the Kiss". In 2019, Ace Frehley stated that <mask> had attempted to grope his wife, calling <mask> an "asshole and a sex addict". Islam comments in Australia In 2004, during an interview in Melbourne, Australia, while talking about Islamic extremists, <mask> described Islam as a "vile culture", saying that Muslim women had to walk behind their husbands and were not allowed to be educated or to own houses. He said: "They want to come and live right where you live and they think that you're evil." Australia's Muslim of the Year Susan Carland argued that <mask>'s stereotyping of Muslims was inaccurate.<mask> later clarified his comments on his website, saying he had been talking specifically about Muslim extremists. Defamation lawsuit by former girlfriend In 2005, <mask> was sued by a former girlfriend, Georgeann Walsh Ward, who said she had been "defamed" in the VH1 documentary When Kiss Ruled the World and portrayed as an "unchaste woman". A settlement was reached in June 2006. Views on musical piracy In 2007, <mask> openly spoke out against music piracy, and called for file-sharers to be sued. A year later, he threatened further lawsuits, and to withhold new recordings, if file-sharing continued. In 2010, Anonymous staged a DDoS on his website, prompting <mask> to hit back with provocative comments once he was back online, at which point Anonymous staged a second DDoS, taking <mask>'s site down again. In September 2014, <mask> said "The death of rock was not a natural death.Rock did not die of old age. It was murdered." <mask> blames file sharing and that no one values music "enough to pay you for it" for the decline of the rock music scene. Comments on suicide and depression In August 2014, <mask> made comments in an interview with Songfacts.com that seemed to openly encourage people with depression to kill themselves. The comments drew criticism from Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe who had suffered from depression in the past. Following his comments, both Triple M and Winnipeg radio station Power 97 stated that they were pulling all Kiss songs from their lineup in protest. <mask> later clarified his comments and apologized for the incident.Fox and Friends incident On November 16, 2017, <mask> made an appearance on Fox & Friends to promote a new book, but shortly afterward, he burst into a staff meeting uninvited, unbuttoning his shirt and telling jokes. The next day, on November 17, Fox News announced that <mask> was banned for life from their program. Awards and recognition On January 28, 2011, <mask> was in Dallas, Texas to host the Aces & Angels Salute to the Troops charity event. <mask> was presented the key to the city, and a street (<mask> Boulevard) was named for him. <mask> and Tweed also visited the U.S. Army base at Fort Hood to support the troops as a part of the Aces & Angels event. On June 15 of the same year, he was given the key to the city in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 2012, <mask> was awarded the Golden God award by the Revolver magazine.In 2013, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History accepted an autographed Gene Simmons Axe bass into their collection from John Upshaw Downs, Jr. The Smithsonian wrote, in part: "The bass will now be cared for in our permanent collections... We are happy to include the Axe bass as it relates to the impact Mr. <mask> and his band Kiss have had on American culture, especially in the creation of a unique and iconic brand that has been embraced by fans worldwide ... The story of Mr. <mask>' American experience deserves to be preserved. An immigrant and son of a holocaust survivor, he used creative vision and entrepreneurial acumen to make a significant impact for our nation's popular culture, becoming an iconic figure in American music and entertainment." <mask> is an honorary board member of Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools. A&E's <mask> Family Jewels visited a Little Kids Rock classroom and featured the segment on the show. He also decorated a guitar for auction with his son Nick.On December 15, 2014, <mask> was awarded the Golden Medal by the Reial Circle Artístic de Barcelona (Royal Artistic Circle of Barcelona). Filmography Film Television appearances Music video appearances In 1994, <mask> appears as auditioning for the band with actor Al Lewis & comedian Gilbert Gottfried in a music video for "I'll Talk My Way Out Of It" by Howard Stern comedian Stuttering John. In 2007, he appeared alongside other celebrities, as well as regular people, in the music video for "Rockstar" by Nickelback. Video game appearances <mask> is a playable character in Tony Hawk's Underground, unlocked when completing the story mode on Normal difficulty, and also appears with his Kiss bandmates in the Hotter Than Hell level to play one of three songs upon collecting the four K-I-S-S letters. <mask>'s Kiss character, The Demon, is a playable character in Kiss: Psycho Circus: The Nightmare Child. <mask> also has a large role in the 2010 music video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. In addition to narrating the main storyline, voicing the character Demigod of Rock in cutscenes, and doing advertising for the game, the Kiss song "Love Gun" is playable.A Dark-Normal Type Pokémon introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield known as Obstagoon the Blocking Pokémon resembles <mask>'s K.I.S.S. character: The Demon. Discography Studio albums <mask> (1978) Asshole (2004) Box sets Vault (2017) DVDs Speaking in Tongues (2004) Guest appearances Wendy O. Williams – WOW (1984) Producer, played all the bass on the album(credited as "Reginald Van Helsing"), co-wrote five songs "I Love Sex (And Rock and Roll)", "It's My Life", "Thief in the Night", "Legends Never Die" and "Ain't None of Your Business". Bruce Kulick – BK3 (2010) Lead vocals on "Ain't Gonna Die" Engelbert Humperdinck – Engelbert Calling (2014) co-vocals on "Spinning Wheel" Publishing career In 2002, <mask> launched <mask>' Tongue, a men's lifestyle magazine. The magazine lasted five issues before being discontinued. Other ventures In 1976–77, <mask> signed a management and production contract with the band Van Halen. He produced a Van Halen demo tape and attempted to find a record deal for the band with a variety of major record labels.When no deal materialised, he released them from their contract. From 2006 to 2008, <mask> served in a marketing and publicity role with the Indy Racing League. In 2012, <mask> headlined the Rock N Roll All Stars tour which performed in stadiums across South America. The project also featured several other Rock N Roll Hall of Famers including Def Leppard's Joe Elliot, Guns N Roses' Duff McKagan & Matt Sorum and Deep Purple's Glenn Hughes as well as Billy Idol's Steve Stevens, Collective Soul's Ed Rolland, Sebastian Bach, Alice in Chain's Mike Inez and the Cult's Billy Duffy. On March 1, 2012 the line up and the tour was revealed at a news conference hosted by Promoter Gabe Reed at the Roxy theater in Hollywood, CA. <mask> was in attendance and the entire news conference and subsequent tour was featured on Simmons Family Jewels' series finale episodes. In 2012, <mask> partnered with Paul Stanley and three other investors to form the restaurant franchise Rock & Brews.In 2017, <mask> launched "The Vault" which is a compilation of all of his major works selling for $2,000. In 2018, <mask> was named as "Chief Evangelist Officer" of the Canadian cannabis company Invictus MD Strategies. <mask> also holds a large investment stake in the	[ "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmonsity", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Gene Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons", "Simmons" ]
13,569,918	0	Charles Fracé	original	4,096	{{Infobox artist \| name = <mask> \| image = Cover_of_Nature's_Window.jpg \| caption = Nature's Window, a 1992 profile of <mask> and collection of his works. The painting on the cover, titled Fleeting Encounter, was painted in 1988. \| birth_name = <mask> \| birth_date = \| birth_place = Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania \| death_date = \| death_place = Nashville, Tennessee \| nationality = American \| field = Wildlife painter \| training = Philadelphia Museum School of Art, \| movement = Wildlife, realism \| works = African Leopard Cub (1978)Snow Leopard (1975)Cougar (1978)Clouded Leopard (1979)Fleeting Encounter (1988)Unrivaled (1994) \| patrons = \| awards = See below }} <mask> (February 28, 1926 – December 16, 2005) was an American wildlife artist whose work was featured in more than 500 exhibitions, including a solo exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Fracé painted over a hundred paintings from which limited edition prints were produced, which were consistently popular with collectors. Early life, education, and career Born in 1926 in the small town of Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe), in eastern Pennsylvania, Fracé lost his father at a young age, and lived with his mother and grandparents. Fracé began drawing at five and taught himself to paint when he was fifteen. His first painting was a portrait of Jesus, which was followed the next year by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln which was presented to his high school principal, and which remains in the town museum. He also played alto horn and trumpet in the school band, and was in the school soccer and basketball teams.After working at odd jobs for several years before being persuaded to apply for a scholarship to the Philadelphia Museum School of Art. His self-instructed talent earned him the opportunity, and he worked his way through school, including a stint as an extra for the Philadelphia Opera, graduating with honors in 1952. In 1955, Fracé began a professional career as a freelance illustrator in New York City. After struggling to land his first paid artist job, and working for a year for the local office of the Saturday Evening Post, he befriended wildlife photographer Shelly Grossman. After Fracé sought advice from respected wildlife illustrator Al Dorne, who told Fracé, "stick with it", Fracé joined Grossman on an assignment in Weeki Wachi, Florida. There, Fracé found the inspiration to paint his first three wildlife paintings, of a Great Horned Owl, Sparrow Hawk, and Pondicherry Vulture. Fracé continued painting in this genre, and within the next few years he became one of the nation's most sought-after illustrators of wildlife.During this time he began a collaboration with wildlife photographer and preservationist Roger A. Caras. In 1966 Caras published Last Chance on Earth: A Requiem for Wildlife, with illustrations by Fracé. The pair went on to collaborate on twelve more books, the last one being Source of the Thunder: The Biography of a California condor, in 1991. Wildlife painter At the urging of his wife Elke, <mask> took a sabbatical from commercial illustrating in 1972 and began painting for his own enjoyment. He proceeded to paint from memory an American eagle he had observed at Walking Dunes on the coast of Long Island. Unsure that the painting represented how he really felt about wildlife he put the painting into storage in a closet. His wife took the painting to a gallery in Mattituck, New York, seeking a professional opinion and with the urging of the gallery owners left it with them for display.It sold in two hours. In 1973, he left the world of commercial illustration and concentrated on producing wildlife oil paintings. Also that year he started a business relationship with Frame House, a publisher of wildlife prints. His first two limited edition print releases, African Lion and Tiger, sold out shortly after release. In 1974, he relocated Nashville, Tennessee, and embarked on a five-week trip to Africa, where he refined his skill in painting big cats, which became one of the hallmarks of his work. Early in his career, Frace adopted a principle called "the Three A's, in which he demands of himself that his paintings be Artistic, Alive, and Accurate". During the next 20 years over 100 of Fracé's paintings were issued as limited edition prints, making him one of the most successful wildlife artists of all time.By the early 1980s, Fracé was described as "America's premier wildlife artist". A 1981 article described his "stature as a painter of the world's most beautiful animals is virtually unrivaled", and noted that "Fracé never paints an animal he has not seen for himself or touched with his own hand". He was commissioned to paint the official portrait of 9Lives mascot Morris the Cat in 1976, and by the National Retriever Club to paint their 1983 stamp print. In 1982, Fracé was profiled in the book, The Art of <mask> Fracé, and a much more substantial profile, Nature's Window—<mask>, was published in 1992.Wildlife Art News (1995), Vol. 14, Issues 4-7, p. 112. His work was also profiled in magazines including U.S. Art and Wildlife Art News. Fracé's paintings have been highlighted as exemplary of techniques used to capture difficult features such as the dense fur of the grizzly bear, and the feathers of birds in flight.In 1987, Fracé established The Fracé Fund For Wildlife Preservation, a charitable fund supporting wildlife organizations. Their first donations was of trees and foliage plants to Zoo Atlanta. In 1991, he was selected as one of four inaugural members of U.S. Art magazine's "Artists' Hall of Fame", and from November 1992 to May 1993, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. hosted a one-man exhibition of his work, The American Wildlife Image and Charles Fracé, that featured over 36 of his paintings. Selected recognition and awards 1978: Who's Who in American Art - R. R. Bowker Co. 1981: Contemporary Personages Encyclopedia - Academia Italia delle Arti e del Lavaro, Parma, Italy 1982: Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO - Special Award of Merit for Cougar'' References Bibliography External links Fracé Wildlife Art 1926 births 2005 deaths Artists from Pennsylvania Wildlife artists University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni	[ "Charles Fracé", "Charles Fracé", "Charles Fracé", "Charles Fracé", "Fracé", "Charles", "Charles Fracé" ]
255,405	0	Bruce Dickinson	original	4,096	<mask> (born 7 August 1958) is an English musician who has been the lead singer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden since 1981. <mask> began his career in music fronting small pub bands in the 1970s while attending school in Sheffield and university in London. In 1979, he joined British new wave heavy metal band Samson, with whom he gained some popularity under the stage name "<mask>" and performed on two studio records. He left Samson in 1981 to join Iron Maiden, replacing Paul Di'Anno, and debuted on their 1982 album The Number of the Beast. During his first tenure in the band, they issued a series of US and UK platinum and gold albums in the 1980s and early 1990s. <mask> quit Iron Maiden in 1993 (being replaced by Blaze Bayley) to pursue his solo career, which saw him experiment with a wide variety of heavy metal and rock styles. He re-joined the band in 1999, along with guitarist Adrian Smith, and has released six subsequent studio albums with the band.Since his return to Iron Maiden, he issued one further solo record in 2005, Tyranny of Souls. His younger cousin, <mask>, is the former lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel, while his son, Austin, fronted the metalcore band Rise to Remain. Outside his career in music, <mask> has pursued a number of other activities. He undertook a career as a commercial pilot for Astraeus Airlines, which led to a number of media-reported ventures such as captaining Iron Maiden's converted charter aeroplane, Ed Force One, during their world tours. Following Astraeus' closure, he created his own aircraft maintenance and pilot training company, Cardiff Aviation, in 2012. <mask> presented his own radio show on BBC Radio 6 Music from 2002 to 2010, and has also hosted television documentaries, authored novels and film scripts, created a beer with Robinsons Brewery and competed at fencing internationally. Early life <mask> <mask> was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire.His mother, Sonia, worked part-time in a shoe shop, and his father, <mask>, was a mechanic in the British Army. His birth hurried the young couple, who were then just teenagers, into marriage. Initially, he was brought up by his grandparents; his grandfather was a coal-face worker at the local colliery, and his grandmother was a housewife. This is referred to in his song "Born In '58" from the album Tattooed Millionaire. <mask> started school at Manton Primary in Worksop while his parents moved away to Sheffield. Soon afterwards, when he was six, he was also despatched to Sheffield, where he attended a primary school in Manor Top. After six months, his parents decided to move him to a small private school called Sharrow Vale Junior.Due to constant moving, <mask> states that this period of his life taught him to be self-reliant as he was unable to make close friends. <mask> has a younger sister, professional showjumper Helena Stormanns, who was born in 1963. He tried to isolate himself from her as much as he could when he was young, supposedly out of spite because she, unlike him, was a planned pregnancy and birth. <mask>'s first musical experience was dancing in his grandparents' front room to Chubby Checker's "The Twist", when he still lived with them in Worksop. The first record <mask> recalls owning was The Beatles single "She Loves You", which he managed to persuade his grandfather to buy him, which made him more interested in music. He tried to play an acoustic guitar belonging to his father, but it blistered his fingers. By the time he moved to Sheffield, <mask>'s parents were earning a good living from buying property, refurbishing it and then selling it for a profit.As a result, much of <mask>'s childhood was spent living on a building site, until his parents bought a boarding house and a bankrupt garage where his father began selling second-hand cars. The income from their business success gave them the opportunity to give <mask>—then 13 years old—a boarding school education and they chose Oundle, a public school in Northamptonshire. <mask> was not opposed to moving away from home because he had not built "any real attachment" to his parents, having been raised by his grandparents in Worksop until he was six. At Oundle, <mask> was picked on and routinely bullied by the older boys of Sidney House, the boarding house that he belonged to, which he described as "like systematic torture" and meant that he became an outsider. His interests at Oundle were often military; he co-founded the school wargames society with Mike Jordan, and he joined the school's cadet force. This gave him access to live ammunition, which he used to create explosions as booby-traps. Oundle was where <mask> became attracted to hard rock and early heavy metal after hearing Deep Purple's "Child in Time" being played in another student's room.As a result, the first album he ever bought was Deep Purple's In Rock, which created his interest in rock and metal music. After In Rock, he went on to buy Black Sabbath's debut, Jethro Tull's Aqualung and Tarkus by Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Every term, a band would play at the school, the first of these which <mask> saw was called Wild Turkey, featuring former Jethro Tull bassist Glenn Cornick. After that, he saw Van der Graaf Generator and Arthur Brown. <mask> initially wanted to play the drums, later obtaining a pair of bongo drums from the music room for practice. He remembers playing "Let It Be" with his friend Mike Jordan, during which <mask> discovered his singing voice while encouraging Jordan to sing the high-notes. Shortly afterwards <mask> was expelled from Oundle for participating in a prank in which he allegedly urinated in the headmaster's dinner.Returning home to Sheffield in 1976, <mask> enrolled at King Edward VII School, at which he joined his first band. He had overheard two other pupils talking about their band and that they needed a singer and so volunteered immediately. They rehearsed in the garage of the drummer's father, and the band were impressed by <mask>'s singing, encouraging him to buy his first microphone. Their first gig took place at the Broadfield Tavern in Sheffield. Originally called "Paradox", the band changed their name on <mask>'s suggestion to "Styx", unaware of the American act with the same name. They made local newspaper headlines when a steel worker was awoken by their performance and tried to smash the band's drum kit. Soon afterwards the band split up.After leaving school with A-levels in English, History, and Economics, <mask> confessed, "I didn't really know what I wanted to do." The first thing he did was join the Territorial Army for six months. Although he enjoyed his time in the TA, <mask> realised that it was not a career choice, and so he applied for a place to read history at Queen Mary College, London. His parents wanted him in the army, but he told them that he wanted to get a degree first, which acted as his "cover story", and immediately began playing in bands. At university, <mask> got involved in the Entertainments Committee: "one day you'd be a roadie for The Jam, the next you'd be putting up the Stonehenge backdrop for Hawkwind or whatever." In 1977, <mask> met Paul "Noddy" White, a multi-instrumentalist who owned a PA and other equipment, with whom <mask>, along with drummer Steve Jones, would form a band together called Speed. According to <mask>, the band was called Speed because of the way in which they played, rather than a reference to drug-taking.In Speed, <mask> began writing his own material after White taught him how to play three chords on the guitar. Although Speed would play several gigs at the Green Man pub in Plumstead, the band did not last long, but it encouraged <mask> to continue to work towards being a musician. <mask> spotted an advertisement in Melody Maker with the caption "Singer wanted for recording project" and replied immediately. He recorded a demo tape and sent it with a note which read: "By the way, if you think the singing's crap, there's some John Cleese stuff recorded on the other side you might find amusing." They liked what they heard and invited <mask> down to the studio to make "Dracula", the first song he would ever record, with a band called "Shots", formed by two brothers, Phil and Doug Siviter. The song would later appear on the second disc of The Best of <mask> compilation. The brothers were impressed with <mask>'s vocal abilities and asked him to join their group.<mask> played pubs with Shots on a regular basis to small audiences. One particular night, <mask> suddenly stopped in the middle of a song and started interviewing a man in the audience, heckling for not paying enough attention. He got such a good response he started doing it every night until it became a regular routine used to catch the audience's attention. <mask> states that this experience taught him how to be a frontman. The next step in <mask>'s career was taken in a pub called the Prince of Wales in Gravesend, Kent, where Shots were playing regularly, when Barry Graham ("Thunderstick") and Paul Samson paid a visit. Impressed with his stage-act, they talked with <mask> afterwards and invited him to be their new singer. <mask> agreed to join their band, Samson, but only once he'd finished taking his History finals two weeks later.Until that point, he had been neglecting his University education. As a result, the university had tried to kick him out for failing his Second Year exams and not paying his accommodation fees, but he was saved because of his role as Entertainments Officer. After writing 6 months' worth of essays in the space of two weeks and some last minute cramming for his exams, <mask> achieved a 2:2. Samson: 1979–1981 After meeting Paul Samson and Barry Purkis at the Prince of Wales, and while still undertaking his final university exams, <mask> joined Samson onstage at Bishop's Stortford to perform one of their songs, "Rock Me Baby", cementing his role as their new lead vocalist. The band had already released their debut album, Survivors, in 1979 on an independent label, two months before <mask> joined. Immediately following the completion of his University work, he met up with the band at Greenwich's Wood Wharf studios to learn the Survivors album. Although the tracks did not suit his vocal style, the band soon wrote the majority of the following Head On album in their earliest rehearsal sessions, some of which were immediately incorporated into their live set.It was during these early rehearsals that the nickname "<mask>" came about, derived from Monty Python's "Bruces sketch". The name became very tiresome as the band's management continually wrote dud cheques, made payable to "<mask> Bruce", as a joke. <mask> later commented that he did not like it but considered it "a sort of stage name" and accepted it. <mask> was dismayed to learn that not all rock performers were "great artists"; he felt that some, such as Samson, were only interested in women, drugs and alcohol, which he was unable to relate to. Although he had smoked joints before, <mask> discovered that it was impossible to communicate with other band members if he was sober, deciding that it was "the price that had to be paid". While fronting the band, <mask> also came across Iron Maiden for the first time, who were supporting Samson at the Music Machine in 1980. As <mask> recalls; "I was watching them, and they were good, really fucking good, and at that moment, I remember thinking, 'I wanna fucking sing for that band.In fact, I'm going to sing for that band! I know I'm going to sing for that band!' ... I just thought, 'This is really me. Not Samson.'" <mask> remained in the band for another year, recording two studio albums with them—Head On and Shock Tactics. However, Samson soon ran into difficulties with their record label, Gem, who went out of business and failed to finance their European tour in support of Iron Maiden.The band were turned over to RCA, which began neglecting the group, and so they promptly fired their management team and the resulting injunction meant that their equipment was reclaimed and they could not be paid for their concert performances. The band's last gig was at Reading Festival, after which <mask> was approached by Iron Maiden's manager, Rod Smallwood, who asked him to audition to be their new lead vocalist. Iron Maiden Beginnings and success: 1981–1985 <mask> went to audition for Iron Maiden at a rehearsal room in Hackney in September 1981 and immediately discovered that this was a much more professional operation than he was used to with Samson. In the practice rooms, the band played through "Prowler", "Sanctuary", "Running Free" and "Remember Tomorrow", before asking <mask> to sing the same songs again in a recording studio, and he was immediately inducted into the group. Iron Maiden had a strict and organised routine that suited the band's writing style, which <mask> described as a "time table". After a few gigs, they began writing new material for their third album, The Number of the Beast, released in 1982. In the wake of Samson's contractual problems, <mask> could not legally be credited on any of the record's songs, having to make, what he called, a "moral contribution", later revealing that he had contributed to "The Prisoner", "Children of the Damned" and "Run to the Hills".In the documentary 12 Wasted Years, manager Rod Smallwood refers to "The Prisoner" as being co-written by <mask> and Adrian Smith. The album was a major success, topping the British charts, and earning platinum status in the UK and the US. Following the release, the band embarked on a supporting tour around the globe. On the following albums, 1983's Piece of Mind and 1984's Powerslave, Steve Harris's song-writing monopoly was pushed aside in favour of other members' ideas, with <mask> contributing to a number of tracks, including the singles "Flight of Icarus" and "2 Minutes to Midnight". Throughout the World Slavery Tour, as part of the new theatrical elements incorporated into the band's	[ "Paul Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Bruce", "Dickinson", "Rob Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Paul Bruce", "Dickinson", "Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Bruce", "Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson" ]
255,405	1	Bruce Dickinson	original	4,096	stage-show, <mask> wore a feathered mask during "Powerslave". This was the band's longest tour to date, during which <mask> considered going home mid-tour, due to the high number of shows. Iron Maiden's management were continually adding dates, until <mask> demanded that they stop or he would leave the group.Growing tensions and departure: 1986–1993 After a six-month break, which <mask> mostly spent practising fencing, Iron Maiden began writing their next album, Somewhere in Time. <mask> was disappointed with the effort as he felt that the band needed a more dramatic stylistic departure from past records to remain relevant, despite its introduction of synthesised bass and guitars. He has no writing credits on the release, as his material, based on his own suggestion that the album should be more acoustic-focused, was rejected by the rest of the band. Steve Harris, on the other hand, stated that his material was rejected because it was not good enough, and that <mask> "was probably more burnt out than anyone at the end of the last tour". After a subsequent tour, Iron Maiden started working on their next studio effort, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, which featured more progressive rock elements than the band's previous records. Although it became their second release to top the British charts, it was also <mask>'s first album with the band that did not achieve platinum status in the US. Unlike Somewhere in Time, <mask> was much more enthusiastic about this album due to its concept and has several song-writing credits.After the following tour in 1988, the band decided to take a year off. During the next album's writing stage, Adrian Smith left Iron Maiden, and was replaced by Janick Gers. Iron Maiden's eighth studio release, 1990's No Prayer for the Dying, had a raw sound that, according to AllMusic, did not "hold up well" compared to past efforts, as it was recorded in a barn which Steve Harris owned, with a mobile studio owned by the Rolling Stones. The record featured <mask>'s "Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter", originally composed for a film soundtrack, which despite receiving a Golden Raspberry Award for worst original song in 1989, became the band's first and only single to top the UK Singles Chart. By 1992, Harris had converted his barn into a proper studio, and the new album, Fear of the Dark, was recorded there, resulting in a better overall sound than No Prayer for the Dying, although <mask> still claims it had limitations due to its size. After the Fear of the Dark Tour, <mask> decided to leave Iron Maiden to concentrate on his solo career. At that point the band had already booked a following tour in 1993, which <mask> did not enjoy.Throughout the tour, <mask> drew a lot of criticism from his bandmates, with Steve Harris in particular saying, "I really wanted to kill him." According to Harris, <mask> would only perform when the press was there, whereas at other concerts he would only mumble his way through songs. <mask> has since denied the accusations that he was deliberately under-performing, arguing that it was impossible to give a decent performance some nights because of the atmosphere. His last performance with the band on 28 August 1993 was filmed by the BBC at Pinewood Studios and released as a live video the following year, entitled Raising Hell. Return: 1999–present Along with Adrian Smith, <mask> rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999 with Janick Gers remaining in the band, after he was approached by manager Rod Smallwood. Smallwood also spoke to Steve Harris about <mask>'s return, who initially had reservations about the prospect, but soon came round to the idea, deliberating that they knew of his abilities and that it was a case of "better the devil you know". Harris and <mask> agreed to meet at Smallwood's home in Brighton in January 1999 for the first conversation they would have with each other since 1993.Although both men were nervous about the encounter, upon seeing each other the tension immediately dissipated and both agreed that <mask> should return to the group. After embarking on a small tour, the band set about recording Brave New World, their first studio album with <mask> since 1992. <mask> insisted that they find a replacement for the now retired Martin Birch, the band's regular producer, and record in a different studio than the one in which they made No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark, to which Harris agreed. The album was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris with producer Kevin Shirley, after which Iron Maiden undertook a supporting tour culminating with a performance at the Rock in Rio festival before a crowd of 250,000. In 2003 they recorded and released Dance of Death at London's SARM Studios with Kevin Shirley, now the band's new regular producer. After two further stints on the road (Dance of Death World Tour and Eddie Rips Up the World Tour) Iron Maiden returned to SARM in 2006 to record their next studio album, A Matter of Life and Death, and embarked on a supporting tour. In 2008 and 2009, the band set out on the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, which has since been described as "groundbreaking" for its use of Ed Force One, the band's customised Boeing 757, flown by <mask> himself, and led to the documentary film Iron Maiden: Flight 666, which had a limited cinema release in April 2009.Iron Maiden held another world tour in 2010 and 2011 in support of The Final Frontier, their first album recorded at Compass Point Studios, Nassau, Bahamas since 1986's Somewhere in Time, and which peaked at No. 1 in 28 countries. In September 2014, Iron Maiden began recording their sixteenth studio album, The Book of Souls, at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris. The release features two songs written solely by <mask> for the first time since Powerslave, "If Eternity Should Fail" and "Empire of the Clouds", the former originally penned for a possible solo record. "Empire of the Clouds" is the band's longest ever song, at over 18 minutes in length, and features <mask> on piano for the first time, which is how the song was written. The band toured the album in 2016, during which <mask> once again piloted the band's private plane, Ed Force One (now a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet). Ozzfest incident In 2005, Iron Maiden co-headlined the US festival tour, Ozzfest, with Black Sabbath.Lead singer Ozzy Osbourne's wife, Sharon, encouraged family friends and members of other bands to sabotage Iron Maiden's last performance at Hyundai Pavilion in San Bernardino, California, on 20 August, in an attack which Rod Smallwood criticised as "vile, dangerous, criminal and cowardly", as well as disrespectful to fans who had paid to see the band perform "a full unhindered performance". Osbourne ordered interference with the band's PA, delayed the entrance of Eddie, the band's mascot, and encouraged members of the Osbourne camp to throw eggs, lighters and bottle tops from the front of the audience. According to <mask>, the attack was in response to his "disparaging remarks about reality-TV shows that she took personally", although The Guardian reported that he slated the Osbournes' reality series and accused Ozzy Osbourne of using a teleprompter. <mask> has since denied making comments against Ozzy Osbourne and Black Sabbath, but admitted that he criticised Ozzfest throughout the tour, attacking their "corporate" seating layout and saying, "Most of the bands are there because they paid to be there." Following the concert at San Bernardino, Osbourne released a further statement which accused <mask> of making several anti-American comments, of which Classic Rock stated that "nobody can present any cast-iron evidence". In addition, Osbourne claimed that the flag-waving during "The Trooper" was disrespectful to American troops, at the time fighting alongside the British in Iraq, even though <mask> had always held a Union Flag during the song, being based on the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. It was also reported that Steve Harris had spoken to Ozzy Osbourne in San Bernardino, apologising for <mask>'s comments, which Harris denies, stating that his words had been "twisted".Solo career In early 1989, Zomba asked <mask> to produce a track for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, providing a budget, a studio, and a producer, Chris Tsangarides. <mask> took up the opportunity and called an old friend of his, former Gillan guitarist, Janick Gers, and, shortly after meeting up, they had "Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter" ready for the studio, then recorded with the assistance of bassist Andy Carr, and drummer Fabio del Rio. "I wrote it in about three minutes", states <mask>, "I don't know where the title 'Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter' came from, but it just popped into my head. I thought, 'Bloody hell, straight out of AC/DC!' And I thought, Nightmare on Elm Street. Yeah, that'll do.' Impressed with the results, Zomba asked <mask> if he was willing to record a whole album as well.With the same line-up and producer, <mask>'s solo debut, Tattooed Millionaire, was written and recorded within two weeks, and released in May 1990, followed by a supporting tour. Later that year, <mask> participated on a re-recording of Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water", as part of the humanitarian effort Rock Aid Armenia. Backed by the band Skin, he produced a cover version of Alice Cooper's "Elected", along with Rowan Atkinson (in character as Mr. Bean), which was used in 1992 for Comic Relief, and five years later, on Bean Soundtrack. For his second solo effort, <mask> received the collaboration of American producer, Keith Olsen, and, while working on the record in LA, decided to leave Iron Maiden. Unhappy with the direction he was taking with Olsen, <mask> began working with Tribe of Gypsies guitarist Roy Z and started the album again from scratch. Balls to Picasso was recorded with Tribe of Gypsies as the backing band, and was released in 1994. That same year, <mask> recorded a cover version of "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" with the band Godspeed for Black Sabbath's tribute album Nativity in Black.Tribe of Gypsies departed to work on their own material and <mask> tracked down another band, including his new writing partner and guitarist, Alex Dickson. While touring with this new outfit in 1994, <mask> performed in Sarajevo, then under siege during the Bosnian War; a documentary film based on the concert, entitled Scream For Me Sarajevo, completed filming in December 2015. After the Balls to Picasso supporting tour finished, he started working on a new studio record, Skunkworks. <mask> decided that Skunkworks would be the title of the band as well, but the record company refused to release the album without his name on the cover. <mask> hired producer Jack Endino, most noted for producing the first Nirvana album. The "Skunkworks" entity ceased to be when the tour ended. "I was devastated by the Skunkworks thing", stated <mask>, "Skunkworks was a record which I tore myself apart to make and nobody seemed to give a shit."After a short period of inactivity, <mask> once again teamed up with Roy Z and Tribe of Gypsies to record his next album, Accident of Birth; "It was actually Roy that dragged me back into some assemblance, because he called up and he said, 'Listen, I've got some stuff and it's like a metal record.' And I wasn't thrilled, I wasn't really sure that I had anything to offer ... Then he played me some backing-tracks he'd done for what was to become Accident of Birth down the phone and I thought 'There is something there.'" Former Iron Maiden guitarist, Adrian Smith, was asked to guest on the record, but remained as a full-time member of <mask>'s solo outfit. The album marked a return to heavy metal for <mask>, with Sputnikmusic remarking, "The album's heavy feel is very satisfying, and definitely fills that void left by Maiden during the 90's." The follow-up, The Chemical Wedding, was a semi-concept album on alchemy, which drew inspiration from William Blake's writings; with some songs, such as "Book of Thel", having the same title as some of his poems, and the cover artwork featuring one of his paintings. The record was even more successful than its predecessor, with Sputnikmusic commenting, "<mask> had shattered all expectations to create an album that might even be better than the previous one." During The Chemical Weddings supporting tour, the live album, Scream for Me Brazil was recorded in São Paulo, after which <mask> and Smith returned to Iron Maiden in February 1999.In 2000, <mask> performed vocals on the song, "Into the Black Hole", for Ayreon's Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator. Later that year, he collaborated with Judas Priest's front-man, Rob Halford, recording, "The One You Love to Hate", for Halford's debut, Resurrection. A compilation, entitled The Best of <mask>, was released in late 2001, including two new songs and a bonus disc of rarities. His latest solo album, Tyranny of Souls was released in May 2005. This time the song-writing was all split between Roy Z and <mask> and many songs were composed by Z sending recordings of riffs to <mask> while he was on tour with Iron Maiden. On 21 June 2005, <mask>'s complete solo discography was re-released, featuring bonus discs with rare and remastered tracks. That same year, <mask> contributed to the song, "Beast in the Light", from Tribuzy's album, Execution, and their subsequent live album.A three-DVD box set, entitled Anthology, was released on 19 June 2006, containing concerts and promo videos from throughout his solo career, as well as an old Samson video, entitled "Biceps of Steel". A fan of the Monty Python comedy troupe, in 2009 <mask> appeared in Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut). He also recorded a new version of the theme song from Monty Python's Life of Brian for the sixth and final episode. In December 2017, <mask> said that he has tentative plans for his next solo album to be "a whole concept album", with the title being If Eternity Should Fail, the same song	[ "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson" ]
255,405	2	Bruce Dickinson	original	4,096	name from Iron Maiden's album The Book of Souls, in which he confirmed that it was originally penned as a solo track, "So if I did do another solo album, which I think I will, I might just stick to my original plan and have that as the title track. I mean, I did write it – it was the first track that I wrote for it. So, yeah, I'd probably still include that song. But it would be… the feel would be slightly different – not very much, though – from the Maiden version."Personal life <mask> married Erica "Jane" Barnett in 1984, and they divorced in 1987. With his second wife, psychotherapist Patrice "Paddy" Bowden, he has three children: sons Austin (born 1990) and Griffin (born 1992), and daughter Kia (born 1994). All three were born in the Chiswick area of London, where <mask> lived for a few decades beginning in 1981. In 2019, it was reported that he and Bowden had separated after almost 30 years of marriage; Bowden died in an accident at her home in May 2020. <mask> currently lives with his girlfriend Leana Dolci in Paris. <mask>'s son Austin was the lead singer in metalcore band Rise to Remain until their break-up in 2015, at which point he formed the alternative metal group As Lions. His other son Griffin, who previously worked as a stage carpenter for Iron Maiden during their tours, was the lead singer of melodic hardcore band SHVPES.<mask>'s cousin, <mask>, was the lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel and founded Singer Vehicle Design. In an interview with Sarah Montague for BBC's HARDtalk in 2012, <mask> agreed that he is a conservative and a eurosceptic. <mask> stated in a 2018 interview with French magazine L'Obs that, despite residing mainly in France, he supports Brexit and voted for the UK to leave the EU during the 2016 referendum. In 2021, after the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, <mask> said he was angry that British musicians and performers were restricted from free travel through Europe. In 2015, <mask> underwent seven weeks of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for a cancerous tumour found at the back of his tongue. <mask>'s medical team expected him to make a full recovery as the tumour was discovered in the early stages. On 15 May, <mask> was given the all-clear by his specialists.Honours On 19 July 2011, <mask> was presented with an honorary music doctorate from his alma mater, Queen Mary University of London, in honour of his contribution to the music industry. In 2019, <mask> was made an honorary citizen of Sarajevo and received the city's prestigious Sixth April Award for his efforts in performing under siege in 1994. According to the city's mayor, it was his arrival in Sarajevo that "was one of those moments that made us realize that we will survive, that the city of Sarajevo will survive, that Bosnia and Herzegovina will survive". He is also credited as a producer on the critically acclaimed 2016 documentary Scream for Me Sarajevo, which chronicles this performance and his return to Sarajevo. In 2019, <mask> was also presented with an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy by the University of Helsinki. On 6 January 2020, <mask> was made an Honorary Group Captain of 601 (County of London) Squadron RAF. Other work <mask>'s interests and non-musical activities include writing, broadcasting, fencing (at which he has competed internationally, placing 7th in Great Britain, and has founded a fencing equipment company under the brand name "Duellist"), beer brewing and aviation.Due to the wide variety of <mask>'s pursuits, Intelligent Life named him as a living example of a polymath in 2009. Aviation and entrepreneurship <mask> learned to fly recreationally in Florida in the 1990s and now holds an airline transport pilot's licence. He regularly flew Boeing 757s in his role as captain for the now-defunct British charter airline Astraeus, which, from 16 September 2010, employed him as marketing director. One of his key roles in that position was to promote Astraeus' services by increasing their number of videos, leading to the Civil Aviation Authority releasing a video featuring <mask> on aircraft loading safety in June 2011. Following Astraeus' closure on 21 November 2011, <mask> branched into entrepreneurship when he launched Cardiff Aviation Ltd on 1 May 2012, an aircraft maintenance business based at the Twin Peaks Hangar in St Athan, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. According to The Wall Street Journal, in January 2013 Cardiff Aviation had created 40 jobs and hoped to have over a hundred personnel by the summer of 2013. In June 2013, The Daily Telegraph reported that the business had expanded to between 60 and 70 employees and are in discussions to set up their own airline.In August 2015, Cardiff Aviation signed a deal to provide airline support to Air Djibouti, for whom <mask> piloted their maiden flight the following year, a Boeing 737 from Cardiff to Djibouti. As a result of his ventures in business, he has delivered keynote speeches at events around the globe, including Queen Mary University of London's Innovation Showcase in November 2012, Connect2Business, Stockholm in March 2013, Aviation Week's MRO Europe Conference, London in October 2015 and "Blog Now, Live Forever", Mumbai in October 2015. His role as a pilot has led to some high-profile flights, which include returning a group of British RAF pilots from Afghanistan in 2008, 200 British citizens from Lebanon during the Israel/Hezbollah conflict in 2006, and 180 stranded holiday makers from Egypt following the collapse of XL Airways UK in September 2008. In addition, he flew Rangers F.C. and Liverpool F.C. to away matches in Israel and Italy in 2007 and 2010 respectively. For the 2008–09 "Somewhere Back in Time World Tour", he piloted Iron Maiden's chartered Boeing 757, dubbed "Ed Force One", specially converted to carry the band's equipment between continents, which subsequently led to a documentary film, Iron Maiden: Flight 666.<mask> flew "Ed Force One" again for "The Final Frontier World Tour" in 2011. For the 2016 The Book of Souls World Tour, the band upgraded to a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet, which meant that <mask> had to undertake type conversion to fly the aircraft. In 2014, <mask> purchased a Fokker Dr.I triplane replica G-CDXR and joined the Great War Display Team, which re-enacts First World War air battles at air shows across the UK. Radio and TV <mask> presented <mask>'s Friday Rock Show on BBC radio station 6 Music from 2002 to 2010. In March 2010, the BBC announced that, after over eight years, <mask>'s show was to be axed. His final broadcast was on 28 May 2010, with the regular format abandoned in favour of a personal and musical tribute to the recently deceased Ronnie James Dio. <mask> scorned the BBC executives for the cancellation, playing the Johnny Paycheck version of "Take This Job and Shove It".In addition to his show on 6 Music, <mask> also hosted a series entitled Masters of Rock on BBC Radio 2 from 2003 to 2007. <mask>'s catalogue of 6 Music programmes were acquired in 2014 by TeamRock radio, who began re-broadcasting episodes in December. In 2005, <mask> hosted a 5-part historical TV series about aviation, Flying Heavy Metal, which was shown on the Discovery Channel, and later on Discovery Turbo in the UK. He was a guest on an episode of the Military Channel's The Greatest Ever, where he drove a Russian T-34 tank. In 2006, <mask> presented a documentary for Sky One entitled Inside Spontaneous Human Combustion with <mask>, in which he investigated the phenomenon by enlisting the help of several experts and performing various experiments to determine its possible cause. Other television appearances include guesting on quiz shows such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks and the short-lived Space Cadets, as well as the chat show Clarkson, hosted by Jeremy Clarkson. <mask> has also appeared in a BBC series called The Paradise Club, undertaking the role of a musician named Jake Skinner.On 27 July 2012, <mask> spent a day being filmed as a guest star for a season four episode of Ice Pilots NWT, in which he flew a Douglas DC-3 and took part in "touch-and-go drills" in a Douglas DC-4 with Buffalo Airways. Writing During a 1986–1987 Iron Maiden tour, and in the wake of a divorce, <mask> started writing his first book. Inspired by the novels of Tom Sharpe, in addition to Biggles and Penthouse, he created The Adventures of Lord Iffy Boatrace, which Kerrang! describes as "a satirical swipe at fetishism among the upper classes", and whose title character is a "semi-transvestite" British land owner. Following its completion, <mask> approached Sidgwick & Jackson, who, according to <mask>, agreed to publish the book before reading it based on Iron Maiden's album sales alone. Released in 1990 (), the novel sold more than 40,000 copies almost immediately. Due to the high demand, Sidgwick & Jackson asked <mask> to produce a sequel, which became 1992's The Missionary Position (), a satire of televangelism.No further additions to the series have been published, although <mask> did write the first 60 pages to a prequel, set during "Lord Iffy's schooldays", which he "just thought was rubbish and ripped it all up. I didn't think it was funny." <mask> has turned his hand to scriptwriting, co-authoring Chemical Wedding with director Julian Doyle. The film, in which <mask> played a few small cameo roles and composed the soundtrack, was released in 2008 and starred Simon Callow. On 15 October 2015, HarperCollins and Dey Street announced that they would publish <mask>'s memoirs. What Does This Button Do? was released on 19 October 2017.Beer In 2013, Iron Maiden collaborated with Robinsons Brewery in Stockport to create Trooper, a 4.8% cask/4.7% bottled ale whose recipe <mask> formulated with head brewer Martyn Weeks. As of May 2014, the beer has sold 2.5 million pints in 40 countries, making it Robinsons' most successful export. Following Trooper's success, <mask>, a fan of traditional English cask beer, stated that he intends to develop more beers in the future, although new products will be "under the umbrella of Trooper and not Iron Maiden [as] Trooper has taken on a life of its own. People drink it because they like the beer, not because they are Maiden fans." Additional beers have included Trooper Red 'N' Black Porter (5.8 per cent ABV), Trooper Hallowed (6.0 per cent ABV), and a limited edition "666" (at 6.66 per cent ABV). Singing style and stage performance Although <mask> never received formal training, he still possesses a wide vocal range which was trademarked by his quasi-operatic tenor. Along with Ronnie James Dio and Rob Halford, <mask> is one of the pioneers of the operatic vocal style later to be adopted by power metal vocalists and regularly appears near the top in lists of the greatest rock vocalists/front-men of all time.<mask> says that his style was influenced primarily by Arthur Brown, Peter Hammill (Van der Graaf Generator), Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull) and Ian Gillan (Deep Purple). <mask>'s singing varied in the 1990s in the recording of albums such as No Prayer for the Dying, Fear of the Dark and his first solo work Tattooed Millionaire, making use of a much more raspy and unpolished sound, befitting their stripped down style. Since returning to Iron Maiden in 1999, his singing style has returned to much like it was in the 1980s, though his voice has lowered with age. According to a report published in the Daily Mirror, <mask> has an estimated vocal range of 4.25 octaves. His voice led to the nickname "The Air Raid Siren", which Billboard states is "due to the ferocious power of his singing", although <mask> claims it actually originated from a fan complaint. In addition to his vocal ability, <mask> has been described as an energetic stage performer. He considers including the audience "the essence of the Maiden experience" and that his role is to "shrink the venue ... to turn that football stadium into the world's smallest club".To achieve this, <mask> seeks eye contact with audience members and urges them to join in with the phrase "scream for me" (followed by the concert's location). He is critical of performers who do not connect with their fans, particularly those who "[hide] behind the amps" and use an autocue, remarking that "people pay good money and [they] can't even remember the sodding words". Discography Iron Maiden The Number of the Beast (1982) Piece of Mind (1983) Powerslave (1984) Somewhere in Time (1986) Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988) No Prayer for the Dying (1990) Fear of the Dark (1992) Brave New World (2000) Dance of Death (2003) A Matter of Life and Death (2006) The Final Frontier (2010) The Book of Souls (2015) Senjutsu (2021) <mask> Tattooed Millionaire (1990) Balls to Picasso (1994) Skunkworks (1996) Accident of Birth (1997) The Chemical Wedding (1998) Tyranny of Souls (2005) Samson Survivors (1979) Head On (1980) Shock Tactics (1981) Live at Reading 1981 (1990) * <mask> appeared on the album's re-issue only, as the original version was completed before he joined the band. Tours 1990: Tattooed Millionaire Tour 1994–1995: Balls to Picasso Tour 1996: Skunkworks Tour 1997: Accident of Birth Tour 1998–1999: The Chemical Wedding Tour 2002: Airraid over Europe Tour Notes References This video on YouTube External links Bruce Dickinson Wellbeing Network 1958 births People from Worksop Alumni of Queen Mary University of London People educated at Oundle School People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield English heavy metal singers English rock singers Iron Maiden members English tenors English radio DJs English aviators English male fencers Golden Raspberry Award winners Living people Singers with a four-octave vocal range Commercial aviators Samson (band) members EMI Records artists CMC International artists English autobiographers BBC Radio 6 Music presenters 20th-century English male singers 21st-century English male	[ "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Rob Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Dickinson", "Bruce Dickinson", "Dickinson" ]
16,600,023	0	Bart Mendoza	original	4,096	<mask> (born September 5, 1962) is an American journalist, musician and songwriter. 1980–1990: Bands, fanzines and festivals <mask> graduated from Muirlands Jr. High School in 1977 and then La Jolla High School in 1980, having played with several bands including Starjammer and the Pedestrians. In 1980 he joined the staff of San Diego music magazine, Kicks, in the credits as working on event listings and their music calendar. From 1981 to 1990, he was frontman and chief songwriter for mod-influenced group Manual Scan. Between 1991 and 2010 he performed with power pop group The Shambles. In 2009 he joined Wendy Bailey & True Stories full-time as guitarist, taking over the frontman role when Bailey took a band sabbatical in early 2012. As a concert promoter he's helped bring many artists to San Diego, particularly from 1985 to 1991 when <mask> co-produced a series of music festivals, New Sounds, featuring Mod and sixties oriented groups from the U.S. and Europe.In 1986, <mask> performed with a one-off band, Boys About Town, at the festival. The band's lineup included <mask> and British musicians Edward Ball of The Times and Television Personalities, Paul Bevoir of The Jetset and Small Town Parade, as well as Simon Smith of the Merton Parkas and Mood Six. The festival ran until 1991, with a final edition in 1999. He also published a fanzine, Sound Affects, which ran to nine issues and wrote for several modzines, including England's In the Crowd. During this time frame <mask> worked for Capitol Records and freelanced for other labels including Chrysalis, Motown, Angel and EMI. He continued to do so through the late 1990s when he began an eight-year stint with Diamond Comics Distributors as assistant manager of the San Diego offices. <mask> was also included as a background character in several comic books including the first issue of Ed Brubaker's early 1990s series, Lowlife, with Brubaker concurrently drawing <mask> and Manual Scan bandmate Kevin Ring for the cover of their album, 79 to 89.1990–1999: Journalism and Blindspot Records <mask> co-founded the indie label Blindspot Records in 1991, with more than two dozen albums to date including releases from Skelpin, Mark Decerbo & Four Eyes, Skid Roper and others. <mask> is producer of the compilation series, Staring at the Sun, with twelve volumes to date. A member of the San Diego Music Foundation Board, <mask> additionally co-produced a series of compilations for the organization. He has also art directed albums for numerous artists including Alicia Previn, The Eddies and Dave Humphries, as well as compilations such as Power Chords, Harmonies and Mistletoe. During this time frame <mask> also penned several items for Revolutionary Comics including an insert to The Beatles Experience #6 (1992) and both issues of the two-issue mini series, Rock 'n' Roll Comics: The Best of the British Invasion, (1993). The latter were both collected in a 2010 trade paperback edition by Bluewater Productions. As a San Diego, California-based journalist he has written for numerous publications, beginning in 1993 with Axcess Magazine and including the local editions of The Reader and San Diego CityBeat, The La Jolla Village News, The Peninsula Beacon and The North Park News as well as The San Diego Union and its weekly arts insert Night & Day.National publications include the second series of Crawdaddy!, while international publications include British Time Out Guides for Southern California and Shindig as well as Spanish rock magazine Ansia De Color. He has also penned liner notes for artists including Phil Angeloff, Ray Brandes, Ryan Ferguson and The Lolas and music compilations such as This is Mod Volume 6, from Cherry Red Records. In 1999 <mask> toured Spain three times, once with former Tell Tale Heart frontman Ray Brandes, once with the group, The Riot Act and once with The Shambles. The tours formed the basis of a lengthy feature by author Paul Williams in the San Diego Reader. A poster from the Riot Act's tour of Spain was used as prominent set decoration in several scenes of the film, Bring it On (2000). 2000–2010: Songwriting and media Since 1999 <mask> has had numerous songs he has written or co-written, covered by artists including: Canada's The Kingpins, "Plan of Action,", Germany's Daniel Hall, "Survive", Spain's Happy Losers, "Blurs Somewhere" and Los Angeles based band, The Andersons "Rain or Shine." Between 2002 and 2006 <mask> co-hosted the XETV television program, Fox Rox, four times.In 2012 he became a guest host on the San Diego Cable television program, So-Cal Showcase. Meanwhile, <mask> has continued to promote and book events in the San Diego area, including the Sounds Like San Diego series, with nine editions to date since 2003. In 2007, <mask> was part of a quartet of musicians who were interviewed at length about John Lennon in the documentary, Why We Listen, by director Carla Sweet. In 2010 <mask> penned the forward to, the Pink Floyd Experience, a comics anthology from Bluewater Productions. 2011–present: Music and journalism On June 12, 2011, <mask> filmed a cameo appearance in a video for Gregory Page's song, "That's You," playing the role of guitarist in the backing combo. <mask> was the subject of a September 2012 cover story in the San Diego Troubadour. In October 2012, <mask> provided the commentary track on the DVD release, There Is Nothing Out There, a documentary about the San Diego music community, directed by Craig Rian.On January 23, 2014 <mask> took part in an all star tribute to music promoter Tim Mays at the Birch North Park Theatre, performing alongside members of The Penetrators, Rocket From The Crypt, Pinback, Skelpin, The Black Heart Procession, No Knife, Uncle Joe's Big Ol' Driver and many others. On April 4, 2014, in a special presentation at the Lafayette Hotel, <mask> was honored along with 40 other prominent San Diego artists, business and community leaders, including El Vez, John Reis, Robin Henkel and Gregory Page. Each had a special banner with their image placed along El Cajon Boulevard. In May 2014, <mask> was interviewed on the TV Talk show, Tonight in San Diego (Episode 12), by host David Vaughn, with True Stories also performing two songs on air. He has since performed on air with the house band, The Mondaze in June 2017. Meanwhile, in June 2014, <mask> appeared on the soundtrack to the Lester Bangs documentary, A Box Full of Rocks, directed by Raul Sandelin, backing Jon Kanis on his track, "It Is and It Isn't" alongside the Shambles. <mask> also a contributed an essay to Timothy Gassen's book, Knights of Fuzz: The New Garage & Psychedelic Music Explosion, released in August 2014.In late 2014 <mask> regrouped Manual Scan for a pair of performances to promote a best of album, All Night Scan, from Cheap Rewards Records and the band's appearance on the Millions Like Us: The Story of the Mod revival box set from Cherry Red Records. During the same time frame Manual Scan recorded a <mask> penned theme song for DJ Tim Pyles, heard at the beginning of his Sunday evening Loudspeaker program on XETRA-FM (91X). In December 2015 Manual Scan was one of the headliners at the annual Purple Weekend Festival in Leon, Spain. Meanwhile, Manual Scan released a 10" vinyl EP, The Pyles Sessions, produced by Alan Sanderson, to coincide with the show. In 2015 the <mask> penned song, "Wouldn't You Like To Be A Bear," by the Shambles, was included in the box set, 40 Years of Bear Family Records, from Germany's Bear Family Records. Following the release of a 7" EP of radio sessions, Radio Daze, on Spanish label Bickerton records, in 2016 he and the band appeared in the music documentary series, Cachitos de Hierro y Cromo - in an episode called, YEAH, YEAH!, broadcast on the Spanish television network RTVE. In 2018 <mask> contributed an essay to the book, The Scooter Chronicles: A Southern California Modyssey, by Shahriar Fouladi, issued by IDW Publishing / Burger Records.Partial discography This is a partial discography of albums <mask> contributes vocals and instrumentation to, or wrote liner notes for.	[ "Bart Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Mendoza", "Bart Mendoza" ]
404,665	0	Austin Healey	original	4,096	<mask> (born 26 October 1973 in Wallasey (now part of Merseyside, formerly Cheshire), is a former English rugby union player who played as a utility back for Leicester Tigers, and represented both England and the British & Irish Lions. He has 51 England caps and 2 Lions caps. He played for England at scrum half, fly-half, fullback and wing, and was often used as a replacement (or substitute) because of his versatility. He is a famously competitive and "outspoken" character, gaining the nickname "The Leicester Lip". Since retiring he has worked in the media. Early life and education <mask> attended Bidston Avenue Primary School in Claughton, Birkenhead, during his primary years. He passed the entrance exam and attended St Anselm's College, Birkenhead (Edmund Rice Trust) then Leeds Polytechnic.His Youth Rugby was with Birkenhead Park FC where he returned with His Big Tackle Programme in 2009 which featured Park's Junior Colts Rugby career Early career <mask> played for England U21 in 1992 and went on to represent England A and the Barbarians '96 tour of Japan. After spells at Waterloo and Orrell, <mask> initially signed for Leicester as a scrum half, having played at wing and outside centre for Orrell. He made his full England début against Ireland during the 1997 Five Nations tournament, and toured with the British Lions in 1997, making two appearances. He has played in Five/Six Nations tournaments (‘98-'02) and in the 1999 World Cup. In the 1999/00 season he was voted both Leicester Tigers' and Allied Dunbar's Player of the Season. Leicester coach Bob Dwyer switched him to the wing to accommodate Fijian Waisale Serevi at scrum half. <mask> was then selected on the wing for England.After an injury to Tigers' South African fly-half Joel Stransky, and the unsuitability of others such as Pat Howard and Andy Goode to fill the role, <mask> was switched to fly-half. In this position, however, he was unable to make much of an international impression, his sole appearance at fly-half coming in the 2000 tour to South Africa in the first test, after Jonny Wilkinson fell victim to food poisoning. In 2001 he made the break during the Heineken Cup final that resulted in the winning try - <mask> had started the match at scrum half with Andy Goode at 10, but was switched to fly-half in the closing minutes. He also scored the second and decisive try against Munster when Tigers retained the cup the following year. His form for Tigers during the 2001 season, was rewarded with a call up to England's starting line-up during the Six Nations, and selection for the British & Irish Lions squad to tour Australia, where he put in some good performances for the mid-week team but missed out on further caps due to injury. However, for many people the abiding memory of this tour will be the controversy caused by his comments on Wallaby lock Justin Harrison in his column in the Guardian. The comments backfired after Harrison was selected to make his debut for the Third and deciding test of the series, and stole a crucial lineout - sealing the series victory for Australia.There was some suggestion that <mask>'s comments had served as motivation for the Wallabies team. On his return from Australia he played in every game for England until he was rested for the summer 2002 tour to Argentina, showing his versatility by starting at fullback, scrum half, and wing and came on twice as a replacement. He returned to international action appearing as a replacement in all three of the following season's autumn internationals when England recorded a series of victories over Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. <mask> flew out to Australia as injury cover for the victorious 2003 Rugby World Cup, however he was never officially added to the squad after certain players recovered, meaning he was unable to pick up a medal for the success despite flying out to Australia. 2004/2005 season In the 2004/05 season <mask> hit form again, and with the failings of the England backline, there were calls for him to be reinstated to ignite it. England coach Andy Robinson humoured the press that there was a chance of a recall, but it never came. Instead <mask> turned his attention to the 2005 Lions' tour.He was included in the long list, but not the tour party (having not played international rugby for 3 years). He wrote a column for the Guardian on the tour, which included the quote 'Have you heard the latest from the Lions' camp? Clive's sending Andy Robinson to a fancy dress party tonight. He's going as a pumpkin, they're hoping when it gets to midnight he'll turn into a real coach!' 2005/2006 season Tigers finished top of the league. A notable performance for <mask> was Away at Wasps, where he scored in the last minute to steal a draw. However, Wasps hammered Tigers in the final.In the 05/06 season, <mask> was handed club vice-captaincy and regularly captained the team from scrum half and fly half during the international period. He looked back to near his best form and pressed both Harry Ellis and Andy Goode out of their respective regular slots of 9 and 10 at different times throughout the season. Leicester made the premiership final again and were beaten by Sale Sharks, <mask> claims to have thrown his silver medal away in disgust at the end of the game, claiming that he didn't do 'losers medals'. Retirement Following retirement from Leicester Tigers at the end of the 2005/6 season, <mask> planned to start a new career as a banker with Credit Suisse and to also continue working as a BBC analyst. Television appearances <mask> competed in the sixth series of the BBC competition series Strictly Come Dancing with professional dancer Erin Boag. He was eliminated in week 12 of the competition to come 4th overall. He joined Gary Lineker on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?Christmas Special, on 23 December 2008. Together they won £50,000 for their chosen charity - Nicholls Spinal Injury Foundation. <mask> presented The Big Tackle on ITV in March 2009, aimed at promoting and assisting rugby clubs around the country. In January 2009, he obtained his basic coaching qualifications, in order to put him in a better position from which to advise clubs. During the filming, he returned to his roots and visited his former local club, Birkenhead Park. Some of the other teams that he coached on the series included; Bristol Barbarians, Witney Angels RFC, Rosslyn Park, and University of Sussex. He competed on show one of the new series of Beat the Star in April 2009.He won 4/8 games, and ended up with 22 points overall, beating his opponent; Factory Manager, Glenn Clarke, who had 14 points overall. <mask> appeared as one of the team captains for the second series of Hole in the Wall along with ex-EastEnders star Joe Swash. <mask> is the host of the ITV gameshow The Fuse, which began on 13 July 2009. He also appeared on BBC gameshow, Mastermind, on 4 January 2013. His specialist subject was Everton Football Club. Autobiography <mask>'s autobiography, Lions, Tigers and Roses, was published by Oxford University Press in 2001. See also List of top English points scorers and try scorers References External links Leicester profile Lions profile Sporting Heroes profile BBC News <mask> retires BBC News The world according to <mask> Bishop's Stortford Observer - National hero becomes a local hero 1973 births Living people Alumni of Leeds Beckett University Birkenhead Park FC players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Leicester Tigers players Orrell R.U.F.C.players People educated at St. Anselm's College People from Wallasey Rugby union players from Wallasey Rugby union scrum-halves Waterloo R.F.C. players	[ "Austin Sean Healey", "Austin", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Healey", "Austin", "Healey", "Austin Healey", "Healey" ]
19,619,419	0	Tony Singh (chef)	original	4,096	<mask> , (born 15 May 1971) is a Scottish celebrity chef and restaurateur. He is best known for combining Scottish produce with an arty, eclectic and accessible style of cooking. Born and raised in Leith, Edinburgh, <mask> comes from a second-generation Scottish Sikh family. He studied at Telford College and completed a Youth Training Scheme in Professional Cookery before beginning his career in the restaurant industry. The year he completed his formal training, <mask> started working in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel in 1990, Gravetye Manor in 1992, and The Royal Scotsman train in 1994. Afterwards <mask> worked in the Greywalls Hotel, aboard the Royal Yacht , and at Skibo Castle, before opening his own restaurant in 2001. His menus have featured seasonal and local Scottish ingredients with influences and additions from around the world.He holds the title of Master Chef of Great Britain, is a member of the Academy of Culinary Arts and Craft Guild of Chefs, and was honoured by the Queen in her 2017 New Year Honours List being made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the Food and Drink Industry. Early life <mask> was born in Leith to a second-generation Scottish Sikh family. While he was growing up his father, Baldev "Billy" <mask>, became one of the first Sikh lorry drivers in Scotland, while <mask>'s mother looked after their family home. As a youngster, <mask> shared his home not only with his three siblings (two brothers and one sister) but with his aunts, uncles, grandmother and great grandmother. <mask> was educated at Lorne Street Primary, then Leith Academy Secondary School, before moving on to Telford College at 16 where he earned an OND in Hotel Management. During his time at college, <mask> also enrolled himself in a Youth Training Scheme where he earned an equivalent to City and Guilds 7061 and 7062 qualifications in Professional Cookery. Career After training at Telford College, he worked in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel, Gravetye Manor, The Royal Scotsman train, Greywalls Hotel, the Royal Yacht , and Skibo Castle.In 2001, aged 30, <mask> became the Chef Patron at "Oloroso"; a roof-top bar and restaurant on Castle Street, Edinburgh. The restaurant was named Restaurant of the Year, Bar of the Year, and Cocktail Bar of the Year. <mask> was also the former owner of "Roti" in 2005; an Indian restaurant in Scotland which he had for four years before selling it. Then in 2009, <mask> opened "Tony's Table"; a modern style bistro, also in Edinburgh, which received a Michelin Bib Gourmand in 2010. After appearing in the TV show The Incredible Spice Men with chef Cyrus Todiwala, <mask> and Todiwala published a recipe book in 2013, and by 2014 <mask> released his own solo book Tasty. In 2015 <mask> ran his own pop-up restaurant for the Edinburgh Festival at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel which featured an eclectic range of foods – including his signature dish haggis pakora. <mask> works with schools and colleges throughout Scotland for staff development and training.<mask> became a resident feature at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel with his "<mask>'s Roadtrip" while also opening another pop-up restaurant under its own name in Glasgow, based in the Alea Casino. Awards and honours <mask> is known for his contemporary Scottish cooking, which combines his love of local Scottish produce with influences and additions from around the world. He is a member of the Royal Academy of Culinary Arts, the Master Chefs of Great Britain, and the Craft Guild of Chefs. He has also received several awards including; the Drambuie Chefs Association Best New Restaurant of the Year, Scottish Chefs Award Scottish Chef of the Year and SLTN Best Restaurant catering in Scotland Chef of the Year. In December 2016, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by the Queen for his services to the Food and Drink Industry. Charity work <mask> has supported and worked closely with the charities Sick Kids Edinburgh, McMillian Cancer Research, the Scottish Blood Transfusion Service, Food Train, Scottish Air Ambulance, Water Aid, St. Columbus Hospice, and the Back Up Trust. In 2015 he was a presenter on RBS – Finding Scotland's Real Heroes, where he visited and spoke about the eventual winners of the Carer of the Year award: East Kilbride & District Dementia Carers Group.Television <mask> first appeared on TV as a competitor in ITV's Chef of the Year in 2000; which he also won. He was also featured on Ready Steady Cook with James Martin in June 2008. Afterwards, <mask> appeared in Series 3 of the BBC's Great British Menu which then lead to his reappearance in Series 5 and 6. In 2013 <mask> partnered with Cyrus Todiwala to present their own cookery show on BBC Two called The Incredible Spice Men. <mask> was later featured in food and personality shows around the UK, including The One Show, The Paul O'Grady Show, Countryfile and Celebrity Mastermind as well as appearing on Radio Scotland, Radio 1, Radio 4 and BBC Radio Asia. In 2015 <mask> and Todiwala paired up again and appeared on the Celebrity edition of the quiz show Pointless. In the same year <mask> then starred as one of the chefs on BBC Two's A Cook Abroad.Here <mask> went to India during Diwali where he presented traditional food in the Punjab and explored his Indian heritage. In September 2018 he appeared on the CBBC documentary Our School (TV series) as a guest head judge for the bake-off. In 2021 <mask> appeared as a special guest on the show Men in Kilts: A Road Trip with Sam and Graham, starring Sam Heughan and Graham McTavish from the show Outlander. On Men in Kilts <mask> prepared a seafood dish for Sam and Graham, with his unique signature fusion of Scottish and Asian flavours. Books (with Cyrus Todiwala) References External links Living people Scottish chefs Scottish people of Indian descent 1971 births Members of the Order of the British Empire	[ "Rajinder Tony Singh Kusbia", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh Kusbia", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Tony Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh", "Singh" ]

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preprocessed version of rcds/wikipedia-persons-masked

Dataset Summary

Contains ~70k pages from wikipedia, each describing a person. For each page, the person described in the text is masked with a

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The dataset supports the tasks of fill-mask, but can also be used for other tasks such as question answering, e.g. "Who is

Languages

english only

Dataset Structure

In /data find different versions of the full dataset, with original and paraphrased versions as well as chunked to 4096 and 512 tokens.

Use the dataset like this:

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset('rcds/wikipedia-persons-masked', split='train', type='original', size='512')

Data Fields

Columns are:

texts: the text chunks
masks: the names for each of the masks in the chunks

Data Splits

There are no splits, only a default train.

Dataset Creation

Created by using the tokenizer from allenai/longformer-base-4096 for the 4096 token per chunk version, and the xml-roberta-large tokenizer for the 512 token version. Chunks are split to fit those token sizes, with the splits ensuring no words are split in half. Possible improvements: Last chunk of a page might be much shorter, could join part of the previous one to have more tokens in the last chunk.