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Ian Walker (footballer)

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<mask> (born 31 October 1971) is an English football coach and former professional footballer, he is the goalkeeping coach of Chinese Super League side Shanghai SIPG. As a player, he was a goalkeeper who notably played in the Premier League for Tottenham Hotspur and Leicester City. He made 259 league appearances for Spurs and was their first choice keeper from 1994 until just before his departure in 2001. He also finished his career with a three-year spell in the top flight with Bolton Wanderers but all eight of his appearances came in cup competitions. He also had brief loan spells in the Football League with Oxford United and Ipswich Town. <mask> was capped four times by England, he was part of the Euro 96 squad and would go on to be selected for Euro 2004. He was also capped at U21 and B team level.Following retirement, he later became manager of non-league side Bishop's Stortford, before moving to China as the goalkeeping coach for Shanghai Shenhua in 2012. Two-years later he moved to rivals Shanghai SIPG in a similar role. Club career Tottenham Hotspur After starting out with the team in the late 1980s as a trainee and having two loan spells away, at Ipswich Town and Oxford United <mask> played in the winning 1989–90 FA Youth Cup Tottenham team overcoming Middlesbrough. During the early 1990s <mask> was mainly used as the reserve keeper, making the odd cup appearance along the way, but after a serious injury to then Spurs keeper Erik Thorstvedt <mask> took his chance and soon became the number 1 at Spurs, cementing his place in the side and getting his chance in the team during the first season of the Premiership making a total of 17 appearances in the league. 1992–93 season. <mask> went on and made a total of 312 appearances for Tottenham Hotspur and played a big part during the 1999 season in helping Spurs win the 1999 Football League Cup Final after beating Leicester City 1–0 at Wembley Stadium. During the latter stages of <mask>s career at Spurs he fell out of favour with the management and lost his place to the newly signed Neil Sullivan it was shortly after this, that the England international handed in a transfer request in September 2000.He played his final game for Spurs against West Ham United on 31 January 2001. Leicester City <mask> signed a four-year contract with Leicester City in July 2001 for a fee of £2.5 million, rising to £3 million depending on appearances. His first season at the club ended in relegation to the First Division, which he felt may have ruined his dreams of an England call-up for the 2002 World Cup. <mask> had an impressive season with Leicester as they regained promotion to the Premier League, earning his first England recall in six years in May 2003. A cult hero to many of the Foxes fans, <mask> had an indifferent season back in the Premier League, producing moments of magic, but unfortunately it all unraveled in a match against Aston Villa at the Walkers Stadium on 31 January 2004, in which he conceded five goals in 18 minutes. <mask> put up such a poor display in the match that he was confronted by a Leicester fan who ran onto the pitch, telling him he "didn't think he was fit to be a Premiership player." On 10 February 2004, <mask> scored a bizarre own goal in a match against Bolton Wanderers to give them a 1–1 draw at Leicester.Despite comfortably saving Kevin Davies' shot, he lost grasp of the ball as it crawled over the goal line. He did make a comeback performance in a goalless home draw against Wolves on 28 February, putting up a "world-class save" to deny Kenny Miller. <mask> pledged to stay at Leicester despite their relegation from the Premier League in the 2003–04 season. He was released from Leicester City on 6 May 2005, after the club could not afford him a new contract. <mask> spent four years at Leicester. Bolton Wanderers <mask> joined Bolton on a one-year contract. <mask> was the goalkeeper for Bolton's first ever European match away from England against Bulgarian team Lokomotiv Plovdiv, which was also his debut.International career <mask> was capped by the England national team four times, making his debut in 1996 against Hungary. His most infamous game was against Italy in a qualification match for the 1998 World Cup where he is widely believed to have been at fault to a Gianfranco Zola strike. England lost this game to Italy 1–0 at Wembley Stadium. He backed up David James at Euro 2004 but was overtaken by others in the pecking order. Despite <mask>'s club Leicester suffering relegation from the Premier League, he played his first England match in seven years as a 61st-minute substitute for Paul Robinson in a 6–1 win over Iceland on 5 June 2004, which was also his last international. Coaching career On 14 March 2011, <mask> was appointed as manager of Bishop's Stortford who were playing in the Conference South. In April 2012, <mask> joined his former Bolton teammate Nicolas Anelka at Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua and became their goalkeeping coach.On 2 January 2014, <mask> became the goalkeeping coach of Shanghai East Asia, another Super League team in Shanghai. On 15 May 2014, <mask> signed a new contract with Shanghai East Asia, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017 season. <mask> continues to coach the 1st team goalkeepers at Shanghai SIPG FC. <mask> has produced two national team goalkeepers for China, Wang Dalei from Shanghai Shenhua in 2012–13 and Yan Junling from Shanghai SIPG in 2014–15, both continue to be in the national squad with Yan Junling who is still coached by <mask> the China number 1 goalkeeper. In the 2018 season <mask> was the goalkeeper coach when Shanghai SIPG won their first league title ever. Personal life <mask> is the son of <mask> who was also a goalkeeper and managed Norwich City and Everton. <mask> attended Great Cornard Upper School.He and his former Page Three wife Suzi lived in a mock-Tudor mansion in Cobham, Surrey, as featured on MTV Cribs. After the birth of daughter Sophie in 1998, Suzi suffered Post Natal Eclampsia, and is an ongoing sufferer of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. He became a father just months after the death of his mother Jackie after a long battle against cancer. Career statistics Club International References External links 1971 births Living people Sportspeople from Watford English footballers English people of Welsh descent England under-21 international footballers England B international footballers England international footballers Association football goalkeepers Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Oxford United F.C. players Ipswich Town F.C. players Leicester City F.C.players Bolton Wanderers F.C. players Premier League players English Football League players UEFA Euro 1996 players UEFA Euro 2004 players English football managers Bishop's Stortford F.C. managers National League (English football) managers Shanghai Port F.C. non-playing staff Association football goalkeeping coaches Shanghai Shenhua F.C. non-playing staff English expatriate sportspeople in China Expatriate footballers in China

John Cooper (serial killer)

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<mask> (born 3 September 1944) is a Welsh serial killer. On 26 May 2011, <mask> was given a whole life order for the 1985 double murder of siblings Richard and Helen Thomas, and the 1989 double murder of Peter and Gwenda Dixon. The murders were known in the media as the "Pembrokeshire Murders" or the "Coastal Murders". <mask> was also sentenced for the rape of a 16-year-old girl and a sexual assault on a 15-year-old girl, both carried out while a group of five teenagers were held at gunpoint in March 1996, in a wooded area behind the Mount Estate in <mask>'s hometown of Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire. <mask> had a history of criminal activities, including 30 robberies and violent assault. Footage from the television game show Bullseye in May 1989, in which he appeared as a contestant, was later used as evidence against him, comparing his image with a sketch of a suspect in the Dixons' murder. <mask> was sentenced to 14 years in 1998 for robbery and burglary.He was released from prison in January 2009. Because of subsequent developments in DNA and forensic science, the police carried out a cold case review in April 2009 and were able to identify <mask>'s shotgun as being the murder weapon. Further DNA evidence was provided by forensic scientist Professor Angela Gallop. The police collected further evidence against him and <mask> was arrested again in May of that year. He was convicted, in May 2011, for the double murders and sexual assaults and sentenced to a whole life order. <mask> has also been linked to other, unsolved, crimes. Criminal history Between the ages of 17 and 21, <mask> was charged with theft of a vehicle, assaulting a police officer, being drunk and disorderly, and assault occasioning actual bodily harm (ABH).In 1978, <mask>, then a farm labourer, won £90,000 (worth over £500,000 today) and also a £4,000 car in a newspaper Spot the Ball competition. A friend said: "<mask> developed a huge drink and gambling habit after his winnings went to his head... It was a life-changing amount of money and I saw a real change in him. He spent most of it in pubs and bookies... People were scared of him and he got into a lot of fights. As his money dried up he started the robberies." On 22 December 1985, <mask> targeted a three-storey farmhouse at Scoveston Park, killing brother and sister Richard and Helen Thomas, and then burning down the house. On 29 June 1989, Peter and Gwenda Dixon were on holiday in Pembrokeshire and were due to take their last walk along the coastal path when they failed to return.Their dead bodies were later found along the path. <mask> had tied the couple up, demanded they hand out their bank card and then forced them to disclose their personal identification number (PIN). <mask>, carrying a sawn-off shotgun, robbed Peter Dixon of £300 and shot the couple in the face at point blank range. In 1996 he attacked five youngsters, threatening them with a gun, sexually assaulting one girl and raping another. By 1998, <mask> had committed 30 burglaries and an armed robbery. Footage from an edition of the ITV gameshow Bullseye recorded on 28 May 1989, on which <mask> was a contestant, was later used to match him to a sketch made from witness descriptions. In 2011, <mask> was jailed for life for the crimes.In September 2011, he launched an appeal against his convictions. His appeal was rejected in November 2012. <mask> was diagnosed as a psychopath. Documentaries and television The UK television series Real Crime broadcast a documentary about <mask> in November 2011. On 24 May 2016, the Welsh language television channel S4C broadcast a documentary in the series Y Ditectif (The Detective) about the way in which evidence against <mask> was gathered using the latest forensic techniques available at the time, the strategy used by Dyfed-Powys Police in interviewing him and his eventual conviction. On 27 September 2016, the ITV Cymru Wales television channel broadcast a documentary in the series Crime Files which examined how police solved the two double murder cases in Pembrokeshire including an interview with the detective who was tasked with interviewing <mask>. On 12 July 2018, a documentary about <mask>, named The Gameshow Serial Killer: Police Tapes, was aired by ITV as part of the channel's 'Crime and Punishment' season. On 29 January 2019, the UK version of digital channel CBS Reality premiered a further documentary about <mask>'s crimes in an episode of its Murder by the Sea true crime series.In January 2021, ITV broadcast a three-part television series entitled The Pembrokeshire Murders, most exterior scenes of which were filmed on location in Pembrokeshire. This was followed by an hour-long documentary, The Pembrokeshire Murders: Catching The Game Show Killer, featuring interviews with Detective Superintendent Steve Wilkins, the man who reopened the investigation, forensic scientists involved in the case, and footage of <mask> as he was interviewed by police. Possible links to other crimes After <mask>'s convictions in 2011, the police stated that they would be investigating the possibility he might have been responsible for other murders, adding that <mask>'s trial had led to some "interesting issues" requiring further investigation. Some unsolved murders in South Wales bore notable similarities to <mask>'s known murders. Death of Flo Evans In May 2011, after <mask> was convicted of the four murders, it was revealed that police were considering reopening an inquiry into the unexplained death in 1989 of another woman who lived near Cooper and only two miles from Scoveston Park, the site of his 1985 murders. A 72-year-old widow Flo Evans had died soon after <mask> had murdered Peter and Gwenda Dixon in 1989, and was found fully-clothed in a half-full cold bath in her cottage. <mask> and his wife Pat both knew Evans and would often visit her at her smallholding, with <mask> often completing odd-jobs for her.She was unexpectedly mentioned by <mask> in his trial as part of his own defence evidence and he also discussed how he had been in her house in his interviews, when detectives were already aware of her suspicious death. Her home was right in the centre of the area that <mask> committed his burglaries. The family of Evans had long suspected her death was suspicious and not an accident, particularly as she never took baths and as she would not have had any hot water at the time of her death, as no fire had been lit in the kitchen. Evans's death was officially recorded as accidental, with it said at the time that she must have slipped into the bath and hit her head and then drowned. Police contacted the widow's family after <mask>'s conviction to discuss her death, saying there was "connectivity" between <mask> and Evans. In the 2021 documentary The Pembrokeshire Murders: Catching The Game Show Killer, shown on ITV after the broadcast of The Pembrokeshire Murders, the case of Flo Evans was again discussed. Detective Superintendent Steve Wilkins, who oversaw the investigation and convictions of <mask> in 2011, said that Evans was a likely fifth victim of <mask>.Evans did not lock her door, yet it was found locked when she was found dead. Evans had mentioned to friends days before her murder that she couldn't find her house keys. Items of property were also taken from her house including money and shotguns, which fitted <mask>'s Modus Operandi. <mask> regularly burgled the homes of people he knew and reacted violently if disturbed. It is thought <mask> would have known where Evans would have kept money. Wilkins said that <mask> "had been at her house on the day she died" and stated that Evans's death should have been a murder inquiry, saying that her death "disturbs me greatly". Murders of Harry and Megan Tooze After <mask>'s 2011 convictions, it was also revealed that detectives were also investigating whether there was any "connectivity" between <mask> and the unsolved murders of a couple who were shot at close range at their remote farmhouse at Llanharry near Bridgend in 1993.Harry Tooze, 64, and his wife Megan Tooze, 67, had been shot in the head and their bodies dumped in a cowshed and then covered with a carpet. The case remains one of Wales' most notorious unsolved murders. Some similarities with <mask>'s known murders were noted, including the fact that both victims were shot at close range and that attempts were made to hide their bodies. The couple had also both been shot by a shotgun, the weapon <mask> used in his known crimes. It was also observed that there are very few double shotgun murders nationally, and that <mask> was already known to have committed two double shotgun murders. In 2011, the year of <mask>'s convictions for murders, the case was subsequently re-examined by police. Deaths of Griff and Patti Thomas In 2011 a forensic psychologist, Dr Clive Sims, claimed to the BBC that the deaths of an elderly brother and sister at their farmhouse in Pembrokeshire in 1976 could be linked to <mask>.Griff and Patti Thomas, aged 73 and 70 respectively, were found dead in December 1976, and their deaths were originally classified as a double murder until it was decided that Griff Thomas must have argued with the sister he had lived with for 70 years, before hitting her on the head with a blunt instrument and setting himself on fire. Speaking to BBC Wales's Taro Naw current affairs programme, Sims questioned the verdict of manslaughter in the case of Patti Thomas and an open verdict in the case of Griff Thomas. Although it was said that Patti was hit by a blunt instrument, no weapon was ever found. Sims said that the pair were killed by an intruder following a botched burglary, something <mask> was known to have committed in the same area in later years, as in <mask>'s 1985 double murder at Scoveston Park. A cash box had been emptied at the house, the bureau has been broken into, and the back door was unlocked. Sims highlighted how it was highly unlikely that a serial killer would start killing at age 40, <mask>'s age when he committed his first known murders in 1985, and said that it was highly likely that he started killing earlier. See also Rodney Alcala (1943–2021) , American serial killer who appeared as a game-show contestant Göhrde murders, a series of murders in a forest region in Northern Germany in 1989 with a similar pattern.For some time German investigators assumed a link to the Pembrokeshire murders which, however, failed to be corroborated. Joseph Kappen (1941–1990), Wales' first documented serial killer List of serial killers by country References Further reading 1944 births 20th-century Welsh criminals British male criminals British people convicted of burglary British people convicted of robbery British people convicted of sexual assault British people convicted of theft Contestants on British game shows Living people Male serial killers People convicted of murder by England and Wales People from Milford Haven Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales Welsh people convicted of assault Welsh people convicted of murder Welsh people convicted of rape Welsh prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Welsh serial killers

John Lukic

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Jovan "<mask><mask> (Serbian: Јован "Џон" Лукић, Jovan "Džon" Lukić; born 11 December 1960) is an English football coach and former professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper from 1978 to 2001 and spent his entire professional career for Leeds United and Arsenal, making 596 league appearances altogether over two spells with each club. He played in the Premier League for both, winning the League Cup and First Division title in his first spell at Highbury, he was part of the double winning Premier League and FA Cup winning squad of 1997–98 season but didn't play enough games to win a medal, however he was on the bench for the 1999 Charity Shield victory. His Leeds accolades included another First Division title win in 1992 and the following summer's Charity Shield. He was capped for both the England U21 and England B teams. Club career <mask> signed for Leeds United as a schoolboy. He learnt from David Harvey and replaced him, initially in a UEFA Cup Round One, Second Leg, tie against Valletta 3 October 1979, and then in the League at Brighton & Hove Albion on 13 October 1979 and went on to play 165 games for the Elland Road side.After making a transfer request, <mask> moved to Arsenal in July 1983 for £75,000, as a long-term replacement for Pat Jennings. In March 1984 Jennings was injured playing against Coventry City at Highfield Road and <mask> came into the side for four games, making his debut on 7 April 1984 against Stoke City at Highbury in a 3–1 win. The following season, 1984-85, on Halloween night 31 October 1984 Jennings had a bit of a horror show against Oxford United away in the League Cup, where Arsenal got knocked out 3–2, and Jennings got dropped for one game and <mask> came in to replace him, and though Jennings returned for the next three games, <mask> came back into the side and played every game for the rest of the season, nailing down the number one keepers spot. In 1985-86 Lukic missed just three games in all competitions and in 1986-87 he clinched his first winners medal and won the League Cup Final against Liverpool. In 1987-88 Lukic was ever present playing in all 52 matches Arsenal played that season including the return trip to Wembley against Luton Town to defend the League Cup, but Arsenal lost. However, there were better days to come for Lukic and Arsenal in 1988-89, where Arsenal won the title in the last minute of the game against Liverpool. Lukic played his full part in it as he played every minute of every game that season.1989-90 was <mask>'s last season in his first spell at the club. For the third season in a row he played in every single Arsenal match. In the summer of 1990 Arsenal manager George Graham signed David Seaman from Queens Park Rangers – Seaman had been <mask>'s understudy at Leeds. On his departure, Graham commented "I still think <mask> is one of the best keepers in the country; I just think David Seaman is the best". Having played 277 times for the Gunners, <mask> rejoined Leeds. He became their most expensive signing in May 1990, to replace the ageing Mervyn Day, playing a further 265 times. <mask> won a second League title in 1991–92 and a runners up medal in the League Cup in 1995–96 where Leeds lost to Aston Villa at Wembley.Manager Howard Wilkinson signed Nigel Martyn from Crystal Palace in the summer of 1996 and <mask> rejoined Arsenal on a free-transfer in July 1996. <mask> was granted a Testimonial by Leeds United and his two teams, Leeds United and Arsenal, met at Elland Road on 31 August 1996, in which he played for Arsenal in the first half and Leeds in the second half. As deputy to David Seaman, he played 15 league games in 1996–97 as cover, but after the signing of Alex Manninger in 1997 he stepped down to No. 3. However, with Manninger injured, <mask> was on the bench for Arsenal's 2000 UEFA Cup Final loss to Galatasaray, earning him a runners-up medal. In 2000, after a series of injuries to the club's other 'keepers, he made a brief return to the first team, playing four times. The last of these four games, against Derby County, was a month shy of his 40th birthday; another one of these, a match against Lazio on 17 October 2000 made him, at the time, the oldest player ever to take part in a UEFA Champions League match.This has since been surpassed by Dany Verlinden, Alessandro Costacurta and Marco Ballotta. He retired in 2001 and now coaches part-time. He has won the league with two clubs, a feat he shares with fellow professionals such as Nicolas Anelka, Eric Cantona, Carlos Tevez, Ashley Cole, and Kevin Richardson. He is one of possibly four players to have played in the top flight of English football in four decades, the other players to attain this achievement are Peter Shilton, Steve Ogrizovic and Stanley Matthews. International career By the 1980s Lukic had attracted the attention of the then Yugoslavia side who approached him about playing for them. He declined to pursue England selection. Though Lukic played for England at youth and under-21 level, he never won a cap for the senior team.On 11 December 1990 he was called up to the England "B" squad to play Algeria in Algiers and he kept a clean-sheet in a 0–0 draw against the Algerian top team as he came on as a half-time replacement for Nigel Martyn, who was with Crystal Palace at the time. It was to be his last representative appearance. Personal life <mask> was born in Chesterfield to Yugoslavian parents; an urban legend states that <mask>'s mother survived the Munich air disaster while pregnant with him; this is untrue, as the crash happened in February 1958, more than two years before <mask> was born. There was a Mrs Lukić on board the plane, who did survive (along with her young daughter) after being saved by Manchester United goalkeeper Harry Gregg. <mask> has a son, also called <mask> and also a goalkeeper, who was a youth player at Nottingham Forest until 2005; he signed professional terms with Grimsby Town in June 2005 to act as understudy to Steve Mildenhall for the 2005–06 season. However, he was released at the end of the season and briefly signed for Barnsley before disappearing from competitive football. As of 2011.Lukic worked as a freelance goalkeeping coach. Career statistics Club Honours Arsenal Football League Cup: 1986-87 First Division: 1988–89 FA Charity Shield: 1999 Leeds United First Division: 1991–92 FA Charity Shield: 1992 References 1960 births Living people Sportspeople from Chesterfield, Derbyshire Footballers from Derbyshire English footballers England under-21 international footballers England B international footballers Association football goalkeepers Leeds United F.C. players Arsenal F.C. players English Football League players Premier League players English people of Serbian descent

Zhang Yunyi

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<mask> (; August 10, 1892 – November 19, 1974), was a Communist revolutionary and military strategist of the People’s Republic of China. Born in Wenchang, Hainan, he joined the Communist Party of China in 1926, and took part in the Northern Expedition, the Nanchang Uprising, the Baise Uprising, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. <mask> held the posts of the army commander of the 7th Red Army, the assistant staff officer of the Military Commission of the Central Committee of the CPC, the commander of a military area, etc., and was named one of the ten Senior Generals (Da Jiang, the second highest rank in the PLA) in 1955. The <mask> Memorial Hall is located in Wenchang, Hainan Province. Life Early life <mask> was born in a poor peasant family on August 10, 1892, in Wenchang, Guangdong (now is part of Hainan). At age eight he began studying at the Guangdong Army Primary School. <mask>`s former name was <mask> ().<mask>zhi was his alternate name. After he joined the revolution, he changed his name to <mask> (). In 1908, <mask> successfully passed the entrance examination of Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou and enrolled. In Oct. 1909, in primary school, <mask> joined the Tongmenghui(United League) secretly with a few of patriotic classmates. <mask> left the Whampoa Military Academy and took part in the Second Guangzhou Uprising in 1911. When the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing Dynasty broke out in 1911 he joined the Revolutionary Army and requested to be the captain of the bomb troops. After the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing in 1912, <mask> was recommended to the Humen, Guangdong Army accelerated school by the revolutionary government.In the midsummer of 1914, <mask> graduated from the accelerated school with excellent grades and went to work in Hainan. He took part in the National Protection War in 1915. And in 1921 <mask> left Hainan Province for Guangzhou and joined Chen Jiongming with his campaign. In 1926, <mask> took part in the Northern Expedition as the Chief of staff. In the same year he was one of the commanders of wars in Tingsiqiao, Heshengqiao, Wuchang, Henan and so on. In October, 1926, he joined the Communist Party of China, through the recommendation of Wang Zhiren (). During the Sino-Japanese War After the negotiation of the Xi'an Incident, <mask> was sent to the southern area to unify the people of all ranks to resist the Japanese army.In April 1937, <mask>, Zhou Enlai and Kong Shiquan () went to Xi’an. When they arrived at Laoshan Mountain (), they encountered a surprise attack conducted by the Kuomintang. <mask> directed the successful evacuation of other people. In late April 1937, <mask> was sent to Hong Kong to lead the south anti-Japanese national united front (). He collected donations in Hong Kong and Macao and persuaded Ye Ting to join the war against Japan. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, according to the instruction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, <mask> discussed with Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi in Guilin in hopes that Li and Bai would join the anti-Japanese national united front. In January 1938, the New Fourth Army was established in Nanchang.Ye Ting was the Army commander, while <mask> held the concurrent posts of chief of staff and commander of the third detachment. In the middle of December 1938, <mask> headed the special task battalion and arrived at Anhui where the headquarters of the fourth detachment was located and shouldered the task of the war in the middle area of Anhui Province. On May 5, 1939, the north Yangtze River command post of the New Fourth Army was established and <mask> held the concurrent post of the general director and the Secretary of the CPC of the command post. In December 1940, with Xu Haidong, and Luo Binghui (), <mask> shattered the military attack of Collaborationist Chinese Army. The army in the north of the Yangtze River grew from 7000 to 10000 people. At the beginning of 1941, after the New Fourth Army incident, <mask> acted as the Deputy Commander of the New Fourth Army and the division commander of the second division. In 1945, from August 9 to 22, under the direction of <mask>, the military and civilians of central China emancipated 17 counties and more than 200 towns.More than 12,000 soldiers of the Collaborationist Chinese Army were killed, thus winning the initial victory of the war. During the Chinese Civil War In January, 1946, <mask> was concurrently appointed deputy commander of the Shandong Military Region taking charge of logistic maintenance and base construction of the New Fourth Army and the Shandong Military Region. In January, 1947, <mask> was appointed deputy commander of the East-China Military Region. In August, the East-China Military Region Office was moved to Huimin County, Shandong and the Rear Committee of the East-China Military Region Office was founded. <mask> was appointed as secretary. He led the Land Reform, Yan'an Rectification Movement, front-line support, and local armed forces construction. He also extended the East-China Field Army.In November, 1948, <mask> was concurrently appointed commander of the Shandong Military Region. In January, 1949, <mask> proposed the preparation for Changjiang-crossing Campaign () and formulated strategic plans. In March, <mask> attended the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party. On September 22, <mask> was appointed secretary of the Guangxi Provincial Party Committee and chairman of People's Government of Guangxi. On September 21, the First Plenary Session of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was held. <mask> attended the conference as the chief representative of the South-China Chinese People’s Liberation Army. <mask> was appointed Committee member of Chinese People's Government Committee and Chinese People's Revolutionary Military Committee.In December, <mask> went to Guangxi for work and was concurrently appointed committee member of Central South Military Region Party Committee. People's Republic of China Not long after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, <mask> was appointed to be the CPC party chief of Guangxi Province. It was in Guangxi where <mask> had initiated the Baise Uprising () with Deng Xiaoping in 1929. When he arrived in Guangxi, he launched the counterinsurgency immediately. It was quite hard due to the lack of manpower so <mask> had to personally fight with the opposition. In February, 1950, the lead agency of Guangxi Province formally founded. Because of health problems, <mask> returned to Beijing in 1953, and was appointed as the Deputy Secretary of the Commission of PRC.In the fall of 1955, <mask> was endowed as the "Great General". <mask> died on November 19, 1974. Deng Xiaoping read his eulogy at his funeral. Family Marriage <mask> is the only one of the ten great generals who had a concubine. His first wife, Wang Bizhen (), married <mask> in 1914, and died in an air raid in Guangzhou. His second wife, Han Bi (), married <mask> in 1923, and died in 1984. Children The second son, <mask> (), born in 1928 to Han Bi, was the deputy secretary of Ministry of Nuclear Industry.The younger son, <mask> (), born in 1946 to Han Bi, was the headmaster of the Shijiazhuang Army Command College (). <mask> Memorial Hall The <mask>yi Memorial Hall is to the north of Wenchang Middle School in Wenchang, Hainan Island. It was built in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of General <mask>. Sitting east to west, the memorial hall covers an area of 7962 square meters, 8 meters high, 12 meters wide, and the roof top is decorated with green glaze. Six golden words, “张云逸纪念馆”, which is written by Nie Rongzhen, is engraved in the middle of the lintel. Between the gate and the exhibition room lies <mask>’s bronze body sculpture at a height of 8 meters, with the golden words “张云逸大将” written by Peng Zhen engraved on its base. In the exhibition room behind the structure, photographs, graphs, pictures, manuscripts and entities are exhibited, presenting the life of <mask> systematically.Writings A Serious Mistake (), published on 《星火燎原 Unpublished manuscripts》in 2007. References 1892 births 1974 deaths People's Liberation Army generals from Hainan Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hainan People's Republic of China politicians from Hainan Political office-holders in Guangxi Military strategists People from Wenchang

Tom Ritchey

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<mask> (born 1956) is an American bicycle frame builder, Category 1 racer, fabricator, designer, and founder of Ritchey Design. <mask> is a US pioneer in modern frame building and the first production mountain bike builder/manufacturer in the history of the sport. He is an innovator of bicycle components that have been used in winning some of the biggest cycling competitions in the world including the UCI World Championships, the Tour de France and the Olympics. In 1988, <mask> was inducted into the inaugural Mountain Bike Hall of Fame in Crested Butte, Colorado (now located in Fairfax, California): and 2012, inducted to the United States Bicycle Hall of Fame in Davis, California. Early years <mask> moved to Menlo Park, California, from Cherry Hill, New Jersey, in 1963, when his father was hired as an engineer at Ampex Corporation, an electronics company located in Redwood City, California, pioneered the magnetic tape recorder. <mask> attributes his interest in bicycles to his father's interest in cycling, as his father found cycling as a means to get to work and fell in love with the sport himself. At age 11, <mask>'s father taught <mask>. to build his wheels and repair tubular tires.<mask> started a small business repairing tires to earn money to buy his first road bike, a Raleigh Super Course. When he was 14, <mask> joined the Belmont Bicycle Club (BBC) and began racing. Shortly after this, he upgraded his bike to a frame he repaired himself, a broken Cinelli "B." His father taught him how to braze around this time, and he started repairing bicycle frames for local racers. After learning to repair/replace other builders' damaged tubes, <mask> built his first racing frame. He decided to build his frame out of a necessity for an affordable, lighter, faster bike. He bought the tube set and lugs from local builder Hugh Enox at the time for $21, and in 1972 built his first frame, which he raced on that year.He won many junior races and titles on this very frame, and eventually, on future bikes he built, he won the Senior Prestige Road trophy and the BAR (Best All-Around Rider) in 1973 and 1974 as a Junior. These feats led to <mask> being known as the "Senior Slayer", having beaten top Californians (many of whom considered to be some of the best riders in the U.S. at the time) and former Olympians. <mask> rode for Team USA's Junior Worlds road racing squad, and then a stint on the U.S. National Road Team. In 1976, <mask> retired from road racing. He continued to race mountain bikes through the early 1980s, competing more recently in races like the Downieville Classic, La Ruta, Trans Andes, Trans Alps and Cape Epic in South Africa. During his early racing years, Ritchey began building bikes for Palo Alto Bicycles and its national mail order catalog. In 1974, as his senior year in high school approached, Ritchey had already built approximately 200 frames.It was around this time he honed his fillet brazing or "lugless" method of fabricating frames. <mask> sought to challenge bicycle industry standards of frame tubing diameter at the time limited by the use of fixed dimensioned lugs. <mask>'s fillet brazing construction method allowed the choice of larger thin-wall tubing diameters and unique ovalizations to create lighter -stiffer frames. By 1979, <mask> had produced over 1,000 frames on his own. Personal life <mask> is married to his second wife, Martha. Together they have six children; son Jay, and daughters Sara and Annie (<mask>), and sons Steven, David, and Christopher (Martha). <mask> and Martha have six grandchildren.Off-road riding and the mountain bike <mask> often cites his friend, the late Jobst Brandt as being crucial not only to his development as a cyclist and component designer, but for his deep passion in off-road riding. Brandt, author of the iconic book, The Bicycle Wheel, had a riding style that was unlike anyone else at the time. Brandt would lead his infamous rides that quickly left the paved roads behind and ventured onto to dirt single-track trails on traditional road bikes with no modification—something completely unheard in the 1960s and '70s. In 1978, <mask> was approached by Joe Breeze and Otis Guy to build a tandem for them to use in a record attempt across America. Breeze brought his newly made off-road "ballooner" bike to Ritchey's shop in Menlo Park. While he credits Joe Breeze for building the first custom off-road specific 26" wheeled frame, however, known only to a few people, <mask> had already built an off-road specific 650b bike along the design lines of a fatter tired, flat barred "woodsy/cow trail" bike. <mask> says he was influenced by the late John Finley Scott, who encouraged him to build a bike for years with 650b wheels and tires.Upon seeing Joe's bike, he said, "I think I’ll build something like that also." Breeze returned to his home of Fairfax, CA and told Gary Fisher of <mask>'s intentions to build a 26" "ballooner." Immediately, Fisher called <mask> and asked <mask> to build him one as well. Because of <mask>'s production mindset, he built a third frame. When Fisher picked up his frame a few months later and learned of the third frame, he told <mask>, "I can sell that." The seeds of the new "mountain bike" company were sewn, beginning with Fisher selling bike #3 to a fellow Marin resident. These "ballooners" were first featured in BMX Plus magazine, before the world identified them as a mountain bike, and a new buzz surrounded this new style of off-road bike.Fisher enlisted the help of his friend and roommate, Charlie Kelly, to market and sell the bikes <mask> was building. Because <mask> had years of custom frame and component manufacturing experience, he was uniquely suited to tackle and establish many of the new designs and standards this new breed of bicycle would require. The company initially was called Ritchey MountainBikes, with Ritchey fillet brazing over 1000 bikes over the course of those beginning three years. This high volume of production lead to <mask> becoming mountain biking's first production frame builder, earning him the moniker, "The General Motors of mountain bike frame companies," from Mike Sinyard of Specialized. The informal business lasted about three years, with <mask> building the bikes in the mountains of the south bay peninsula while Fisher and Kelly sold them out of Fairfax and Marin. In 1983, <mask> left the relationship. Kelly also left due to personal reasons.On his own, <mask> sold his remaining frames to a new company out of British Columbia, called Rocky Mountain Bicycles. Out of this turbulent time <mask> built his own sales and marketing company, hired a retired professional road racer, Mike Neel, as his salesman and created Ritchey Design. By the early 80s general interest in cycling was in decline, however, mountain biking was growing. Events like Pearl Pass and the NORBA '83 National Championships drove interest in the emerging sport. By the mid 1980s, over 25 percent of the bike industry was based on mountain bikes, with Ritchey emerging as the #1 off-road component design company outside of Shimano. Innovations Again, Jobst Brandt was crucial to the young and aspiring <mask>, and the products he was designing. Brandt, a mechanical engineer at Hewlett Packard, always called into question <mask>'s new ideas—scrutinizing every detail of his designs.<mask>, who sought to design and produce components that were light and fast, was often countered by Brandt who demanded components be durable and strong enough to endure the back country epic rides Jobst liked to do. Ritchey's foundational design principles emerged from these dueling philosophies. Among the first of <mask>'s designs to be brought to use was his "Logic" steel frame tubing. With the new era of fillet brazing he pioneered, and the new uprising of TIG welded frame production, <mask>ey sought tubes from Italian company Columbus however they didn't meet Ritchey's specifications, so Tange of Japan was the final supplier. Their success lead to the birth of Logic Tubing. This tubing changed the way tubing manufacturers thought about butting profiles, allowing the manufacture of lighter, yet extremely durable larger diameter steel tubing bikes.He later took his same shortened butt concept to spoke manufacturer DT Swiss to produce spokes to build lighter, stronger wheels. Below is a list of a few innovations and firsts <mask> produced: 1974 - Twin-plated crown forks 1979 - New "MountainBikes" frame 1980 - 130mm mountain bike specific rear hub 1980 - 120mm bottom bracket spindle to account for wider chain stays that accommodate a wider rear tire 1980 - The Bullmoose integrated mountain bike specific handlebar and stem 1983 - Standard unicrown tapered fork 1984 - Logic butted tubing 1984 - Developed new MTB specific tread design with IRC, Japan. Applied road tire technology to MTB tires, introducing a folding bead and 120tpi. In 1988, applied vector force analysis (VFA) tread designs to develop mountain bike tires featuring front & rear specific and rotation direction tires. 1985 - Vantage rim, the first welded mountain bike specific rim produced by Ukai; a wider, 25mm rim developed to better handle a wider knobby tire 1989 - Logic Condensed double butted spokes produced by DT Swiss 1989 - Developed alloy 3D net shape forging, for stems that led the way to a new generation of lighter, stiffer and stronger stems that did away with welding. 1992 - First to succeed in off center rim (OCR) technology which made possible a balanced spoke tension in rear wheels and off center disc specific front and rear wheels. 1995 - 2x9 speed drivetrain for mountain bikes Film <mask> was profiled in the 2007 documentary film Klunkerz: A Film About Mountain Bikes."<mask>'s 40 Year Ride," a documentary was released in August 2012 chronicling four decades of <mask>'s business "Rising from Ashes," a documentary film chronicling the beginning of Team Rwanda Accolades and awards 1988, inducted into the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame 2012, inducted into the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame Project Rwanda In December 2005, <mask> toured Rwanda by bicycle. He found the landscape to be beautiful, but the people and their journey of reconciliation were even more compelling. <mask> rode through the hilly countryside, (Rwanda is called Land of a Thousand Hills) and witnessed the incredible cycling talent that existed there, without any of the modern cycling technology available to the average cyclist here in the USA. <mask> believed that a national cycling team could bring a sense of hope and national pride. Within the next few months, <mask> began to formalize a 501c3 called, Project Rwanda. <mask> then asked his friend, Jared Miller, if he would go to Rwanda to explore the possibility of putting on a cycling event. On September 16, 2006, <mask> sponsored the first annual Rwandan Wooden Bike Classic in Karongi Stadium: a mountain bike, wooden bike, and single speed colonial bike race.Attendance was over 3,000. <mask> asked North American Tour de France Stage winner, Alex Stieda, and cycling pioneer, Jock Boyer, to race alongside him at the event held to celebrate the wooden bike innovation and what it meant to <mask>. After the event, <mask> asked Boyer to help him in finding and cultivating cycling talent, which would become Team Rwanda. Ritchey designed a geared cargo/coffee bike, capable of carrying heavy loads, to help the Rwandans, especially the coffee farmers in the rural areas of Rwanda, get their crops more efficiently to washing stations. He worked with other NGO's like World Vision and Bikes for Rwanda, to help distribute approximately 4,000 bikes, through micro finance programs and grants. Quotes "My bike is my office" "Steel is real" References External links Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team Fat Tire Flyer, a book about the first mountain bikes by Charlie Kelly Ritchey Bicycle Components Ritchey Bicycle Components International Webstore His page on the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame. Rough Riders interview: '<mask>, in his own words' Project Rwanda A short history of <mask>'s frames on Old Mountain Bikes.An interview with <mask>, where he discusses Rwanda, faith, and bicycles. 1956 births Living people Cycle designers American male cyclists Mountain bike innovators Place of birth missing (living people) Cyclists from California

Linda November

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<mask> (born October 16, 1944) is an American singer who has sung tens of thousands of commercial jingles. She was the voice of the singing cat in the Meow Mix commercials, sang the jingle "Galaxy Glue" in the 1981 film The Incredible Shrinking Woman, the "Coke and a Smile" jingle in the classic Mean Joe Greene Super Bowl commercial, and has won many Clio Awards for her work on television and radio. Her voice can also be heard on many pop songs, as she was a regular backup singer for artists such as Frankie Valli, Burt Bacharach, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Neil Diamond. In the 1970s, she was one of the main singers in the disco group Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps, which charted with the Top 40 hit "Baby Face" in 1976. In the 1980s and 1990s she was a regular performer in Atlantic City at The Grand and Harrah's, with her husband, composer and arranger Artie Schroeck. As of 2011, she works as a piano accompanist in Las Vegas, Nevada. Biography Early years (1940s–1960s) November was born in Brooklyn, the older of two children to Eleanore and <mask>.Her father was an attorney to clients such as boxer Floyd Patterson, and her younger brother Philip became an attorney as well. She started her career in music as a concert pianist, playing piano from the age of five. However, she lost interest in the piano as a teenager and turned to singing instead, helped by the fact that she learned she had perfect pitch. She attended Thomas Jefferson High School, then The High School of Music & Art, and then from the age of 15 began studying voice with Beverly Johnson at Juilliard. She developed a strong soprano voice, described by The Dallas Morning News as "high, strong, and unwontedly pure". At the age of 16, she got a lucky break because of a visit to a podiatrist. The doctor had an office at Broadway and 42nd Street, in what had been a fashionable Knickerbocker Hotel suite in the early 1900s, the New York residence of opera singer Enrico Caruso (1873–1921).So the doctor would often entertain visitors who were there to see the Caruso memorabilia. While she herself was at the office, November met another patient who had contacts in the music industry, and she sang an impromptu audition. The patient was impressed, and put her in touch with one of his contacts, manager Gus Schirmer (of the Schirmer Music publishing family), who was looking for "pretty sopranos" for his summer musicals. Schirmer introduced her to Broadway composer Richard Rodgers, who became her mentor, and through Schirmer, November also auditioned for other producers such as Lawrence Kasha. She obtained work as a performer in the 1963 summer musical season in Dallas, Texas, but despite many auditions, could never land a job in Broadway theatre (according to November, this was because she never had the exact look that a particular show was looking for). Then Schirmer got her a job singing at an industrial musical for Ford Motor Company, where she met many other successful musicians, singers, and composers such as Ray Charles. He began incorporating her into sessions with the Ray Charles Singers, a group of performers with a rotating membership that would sing in close harmonies, often on productions with singer and television personality Perry Como, or as backup singers for other recordings.This launched November's career as a studio singer, as she worked on a contract basis for many different productions. From 1962 to 1967 November would rotate in and out as part of the Ray Charles Singers, sometimes seen on Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall variety program. She can also be heard as a backup singer on some Frank Sinatra recordings, such as the soprano voice in the background of the 1967 song, "The World We Knew". Jingle singer (1960s–1990s) Over the course of her 32 years as a jingle singer, November sang approximately 22,000 jingles which were played on the television and radio. In the 1970s, it was estimated that 75% of the jingles that could be heard on the airways were sung by no more than 30 people, and November was known as the "Jingle Queen". In several unusual jingles, she had to sing with different voices. She once sang as a person underwater, and for Chicken of the Sea, a brand of tuna, she sang like a chicken underwater.Her most notable commercial was in an ad campaign for Meow Mix, where she was the voice ("Meow meow meow meow...") of a singing cat. The idea came from Ron Travisano at the advertising agency of Della Femina Travisano and Partners, who had the account with Ralston Purina in 1976. Travisano put together film footage with editor Jay Gold, looping images of a cat to make it look like it was singing. Working from the film, Tom McFaul of the jingle house Lucas/McFaul composed music to fit, and <mask> sang the meowing melody. The campaign was a major success, spawned 81 other different commercials, and hundreds of thousands of dollars in residuals. <mask> was also one of the singers for Coca-Cola's "Have a Coke and a Smile" campaign, heard most famously on the 1979 Mean Joe Greene commercial, considered one of the top Super Bowl commercials of all time. Other projects (1970s–present) In the 1970s, along with providing her voice for commercials, November also recorded pop songs on the radio.She, Tony Orlando, and Toni Wine sang "Candida", in a group surreptitiously entitled "Dawn". Tony Orlando was a recording industry executive at the time, for a competing label, April-Blackwood. So to avoid a conflict, the group was entitled "Dawn" without Orlando's name. However, the song became a major hit, along with its followup "Knock Three Times" (also featuring backup by November and Toni Wine). To go on tour, Orlando then asked two other session singers, Telma Hopkins and Joyce Vincent Wilson, to become the official backup singers, in their own "Dawn" group, so they could tour as Tony Orlando and Dawn, though the voices on the songs of the original album were still of November and Toni Wine, not Hopkins and Vincent. A few years later, November was again on the charts as part of the group Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps, an assemblage of studio musicians put together by Harold Wheeler. They released two albums, with their biggest hit being a disco version of the 1926 song "Baby Face".It reached #14 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in late 1976, and #12 in the UK. In the 1980s and 1990s, November could often be found singing in Atlantic City, such as at Gatsby's at The Grand, and then starting in 1990, at the Harrah's Atrium Lounge, with Artie Schroeck. They had met in the 1960s while working on Frankie Valli recordings, but had both been married to other people at the time. In 1988 they became a couple, and on January 17, 1997, they married. <mask> then retired from her career as a jingle singer, and she and Schroeck directed a production saluting quirky band leader Spike Jones, "The New City Slickers Present a Tribute to Spike Jones". In 2001, <mask> and her husband moved to Las Vegas.As of 2011, she continues to work there as a piano and keyboard accompanist, performing the occasional show with Schroeck. Awards 1972, "Most Valuable Studio Player", NARAS, New York Chapter 1974, Taystee Bread (Best Radio, Clio Award, 1974) 1976, Lady Long Legs (Best Radio, Clio Award, 1976) 1978, United States Army (Best Television/Cinema, Clio Award, 1978) 1979, "Mean Joe Greene" commercial for Coca-Cola (Best Television/Cinema, Clio Award, 1980) Notable works <mask> has sung tens of thousands of jingles, with her most notable one being the Meow Mix Theme ("Meow meow meow meow . . . . ") in 1976 for Meow Mix cat food. She has also worked in many other parts of the industry as a backup singer, and contributed many solo efforts, such as singing the lullaby in the 1971 animated film, The World of Hans Christian Andersen, the main theme "I'm Comin' Home" in the 1973 film The Devil in Miss Jones, and the "Galaxy Glue" jingle in the 1981 film The Incredible Shrinking Woman. Chevrolet, "The heartbeat of America" Ford Motor Company, "Have you driven a Ford lately?"

Rogério Ceni

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<mask> (; born 22 January 1973) is a Brazilian football manager and former player who is the current manager of São Paulo FC. He is considered one of the all-time greatest Brazilian goalkeepers and is recognised by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics as the goalkeeper to have scored the most goals in the history of football. Most of <mask>'s vast professional career, which had spanned 25 years and 1257 professional club matches, was associated with São Paulo, with which he won 20 major titles, including three Brazilian Leagues, two Copa Libertadores and the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup. He also scored 131 goals during his career, with most of them coming from free kicks and penalties and one coming from open play. <mask> also represented Brazil 18 times over the course of his career, being part of the squads that won the 2002 FIFA World Cup and the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup, and also taking part at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Early life <mask> was born 22 January 1973 in Pato Branco, Paraná. Ceni is of Italian and German descent.He holds Italian citizenship. Club career <mask> made his senior debuts with Sinop. In 1990, the 17-year-old joined São Paulo, spending his first six seasons in Brazilian Série A as a backup or third-choice. On 25 June 1993 <mask> made his first team debut, starting in a 4–1 win against Tenerife for the Trofeo Ciudad de Santiago de Compostela friendly championship. In the following year he was utilized as a starter in the 1994 Copa CONMEBOL, appearing in all matches as his side was crowned champions. In the 1997 season, after Zetti moved to Santos, <mask> was chosen as his replacement. On 14 July 2005, <mask> was São Paulo's captain as the team won the 2005 Copa Libertadores, a third for the club.Two weeks later, in a match against Atlético Mineiro, he broke the record for most appearances for the team, with 618 matches – he wore a special commemorative jersey that had the number "618" printed on the back; on 25 July of the following year, he scored a penalty against Mexican side Guadalajara (also a match-winner), becoming the Tricolors all-time leading scorer in the Libertadores. From 2005 to 2007, he scored an astonishing 47 goals in all competitions combined, as the club won two national championships and the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup; in the latter competition, he netted in the semifinals against Ittihad (3–2, through a penalty kick), and was voted Man of the match in the final against Liverpool, as well as the tournament's MVP. On 20 August 2006, <mask> scored his 63rd and record-breaking goal by netting a free kick against Cruzeiro in the domestic league, a few minutes after denying a penalty to the opposition. Later in the same match, he scored a goal from the spot and took his total to 64, also tying the match 2–2; this put him two goals ahead of the previous holder, Paraguayan José Luis Chilavert. On 29 October 2006, <mask> made his 700th official appearance for São Paulo, against Figueirense in a 2–0 victory. Some of the gloss was taken off the occasion when the player was ordered to change his bright yellow jersey because it matched with the referee's; at the end of the 2007 season, which ended in league conquest, he was voted by the Brazilian Football Confederation as the Best Player. In April 2009, <mask> fractured his ankle in training, being initially sidelined for six months, but recovering sooner than expected.On 28 October 2010, against Atlético Paranaense, he played his 700th game as club captain. The following year, on 27 March, he scored from a free kick to win the match against arch rivals Corinthians, shooting from 18 metres for his 100th goal. On 7 September 2011, <mask> made his 1000th appearance for São Paulo. In late January of the following year, the 39-year-old underwent an operation on his shoulder, losing six months of competition. On 1 August 2012, <mask> returned to the field, scoring from a direct free kick in a 2–0 Copa Sudamericana away win against Bahia; his side went on to win that year's tournament. He subsequently scored three goals in the league, ending the campaign as a starter. Despite already aged 40, Ceni stated that his spirit for competition was the same as an eighteen-year-old's, but still stating that his recovery is harder than years ago.On 14 July 2013, <mask> scored his 111th goal from a free kick in a 2–3 loss at Vitória. On 7 December 2013, after lengthy negotiations, <mask> renewed his contract with Tricolor for a further season. On 20 April 2014, in a 3–0 home win against Botafogo, he had three records recognized by Guinness World Records: most goals scored by a goalkeeper, number of games played for the same club and number of times as captain. On 27 October 2014, <mask> broke Ryan Giggs' record for most wins at a single club after playing in São Paulo's 3–0 win over Goiás. He finished the campaign with eight league goals (his best goal scoring record within seven years), being an undisputed starter. On 28 November 2014, <mask> signed a new deal with São Paulo, until August 2015, despite previously stating that he would retire at the end of the season. On 29 March 2015, after scoring in a 3–0 home win against Linense, he surpassed Marcelinho Carioca in the number of goals scored by direct free kicks for only one club, with <mask> having 60 and Marcelinho, 59.In June 2015, <mask> scored his 128th goal, entering in the club's top 10 goalscorers list. <mask> announced his retirement from professional football on 6 December 2015. International career A Brazilian international for nine years, <mask> collected 16 caps. He was selected to the squads that won the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2002 FIFA World Cup (and the 2006 World Cup, still not fully recovered from knee surgery), but only appeared in two games in final stages, the 3–2 win against Mexico in the first tournament and the 4–1 triumph over Japan in the third. Managerial career In December 2016, <mask> was appointed as São Paulo coach, with Englishman Michael Beale and Frenchman Charles Hembert joining as his assistants. On 3 July 2017, after poor results - São Paulo were eliminated in State League, Brazilian Cup and 2017 Copa Sudamericana into a period of one month and are in relegation zone in Brazilian League, he was sacked. <mask> signed with Fortaleza to coach the team in 2018. On 3 November of that year, Fortaleza clinched promotion to the Série A, and seven days later, the club clinched the Série B title for the first time in its history.In 2019, Fortaleza also won the Campeonato Cearense and the Copa do Nordeste. On 11 August 2019, <mask> was named Cruzeiro manager, but was dismissed on 26 September, after having altercations with the club's main players, specifically Thiago Neves and Dedé. Three days later, <mask> was announced at his former side Fortaleza, replacing fired Zé Ricardo. On 22 October 2020, he again won the Ceará state title, his fourth title with Fortaleza. On 10 November 2020, <mask> agreed to a contract with Flamengo until December 2021, replacing the sacked Domènec Torrent. He won the 2020 Série A with the club, but was sacked on 10 July 2021. <mask> returned to São Paulo on 13 October 2021, being named manager in the place of Hernán Crespo.Style of play A dead-ball specialist, <mask> was the official taker of free kicks and penalties for São Paulo from 1997 until his retirement, a time period in which he scored 131 goals. In addition to his accurate set-pieces, prolific goalscoring, distribution, and ability with the ball at his feet, he was also known as an excellent goalkeeper and shot-stopper, and stood out for his determination and longevity throughout his career, as he retired at over 40 years of age. <mask> was known for being capable of producing brilliant saves, such as those in the final of the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup, which saw São Paulo defeat Liverpool 1–0; for his performances, Ceni later won the Golden Ball, which is awarded to the competition's best player. He is considered to be one of Brazil's greatest goalkeepers ever.

Rachel Parsons (figure skater)

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<mask> (born November 19, 1997) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With her brother <mask>, she is the 2018 NHK Trophy bronze medalist and a four-time silver medalist on the ISU Challenger Series (2018 CS Asian Open, 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, 2018 CS Lombardia Trophy, 2017 CS Ondrej Nepela Memorial). Earlier in their career together, the <mask> won gold at the 2017 World Junior Championships, the 2016 Junior Grand Prix Final, and in the junior event at the 2017 U.S. Championships. They placed 4th at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics. Personal life <mask> was born November 19, 1997 in Rockville, Maryland. She has two siblings – Michael and Katie. In 2016, she graduated from Magruder High School in Rockville, Maryland and currently attends Flagler College in St. Augustine, Florida.In August 2019, she came out as bisexual. <mask> participated in the June 1, 2020 protests in Lafayette Square, after concluding that "sitting at home and being angry wasn’t doing enough. I wanted to protest. I wanted to physically be there." She was hit by a rubber bullet when federal security services opened fire. A photograph of <mask> was featured on the June 2, 2020 edition of the Washington Post. Career Early years <mask> started skating at age six because she wanted to learn how to stand up on the ice.After joining the Wheaton Ice Skating Academy in June 2006, she started focusing solely on ice dance. With Kyle MacMillan, she won gold on the juvenile level at the 2009 U.S. Championships and then gold on the intermediate level at the 2010 U.S. Championships. She teamed up with her older brother, Michael, in February 2010. They won gold on the novice level at the 2011 U.S. Championships and debuted on the Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series in September 2011, placing 9th in Gdańsk, Poland. After taking the junior pewter medal at the 2012 U.S. Championships, they represented the United States at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics, placing 4th. They were also selected for the 2012 World Junior Championships in Minsk, Belarus, where they finished 15th. Competing in the 2012–13 JGP series, the <mask> placed 6th in Linz, Austria, before taking bronze in Zagreb, Croatia.2013–14 season The <mask> obtained silver at both of their 2013–14 JGP assignments, which took place in Košice, Slovakia, and Ostrava, Czech Republic. They qualified for the JGP Final in Fukuoka, Japan, where they placed sixth. The duo won bronze at the junior level at the 2014 U.S. Championships and capped off their season with an 8th-place finish at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. 2014–15 season The <mask> medaled at both their 2014–15 JGP assignments, receiving bronze in Aichi, Japan, and silver in Zagreb, Croatia. They finished as the first alternates for the JGP Final and won silver on the junior level at the 2015 U.S. Championships. Concluding their season, they placed fourth at the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, Estonia. 2015–16 season: Junior World silver During the 2015–16 JGP series, the <mask> were awarded gold in Bratislava, Slovakia, and Zagreb, Croatia.Competing in Barcelona, Spain, at their second JGP Final, the siblings took the bronze medal behind Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter and Alla Loboda / Pavel Drozd, having placed second in the short dance and fifth in the free. At the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen, Hungary, they placed first in the short and second in the free, winning the silver medal behind McNamara/Carpenter. 2016–17 season: Junior World gold Competing in their sixth JGP season, the <mask> were awarded gold in Yokohama, Japan, and Dresden, Germany, both times ahead of Russia's Anastasia Shpilevaya / Grigory Smirnov. In December 2016, they competed at the JGP Final in Marseille, France; ranked second in the short and first in the free, they won the title by a margin of 0.63 over Loboda/Drozd. The following month, the <mask> would win their first junior national title at the 2017 U.S. Championships, over 11 points clear of the field. The siblings would cap off their undefeated season by winning the 2017 World Junior Championships; similar to the 2016–17 JGP Final, the <mask> won the event overall after placing second in the short and first in the free, earning an even narrower victory of 0.56 ahead of Loboda/Drozd. The <mask> earned personal bests in their combined total and free dance scores at their fifth trip to the Junior Championships.2017–18 season: International senior debut Moving to the senior level, the <mask> debuted at the Lake Placid Ice Dance International, winning the silver medal behind longtime rivals McNamara/Carpenter, who were also making their senior debut. They then took the silver medal at the 2017 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy, their debut on the ISU Challenger series. Assigned to two Grand Prix events, they finished ninth at Skate America and seventh at the Rostelecom Cup. They then competed at a second Challenger event, the Golden Spin of Zagreb, where they finished eighth. Competing at the senior level at the 2018 U.S. Championships, they placed fifth, and thus did not qualify for the U.S. Olympic team. They were instead sent to the 2018 Four Continents Championships, where they finished sixth. 2018–19 season: Final season After a second straight silver medal at Lake Placid's summer ice dance event, the siblings competed in three straight Challenger events, winning consecutive silver medals at the Asian Open, Nebelhorn Trophy and Nepela Trophy.At their first Grand Prix event in Japan, the 2018 NHK Trophy, they won their first and only Grand Prix medal, a bronze. At the 2018 Internationaux de France, their second Grand Prix, they finished fifth. At the 2019 U.S. Championships, the <mask> placed sixth. On April 2, 2019, <mask> announced on Instagram that she was retiring from figure skating following a lengthy struggle with an eating disorder. Her brother Michael intended to continue skating, and subsequently formed a new partnership with Caroline Green. Programs (with <mask>) Competitive highlights (with <mask>) GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix References External links <mask> / <mask> at IceNetwork.com American female ice dancers 1997 births Sportspeople from Rockville, Maryland Living people People from Derwood, Maryland LGBT sportspeople from the United States Bisexual women LGBT figure skaters LGBT people from Maryland Figure skaters at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists 21st-century American women

Lyor Cohen

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<mask> (Hebrew: ליאור כהן; born October 3, 1959) is an American music industry executive. <mask> has been actively involved in hip hop at various record labels for more than 30 years. He started by managing rappers for Rush Productions, then led Def Jam. After Def Jam, <mask> took on a leadership role at Warner Music Group. In September 2012, <mask> resigned from Warner and started his own independent label, 300 Entertainment. On September 28, 2016, <mask> was named YouTube's Global Head of Music. Early life Born in New York to Israeli immigrants in 1959, <mask> grew up in Los Angeles.In 1981, he earned a degree in global marketing and finance from the University of Miami School of Business at the University of Miami. After graduating from the University of Miami, he worked briefly in the Beverly Hills office of Bank Leumi. Music career Rush Productions / Rush Artist Management Late in 1984, after promoting a pair of rock and rap shows at The Mix Club in Hollywood (one featured Run-DMC, the other featured Whodini), <mask> moved to New York to take a job at Simmons' Rush Productions (later called Rush Artist Management). Beginning as Run-DMC's road manager, <mask> quickly began taking on additional responsibilities, working on behalf of an artist roster that included Kurtis Blow, Whodini, Run-DMC, LL Cool J, the Beastie Boys, and Public Enemy. By 1987, <mask> himself was signing artists to Rush. These acts included Slick Rick, DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince, Eric B. & Rakim, EPMD, Stetsasonic, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest.<mask> credits Jam Master Jay with teaching him the basics of the music business. "[Jay] showed me how to settle shows and fulfill my responsibilities to the group," <mask> told Vibe magazine. "It's those lessons that I rely on daily to do what I do now." Before long, according to Rolling Stone, <mask> "became known for his no-nonsense approach to business, his negotiating skill, his ability to forward the plot". It was <mask> who brokered Run-DMC's endorsement deal with Adidas, "one of the first big commercial deals for a rap group". This deal was followed by others that paired up Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince with Le Coq Sportif, LL Cool J with Troop sportswear, and Run-DMC with New Coke. By 1989, Rush—under <mask>'s leadership—was recognized as "the premier management operation" in the Rap field.Steve Stoute, in The Tanning of America, credits <mask> with "[believing] early on in the cultural melting pot that was being brewed for and by the younger generation". In his own words, <mask> <mask> has said, "I was determined to prove people wrong, to prove to the gatekeepers of the industry that we had a place here and we weren't going to relinquish our opportunity." From artist development to label executive <mask> began transitioning from artist management to the label side of the music business in 1989, when he and Simmons formed Rush Associated Labels. The goal was to capitalize on the ability of established recording artists to sniff out new talent by signing boutique label deals with them. It paid off most notably with Jam Master Jay's JMJ Records, which brought Onyx to Def Jam in 1992 and Jayo Felony in 1994. By then <mask> was starting to groom a new generation of executives, notably Chris Lighty, Julie Greenwald, Kevin Liles, Todd Moscowitz, and Mike Kyser. In 1994 <mask> teamed up with Simmons to negotiate Def Jam's departure from Sony (which had been distributing Def Jam since 1985) for a new home at PolyGram.By then, having become Simmons's partner in the label several years earlier, <mask> was running Def Jam day-to-day. (Rick Rubin, Def Jam's founder, had left Def Jam in 1988.) Def Jam under PolyGram and Universal Under PolyGram and <mask>'s leadership, Def Jam prospered. <mask> worked with a brand-new roster of successful rappers, like Redman, Method Man, Jay-Z, DMX, Ja Rule and Ludacris. Concurrently, <mask> oversaw custom label deals with Roc-A-Fella Records, Murder Inc., and Disturbing Tha Peace. In 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram, and merged into Universal. The Island Def Jam In June 1998, after the PolyGram / Universal merger, Island, Mercury, and Def Jam were merged into a new unit called The Island Def Jam, <mask> was named co-president.In the process, he became (as he himself noted) "the first Hip-Hop president in charge of a major label". This promotion required <mask> to expand his portfolio to include artists who didn't rap, among them Bon Jovi, Mariah Carey, Shania Twain, Elvis Costello, Ashanti, Nickelback, Slipknot, Sum 41, The Killers, and Slayer. In 2001, <mask> was involved in Island Def Jam's purchase of Roadrunner, a heavy-metal label, as well as the deal to distribute Rick Rubin's American. In 2002, American released Johnny Cash's American IV: The Man Comes Around. The last album released by Cash before his death, it included Cash's hit version of Trent Reznor's "Hurt". Warner In January 2004 <mask> left Island Def Jam for a position with the Edgar Bronfman Jr. investor group-financed Warner, which was subsequently spun off from Time Warner. Ultimately, <mask> was named WMG's chairman and chief executive.By 2006, the positive effects of <mask>'s leadership were encapsulated in a story for the Los Angeles Times, which noted: "Under <mask>, Warner Music has thrived, due in part to the executive's innovative initiatives, such as an incubator program that builds relationships with independent label executives the company aspires to hire." Warner's success with Mike Jones and the rock band Paramore both grew out of the incubator program. At Warner, <mask> oversaw the merger of the Atlantic and Elektra labels into Atlantic, and placed Julie Greenwald, his protégée, into a top executive position there. In 2009, <mask> elevated Greenwald to chairman and chief operating officer of Atlantic, a promotion that established Greenwald as the highest-ranking woman executive at an American record company. Greenwald's successes at Atlantic have included The Black Keys, Bruno Mars, Death Cab for Cutie, Jason Mraz, Kid Rock, Lupe Fiasco, Plies, T.I., and Wiz Khalifa. YouTube and Spotify In September 2006, <mask> oversaw an agreement with YouTube that allowed the site to show videos by Warner artists in exchange for a share of YouTube's advertising revenue. According to The New York Times, the deal marked "the first time a major record company [had] licensed content to YouTube".In 2011, <mask> oversaw an agreement on behalf of the Warner roster with Spotify, the digital music service. Eventually, <mask> oversaw all of Warner's digital initiatives. Departure from Warner In September 2012 <mask> resigned from Warner where he served as one of their dominant creative executives. Future ventures and 300 There was much speculation about <mask>'s next move. <mask>'s own assessment of his career was broadly predictive. "I've been an outsider in the traditional record industry for more than 25 years," he told the Los Angeles Times. "I'm an entrepreneur, so I encourage risk-taking.And the only way to encourage risk-taking is to take risks yourself, which means sometimes you'll fail, or people will say you are too aggressive or controversial. But someone needs to jump into the pool first for a party to get really great. I've always been willing to be that guy." In November 2013, <mask> revealed he was starting a new company named "300", after the 300 Spartan Warriors who fought the famous war against the Persians seen in the movie 300. He stated the company would be part record label, part marketing company, part distributor, with major backing from Google and Atlantic. Joining YouTube In September 2016, Google's YouTube announced <mask> would be joining the organization as Global Head of Music. He officially joined the company in December 2016.He wrote a public letter stating some of his goals and aspirations for his new role. He will strive to enable the music industry to adopt new business models that take advantage of technological advances. Philanthropy and leadership <mask> is currently on the board of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and is an acting Director for the New York-based charitable organization Boys & Girls Harbor. Personal life Some of <mask>'s closest associates have included his longtime friend and business partner Russell Simmons, Jay Z, music executive Julie Greenwald, Jon Bon Jovi, and Kanye West, who dubbed himself "the Lyor <mask> of Dior Homme" on a 2010 recording Devil in a New Dress. <mask> met his first wife, E.K. Smith, during the recording of the music video for "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)" by the Beastie Boys.Their wedding on April 1, 1988, was held in Sosua, Dominican Republic and is written about in Flava Flav's book. <mask>'s marriage to his second wife, Amy, ended in divorce in 2006. They have a daughter, Bea, and a son, Az. <mask> credits Az, along with a personal friend, with saving his life when <mask> experienced a pulmonary embolism during N.W.A's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at Brooklyn's Barclays Center in April 2016. In August 2016, <mask> remarried, wedding art world personality Xin Li, a Chinese former basketball player and model who is currently the deputy chairman of Christie's Asia. References External links <mask> <mask> biography at Warner Music Group Corporate Site. Lyor <mask> Bio and Interview at AskMen.com 1959 births Israeli Jews American music industry executives American music managers American people of Israeli descent Living people Businesspeople from Los Angeles People from New York City University of Miami Business School alumni Businesspeople from New York City

Lynn Beyak

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<mask> (born February 18, 1949) is a Canadian former politician who represented Ontario in the Senate of Canada from January 25, 2013 to January 25, 2021. Initially appointed to the Senate as a Conservative on the advice of Stephen Harper, she sat as a non-affiliated (independent) senator after being removed from the Conservative caucus in 2017. <mask> was suspended from the Senate twice; a first time for posting letters to her website that were considered to be offensive to First Nations peoples, and a second time for failing to comply with mandated anti-racism training. <mask> announced her retirement from the Senate, effective immediately, on January 25, 2021. Career A business owner in Dryden, Ontario, <mask> worked in tourism, insurance and real estate. She co-owned a General Motors dealership and Ford dealership with her late husband. <mask> was previously a candidate for the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party in the Ontario provincial elections of 1995 and 1999, and has served on the Fort Frances-Rainy River board of education.She was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 2013 by Stephen Harper. She sat as a Conservative until being expelled by the Conservative caucus in 2017. In 2020, she donated $1,000 to the People's Party of Canada, the maximum allowable donation. Residential schools controversy <mask> is critical of the findings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that the Canadian Indian residential school system was plagued with systemic physical, mental, and sexual abuse and directly resulted in the death of at least six thousand children from malnutrition and disease. <mask> said that those findings overshadowed the "good deeds" of "well-intentioned" residential school workers. <mask>'s statement was repudiated by New Democratic Party Indigenous Affairs critic and residential school survivor Romeo Saganash, who called on her to resign for praising a system that amounted to cultural genocide, as defined by the United Nations; Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs and Liberal MP Carolyn Bennett, who called for better education on the subject matter; and Conservative Indigenous Affairs critic Cathy McLeod, who said that <mask>'s praise did not reflect the views of the party, which under former Prime Minister Stephen Harper, had made a formal apology for the residential schools. Assembly of First Nations National Chief Perry Bellegarde also criticized the statement for defending a system that had deep negative effects on Aboriginal peoples in Canada.<mask> would later attack criticism of her speech as fake news. However, <mask>'s thoughts were deemed out of line with the Conservative party's history on the subject matter by the party's interim leader Rona Ambrose, who stated it was untenable for her to keep her position on the Aboriginal people's committee due to the misalignment of <mask>'s comments. On April 5, 2017, <mask> was removed from her Aboriginal people's committee Senate post. After the Canadian government reorganized the Indian Affairs department August 28, 2017, forming two departments, for Indigenous and Northern Affairs and separately for Indigenous Services, each under its own minister, Sen. <mask> made another public statement: "Let's stop the guilt and blame and find a way to live together and share. Trade your status card for a Canadian citizenship, with a fair and negotiated payout to each Indigenous man, woman and child in Canada, to settle all the outstanding land claims and treaties, and move forward together ... All Canadians are then free to preserve their cultures in their own communities, on their own time, with their own dime. The emphasis should be on individual prosperity and responsibility, with more money in the pockets of the local people, and not just national leaders and bureaucracies." According to Saskatoon StarPhoenix columnist Doug Cuthand, her comments indicated ignorance of history, as the Indigenous peoples of Canada were extended Canadian citizenship in 1951.The mayors of Edmonton, Alberta and Winnipeg, Manitoba have called on her to resign. According to Brian Giesbrecht of the Frontier Centre for Public Policy, "Sen. Beyak has an abiding belief that the system we have in this country is not working, despite what the flabbergasted mayor and interviewer think of her." "When the senator says that status Indians are not true Canadian citizens, she is absolutely correct." "The fact is that status Indians living on reserves are legally very different from mainstream Canadians in many important ways." Following the backlash regarding her controversial speech, <mask> published, on her senate web page, samples of a large number of letters she received from Canadian citizens supporting her belief that what is being done for Canada's Indigenous People is not effective. Towards the end of December 2017, <mask> faced considerable social media backlash regarding these letters. On January 4, NDP leader Jagmeet Singh demanded <mask>'s resignation.In a statement to the media, Conservative leader Andrew Scheer, explained that while most letters focused on the history of residential schools, some letters had comments regarding Indigenous Canadians in general. He pointed out a particularly troubling passage from one of the letters, that stated "I'm no anthropologist but it seems every opportunistic culture, subsistence hunter/gatherers seeks to get what they can for no effort. There is always a clash between an industrial/organized farming culture that values effort as opposed to a culture that will sit and wail until the government gives them stuff", calling the comment "simply racist" and her promotion of such comments "offensive and unacceptable". In a media statement, Scheer said that he removed <mask> from the Conservative caucus after she refused his demand that she remove some of the comments. Scheer's spokesperson said this demand was made in a telephone call, but <mask> denied that Scheer, anyone from his office, or the Senate leadership had asked her to take down a letter. A senior Conservative source confirmed <mask>'s account. Following a Senate inquiry, it was determined that <mask> had breached the Ethics and Conflict of Interest Code for Senators by posting letters on her Senate website that contained racist content.She was ordered to remove the racist letters from her Senate website, to make a formal apology for posting the letters in question, and to complete a cultural sensitivity course with an emphasis on Indigenous issues. She subsequently refused to remove the letters, and was suspended from the Senate in April, 2019 for the remainder of the parliamentary session. Second suspension In January 2020, the Standing Committee on Ethics and Conflict of Interest for Senators again recommended that <mask> be suspended without pay for the remainder of the parliamentary session, citing her failure to adequately complete anti-racism training. During her anti-racism training sessions, <mask> was alleged to have said that she identified as Métis because her parents adopted an Indigenous child, a statement which prompted the Métis National Council to demand an apology and suggest <mask> resign. Subsequently <mask> issued a Press Release stating "Media are reporting I am Metis, and although the Metis are a great nation I am not, have never been and never will be Metis, and have never said I was, at anytime, anywhere to anyone." On February 27, 2020, the Senate imposed a second suspension on <mask> because of her failure to complete the required training. The senators approved a report from the standing committee on ethics and conflicts of interest which recommended that <mask> be suspended without pay for "the rest of the current term".In addition to her suspension, she was ordered to undertake anti-racism training. Canada's standing senate Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration (CIBA) met February 27, 2020 to formally remove <mask> from the senate payroll. Her suspension ended on August 18, 2020 when the session was prorogued. Illicit donation to Republican National Committee According to filings from the United States Federal Election Commission, <mask> donated 300 in May 2020 to the Republican National Committee in support of Donald Trump's re-election campaign. <mask> listed her residence as Dryden, New York and her occupation as retired, despite still being a sitting member of the Senate and living in Dryden, Ontario. The Federal Election Campaign Act does not allow foreign nationals without American citizenship or permanent resident status to contribute to political candidates or campaigns. <mask>'s office claimed that the donation was made in error, and that the money was being refunded.However, , the Republican National Committee did not report the return of the donation. Personal life She married <mask> on November 28, 1970 and they remained married until his death on April 8, 2002. They have two sons. References Canadian senators from Ontario Conservative Party of Canada senators Independent Canadian senators Women members of the Senate of Canada Women in Ontario politics People from Dryden, Ontario Ontario school board trustees Living people Canadian real estate businesspeople 1949 births Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario candidates in Ontario provincial elections 21st-century Canadian politicians 21st-century Canadian women politicians

Archibald Simpson

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<mask> (4 May 1790 – 23 March 1847) was a Scottish architect, who along with his rival John Smith, is regarded as having fashioned the character of Aberdeen as "The Granite City". Life and work Early life <mask> was born at 15 Guestrow, Aberdeen on 4 May 1790, the ninth and last child of <mask> (1740–1804), a clothier at Broadgate, and his wife Barbara Dauney (c.1750 - 1801), the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. The family house at Guestrow is thought to have been built by his uncle William Dauney, who was a master mason. The house was later demolished in 1930. <mask> attended Aberdeen Grammar School as a contemporary of Byron, who lived nearby in Broadgate. At 13 he entered Marischal College but left after a year, on the death of his father, to work in the office of James Massie, a builder at Castlehill, having been influenced so by his uncle William Dauney. Due to being born lame in his left arm, his father left him a legacy of £200 with which at the age of 20 he went to London to be apprenticed to architect Robert Lugar and later David Laing.After two years <mask> left to embark on a study tour of Italy, returning to Aberdeen in 1813 to start an architectural practice in his old house at 15 Guestrow. Architectural practice <mask> first established his practice in 1813 at his old childhood home at 15 Guestrow. He later moved to premises at 130 Union Street, where in 1826 he lost his entire archive of drawings in a fire which destroyed the building, forcing him to move his office to 8 Belmont Street and later to 22 Crown Street - where the former Post Office building now stands - before later moving to live at 15 Bon Accord Street and practicing from his office at 1 Bon Accord Street. <mask> began his work at a time when wealthy country landowners were very influential in the social and cultural development of the City of Aberdeen, church and institutional expansion was rife and the enterprising Incorporated Trades were looking to invest heavily and speculatively in the new civic development - made possible by the bold construction of Union Street westwards across the Denburn towards the rich hinterland in 1801. <mask>, along with his brother Alexander, was responsible for reviving the Aberdeen Musical Society, founded in 1747, in a move to make influential social contacts which were vital to the success of his architectural practice. <mask> played the violin and his brother Alexander played the flute. He later also founded the Aberdeen Artists Society with his friend and collaborator, the artist James Giles, who also undertook several portraits of <mask> for the University Court.James Matthews was articled to <mask> in 1834. Architectural style The boldest and most refined architecture of <mask> is in the Grecian style, in its classic purity of detail and proportion, although he was equally at ease in adopting Gothic, Italian Renaissance, Tudor and Hanseatic architectural styles to meet the preference of his clients or the nature of the site. Clients frequently placed him in open competition with John Smith, though they greatly respected one another's work and ambition to achieve civic unity in the new streets that were then under construction. The result was a fine granite street architecture that was to influence the quality of development for a further century. Death and legacy <mask> died, aged 56, at his house at 1 East Craibstone Street, Aberdeen on 23 March 1847, having returned ill from a business trip to Derby. He is buried in the graveyard of the Kirk of St Nicholas on Union Street. The grave lies to the south of the church.The Aberdeen Civic Society erected a granite memorial to him in the gardens of Bon Accord Square, as part of the European Architectural Heritage Year in 1975. The city has a Wetherspoon pub to honour his memory. Works Works include: 1811 Designs his first building in Aberdeen, Union Chambers, while still in London, for the Duchess of Gordon. 1815 Druminnor House (Additions) 1815 Castle Forbes 1815 Morison of Auchintoul's House, plans prepared while with Robert Lugar 1817 St. Andrew's Chapel, now St. Andrew's Cathedral 1818 Kintore Parish Church and Manse, for his uncle, the Rev. John Shand 1819 Lunatic Asylum 1820 Medico-Chirurgical Building 1820 Assembly Rooms (Music Hall) 1822 Gordon Castle Chapel 1822 Boath House, Nairnshire 1822 Park House 1822 Heathcote House 1822 Haddo House (Additions), for the Earl of Aberdeen 1822 Huntly Lodge (Alterations), for the Duchess of Gordon 1823 Athenaeum 1823 Bon-Accord Terrace, Square and Crescent, for the Tailor Incorporation 1824 Durris House (Additions) 1827 Pitlurg House, for General Gordon Cumming, Skene 1827 Tillery House 1827 Letham Grange, Angus 1827 Morkeu House 1827 School in Edinburgh 1827 Skene House (Additions) 1827 Stracathro House, Angus, for Alex Cruickshank 1828 St Giles' Church, Elgin 1829 Masonic Halls and Assembly Rooms, Forres 1830 Woodside Free Church 1830 Anderson Institution, Elgin 1830 Plan for the development of Ferryhill, for the Shoemaker Incorporation. Part of Marine Terrace executed before he died. 1831 Castle Newe (Now Demolished) 1831 Plan for the development of the West End (Not executed) 1831 Plan for the opening-up of the Guestrow area – centring the spire of St.Nicholas with the old entry to Marischal College.1846 Big Street Improvement Scheme References 1790 births 1847 deaths 19th-century Scottish architects Alumni of the University of Aberdeen British neoclassical architects Gothic Revival architects Greek Revival architects Architects from Aberdeen

Mersha Nahusenay

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<mask> ( 1850 – 1937) was a reformist and pioneer of change who made important contributions to the modernization and independence of Ethiopia. One of the closest advisors to Emperor Menelik II, he went on to become the first governor of Dire Dawa, and surrounding areas (1902–1905). Prior to that he was governor of the strategic and frontier district of Jaldessa (Gildessa) and its environ where he also held the position of head of customs. His public career lasted over three decades from the era of Menelik II (referred to in historical records as Menilek) until the reign of Haile Selassie. He was one of the most recognized Ethiopians of his time. He knew the French language and was open to European ideas and way of life earning him admiration abroad. His most enduring legacy was the construction, maintenance and security of the first railway which he oversaw at the request of the emperor.Mersha belongs to a generation who took advantage of the relative stability of the late 19th – early 20th century to implement a series of wide-ranging political, economic and social reforms which put the country on the path to modernization ushering in a new era. Early life Childhood and Formative Years Ato (Mr.) <mask> Nahusenay (አቶ መርሻ ናሁሠናይ) was born about 1850 near the town of Ankober, the former capital of Shewa. According to oral history, Mersha came from a family of priests. His parents were strict followers of the Ethiopian Orthodox faith and religion played a central role in their life. Mersha's childhood was hence heavily influenced by events involving the Church where he was also baptized. Family lore further indicates that his father owned a land given to him in return for the service he rendered to the church. In addition to holding lands, churches at the time received considerable assistance from the royal palace which they then used to provide key services to their members and communities, including the education of children.Thus <mask> was taught reading and writing at an early age and received traditional church education. Whether or not he had any siblings remains unknown although the name <mask> in the Amharic language implies a desire to forget a traumatic experience such as the loss of a previous child. Growing up, <mask> spent a great deal of time on the farm with his parents. He traveled to various places within Shewa and beyond allowing him to interact with a diverse group of people and explore opportunities which existed for a career in a secular field. For example, early on he learned to appreciate the importance local as well as foreign languages. Beyond these sketchy details, little is known about <mask>'s early life at this point. It is unclear, for example, if he had royal ancestry.The fact that he was later married to the daughter of one of Menelik's trusted servants suggests, however, that the family had close ties to the palace. Overall there is little doubt that <mask>'s formative and early adulthood experiences helped him prepare for his long and illustrious public career. It's worth noting that today Ankober is one of many districts (woredas) of Ethiopia. But back then, it was the capital of one of several powerful kingdoms. The following quote encapsulates the vitality of the Ankober area at the time: The early nineteenth-century Shawan royal capital of Ankober was a spectacular sight, ‘perched at 2400 meters atop a volcanic cone above the steep escarpment of the eastern highlands’. It commanded a prosperous, cosmopolitan and culturally diverse polity. Founded as a frontier outpost in the late-eighteenth century, fifty years later Ankober stood amidst a rich agricultural area and controlled the Red Sea trade through regional markets such as Aliyu Amba.Visited by Muslim merchants and traders from the Mediterranean, and a busy ecclesiastical base of Orthodox theology, Ankober was a lively commercial and intellectual center. By mid-19th century, Ankober had established trade and diplomatic ties with the outside world. As a result, there was strong public interest in international affairs, foreign languages, history, geography and medicine, as well as the design, manufacturing and function of machines and tools as documented by missionaries. Under Menelik, the last ruler of Shewa (1865–1889), Ankober rapidly evolved into a vibrant political and economic center. Trade was expanded to the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea via Harar. Mersha also grew up in one of the most consequential periods in the nation's history. The second half of the nineteenth century was a turning point in the sense that it marked the end a long period of deep divisions within and between the various kingdoms located in the northern part of the country known as the Era of Princes or Zemene Mesafint (1769–1855).Emperor Tewodros (Tewodros II) was the first ruler (1855–1868) in the modern era to try and unify the northern kingdoms. Included in Tewodros' vision also was the introduction of European-style civilization. His efforts were cut short however by internal resistance and external challenges as well as his untimely death. Emperor Yohannes (Yohannes IV) further pursued the unification agenda during his reign (1872–1889), but he was unfortunately killed in a war with Mahdist Sudan. Emperor Menelik II (1889–1913), his successor, the fortunate one to realize the dreams of his predecessors and much more. He succeeded in bringing together, under a central authority, northern and southern territories. Through a combination of diplomacy and military campaigns, he was able to create a new empire paving the way for the emergence of modern Ethiopia.Menelik's extraordinary achievements, including his leadership in the decisive victory over Italy at Adwa, in 1896, enabled him to put the country on the path to stability and modernization. According to the prominent Ethiopian historian Tekletsadiq Mekuria, Menelik's top priorities included: negotiating Ethiopia's borders with the three European colonial powers (i.e., France, Britain and Italy) who controlled much of Eastern Africa; securing access to the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea as a way of improving trade relations with Europe and beyond; maintaining security and stability across the vast empire; implementing wide-ranging political, economic and social reforms; and building Ethiopia's image abroad. As will be seen below, <mask> was at the forefront of most, if not all, of these undertakings. He answered repeated calls for public service and rose to the occasion by taking on challenging tasks. More importantly, he was a strong advocate for reform and European-style modernization. Later life Whether <mask> <mask> held any official government positions before Menelik II became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1889 remains unknown. What is evident from historical records is sometime in the early 1890s, at the age of about 40, he left his birthplace and settled in the Harar province.By then, Ankober had declined in part due to the rise of Addis Abeba (Addis Ababa), as the new capital of Ethiopia founded in 1886 by Menelik and his influential wife Empress Taytu Betul (1851–1918). Governor of Jaldessa and Head of Imperial Customs Mersha's relocation to Harar marked the beginning of his long and distinguished career. By some accounts as early as 1892, but surely by 1895, he was appointed governor of Jaldessa (Gildessa, Jildessa, Guildessa, Gheldessa), a historic and strategic district near the present city of Harar. According to one source., at the time, Jaldessa had approximately 6,000 inhabitants at the time compared to 8,000 in the port city of Djibouti and 30,000 in Harar. Not only was Jaldessa a frontier town to Menelik's empire, but it was also located along an important caravan route connecting Ethiopia with the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea coast. As a result, all visitors were required to pass through an armed and customs post established there by the Ethiopian authority and administered by Mersha. As chief of customs, Jaldessa Mersha oversaw the import of all goods.Caravans were stopped and inspected. Import duty of 10 per cent was levied on merchandise generating important revenue for the empire. The economic value of Jaldessa grew considerably after the port of Djibouti became operational. However, it sharply declined following the founding of Dire Dawa, in 1902. As governor, <mask> controlled and administered a vast area between Ethiopian borders with the French and British Somalilands and the Awash River. The territory was inhabited by Somalis, Oromos, Afars and other ethnic groups. He served under Ras Mekonnen Woldemichael (Makonnen Wolde Mikael), who was governor of Harar Province until his untimely death in 1906.The Armenian Serkis Terzian (1868–1915) served as governor of Jaldessa before him. Terzian, a personality well known to scholars of Ethiopian history, served Menelik in various capacities, including the import of arms and ammunition. Apparently, there was confusion at times about who owned what. On one occasion, Mersha confiscated arms claimed by Terzian, according to distinguished historian Richard Pankhurst. Lord Hindlip, a British businessman and adventurer and a member of an Anglo-American expedition, described his visit to Mersha's residence as follows: He received us in his official residence, a small circular hut with the usual pointed roof, built on a conical hill. His furniture consisted of a table, chair, two beds, a photograph of an Abyssinian priest, and a coloured Crucification, while his rifle, shield, and revolver were hung on the walls. Furthermore, Jaldessa was at the center of international negotiations between Menelik and the three colonial powers.Article 3 of the 1897 treaty signed between Britain and Ethiopia, for example, stated that the route between Zeyla (Zeila) and Harar via Gildessa should remain open for the commercial interests of the two countries. <mask> was regularly consulted on relevant matters. He was also directly responsible for implementation of agreements. For instance, in 1896, he hosted Cyrille Macaire (Kyrillos Makarios), a coptic Egyptian bishop who came as a special envoy of Pope Leo XIII to plead with Menelik to free the Italian prisoners from the battle of Adwa. When the prisoners were freed ultimately, they were brought to an area near Gildessa to meet with an Italian Red Cross team before being transported to Harar for safe return to Italy. <mask> visited Djibouti on several occasions, including at the request of Emperor Menelik. His knowledge of French was invaluable during his foreign trips.Promoter of the progressive image of Ethiopia Following the victory at Adwa (1896), there was a heightened global interest in strengthening diplomatic and trade relations with Ethiopia. A large number of foreign nationals, including diplomats, journalists, writers, scientists and explorers visited the empire. The visitors were intrigued by Menelik's wisdom and accomplishments. Realizing the significance of the moment for the future, the emperor was equally determined to build a progressive image of his nation. What better place to create a good first impression than the frontier town of Jaldessa? Lord Edward Gleichen, the British courtier, officer and author who visited Ethiopia in 1897 and who was a member of Sir Rennell Rodd's diplomatic mission wrote the following: Next day we made a long march of twenty-four miles over stony country to Garasle, a pretty little river, three inches deep, running between high banks, and a three hours' march on the following morning brought us to Gildessa. Here we were received in great state by the governor, one Aito Merzha (i.e., Ato <mask>), who, to impress on us that we were now on Abyssinian territory, had turned out a guard of about a dozen men, all armed with rifles and carrying the Abyssinian flag.The latter, I fear, did not impress us much, as it only consisted of triangular yellow, red, and green pennons nailed on a thin and crooked stick; but the guard of honour was very beautiful. Most visitors came to the country through the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea and many camped at Jaldessa for at least a day before traveling further to Addis Abeba, Harar or other parts of the new empire. Thus, <mask> was tasked with providing logistical and other forms of assistance to the guests. He was uniquely positioned to meet and interact with a large number of Europeans and other foreign nationals. In an article published in Le Figaro (April 1901), the French journalist and author Hughes Le Roux noted the following after a long discussion with Mersha. Je ne sais si ce sage a lu Candide, mais depuis les années déjà longues que le Roi des rois lui a confié la clef de la première poterne de l'empire, il a vu défiler beaucoup d'hommes de toutes couleurs, de tous pays, de toutes langues. English translation: I do not know if this wise man read Candide, but since for many years the King of Kings has given him the key to the first gate of the empire, he had seen people of all colors, all countries, and all languages.Kyrillos Makarios or Cyrille Macaire (1867–1921): Egyptian Coptic leader, Patriarch of Alexandria; Cesare Nerazzini (1849–1912): Italian diplomat, doctor and military officer William Fitzhugh Whitehouse (1842–1909): American explorer and adventurer; Felix Rosen (1863–1925): German Botanist, professor of botany at Breslau University (then Germany, now Wrocław, Poland); he is the brother of diplomat and orientalist Friedrich Rosen. François Marie Casimir Mondon-Vidailhet (1847–1910): French journalist, philologist and author; Sir Charles Allsopp, 3rd Baron Hindlip (1877–1911): British businessman, adventurer and writer; Rennell Rodd (1858–1941): British diplomat, politician and poet; Alexander Bulatovich (1870–1919): Russian military officer, diplomat and author. Despite robust diplomatic efforts by Menelik and his domestic as well as foreign advisors, there was a great deal of skepticism initially among many Europeans that Ethiopia was ready to embrace modernization. In an article titled The Menelik Myth, published in 1899, for example, vicomte Edmond de Poncins, the wealthy French naturalist and explorer, concluded: The history of Ethiopia, then, may be summed up thus: a country in which communications are difficult, peopled by a multiplicity of races; its internal life presents ever the same

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cycle of wars, victories, defeats, its external life the same blank. A real civilization is impossible in that black chaos, and the products of civilization, such as agriculture, invention, commerce, do not exist. In contrast, there were those who offered unwavering support for the expansion of trade and investment in Ethiopia. Menelik's closest European advisors such as the Swiss engineer Alfred Ilg and the French trader Leon Chefneux (“chief commerce advisor”) were incontestably at the top of the list.<mask> worked closely with both of them. But there were others as well. Casimir Mondon-Vidailhet, the French journalist and contributor to the Le Temps, was another important figure who played a major role in advancing Ethio-French relations. Due to his passion for horticulture, Mondon-Vidailhet may have also played a role in popularizing the eucalyptus tree (የባሕር ዛፍ). He also studied local languages (e.g. Amharic, Guraghe, Harari, etc.) and wrote books about them.More relevantly, Mondon-Vidailhet helped advance the progressive image of Menelik and Ethiopia in Europe and the United States. He did this primarily through his speeches and writings. In an interview that he gave to The New York Times, in 1898, Mondon defended Ethiopia's records and potential: The country lends itself easily to civilization, and its organization, still encumbered by feudal relations, tends more and more to become modelled on the lines of European constitutional monarchies. Menelek, powerful and respected, an enlightened reformer and administrator, who abolished slavery in his dominions, and dislikes fanatics to whatever sect they belong, has revealed himself as a really great sovereign, worthy of admiration by his conduct, as well as by the dignity of his character. <mask> was a strong proponent of opening Ethiopia to the world. He encouraged 'modern' education and supported missionary schools in Harar. He encouraged trade ties with Europe, particularly France, Ethiopia's major strategic ally at the time.The French government awarded Mersha the El-Anouar Nishan in April 1905. Head of the first railway construction The first and most significant example of European direct investment in Ethiopia was the construction of Ethiopia's first railway. The agreement to create a company for the construction of the railroad was first signed in 1894 between Menelik and Alfred Ilg. The primary European stakeholder was obviously France although British investors also owned shares and bonds at least until 1902 which is when the line reached Addis-Harar, later renamed Dire Dawa. Mersha was a key figure in the negotiations, construction and security of the railway during the initial phases of the project (1897–1911). When the Djibouti railroad reached the Ethiopian border town of Dewele (Dawale), in July 1900, he represented the emperor at the inaugural ceremony attended by a delegation of the French government led by Gabriel Louis Angoulvant, acting governor-general of the French Somaliland as well representatives of shareholders and other domestic and foreign diplomats, including Ato Yosef Zagalan, the Ethiopian consul in Djibouti and a dear friend of Mersha. According to one source, emperor Menelik himself was to be present, but he changed his mind later in protest of the growing interference by the French government in the affairs of the Compagnie Imperiale d'Ethiopie to which he granted concession.Things became worse and the construction was interrupted for several years following the completion of the Djibouti-Dire Dawa line. When the work resumed in 1909, <mask> was once again called to serve. The task given to him and other local officials was to oversee the extension of the meter-gauge line up to Awash. The railway reached Addis Abeba only in 1917. By then emperor Menelik had died and his daughter Zewditu was head of the empire. English translation of Menelik's letter to Mersha: Dear Ato Mersha. How have you been?I, thank God, am well. Since the French railway companies informed me that they would resume construction, I would like you to manage the work in consultation with Negadras Yigezu. Written in the city of Debre Libanos on the 2nd day of Tahsas 1901. (*The above letter has been included in the recent book titled 'Emperor Menilek's Domestic Letters' as letter #1898 (Paulos Gnogno collections); Aster Nega Publishers; 2010 p. 517). The historian Richard Pankhurst called the first railway “the country’s greatest technological achievement of the period.” It led to rapid expansion of domestic and foreign trade. By cutting the amount of travel time to the coast in half, for example, the railroad increased the import and export of commodities drastically. It accelerated the process of urbanization as it paved the way to the rise of new settlements and villages and transformation of towns such as Harar and Addis Abeba.The movement of people from south to north and vice versa grew considerably. In short, the railway made life better for hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of Ethiopians. More importantly, it connected the country to the sea. Robert P Skinner, the diplomat who led the first US mission, in 1903–04, noted the following about the importance of the railway to the economy The custom-house figures show a movement of importations and exportations in 1902 amounting $1,659,800, but, having in mind the methods of appraisement and the possibility of entering goods in contraband, it may be conservatively stated that the total trade under present conditions amounts to $3,000,000 per annum. Henceforth, this trade will grow rapidly, although the full power of the country will not be appreciated until the railroad is extended to the capital, 300 miles distant from its present terminus. Spinner further observed: When the railroad connecting the Empire and the sea was projected, a route was naturally selected which should give the greatest advantages to commerce...A town was created at this point, to which was given the name Dire Douah, and it has already become an important business center.... Pioneer and the first governor of Dire Dawa The conclusion of the Djibouti-Dire Dawa railway, in 1902, marked the birth of Dire Dawa, the second largest city in Ethiopia. Shortly after, Mersha was ordered to move the Jaldessa custom house and his residence to the new terminus making him the first governor of the railway city.Not only he was at the right place at the right time, but this was a natural extension of his administrative responsibilities. Getahun Mesfin Haile, an expert on the history of Dire Dawa wrote: Before the foundation of the town, the whole frontier region up to Dawale including the great environ of Dire Dawa used to be administered by a governor whose seat normally was at Jeldessa, a few km to the east of Dire Dawa. In 1902 the Governor was one <mask> <mask>, an educated and also French speaking personality, who took a considerable part in the foundation of the station and eventually of the town. He went on to say; The earliest town quarters of Käzira and Mägala, which sprang up following the establishment by the railway company of a station and its main workshop, soon evolved into the two most important nodes of economic, social and administrative activities of the new town. Käzira was built according to a regular plan and well provided with modern amenities. In the meantime, Ato Märsha Nahusänay, the first governor, and his followers, cleared and settled an area of land across from Käzira on the opposite side of the Dächatu that was largely covered with dense brush and cacti then. Growing out of this nucleus the larger quarter of Mägala took shape by degrees.In fact, the present quarter of Dächatu used to be known as Gändä-Märsha in the past in honor of its illustrious resident and founder. Thus, it didn't take long before residential communities appeared and roads, offices and workshops as well as other critical facilities were built under the leadership of Leon Chefneux and Mersha. In the first several years of its founding, residents of the new town and the Franco-Ethiopian railway company were able to lay the foundation for what later became a French-style, cosmopolitan city. Sadly, unlike other towns, foreigners and locals did not live in the same area. Kezira or Gezira became a European quarter while Megala was inhabited by natives. Richard Pankhurst called Dire Dawa “Ethiopia’s first modern town". Not only Dire Dawa was built differently than other towns of the time, but its administration was also unique.Historian Shiferaw Bekele noted: The officials shared certain important characteristics which sharply set them apart from the general run of Ethiopian officialdom at the time… Almost in every province, one would meet one or two men who belonged to this category. However, in no other much concentration as in Dire Dawa. Shiferaw, who is an expert on the early history of Dire Dawa, went on to say: The Dire Dawan officialdom invariably spoke at least one European language. Even the earliest, Mersha, spoke French. A good number of them were highly educated. Afework Gebre Yesus and Gebre Hiwot Baykedagn who were the directors of Customs had had long years of stay in Europe where they had attained a tertiary level education. Beshah Wured was educated in the United States.The rest had gone to Mission schools. <mask> served as governor from 1902 until 1906. He was in charge of administrative as well as judicial affairs. He even held courts "under a tree" in the early years of his tenure. He was succeeded by Ato Negatu Gugsa. The Dire Dawa municipality did not emerge until sometime between 1915 and 1920. Chief of railway security The agreements signed by the Ethiopian government and the railway company required Ethiopia to deploy a police force to safeguard the line and safety of employees.The mission was extremely dangerous due to local hostilities. <mask> became head of railway security full-time in 1906. His strategy for success included working with local chiefs and leaders. In fact he also assumed the position of chief of the Issa territory which much of the opposition to the construction came from. Shiferaw Bekele wrote: As the governor of the province through with the line passed, he (i.e. Ato <mask>) was responsible for the peace and security of the line. He posted detachments of troops all along the line.He carried out negotiations with all the important chiefs of the Afar and Somali tribes in the region. He received orders from Ras Mekonnen and from Menelik. He was in charge of the recruitment, training of the security personnel; negotiated their wage with the company; and settled disputes. He had always been the middle man between the railway company and Ethiopians. That involved making sure that the company honored its contractual obligations as well. As early as September 1900, for example, Mr. J. Gerolimato, the British consul agent in Harar, sent the following message to his boss, James Hayes Sadler, the Consul-General of the British-Somaliland: Dear Sir: BEFORE yesterday, Atto Marcha, Governor of Jildessa, who was in Jibuti arrived here. There were in Daranli (i.e., Dawale) 200 Abyssinians to protect the line against the Essa (i.e., Issa), the Company paying 12 dollars per month for each Abyssinian soldier; now the Company paid them 8 dollars, instead of 12 dollars, and the Abyssinians have withdrawn these 200 men.His prior experience as chief of Harar police must have prepared him for the challenges of the position The railway police was in charge of stability and peace Dire Dawa and its surroundings as well. which he held until the mid-1920s with the exception of his brief dismissal by Lij Iyasu in 1916. The Dawn of Modernization The desire to introduce European style modernization was not unique to Emperor Menelik II. However, it was under him that the country took important practical steps in terms of establishing modern institutions and structure of governance. Transport and communication got a huge boost. The first telephone and telegraph were introduced following the first railway. Major roads were built and bicycles and automobiles appeared for the first time.The tax system was restructured. A modern monetary system was created. The first bank (Bank of Abyssinia) was established. A national currency was launched. The governance system underwent significant reorganization. The first cabinet of ministers was formed. Each of the six districts had two judges appointed by Menelik himself.The position of a supreme judge was created. The first public schools; the first newspaper, the first hotels, the first hospitals and post offices emerged. The list goes on. Although <mask> was principally involved in the construction of the railway and establishment of "modern" customs, he also participated in other important reforms such as the creation of postal and telegraph services. After Menelik died in 1913, following a long illness, his grandson Iyasu V became the de facto ruler. <mask> was about sixty years of age at the time. During his brief reign (1913–1916), Iyasu seems to have continued some of the reforms that he inherited.However, he also made political miscalculations resulting in his removal from power. In 1915, for example, Iyasu appointed Hasib Ydlibi (or Idlibi), a Syrian merchant of Turkish citizenship, as governor of Dire Dawa and Neggadras of Harar. The appointment was kept secret from Dejazmach Teferi (Tafari) Mekonnen, his cousin and governor of Harar Province. But then in July 1916, a few months before his ouster, Iyasu took the unprecedented step of deposing Teferi from his governorship creating further tensions between them and leading to anger in a province traditionally governed by that family. Iyasu also seem to have chosen a foreign policy which sought to alienate traditional allies such as France and strengthen relations with Germany and Turkey (then Ottoman Empire). Perhaps because of that, he went on to remove <mask> from his post at the railway and replace him with Abubakar Mahammad, another important historic figure in Ethiopian history. Ironically, just months before their dismissal, both Dejach Teferi and Mersha had accompanied Iyasu during his trip to the region along with a number of other notables, including Mikael Berru (a German educated, British agency interpreter

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and father of the Sorbonne graduate Lij Seifu Mikael) and Tesemma Eshete.The radical changes were quickly picked up by foreign media. The sudden change was picked up by international media and largely interpreted as a plan to favor Muslims over Christians, a sentiment shared by many in the country. Suddenly, at the end of last July, Yasu left Adis Abeba for Harrar and came on to Jibuti on August 8th, where he renewed his protestations of friendship to M. Simoni, Governor of French Somaliland .... He was found to have deposed Prince Taffari, son of Ras Makonnen, from the Governorship of Harrar and substituted a Muhammadan... Intrigue was rampant at Harrar under the Turk Ydlibi; and finally the chief of the Issas, Ato Marcha, was deposed in favour of a Muhammadan. These events caused a stir at Adis Abeba. The legations of the Entente Powers also sent in a protest.And on September 27th...Lij Yasu was formally deposed. The situation, however, was much more complex than what the reports claimed. There is no doubt that Iyasu tried to nurture close relations with the Muslim community and was married Fatima, the daughter of Abubakar, raising questions about his intentions and vision. Abubakar came from a family of rich Muslim Afar traders who made enormous contributions to Menelik commercially, administratively and diplomatically. His father, Mahammad (also Negaddras) was the governor of the historic town of Aliyu Amba (Shoa Province) while he himself served as the governor of Shenno, another commercial center. His grandfather, Abubakar Ibrahim Chehem, was a notable statesman and Sultan or Pasha of Somalia's port city of Zeila (Zeyla) before it became part of the British Somaliland. In contrast, some scholars argue today that the new policies were all part of Iyasu's efforts to consolidate the imperial power such as by integrating marginal territories such as the Afar land.From the end of the 19th century, the members of this family lost their role as obligatory intermediaries in favour of European traders supported by their respective states. However, one of them, Naggadras Mahammad Abubakar, continued to enjoy the trust of Menelik, who was unwilling to rely solely on the Europeans. Furthermore, although <mask> was Christian, he did not adhere to the historically dominant Orthodox faith. Rather he was one of the first to convert to Catholicism and subjected to mistreament like many of his fellow worshippers. <mask>'s absence was a source of great concern to the railway company in part due to his long and dedicated service and reputation. This was obvious from one of the letters that Emperor Menelik wrote to him. The following comment made by Mr. de Mazérieux, the company's administrator, captures that sentiment: Avec Ato Marcha, qui était au courant des usages et des méthodes de la Cie, et qui lui était surtout absolumment dévoué, les difficultés etaient rapidement aplanies.Abou-Baker est trop connu en Abyssinie et à la Cie, pour qu’on puisse espérer, qu’il en sera de même avec lui. English translation: With Ato Marcha, who was very knowledgeable of the practices and methods of CIE (i.e., Compagnie Imperiale d’Ethiopie), and who was absolutely devoted, difficulties were quickly resolved. Abu-Baker is very well known in Abyssinia and Cie, so we hope that things will be the same with him. <mask> was restored to his position under Empress Zewditu, Menelik's daughter, who ruled Ethiopia from 1916 until 1930. Teferi Mekonnen was regent to the throne during this period and went on to rule Ethiopia as Emperor Haile Selassie I(1930–1974) when the empress died. A prominent Catholic <mask> was a well-known Catholic. He played an important role in the spread of the faith in Harar region and beyond.His wife Tedeneqyalesh was the daughter of Ato Mekbeb (also Mekev, Makeb and Makbeb) who was converted to Catholicism in the late 1860s by the Italian missionary Cardinal Guglielmo Massaja or Abba Messias as he was known in Ethiopia. Martial De Salviac, the French missionary who lived in Ethiopia at the end of the 19th century, wrote the following: The one which Menelik called 'a man of my confidence', that was Ato Makeb, officer of the royal house. He soon earned the confidence of missionaries by becoming an edified Catholic. Later he gave his daughter in marriage to one of the better students of the mission, Ato Marsha, who was a police chief in Harar, and actually directed the customs at Jaldessa. It is not surprising that Mersha's children were brought up Catholics. Benito Sylvain, the Haitian lawyer, author and anti-slavery activist who visited Ethiopia a few times during the late 19th and early 20th century wrote: En l'absence de Ras Makonnen, retenu par l'Empereur à Addis-Abeba, pour la conclusion du traité de paix avec l'Italie, était le Ghérazmatch Banti qui remplissait les délicates fonctions de gouverneur. Il manifesté de cordiale faҫon sa joie de me voir et après avoir vidé le tedj ou hydromel de l'amitié, il me fit donner l'hospitalité chez Ato Marcha, chef des douanes de Guieldessa, dont tous les enfants sont élevés à la Mission catholique française que dirige actuellement le sympathique Mgr André, récemment promu Evèque.English translation: In the absence of Ras Mekonnen, kept by the Emperor in Addis Ababa, for the conclusion of the peace treaty with Italy was the Gerazmatch Banti who filled the delicate functions of governor. He expressed in a cordial way his joy to see me, and after emptying the tedj or mead of friendship, he offered me hospitality at the residence of Ato Marcha, Chief of Customs of Gildessa, with all the children raised in the French Catholic Mission currently headed by the friendly Mgr André who was recently promoted Bishop. Mission schools such as those founded by the French missionary Andre Jarosseau (Abba Endryas) trained a generation of young Ethiopians. Recent biographies (e.g. Ras Emru Haile Selassie) shed light on the importance of these schools. In his autobiography, Captain Alemayehu Abebe, one of the pioneers of Ethiopian aviation and the first black African pilot of a commercial jet airliner, wrote: አቶ መርሻ ከነቤተሰቦቻቸው በሐረር ከተማ የታወቁና የተከበሩ የካቶሊክ ሃይማኖት ተከታይ ስለነበሩ ምንሴኘር አንድሬ ዣሩሶ በሚያስተዳድሩት የካቶሊክ ሚሲዮን ገብቼ በአዳሪነት እንድማር ተደረገ English translation: Since Ato <mask>, along with his family, was a well-known and respected follower of the Catholic faith in the city Harar, I was allowed to attend the mission school headed by Mgr Andre Jarousseau. Another important biography by Mickael Bethe-Selassié describes in detail the historic contributions of Catholic Ethiopians during the first half of the 20th century.Many, including <mask> <mask> and the author's uncle Berhane-Marqos Welde-Tsadiq, played a role in the modernization efforts of Emperors Menelik and Haile Selassié. The biographer argues that these Catholics form a distinct sub-group within the larger community of educated men also known as La Jeune Ethiopie. However, the historic ties between Catholic and Orthodox Christian intellectuals have also been stressed by Mickael as well other scholars. The Ethiopian Roman Catholic community, the first of whose members were converted in the late 19th century by Italian or French missionaries, such as Guglielmo Massaia and André Jarosseau, included Zäwgä Haylu, who attended the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1900, and Märsha Nahu Sänay, who represented Menelik at the ceremony marking the completion of the Jibuti railway as far as the Ethiopian frontier in 1902. The community thus came into existence at the very same time as the emergence of the Young Ethiopians as a whole. The Catholic community was moreover influenced by the same factors - missionary education, travel to France or Italy, employment by foreigners, service on the railway, etc. -which gave birth, as we have seen, more generally to Young Ethiopianism.Death and legacy <mask> retired in the mid-1920s, but he maintained contact with friends such as the missionary A. Jarousseau, according to historian Bahru Zewde. His retirement comes after a long public service of important contributions in four key areas: border and railway security, public administration, economic development and diplomacy. <mask> soon fell ill and was confined to bed for almost a decade. He died in his mid-eighties, during the Italian occupation, and was laid to rest in the city of Harar. <mask> nurtured a large family. He and his wife Tedeneqyalesh were blessed with eleven children: Beyene, Negest, Zewditu, Alemu, Worqe, Desta, Yosef, Marqos, Negatu, Zegeye, and Medemdemya. He encouraged his children to attend school and appreciate foreign languages.Beyene <mask>, his eldest child, spoke French fluently. Even his daughter (probably Zewditu) knew French. She read a welcome speech to Colonel Jean-Baptiste Marchand (1863–1934), the French officer and explorer who traveled through Harar in 1899, according to the missionary Martial de Salviac. <mask> loved take his family to important public events. Martial describes how <mask>, a proud father, attended the opening ceremony of the Dawale railway station in 1900 surrounded by "a beautiful crowd of eight children." In the late 1890s, young Beyene, who was fluent in French, traveled to France and Italy with Andre Jarosseau. In 1903, on behalf of his father, he met in Dire Dawa with R.P.Skinner, the American diplomat sent by Theodore Roosevelt to sign a trade treaty with Menelik. <mask> himself was present, however, when the first-ever US diplomatic mission completed its visit and was preparing to leave Dire Dawa for Djibouti. In fact he conveyed a farewell message from the Emperor delivered over the phone from Addis. Beyene <mask> was later appointed by the emperor as head of the postal and telephone service opened in the frontier town of Dawale. During the period of uncertainty, following the emperor death, he stood on the side of those who campaigned to deny Lej Iyasu the throne, under the leadership of Fitawrari Tekle Hawaryat. In 1931, 'balambaras' Beyene was appointed director of the first Ethiopian School for Girls founded in Addis Abeba by Empress Menen. Prior to that, he was a member of the board for construction of the Dessie-Asseb road, a project undertaken by a team of Dutch engineers.Ato Denqu, husband of Negest <mask>, was appointed in 1907 as the chief of Dire Dawa's Post Office. He too traveled to Europe (e.g. Switzerland and Italy) to attend meetings of the International Postal Union after Ethiopia became a member in 1908. Many grandchildren and great-grandchildren live and work in Ethiopia and around the world. The most notable descendant today, Ato Abinet Gebremeskel, is a successful businessman and philanthropist in Ethiopia. The author of this short biography (click here for Amharic version of the Bio), is the grandson of Zegeye <mask> and great-grandson of Mersha. <mask>'s legacy includes a street named after him in Kezira (Gezira), a subsection of Dire Dawa during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie.He was remembered and honored when the railway city celebrated its 105th anniversary in December 2007. However, <mask> is still very much a forgotten hero. His biography remains unwritten and his distinguished service is poorly known by many scholars and students of Ethiopian history. In his book titled Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia: The reformist Intellectuals of the early twentieth century, Professor Bahru Zewde describes the contributions of many historic personalities of that dynamic era. The book does not mention <mask> as a pioneer. However, some of the reformist intellectuals discussed had either administered the offices he helped establish or occupied the positions he held before. Neggadras Gebrehiwot Baykedagn (c.1885-1918), arguably the foremost intellectual of the time, for example, was director of the Dire Dawa customs administration.Fitawrari Tekle Hawariat Tekle-Mariam (1884–1977), who later became governor of Jigjiga; credited for founding Asebe Teferi; and is best known for playing a prominent role in the drafting of the 1931 constitution, was chief of the railway station briefly during Lij Iyasu. He was also among the first Ethiopians to travel abroad for education. As a matter of fact, shortly before the young Tekle Hawaryat departed for Russia, in 1896, <mask> gave him his blessings. We find the following interesting account in his autobiography,: ጄልዴሳ ላይ ስንደርስ አቶ መርሻ ናሁ ሰናይ ከቤታቸው ወስደው ጋበዙኝ ። ያስቀሩኛል ብዬ ፈርቼ በቶሎ ወጣሁና ወደ ሰፈሬ ሮጥኩ ። ፀሓይ እንዳይጎዳኝ አስበው አቶ መርሻ ጥላ ገዝተው ሰጡኝ ። (ከወንድሜ ከሟቹ ገብረ ጻድቅ ጋር በጣም ይፋቀሩ ነበር) (p. 78) English translation: When we arrived at Jaldessa, Ato <mask> invited me for lunch at his residence. Because I was afraid that he might not let me travel overseas, I ran away as soon as I finished. Ato <mask>, however, bought me an umbrella so I could protect myself from the scorching sun. (He and my deceased brother Gebre Tsadiq were dear friends).The last few decades of the 19th century marked the beginning of a long period of modernization in Ethiopian history in the sense that they opened the door to new ways and better conditions of life and work. Significant achievements were recorded during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie in areas such as manufacturing, transportation (e.g. aviation) and education. Trade and foreign direct investment continued to play a key role in the young economy. Despite some serious setbacks in the two decades after the 1974 popular revolution, primarily due to severe droughts and civil war but also bad policies, the country underwent a radical transformation. The revolution has ended the feudal (ባላባት) system paving the way for greater participation of people in political and economic activities. During the past several decades, Ethiopia has witnessed unprecedented economic development characterized by a strong government sector, expanding private sector and major development of critical infrastructure (e.g.roads, new Djibouti-Addis railway, etc.). Whether or this momentum will be maintained, time will tell. When all is said and done, however, there is general consensus that much of the progress made over the last century is deeply rooted in the historic events and reforms of the late 19th – early 20th century. References History of Ethiopia 19th-century Ethiopian people 19th century in Ethiopia 20th century in Ethiopia 1850s births 1930

Daniel Cross (footballer)

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<mask> (born 30 March 1983) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the and Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A Charles Sutton Medallist with the Western Bulldogs, he finished his 249-game career with 210 games at the Western Bulldogs and 39 with Melbourne. He has served as the development and rehabilitation coach of the Melbourne Football Club since October 2015. AFL career Early career (2002–2004) <mask> was recruited by the Western Bulldogs with the 56th overall selection in the 2000 national draft. He made his AFL debut in a 19-point victory against in round 10, 2002. Despite the Bulldogs winning the match, he managed only two disposals. He played a further three games for 2002.He played his first match for 2003 in round 4 against , but struggled to make a big impact. He was dropped after round 6 to the VFL to play with Weribee. After impressive performances with Werribee, <mask> was recalled to the Bulldogs side. His return to the Bulldogs side was good enough for him to keep his place in the side the following week, but after a disappointing performance against Richmond in round 17, he was again dropped. He was promoted to the AFL side in round 22, and managed 18 disposals, in what was an otherwise disappointing game for the Bulldogs due to losing by 84 points to the . He made the decision to stay with the Western Bulldogs for the 2004 season, despite only managing to play a total of ten games in his first three seasons. After playing just two games in the first ten weeks of the 2004 season, <mask> was able to play the remaining twelve matches of the season and was named the round 19 nominee for the Rising Star after recording 28 disposals against at the Telstra Dome.Key midfielder at Western Bulldogs (2005–2010) The Western Bulldogs made an impressive start to the 2005 campaign under new coach Rodney Eade. The Bulldogs opened the season with a 32-point victory over , and he was vital in the win, collecting 24 possessions. He received his first ever Brownlow vote for his round 7 performance against Brisbane, where he recorded 29 possessions in the 23-point win. He finished the season with 563 disposals, and finished with the most handballs in the league with 384. <mask> reached his 50-game milestone in round 4 2006, against where he collected 20 disposals in a 1-point victory over the Cats. He played his first finals match against Collingwood in the elimination final where he registered 32 disposals in a 41-point victory, however the Bulldogs lost the next week to . His season comprised many high-disposal matches and he finished the season third overall for disposals and second overall for handballs in the league.He suffered a serious injury against in round 11 2007 and missed the following six games. In his return match against , he collected 30 disposals. 2008 saw <mask> play a more integral role in the midfield, with Scott West suffering a long term injury. He played his 100th AFL game in round 15 against Melbourne, where he registered 25 disposals in a 31-point victory. He was one of the three Bulldogs players nominated for the 2008 MVP award, eventually won by Gary Ablett. The Bulldogs made it to the preliminary final, in what was the best on-field season for the team to that point in <mask>' career, they lost the preliminary final to eventual runners up, Geelong, by 29 points. His season was rewarded with the Charles Sutton Medal as the club best-and-fairest, finishing 24 points ahead of Brownlow Medallist, Adam Cooney.He also received the inaugural Scott West award for the most courageous player and the Bruce Wilkinson award for the best player as voted by the trainers. In October 2008, he married long-time girlfriend Samantha Mallia. <mask> played every match of the 2009 season, where he accumulated a total of 581 disposals. The Western Bulldogs again made the preliminary final, but lost the match to by 7 points. He underwent a double ankle reconstruction in the off-season of 2009, but managed to return during the 2010 NAB Cup, where the Bulldogs were the eventual winners. He played every match of the season which saw the Bulldogs reach a third consecutive preliminary final, but ultimately lost to St Kilda by 24-points. He was the runner up in the best-and-fairest, finishing nine votes behind Ryan Griffen.He also played in the 2010 International Rules Series against Ireland. Final years at Western Bulldogs (2011–2013) He continued his consistent performances in 2011 where he averaged over 24 possessions per game for the seventh season in a row. He received the Scott West award and was ranked first at the club for tackles (125, averaging 5.7), handballs (323, averaging 14.7) and marks (125, averaging 5.7). He was nominated for the most courageous player at the AFL Players Association awards, which was eventually won by captain, Jonathan Brown. During 2012, he shifted between the midfield and defense. He won the Scott West award for the second consecutive year. <mask> played the first eight games of 2013 before being dropped from the senior side, where he played for the Bulldogs reserves side, Williamstown, before earning a recall in round 19 against .In the week leading to the final round clash with Melbourne, it was announced the Bulldogs would not renew <mask>' contract, ending his 11-year playing career with the club, in addition, it was the first time in a decade he did not finish inside the top-10 for the best-and-fairest. Move to Melbourne (2014–2015) In November 2013, <mask> signed with as a delisted free agent on a one-year contract. Brought into the club due to his 'reputation for elite preparation and leadership to help out the younger players', he was named in the leadership group alongside Lynden Dunn and Chris Dawes in April 2014, replacing the injured Jack Trengove and retired Mitch Clark. He played the first thirteen matches of 2014 before succumbing to a broken leg during the round 14 match against , he played the remainder of the match, but was forced to miss the next five matches through injury. He was offered a contract extension for 2015 in July due to his leadership experience. He returned to the side in round 20 against and played the remaining four matches for the season. He won the Dick Taylor trophy for finishing fifth in the best-and-fairest behind Nathan Jones, Dom Tyson, Bernie Vince and Lynden Dunn, he was also rewarded with the James McDonald award for best team man.<mask> was maintained in the leadership group for 2015 and played every match for the season, mainly across half-back. He recorded an equal career-high 39 disposals against in round 22, however, three days later, it was announced Melbourne would not offer <mask> a contract extension and he subsequently announced his retirement effective after the round 23 match against . He was awarded the Ron Barassi Jnr leadership award for 2015 alongside Jack Trengove. In October, he accepted an off-field role to stay at Melbourne as development and rehabilitation coach from 2016 onward. He also acts as the team's runner on game day since 2016. Victoria Harbour incident On 4 October 2007, <mask> and teammate Tom Williams leaped into the water of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong to rescue a schoolgirl attempting to commit suicide. Despite the girl not wanting to be saved, they hauled her to safety after hearing bystanders screaming for help.When they emerged from the harbour they both had minor bruises and cuts. Both were reported to be in good spirits after the incident. Following the incident, <mask> and Williams were awarded certificates of commendation by Hong Kong's Director of Marine. Statistics |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002 |style="text-align:center;"| | 38 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 7 || 12 || 4 || 3 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 1.3 || 1.8 || 3.0 || 1.0 || 0.8 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003 |style="text-align:center;"| | 38 || 6 || 0 || 1 || 19 || 36 || 55 || 19 || 9 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 3.2 || 6.0 || 9.2 || 3.2 || 1.5 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004 |style="text-align:center;"| | 38 || 14 || 1 || 0 || 55 || 131 || 186 || 43 || 39 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 3.9 || 9.4 || 13.3 || 3.1 || 2.8 |- !scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 22 || 2 || 5 || 179 || 384 || 563 || 127 || 94 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 8.1 || 17.5 || 25.6 || 5.8 || 4.3 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 24 || 9 || 6 || 262 || 363 || 625 || 146 || 108 || 0.4 || 0.3 || 10.9 || 15.1 || 26.0 || 6.1 || 4.5 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 15 || 1 || 2 || 126 || 241 || 367 || 89 || 59 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 8.4 || 16.1 || 24.5 || 5.9 || 3.9 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 25 || 5 || 2 || 241 || 422 || 663 || 138 || 117 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 9.6 || 16.9 || 26.5 || 5.5 || 4.7 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 23 || 5 || 2 || 162 || 419 || 581 || 128 || 100 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 7.0 || 18.2 || 25.3 || 5.6 || 4.3 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 25 || 2 || 4 || 238 || 423 || 661 || 139 || 136 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 9.5 || 16.9 || 26.4 || 5.6 || 5.4 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 22 || 1 || 2 || 207 || 323 || 530 || 125 || 125 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 9.4 || 14.7 || 24.1 || 5.7 || 5.7 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" !scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 17 || 2 || 1 || 163 || 242 || 405 || 88 || 69 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 9.6 || 14.2 || 23.8 || 5.2 || 4.1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 13 || 4 || 2 || 117 || 177 || 294 || 71 || 57 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 9.0 || 13.6 || 22.6 || 5.5 || 4.4 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014 |style="text-align:center;"| | 18 || 17 || 1 || 3 || 123 || 244 || 367 || 71 || 90 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 7.2 || 14.4 || 21.6 || 4.2 || 5.3 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015 |style="text-align:center;"| | 18 || 22 || 0 || 1 || 216 || 275 || 491 || 116 || 76 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 9.8 || 12.5 || 22.3 || 5.3 || 3.5 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan=3| Career ! 249 ! 34 !31 ! 2113 ! 3687 ! 5800 ! 1304 ! 1082 ! 0.1 !0.1 ! 8.5 ! 14.8 ! 23.3 ! 5.2 ! 4.4 |} References External links <mask>' profile from DemonWiki Australian rules footballers from New South Wales Western Bulldogs players Melbourne Football Club players Murray Bushrangers players Williamstown Football Club players Albury Football Club players Charles Sutton Medal winners 1983 births Living people Australia international rules football team players

Gérard DuBois

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<mask> (born 1968) is a French illustrator. In 2017, he received the Hamilton King Award. <mask> works in a variety of styles, which have been described as a consistent and remarkable blend of beauty, passion, and intelligence. Early life and education <mask>, an only child, grew up in Argenteuil, a suburban town north of Paris. No member of his family was artistic. The idea of art as a career option was introduced to <mask> at age fourteen, when the headmistress of his public school, having become aware of his drawings in notebooks, encouraged him to apply for advanced study at an art school in Paris. <mask> passed the aptitude tests required for admission and entered the school, a century-old institute in St. Germain des Prés, known to most as Rue Madame.Upon completion of his studies at Rue Madame, he enrolled for an advanced degree at École Supérieure des Arts Estienne, also in Paris. After completing his studies at École Estienne, and obliged to serve France for two years, in 1989 he would arrive in the Maritime provinces of Canada to serve as a graphic designer for the French Ministry of Cooperation where he worked at various magazines in Petit Rocher, New Brunswick, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Caraquet, New Brunswick and Summerside, Prince Edward Island. Illustration career <mask> would receive his first freelance illustration assignment after moving to Montreal in 1991 at the age of 23. The assignment would come from Jocelyne Fournel at Montreal Magazine. Fournel would go on to hire <mask> at other publications such as L'Actualité. Although primarily noted for his extensive work as a book illustrator, his work has also appeared in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Time magazine, GQ, Rolling Stone, The New Yorker, The Washington Post, Le Monde, The Guardian, Playboy, Newsweek, Entertainment Weekly, Harper's, The Atlantic and others. <mask> also illustrated an ongoing column for Time magazine by the editor Nancy Gibbs.as well as a weekly column called Gray Matter, a weekly opinion column for The New York Times Sunday Review by Mark R. Rank and Thomas A. Hirschl. In April 2018, Canada Post released the Gérard <mask> stamp as one of five in the Great Canadian Illustrators series. The illustration selected for the stamp was titled It's Not a Stream of Consciousness and was originally published by The New York Times, in a Gray Matter opinion column under the same title by Gregory Hickok, May 8, 2015. Awards For illustration In 2017 <mask> would win the Hamilton King Award from The Society of Illustrators, for Constructing the Modern Mind, art directed by Patricia Nemoto and Bernard Lee, at Scientific American Silver Medal for What Would You Do? published by Brown Alumni Magazine, Case Circle of Excellence award, 2018 Gold Medal, for A sex life for priests?, art directed by Jocelyne Fournel at L'actualité, National Magazine Awards, 2017 Gold Medal for Giant milk brick, art directed by Mélanie Baillairgé at BBDO Montreal, Society of Illustrators, 2012 Gold Medal for Sacred Space, art directed by Emily Crawford and Andree Kahlmorgan at Time magazine, Society of Illustrators, 2011 Silver Medal for Digging For Dollars, art directed by Ted Keller at GreenSource Magazine, Society of Publication Designers, 2011 Gold Medal for NetworkerCover, art directed by Caren Rosenblatt, Society of Illustrators, 2009 Silver Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2006 Gold Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2005 Silver Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2004 2021 Governor General's Award for French-language children's illustration - A qui appartiennent les nuages? (with Mario Brassard) For books The Amelia Bloomer Book List, for Dorothea’s Eyes with Barbara Rosenstock, American Library Association, 2017 Special Mention, Bologna Ragazzi Award for Enfantillages, 2016 Norman A. Sugarman Children’s Biography Award for Monsieur Marceau with Leda Schubert, 2014 Orbis Pictus Award for Monsieur Marceau with Leda Schubert, 2013 Personal life DuBois lives in Montreal with his wife Stephanie. The couple have had two children, Thomas and Nathan.References External links Additional collection of the artist's work 1968 births Living people French painters French illustrators French male artists French emigrants to Canada Canadian painters Canadian illustrators Canadian male artists Governor General's Award-winning children's illustrators

Gloria Richardson

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<mask> (born <mask>. Clair Hayes; May 6, 1922 – July 15, 2021) was an American civil rights activist best known as the leader of the Cambridge movement, a civil rights struggle in the early 1960s in Cambridge, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Recognized as a major figure in the Civil Rights Movement, she was one of the signatories to "The Treaty of Cambridge", signed in July 1963 with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and state and local officials. It was an effort at reconciliation and commitment to change after a riot the month before. At the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, <mask> and five other women were honored by being seated on the stage at the Lincoln Memorial, but none of the women was invited to speak to the crowd. The next year <mask> married again and moved to New York City, where she worked locally in Harlem on civil rights and economic development. Early life and education <mask>. Clair Hayes was born in 1922 to John and Mable (née St. Clair) Hayes in Baltimore, Maryland, the largest city in the state. Her mother was part of the affluent St. Clair family of Cambridge, Maryland, which owned and operated a successful grocery store and funeral home.Her ancestors had been free people of color since before the Civil War, and also owned extensive rental property. During the constraints of the Great Depression, the Hayes family moved to Cambridge, where Mable had grown up. One of Mable's uncles was a lawyer in the state of Maryland. Her family was also involved in politics. <mask>'s wealthy maternal St. Clair grandfather was elected to the Cambridge City Council, serving from 1912 to 1946. From a young age, <mask> had a strong personality nurtured by her parents and maternal grandparents. She developed a strong sense of community and started to form her own views on such human rights issues as racism.She attended a neighborhood public school. Her parents encouraged her to speak up and to be comfortable in front of large groups, such as performing at Sunday school programs. The young Hayes pushed against what her parents considered to be respectable behavior for girls from well-to-do families. Her independence and persistence were later displayed also in her civil rights work. While aware of her family privileges, she realized that her college degree, her family’s social position, and their navigation of the color line in Cambridge did not provide her or her family with true protection. Her grandparents always taught her to value people for their actions and not for their socioeconomic status. The Hayes family was educated and relatively affluent, but still had suffered racial injustice.Most importantly, <mask>'s father John Hayes died of a heart attack due to the lack of nearby medical care accessible to blacks. It forced the young woman to realize that racism was a matter of life and death. Black males had been able to vote in Maryland since emancipation after the American Civil War. (Women were added when the 19th constitutional amendment became effective in 1920.) African Americans in the city of Baltimore were generally segregated into housing in one of five wards, the Second Ward. Within that ward, blacks had built up substantial religious and business communities. They still lived under Maryland state Jim Crow laws and customs in the city at large.Hayes earned a B.A. in sociology in 1942 from Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, DC. She became involved in social activism as a student protesting with others at the Peoples Drug store near campus because the store refused to hire Black workers. In college, she also picketed a segregated Woolworth's store in the capital, where blacks were not allowed to have lunch at the in-store counter. People were surprised by her leadership and her status as a woman from an elite African-American family. They were used to dealing with poor black women who were less outspoken. Through her experiences in Washington, she realized that even 50 years of Black participation in the legal system had limited results.She could see that Cambridge was still highly segregated, and learned that Blacks suffered one of the highest unemployment rates for that size city. Return to Cambridge After Hayes returned to Cambridge after college, she married <mask> and began to explore civil rights. When the city government hired black people as social workers, they were to serve only black clients in the all-black ward. After she was passed over for a social worker position in the "black" ward, she decided to focus on her family and civic work. In an interview with Robert Penn Warren for his book Who Speaks for the Negro? (1965), <mask> said that in Cambridge, blacks were "the last hired and first fired," a phrase applicable to minorities in other places as well. When she divorced from <mask>, she was a mother with two daughters.She worked at a pharmacy and grocery store owned by her family in a predominantly Black community. <mask> has said that her motherhood sparked her activist role. <mask> held a formal office in the Cambridge Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (CNCC). She also served as an adult adviser to the CNCC. At one point she was the only Black woman to head a local civil rights agency. When she became co-chair of the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC), she began to identify goals beyond desegregation. She sought economic and social justice in housing, education, job opportunity, and health care.While co-chairing CNAC, <mask> gained insight into who to trust in the process of negotiating the expansion of rights of the Black community in Cambridge. During her early activism, <mask> was arrested three times. When she was first arrested, Judge W. Laird described her tactics as "a disgrace to her family's name", attempting to shame her into silence. She continued to fight back harder. She was known for verbal attacks, describing national leaders as presenting "meaningless smiles" due to their failure to gain substantial change. Cambridge movement In December 1961, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) sent Reginald Robinson and William Hansen to Cambridge to organize civil rights actions. SNCC had been contacted by activists in the city.The two young men started sit-ins in February to protest segregated facilities. They targeted movie theaters, bowling alleys, and restaurants. <mask>, <mask>'s daughter, was among students who supported the demonstrators. <mask> and Yolanda Sinclair, also mother of a protester, were among parents who wanted to show their support for these actions. In 1961, a Freedom Ride came to Cambridge. The black city council member had attempted to discourage the campaign by insisting that the city was already desegregated. At first <mask> rarely participated in civil disobedience, because she could not accept the original SNCC nonviolence rules.By 1962, the Civil Rights movement was picking up steam around the country. Students attempted to desegregate public facilities in Cambridge. At the time, the city had a population of around 11,000, of whom about one-third were Black. The initial protests, including picketing and sit-ins, were peaceful. Although White supremacists attacked demonstrators, police arrested the protestors. The protests did not yield results until <mask> was chosen to lead the movement and CNAC. On January 13, 1962, the city’s Black community held its first civil rights demonstration of the 1960s.Dozens of Black high school students, including <mask>’s daughter Donna, joined a number of young men and women from Baltimore’s Civic Interest Group (CIG) and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and two members of the SNCC. This was a result of weeks of coordinated planning by Cambridge’s Black youths. It was viewed as the beginning of Cambridge’s civil rights movement. Initially, when <mask> wanted to get involved with the protests, her daughter Donna sent <mask> home until <mask> could guarantee that she would demonstrate nonviolently, as the other individuals had been trained to do. It was a commitment <mask> could not make at the time; therefore, she focused on working with the Black community’s secretive and highly efficient intelligence-sharing network, known as the “grapevine”. <mask> provided information to CIG and SNCC about how Cambridge’s political system operated and the opinions of the Black community. Her daughter acted as a spark in <mask>’s activist journey.Through witnessing various demonstrations in support of her daughter’s activism, <mask> struggled to remain silent in the face of counter-protestors that mocked the non-violent Civil Rights groups. <mask> was determined to involve herself in these social justice issues. At the time, she ran her family’s business, but she decided to become a student again. She attended workshops, and special sessions where activists methodically trained for non-violence, to withstand the hatred of mobs, who often used slurs and demeaning acts to prevent peaceful assembly. This was supposed to be secured by the Constitution. The March and April demonstrations resulted in a large caseload for the local court system where <mask> and other defendants were tried together. <mask> was one of more than 50 people who stood trial for charges of disorderly conduct.This became known as The Penny Trial and demonstrated how the Cambridge movement disrupted white elites’ racial comfort zones. On the issue of violence, <mask> had the outlook that violence is not necessarily the answer, but she does not condemn violence as she believes it is a residue of frustration. She once said that “revolts seemed to be the only thing that America understands, and the nation’s racial problems made revolts unavoidable”. In June 1962, <mask> was asked to help organize the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC), the first adult-led affiliate of SNCC. She became its official spokesperson. The organization had initially formed in March of that year. After CNAC canvassed African-American communities in a survey, they expanded the goals to work for economic equality: to improve housing, education, employment, and healthcare.Many blacks struggled with low wages or unemployment. The Cambridge movement would be one of the first campaigns to focus on economic rights rather than putting the focus solely on civil rights. <mask> would also be one of the first leaders to publicly question nonviolence as a tactic. Due to the change in focus of the movement, protests demanded both economic and social equality as <mask> wanted to target discrimination and inequity in employment, poor wages, inferior schools, health care, and segregated facilities. <mask> said in a later interview on why she was committed to CNAC's leadership reflecting the community. "The one thing we did was to emphasize that while you should be educated, that education, degrees, college degrees were not essential [here]. If you could articulate the need, if you knew what that need was, if you were aware of the kinds of games that white folk play that was the real thing".In the summer of 1962, CNAC focused on voter registration and an effort to get out the vote. They wanted to replace state senator Frederick Malkus, who had opposed legislation that would have allowed additional industries into Dorchester County, Maryland. The lack of industrial jobs limited opportunities for the African-American community. <mask> was focused on determining the priorities of the Black community, reinforced by a lesson she learned from her grandfather which was to learn about the important issues the members of a community care about most. One of the first things she did was conduct a survey of the Black community to help determine priorities. Data was collected door-to-door and analyzed by faculty at Swarthmore College. The survey collected the following statistics as what residents considered to be the most pressing issue: 42% considered it to be jobs 26% considered it to be housing 21% considered it to be improved schools 6% considered it to be open accommodations 5% considered it to be police brutality Before collecting the data, <mask> expected public accommodations to be their biggest concern because it had been the main focus of the protest; however, after analyzing the results, CNAC began a multipronged campaign to encourage black voter registration, increase employment opportunities for black workers, and end racially segregated education by having black parents apply to transfer their children to white schools.As militant tactics increased and new demands were made, white resistance also increased. Two 15-year old students, Dwight Cromwell and Dinez White, were arrested for praying outside a segregated facility. Both individuals received indeterminate sentences in a juvenile facility and these sentences resulted in outrage from the Black community. Large marches and protests increased, which were often met by White mobs. This is when the philosophy within the Black community in Cambridge changed from  “nonviolent resistance” to “armed self-defense”. As Herbert St. Clair, a Black businessman said, “We are not going to initiate violence. But if we are attacked, we are not going to turn the other cheek”.In June 1963 the Cambridge protests had attracted students and other activists from around the country. On June 11, white patrons at Dizzyland had attacked six white and black demonstrators conducting a sit-in there. General Gelston of the National Guard announced that he was changing the rules of martial law: he announced a curfew of 9 P.M. instead of 10, stores were to close at 2 P.M. instead of 9 P.M., firearms were banned, and automobile searches by police and National Guard were authorized. At 8 P.M. that night 250 African Americans staged a "freedom walk" to the Dorchester County Courthouse. Shortly after the demonstrators stopped to pray, they were attacked and pelted with eggs by crowds of more than 200 white townsfolk. Two carloads of whites drove in and started a gun fight with armed African Americans. State police used tear gas and guns to disperse the mob.The federal government intervened in an effort to end the violence and protests. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and other Justice Department and housing officials brokered a five-point "Treaty of Cambridge", to include a statement for equal rights, that was signed in July. The Attorney General, representatives of the State Of Maryland, local black leadership-including <mask>, and elected Cambridge officials were all signatories. On June 13, 1963, another mass civil rights march was held. This time, the Black community in Cambridge came with protection. Armed men were

Gloria Richardson

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protecting the demonstrators and they set up a perimeter around the Black community. The night after, a fight broke out between the White and Black community and there was an exchange of gunshots.Several people were wounded and some White businesses were set on fire. During this series of protests in 1963 is where the famous photograph of <mask> pushing aside the bayonet and rifle of a National Guardsman emerged from. As a result of the accumulation of protests and demonstrations, the administration of Gov. Milliard J. Tawes offered a plan of gradual desegregation. However, it was rejected by CNAC and Tawes responded by sending in the National Guard for three weeks. After the withdrawal of the National Guard, CNAC resumed protests. On July 12, a White mob attacked protesters sitting in at a restaurant.The Black residents fought back, but there was another attack later that night. After those incidents, Governor Tawes sent in the National Guard for nearly two years. This was the longest occupation of any community since the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy arranged a settlement where if the CNAC agreed to stop protesting, then in return there would be an end to segregation in public accommodations, desegregation of public schools, construction of public housing, and implementation of a jobs program funded by the Federal government. This agreement did not last and ended almost immediately when the Dorchester Business and Citizens Association filed referendum petitions to overturn the agreement. <mask> took a controversial stance on the issue as she announced that the CNAC would not be taking part in the referendum. A significant quote that encaptures <mask>’s view is when she said that “A first-class citizen does not beg for freedom.A first-class citizen does not plead to the white power structure to give him something that the whites have no power to give or take away. Human rights are human rights, not white rights”. On July 23, the Treaty of Cambridge was signed and it helped local activists secure victories in resources for public housing, the protection of voting rights, and the establishment of a body to investigate Civil Rights violations. During that period of time, national publications wrote stories and reports about why <mask> was ludicrous for opposing a citywide referendum because it supposedly allowed Cambridge citizens to vote on equal access to accommodations and housing. However, <mask> was firm in her belief that her White neighbours should not be deciding on Black rights. Ultimately, she was correct as the referendum was overwhelmingly shot down. The fight for desegregation also led to victories in union organizations that had failed previously.<mask> claimed that there would often be White members who wanted to educate themselves on the issue and would ask about the civil rights struggle. Many White workers were inspired by the CNAC campaign and recognized the power and leadership it represented. This helped to achieve a certain level of Black and White unity as White workers recognized that the Black struggle for freedom represented new power that would also benefit them. This resulted in an improvement in involvement. Previously, although the Cambridge local consisted of both Black and White members, they were unable to meet due to segregation. Now, the Black trade unionists, with support from White workers, asked CNAC to attend meetings. In fact, there was an incident where the White workers openly showed their support.In a large meeting at the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) headquarters in New York, there were people who supported wage discrepancy that were sent to the meeting. When they started to argue, they accused <mask> of being a communist and wanted to remove her from the meeting. However, local white ILGWU members said, “Oh no. If she goes, all of us go,” demonstrating their support for <mask> and the CNAC. <mask> was selected as an honoree at the March on Washington on August 22, 1963. Before she arrived at the event, she was told that she could not wear jeans to the event. To <mask> and other SNCC members, wearing jeans represented their solidarity with the rural poor, and “it was the default uniform when they boycotted department stores for maintaining segregation”.However, she compromised and wore a jean skirt. When she arrived she realized her seat on the dais was missing. After finding a place to sit on the platform stage, <mask> was allowed to say “Hello,” to the crowd of more than 250,000, before her microphone was cut. <mask> played a big role in the Kennedy administration’s decision to work with the CNAC as she initiated a series of negotiations to help Cambridge residents come out from under Jim Crow. By the summer of 1963, she was living her “egalitarian philosophies concerning community organizing and democracy”, and she was willing to risk her family’s standing among the black elite to achieve CNAC’s goals. For these reasons, Cambridge’s black community acknowledged her as its leader, making her one of few women to achieve that position during the entire civil rights movement. <mask> claimed that people working for the Kennedy administration tried to intimidate her into leaving the movement by threatening to reveal embarrassing gossip about her, including intimate details about her divorce and her affair.<mask> sent word to the administration that if the press ran that story, she would indeed resign from CNAC, but she would not go without a fight. In her personal life, she was not afraid of other people’s judgement, including her, at the time, uncommon decision to get a divorce. In December 1963 <mask> attended a national meeting of SNCC leaders in Atlanta, where they discussed the future direction of the organization. Present were Bob Moses, Charles Sherrod, Frank Smith, John Lewis, Courtland Cox, Michael Thelwell, Stokely Carmichael, Jim Forman, Dottie Zellner, Ivanhoe Donaldson, Marion Barry, and Joyce Ladner, as well as staff and volunteers. Ella Baker and Howard Zinn led questioning to help the mostly young leaders work toward their vision for activism. In Atlanta they discussed and planned for an extended voting rights program to be conducted in the South the next year, an election year. After Cambridge movement On July 14, 1963, Governor Tawes met with <mask> and other leaders .He offered to integrate schools, ensure that a Black person was “hired in the State Employment Office, make an application for a federal loan for a “Negro housing project”, pass a public accommodations ordinance, and name a biracial commission to work on the other problems that could not be solved immediately by legislation”, in exchange for a year-long suspension of civil demonstrations. <mask> rejected committing to stopping demonstrations unless there was a full desegregation of schools and complete fairness in job opportunities. She said, “We wish to make it unalterably clear that we will determine, and not the political structure of the city, who shall speak for the Negro community”. <mask> was criticized during and after the Cambridge movement on her role as a female leader. Many local and national figures said that she should have denounced the violence outright, but she continued to believe in self-defense. Later, <mask> was arrested again. Officials made one attempt to institutionalize her as mentally incompetent, but did not succeed.President John F. Kennedy described Cambridge as a town that had “lost sight of what demonstrations are about” because of the violence that had occurred. But <mask> believed that the people who had been provoked and had endured generations of segregation were going to resist until change was achieved in Cambridge. Such leaders as Martin Luther King Jr. and John Lewis urged <mask> to be “less confrontational and more compromising,” but <mask> refused to comply. She disagreed strongly with King, Kennedy, and many others who mistakenly thought that she was an advocate for violence. She believed in nonviolence as a first step in demonstrations, but encouraged physical force as self-defense if confronted with threats. People around her noted that if <mask> was on “your side, you didn’t need anybody else”. Many Black church leaderes distanced themselves from <mask>, and some movement and local civil rights activists also avoided associating with her.Some people believed her political approach was too intense, and her movement began to falter. <mask> was criticized by most radical Black male activists, who tended to be conservative in terms of gender roles. Her actions were perceived to be inappropriate for a woman. <mask>’s contribution helped to reshape the stereotypical role of women. She expanded the range of female involvement. She laid the groundwork for African Americans as female politicians and feminists, and people of the LGBTQ community. <mask> demonstrated that even women who lived in small towns have a voice.As a result of this movement, federal dollars began to flow to Cambridge facilities, including parks, schools, streets, public housing, and other projects. However, discrimination against the Black community continued despite the legal end of segregation. Later life A month after the meeting with Governor Tawes, <mask> left Cambridge for New York City. She married Frank Dandridge, a photographer she had become acquainted with during the demonstrations, and settled with him there. In New York, <mask> worked at an advertising agency before taking a job with the New York City Department for the Aging. She helped ensure businesses complied with laws that affected seniors. <mask> also was advising the Black Action Federation (BAF), CNAC’s successor.BAF was established by former CNAC members because they felt that Cambridge’s “white power system was still impeding progress in all areas of Black residents’ lives”. While largely retiring from public life, she worked with Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited and Associated Community Teams. She retired in 2012 at age 90. In an interview with Gil Noble in 1982, <mask> explained her passion about helping student demonstrators at the beginning of the Cambridge movement. She said that "there was something direct, something real about the way kids waged nonviolent war. This was the first time I saw a vehicle I could work with". <mask> continued to pay attention and stay engaged in current politics and social justice events.In a 2021 interview with The Washington Post, <mask> recounted that she watched as outrage over the murder of George Floyd prompted thousands to take to the streets. She was frustrated by what seemed like a lack of progress since her own work in the 1960s. But she was pleased by the diversity of persons who supported the racial justice movements. During the years of the Cambridge movement, fellow protestors were predominantly Black, but in the 21st century, she saw a mix of races marching together. She recalled that they marched until the governor called martial law because they believed that that was how to get attention and prevent protests about the same topics another 100 years from now. She believed that these actions remain necessary in America today where Black citizens continue to face inequities in the “criminal justice system, housing, health care, and other areas compared with their White counterparts”. Her legacy is less known than many other women in the movement such as Rosa Parks and Dorothy Height.Lopez Matthews Jr., a historian and digital production librarian at Howard University, believes that she is not well-known because “she was a woman who was feisty and who refused to back down. As a society, we tend not to value those traits in women”. However, those traits made <mask> a great leader in the civil rights movement, because she did not back down. In the biography, The Struggle is Eternal: <mask> and Black Liberation, the author, Joseph Fitzgerald, believes that <mask> was not in the Civil Rights movement for a career. Instead, she was in it solely for the purpose of advancing Black liberation. He believes this is the reason why <mask> stepped aside when she felt that she could be of no further meaningful use in the movement. <mask> just wanted to spread the message to others to fight for what they believed in, but to stop being so nice.In 2017, the state of Maryland honored her legacy by dedicating February 11 as “Gloria Richardson Day”. Although <mask> was not able to travel as planned to Cambridge’s historic Bethel AME Church to be recognized in person, she spoke to the packed church in a live remote broadcast from her apartment. Five months later, a fireside chat was facilitated by Kisha Petticolas, the co-founder of the Eastern Shore Network for Change (ESNC), at the Hyatt Regency Chesapeake Bay Resort in Cambridge. <mask> was a featured speaker at the Reflection’s banquet, where her remarks “brought 300 guests to their feet in a sustained standing ovation”. <mask> helped to establish a new image for Black women in the United States. She replaced the image of a long-suffering martyr with the image of a woman as a warrior. When <mask> was asked how she would like to be remembered, she replied: “I guess I would like for them to say I was true to my belief in black people as a race”.Today, there is a mural placed left of center next to Dorchester native and Underground Railroad conductor Harriet Tubman of <mask> boldly demanding justice. She died in New York on July 15, 2021. References Bibliography Further reading Scholarly monographs Fitzgerald, Joseph R. (2018). The Struggle Is Eternal: <mask> and Black Liberation, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. . Journal articles Dissertations and theses Non-academic works External links SNCC Digital Gateway: <mask>, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out Cambridge MD, Movement 1962-1967, Provided by the Civil Rights Movement Archive website How <mask>’s Look of Righteous Indignation Became a Symbol of No Retreat, an article by Janelle Harris Dixon containing many photographs of and an extensive interview of <mask>, Smithsonian, February 9, 2022 1922 births 2021 deaths 20th-century African-American activists Activists for African-American civil rights Activists from Maryland Activists from New York City American civil rights activists Civil rights movement History of civil rights in the United States Howard University alumni People from Baltimore People from Cambridge, Maryland 21st-century African-American

Albert Clinton Conner

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<mask> (September 5, 1848 - April 13, 1929) was an American Impressionist painter who was an integral part of the Richmond Group of painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After moving to California, <mask> helped found The Painters' Club of Los Angeles in 1906, which lay the groundwork for the creation of the California Art Club three years later in 1909. Early years <mask> was born in Fountain City, Indiana on September 5, 1848. He was a self-taught painter who spent most of his career in Indiana. <mask> and his brother <mask> (1857-1905) founded the Rambler's Sketch Club (c.1881) along with Frank J. Girardin (1856-1945) and Micajah Thomas Nordyke (1847-1919), and soon added John Elwood Bundy (1853–1933) to their group. The Rambler's Sketch Club later metamorphosed into the Richmond Art Association (founded 1898, but had exhibited art in schools as early as 1896), which subsequently became the Richmond Art Museum. <mask> moved to the Los Angeles area in October 1887 and became involved in the local art scene, exhibiting in local galleries.His address is listed as 232 South Griffin Avenue in Los Angeles, CA. In circa 1909 he moved his family to Manhattan Beach, CA with his residence recorded as 609 13th St, Manhattan Beach, CA. The Painters' Club of Los Angeles On the evening of March 17, 1906, eleven artists met at the studio of William Swift Daniell (1865-1933) with the intention of forming an art club; that night The Painters' Club of Los Angeles was born. <mask> "Pops" <mask> was elected President of the new art club, and Antony Anderson, the first art critic for the Los Angeles Times, was selected to be the first Secretary and Treasurer. No women or sculptors were allowed, as the group was limited to male painters. "...the Painters’ Club has been formed...The president of the club is A.C<mask>."The Painters' Club of Los Angeles soon acquired a club gallery at Ford Smith & Little’s, No. 313 Broadway, and began to present one to two-month-long exhibits of members' work. (See Exhibitions below for a complete listing of <mask>'s work exhibited at Ford Smith & Little's.) After a break over the summer of 1907, The Painters’ Club held its first meeting of the year on November 20, 1907 at the home studio of <mask> <mask> on S. Griffin Ave. On November 26, 1907, <mask> is re-elected President of the club. The Painters' Club held two larger annual exhibitions; <mask> participated in both of them, held at the Blanchard Art Gallery. The First Annual Exhibition was held in late 1908; after that, on December 1, 1908, <mask> is unanimously re-elected president. The Second Annual Exhibition was held in late 1909.(For full details see Exhibitions below.) Soon after this, The Painters' Club is disbanded. The California Art Club The California Art Club (CAC) was created almost in the same moment that The Painters' Club ended in December 1909. At this point, "Pops" <mask> was in his 60s, but he continued to exhibit with the new group, including venues like the Long Beach Public Library Art Gallery (1910), an exhibit at the new Royar and Neighbours Gallery (1912), a CAC Exhibition of Sketches (1912), a CAC Spring Exhibition (1912), <mask> also participated in the four initial Annual CAC Exhibitions; the first two were held in 1911. The Second Annual exhibition pamphlet lists <mask> under a small category of exhibiting Honorary Members along with a handful of other members of The Painters' Club; elsewhere in the same pamphlet <mask> is also listed as Honorary President. Both the Third (1912) and Fourth (1913) Annual Exhibitions were first exhibited in Los Angeles and then traveled for a second showing to The San Francisco Institute of Art <mask> often painted the coast near Manhattan Beach where he lived. In 1912, he was elected city treasurer of the newly incorporated town.<mask> died in Manhattan Beach on April 13, 1929. Memberships The Painters' Club of Los Angeles (President - first and only) California Art Club Exhibitions Ruskin Art Club (Los Angeles), 1905 Ford Smith & Little's, Dec. 1–31, 1906 (Painters' Club exhibit); <mask> exhibited "The Oaks […] A Gray Day." Ford Smith & Little's, Jan. 1-31, 1907 (Painters' Club exhibit); <mask> exhibited "A Mountain Stream" and "Foggy Morning." Ford Smith & Little's, Feb. 1-28, 1907 (Painters' Club exhibit); <mask> exhibited "The Rustic Bridge" and "Oak-strewn Mountain Side." Ford Smith & Little's, April 1–30, 1907 (Painters' Club exhibit); <mask> exhibited "Lake Elsinore" and "Study of Oaks." The First Annual Exhibition of The Painters' Club, Blanchard Art Gallery, Los Angeles, Oct. 7 – 22, 1908. <mask> exhibited two works, "Midwinter in the San Gabriel Valley" and "Across the Channel," the latter a marine painting.The Second Annual Exhibition of The Painters' Club, Blanchard Art Gallery, Los Angeles, Nov. 1-13, 1909. <mask> exhibited two oil paintings, "The Mesa Meadow" and "Along the Beach." 1st Annual Exhibit of the Chautauqua Association of Southern California, July 16 – Sept. 15, 1910, Long Beach Public Library Art Gallery, 101 Pacific Avenue, Long Beach, CA. <mask>'s work is unnamed. First Annual CAC Exhibition, Jan. 31 – Feb. 25, 1911, California Art Club Gallery and Club-Room, 10th and Figueroa Streets, Hotel Ivins, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited two oil paintings, "Sunshine and Mist" and "Manhattan Beach." Royar and Neighbours Gallery, Feb. 5 – 25, 1912, No.744 Hill Street, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited two unnamed oil paintings at the new gallery. Exhibition of Sketches, March 21 – 30, 1912, Blanchard Gallery, Los Angeles. <mask>'s work is unnamed. Second Annual CAC Exhibition, Nov. 22 – Dec. 6, 1911, Blanchard Gallery, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited two paintings, "An Arroyo Memory" and "Where the Lupines Grow." He is listed in the exhibition pamphlet under a special category of Honorary Members along with a handful of other members of The Painters' Club; elsewhere in the same pamphlet <mask> is also listed as Honorary President.CAC Spring Exhibition, May 3 – 31, 1912, Friday Morning Club, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited "A Shady Pool." Third Annual CAC Exhibition, Nov. 18 – Dec. 30, 1912, Blanchard Hall Gallery, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited "A Shady Pool." The Third Annual Exhibition traveled for a second showing to The San Francisco Institute of Art, Dec. 8, 1912 – Jan. 2, 1913. Fourth Annual CAC Exhibition, October 20 – November 8, 1913, Blanchard Hall Gallery, Los Angeles. <mask> exhibited "Lupines."The Fourth Annual Exhibition traveled for a second showing to The San Francisco Institute of Art December 8–20, 1913. San Francisco Art Association, 1911–13 Gardena (CA) High School, 1933 Collections Manhattan Beach Historical Society Santa Fe Railway Notes 1848 births 1929 deaths American Impressionist painters

Michael Collins (footballer, born 1986)

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<mask> (born 30 April 1986) is an English football player and coach. He is currently the Lead u23s coach for Sheffield United. As a player, he has played club football for Huddersfield Town, Scunthorpe United, AFC Wimbledon, Oxford United, York City, Leyton Orient and F.C. Halifax Town; he also had a spell playing in India for I-League side Bengaluru and represented the Republic of Ireland under-18, under-19 and under-21 teams. Club career Huddersfield Town <mask> was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. Having come through Huddersfield Town's academy, he made his first team debut in a 1–0 home win over Blackpool on 19 February 2005. <mask> made eight appearances in the 2004–05 season, with seven of them being starts.He signed a professional contract with the club on 11 May 2005. He made his first start of the 2005–06 season coming on as an 89th-minute substitute in a 3–1 home win over Swansea City on 13 August 2005. His first start came in a 4–2 away win in the League Cup over Chesterfield on 24 August 2005. <mask> scored his first goal on 18 February 2006 in a 5–0 win over Milton Keynes Dons. He came on as a substitute in the FA Cup third round tie in January 2006 against Premier League champions Chelsea, and set-up Gary Taylor-Fletcher for an equaliser. <mask> made 21 appearances in all competitions Huddersfield in 2005–06. <mask> made his first appearance of 2006–07 on the opening day of the season, coming on in the 66th minute in a 2–1 away defeat away to Gillingham.He made his first start of the season in a 2–0 defeat by Mansfield Town at home in the first round of the League Cup on 22 August 2006. His first league start of the season came on 26 August 2006 in a 1–1 draw at home with Nottingham Forest. <mask> scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 away win over Port Vale on 21 October 2006. He scored in the last two matches of the season; first in a 4–2 win over Millwall on 21 April 2007 and then on the final day in a 3–1 win over Leyton Orient on 5 May. <mask> finished 2006–07 with 46 appearances in all competitions, starting 41 with five coming of the bench, scoring four goals. He scored his first league goal of 2007–08 in Huddersfield's 2–0 win over Yeovil Town at Huish Park on 2 February 2008. During 2007–08, Huddersfield manager Andy Ritchie tended to use <mask> as cover in right-back and right-midfield positions, but he mainly tended to use <mask> in tandem with Andy Holdsworth in Huddersfield's central midfield.On 16 February 2008, <mask> equalised Frank Lampard's goal on the stroke of half-time in the FA Cup fifth round at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea. However, Huddersfield lost the match 3–1. After being left out of the first-team squad for the most of the first part of 2008–09 by manager Stan Ternent, he was re-called to the team by caretaker manager Gerry Murphy to play in the FA Cup first-round tie at home to Port Vale. <mask> scored Huddersfield's equaliser, but was unable to prevent them losing 4–3. A week later, <mask> scored his first league goal of the season, with a 90th-minute winner in a 2–1 win at Elland Road against local rivals Leeds United. <mask> scored 10 goals in 2008–09, from 39 appearances. <mask> gained a red card in Huddersfield's first match of 2009–10 away to Southend United on 8 August 2009.His first goal of the season came in the 65th minute of Huddersfield's 2–1 home victory over Yeovil Town on 29 August 2009. <mask> was ruled out for the remainder of 2009–10 in April 2010, following surgery on a broken finger, but he returned as a substitute in the 2–1 defeat at Exeter City. He then came on as an 89th-minute substitute in the first leg of Huddersfield's play-off semi-final match with Millwall, and was an unused substitute in the second leg defeat at The Den on 18 May 2010. <mask> made 35 appearances in 2009–10, scoring three goals. Along with seven other players, he was added to the transfer list by manager Lee Clark in May 2010. Scunthorpe United <mask> joined Championship club Scunthorpe United on 6 July 2010 for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. On 20 February 2014, <mask> joined AFC Wimbledon on loan for the rest of the 2013–14 season.Oxford United On 15 July 2014, <mask> signed a one-year deal at Oxford United, becoming new manager <mask>'s first signing. Appleton said: "<mask> has played 300 league games, most of them at a higher level, and will bring a little bit of know-how and quality to the squad." He made 43 appearances for Oxford, scoring twice, before joining their League Two rivals York City on 2 October 2015 on a one-month loan. <mask> left Oxford by mutual agreement on 7 January 2016, after failing to make any first-team appearances in the 2015–16 season. Bengaluru On 21 January 2016, <mask> signed for I-League club Bengaluru. He played a total of 11 league matches for the Blues' and left the club in May 2016. Leyton Orient On 28 October 2016, <mask> signed for Leyton Orient on a three-month contract.He turned down the offer of a new one-year contract with Orient at the end of 2016–17, after the club's relegation to the National League. F.C. Halifax Town On 9 December 2017, <mask> came out of retirement to sign for his hometown club, F.C. Halifax Town of the National League. Alfreton Town He returned to playing in December 2018 with Alfreton Town. International career Qualifying through the parentage rule, <mask> made his international debut in a Republic of Ireland under-18 match in April 2003. He was the captain of the Irish under-19 squad and on 14 March 2007, he got his first call-up to the Republic of Ireland under-21 squad for a match against the Netherlands.However, he was forced to withdraw from the squad after picking up a shoulder injury in a league match for Huddersfield against Brighton & Hove Albion. <mask> made his under-21 debut against Germany in a friendly match at the Sportpark Ronhof in Fürth on 21 August 2007. His home debut came against Portugal at Turners Cross in Cork on 7 September 2007. On 15 May 2008, he scored his first goals for the under-21s in a 3–1 win over Malaysia in an Intercontinental Cup match in Malaysia. <mask> made six appearances scoring twice between 2007 and 2008. Coaching career Bradford Under 18's In July 2017, <mask> joined League One club Bradford City as their under-18s lead coach. Bradford head coach He was appointed head coach of Bradford City on 18 June 2018, with Martin Drury and Greg Abbott named as his assistants.He won his first league game, 1-0 away at Shrewsbury, but won only one more game out of 7 in total, and was sacked by the club on 3 September 2018. He later became a coach at Sunderland's Academy. Personal life He is the cousin of professional rugby league players Scott Grix and Simon Grix. Career statistics Managerial statistics Honours Scunthorpe United Football League Two runner-up: 2013–14 Bengaluru I-League: 2015–16 References External links <mask> profile at the Football Association of Ireland website 1986 births Living people Footballers from Halifax, West Yorkshire English footballers English expatriate footballers Republic of Ireland association footballers Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers Republic of Ireland youth international footballers Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers Association football midfielders Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Scunthorpe United F.C. players AFC Wimbledon players Oxford United F.C. players York City F.C.players Bengaluru FC players Leyton Orient F.C. players FC Halifax Town players English Football League players I-League players Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff Expatriate footballers in India English expatriate sportspeople in India Irish expatriate sportspeople in India English people of Irish descent English Football League managers Alfreton Town F.C. players English football managers Sunderland A.F.C. non-playing staff

Asim Chaudhry

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<mask> is a British comedian, writer, director and actor best known for playing Chabuddy G in the BBC mockumentary series People Just Do Nothing, which he co-created. For this role, he won a Royal Television Society Award and was nominated for two British Academy Television Awards. In 2015 and 2016, Chaudhry starred in the mockumentary Hoff the Record alongside David Hasselhoff. In 2018, Chaudhry appeared in series six of the panel show Taskmaster and starred in the television film Click & Collect alongside Stephen Merchant. At college, Chaudhry met Hugo Chegwin, Steve Stamp, and Allan Mustafa, with whom he created YouTube mockumentary videos about a fictional pirate radio station. This led to the group being commissioned for People Just Do Nothing. Chaudhry also authored How To Be a Man under the name Chabuddy G, and the group produced music as Kurupt FM.Chaudhry wrote and directed the short film Love Pool, and has appeared in Happy New Year, Colin Burstead, Wonder Woman 1984 and Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. Early life <mask> <mask> is from Hounslow, London. In high school, Chaudhry made a play parodying the 1972 crime film The Godfather, called The Poppadom Father. On a media studies course at college, he met Hugo Chegwin, Steve Stamp, and Allan Mustafa. The group made a series of YouTube mockumentaries, filmed by Chaudhry, based on their experiences as DJs on a pirate radio station in London. The mockumentaries were seen by Ash Atalla, producer of the mockumentary series The Office, and Atalla commissioned the group to make the BBC Three series People Just Do Nothing. Career People Just Do Nothing Chaudhry co-created and starred in People Just Do Nothing, a BBC mockumentary sitcom which premiered in 2014.The series is largely improvised. <mask> plays Chabuddy G, a failed entrepreneur with high ambitions who manages the group Kurupt FM. The character is partially based on <mask>'s father. The programme ended in 2018 after five series, as the group found it increasingly difficult to come up with new ideas. A film, People Just Do Nothing: Big in Japan, was released in 2021. A US remake is planned, in which <mask> will serve as an executive producer. Chaudhry won a 2017 Royal Television Society Award for Best Comedy Performance.He was nominated for two British Academy Television Awards for Best Male Comedy Performance, in 2017 and 2018. The show also won awards for Best Scripted Comedy at the 2017 BAFTAs and 2017 RTS Awards. <mask>, Hugo Chegwin, Steve Stamp, and Allan Mustafa also perform as the group Kurupt FM. Their single "Heart Monitor Riddem" was released in 2016 after featuring in People Just Do Nothing, and a music video shot by Chaudhry was released in 2018. Kurupt FM were signed to independent music label XL Recordings. Their single "Suttin Like That" was released in October 2017, and their mixtape The Lost Tapes was released in November 2017. <mask> has also released a comedy book, How to Be a Man, under the name Chabuddy G. Film In 2016, Chaudhry starred in the short film Donald Mohammed Trump as Donald Trump.The black comedy shows Trump inexplicably turning into an Asian man before a Republican Party rally. Though Chaudhry watched hours of Trump speaking in preparation, he was told by the director to instead play Trump as "a real person", so that the film could focus on the politics of the situation rather than Trump himself. Chaudhry also appeared in the comedy film Chubby Funny, about two struggling London actors, in which he played a corner shop owner. In February 2018, the 17-minute short film Love Pool was released, which Chaudhry wrote and directed. In Love Pool, single man Mark meets a woman while carpooling with the service Uber. The film was <mask>'s directorial debut, produced by DMC Film and released on the app Vero. It was inspired by a dinner party in which Chaudhry felt pressure from his friends to settle down, and by his carpooling experiences.<mask> plays the taxi driver, imagining the character as the "pissed off, sour, bitter cousin" of Chabuddy G—his character in People Just Do Nothing. The film won the 2018 People's Choice Award at Thunderdance, an independent film festival in London. In 2018, Chaudhry appeared in the comedy film Eaten by Lions, which is about half-brothers Omar and Pete who search for Omar's estranged father after their parents are eaten by lions. It premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June 2018. In a three-star review, Steve Bennett of Chortle called Chaudhry a "scene-stealer". On 24 December 2018, <mask> starred alongside Stephen Merchant in the BBC One television film Click & Collect, with a runtime of 53 minutes. The pair play Dev and Andrew, respectively, who travel on a road trip on Christmas Eve to buy Andrew's daughter a Christmas present.Chaudhry took inspiration for Dev from a former neighbour who recognised him from the television and waved at Chaudhry when he was in the kitchen, which he could see from his living room window. Adam Starkey of Metro and Jasper Rees of The Telegraph gave the film four out of five stars. Rees commented that Chaudhry performed as Dev like "slipping into an old coat". Starkey praised the actors for "convincing, likeable performances" and wrote that Dev "takes the natural course from irritatingly vibrant neighbour to having a sympathetic, misunderstood circumstance for his enthusiasm". In 2018, Chaudhry appeared in the Ben Wheatley black comedy Happy New Year, Colin Burstead, playing Sham. The film had a limited release at film festivals before airing on BBC Two on 30 December; a BBC television series spin-off is planned for 2019. Neil Maskell stars as Colin Burstead, who hires a manor for a New Year celebration with his extended family.Sham is an estranged character who wallows in sorrow. Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter criticised <mask>'s character as one of several whose secondary subplots detract from the film. Chaudhry appeared in the interactive film Black Mirror: Bandersnatch, which was released on Netflix on 28 December 2018. Part of the science fiction anthology series Black Mirror, Bandersnatch allows the viewer to make choices that affect the resultant story. Most storylines involve the young programmer Stefan adapting a book into an adventure game and descending into madness. Chaudhry stars as Mohan Thakur, the founder of the video game company Tuckersoft. The film received a mostly positive critical reception.Chaudhry received racist comments following the episode, but said of the online response that "99.9% of the stuff is positive and lovely". He commented that he and his friends have all played through the film multiple times. Television Chaudhry starred in the mockumentary Hoff the Record, which aired for twelve episodes on Dave in 2015 and 2016. The programme follows David Hasselhoff as he struggles to find work in the UK, with Chaudhry playing his driver. The show won an International Emmy Award for Best Comedy Series in 2016. In a four-star review of the first episode for The Telegraph, Michael Hogan called Chaudhry "the standout among the supporting cast". In 2017, Chaudhry appeared on the quiz show Celebrity Mastermind, finishing third of four.In April 2018, he appeared in an episode of Rob Beckett's Playing For Time, in which Rob Beckett plays a series of video games with his guest. In May 2018, Chaudhry played Arnab in the Channel 4 sitcom High & Dry. The six-episode series is about a group of people who survive a plane crash, and was filmed in the Seychelles. <mask> was a contestant on the sixth series of Dave panel show Taskmaster; the episodes premiered between May and July 2018. Taskmaster challenges its panellists to complete humorous and absurd tasks, such as "bring in the best liquid". The sixth series featured Chaudhry alongside Alice Levine, Liza Tarbuck, Russell Howard, and Tim Vine; it set record ratings for the programme, with an average viewership of 900,000. Sam Wollaston of The Guardian called Chaudhry "absolutely hopeless at everything, but hilariously and very likably so".In 2018, Chaudhry appeared on chat shows The Jonathan Ross Show and The One Show, with the latter appearance in a Christmas special. In 2019, Chaudhry appeared on the first episode of The Lateish Show with Mo Gilligan. In January 2021, Chaudhry was cast in the Netflix adaptation of The Sandman. Other Chaudhry appears in British Airways' safety video as Director Chabuddy G. and in Riz Ahmed's album The Long Goodbye, also as Chabuddy G. Filmography Television Film Awards and nominations Bibliography Notes References External links Living people Year of birth missing (living people) British people of Indian descent Place of birth missing (living people) British male comedians British male actors People from Hounslow

Amrik Singh

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<mask> (1948 – June 6, 1984) was the President of the All India Sikh Students Federation.He was killed in the Indian Army's operation on the Golden Temple on June 6, 1984. <mask> was the son of <mask>e, the 13th leader of the Damdami Taksal. He was well versed in Gurbani and Sikh literature, and devoted much of his life to Sikh progressive activities. He had passed his Masters in Punjabi from Khalsa College in Amritsar after which he began research work on his Ph.D. thesis. <mask> was a prominent leader of the Damdami Taksal along with <mask>e. He contested the 1979 Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) election, backed by Bhindranwale, but lost to <mask>l. On 26 April 1982, he led a campaign to get Amritsar the status of a "holy city".During the agitation, he was arrested on 19 July 1982 along with other members of the Damdami Taksal. Jarnail <mask>e began the Dharam Yudh Morcha to implement the Anandpur Resolution which primarily requested more autonomy for Punjab, arguing that it was being oppressed and treated unfairly by the Indian government. As part of the Morcha, he also demanded freedom for <mask> <mask> and other prominent Sikhs. Biography Birth and family <mask> <mask> was born in 1948 as the son of Giani Kartar <mask>e, the 13th leader of the Damdami Taksal. Manjit <mask> was his younger brother. Education <mask> <mask> studied at Khalsa College and received his MA and was on his way to completing his PhD before pursuing promotion of Sikh teachings. Work with AISSF <mask> <mask> was made president of the AISSF on July 2, 1978 at large AISSF meeting held at Tagore Theatre, Chandigarh.Building Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj in honor of the Sikhs massacred in 1978 <mask> <mask> contributed significantly to opposing the Sant Nirankaris and to the building of the Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj, in B-Block Amritsar, at the spot where the 13 Sikh protesters were murdered by the Nirankaris. When no other organization came forth and the government refused to sell the land to <mask> <mask> and the AISSF the AISSF Sikhs began building the Gurdwara wall at night so they could claim the land by force. Sikh youth would spend the entire night building the wall and it would be knocked down by the police the next day. A stand off between the police and the AISSF began and the police threatened they would shoot anyone on site, they were met with resolve from <mask> <mask> who said they would do anything to raise the memorial for the martyred Sikhs. Eventually the police acceded to the demands of the Sikhs and the Gurdwara remains there today. Running for SGPC Elections In the General House Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) elections of 1979, the first in 13 years, <mask> <mask> ran and lost to Jiwan Umramangal. <mask> <mask> was in the Dal Khalsa and Bhindranwale's group (who fielded about 40 candidates) running against the Akali Dal and ran for the SGPC Beas constituency.Notably one of The Dal Khalsa aim included establishing an independent Sikh State. Some elements of the Congress party supported and backed Dal Khalsa's and Bhindranwale's group so they could undermine the Akalis. Strikes and agitations The AISSF held a strike on October 25, 1980 and another on November 14, 1980 to protest against the high bus fare increase and some other issues in such districts as Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Patiala, Ludhiana with trains not being able to operate then. This resulted in student-police clashes at numerous places causing the police to open fire at Dasuya and Jhabhal. On the November 14, 1980 strike against the bus fare increase organized by the AISSF there was jammed traffic in the province. The residents of the province provided full support for the Sikh students. Following these agitations all political parties joined the struggle against the increased bus fares.Some reports are there of police stations being attacked. The AISSF held numerous agitations, strikes, street riots against various causes and politicians. During the time of the bus fare agitations the AISSF also held numerous demonstrations against various political leaders including the chief minister of Punjab, Darbara <mask>. Some notable agitations including Sikh students besieging various Punjab ministers and lock themselves inside their offices or residences during early December 1980. The students responsible were arrested and tortured and more subsequent agitations was launched for the release of these students with these agitations were so forceful that the police release the students within a couple of days. The success of the AISSF, which this time numbered to a membership of 300,000 members, at one point compelled the non-government political parties to join in and hold a demonstration in front of the state secretariat at Chandigarh from making a speech, in January 1981. Thousands of AISSF volunteers joined the demonstration with more than a thousand being arrested and eventually police throwing tear-gas and also caning them, however the AISSF were successful in delaying the Punjab governor from making a speech making the government invite all the political parties for a dialogue.Anti-tobacco march This issue of banning tobacco in and other improvements to Amritsar also put leeway to get the Sikh issues to mainstream politics. In May 1981 The AISSF alongside Dal Khalsa put forth to pass the bill of banning tobacco in the city of Amritsar, tobacco is strictly forbidden in Sikhism, this bill was originally introduced in 1977 by the Akali Dal for the 400 years founding of Amritsar celebrations. The AISSF gave an ultimatum to the Punjab government to ban tobacco in the city by March 30 or there would be an agitation. The Government of Punjab seemed to agree with the issue but they said that technically passing such a ban would be unconstitutional and therefore could not. Meanwhile, AISSF members forcibly started preventing merchants from selling tobacco and to add to the heat Harchand Longowal also publicly expressed his support for the ban. Opposition's pro-tobacco march On May 29, 1981 thousands of Hindus marched in Amritsar to protest against the AISSF ban for tobacco demand. They carried sticks with lit cigarettes through the Amritsar bazaar, beating up Sikhs along the way and yelling provocative slogans.Bhindranwale's march In response to the pro tobacco march, on May 31, 1981, the AISSF, Damdami Taksal, Dal Khalsa joined together led by Sant Jarnail <mask>wale and with over 20,000 supporters put out a procession. No major Akali leader participated in the march. The march went a route of about two and a half kilometres. Following the march there were eruptions of Hindu-Sikh clashes in Amritsar with the government then initiating new laws banning non-religious processions from taking place. These events died down once the government agreed to form a committee to discuss 'holy-city' status for Amritsar. Outcome Holy-city status was not given to Amritsar however on February 27, 1983 the Prime Minister passed a law making meat, alcohol and tobacco sale prohibited in the areas around the Harmandir Sahib and the Hindu Durgiana temple in Amritsar. On September 10, 2016 Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal promised 'holy-city' status to Amritsar as well as Anandpur Sahib on his visit to the city.He declared liquor, tobacco, cigarette and meat will be completely banned in these cities, it is notable the sales of such items are currently rampant in the city. Arrest On July 19, 1982 <mask> <mask> was arrested for vehemently pleading the case of the arrested workers causing offense and attention to Chenna Reddy, the Governor of Punjab, as well as a possible connection in the attack on Joginder <mask>, a senior Nirankari leader. Sant Jarnail <mask> started a morcha (agitation) on July 19, 1982 for the immediate release of Bhai <mask> <mask> and had popular support throughout Punjab, including support from Akali Dal, Darbara <mask>, and the farmers of Majha's country side. Harcharan Longowal, leader of the Akali Dal than announced that his morcha would also be for the release of <mask> <mask> and the 45 original demands presented to Indira Gandhi. Upon news of Akali Dal's new morcha for the release of Bhai <mask> <mask>, Jarnail <mask> agreed to discontinue his agitation and join the Akali Dal's planned Dharam Yudh Morcha which began on August 4, 1982. <mask> <mask> was released in the summer of 1983 and subsequently honoured at the Akal Takht with flowered garland (robes of honour). References 1948 births 1984 deaths Indian Sikhs Sikh missionaries

Tiburce Sébastiani

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<mask>, viscount <mask>, was a French general and politician. He was born on 21 March 1786 in La Porta (Haute-Corse) and died on 16 September 1871 in Bastia (Haute-Corse). Deputy of Corsica from 1828 to 1837, and Peer of France, he was the brother of the Marshal of France and politician <mask>. Life Youth <mask> was born in La Porta (Haute-Corse) on 21 March 1786. He was the son of Joseph-<mask>, a wealthy tailor and craftsman, and of the signora Maria Pietra Francesca Alterice Franceschi. His older brother was the future Marshal of France and politician <mask>. <mask> would later marry Marie Laetitia Paravicini on 19 November 1817.In 1789, during the French Revolution, the Sébastiani family was forced to move to France to flee the revolutionary troubles in Corsica. <mask> was then a pupil of the National military Prytaneum of Paris, then of the Military School of Fontainebleau (Saint-Cyr), from where he left in October 1806 with the rank of Second lieutenant in the 1st regiment of Dragoons. Napoleonic Wars He participated first in the expedition of Portugal led by General Junot, where he took part in the battle of Vimeiro, then in Spain, under the orders of his brother General <mask> (1809–1811), where he distinguished in the battles of Ciudad Real, Santa-Cruz, Talaveira, Almonacid, in the passage of the Sierra Morena (where he was elevated to the rank of Knight of the Legion of Honour on 23 June 1810) and in the take of Malaga. He received command of mobile columns, at the head of which he fought in turn the Spaniards and the English, notably at Motril, which he captured, and under the walls of Gibraltar. Called in 1812 to the Grande Armée, he was appointed aide-de-camp to the Count of Narbonne. He participated in the campaign of Russia, showed bravery there at the battle of Borodino, and was part of the vanguard that entered Moscow, as squadron commander of the 11th regiment of Horse Chasseurs. He was made Colonel in 1813 at the battle of Dresden and fought at the battles of Leipzig and Hanau.He showed real courage during the 1814 campaign and at the battle of Ligny. Very weak, he could not take part in the battle of Waterloo. After a final battle in Patte-d'Oie to protect the retreat of the French army, he retired with the remains of the army behind the Loire. Under the Restoration On the return of the Bourbons, he went to his native country, and three years later, in 1818, he was given command of the Corsican legion (12th Regiment of Horse Chasseurs). Appointed Maréchal de camp at the seniority, in 1823, he was rapidly being put in non-activity because of his political ideas and especially because of the political attitude of his brother Horace. On 28 April 1828, the Grand College of Corsica, by 20 votes out of 35 voters, sent him to sit at the Chamber of Deputies. He voted with the constitutional party, in the opposition.By the ordinance of 24 July 1828, he was then sent to Greece as a field marshal to participate in the Morea expedition (1828), under the orders of Marshal Maison, during the Greek War of Independence. At the head of the 1st brigade of the expeditionary forces, he liberated the city of Coron (on 7 October 1828) from the Turkish-Egyptian occupation troops of Ibrahim Pasha. He finally left the Greek soil after four months of mission in the Peloponnese, in 1829, after having completely liberated Greece from the occupier. Upon returning from this campaign, he was promoted by king Charles X Commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint-Louis and then, Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer by the new independent Greek State, in 1830. Following the July Revolution, Sébastiani was re-elected deputy (17 November 1830) by 22 votes (out of 37 voters), and received from the July Monarchy the rank of Lieutenant general on 27 February 1831. In 1832 he received command of the First Division of the Army of the North and campaigned in Belgium, where he attended the siege of Antwerp. Re-elected deputy, on 5 July 1831, in the first college of Corsica (Ajaccio), by 93 votes out of 97 voters, 148 registered, and then, on 5 July 1834, by 97 votes out of 98 voters, 150 registered, he did not cease support with his votes the government of king Louis-Philippe.Raised to the Peerage on 3 October 1837, he followed the same line of conduct at the Luxembourg Palace (seat of the Chamber of Peers), became commander of the military division of Marseille, and, in 1842, of that of Paris, which he kept until the eve of the French Revolution of 1848. <mask> Sébastiani withdrew to Corsica after the revolution of 1848 and remained away from politics. He was raised to the rank of Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on 5 January 1845. He died in Bastia (Haute-Corse) on 16 September 1871. Decorations French decorations: Commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint-Louis (22 February 1829). Knight of the Order of the Legion of Honour (23 June 1810). Officer of the Legion of Honour (18 February 1814).Commander of the Legion of Honour (16 November 1832). Grand-officer of the Legion of Honour (29 April 1833). Grand-croix of the Legion of Honour (5 January 1845). Foreign decorations: Grand-Commander of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece) Grand-commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) Viscount (30 June 1830). Pair de France on 3 October 1837 See also Morea expedition List of members of the Morea expedition (1828-1833) Notes and references Bibliography « Sébastiani (Jean André Tiburce, vicomte) », dans Adolphe Robert et Gaston Cougny, Dictionnaire des parlementaires français, Edgar Bourloton, 1889–1891 [détail de l’édition] [texte sur Sycomore] ; Sébastiani (Tiburce, vicomte), « Biographies et nécrologies des hommes marquants du XIXe siècle », Volume 2, p. 193, Victor Lacaine et H.-Charles Laurent, 1845. <mask> Tiburce, « Dictionnaire des colonels de Napoléon », pp. 787–788, Danielle and Bernard Quintin (preface by Jean Tulard), editions SPM-Lettrage, Paris, 2013.External links Resources related to his public life: Base Léonore ; Base Sycomore : (National Order of the Legion of Honour) « List of the parliamentary terms of Jean, André, Tiburce Sébastiani (1786–1871) », base Sycomore, (French National Assembly). Defence Historical Service – Fort de Vincennes – Dossier S.H.A.T. Côte : 7 Yd 1 103. Cote S.H.A.T., state of services, distinctions on People from Corsica Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy Commanders of the Order of Saint Louis Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur 19th-century Viscounts of France French generals 1786 births 1871 deaths French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

Cildo Meireles

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<mask> (born 1948) is a Brazilian conceptual artist, installation artist and sculptor. He is noted especially for his installations, many of which express resistance to political oppression in Brazil. These works, often large and dense, encourage a phenomenological experience via the viewer's interaction. <mask> was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1948. From an early age, <mask> showed a keen interest in drawing and spatial relations. He was especially interested in how this has been explored in animated film. His father, who encouraged <mask>' creativity, worked for the Indian Protection Service and their family traveled extensively within rural Brazil.In an interview with Nuria Enguita, Meireles described a time when he was "seven or eight" and living in the countryside that had a huge impact on him. He said that he was startled by an impoverished man wandering through the trees. The next day, the young Meireles went to investigate, but the man was gone and only a small but perfect hut the man had apparently made the night before remained. Meireles said that this hut "was perhaps the most decisive thing for the path [he] followed in life...The possibility one has of making things and leaving them for others." During his time in rural Brazil, <mask> learned the beliefs of the Tupi people which he later incorporated into some of his works in order to highlight their marginalization in, or complete disappearance from, Brazilian society and politics. Installations which contain allusions to the Tupi include Southern Cross (1969–70) and Olvido (1990). Meireles cites Orson Welles' 1938 radio broadcast War of the Worlds as one of the greatest works of art of the 20th century because it "seamlessly dissolved the border between art and life, fiction and reality."Recreating this concept of total audience investment was an important artistic goal of Meireles that is seen throughout his body of work. He began his study of art in 1963 at the District Federal Cultural Foundation in Brasilia, under the Peruvian painter and ceramist Felix Barrenechea. In the late 1960s, Meireles discovered the work of Hélio Oiticica and Lygia Clark, thereby introducing him to the Brazilian Neo-Concrete movement. These artists, as well as Meireles, were all concerned with blurring the boundary between what is art and what is life, and responding to current political situations within their pieces. Meireles unintentionally participated in a political demonstration in April 1964, when he was sixteen years old. He has cited this moment has his "political awakening" and began to take an interest in student politics. In 1967 he moved to Rio de Janeiro and studied at the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes.<mask> currently lives and works in Rio de Janeiro. Career <mask> has stated that drawing was his main artistic medium until 1968, when he altogether abandoned expressionistic drawing in favor of designing things that he wanted to physically construct. A topic that he especially explored in his art was the concept of the ephemeral and the non-object, art that only exists with interaction, which prompted him to create installation pieces or situational art. This led to his Virtual Spaces project, which he began in 1968. This project was "based on Euclidian principles of space" and sought to show how objects in space can be defined by three different planes. He modeled this concept as a series of environments made to look like corners in rooms. Following the military coup in 1964, <mask> became involved in political art.When <mask> was "first getting started as an artist," governmental censorship of various forms of media, including art, was standard in Brazil. Meireles found ways to create art that was subversive but subtle enough to make public by taking inspiration from Dadaist art, which he notes had the ability to seem "tame" and "ironic." In the early 1970s he developed a political art project that aimed to reach a wide audience while avoiding censorship called Insertions Into Ideological Circuits, which was continued until 1976. Many of his installation pieces since this time have taken on political themes, though now his art is "less overtly political." He was one of the founders of the Experimental Unit of the Museu de Arte Moderna in Rio de Janeiro in 1969 and in 1975, edited the art magazine Malasartes. In 1999, <mask> was honoured with a Prince Claus Award and in 2008 he won the Velazquez Plastic Arts Award, presented by the Ministry of Culture of Spain. Key Works Red Shift (1967-84) A large-scale, three-room exploration of an entirely red environment.The title of the installation refers both to the scientific concept of chromatic shift (or chromatic aberration) as well as to the idea of a "shift" as a displacement or deviation. The first room, called Impregnation, is approximately 50 m² and filled with a number of everyday, domestic objects in a variety of different shades of red. The effect is an overwhelming visual saturation of the color. Upon entering the room, the participant experiences an initial shock from the visual inundation of red. Dan Cameron writes that "one's gaze is literally thwarted in an effort to gain a purchase on the specificity of things." Because of its lack of chromatic differentiation, the environment appears to lack depth. Cameron argues that the longer a participant stays in the room the more aware they become of the color's negative, unsettling psychological impact on them.The second room is called Spill/Environment and consists solely of a large pool of red ink spilled from a small bottle on the floor, evoking mental associations with blood. The amount of liquid on the floor in comparison to the amount which the bottle could conceivably hold is disproportionate. The redness on the floor extends throughout the small room to the edge of the darkened third room, an effect which lends itself to feelings of foreboding and uncertainty. The third room, Shift, contains a washbasin attached to the wall at a 30° angle illuminated by a direct beam of overhead light. A red stream pours into the washbasin from a tap, also at a 30° angle, allowing the liquid to pool in the sink before draining. The feelings of disturbance experienced by the participant throughout the installation culminate in this final room. Since the room is completely dark, the sole focus is placed on the washbasin.While the connotations of blood which appear throughout the installation are at first rather vague, like in the initial saturation of red in the first room and in the ink spill of the second room, in the third room this association with blood becomes much more explicit, creating a final, visceral reaction to the color within the participant. Art historian Anne Dezeuze has commented that the "cinematic" installation as a whole articulates a certain sense of menace within participants because of the intense repetition of the color red throughout the three rooms. Like most of <mask>' other artworks, Red Shift takes on political undertones when examined in light of Brazil's military dictatorship which lasted throughout the creation and exhibition of this piece. For instance, the red liquid pouring into the washbasin has been seen by some art historians as a visual representation of the blood of victims murdered by government authorities. Southern Cross (1969-70) A minimalist sculpture, on a Lilliputian scale: <mask> calls it an example of “humiliminimalism” – a humble brand of minimalism. He wanted it to be even smaller, “but when [he] sanded it down to [his] nails, [he] lost patience and stopped at nine millimeters." Unlike most minimalist sculptures it is no mere object, but it is meant to be as richly symbolic, sensuous and potent as an amulet.Each half of the tiny 9mm by 9mm by 9mm cube is made of pine and oak. These two types of wood are considered sacred by the Tupi people of Brazil. The title refers to an unofficial geographical (and metaphysical) region that lies to the west of Tordesillas. According to <mask> in a statement he made about the artwork in 1970, this region is "the wild side, the jungle in one's head, without the lustre of intelligence or reason...our origins." It is a place where "there are only individual truths." In the same statement, he notes that he wants Southern Cross to be perceived as a physical representation of the memory of the Tupi ("people whose history is legends and fables") and a warning to modernity of the growing self-confidence of the primordial which will eventually result in an overtaking of the urban by the natural. <mask>' statement is also political.It is a caution against indifference, especially against indifference towards Brazil's fading indigenous population. The tiny cube is meant to be placed alone in the middle of an empty room in order to emphasize the reality and the power of indigenous belief systems in the context of Eurocentric modernism. Insertions Into Ideological Circuits (1970-76) An art project with political undertones that was designed to reach a mass-audience. This project manifested in multiple ways, two of the most well-known being the Coca-Cola project, and the Banknote project. Insertions Into Ideological Circuits was based upon three principles as defined by Meireles: 1) In society there are certain mechanisms for circulation (circuits); 2) these circuits clearly embody the ideology of the producer, but at the same time they are passive when they receive insertions into the circuit; 3) and this occurs whenever people initiate them. The goal of Insertions... was to literally insert some kind of counter-information or critical thought into a large system of circulated information. Meireles inserted something that is physically the same, though ideologically different, into a pre-existing system in order to counteract the original circuit without disrupting it.The project was achieved by printing images and messages onto various items that were already widely circulated and which had value discouraging them being destroyed, such as Coca-Cola bottles (which were recycled by way of a deposit scheme) and banknotes. Meireles screen-printed texts onto the Coca-Cola bottles that were supposed to encourage the buyer to become aware of their personal role in a consumerist society. The project simultaneously conveyed anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist messages. Building off of that concept, <mask> also used money as a theme and produced his own replica banknotes and coins (1974–1978) which appeared very similar to genuine Brazilian and US currency but with zero denominations clearly written on them, e.g. Zero Dollar. Mieireles also wrote critiques of the Brazilian government on the banknotes, such as "Who killed Herzog?" (in reference to journalist Vladimir Herzog), "Yankees go home!"and "Direct elections." Through (1983-89) A labyrinthine structure which invites the visitor to walk across eight tons of broken plate glass. The maze is composed of "velvet museum ropes, street barriers, garden fences, blinds, railings, and aquariums" and in the center of it is a three-meter ball of cellophane. <mask> notes that an essential part of Through is the sense of psychological unease that comes from the participant's realization of the different sensory capacities and capabilities between the eyes and the body. For instance, the eyes can see through the glass parts of the work, but the body is physically impeded from passing through parts of the space. Furthermore, the sound of crunching glass underfoot while navigating the maze can be off-putting. He wanted the participant to experience psychological tension between the appreciation of the sonic and the appreciation of the visual.The work, Meireles says, "is based on the notion of an excess of obstacles and prohibitions." <mask> drew some of his inspiration for this installation from writer Jorge Luis Borges, whose subject matter sometimes included the concept of the labyrinth. <mask> also wanted the participant to experience feelings of awareness and attentiveness that come from walking a labyrinth. Babel (2001) A tower of hundreds of radios, each just audible and tuned to stations of different languages to evoke resonances of the Tower of Babel in the Bible. In the story, before the destruction of the Tower of Babel by God, every person on Earth spoke the same language. <mask>' Babel acknowledges the multiplicity of language that resulted from the Tower's destruction in the story. The artwork contradicts the notion of one universal language, emphasizing that the pursuit of commonality is futile.Paul Herkenhoff points out that Babel also has autobiographical meaning for Meireles, as radio was a common method of widespread communication in Brazil during the artist's youth. The work also speaks to globalization. Meireles parallels the unity of humanity before the fall of the Tower of Babel with the present-day unity which has resulted from globalization despite numerous language barriers. Exhibitions <mask> considers his first exhibition to have taken place in 1965, when one of his canvases and two of his drawings were accepted by the Segundo Salão Nacional de Arte Moderna in Brasilia. A retrospective of his work was presented at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York in 1999. It then traveled to the Museu de Arte Moderna in Rio de Janeiro and the São Paulo Museum of Modern Art. In conjunction with the exhibition, a book entitled Cildo Meireles, was published by Phaidon Press (1999).The first extensive presentation of the artist’s work in the UK opened at Tate Modern in October 2008. <mask> was the first Brazilian artist to be given a full retrospective by Tate. This exhibition then moved to the Museu d'Art Contemporani in Barcelona, and later to the Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) in Mexico City until January 10, 2010. From March to July 2014 a major retrospective of <mask>'s work was presented at Milan's HangarBicocca. It featured twelve of his most important works. Another important retrospective took place at SESC Pompeia from September 2019 to February 2020. In the exhibition entitled "Entrevendo" (Glimpsing) many of his most noteworthy installations were on display and an important catalogue was created for the exhibition.References Selected bibliography Basualdo, Carlos. "Maxima Moralia: The Work of C. Meireles", Artforum International, v. 35 (February 1997) p. 58-63. Cameron, Dan, Paulo Herkenhoff, and Gerardo Mosquera. <mask> Meireles. London: Phaidon Press, 1999. Carvalho, Denise. "Cildo Meireles: New Museum of Contemporary Art" Sculpture, v. 19 no.10 (December 2000) p. 74-5. Cohen, Ana Paula. "<mask> Meireles: Museu de Arte Moderna Aloisio Magalhaes", Art Nexus no. 44 (April/June 2002) p. 125-6. Dezeuze, Anna. "<mask> Meireles." Artforum International 47, no.8 (2009): 182. Farmer, John Alan. "Through the Labyrinth: An Interview with <mask> <mask>", Art Journal v. 59 no. 3 (Fall 2000) p. 34-43. Gilmore, Jonathan. "<mask> Meireles at Galerie Lelong", Art in America v. 93 no. 3 (March 2005) p. 132.<mask>, <mask>. <mask> <mask>. Valencia: IVAM, 1995. <mask>, <mask> and Charles Merewether. “Memory of the Senses.” Grand Street, no. 64 (1998): 221-223. Mosquera, Gerardo.<mask> <mask> (London: Phaidon), 1999. Weinstein, Joel. "Industrial Poetry: A Conversation with <mask> <mask>", Sculpture v. 22 no. 10 (December 2003) p. 50-5. Zamudio, Raul. "<mask> Meireles at Tate Modern", ArtNexus v. 8. no. 73 (June/August, 2009) p. 76-78.Zamudio, Raul. "Knowing Can Be Destroying", TRANS> arts.cultures.media no. 7 (2000) p. 146-152. External links Review of <mask> <mask> at Tate Modern, 2009 List of exhibitions by <mask> <mask> (covers 1967-2007) TateShots: <mask> Meireles The artist talks about his interactive work Meshes of Freedom. 20 November 2008 <mask> <mask>' profile at Kadist Art Foundation Materiality and Memory: An interview with <mask> Meireles Cildo Meireles from sense to concept 1948 births Brazilian sculptors Brazilian contemporary artists Living people Conceptual artists Artists from Rio de Janeiro (city) Date of birth missing (living people) Political artists

Eugénie Droz

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<mask> (born <mask> 21 March 1893 – 19 September 1976) was a Swiss romance scholar, editor publisher and writer, originally from the Suisse Romande. She created the Librairie Droz, a publisher and seller of academic books, at Paris in 1924, moving the business to Geneva at the end of the war. Biography <mask> was born at La Chaux-de-Fonds in the francophone northwest of Switzerland. Her father, Frédéric Zahn, was a well known member of the business community in the town, where he worked as an editor. In 1900 the family relocated to nearby Neuchâtel. Here she completed her secondary education and obtained a teaching diploma. Between 1910 and 1913 she taught French at the Moravian Institute of Gnadenberg in Silesia, taking the opportunity at the same time to perfect her German.Returning to Neuchâtel in 1913, she was admitted to the Université de Neuchâtel where during the next three years she studied successfully for her degree. She was a pupil of Arthur Piaget, who also became a good friend. He encouraged her to study the history of ancient poetry and renaissance literature. It is apparent that the second volume of Piaget's work "Jardin de Plaisance et Fleur de rhétorique, d'Antoine Vérard (vers 1501)", which was published only in 1925, subtitled "Introduction and notes" and signed off by <mask> and Arthur Piaget, was largely the work of Piaget's erudite pupil. The compilation of 672 verses, ballads, sounds, rondeaux etc., many of them anonymous, was described in an obituary of Eugénie <mask> as an "inestimable contribution to mid-century French literature" ("contribution inestimable aux lettres françaises du milieu du siècle"). In 1916 her parents divorced. Three years later she sought and received permission to use her mother's pre-marriage name in place of her father's name.<mask> Zahn became <mask> <mask>. Sources covering this period may identify her under either name. She moved to Paris in 1916 and enrolled, at this stage as Eugénie Zahn, at the École pratique des hautes études (Section IV – Sciences historiques et philologiques (loosely, History and Philology). Her teachers included Alfred Jeanroy, Abel Lefranc and Georges Doutrepont. She received exceptionally positive reports from the outset and completed her degree in 1923. In 1924 she opened the Librairie Droz, initially at 34 rue Serpente, moving within a year to 25 Rue de Tournon, both addresses located appropriately in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. Her business was in essence a specialist bookshop and publisher.The core product would be her own academic output as an editor-publisher with a particular interest in sixteenth century texts and the history and social impact of books through history more generally. The business continues to focus on medieval and humanist titles and on literary criticism and art history. She described the Paris premises proudly in her first catalogue: "Accommodated in the House of the Bronze Horse, given by Francis I to [the renaissance poet] Clément Marot in 1539, the 'Librairie Droz' [book business] has been established by <mask> <mask>, graduate of the École pratique des hautes études and docteur ès lettres. Her doctorate came from the Université de Neuchâtel. Her work for it consisted of 35 ancient texts accompanied by translations into contemporary French, a piece of work currently conserved in the rare books collection of the National Library of France. Despite the Librairie Droz having been established in Paris, the printed device appearing as a form of trade mark on publications acknowledged the Swiss provenance of the proprietress. She copied the design used by Jean de Stalle who operated a printing house in Geneva between 1487 and 1493.The only change involved removing the initials "IdeS", incorporated in the centre of the device, and replacing them with her own initials, "ED". Shortly after opening the Librairie Droz, still aged only 32, she found time to take on a position as assistant treasurer of the Société des anciens textes français, a learned society founded in Paris in 1875 with the purpose of publishing all kinds of medieval documents written either in langue d'oïl or langue d'oc. (The society's treasurer was Baron Edmond de Rothschild.) In 1934 she founded "Humanisme et Renaissance", an academic journal which in effect replaced "Revue du seizième siècle". Most prominent among the many erudite collaborators on it were her old tutor, Abel Lefranc and Robert Marichal. She also created the non-profit association "Humanisme et Renaissance". During the occupation she changed the name of the (much diminished) review, which became the "Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance".In 1945, while still based in Paris, she created the series "Textes littéraires français". This was an early series of paperback books, with the focus as before on her own areas of academic expertise. In 1950, by which time she had moved to Geneva, she launched the series "les Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance" which became and remains an important body of reference for renaissance scholarship. In November 1944 she found herself mandated by the Provisional Government to study the files of political deportees at Geneva. The later 1940s were a period of acute austerity and political uncertainty in France. It was probably around this time that she decided to relocate permanently from Paris to Geneva. She sold the premises at 25 Rue de Tournon in 1947 and moved the business permanently to 8 rue Verdaine in Geneva.In 1963, the year of her seventieth birthday, she sold the business, which passed to the control of Alain Dufour and Giovanni Busino, two young historians with complementary skills whom she had personally selected. Publications (selection) As author Notice sur un manuscrit ignoré de la Bibliothèque nationale : Imprimés, vélin 2231; XVe siècle in Romania, 1918–1919 La correspondance poétique du rhétoriqueur Jehan Picart, bailli d'Ételan in la Revue du seizième siècle, 1921 Jean Castel chroniqueur de France in le Bulletin philologique et historique, 1921 Notice sur un recueil de louanges in Romania, 1923 Poètes et musiciens du au XVe siècle, 1924 (with G. Thibault) Pierre de Nesson et ses œuvres, 1925 (with A. Piaget) Un chansonnier de Philippe le Bon in la Revue de Musicologie, 1926 (with G. Thibault) Les sept Pseaumes penitenciaulx et Letanie en françoys (with Cl. Dalbanne), 1926 Relation du souper offert par le duc Sigismond d'Autriche aux commissaires bourguignons, Thann, 21 juin 1469 in Mélanges de philologie et d'histoire offerts à M. Antoine Thomas, 1927 L'imprimerie à Vienne en Dauphiné au XVe siècle, 1930 (with Cl. Le carme Jean Bodin, hérétique in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et renaissance, 1948 Les dernières années de Clément Marot : d'après des poèmes inédits (with P.-P. Plan), ibid. L'Inventaire après décès des biens d'Agrippa d'Aubigné in Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 1949 Jean de Sponde et Pascal de l'Estocart in Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 1951 Les ancêtres suisses de Guillaume Apollinaire in Revue de Suisse, 1952 Simon Goulart, éditeur de musique in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1952 Claude Baduel, traducteur de Bucer in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1955 Les Étudiants français de Bâle in Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 1958 Une impression inconnue de Pierre de Vingle : les Prières et oraisons de la Bible, Lyon : 19 août 1530, ibid. Autour de l'affaire Morély : La Roche Chandieu et Barth. Berton suivi de À propos du retour de Henri III de Pologne in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1960 Barthélemy Berton : 1563–1573, 1960 La veuve Berton et Jean Portau : 1573–1589, 1960 Note sur les impressions genevoises transportées par Hernández in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1960 L'imprimeur de l'Histoire ecclésiastique, 1580 : Jean de Laon, ibid.Fausses adresses in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1961 Complément à la bibliographie de Pierre Haultin, ibid. 236–249. Dalbanne), 1927 Joan Evans, La civilisation en France au Moyen Âge, 1930 François Villon, Deux manuscrits : Bibliothèque nationale, fonds français 1661 et 20041 (with A. Jeanroy), 1932 Le recueil Trepperel (with H. Lewicka), 1935–1961 Joachim Du Bellay, Les antiquitez de Rome et Les regrets, 1945 Alain Chartier, Le Quadrilogue invectif , 1950 La farce du pauvre Jouhan : pièce comique du XVe siècle (with M. Roques), 1959 Agrippa d'Aubigné, Le printemps : Stances et Odes'', 1972 Honours (selection) 1951 Docteur honoris causa, University of Geneva 1964 Docteur honoris causa, University of Lausanne Docteur honoris causa, University of Cologne The reading room of the Public and University Library of Geneva, constructed in 1905, carries her name. References People from La Chaux-de-Fonds People from the canton of Neuchâtel People from Geneva Romance philologists University of Neuchâtel alumni École pratique des hautes études alumni 20th-century publishers (people) Swiss publishers (people) 20th-century Swiss women writers 20th-century Swiss businesspeople 1893 births 1976 deaths

Bobby Baker

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<mask> (November 12, 1928 – November 12, 2017) was an American political adviser to Lyndon B. Johnson, and an organizer for the Democratic Party. He became the Senate's Secretary to the Majority Leader. In 1963, he resigned during an investigation by the Democratic-controlled Senate into <mask>'s business and political activities. The investigation included allegations of bribery and arranging sexual favors in exchange for Congressional votes and government contracts. The Senate investigation looked into the financial activities of <mask> and Lyndon Johnson during the 1950s. The investigation of Lyndon Johnson as part of the <mask> investigation was later dropped after President Kennedy's assassination and Johnson's ascension to the presidency. <mask> was born in Pickens, South Carolina, the son of the town postmaster, and lived in a house on Hampton Avenue.He attended Pickens Elementary and Pickens High School, until he was 14 years old, when he received an appointment as a U.S. Senate page, with the help of Harold E. Holder. In 1942, <mask> became a page for Senator Burnet Maybank, and quickly became friends with several important Democrats. When Lyndon Johnson was elected to the Senate in 1948, John Connally took <mask> in to introduce him to Senator-elect Johnson. Johnson jumped up and said, 'Mr. <mask>, they tell me you're the smartest son of a bitch over there.' I said, 'Well, whoever told you that lied.' I said, 'I know all of the staff on our side.I know who the drunks are. And I know whose word is good.' He said, 'You're the man I want to know.' So they became great friends. After Senator McFarland became the [Majority] Leader and Senator Johnson the Whip, Johnson talked Senator McFarland into making <mask> the assistant Secretary for the Majority." <mask> quickly became Johnson's protégé. <mask> was eventually promoted to Secretary to the Majority Leader in 1953, who at the time was a Democrat; this was his highest-ranking official position, as well as the position from which he would later resign.Prior to resigning, <mask> had been a major power on Capitol Hill. He resigned due to allegations of misconduct and a well-publicized scandal involving government contracts. He later served 18 months in prison for tax evasion. In 1978, he coauthored a memoir entitled Wheeling and Dealing, with Larry L. King. Scandal <mask> frequently mixed politics with personal business. He was one of the initiators and the treasurer of the Quorum Club, located in the Carroll Arms Hotel adjacent to a Senate office building. The society was a place for lawmakers and other influential men to meet for food, drink, and ladies, away from the press that were constantly downstairs in the hotel lobby.<mask> contends that, "The Quorum Club, of all the things I was involved in, it is the most insignificant thing. It was located in the Carroll Arms Hotel. When they first put it together, they asked me to get attorney Ernie Tucker to draw up the papers, which he did. The Quorum Club was a place where a guy wanted to get away, you know, from being at the bar downstairs at the Carroll Arms, where there were too many reporters or too many gawkers. It was an easy place for a lobbyist to get together with a Senator, or a Senator's girlfriend. ... I was very close to all the administrative assistants and legislative assistants.I would say 90% were like me. [We] All had girlfriends. And the Quorum Club was a place that you could be met there and nobody would know about it. It was a social club. One time I was in there and Ellen Rometsch was at my table. She was as pretty as Elizabeth Taylor. She was married to a sergeant in the German Army, but stationed at their embassy in Washington.She was sort of like me. She was ambitious. She'd come from Germany broke." <mask> alleged that one of "President Kennedy's best friends and his wingman, [lobbyist] Bill Thompson was there too, and he came over to me and he said, 'where in the hell did you get this beautiful girl?' And Bill Thompson asked me if she could go have dinner with the President. So I arranged for Ellen Rometsch to go to Bill Thompson's apartment and he took her to the White House on many occasions." Rometsch was of German origin.As a youth, she had been a Socialist Unity Party member in East Germany before fleeing with her parents and then coming to the United States. In 1962, <mask> established the Serv-U Corporation with his friend, Fred Black. The company was designed to provide vending machines for companies working for programs established under federal grants. Though a part of numerous other deals involving both politics and private financial affairs, this particular business venture would cause a scandal. In November 1962, electronic microphones ("bugs") in Ed Levinson's office at the Fremont Hotel in Las Vegas picked up references to <mask>. The FBI agent notified FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover of the references early in 1963 because, "I thought it was important for Washington to be aware of the possible political influence of Ed Levinson." Levinson and Benjamin Seigelbaum arranged with an Oklahoma City bank for a $400,000 start-up loan for the Serv-U Corporation to buy equipment and supplies.The Serv-U Corporation deal became the subject of allegations of conflict of interest and corruption after a disgruntled former government contractor, represented by David Carliner, sued <mask> and Black in civil court. That lawsuit eventually generated a great deal of press. In September 1963, an investigation was begun by the Republican-led Senate Rules Committee into <mask>'s business and political activities. <mask> was investigated for allegations of bribery using money allocated by Congress and arranging sexual favors in exchange for votes and government contracts. Under increasing criticism, <mask> resigned as Secretary to the Majority Leader on October 7, 1963. According to author Evan Thomas, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, President Kennedy's younger brother, was able to arrange a deal with J. Edgar Hoover to quell mention of the Rometsch allegations in the Senate investigation of <mask>. Hoover successfully limited the Senate investigation of <mask> by threatening to release embarrassing information about senators contained in FBI files.In exchange for this favor, Robert Kennedy assured Hoover that his job as FBI Director was secure. Robert Kennedy also agreed to allow the FBI to proceed with wiretaps that Hoover had requested on Martin Luther King Jr. to try to prove King's close confidants and advisers were communists. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so", Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. Even though Lyndon Johnson was not involved in <mask>'s business dealings after 1960, the Senate investigation looked into their questionable financial activities in the 1950s. This was such a problem for Johnson that there were rumors he would be dropped from the 1964 presidential ticket. After word of the assassination of John F. Kennedy reached Washington on November 22, 1963, the Senate investigation was delayed. Thereafter, any investigation of Lyndon Johnson as part of the <mask> investigation was dropped.<mask>, however, was convicted of tax evasion and spent 18 months in prison. In the 1964 presidential election, Republican candidate Senator Barry Goldwater in speeches and campaign materials brought up the <mask> scandal as an issue against Johnson, demanding Johnson bring the issue out into the open. Death In 2017, <mask> died on his 89th birthday in St. Augustine, Florida. Notes and references Bibliography Robert A. Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate (2002) Robert A. Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage of Power (2012) <mask> with Larry L. King, Wheeling and Dealing: Confessions of a Capitol Hill Operator (1978) 1928 births 2017 deaths American memoirists American people convicted of tax crimes People from Pickens, South Carolina South Carolina Democrats Writers from South Carolina

Marie Connor

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<mask> (4 February 186728 January 1941) was a prolific author of serial fiction and melodramatic novels. She married fellow writer Robert Leighton and her most famous work Convict 99 was written jointly with him. However her writing income was far in excess of his. Paternity and birth While most sources describe <mask> as the daughter of James Nenon <mask> (183521 June 1897) this is not accurate as <mask>'s mother Elizabeth Ann Treglown (c. 184216 April 1908) had a different husband when <mask> was born and only married <mask> in the first quarter of 1869, when <mask> was already two years old. While Elizabeth Anne Treglown was living at Camborne, Cornwall, with her parents, Josiah Henry Harris (c. 184818 April 1917), a newspaper reporter, visited her and courted her. He was accepted as her fiancé by her family and the couple had been engaged for some time. In April 1865, the pair travelled to Paris, and were married there, on 6 April 1865, at the English Episcopal Church, in the presence of the British Ambassador.The marriage had been a surprise to the family, and Harris had announced it by letter. The new couple returned to England, and lived with Elizabeth's parents in Camborne, but after a week, Harris walked out, without saying where he was going. Elizabeth found that he had gone to Bristol and joined him there, but after a time, he again left, this time for Torquay. She joined him in Torquay, but after a time, he again deserted her. By now, her family had moved to Montpelier in Bristol, where Elizabeth gave birth to her daughter at 7 York Road, on 4 February 1867, initially registered as Martha Annie, but later known as <mask>. Elizabeth registered the birth at Clifton on 13 February 1867. Elizabeth was running a school in Montpelier with her sisters Mary Ann (c. 1851 August 1913)and Ellen (c. 1845) while living with her mother.Josiah seemed fond of the child, caressed it, and treated it as his own. However, after Josiah had again failed in his promises of support for his wife and child, they entered the Workhouse at Clifton, Bristol, on 30 April 1867. The parish authorities, who were responsible for the Workhouse, sought a warrant to arrest Harris for failing to support his wife. Josiah was arrested at Merthyr in South Wales where he worked for The Merthyr Telegraph. He was tried on 9 May 1867 at Bristol Police Court. Josiah's defence was that he was not liable for maintenance as the couple were not legally married. There was some discussion of this, and the court held, that until a superior court determined that there was no marriage, Josiah was liable.Josiah met with the parish authorities and came to an agreement to pay maintenance. The case was suspended for a month to ensure that he followed through on this promise. It was understood that proceedings to set aside the marriage would be taken in another court. In the first quarter of 1869, Elizabeth married widower James Nenon <mask> in Kensington.. James was a widower, his first wife Eziza Jones (c. 1828May 1864) had died five years earlier. Elizabeth described herself as a widow on the marriage certificate. They had one child themselves, Valentine Alexander Nenon <mask> (5 June 187510 May 1927), who emigrated to Canada and worked an engineer there before dying of stomach cancer and pneumonia in Toronto. Early life Her step-father had sold his commission in the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot and so lost his pension, to that the family lived a hand to mouth existence, living the high life when in funds and hiding out in a small house in St John's Wood when creditors became too insistent.Clare Leighton's biography of <mask> states that <mask> had a strange upbringing. Neither her mother or father had much interest in her and she was left to her own devices. She copied an entire novel by hand and sent it to a London publisher, who recognised it, and was so puzzled by the childish handwriting that he visited to find out who was responsible. Her next project was writing names and random from a street directory and sending anonymous letters, warning the recipients that their wives or husbands were being unfaithful with people whose names and addresses she had also picked at random. Clare Leighton also related what <mask> told her children about her first love affair. When she was ten, <mask> fell in love with a window-cleaner, a married father of eight. Their correspondence was discovered and the window cleaner threatened with the law.<mask>'s parents packed her off to a convent in France where she fell in love with the Mother Superior and the Priest and became a devout Catholic for the rest of her life. After returning from France, <mask> got stage-struck, falling in love with the actor Wilson Barrett (18461904), and writing poems inspired by him. Her parents decided that the only cure was to give her a taste of the stage, so she went on tour with Barrett, chaperoned by one of her maternal aunts. The experience cured her of her love of the theatre. Early writing <mask> published her first novel Beauty's Queen, a three-volume melodrama, in 1884 when she was 17.The Graphic, after noting that the novel "contains some very remarkable incidents indeed" concluded by saying "The novel is tragical to the highest pitch. All the characters of any consequence are left dead except one little boy, who, it is cordially to be hoped, grows up to meet with more ordinary experiences. The story is altogether ridiculously impossible, and is told in a style of sentimental exaggeration to which no description can do any sort of justice."Sutherland calls this book "An extraordinary mishmash of romantic and religious passion" and said that "it provoked most reviewers to sarcastic drollery", but that "women readers liked it." Marriage and children <mask> quickly followed up with another and had published five novels before her marriage to Robert Leighton (5 June 185811 May 1934). Born in Scotland but growing up in Liverpool, Leighton moved to London in 1879 and began working for Young Folks magazine as an assistant editor. Leighton was the editor from 1884 to 1885. <mask> was a contributor to the magazine. In 1886 Leighton left Little Folks to move to the Bristol Observer, but returned to London in 1887. Kemp and Mitchell state that the <mask> and Leighton eloped to Scotland, but the UK marriage records show that they got married in Marylebone, London in the first quarter of 1889.It is clear that they did elope. <mask>'s mother traced her to a hotel in Fleet Street, and was only placated when the couple were able to show her their marriage certificate. The family lived at 'Vallombrosa' at 40 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, London, where they led a chaotic bohemian existence. Every summer they migrated to a turreted seaside cliff-top villa at Lowestoft in Suffolk. <mask> and her husband had four children: Their first child was accidentally smothered in infancy by a nurse. Roland Aubrey Leighton (27 March 189523 December 1915), a poet who was killed in the First World War. He was Vera Brittain's fiancé and features largely in Testament of Youth, the first instalment of her memoirs.He was his mother's favourite. "He is the only one of my children who is beautiful enough to be worth dressing" her daughter reports her as saying. His mother's love for him "stopped just short of idolatry". <mask> was devastated when Roland was killed and published an anonymous memoir of him as Boy of My Heart in 1916. Clare Leighton (12 April 18984 November 1989), a writer and artist. She wrote several novels as well as the biography of her mother, and was a noted wood engraver. <mask> had been dismissive of Clare's looks, ambitions and talents.Evelyn Ivor Robert Leighton (31 May 190121 October 1969) was destined from boyhood for the Navy. He joined the navy on 15 January 1915, and remained in the Navy after the Great War, being posted to the Royal Australian Navy for a while, and marrying an English bride while he was there. Works The following is a list, principally drawn from the Jisc Library Hub Discover collated catalogue. One title not listed on the Jisc catalogues was found in the list of titles on Holland's blog about <mask>. The notes indicate if and where online copies of the texts can be found. Convict 99 <mask> continued to churn out novels after her marriage, writing four in total with Leighton, including her most successful work Convict 99. A true story of penal servitude.Sutherland describes this as: "a powerful anti-prison tract which became their best-known work. It has a highly sensational plot in which the hero, Laurence Gray, is framed by a rival in love on false charges of embezzlement and murder. Sent to Grimley Prison as Convict 99 on a life sentence, Laurence suffers various indignities before escaping and proving his innocence. The force of the book lies in its graphic and credible depictions of life in jail (particularly the part played by corporal punishment, or the ‘cat’)." The story was published first as a serial in Answers one of the publications produced by Alfred Harmsworth (18651922), for whom both <mask> and Leighton worked. It was published by Grant Richards in London. Quoting Grant Richards, the head of that publishing house, Kemp and Mitchell say that Convict 99 was hugely successful as a serial and was used time and again in different papers, but that it never attract as large a public in book form.Kemp and Mill also say that Convict 99 was <mask>'s greatest success. Few of <mask>'s novels were illustrated, and even those which had any illustration usually only had a front-piece. This was normal for novels intended for adults. However Convict 99, like the first three books jointly written with Leighton, was illustrated. The eight illustrations below were made by Stanley L. Wood (1866-1928), and are from the online copy at The British Library. Later life Clare Leighton says of her mother that "all men fell in love with her". During her childhood, she relates, there were three men who, with her father, were in love with her mother.Roland called them "Mother's Old Men". From 1891 both <mask> and Leighton worked for Alfred Harmsworth, he as an editor, and she as a writer of serial fiction. Harmsworth put his editors in their place when she was pregnant, and they were worried about a delayed installment, telling them that <mask> would go on just the same even if she were about to give birth to triplets the next day. Many of <mask>'s stories were, like Convict 99 serialised first in Harmsworth's Answers. From 1896 <mask> and Leighton were writing almost exclusively for Harmsworth's Daily Mail. <mask> continued to produce "potboiling crime stories" sometimes include female heroines. The Times said that her stories were "of the crude, rapidly-moving type, that a pre-cinema public read with approval and delight".<mask> published her last novel in 1937, but in practical terms she had given up all serious writing in the 1920s. <mask> died in hospital in Aylsbury, on 28 January 1941. Leighton had died seven years earlier. Mark Bostridge says that <mask> "was the archetypal romantic novelist", that she was eccentric and larger than life. Perhaps the best summary comes from the sub-title of her daughter's biography, <mask> was an invincible Edwardian. Notes References External links Books by <mask> available online at the British Library. Books by <mask> in the collated catalogues of the Jisc Discover Library Hub.Tempestuous Petticoat, Clare Leighton's biography of <mask>. British writers British women writers 1867 births 1941 deaths

William Harper (composer)

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<mask> (born October 10, 1949) is a Chicago photographer and composer. His photography is concerned with natural form and line and his music is theatrical, technology-based work sourced from liturgical and folk traditions. <mask> first earned critical acclaim for his work defining a Chicago style of new music theater and opera as the creator and producer of many full-length original works for the American Ritual Theater Company (ARTCO). Concurrent with these projects, and subsequently, <mask>’s opera, music theater, dance, orchestra, chorus, and electro-acoustic works have been commissioned and performed by companies including The Minnesota Opera Company, The New Music Theater Ensemble of Minneapolis, INTAR Hispanic American Cultural Center, The Goodman Theater, Hartford Stage and The Music Theatre Group. <mask>’s recently completed Unquiet Myths, a suite of electro-acoustic pieces was commissioned by The Ellen Sinopoli Dance Company for Spill Out!, which premiered in 2006 and is scheduled to begin a national tour this year. <mask> received a PhD in music composition from the Eastman School of Music, and has received support from many foundations including the National Institute for Music Theater, the Djerassi Foundation, the Yaddo Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Illinois and New York State Arts Councils and The MacArthur Foundation. <mask> has three sisters including a twin sister, <mask>, <mask> duPont and <mask>.He also has two brothers, <mask> and <mask>. Chicago, IL Music: Selected Works Operas and Music Theatre 2000 Heroism with Frederick Feirstein, Nassau Community College, New York 1997 The Bacchae Harvard University, Katherine Walker, Music Theater Group, New York 1995 Extraordinary Measures with Eve Ensler, Music Theater Group, New York 1993 El Greco INTAR Hispanic American Arts Center, New York 1992 Martin Guerre (Orchestrations) with Roger Ames Hartford Stage, Hartford 1992 Cooking the World with Bob Berkey Music Theater Group, New York 1989 Snow Leopard Minnesota Opera Company, Minneapolis 1987 Tantracidal Mania Minnesota Opera Company, Minneapolis 1986 Peyote Roadkill ARTCO, Chicago 1983 John Ball Shot Them All N.A.M.E. Gallery, Chicago Recordings 2006 Unquiet Myths, A collection of electro-acoustic pieces 2005 Requiem, Mass for chorus, SATB and electronic accompaniment 2004 Marlidendur, Music for strings, percussion, and boys choir 2002 The Banjo of Death Sleeping, Three electro-acoustic pieces 2000 El Greco, Opera Works for Orchestra 1999 Marlidendur Gudmundur Emilsson, The Baltic Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, Reykjavik 1997 Scenes from the Valley of the Black Pig Full Orchestra, ARTCO, Chicago 1996 Requiem Mass Chorus, Orchestra and Alto Solo, Harle & Ken Montgomery Foundation 1994 Seasons of the Heart Song for Soprano Solo and String Orchestra. Texts by Bernardo Solano, INTAR, New York. 1990 Marouska Variations Full Orchestra, ARTCO, Chicago Dance, Film, and Incidental Music 2012-13 Reflections on the way o the Gallows - Eight films and a Dark Tourism project by Collette Copeland 2006 Unquiet Myths for Spill Out! Ellen Sinopoli Dance Company, Troy 1992 Words Divine INTAR Hispanic American Arts Center, New York 1987 Waiting in the Dark For Bay Area Playwrights, Mill Valley 1986 Changing Habits WTTW-TV, Chicago 1986 Macando Dreiske Performance Ensemble, Chicago 1985 Illinois Turner Broadcasting, Atlanta 1985 Light Kanopy Dance Theater, Madison 1984 Crimson Cowboy (Opera/Dance Work) ARTCO, Chicago 1984 Julius Caesar Alliance Theater, Atlanta 1984 Red River The Goodman Theater, Chicago 1983 Dead Birds (Opera/Dance Work) ARTCO, Chicago 1983 Calyx Columbia Dance Center, Chicago 1983 I've Known Rivers (Dance/Opera Work) MoMing, Chicago References Link to Center for Fine Art Photography show Water! NPR report on Harper's photography show at Flatfile Gallery, Chicago Art Institute Faculty Bio NY Times review of Harper's opera, El Greco NY Times review of Extraordinary Measures NY Times review of Words Divine NY Times review of "I've Known Rivers" William Harper, Requiem Survey Chicago Tribune Article about Harper's opera, El Greco Chicago Tribune review of Harper's opera Peyote Roadkill List of composers who have spent time at Yaddo NY Times article about Marlidendur Recordings by the Riga Dome Boys Choir Playlist - Classical Discoveries 04/06/05 Summary of News in Latvia 11/99 - See Calendar of Arts Events 21st Century Music calendar entry for Voyages Concert 11/9/99 Brown University Press release on Voyages Festival 11/99 Prayer Wheels Into Turbines (William Harper's Snow Leopard) - Kyle Gann, Village Voice December 19, 1989 (Vol.XXXIV No. 51, p. 84) Dad Was an Old Master (<mask>'s El Greco) - Kyle Gann, Village Voice October 12, 1993 (Vol. XXXVIII No. 41, p. 82) Link to doctoral dissertation: Olivier Messiaen's Et Exspecto Resurrectionem Mortuorum External links .mp3s available from Amazon.com <mask> music website <mask> - Photography website http://whharper.tumblr.com O Vos Omnes - Blog American male composers 21st-century American composers American photographers Living people Place of birth missing (living people) 1949 births 21st-century American male musicians

Max Planck

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<mask> (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. <mask> made many substantial contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948, the German scientific institution Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which <mask> was twice president) was renamed Max Planck Society (MPG). The MPG now includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions. Life and career <mask> came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor at the University of Kiel and Munich. One of his uncles was also a judge.<mask> was born in 1858 in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius <mask> and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptized with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx <mask>; of his given names, Marx (a now obsolete variant of Markus or maybe simply an error for <mask>, which is actually short for <mask>) was indicated as the "appellation name". However, by the age of ten he signed with the name <mask> and used this for the rest of his life. He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. War was common during <mask>'s early years and among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Second Schleswig War in 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and <mask> enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy.<mask> graduated early, at age 17. This is how <mask> first came in contact with the field of physics. <mask> was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics. The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised <mask> against going into physics, saying, "In this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." <mask> replied that he did not wish to discover new things, but only to understand the known fundamentals of the field, and so began his studies in 1874 at the University of Munich.Under Jolly's supervision, <mask> performed the only experiments of his scientific career, studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum, but transferred to theoretical physics. In 1877, he went to the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin for a year of study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry and monotonous. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Clausius's writings, which led him to choose thermodynamics as his field. In October 1878, <mask> passed his qualifying exams and in February 1879 defended his dissertation, Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the second law of thermodynamics). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.By the year 1880, <mask> had obtained the two highest academic degrees offered in Europe. The first was a doctorate degree after he completed his paper detailing his research and theory of thermodynamics. He then presented his thesis called Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures), which earned him a habilitation. Academic career With the completion of his habilitation thesis, <mask> became an unpaid Privatdozent (German academic rank comparable to lecturer/assistant professor) in Munich, waiting until he was offered an academic position. Although he was initially ignored by the academic community, he furthered his work on the field of heat theory and discovered one after another the same thermodynamical formalism as Gibbs without realizing it. Clausius's ideas on entropy occupied a central role in his work. In April 1885, the University of Kiel appointed <mask> as associate professor of theoretical physics.Further work on entropy and its treatment, especially as applied in physical chemistry, followed. He published his Treatise on Thermodynamics in 1897. He proposed a thermodynamic basis for Svante Arrhenius's theory of electrolytic dissociation. In 1889, he was named the successor to Kirchhoff's position at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin – presumably thanks to Helmholtz's intercession – and by 1892 became a full professor. In 1907 <mask> was offered Boltzmann's position in Vienna, but turned it down to stay in Berlin. During 1909, as a University of Berlin professor, he was invited to become the Ernest Kempton Adams Lecturer in Theoretical Physics at Columbia University in New York City. A series of his lectures were translated and co-published by Columbia University professor A. P. Wills.He retired from Berlin on 10 January 1926, and was succeeded by Erwin Schrödinger. Family In March 1887, <mask> married Marie Merck (1861–1909), sister of a school fellow, and moved with her into a sublet apartment in Kiel. They had four children: Karl (1888–1916), the twins Emma (1889–1919) and Grete (1889–1917), and Erwin (1893–1945). After the apartment in Berlin, the <mask> family lived in a villa in Berlin-Grunewald, Wangenheimstrasse 21. Several other professors from University of Berlin lived nearby, among them theologian Adolf von Harnack, who became a close friend of <mask>. Soon the Planck home became a social and cultural center. Numerous well-known scientists, such as Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner were frequent visitors.The tradition of jointly performing music had already been established in the home of Helmholtz. After several happy years, in July 1909 <mask> died, possibly from tuberculosis. In March 1911 <mask> married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin (1882–1948); in December his fifth child Hermann was born. During the First World War <mask>'s second son Erwin was taken prisoner by the French in 1914, while his oldest son Karl was killed in action at Verdun. Grete died in 1917 while giving birth to her first child. Her sister died the same way two years later, after having married Grete's widower. Both granddaughters survived and were named after their mothers.<mask> endured these losses stoically. In January 1945, Erwin, to whom he had been particularly close, was sentenced to death by the Nazi Volksgerichtshof because of his participation in the failed attempt to assassinate Hitler in July 1944. Erwin was executed on 23 January 1945. Professor at Berlin University As a professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, <mask> joined the local Physical Society. He later wrote about this time: "In those days I was essentially the only theoretical physicist there, whence things were not so easy for me, because I started mentioning entropy, but this was not quite fashionable, since it was regarded as a mathematical spook". Thanks to his initiative, the various local Physical Societies of Germany merged in 1898 to form the German Physical Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, DPG); from 1905 to 1909 <mask> was the president. <mask> started a six-semester course of lectures on theoretical physics, "dry, somewhat impersonal" according to Lise Meitner, "using no notes, never making mistakes, never faltering; the best lecturer I ever heard" according to an English participant, James R. Partington, who continues: "There were always many standing around the room.As the lecture-room was well heated and rather close, some of the listeners would from time to time drop to the floor, but this did not disturb the lecture." <mask> did not establish an actual "school"; the number of his graduate students was only about 20, among them: 1897 <mask> (1875–1922) 1903 <mask> Laue (1879–1960) 1904 Moritz Schlick (1882–1936) 1906 Walther Meissner (1882–1974) 1907 Fritz Reiche (1883–1960) 1912 Walter Schottky (1886–1976) 1914 Walther Bothe (1891–1957) Black-body radiation In 1894, <mask> turned his attention to the problem of black-body radiation. The problem had been stated by Kirchhoff in 1859: "how does the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body (a perfect absorber, also known as a cavity radiator) depend on the frequency of the radiation (i.e., the color of the light) and the temperature of the body?". The question had been explored experimentally, but no theoretical treatment agreed with experimental values. Wilhelm Wien proposed Wien's law, which correctly predicted the behaviour at high frequencies, but failed at low frequencies. The Rayleigh–Jeans law, another approach to the problem, agreed with experimental results at low frequencies, but created what was later known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe" at high frequencies. However, contrary to many textbooks, this was not a motivation for <mask>.<mask>'s first proposed solution to the problem in 1899 followed from what <mask> called the "principle of elementary disorder", which allowed him to derive Wien's law from a number of assumptions about the entropy of an ideal oscillator, creating what was referred to as the Wien–Planck law. Soon it was found that experimental evidence did not confirm the new law at all, to <mask>'s frustration. <mask> revised his approach, deriving the first version of the famous Planck black-body radiation law, which described the experimentally observed black-body spectrum well. It was first proposed in a meeting of the DPG on 19 October 1900 and published in 1901. This first derivation did not include energy quantisation, and did not use statistical mechanics, to which he held an aversion. In November 1900 <mask> revised this first approach, relying on Boltzmann's statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics as a way of gaining a more fundamental understanding of the principles behind his radiation law. As <mask> was deeply suspicious of the philosophical and physical implications of such an interpretation of Boltzmann's approach, his recourse to them was, as he later put it, "an act of despair ...I was ready to sacrifice any of my previous convictions about physics". The central assumption behind his new derivation, presented to the DPG on 14 December 1900, was the supposition, now known as the Planck postulate, that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form, in other words, the energy could only be a multiple of an elementary unit: where is <mask>'s constant, also known as <mask>'s action quantum (introduced already in 1899), and is the frequency of the radiation. Note that the elementary units of energy discussed here are represented by and not simply by . Physicists now call these quanta photons, and a photon of frequency will have its own specific and unique energy. The total energy at that frequency is then equal to multiplied by the number of photons at that frequency. At first <mask> considered that quantisation was only "a purely formal assumption ... actually I did not think much about it ..."; nowadays this assumption, incompatible with classical physics, is regarded as the birth of quantum physics and the greatest intellectual accomplishment of <mask>'s career (Ludwig Boltzmann had been discussing in a theoretical paper in 1877 the possibility that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete). The discovery of <mask>'s constant enabled him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants upon which much of quantum theory is based.In recognition of <mask>'s fundamental contribution to a new branch of physics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1918 (he actually received the award in 1919). Subsequently, <mask> tried to grasp the meaning of energy quanta, but to no avail. "My unavailing attempts to somehow reintegrate the action quantum into classical theory extended over several years and caused me much trouble." Even several years later, other physicists like Rayleigh, Jeans, and Lorentz set <mask>'s constant

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to zero in order to align with classical physics, but <mask> knew well that this constant had a precise nonzero value. "I am unable to understand Jeans' stubbornness – he is an example of a theoretician as should never be existing, the same as Hegel was for philosophy. So much the worse for the facts if they don't fit." <mask> wrote about <mask>: "He was, by nature, a conservative mind; he had nothing of the revolutionary and was thoroughly skeptical about speculations.Yet his belief in the compelling force of logical reasoning from facts was so strong that he did not flinch from announcing the most revolutionary idea which ever has shaken physics." Einstein and the theory of relativity In 1905, the three epochal papers by Albert Einstein were published in the journal Annalen der Physik. <mask> was among the few who immediately recognized the significance of the special theory of relativity. Thanks to his influence, this theory was soon widely accepted in Germany. <mask> also contributed considerably to extend the special theory of relativity. For example, he recast the theory in terms of classical action. Einstein's hypothesis of light quanta (photons), based on Heinrich Hertz's 1887 discovery (and further investigation by Philipp Lenard) of the photoelectric effect, was initially rejected by <mask>.He was unwilling to discard completely <mask>'s theory of electrodynamics. "The theory of light would be thrown back not by decades, but by centuries, into the age when Christiaan Huygens dared to fight against the mighty emission theory of Isaac Newton ..." In 1910, Einstein pointed out the anomalous behavior of specific heat at low temperatures as another example of a phenomenon which defies explanation by classical physics. <mask> and Nernst, seeking to clarify the increasing number of contradictions, organized the First Solvay Conference (Brussels 1911). At this meeting Einstein was able to convince <mask>. Meanwhile, <mask> had been appointed dean of Berlin University, whereby it was possible for him to call Einstein to Berlin and establish a new professorship for him (1914). Soon the two scientists became close friends and met frequently to play music together. First World War At the onset of the First World War <mask> endorsed the general excitement of the public, writing that, "Besides much that is horrible, there is also much that is unexpectedly great and beautiful: the smooth solution of the most difficult domestic political problems by the unification of all parties (and) ... the extolling of everything good and noble."<mask> also signed the infamous "Manifesto of the 93 intellectuals", a pamphlet of polemic war propaganda (while Einstein retained a strictly pacifistic attitude which almost led to his imprisonment, only being spared thanks to his Swiss citizenship). In 1915, when Italy was still a neutral power, he voted successfully for a scientific paper from Italy, which received a prize from the Prussian Academy of Sciences, where <mask> was one of four permanent presidents. Post-war and the Weimar Republic In the turbulent post-war years, <mask>, now the highest authority of German physics, issued the slogan "persevere and continue working" to his colleagues. In October 1920, he and Fritz Haber established the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Organization of German Science), aimed at providing financial support for scientific research. A considerable portion of the money the organization would distribute was raised abroad. <mask> also held leading positions at Berlin University, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the German Physical Society and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (which became the Max Planck Society in 1948). During this time economic conditions in Germany were such that he was hardly able to conduct research.In 1926, <mask> became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. During the interwar period, <mask> became a member of the Deutsche Volks-Partei (German People's Party), the party of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Gustav Stresemann, which aspired to liberal aims for domestic policy and rather revisionistic aims for politics around the world. <mask> disagreed with the introduction of universal suffrage and later expressed the view that the Nazi dictatorship resulted from "the ascent of the rule of the crowds". Quantum mechanics At the end of the 1920s Bohr, Heisenberg and Pauli had worked out the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, but it was rejected by <mask>, and by Schrödinger, Laue, and Einstein as well. <mask> expected that wave mechanics would soon render quantum theoryhis own childunnecessary. This was not to be the case, however. Further work only served to underscore the enduring central importance of quantum theory, even against his and Einstein's philosophical revulsions.<mask> experienced the truth of his own earlier observation from his struggle with the older views in his younger years: "A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." Nazi dictatorship and the Second World War When the Nazis came to power in 1933, <mask> was 74. He witnessed many Jewish friends and colleagues expelled from their positions and humiliated, and hundreds of scientists emigrate from Nazi Germany. Again he tried to "persevere and continue working" and asked scientists who were considering emigration to remain in Germany. Nevertheless, he did help his nephew, the economist Hermann Kranold, to emigrate to London after his arrest. He hoped the crisis would abate soon and the political situation would improve. Otto Hahn asked <mask> to gather well-known German professors in order to issue a public proclamation against the treatment of Jewish professors, but <mask> replied, "If you are able to gather today 30 such gentlemen, then tomorrow 150 others will come and speak against it, because they are eager to take over the positions of the others."Under <mask>'s leadership, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) avoided open conflict with the Nazi regime, except concerning the Jewish Fritz Haber. <mask> tried to discuss the issue with the recently appointed Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler, but was unsuccessful, as to Hitler "the Jews are all Communists, and these are my enemies." In the following year, 1934, Haber died in exile. One year later, <mask>, having been the president of the KWG since 1930, organized in a somewhat provocative style an official commemorative meeting for Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working in institutes of the KWG for several years. In 1936, his term as president of the KWG ended, and the Nazi government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term. As the political climate in Germany gradually became more hostile, Johannes Stark, prominent exponent of Deutsche Physik ("German Physics", also called "Aryan Physics") attacked <mask>, Sommerfeld and Heisenberg for continuing to teach the theories of Einstein, calling them "white Jews".The "Hauptamt Wissenschaft" (Nazi government office for science) started an investigation of <mask>'s ancestry, claiming that he was "1/16 Jewish", but <mask> himself denied it. In 1938 <mask> celebrated his 80th birthday. The DPG held a celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie. At the end of 1938, the Prussian Academy lost its remaining independence and was taken over by Nazis (Gleichschaltung). <mask> protested by resigning his presidency. He continued to travel frequently, giving numerous public talks, such as his talk on Religion and Science, and five years later he was sufficiently fit to climb 3,000-metre peaks in the Alps. During the Second World War the increasing number of Allied bombing missions against Berlin forced <mask> and his wife to temporarily leave the city and live in the countryside.In 1942 he wrote: "In me an ardent desire has grown to persevere this crisis and live long enough to be able to witness the turning point, the beginning of a new rise." In February 1944, his home in Berlin was completely destroyed by an air raid, annihilating all his scientific records and correspondence. His rural retreat was threatened by the rapid advance of the Allied armies from both sides. In 1944 <mask>'s son Erwin was arrested by the Gestapo following the attempted assassination of Hitler in the 20 July plot. He was tried and sentenced to death by the People's Court in October 1944. Erwin was hanged at Berlin's Plötzensee Prison in January 1945. The death of his son destroyed much of <mask>'s will to live.After the end of the war <mask>, his second wife, and his son by her were brought to a relative in Göttingen, where <mask> died on 4 October 1947. His grave is situated in the old Stadtfriedhof (City Cemetery) in Göttingen. Religious views <mask> was a member of the Lutheran Church in Germany. He was very tolerant towards alternative views and religions. In a lecture in 1937 entitled "Religion und Naturwissenschaft" ("Religion and Natural Science") he suggested the importance of these symbols and rituals related directly with a believer's ability to worship God, but that one must be mindful that the symbols provide an imperfect illustration of divinity. He criticized atheism for being focused on the derision of such symbols, while at the same time warned of the over-estimation of the importance of such symbols by believers. <mask> was tolerant and favorable to all religions.Although he remained in the Lutheran Church, he did not promote Christian or Biblical views. He believed "the faith in miracles must yield, step by step, before the steady and firm advance of the facts of science, and its total defeat is undoubtedly a matter of time." In "Religion und Naturwissenschaft", <mask> expressed the view that God is everywhere present, and held that "the holiness of the unintelligible Godhead is conveyed by the holiness of symbols." Atheists, he thought, attach too much importance to what are merely symbols. He was a churchwarden from 1920 until his death, and believed in an almighty, all-knowing, beneficent God (though not necessarily a personal one). Both science and religion wage a "tireless battle against skepticism and dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition" with the goal "toward God!" <mask> said in 1944, "As a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clear headed science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about atoms this much: There is no matter as such.All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent spirit [orig. geist]. This spirit is the matrix of all matter." <mask> argued that the concept of God is important to both religion and science, but in different ways: "Both religion and science require a belief in God. For believers, God is in the beginning, and for physicists He is at the end of all considerations … To the former He is the foundation, to the latter, the crown of the edifice of every generalized world view". Furthermore, <mask> wrote, ..."to believe" means "to recognize as a truth," and the knowledge of nature, continually advancing on incontestably safe tracks, has made it utterly impossible for a person possessing some training in natural science to recognize as founded on truth the many reports of extraordinary occurrences contradicting the laws of nature, of miracles which are still commonly regarded as essential supports and confirmations of religious doctrines, and which formerly used to be accepted as facts pure and simple, without doubt or criticism.The belief in miracles must retreat step by step before relentlessly and reliably progressing science and we cannot doubt that sooner or later it must vanish completely. Noted historian of science John L. Heilbron characterized <mask>'s views on God as deistic. Heilbron further relates that when asked about his religious affiliation, <mask> replied that although he had always been deeply religious, he did not believe "in a personal God, let alone a Christian God".. Publications Translated in Translated in Translated in See also List of things named after <mask>ck German inventors and discoverers Photon polarization Statue of <mask>ck Zero-point energy References Sources Aczel, Amir D. Entanglement, Chapter

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Prince <mask>ze Bagration-Gruzinsky () (born 25 August 1950, in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic) is the head of the deposed royal House of Gruzinsky and represents its claim to the former crown of Georgia. Biography Prince Nugzar is the son of Prince Petre Bagration-Gruzinsky of Georgia (1920–1984), a prominent poet and claimant to the headship of the Georgian dynasty from 1939 until his death, and his second wife Liya Mgeladze (b. 8 August 1926). Prince Nugzar is the director of the Tbilisi theatre of cinema artists. On 18 December 2007, Nugzar met with Kristiina Ojuland, the Vice-President of the Riigikogu (Parliament of Estonia) at the Marriott-Tbilisi Hotel in which Ojuland "paid homage to the Bagrationi dynasty, which has made an extraordinary contribution in support of Georgia". Prince Nugzar is the senior descendant by primogeniture in the male line of George XII, the last King of Georgia (Kartli and Kakheti) to reign. Family Nugzar married actress Leila Kipiani (b. Tbilisi 16 July 1947) on 10 February 1971, and they have two daughters: Princess Ana Bagration-Gruzinsky, b. Tbilisi 1 November 1976.Married firstly to Grigoriy Malania and had two daughters with him, Irina and Mariam Bagration-Gruzinsky, and secondly, to Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani with whom she has a son, Prince Giorgi Bagrationi (see below). Princess Maia Bagration-Gruzinsky, b. Tbilisi 2 January 1978. She married Nikolai Chichinadze and has two children with him, Themour and Ana Chichinadze. As Nugzar has no male issue, Yevgeny Petrovich Gruzinsky (born 1947), the great-great grandson of Bagrat's younger brother Ilia (1791–1854), who lives in the Russian Federation, is considered to be Nugzar's heir presumptive within the primogeniture principle. Nugzar himself argues in favor of having his eldest daughter, Ana, designated as his heir in accordance with the Georgian dynastic law of "Zedsidzeoba" according to which every child of Princess Ana would inherit eligibility for dynastic succession through their mother, thus continuing the elder line of George XII. Dynastic marriage of the Gruzinsky and Mukhrani heirs Nugzar's daughter, Princess Ana, a divorced teacher and journalist with two daughters, married Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani, on 8 February 2009 at the Tbilisi Sameba Cathedral. The marriage united the Gruzinsky and Mukhrani branches of the Georgian royal family, and drew a crowd of 3,000 spectators, officials, and foreign diplomats, as well as extensive coverage by the Georgian media.The dynastic significance of the wedding lay in the fact that, amidst the turmoil in political partisanship that has roiled Georgia since its independence in 1991, Patriarch Ilia II of Georgia publicly called for restoration of the monarchy as a path toward national unity in October 2007. Although this led some politicians and parties to entertain the notion of a Georgian constitutional monarchy, competition arose among the old dynasty's princes and supporters, as historians and jurists debated which Bagrationi has the strongest hereditary right to a throne that has been vacant for two centuries. Although some Georgian monarchists support the Gruzinsky branch's claim, others support that of the repatriated Mukhrani branch. Both branches descend in unbroken, legitimate male line from the medieval kings of Georgia down to Constantine II of Georgia who died in 1505. Whereas the Bagration-Mukhrani were a cadet branch of the former Royal House of Kartli, they became the genealogically senior-most line of the Bagrationi family in the early 20th century: yet the elder branch had lost the rule of Kartli by 1724. Meanwhile, the Bagration-Gruzinsky line, although junior to the Princes of Mukhrani genealogically, reigned over the kingdom of Kakheti, re-united the two realms in the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti in 1762, and did not lose sovereignty until Russian annexation in 1801. Prince Giorgi, the son of David and Ana, was born on 27 September 2011 in Madrid, Spain.Currently <mask> does not officially recognize his grandson as heir to the Georgian throne. He continues to demand that David sign a written agreement in which he would recognize <mask> and the Gruzinsky branch as the sole rightful heir to the Georgian throne and to the legacy of the Georgian kings. Nevertheless, in 2013, Prince Giorgi returned to Georgia with his mother and father and was baptised by Patriarch Ilia II of Georgia at the cathedral in Mtskheta. This service was attended by Prince <mask>, who after the christening of his grandson said: Patronages Director of Tiflis Theatre of Cinema Artists. Honours Dynastic honours House of Bagrationi: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Queen Ketevan the Martyr House of Bagrationi: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint David House of Bagrationi: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of King Erekle II House of Bagrationi: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of the Crown of the Georgian Kingdom Foreign honours Rwandan Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of the Drum Ancestors See also Georgian monarchs family tree of Bagrationi dynasty References Sources W.E.D. Allen, A History of the Georgian People, from the beginning down to the Russian conquest in the nineteenth century. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd., London, 1932.Almanach de Gotha, annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique. Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1826–1944. I.L. Bichikashvili, D.V. Ninidze and A.N. Peikrishvili, The Genealogy of the Bagratides. Tiflis, 1995 M.L.Bierbrier, "The Descendants of Theodora Comnena of Trebizond". The Genealogist, Volumes 11, No. 2, Fall 1997 to 14, No. 1, Spring 2000 (inclusive). American Society of Genealogists, Picton Press, Rockport, ME. M. Brosset (ed. ), Rapporta sur un Voyage Archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l'Arménie exécute en 1847–1848.L'académie Impériale des Sciences, St.- Pétersbourg, 1849 [British Library Shelfmark 1269.dd.10] Marie-Félicité Brosset, Histoire de la Géorgie, depuis la'antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle, traduite du Géorgien. L'académie Impériale des Sciences, St.- Pétersbourg, 1856. Marie-Félicité Brosset, "Inscriptions tumulaires géorgiennes de Moscou et de St.-Pètersbourg". Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pètersbourg. Sixième série. Sciences politiques, histoire et philologie. Tome IV.L'académie Impériale des Sciences, St.- Pétersbourg, 1840 pp. 461–521. [British Library shelfmark Ac. 1125/2] Marie-Félicité Brosset, "Nouvelles rescherches sur l'histoire Wakhoucht, sur le roi Artchil et sa famille, et sur divers personages géorgiens enterrés à Moscou". Mélanges Asiatiques, Vol. III, l'Académie Impériale des Sciences, St Petersburg, 1859. pp. 534–575.[British Library shelfmark Ac. 1125/11] Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume II Africa & the Middle East, Burke's Peerage Ltd., London 1980. Stanislav Dumin, "Tsars and Tsarevitchs of the United Kakheti and Kartli. T.S.H. Princes Gruzinsky", The Families of the Nobility of the Russian Empire, Volume III, Moscow, 1996. Jacques Ferrand, Les Families Princieres de l'Ancien Empire de Russie en émigration. 3 parts.Montreuil, France, 1978. Giorgi Gabeskiria. Georgian History. National Parliamentary Library of Georgia/Electronic Text Center, Tbilisi, 2001. A. Gugushvili, "The Chronological-Genealogical Table of the Kings of Georgia". Georgica. Volume 1, Nos.2 & 3, pp. 106–153. The Georgian Historical Society, London, October 1936. János József Gudenus, Magyar családtorténeti adattár. Petófi Irodalmi Múzeum, Budapest. Internet, 2006. Nicolas Ikonnikov, la Noblesse de Russie.Deuxième Edition. Paris, 1958. Davit Marshal Lang, The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1632. Columbia University Press, New York, 1957. "Oukase Impérial réglant le titre et le raing des princes Géorgiens domiciliés en Russie". Journal Asiatique. Troisième série, Tome 1, Fevrier 1836, pp.205–207. Société Asiatique, Paris, 1836. S. Quakhchishvili (ed. ), The Georgian Chronicle: the Period of Giorgi Lasha. Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1991. Nino Salia, "le martyr de la reine Kéthévan de Georgie", Bedi Karthlisa "Le Destin de la Georgie", Revue de Karthvelologie, No 23 (N.S. ), pp.55–57, Paris, January 1957. Kalistrat Salia and Katharine Vivian (trans. ), History of the Georgian Nation. Paris, 1983. Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza, Dictionnaire historique et génealgique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople. Paris, 1999. Cyril Toumanoff, "The Fifteenth-Century Bagratides and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia".Traditio. Volume VII, Fordham University Press, New York 1949–1951, pp. 169–221. Cyrille Toumanoff, Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne (Arménie-Géorgie-Albanie). Edizioni Aquila, Roma, 1976. Tsarévitch Wakhoucht (Prince Vakusht), Description géographique de la Géorgie. L'Académie Impérial des Sciences, St Pétersbourg, 1842.External links Official Site of the Royal House of Bagrationi of Georgia (Gruzinsky) 1950 births Living people Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Georgian princes Film people from Tbilisi Theatre directors from Georgia (country) Pretenders to the Georgian throne Theatre people from Tbilisi

Algernon Blackwood

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<mask>, CBE (14 March 1869 – 10 December 1951) was an English broadcasting narrator, journalist, novelist and short story writer, and among the most prolific ghost story writers in the history of the genre. The literary critic S. T. Joshi stated, "His work is more consistently meritorious than any weird writer's except Dunsany's." and that his short story collection Incredible Adventures (1914) "may be the premier weird collection of this or any other century". Life and work <mask> was born in Shooter's Hill (now part of south-east London, then part of north-west Kent). Between 1871 and 1880, he lived at Crayford Manor House, Crayford and he was educated at Wellington College. His father was a Post Office administrator who, according to Peter Penzoldt, "though not devoid of genuine good-heartedness, had appallingly narrow religious ideas." After he read the work of a Hindu sage left behind at his parents' house, he developed an interest in Buddhism and other eastern philosophies.<mask> had a varied career, working as a dairy farmer in Canada, where he also operated a hotel for six months, as a newspaper reporter in New York City, bartender, model, journalist for The New York Times, private secretary, businessman, and violin teacher. Throughout his adult life, he was an occasional essayist for periodicals. In his late thirties, he moved back to England and started to write stories of the supernatural. He was successful, writing at least ten original collections of short stories and later telling them on radio and television. He also wrote 14 novels, several children's books and a number of plays, most of which were produced, but not published. He was an avid lover of nature and the outdoors, as many of his stories reflect. To satisfy his interest in the supernatural, he joined The Ghost Club.He never married; according to his friends he was a loner, but also cheerful company. Jack Sullivan stated that "<mask>'s life parallels his work more neatly than perhaps that of any other ghost story writer. Like his lonely but fundamentally optimistic protagonists, he was a combination of mystic and outdoorsman; when he wasn't steeping himself in occultism, including Rosicrucianism, or Buddhism he was likely to be skiing or mountain climbing." <mask> was a member of one of the factions of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as was his contemporary Arthur Machen. Cabalistic themes influence his novel The Human Chord. His two best-known stories are probably "The Willows" and "The Wendigo". He would also often write stories for newspapers at short notice, with the result that he was unsure exactly how many short stories he had written and there is no sure total.Though <mask> wrote a number of horror stories, his most typical work seeks less to frighten than to induce a sense of awe. Good examples are the novels The Centaur, which reaches a climax with a traveller's sight of a herd of the mythical creatures; and Julius LeVallon and its sequel The Bright Messenger, which deal with reincarnation and the possibility of a new, mystical evolution of human consciousness. In correspondence with Peter Penzoldt, <mask> wrote, My fundamental interest, I suppose, is signs and proofs of other powers that lie hidden in us all; the extension, in other words, of human faculty. So many of my stories, therefore, deal with extension of consciousness; speculative and imaginative treatment of possibilities outside our normal range of consciousness.... Also, all that happens in our universe is natural; under Law; but an extension of our so limited normal consciousness can reveal new, extra-ordinary powers etc., and the word "supernatural" seems the best word for treating these in fiction. I believe it possible for our consciousness to change and grow, and that with this change we may become aware of a new universe. A "change" in consciousness, in its type, I mean, is something more than a mere extension of what we already possess and know. <mask> wrote an autobiography of his early years, Episodes Before Thirty (1923), and there is a biography, Starlight Man, by Mike Ashley ().<mask> died after several strokes. Officially his death on 10 December 1951 was from cerebral thrombosis, with arteriosclerosis as a contributing factor. He was cremated at Golders Green crematorium. A few weeks later his nephew took his ashes to Saanenmöser Pass in the Swiss Alps, and scattered them in the mountains that he had loved for more than forty years. Tales of the Supernatural (1983); selected and introduced by Mike Ashley; selections from previous Blackwood collections The Magic Mirror (1989); selected, introduced, and notes by Mike Ashley; original collection The Complete John Silence Stories (1997); selected and introduced by S. T. Joshi; reprint of 1908's John Silence (without the preface to the 1942 reprint) and the one remaining John Silence story, "A Victim of Higher Space" Ancient Sorceries and Other Weird Stories (2002); selected, introduced, and notes by S. T. Joshi; selections from previous Blackwood collections <mask> <mask>'s Canadian Tales of Terror (2004); selected, introduced, with notes by John Robert Colombo; eight stories of special Canadian interest plus information on the author's years in Canada Legacy H. P. Lovecraft included <mask> as one of the "Modern Masters" in the section of that name in "Supernatural Horror in Literature". Authors who have been influenced by <mask>'s work include William Hope Hodgson, George Allan England, H. P. Lovecraft, H. Russell Wakefield, "L. Adams Beck" (Elizabeth Louisa Moresby), Margery Lawrence, Evangeline Walton, Ramsey Campbell and Graham Joyce. In the first draft of his essay "Notes on the Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings", J. R. R. Tolkien stated that he derived the phrase "crack of doom" from an unnamed story by Algernon Blackwood.Frank Belknap Long's 1928 story "The Space-Eaters" alludes to <mask>'s fiction. Clark Ashton Smith's story "Genius Loci" (1933) was inspired by <mask>'s story "The Transfer". The plot of Caitlin R. Kiernan's novel Threshold (2001) is influenced by <mask>'s work. Kiernan has cited <mask> as an important influence on her writing. In The Books in My Life, Henry Miller chose <mask>'s The Bright Messenger as "the most extraordinary novel on psychoanalysis, one that dwarfs the subject." <mask> <mask> appears as a character in the novel The Curse of the Wendigo by Rick Yancey. In the PS4 game Until Dawn, the main setting is named Blackwood Pines, as the main antagonist is a Wendigo.Critical studies An early essay on <mask>'s work was "<mask> <mask>: An Appreciation," by Grace Isabel Colbron (1869–1943), which appeared in The Bookman in February 1915. Peter Penzoldt devotes the final chapter of The Supernatural in Fiction (1952) to an analysis of <mask>'s work and dedicates the book "with deep admiration and gratitude, to <mask> <mask>, the greatest of them all". A critical analysis of <mask>'s work appears in Jack Sullivan, Elegant Nightmares: The English Ghost Story From Le Fanu to Blackwood, 1978. David Punter has an essay on <mask>. There is a critical essay on <mask>'s work in S. T. Joshi's The Weird Tale (1990). Edward Wagenknecht analyses <mask>'s work in his book Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. David Grimbleby, "<mask> <mask>: A Personal Appreciation".Occulture 1, No 2 [1994] Eugene Thacker, in his "Horror of Philosophy" series of books, discusses <mask>'s stories "The Willows" and "The Man Whom The Trees Loved" as examples of how supernatural horror poses philosophical questions regarding the relation between human beings and the "cosmic indifference" of the world. See also List of horror fiction authors Religion and mythology Tales of Mystery (A 1960s British supernatural television drama series) Weird Fiction Notes References US edition of Starlight Man: The Extraordinary Life of <mask> <mask>. UK edition of <mask> <mask>: An Extraordinary Life. Modern reissue of subject's memoir; originally published in 1923 (London: Cassell & Co.). Burleson, Donald. "<mask> <mask>'s 'The Listener: A Hearing'". Studies in Weird Fiction 5 (Spring 1989), pp.15–19. Colombo, John Robert. "<mask>'s Books: A Bibliography Devoted to <mask> <mask>" Toronto Hounslow Press 1981 Colombo, John Robert. (ed) Algernon <mask>'s Canadian Tales of Terror Lake Eugenia, Ontario Battered Silicon Dispatch Box 2004 Goddin, Jeffrey. "Subtle Perceptions: The Fantasy Novels of <mask> <mask>" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction, Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1986, pp. 94–103. Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood".Dictionary of Literary Biography. Late-Victorian and Edwardian British Novelists, First Series. Ed. George M. Johnson. Detroit: Gale, 1995. Johnson, George M. "<mask> <mask>". Dictionary of Literary Biography.British Short-Fiction Writers, 1880–1914. Ed. William F. Naufftus. Detroit: Gale, 1995. Johnson, George M. "<mask> <mask>". New Dictionary of National Biography. Ed.Brian Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Johnson, George M. "<mask> <mask>’s Modernist Experiments in Psychical Detection". Formal Investigations: Aesthetic Style in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Detective Fiction. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press, 2007. pp. 29–51. Johnson, George M. "The Other Side of Edwardian Fiction: Two Forgotten Fantasy Novels of 1911".Wormwood: Literature of the fantastic, supernatural and decadent. UK, No. 16 (Spring 2011) 3–15. Thacker, Eugene. "How <mask> <mask> Turned Nature Into Sublime Horror". LitHub. (March 8, 2021).Further reading Goddin, Jeffrey. "Subtle Perceptions: The Fantasy Novels of <mask> <mask>" in Darrell Schweitzer, ed. Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction. Gillette, NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, 94-103. Gilbert, Stuart. "<mask> <mask>, Novelist and Mystic". Transition No 35 (July 1935).Letson, Russell Francis J. "The Approaches to Mystery: The Fantasies of Arthur Machen and <mask> <mask>." Dissertation Abstracts International, 36 (1976): 8047A (Southern Illinois University). Sullivan, Jack. Elegant Nightmares: The English Ghost Story from Le Fanu to Blackwood. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1978. Wagenknecht, Edward.Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991, Chapter Four. External links Fantastic Fiction <mask> <mask> page Spitzer Interview: Adapting The Willows Collection of Blackwood Stories <mask> <mask> Quotes Play Starlight Express at Great War Theatre 1869 births 1951 deaths English horror writers Ghost story writers English memoirists English short story writers People from Shooter's Hill People from Crayford People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Deaths from cerebral thrombosis 20th-century English novelists Weird fiction writers 20th-century British short story writers

Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset

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<mask>, 2nd Marquess of Dorset (22 June 147710 October 1530) was an English peer, courtier, soldier, and landowner of the House of Grey. Early life Grey was the third son and heir of <mask>, 1st Marquess of Dorset (1455–1501), at that time England's only marquess, and his wife, Cecily Bonville, the daughter and heiress of William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington of Aldingham. His mother was suo jure 7th Baroness Harington of Aldingham and 2nd Baroness Bonville, and the richest heiress in England. The first marquess was the eldest son of Elizabeth Woodville, a stepson of King Edward IV and a half-brother of King Edward V. According to some reports, the young Grey attended Magdalen College School, Oxford, and he is uncertainly said to have been taught (either at the school or else privately tutored) by the future Cardinal Wolsey. Grey's father was opposed to King Richard III, and after the older <mask> joined Buckingham's failed rebellion of 1483, father and son fled to Brittany, joining Henry Tudor. Five months after Richard lost the crown to Henry at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, the new king married the first Dorset's half-sister Elizabeth of York, but Henry VII was also suspicious of Dorset, who was imprisoned during Lambert Simnel's rebellion of 1487. In 1492, Dorset was required to give guarantees of loyalty to the crown and to make the young <mask> a ward of the king.Courtier Amongst the Queen of England's closest relations, Grey and his younger brothers Leonard and Edward were welcome at court and became courtiers and later soldiers. In 1494, Grey was made a knight of the Bath and in 1501 a knight of the Garter. Also in 1501, his father died and the younger <mask> inherited his titles and some of his estates. However, much of the first marquess's land went to his widow and not to his son, who did not come into his full inheritance until the death of his mother in 1529, shortly before his own death. Later in 1501, he was 'chief answerer' at the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon and was presented with a diamond and ruby Tudor rose at a court tournament. But in 1508 he was sent to the Tower of London, and later a gaol in Calais, under suspicion of conspiracy against Henry VII. Although he was saved from execution in 1509 by the accession of King Henry VIII, Grey was attainted and lost his titles.However, later in 1509 he was pardoned and returned to court, and was summoned to parliament as Baron Ferrers of Groby. In 1511, he was summoned as Marquess of Dorset. From 1509, Dorset was again an active courtier and took part with great distinction in many court tournaments, on one occasion in March 1524 nearly killing the king. In 1511, Dorset sold land near Althorp, Northamptonshire, to John Spencer. The sale included the villages of Little Brington and Great Brington, as well their parish church of St Mary the Virgin. In 1514, with Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, Dorset escorted Henry VII's daughter Princess Mary to France for her wedding to King Louis XII. Dorset owned land in sixteen English counties and was a justice of the peace for several of them.In 1516, during a rivalry in Leicestershire with George, Baron Hastings, and Sir Richard Sacheverell, Dorset unlawfully increased his retinue at court and was brought before the Star Chamber and the Court of King's Bench. He was bound over for good behaviour. As part of this rivalry, he greatly enlarged his ancestral home at Bradgate, Leicestershire. In 1520, at the Field of Cloth of Gold, Dorset carried the sword of state. In 1521, he met the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at Gravelines on the coast of France and escorted him on a visit to England. He helped with the entertainment of the court by maintaining a company of actors. In 1521, Dorset sat in judgment on the Duke of Buckingham, despite being related to him by blood and marriage.Henry VIII rewarded Dorset with three of Buckingham's manors. From 17 June 1523 until his death in 1530, Dorset was Justice in Eyre south of Trent. As such, he presided at the triennial Court of justice-seat, which dealt with matters of forest law. In 1524, Dorset's Leicestershire feud with Lord Hastings turned into a fight between hundreds of men, and Cardinal Wolsey took action. Both rivals had to put up a bond for good behaviour of one thousand pounds, and Dorset was sent to Wales as Lord Master of Princess Mary's Council. In 1528, Dorset became constable of Warwick Castle, and in 1529 of Kenilworth Castle. In 1529, recalling his role as 'chief answerer' at the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales, Dorset was a critical witness in favour of Henry VIII's divorce of Catherine of Aragon.He strongly supported the King's contention that Arthur and Catherine's marriage had been consummated. In 1530, in the final months of his life, he assisted the King in the condemnation of Cardinal Wolsey. Soldier In 1512, during the War of the League of Cambrai, Dorset led an unsuccessful English military expedition to France to reconquer Aquitaine, which England had lost during the Hundred Years' War. Ferdinand of Aragon gave none of the support he had promised. While Ferdinand delayed and tried to persuade Dorset to help him to attack Navarre instead of Aquitaine, the English army's food, beer, and pay ran out, many took to wine and became ill, and the army mutinied. Back in England, Dorset had to face a trial. In 1513, he fought at the siege of Tournai and the Battle of Guinegate (also known as the Battle of the Spurs), and fought again in 1523 in the Scottish borders.These all gave him chances to make amends for the debacle of Aquitaine. To help Dorset in dealing with the Scots, he was appointed Lord Warden of the Marches, restored to the Privy Council, and became a gentleman of the chamber. Family Grey was the son and heir of <mask>, 1st Marquess of Dorset (c. 1456–1501), and his wife, Cecily Bonville, daughter and heiress of William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington of Aldingham and of Lady Katherine Neville (1442–1503) and granddaughter of Alice Neville, 5th Countess of Salisbury (1407–1462). Cecily Bonville's maternal uncles included Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (called 'Warwick the Kingmaker'), John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu and George Neville, archbishop of York and Chancellor of England, while her aunts had married Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, <mask>, 1st Earl of Derby, and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Cecily Bonville succeeded her father as Baroness Harington in 1460, and two months later succeeded her great-grandfather William Bonville as Baron Bonville. After the death of her first husband, Cecily Bonville married her late husband's first cousin Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, the younger son of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and of Catherine Woodville, Dorset's aunt. The younger <mask>'s paternal grandparents were Queen Elizabeth Woodville (c. 1437–1492) and her first husband Sir John Grey of Groby (c. 1432–1461), son and heir of Elizabeth Ferrers, Lady Ferrers of Groby, so his father the first marquess was a stepson of King Edward IV and a half-brother of King Edward V. His grandfather Sir John Grey was killed at the Second Battle of St Albans (1461), fighting on the Lancastrian side.His grandmother Elizabeth Woodville was the eldest daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, and Jacquetta of Luxembourg, widow of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. Following his grandmother's marriage to Edward IV, members of her family gained advantages and made prosperous marriages. Elizabeth's brother John Woodville, at the age of twenty, married Catherine Neville, dowager Duchess of Norfolk, then in her late sixties. Through Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Dorset was descended from Eleanor of England (1215–1275), the daughter of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, and from several other European royal families. Marriages and descendants <mask> was contracted in 1483 to marry Anne St Leger (1476–1526), the daughter of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter and her second husband Sir <mask> Leger. Remarkably, Anne St Leger had been declared the heiress to the Exeter estates, but the marriage did not take place. In the event, the young <mask>'s first marriage was to Eleanor St John, a daughter of Oliver St John of Lydiard Tregoze, Wiltshire and of his wife Elizabeth Scrope, daughter of Henry le Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton (1418–1459).Grey's father-in-law Oliver St John (died in 1497) (also known as Oliver of Ewell) was the son of Margaret Beauchamp (c. 1411–1482), the great-great-granddaughter of Roger Beauchamp, 1st Lord Beauchamp of Bletso, Keeper of Devizes Castle, and heiress to the Beauchamp estates. After the death of her first husband, another Oliver St John (died 1437), she married John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (1404–1444), producing Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond. Eleanor St John was therefore the first cousin of Henry VII. In 1509, <mask> (now known as Lord Ferrers of Groby) married secondly Margaret Wotton (1487–1541), daughter of Sir Robert Wotton (c. 1463–1524) of Boughton Malherbe, Kent, and the widow of William Medley. She had two notable brothers, Sir Edward Wotton (1489–1551), Treasurer of Calais, and Nicholas Wotton (c. 1497–1567), a diplomat who in 1539 arranged the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves. With Margaret, the younger <mask> had four sons and four daughters, including Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk (1517–1554). Their daughter Elizabeth married <mask>, 1st Baron Audley of Walden and was the grandmother of <mask>, 1st Earl of Suffolk.His second wife survived him and died in or after 1535. His younger brother Leonard Grey, 1st Viscount Grane (c. 14791541) served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1536 to 1540. Dorset's son Henry succeeded him as Marquess of Dorset, married Lady Frances Brandon, a granddaughter of King Henry VII, and in 1551 (on the death of his brother-in-law Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk) become Duke of Suffolk, by way of a new creation. Dorset's granddaughter Lady Jane Grey was the designated successor of King Edward VI by his will, and for nine days in July 1553 briefly sat on the throne of England. In 1554, together with Dorset's other surviving sons, Lord John Grey and Lord <mask>, Suffolk took part in Wyatt's rebellion against Mary I's marriage to Philip of Spain and in support of Lady Jane Grey. When this rebellion failed, all three were arrested, and Suffolk and his brother <mask> were executed, as were Lady Jane herself and her husband Lord Guildford Dudley. Lord John Grey survived, and in July 1603 his youngest son, Henry Grey, was restored to the House of Lords by King James I as Baron Grey of Groby.Death Dorset died on 10 October 1530, and was buried in the collegiate church at Astley in Warwickshire. When he died he held estates in London and in sixteen counties, amounting to over one hundred manors, and was one of the richest men in England. His grave was opened in the early seventeenth century and measurement of his skeleton suggested a height of 5 feet 8 inches. Ancestry References The expedition of Dorset to Navarre 1477 births 1530 deaths <mask>, 2nd Marquess of Dorset Knights of the Garter Knights of the Bath Marquesses of Dorset Recipients of English royal pardons <mask> 15th-century English nobility 16th-century English nobility Barons Harington

Yuen Ren Chao

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<mask> (; 3 November 1892 – 25 February 1982), also known as Zhao Yuanren, was a Chinese-American linguist, educator, scholar, poet, and composer, who contributed to the modern study of Chinese phonology and grammar. <mask> was born and raised in China, then attended university in the United States, where he earned degrees from Cornell University and Harvard University. A naturally gifted polyglot and linguist, his Mandarin Primer was one of the most widely used Mandarin Chinese textbooks in the 20th century. He invented the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization scheme, which, unlike pinyin and other romanization systems, transcribes Mandarin Chinese pronunciation without diacritics to indicate tones. Early life <mask> was born in Tianjin in 1892, though his family's ancestral home was in Changzhou, Jiangsu province. In 1910, <mask> went to the United States with a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study mathematics and physics at Cornell University, where he was a classmate and lifelong friend of Hu Shih, the leader of the New Culture Movement. He then became interested in philosophy and in 1918 earned a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University with a dissertation entitled "Continuity: Study in Methodology".Already in college his interests had turned to music and languages. He spoke German and French fluently and some Japanese, and he had a reading knowledge of ancient Greek and Latin. He was Bertrand Russell's interpreter when Russell visited China in 1920. In his My Linguistic Autobiography, he wrote of his ability to pick up a Chinese dialect quickly, without much effort. <mask> possessed a natural gift for hearing fine distinctions in pronunciation that was said to be "legendary for its acuity", enabling him to record the sounds of various dialects with a high degree of accuracy. Career development and later life In 1920, he returned to China, marrying the physician Yang Buwei there that year. The ceremony was simple, as opposed to traditional weddings, attended only by Hu Shih and one other friend.Hu's account of it in the newspapers made the couple a model of modern marriage for China's New Culture generation. <mask> taught mathematics at Tsinghua University and one year later returned to the United States to teach at Harvard University. In 1925, he again returned to China, teaching at Tsinghua, and in 1926 began a survey of the Wu dialects. While at Tsinghua, <mask> was considered one of the 'Four Great Teachers / Masters' of China, alongside Wang Guowei, Liang Qichao, and Chen Yinke. He began to conduct linguistic fieldwork throughout China for the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica from 1928 onwards. During this period of time, he collaborated with Luo Changpei, another leading Chinese linguist of his generation, to translate Bernhard Karlgren's Études sur la Phonologie Chinoise (published in 1940) into Chinese. In 1938, he left for the US and resided there afterwards.In 1945, he served as president of the Linguistic Society of America, and in 1966 a special issue of the society's journal Language was dedicated to him. In 1954, he became an American citizen. In the 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. From 1947 to 1960, he taught at the University of California at Berkeley, where in 1952, he became Agassiz Professor of Oriental Languages. Both <mask> and his wife Yang were known for their good senses of humor, he particularly for his love of subtle jokes and language puns: they published a family history entitled, Life with Chaos: the autobiography of a Chinese family. Late in his life, he was invited by Deng Xiaoping to return to China in 1981. Previously at the invitation of Premier Zhou En-Lai, <mask> and his wife returned to China in 1973 for the first time since the 1940s.He visited China again between May and June in 1981 after his wife died in March the same year. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His first daughter Rulan <mask> (1922–2013) was Professor of East Asian Studies and Music at Harvard. His third daughter Lensey, born in 1929, is a children's book author and mathematician. Work When in the US in 1921, <mask> recorded the Standard Chinese pronunciation gramophone records distributed nationally, as proposed by Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation. He is the author of one of the most important standard modern works on Chinese grammar, A Grammar of Spoken Chinese (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), which was translated into Chinese separately by Lü Shuxiang (吕叔湘) in 1979 and by Ting Pang-hsin (丁邦新) in 1980. It was an expansion of the grammar chapters in his earlier textbooks, Mandarin Primer and Cantonese Primer.He was co-author of the Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese, which was the first dictionary to characterize Chinese characters as bound (used only in polysyllables) or free (permissible as a monosyllabic word). General Chinese (通字) is a phonetic system he invented to represent the pronunciations of all major varieties of Chinese simultaneously. It is not specifically a romanization system, but two alternate systems: one uses Chinese characters phonetically, as a syllabary, and the other is an alphabetic romanization system with similar sound values and tone spellings to Gwoyeu Romatzyh. <mask> also made a contribution to the International Phonetic Alphabet with the Chao tone letters. When the pitch descends, the contour is called a falling tone; when it ascends, a rising tone; when it descends and then returns, a dipping or falling-rising tone; and when it ascends and then returns, it is called a peaking or rising-falling tone. A tone in a contour-tone language which remains at approximately an even pitch is called a level tone. Tones which are too short to exhibit much of a contour, typically because of a final plosive consonant, may be called checked, abrupt, clipped, or stopped tones.His translation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where he tried his best to preserve all the word plays of the original, is considered "a classical piece of verbal art." He also wrote The Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den. This Chinese text consists of 92 characters, all with the sounds shī, shí, shǐ and shì (the diacritics indicate the four tones of Mandarin). When written out using Chinese characters the text can be understood, but it is incomprehensible when read out aloud in Standard Chinese, and therefore also incomprehensible on paper when written in romanized form. This example is often used as an argument against the romanization of Chinese. In fact, the text was an argument against the romanization of Classical Chinese and <mask> was actually for the romanization of modern vernacular written Chinese; he was one of the designers of Gwoyeu Romatzyh. His composition How could I help thinking of her (教我如何不想她 jiāo wǒ rúhé bù xiǎng tā) was a "pop hit" in the 1930s in China.The lyrics are by Liu Bannong, another linguist. <mask> translated Jabberwocky into Chinese by inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford describes as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original." Mrs. <mask> published How to Cook and Eat in Chinese in 1946, and the book went through many editions. Their daughter Rulan wrote the English text and Mr. <mask> developmentally edited the text based on Mrs. <mask>'s developed recipes, as well as her experiences gathering recipes in various areas of China. Among the three of them, they coined the terms "pot sticker" and "stir fry" for the book, terms which are now widely accepted, and the recipes popularized various related techniques. His presentation of his wife's recipe for “Stirred Eggs” (Chapter 13) is a classic of American comic writing. Selected works (with Yang Lien-sheng) Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese (1947).Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Cantonese Primer (1947). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Mandarin Primer (1948). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Grammar of Spoken Chinese (1965). Berkeley: University of California Press.References Notes and Further reading <mask>, <mask> <mask>, "My Linguistic Autobiography", in Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays by <mask> <mask>, pp. 1–20, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976. also in 陳嘉映：〈語言學大師趙元任〉（2009）[Chen Jiaying: 'Linguist Master Zhao Yuanren' (2009)] External links Chinese linguist, phonologist, composer and author, <mask> <mask>, interview conducted by Rosemany Levenson, Bancroft Library Chao's gallery, with related essays, at Tsinghua's site Biography at Guoxue 1892 births 1982 deaths Chinese male composers Republic of China (1912–1949) emigrants to the United States Linguists from China American writers of Chinese descent Republic of China translators English–Chinese translators Chinese–English translators Chinese non-fiction writers Cornell University alumni Chinese phonologists Chinese sinologists University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty Tsinghua University faculty Harvard University faculty Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni Cornell University faculty National Southwestern Associated University faculty Boxer Indemnity Scholarship recipients Members of Academia Sinica Writers from Tianjin Educators from Tianjin Musicians from Tianjin Republic of China musicians Scientists from Tianjin 20th-century Chinese translators Chinese composers 20th-century composers Linguistic Society of America presidents Linguists of Chinese 20th-century linguists Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy 20th-century male musicians

Émilie de Rodat

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<mask> (6 September 1787 – 19 September 1852), born Marie Guillemette (Wilhelmina) <mask>, also known as <mask>, was a nun, virgin, mystic, and the founder of the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche. She was born to a noble family near Rodez, in southern France. When she was 18 months old, she was sent to live with her maternal grandmother in Villefranche, to protect her from the oppression of Christians during the French Revolution. When she was 16, she had a spiritual experience, and at the age of 18, she became a teacher. In 1815, she started a school for poor girls in Villefranche, which became the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche. Despite Rodat's spiritual and physical difficulties, the community expanded, eventually founding 38 houses, 25 cloistered communities, and 32 schools with over 5,000 students; they also visited prisoners and cared for abandoned infants in China. By 1999, there were 520 Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche worldwide.Rodat's feast day is 19 September. She was beatified in 1940 and canonized in 1950. Early life <mask> <mask> was born on 6 September 1787, to a noble family, in "a handsome manor-house called Druelle" facing the plateau on which Rodez stands, in southern France. When she was 18 months old, at the beginning of the French Revolution, she was taken to live with her maternal grandmother in the Château of Ginals outside Villefranche, where her family lived in peace during the Revolution and Napoleon's reign because it was in a remote area and was relatively unscathed from the persecution of Catholics and other religious groups. Her aunt, a secularized nun due to religious oppression, also lived with them. Rodat was described as "a normally lively child with a strong but not excessive religious sensitivity" and "a pious young woman". She went to school in Maison Saint-Cyr in Villefranche, receiving a Christian education in secret due to the Revolution.When she was eleven, she received her First Communion. When she was 16, "her enthusiasm for religion cooled somewhat" and she changed confessors because she thought hers was too strict; after quarrelling with her grandmother, she returned to live with her parents at Ginals, where in 1804, she had a spiritual experience that drew her into religious life. When Rodat was 18, she returned to Villefranche, where she became a lay teacher at Maison Saint-Cyr, where she had gone to school, for eleven years. She was in charge of the girls' recreation, taught geography, and prepared them for communion. According to hagiographer Agnes Dunbar, "She took the deepest interest in their spiritual progress, and never recommended them any penance without first performing it herself". She met the Abbé Marty, the school's spiritual director, who became her confessor from 1805 to 1839; with his support and encouragement, Rodat investigated joining three communities, but always returned to Villefranche because none seemed to suit her; she blamed herself for her "restlessness and instability". In the spring of 1815, she was inspired to start a school for girls after overhearing a group of poor women discussing how their daughters were growing up without religious instruction because they were unable to pay for it themselves and the Ursuline nuns that taught them for no cost were driven away during the Revolution.<mask> taught 40 students, with the help of three assistants, in her small room at Villefranche. This was the beginning of what became the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche, also called the Sisters of Villefranche. Career and ministry In May 1816, with the support of the Abbé Marty, <mask> rented her own building and started a free school for girls. Marty wrote a rule based upon the Rule of St. Augustine and "helped her to expand the focus of this new community". She was able to purchase the house at the Maison Saint-Cyr, which was closing, with 100 students and eight other sisters. Two years later, she was able to buy better buildings for her school, but the congregation's existence was threatened by a series of unexplained illnesses and deaths of the students and teachers that was attributed to "diabolic influence". <mask> was inclined to take this as a sign not to continue, and seriously considered merging the community with the Daughters of Mary, which had just been founded by Adèle <mask> <mask>lèon.The sisters at Villefranche refused to accept any other abbess but Rodat, so the community was established, anyway. <mask> and her nuns took perpetual vows in the autumn of 1820, and according to church historian and hagiographer Alban Butler, they adopted a habit "of which the distinguishing feature was the transparent edge of the veil covering the upper part of the face". The first months of the Congregation did not go smoothly; according to Dunbar, "They were laughed at, jeered at, stoned". They were also threatened by legal action, some members of the Maison Saint-Cyr community were hostile to them, and they had to endure ridicule and criticism from lay people and clergy. In 1832, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche was formally approved by the bishop of Rodez. It was reported that Rodat had "great faith in God’s providential care and money and materials seemed to miraculously appear when needed". Founding schools were their main focus, but they gradually expanded to other ministries.They began to visit prisoners in 1863, "with encouraging results", opened orphanages, rescue homes for prostitutes, and a retirement home for "aged religious". <mask> also founded groups of contemplative nuns to pray for the community's charitable works, "seeing in the two branches a personification of Martha and Mary". By 1852, there were 32 Villefranche convents that ran schools, and five contemplative communities. <mask> "had to endure a lot both spiritually, health-wise and in her work" throughout her life. She developed cancer in her left eye, a cancerous tumor in her nose, and an unknown disease, probably Ménière's disease, which gave her permanent tinnitus in her ears. Her health difficulties, along with the loss of direct support from the Abbé Marty when he was appointed vicar general of the diocese of Rodez, caused her to experience a "period of spiritual despair". A life of intense prayer brought her inner peace of mind, but outwardly she seemed sullen, strict, and unattractive; she was sometimes careless with her personal appearance, especially how she dressed, to counteract her pride, what she perceived as her main weakness.One of her supervisors said that "she was a saint, but a stubborn saint". She was prone to arguments with even her supporters like the Abbé Marty due to "the uncompromising side of her personality", but responded politely to her critics. Few people knew that she was a "mystic with tremendous healing powers." In April 1852, after 30 years as head of the community she founded, <mask> retired due to the development of cancer in her left eye and a tumor. At the time, the Villefranche Sisters had begun working with abandoned infants in China, a work she was greatly interested in. She died on 19 September 1852, at the age of 65, and was buried in the crypt in the chapel of the first home she founded in Villefrance, which became a pilgrimage destination and where many people received prayers through her. At the time of her death, there were 38 houses, 25 cloistered communities, and 32 schools with over 5,000 students sponsored by the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche in several countries.Streets in her home district, including Villefranche and Rodez, were named after her. As of 1999, there were 520 Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche worldwide. Rodat's feast day is 19 September; it is celebrated in the house of Holy Family of Villefranche the third Sunday in September. She was beatified on 9 June 1940 and canonized by Pope Pius XII on 23 April 1950. References Works cited Butler, Alban (1991). Butler's Lives of the Saints (5th edition), Michael Walsh, ed. San Francisco: Harper. . OCLC 33824974 External links Sisters of the Holy Family of St Emilie (UK site) French Roman Catholic saints 19th-century Christian saints Canonizations by Pope Pius XII 1787 births 1852 deaths Christian female saints of the Late Modern era

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<mask>. (born May 15, 1975) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker with the Baltimore Ravens for his entire 17-year career in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes, and earned All-America honors. <mask> was drafted by the Ravens in the first round of the 1996 NFL Draft, and upon his retirement following the 2012 season, was the last remaining active player from the team's inaugural season. <mask> immediately became a leader on defense and led the team in tackles as a rookie, the first of 14 times he led the Ravens in tackles. <mask> pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice in connection with the stabbing deaths of two men in 2000. The following season, he was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year and led the Ravens' record-setting defense, which established a 16-game single-season record for the fewest points allowed (165) and the fewest rushing yards allowed (970), to victory in Super Bowl XXXV. <mask> also became the second linebacker to win the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, and the first to win the award on the winning Super Bowl team.<mask> won his second Defensive Player of the Year award in 2003, becoming the sixth player to win the award multiple times. After a triceps tear that sidelined him for most of the 2012 regular season, <mask> returned for the Ravens' playoff run and earned his second Super Bowl victory in his final NFL game. On February 3, 2018, the fifth anniversary of his final game, <mask> was selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. During his tenure with the Ravens, he accumulated 2,059 career combined tackles, including 1,568 solo tackles, both of which are NFL records. Due to his numerous accolades and prodigious football play, <mask> is widely considered to be the greatest middle linebacker in NFL history. He was a 13-time Pro Bowler, a 10-time All-Pro, and one of the few players in NFL history to play in a Pro Bowl in three decades (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). He is also considered to be the greatest Baltimore Raven of all time, as well as one of the greatest defensive players of all time.Early life <mask> Jenkins was born in Bartow, Florida, the oldest of five siblings. His mother was just 16 at the time of his birth, while his father was absent for most of his life. Not much was known about his father's life other that he was a record-setting high school wrestler before he was incarcerated for drug-related offenses. As a boy, and the eventual older brother to four younger siblings, <mask> quickly became the man of the house. He helped his sisters with their hair and made sure his younger brother arrived at daycare on time. When his father's contact became less frequent, he abandoned his last name and changed it to the last name of his mother's boyfriend, <mask>, when he entered Kathleen High School in Lakeland. He is the older brother of former University of Maryland running back Keon Lattimore.<mask> was an All-American linebacker for the football team at Kathleen, overcoming his small size with his intensity and instincts. In addition, he was a prolific wrestler for the school. He later revealed that his stepfather was extremely abusive towards his mother, and got a deck of 52 playing cards to start his push-up regimen, so he could get stronger to protect her. This also was the reason behind choosing the #52 jersey in his professional career. College career <mask> enrolled in the University of Miami, where he was a member of the Miami Hurricanes football team. As a freshman, he was an immediate contributor and became a starter for the Hurricanes' final five games. He compiled 81 tackles, two sacks, two tackles for loss, and four pass deflections en route to being named to the freshman All-American team.In his sophomore season, <mask> earned first-team All-American and All-Big East honors. <mask> led the Big East with 153 tackles and also contributed nine tackles for a loss, two sacks, and an interception for a Hurricanes team that had the nation's top-ranked defense and finished No. 6 in both the writers' and coaches' polls. <mask>'s junior campaign was even more successful, as he was again named to the All-American and All-Big East teams, and finished as runner-up for the Butkus Award, given to the top linebacker in college football. <mask> finished his junior season with 160 tackles, the second highest in University of Miami team history after Ed Weisacosky's 164 in 1965. <mask> also totaled eight tackles for loss, two sacks, two interceptions, a forced fumble, four pass deflections, and one touchdown. Against the West Virginia Mountaineers, <mask> contributed 15 tackles.<mask> led the Big East in tackles his last two seasons and accumulated the fifth most in Miami history despite playing only three seasons. After the 1995 season, <mask> decided to forgo his final year of college eligibility and enter the NFL draft. The Baltimore Ravens, who were entering their inaugural season, selected <mask> 26th overall in the first round of the 1996 NFL Draft. <mask> was the Ravens' second ever draft pick behind offensive tackle Jonathan Ogden who was selected #4 overall the same year. <mask> eventually earned his undergraduate degree in Arts and Science in 2004 at the University of Maryland University College. Professional career 1996 season: Rookie season <mask> was the top-rated inside linebacker heading into the 1996 NFL Draft, in which Kevin Hardy was considered the draft's only outstanding linebacker prospect. Taken as the fifth linebacker in the draft, <mask> was seen by scouts as possessing speed, tackling ability, and intensity, as well as being praised for his ability to go into pass coverage.But many considered his lack of size a potential liability. In his first career game, a Week 1 19-14 victory over the Oakland Raiders, <mask> earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week for his seven-tackle performance, along with an unusual interception. <mask> earned USA Today's All-Rookie team honors after his 15 tackles for loss led the NFL and 110 tackles led the Ravens in the 1996 season. He finished his rookie season with two and a half sacks, six pass deflections, and an interception on the season. 1997 season In Week 9, against the Washington Redskins, <mask> earned his second AFC Defensive Player of the Week honor. <mask> recorded an NFL-best and career high 184 tackles in 1997, which also included 156 solo tackles, the most ever in single season, and earned his first Pro Bowl berth at the end of that season. In addition, <mask> totaled four sacks, an interception, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and 11 pass deflections.1998 season In 1998, <mask> made his second trip to the Pro Bowl after recording 120 tackles, three sacks, two interceptions, a forced fumble, and seven pass deflections. He led the Ravens in tackles for the third consecutive season. He was also named to The Sporting News All-Pro Team. In what would prove to be Hall of Fame Detroit Lions running back Barry Sanders's final game, <mask> and the rest of the Ravens defense held him to just 41 rushing yards on 19 attempts. 1999 season In 1999, during the first game of the regular season against the St. Louis Rams , <mask> had 14 solo tackles, 4 tackles for loss, and a sack in <mask> in the 27-10 loss, In week 2 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he finished with a team leading 13 combined tackles in the 23-20 loss. In week 3 against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> had 10 combined tackles and a sack in the 17-10 win. In week 4 against the Atlanta Falcons, <mask> finished with 12 combined tackles in the 19-13 overtime win.During week 5 against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> had 13 tackles and a safety in the 14-11 loss. In week 8 against the Buffalo Bills, <mask> had 14 tackles and a sack in the 13-10 loss. Despite the Ravens having an 8-8 regular season record, <mask> led the NFL in tackles with 165. He was named to a third-straight Pro Bowl and the All-Pro first team. He also totaled three and a half sacks, three interceptions, eight pass deflections, a safety, and a forced fumble. <mask> won the 1999 NFL Alumni Linebacker Of The Year chosen by past NFL players voting according to the position they played. 2000: Record-setting defense and Super Bowl XXXV MVP In 2000, <mask> led a defense which many call the greatest in NFL history for a single season.In week 2 of the regular season against the Jacksonville Jaguars, <mask> led the team in tackles with 11 tackles in the 39-36 win. In week 3 against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> had 11 tackles in the 19-6 loss. In week 6 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he finished 13 tackles and a fumble recovery in the 15-10 win. In week 13 against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> had 5 tackles and 2 sacks in the 44-7 blowout win. <mask> finished the regular season with a franchise leading 137 tackles, as well as two interceptions, 6 pass deflections, and three fumble recoveries. The team set a 16-game single-season record for fewest points allowed (165) and fewest rushing yards allowed (970). The team recorded four shutouts, one shy of the single-season record.The unit finished first league-wide in six key defensive categories. Including the postseason, and excluding three combined touchdowns that were given up by the Ravens offense and special teams, Baltimore's defense allowed only 184 points in 20 games. After the regular season, he earned a unanimous All-Pro selection, and was once again named to start in the Pro Bowl. In the Wild Card Round against the Denver Broncos, <mask> had 7 tackles and an interception in the 21-3 win. In the Divisional Round against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> had 12 combined tackles and an interception returned for a touchdown in the 24-10 win. In the NFC Championship game against the Oakland Raiders, he had 7 combined tackles and a fumble recovery in the 16-3 win. <mask> was named NFL Defensive Player of The Year for the 2000 season.The Ravens became only the second team to ever record a defensive shutout in a Super Bowl, as they dominated the New York Giants 34-7 to win the franchise's first ever world championship. <mask>'s 5 combined tackles and 4 passes defended earned him Super Bowl XXXV MVP honors. He also added 31 tackles, two interceptions, 9 pass deflections, one fumble recovery, and a touchdown in the four-game playoff run. 2001 season In 2001, <mask> earned his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl selection, when he led the NFL in tackles with 162 and earned first-team All-Pro honors. In Week 15, he earned his third AFC Defensive Player of the Week honor in a 15–0 shutout of the Cincinnati Bengals. <mask> scored a touchdown in the 2002 Pro Bowl. In the Ravens' two playoff games, he totaled 17 tackles, three forced fumbles, and one pass deflection.2002 season In 2002, <mask> was limited to only five games due to a shoulder injury. He still managed to rank fifth on the team with 58 tackles. In addition, <mask> compiled two interceptions, two pass deflections, a forced fumble and a fumble recovery. <mask> earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week honors in Week 4 against the Denver Broncos after posting 18 tackles (11 solo), two pass deflections, and an interception. After having been selected to the Pro Bowl for five consecutive seasons (1997–2001), <mask>'s streak was stopped by his season-ending injury. In his absence, the Baltimore Ravens defense finished ranked 19th in points allowed. 2003 season <mask> was the leading vote recipient for the 2003 AP All-Pro team, earning 49 of 50 votes.He also won the annual AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year with 43 votes out of 50. He was named to his sixth career Pro Bowl for the 2003 season. Additionally, <mask> earned Pro Football Weekly, PFWA, and Football Digest Defensive MVP honors and was named to Dr. Z's Sports Illustrated All-Pro team, Pro Football Weekly's All-NFL team, Pro Football Weekly's All-AFC team, Football Digest's All-Pro first team, and The Sporting News''' All-Pro team. <mask> also earned the KC 101 AFC Defensive Player of the Year award for the 3rd time in four years, the 2003 NFL Alumni Linebacker Of The Year, and finished with 161 tackles, one and a half sacks, six interceptions, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, 14 pass deflections, and one touchdown. He was named NFL Defensive Player of the Month for November and AFC Defensive Player of the week for his 15-tackle, one-interception performance against the Pittsburgh Steelers in week 17. In the Wild Card playoff loss to the Tennessee Titans, <mask> totaled 17 tackles. 2004 season In 2004, <mask> was named first-team All-Pro by the AP, second-team "All Pro" by College and Pro Football Weekly and Football Digest, and "All Pro" by The Sporting News.He finished the 2004 season playing 15 games while recording 146 total tackles, one sack, two fumble recoveries, one fumble forced, and six pass deflections. 2005 season <mask>'s 2005 season was cut short by an injury in Week 6. He was placed on injured reserve in Week 8, having amassed 46 tackles, a sack, an interception, 2 pass deflections, and a fumble recovery in the season's first six games. The Ravens struggled to a final record of 6-10. 2006 season In 2006, <mask> led the Ravens defense to an NFL-best ranking in 14 major defensive categories, including total yards allowed, points per game allowed, and interceptions. The Ravens also finished second in sacks, take-aways, and rushing yards allowed. <mask> missed two games due to an injury, but still recorded 103 tackles, a personal best of five sacks, two interceptions, and eight pass deflections in 14 games.He also forced a fumble and recovered one. The Ravens allowed just one 100-yard rushing performance in the 14 games <mask> played. <mask> was named AFC Defensive Player of the Week following his seven-tackle, one-sack, and three-pass-deflection performance against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the season opener. He was also selected to the Pro Bowl, but withdrew because of a hand injury, ceding his spot to fellow Ravens linebacker Bart Scott. <mask> finished fifth in voting for Defensive Player of the Year. <mask> totaled 15 tackles and a pass deflection in the playoff loss to the Indianapolis Colts. 2007 season Despite the Baltimore Ravens' mediocre 5–11 season, <mask> was the team's leading tackler.Against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> recorded 16 tackles, recovered a fumble, and returned an interception for a touchdown. He also earned his ninth career Pro Bowl nomination. He finished the season with 120 total tackles, two sacks, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, 10 passes deflected, two interceptions, and one touchdown. 2008 season In 2008, <mask> led the Ravens to the AFC Championship game while totaling 117 tackles, three and a half sacks, three interceptions, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, and nine passes deflected. He was named a starter to the Pro Bowl, his tenth such nomination, and was named an Associated Press first-team All-Pro for the sixth time. In addition, he was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Week following his eight tackles, two interception, and two pass deflections

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against the Houston Texans in Week 10. In the three playoff games against the Miami Dolphins, Tennessee Titans, and Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> totaled 29 tackles, two forced fumbles, and one pass deflection in three games.After the season, he became an unrestricted free agent, but agreed to return to the Baltimore Ravens to complete his career. The contract, which would've run through 2015 (including two option years), was said to be worth $10 million the first year, but was highly incentivized. 2009 season In 2009, <mask> was named first-team All-Pro by the Associated Press for the seventh time (ninth selection overall) and named to his 11th Pro Bowl. He accumulated an AFC-leading 134 tackles on the season. He also added three sacks, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, and seven passes deflected. <mask> added 21 tackles, one sack, and one pass deflection in two playoff games. In the September 2009 issue of Sporting News' Magazine, <mask> was selected to their Team of the Decade (2000s).In Week 2 against the San Diego Chargers, <mask> made the game-saving tackle on running back Darren Sproles on a fourth-down play. After the game, <mask> said it was one of the best tackles he has made in his career. 2010 season In 2010, <mask> was named second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press for the third time (10th All-Pro selection overall) and named to his 12th Pro Bowl. He totaled 139 tackles, two sacks, two interceptions, two forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries, four pass deflections, and one touchdown. <mask> added 13 tackles, one sack, and a forced fumble in two playoff games. On Sunday, November 21, 2010, <mask> became only the second player in NFL history to record at least 30 interceptions and 30 sacks for their career. He was the fastest player (204 games) to achieve that feat.2011 season In 2011, <mask> was named to his 13th and what proved to be his final Pro Bowl, and led the Ravens with 95 tackles despite missing four games with an injury. <mask> also collected two sacks, one interception, two forced fumbles, and seven pass deflections. <mask> totaled 20 tackles and one pass deflection in two playoff games. On Sunday, October 16, 2011, against the Houston Texans, <mask> became the first player in NFL history with at least 40 sacks and 30 interceptions in his career. 2012: Final year and second Super Bowl <mask> suffered torn triceps on October 14, 2012 during a game against the Dallas Cowboys, and had them surgically repaired three days later. Several sources had reported he was expected to return to action December 16 in the game against the Denver Broncos, much earlier than his expected return in January, but he was inactive for the game. On January 2, 2013, <mask> announced he would retire after his team finished the 2012–13 NFL playoffs.He returned to action for Baltimore's January 6, 2013 game against the Colts and led the defense to a 24–9 win. On the game's last play, <mask> lined up on offense at fullback. The Ravens were not slated to play another home playoff game (since they were the number-four seed, and the day before, the Houston Texans beat the number-six seed Cincinnati Bengals), so they wanted <mask> to be on the field for the final play. Next, the Ravens defeated the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round, 38–35 in double overtime, and then defeated the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 28–13. <mask>'s final career NFL game was Super Bowl XLVII, where the Ravens defeated the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 34–31. <mask> finished the regular season with 57 tackles, 1 sack, 1 forced fumble, 1 fumble recovery, and 1 pass deflection in 6 games. In the postseason, <mask> led the NFL with 51 tackles.He also contributed 2 tackles for loss and 1 pass deflection in the Super Bowl XLVII run. NFL career statistics Regular season Murder trial Following a Super Bowl XXXIV party in Atlanta on January 31, 2000, a fight broke out between <mask> and his companions and another group of people, resulting in the stabbing deaths of Jacinth Baker and Richard Lollar. <mask> and two companions, Reginald Oakley and Joseph Sweeting, were questioned by Atlanta police, and 11 days later the three men were indicted on murder and aggravated assault charges. The fight occurred about from the Cobalt Lounge at 265 East Paces Ferry Road in the Buckhead Village neighborhood about two miles north of downtown Atlanta where <mask> had been celebrating. The white suit <mask> was wearing the night of the killings has never been found. Fulton County District Attorney Paul Howard alleged the blood-stained suit was dumped in a garbage bin outside a fast food restaurant. A knife found at the scene did not have any fingerprints or DNA.<mask> subsequently testified that Oakley and Sweeting had bought knives earlier in the week before the Super Bowl from a Sports Authority where <mask> had been signing autographs. Baker's blood was found inside of <mask>'s limousine. Two weeks into the trial <mask>'s attorneys, Don Samuel and Ed Garland, negotiated a plea agreement with the District Attorney in which the murder charges against <mask> were dismissed in exchange for his testimony against Oakley and Sweeting, and his guilty plea to a misdemeanor charge of obstruction of justice. <mask> admitted he gave a misleading statement to police on the morning after the killings (initially telling them that he was not at the scene). Superior Court Judge Alice D. Bonner sentenced <mask> to 12 months' probation. One year in prison is the maximum sentence for a first-time offender, and the immediate probation was the judge's decision. He was also fined $250,000 by the NFL, which was believed to be the highest fine levied against an NFL player for an infraction not involving substance abuse.Under the terms of the sentence, <mask> could not use drugs or alcohol during the duration of the probation. Oakley and Sweeting were acquitted of the charges in June 2000. No other suspects have ever been arrested for the incident. The following year, <mask> was named Super Bowl XXXV MVP. However, the signature phrase "I'm going to Disney World!" was given instead to quarterback Trent Dilfer. On April 29, 2004, <mask> reached an out-of-court settlement with four-year-old India Lollar, born months after the death of her father Richard, pre-empting a scheduled civil proceeding.<mask> also reached an undisclosed settlement with Baker's family. During a taped pre-game interview with Shannon Sharpe that aired on CBS before Super Bowl XLVII, Sharpe told <mask> that the families of the slain men find it difficult to see <mask> idolized by millions of fans, believing he knows more about the killings than he shared, and asked what he had to say to those families. <mask> responded, "God has never made a mistake. That's just who He is, you see.... To the family, if you knew, if you really knew the way God works, He don't use people who commits anything like that for His glory." The Ravens' crisis management around <mask>'s murder trial was revisited by former head coach Brian Billick, by then a media analyst, after the 2013 arrest of Aaron Hernandez and his swift release by the New England Patriots. Legacy Throughout his career, <mask> built a reputation as a leader and intimidating force at middle linebacker. He has led his team in tackles in 12 of his 14 seasons.The Ravens did not allow a single 100-yard rusher in 51 consecutive games from the 1998 through 2001 seasons. In addition to his run defense, <mask> has also gained a reputation as a complete defender. His 31 interceptions rank him 5th all-time among NFL linebackers, and just 6 short of the #1 spot. Since the murder allegations, <mask>'s image has recovered, and today he is considered one of the most dominant linebackers in the history of the NFL. <mask> was also selected as the third-best linebacker of all time on the show The Sports List. A poll of NFL coaches selected him as the most dominant player in the NFL before the 2003 season by being mentioned on 10 ballots, while no other player was mentioned more than twice. Team owner Steve Bisciotti stated his intention to erect a statue of <mask> outside M&T Bank Stadium.On September 4, 2014, days before the Ravens season opener, a statue of <mask> was unveiled in front of M&T Bank Stadium. <mask> has been referenced in television shows such as The Wire, films such as The Rundown (by that movie's star and <mask>'s friend & former teammate at Miami, Dwayne Johnson), and in music videos, such as in Mario's "Just a Friend 2002" and Nelly's "Heart of a Champion". <mask> has appeared in television ads for NFL Network, Reebok, Under Armour, Old Spice, and Eastern Motors. He was the featured athlete on the cover of Madden NFL 2005. That season, he missed a number of games to an injury, adding to the "Madden Curse". He was documented in NFL Network's documentary series A Football Life. Other work <mask> opened the Ray Lewis Full Moon Bar-B-Que, which operated in Baltimore's Canton neighborhood from February 2005 until 2008.He has also gained several national corporate endorsements, some of which draw upon his tough image. In 2004, <mask> was placed on the cover of the highly popular Madden NFL 2005 video game published by EA Sports, and is also a very avid player of the same series. In 2006, it was announced that <mask>, Hall of Fame running back Gale Sayers, and entrepreneur Mark Bloomquist would form S&L Racing, intending to race both cars and trucks from a North Carolina headquarters. <mask>'s attempt to join NASCAR racing failed. On March 13, 2013, it was announced that <mask> would join ESPN as a contributor for their NFL coverage. <mask> was let go by ESPN in 2016. On June 20, 2017 it was announced <mask> had been hired by cable sports network Fox Sports 1.<mask> competed against tight end Tony Gonzalez in an episode of Spike (now Paramount Network)'s Lip Sync Battle, which aired on February 2, 2017. He emerged victorious with performances of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together" and "Hot in Herre" by Nelly, who joined him for the performance. In August 2019, <mask> was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 28 of Dancing with the Stars. He later withdrew from the competition due to a tendon injury in his foot, requiring surgery. Charitable activities <mask> has been heavily involved in charitable activities throughout his professional career. He started the Ray Lewis 52 Foundation which is a nonprofit corporation whose mission is to provide personal and economic assistance to disadvantaged youth. The foundation has funded such events as adopting 10 families in the Baltimore City community for the holidays, an annual celebrity auction and bowling tournament, the Great Maryland Duck Derby, Thanksgiving food drives on North Avenue in Baltimore, and <mask>'s Summer Days.All proceeds have helped fund the <mask> Foundation. <mask> has since been involved in pressing political, business, and philanthropic leaders for a stronger commitment to disability sports both here and in the developing world. <mask> was also honored with a JB award (named in honor of CBS broadcaster James Brown) during the 2006 off-season and received the "Act of Kindness" Award for his work in the community. Awards and accolades Since his rookie year in 1996, <mask> has won numerous NFL awards, including being named Defensive Player of the Year twice (2000 and 2003), as well as Super Bowl MVP after winning Super Bowl XXXV after the 2000 season. He is also a 13-time Pro Bowler and seven-time AP First Team All-Pro player, a three-time AP Second Team All-Pro Selection, and was also a two-time All-American in college (1994 and 1995). On May 11, 2010, a portion of Baltimore's North Avenue was renamed "<mask> Way" in honor of the linebacker and his charitable work. <mask> had career totals of 2,059 total tackles (1,568 solo), 19 forced fumbles, 117 passes defended, 102.5 stuffs for a loss, 41.5 sacks, 20 fumble recoveries, 31 interceptions for 503 yards, one safety, and three touchdowns in 228 games.He has been selected to 13 NFL Pro Bowl games, a record for an inside/middle linebacker, in his 17 seasons, and led the NFL in tackles five times (1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2004). In 2003, <mask> led all linebackers with six interceptions, a total matching the post-merger all-time record for a middle linebacker in a single season. <mask> was named first-team Associated Press All-Pro in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009 and second-team All-Pro in 1997, 1998, and 2010. His 10 total All-Pro selections is a record for an inside/middle linebacker and ties the record for a linebacker (Lawrence Taylor also has 10 selections). In 21 career playoff games, <mask> has totaled 214 tackles (135 solo), two sacks, six forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, two interceptions for 54 yards, 15 pass deflections, 10.5 stuffs for a loss, and one touchdown. <mask> was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018, his first year of eligibility. <mask> joined teammate Jonathan Ogden in Canton; the two were the Ravens' first two draft picks after the team relocated to Baltimore.Personal life <mask> is a Christian, and his commitment to his faith was featured in a Sports Illustrated cover story in 2006. He has a total of six children, four boys, and two girls. His son, <mask> III, played college football at the University of Miami and later Coastal Carolina. He was dismissed from Coastal Carolina's football team and the university in 2016 upon being indicted by a South Carolina grand jury on a charge of third-degree criminal sexual assault. Those charges were dropped after a lengthy and more thorough investigation by law enforcement officials in South Carolina. <mask> III would later play indoor football for the Wyoming Mustangs in 2021. His other son, <mask> <mask>, committed to Utah State out of high school.His freshman year was successful. After his freshman year, <mask>d decided to transfer to the University of Maryland. Michael Phelps, a Baltimore native and Ravens fan, stated that he found his life purpose and desire to compete in the 2016 Summer Olympics after seeking <mask>'s advice. In 2015, <mask>' autobiography, I Feel Like Going On: Life, Game, and Glory'', was published. References Further reading External links Baltimore Ravens bio 1975 births Living people African-American Christians African-American players of American football African-American sports announcers African-American sports journalists American Conference Pro Bowl players American football middle linebackers Baltimore Ravens players Miami Hurricanes football players University of Miami alumni National Football League announcers People convicted of obstruction of justice Players of American football from Florida Sportspeople from Bartow, Florida Sportspeople from Lakeland, Florida Super Bowl MVPs University of Maryland Global Campus alumni People from Reistertown, Maryland Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees American sportspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American sportspeople National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award

Jerry Hughes

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<mask>. (born August 13, 1988) is an American football defensive end for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Texas Christian University (TCU), where he was recognized twice as a consensus All-American, and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft. Early years <mask> received three varsity letters in football while attending Austin High School in Fort Bend County, Texas, where he played running back. As a senior in 2006 <mask> rushed for 1,412 yards and totaled 19 touchdowns to capture First-team All-District 20-5A honors. <mask> also earned First-team All District as a kick returner. <mask> also lettered in baseball where he played third base and pitcher. Considered only a two-star recruit out of high-school by recruiting service Rivals.com, <mask> failed to draw a lot of attention and only received a few scholarship offers.He picked TCU over Iowa State, Arizona State and North Texas. College career <mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend Texas Christian University, and played for coach Gary Patterson's TCU Horned Frogs football team from 2006 to 2009. Patterson recognized <mask>' natural athleticism and assigned him jersey number 98, usually reserved for defensive linemen. Before the season, Patterson worked <mask> in at defensive end, and he was able to earn playing time there as a freshman. Once at TCU, <mask> was one of just four true freshmen to play for the Horned Frogs in 2006. He recorded his first career sack in a 31-17 win over Army. He played in all 13 games as sophomore in 2007, and recorded at least one tackle in each of those contests.Taking over as a full-time starter as a junior in 2008, <mask> recorded 15 sacks, 18.5 tackles for a loss, 6 forced fumbles, 2 interceptions and returned one of those picks for a touchdown. He led the nation with his 15 sacks. He garnered first-team All-Mountain West Conference (MWC) and MWC Defensive Player of the Year honors, and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. In 2009 <mask> had a career-high 54 tackles and 11.5 sacks (tied for 7th in NCAA). That season, the Horned Frogs ranked first in total defense, allowing just 233 yards per game and were sixth in the nation with 12.4 points allowed per game. He was a first-team All-Mountain West selection again, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. Additionally, he was named the MWC Defensive Player of the Year for the second time in two years.His career totals now include 28.5 sacks, 139 total tackles, 39 tackles-for-loss and seven forced fumbles. <mask>ricks Award (2009) Lott Trophy (2009) Lombardi Award finalist (2009) Bronko Nagurski Trophy finalist (2008, 2009) Professional career Indianapolis Colts <mask> was selected by the Indianapolis Colts 31st overall in the 2010 NFL Draft. He is the first TCU Horned Frog selected in the first round of an NFL Draft since LaDainian Tomlinson went fifth overall to the San Diego Chargers in the 2001 NFL Draft, and the first TCU defensive player selected in the first round since Bob Lilly, who was selected 13th overall by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1961 NFL Draft. During his rookie season, <mask> appeared in 12 games making six tackles. In 2011, <mask> appeared in 12 games with one start making 13 tackles and one sack. On November 16, 2012, <mask> was fined $21,000 for a late hit against the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 10.He finished the 2012 season by appearing in all 16 games with six starts recording 32 tackles, one pass defended, and four sacks. Buffalo Bills On April 29, 2013, the Colts traded <mask> to the Buffalo Bills for linebacker Kelvin Sheppard. <mask> finished his first season with the Bills by making 46 tackles, 10 sacks and two forced fumbles in 16 games with one start. He was also named to the USA Today All-Joe Team. On March 9, 2015, the Buffalo Bills and <mask> agreed to a five-year contract worth at least $45 million. He played through the majority of the 2015 season with a chipped bone in his left wrist as a hybrid LB/DE . In 2016, as the Bills more fully committed to a 3-4 scheme, <mask> was moved from defensive end to outside linebacker.On May 21, 2019, <mask> signed a two-year contract extension with the Bills. In the AFC Wild Card game against the Houston Texans, <mask> sacked quarterback Deshaun Watson 3 times during the 22–19 overtime loss. In Week 7 of the 2020 season against the New York Jets, <mask> recorded six tackles, two sacks, a forced fumble, and the game sealing interception late in the fourth quarter during the 18–10 win, earning AFC Defensive Player of the Week. In Week 15 against the Denver Broncos, <mask> recovered a fumble forced by teammate Tre'Davious White on Drew Lock and returned it for a 21 yard touchdown during the 48–19 win. In the Divisional Round of the playoffs against the Baltimore Ravens, <mask> recorded two sacks on Lamar Jackson during the 17–3 win. In the AFC Championship against the Kansas City Chiefs, <mask> recorded one sack on Patrick Mahomes during the 38–24 loss. By the 2021 season, <mask> became the longest tenured player on the Bills' roster.NFL statistics Regular season Postseason Personal life <mask> and Meghan <mask> were wed as of April 2015. and have two children, JR and <mask>. References External links Buffalo Bills bio Rotoworld profile TCU Horned Frogs bio 1988 births Living people People from Sugar Land, Texas Sportspeople from the Houston metropolitan area Players of American football from Texas African-American players of American football American football defensive ends American football linebackers TCU Horned Frogs football players All-American college football players Buffalo Bills players Indianapolis Colts players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people

Randy Orton

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<mask> (born April 1, 1980), is an American professional wrestler and actor. Widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time, he is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand. <mask> is a third-generation professional wrestler; his grandfather <mask>, father <mask>., and uncle <mask> were all wrestlers. Before being signed by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE), he trained in and wrestled for the Mid-Missouri Wrestling Association and Southern Illinois Conference Wrestling. He was then signed by the WWF and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he held the OVW Hardcore Championship twice. He became a member of the stable Evolution shortly after his WWE debut, which quickly led to an Intercontinental Championship reign, his first championship with the company. He also acquired the moniker "The Legend Killer" during a storyline where he began disrespecting and then physically attacking WWE Hall of Famers and wrestling veterans.At the age of 24, <mask> became the youngest world champion in WWE history after he won the World Heavyweight Championship. With this win, he departed from Evolution and a feud with his former stablemates began. In 2006, <mask> joined forces with Edge in a tag team known as Rated-RKO. Together, they held the World Tag Team Championship. After Rated-RKO disbanded in mid-2007, <mask> gained two WWE Championship reigns in one night, becoming the second youngest two-time WWE Champion at the age of 27. He formed the group The Legacy with Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase Jr. in 2008. They disbanded in 2010, and <mask> returned to singles competition.From 2013 to 2015, he was aligned with The Authority, who named him the "face of the WWE". In 2016, he joined The Wyatt Family, winning the SmackDown Tag Team Championship with Bray Wyatt and Luke Harper before turning on them in 2017. He won his first United States Championship in 2018, becoming the 18th overall Grand Slam Champion after already having been the 17th Triple Crown Champion. <mask> is regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time. <mask>'s rivalry with fellow wrestler John Cena has been recognized as one of the longest and greatest rivalries in WWE history. <mask> has held the WWE Championship 10 times and WWE's World Heavyweight Championship four times. He was the final holder of the World Heavyweight Championship, which he unified with the WWE Championship to become the WWE World Heavyweight Champion at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in 2013.<mask> is recognized by WWE as having the third-most world championship victories in history at 14, behind John Cena and Ric Flair (both 16) and tied with Triple H (also at 14). He is the winner of the 2013 Money in the Bank ladder match, as well as the 2009 and 2017 Royal Rumble matches, and has headlined multiple WWE pay-per-view events, including WrestleMania 25 and WrestleMania XXX. Following his match at the 2021 Survivor Series, he broke Kane's record for wrestling the most PPV matches in WWE history. Early life Randal <mask> was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, on April 1, 1980, the son of nurse Elaine and professional wrestler <mask> Jr. He is the grandson of <mask> and nephew of <mask>, both professional wrestlers. He has a younger brother named Nathan, who is a stand-up comedian, and a younger sister named Rebecca. Knowing the hardships of life as a professional wrestler, <mask>'s parents tried to convince him to stay away from the business and his father warned him that life in the ring meant a life on the road and away from family.<mask> attended Hazelwood Central High School, where he was an amateur wrestler. After graduating in 1998, he enlisted with the Marines. At the base, he received a bad conduct discharge in 1999 after going AWOL on two occasions and disobeying an order from a commanding officer. Under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, he was tried and convicted under a special court-martial, subsequently spending 38 days in the brig at Camp Pendleton. Professional wrestling career Training and early career (2000–2001) <mask> made his wrestling debut in 2000 at the Mid-Missouri Wrestling Association-Southern Illinois Conference Wrestling (MMWA-SICW) in St. Louis, Missouri, an offshoot of the historic St. Louis Wrestling Club headed by Sam Muchnick. There, he was trained by both the staff of the promotion and his father, <mask> Jr. He wrestled for the promotion for one month.<mask> also refereed a few matches with World Organized Wrestling (WOW), a promotion where his uncle <mask> worked. World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE Ohio Valley Wrestling (2001–2002) In 2001, <mask> signed a deal with the then World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and was sent to its developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in Louisville, Kentucky, where he continued his training. During his time in OVW, <mask> wrestled the likes of Rico Constantino and The Prototype and teamed with Bobby Eaton during a tag team title tournament. He won the OVW Hardcore Championship twice by defeating Mr. Black on February 14, 2001, and Flash Flanagan on May 5, 2001, respectively. On several occasions he faced Rico Constantino on combined WWF/OVW events, and also lost to The Prototype (John Cena) in a tag match on July 28 in Jacksonville, Indiana. He also began appearing on several WWF house shows that were unaffiliated with OVW, the first being on May 1, 2001, when he faced Billy Gunn. After taking the mic and promising to beat Gunn, <mask> was defeated.That fall he began appearing regularly on WWF house shows and dark matches, facing Chuck Palumbo, Steven Richards and Shawn Stasiak, but mostly wrestling in tag team matches. <mask>'s promotion to the main roster made him a member of OVW's now legendary Class of 2002 as part of what has now been dubbed as the OVW 4 alongside the aforementioned Cena as well as Brock Lesnar and Dave Bautista. Evolution (2002–2004) One of <mask>'s first official WWF appearances was March 16, 2002 at WrestleMania X8's Fan Axxess, where he was defeated by Tommy Dreamer. <mask>'s first televised WWF match was a victory against Hardcore Holly on SmackDown! on April 25, 2002. Soon after, <mask> became a face and was placed in a series of matches with Holly. In September 2002, <mask> was traded to the Raw brand, where he defeated Stevie Richards in his debut on the show.Within weeks of his debut on the Raw brand, <mask> suffered a shoulder injury, leaving him sidelined for months. While recovering, <mask> still appeared on Raw in his own Randy News Network (RNN) segment, a weekly vignette featuring him talking about his condition. The show interrupted other segments of Raw programming, which caused <mask> to slowly transition himself into a narcissistic and self-centered heel. After his injury healed, <mask> joined the Evolution stable, which consisted of Ric Flair, Triple H, and relative newcomer Batista. The group was pushed on Raw from 2003 to 2004, with the height of their dominance occurring after Armageddon in 2003 when all of the men's titles on Raw were held by Evolution members. In 2003, <mask> spent much of his time helping Triple H overcome challenges for the World Heavyweight Championship. He joined Triple H in an Elimination Chamber match for the World Heavyweight Championship at SummerSlam, involved primarily to secure Triple H's title defense, and was eliminated by Goldberg, but the stable managed to fulfill its purpose and Triple H went on to eliminate Goldberg and retain his title.<mask> then began proclaiming himself the "Legend Killer", with his gimmick becoming that of a young upstart who was so talented that he touted himself as the future of wrestling. He embarked on numerous feuds with older, well-respected names in wrestling and gained infamy for blatantly disrespecting them. With the help of his stablemate and mentor Ric Flair, <mask> defeated Shawn Michaels at Unforgiven in the first of many high-profile matches billed as "Legend vs. Legend Killer". During this time, <mask> began using the move that would become his signature finisher, the RKO, a jumping cutter named after his initials. He defeated Rob Van Dam for the Intercontinental Championship at Armageddon in December 2003. With this win, <mask> started the longest Intercontinental Championship reign in seven years, holding the title for 210 days. <mask> continued to establish himself as a "Legend Killer" throughout 2004, challenging the semi-retired wrestler Mick Foley.Famed for his brutal hardcore matches and ability to handle excruciating pain, Foley challenged <mask> to a hardcore "Legend vs. Legend Killer" match for his Intercontinental Championship, which <mask> reluctantly accepted. At Backlash, <mask> defeated Foley in a hardcore match to retain the Intercontinental Championship, which included spots involving barbed wire and <mask> being thrown onto hundreds of thumbtacks. <mask> later spat in the face of Harley Race on the April 26 episode of Raw. Two months later at Bad Blood, he retained the Intercontinental Championship against Shelton Benjamin. In July at Vengeance, he lost the title to Edge. World Heavyweight Champion (2004–2005) After losing the Intercontinental Championship, <mask> became the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship after winning a 20-man battle royal on July 26. At SummerSlam, <mask> defeated Chris Benoit for the championship, thus becoming the youngest world champion in WWE history at the age of 24.Benoit congratulated <mask> after the match, shaking his hand for showing the ability to "be a man". The following night on Raw, after <mask> successfully defended the title against Benoit in a rematch, Evolution threw <mask> a mock celebration only to reveal that they were not pleased with his new victory. While Batista had <mask> propped on his shoulders in elation, Triple H gave him a pleased thumbs-up and then abruptly changed it to a thumbs-down, which was followed by Batista dropping <mask> to the mat. Triple H, Flair and Batista attacked <mask> in the ring, resulting in <mask> being kicked out of Evolution. The following week, he called out <mask> and ordered him to hand over the championship, but he refused, spitting in Triple H's face and hitting him with the title belt. <mask>'s breakup with Evolution led to him turning face when he continued to feud with his former stablemates. A month later, <mask> lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Triple H at Unforgiven after interference from Flair, Batista, and Jonathan Coachman.Seeking revenge, <mask> lashed out at his former Evolution members, catching them by surprise during a show by giving them a large cake as a make-up gift, which he came out of nowhere to beat and humiliate the group. At Taboo Tuesday, <mask> defeated Ric Flair in a steel cage match. After this, <mask> experienced another push, becoming general manager of the Raw brand for a week following a match stipulation at Survivor Series where he picked up the win for his team by last eliminating Triple H in a four-on-four Survivor Series elimination match. He continued to feud with Triple H, using his authority to place his opponents at severe disadvantages during title defenses. In January 2005 at New Year's Revolution, <mask> participated in an Elimination Chamber match for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship, where he was the last man eliminated by Triple H after interference from Ric Flair and Batista. On the January 10 episode of Raw, <mask> defeated Batista to earn a match against Triple H at the Royal Rumble for the World Heavyweight title, which he lost. Feud with The Undertaker (2005–2006) <mask> began an on-screen relationship with Stacy Keibler and briefly feuded with Christian in February 2005.On the February 28 Raw, Superstar Billy Graham made an appearance, in which he advised <mask> to "go where no wrestler [had] gone before". <mask> then produced a copy of SmackDown! magazine, which featured The Undertaker on the cover. Heeding Graham's advice, <mask> said he would set himself apart from all other wrestlers by ending The Undertaker's undefeated streak at WrestleMania. Throughout March 2005, <mask> taunted The Undertaker, claiming he was unafraid of him. On the March 21 Raw, <mask> turned heel once again after he delivered an RKO to his unsuspecting on-screen girlfriend, Stacy Keibler, knocking her unconscious. During <mask>'s promos, he ran for cover whenever signs of The Undertaker's appearance (lightning, darkness, or smoke) occurred.When wrestler Jake Roberts advised <mask> not to underestimate The Undertaker, <mask> performed an RKO on Roberts as well. In the weeks leading up to WrestleMania, <mask> became more defiant and unafraid of The Undertaker, taunting and assaulting him in the ring following distractions from his father, "Cowboy" <mask>. At WrestleMania 21, <mask> lost the heavily hyped match. The next night on Raw, <mask> faced Batista, who had become World Heavyweight Champion. <mask> stated on-screen that his match with The Undertaker had aggravated a shoulder injury. While sidelined, <mask> appeared on Raw and claimed that he was ineligible for the WWE Draft Lottery due to his injury. He was informed by WWE Chairman Vince McMahon that he was indeed a candidate for the draft, leaving a possibility of a return to SmackDown!<mask> returned to WWE programming for SmackDown! on June 16, announcing that he was the second pick in the 2005 draft lottery. He rekindled his feud with The Undertaker, defeating him at SummerSlam following a distraction from his father. Two months later at No Mercy, <mask> and his father <mask> defeated The Undertaker in a handicap casket match and after the match, <mask> and his father Bob locked the Undertaker in the casket and, in a move similar to Kane at the 1998 Royal Rumble, chopped holes in the top of the casket with an axe, poured gasoline over the casket and set it ablaze, kayfabe killing The Undertaker. The following month, <mask> replaced the late Eddie Guerrero as a participant in the annual elimination match of Team SmackDown! against Team Raw at Survivor Series, after having lost a qualifying match to Rey Mysterio. In the match, <mask> was the last remaining wrestler in the match for the third straight year, as he pinned Shawn Michaels to get the victory for Team SmackDown!.After the match, The Undertaker returned by emerging from a flaming casket and attacked the SmackDown! superstars who came to the ring to celebrate Team SmackDown! 's victory. On the SmackDown! episode after Survivor Series, The Undertaker interfered in a match between Rey Mysterio and Big Show after Kane interfered. <mask> RKO'd the Undertaker, he then struck the Undertaker with a tire iron and set him on the back of the lowrider Mysterio had driven to the ring, he then reversed the lowrider into the SmackDown! set, causing an explosion.The feud was finally settled with a Hell in a Cell match at Armageddon. On the December 16 episode of SmackDown!, The Undertaker entered the ring to deliver a promo while one of his druids appeared to be standing in the ring. The Undertaker sustained an RKO from <mask> in a surprise attack. The druid revealed himself to be <mask>'s father, who gave <mask> The Undertaker's urn, which according to the storyline allowed whomever held it to control The Undertaker. The Undertaker, however, beat <mask> in the Hell in a Cell match at Armageddon, ending their nine-month-long feud. Rated-RKO (2006–2007) After Armageddon, <mask> entered the 2006 Royal Rumble match as the thirtieth and final wrestler, but he was eliminated by the eventual winner of the match Rey Mysterio, who earned a world championship at WrestleMania 22. <mask> challenged him to a match for his title shot at No Way Out.In the weeks preceding No Way Out, <mask> made controversial remarks about Eddie Guerrero, Mysterio's friend who had died a few months previously, in an attempt to gain villain heat. Many fans felt the comments were highly distasteful so soon after Guerrero's death in November 2005. <mask> won at No Way Out, earning Mysterio's title shot for the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 22. SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long re-added Mysterio to the WrestleMania 22 title match, making it a triple threat match between <mask>, Mysterio and then-champion Kurt Angle. On April 2 at WrestleMania, however, <mask> lost after he was pinned by Mysterio. On the following episode of SmackDown!, <mask> challenged Mysterio for the World Heavyweight Championship, but failed to win the title.On April 4, <mask> was suspended for sixty days for "unprofessional conduct". In an interview, <mask> stated, "my conduct was unbecoming of a champion, which is what I will be again when I return". To cover for the suspension, a scripted injury was devised, where Kurt Angle broke <mask>'s ankle during a King of the Ring quarterfinal match. <mask> returned from his suspension in June to the Raw brand, where he entered a rivalry with Angle, culminating in matches at ECW One Night Stand (which he lost) and

Randy Orton

original

Vengeance (which he won) before engaging in a storyline feud with Hulk Hogan. <mask> began cutting promos insulting the aging Hogan and flirted with Hogan's then-eighteen-year-old daughter Brooke. At SummerSlam, the two met in a "Legend vs. Legend Killer" match, which Hogan won. He later defeated Carlito, at Unforgiven the following month.After the newly reformed D-Generation X (D-X) (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) cost Edge the WWE Championship, Edge approached <mask> and asked him to join forces to defeat the team. <mask>, whose championship reign had been ended by Triple H in 2004, agreed, forming the tag team Rated-RKO. The two defeated D-X at Cyber Sunday with help from special guest referee Eric Bischoff, becoming the first team to defeat D-X since their reunion in June and they quickly dominated the Raw brand's tag team division to become World Tag Team Champions by defeating Ric Flair and Roddy Piper on the November 13 episode of Raw. As part of the angle, Rated-RKO attacked Ric Flair with steel chairs to enrage D-X on the November 27 episode of Raw. At New Year's Revolution, Rated-RKO defended the World Tag Team Championship against D-X, but the match was declared a no-contest when Triple H suffered a legitimate injury during the match. Afterwards, Rated-RKO were attacked by D-X. With Triple H out of action, Rated-RKO continued their on-screen rivalry with Michaels.At the Royal Rumble, both men competed in the eponymous match and made it to the final four, but both were eliminated by Michaels. Michaels later teamed with WWE Champion John Cena to defeat Rated-RKO to win the World Tag Team Championship the following night on Raw. After losing the tag team titles, both Edge and <mask> focused on the WWE Championship, causing friction between them. On the February 5, 2007 episode of Raw, they lost a triple threat match against Michaels to earn a WWE Championship match at WrestleMania 23. They both competed in the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania, but the match was won by Mr. Kennedy. On the April 9 episode of Raw, <mask> and Michaels wrestled to a no contest in a number one contender's match for the WWE Championship after both men's shoulders were down during the pinfall. Finally, <mask> and Edge faced off in a fatal four-way match for the title against Cena and Michaels at Backlash, however Cena retained the title after pinning <mask>.On the April 30 episode of Raw, they competed against each other in a singles match, which Edge won. Their alliance was effectively ended once Edge joined the SmackDown! brand. <mask> then continued his "Legend Killer" persona, attacking Shawn Michaels by using frequent attacks to the head, including an elevated DDT and a running punt to the face. <mask> defeated Michaels at Judgment Day via knockout when Michaels suffered a kayfabe concussion and collapsed during the match. <mask> continued his attacks when he engaged himself in feuds with Rob Van Dam at One Night Stand (after losing a stretcher match to Van Dam), Ric Flair, Dusty Rhodes, and Sgt. Slaughter.During this time the commentators noted how <mask> slithered around and stalked his victims like a snake; this led to "The Viper" becoming a nickname for <mask>. WWE Champion (2007–2008) On the July 23 episode of Raw, <mask> was named number one contender for John Cena's WWE Championship. Three times before their scheduled bout at SummerSlam, <mask> assaulted Cena with the RKO. <mask> lost the title match at SummerSlam when Cena pinned him after an FU. The next night on the August 27 episode of Raw, <mask> demanded a rematch, but Raw General Manager William Regal denied him. He then appealed to Mr. McMahon, who offered him the shot if he "proved himself". That night, <mask> interfered in Cena's match with King Booker, assaulting him before kicking his father, who was at ringside, in the head.McMahon granted <mask> his rematch at Unforgiven, which he won by disqualification when Cena refused to stop punching him in the corner; however, Cena retained the championship because titles cannot change hands by disqualification. After the match, Cena's father, who was again at ringside, kicked <mask> in the head, which led to a match the next night on the September 17 episode of Raw, in which <mask> defeated Cena's father by disqualification, then hit him with an RKO while Cena was handcuffed to the ropes. Cena suffered a legitimate injury during a match with Mr. Kennedy on the October 1 episode of Raw, after which <mask> attacked Cena with an RKO. After this, he adopted the nickname of "The Viper". <mask> then threw him outside the ring, and gave him an RKO on the broadcast table. Due to this injury, John Cena was forced to vacate the WWE Championship. At the start of No Mercy, Mr. McMahon awarded <mask> the WWE Championship, which John Cena had vacated due to injury.<mask> lost the title to Triple H in the opening match, but regained it later that night in a Last Man Standing match. <mask> then restarted his feud with Shawn Michaels, who returned on the October 8 episode of Raw during <mask>'s championship coronation and superkicked him. Michaels was chosen by fan voting over Jeff Hardy and Mr. Kennedy to meet <mask> for the WWE Championship at Cyber Sunday, where <mask> was disqualified after low blowing Michaels, but retained the title. They had a rematch at Survivor Series with a pre-match stipulation that if Michaels had used Sweet Chin Music, he would have lost and never had another chance at the title, while if <mask> was disqualified, he would have lost the championship; <mask> pinned Michaels at Survivor Series after an RKO to retain the title. <mask> then began a feud with the returning Chris Jericho, who challenged <mask> for the WWE Championship at Armageddon, in which Jericho won by disqualification after interference from SmackDown! color commentator John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL), but <mask> retained the title.He then feuded with Jeff Hardy, during which he punted Hardy's brother Matt in the head and Hardy performed a Swanton Bomb off the Raw set onto <mask>. He successfully defended the title against Hardy at the Royal Rumble.He then restarted his feud with John Cena, who had returned from injury to win the 2008 Royal Rumble match. Instead of taking his title shot at WrestleMania XXIV, as Royal Rumble winners typically do, Cena took it at No Way Out and defeated <mask>, who intentionally got himself disqualified by slapping the referee to retain the title. The following night on Raw, Cena defeated <mask> in a non-title match with Triple H as the special guest referee, resulting in Cena being added to <mask>'s title match with Triple H at WrestleMania, making it a triple threat match. At WrestleMania, <mask> retained the WWE Championship against Cena and Triple H by pinning Cena after Triple H executed a Pedigree on him. The next month at Backlash, <mask> lost the title to Triple H in a fatal four-way elimination match, also including Cena and John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL). After failing to win it back at Judgment Day in a steel cage match, he faced Triple H for the title once more in a Last Man Standing match at One Night Stand, which he lost after Triple H countered an RKO by throwing <mask> over the top rope, legitimately breaking his collarbone and putting him out of action. During this time, he gained a new entrance theme, "Voices", performed by the band Rev Theory.The Legacy (2008–2010) Upon being medically cleared to return to the ring, <mask> was reinjured in a motorcycle accident. He returned to Raw on September 1, criticizing all the champions, including World Tag Team Champions Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase, who he berated and slapped for letting Cryme Tyme steal their belts. This inspired them to try to gain <mask>'s respect. They achieved this at Unforgiven when, with new stablemate Manu, they assaulted World Heavyweight Champion CM Punk, forcing him to vacate his title before his scheduled defense that night. <mask> returned to in-ring action on the November 3 episode of Raw, losing to Punk by disqualification when DiBiase interfered, resulting in <mask> punting DiBiase in the head in retaliation. At Survivor Series, Team Orton, which included Rhodes, defeated Team Batista with both <mask> and Rhodes surviving as the sole survivors. On the December 1 episode of Raw, <mask> proposed that he, Rhodes and Manu form an alliance.The stable, called "The Legacy", debuted the next week, defeating Batista and Triple H, <mask>'s former Evolution stablemates, in a three-on-two handicap match. At Armageddon, <mask> lost to Batista in a singles match. <mask> began feuding with the McMahon family on the January 19, 2009 episode of Raw when he confronted both Mr. McMahon and Stephanie, claiming that he was worth more than her, and that she had become "worthless". This infuriated Mr. McMahon, who demanded that <mask> apologize, or he'd terminate him on the spot. As Mr. McMahon was about to fire him, <mask> attacked and punted him in the head, leading to him being carried out of the arena on a stretcher. On January 25, <mask> won the Royal Rumble match, last eliminating Triple H. The next night on Raw, <mask> claimed that he suffered from IED, and that he was not responsible for his actions towards Mr. McMahon, claiming that he suffered a "loss of control" because of the disorder. He also claimed that WWE knew of the condition, but did nothing, and threatened to sue WWE for that reason, and also, if Stephanie were to fire him, threatened a second lawsuit for breach of contract, due to the fact that he was legally entitled to compete at WrestleMania because he won the Royal Rumble.Though Stephanie teased firing <mask>, she changed her mind and said that she had "bigger plans", leading to Shane McMahon returning to Raw and attacking <mask>. This led to <mask> facing Shane in a No Holds Barred match at No Way Out, which he won. The next night on Raw, <mask> faced Shane again in an unsanctioned match, which ended in a no contest when he punted Shane in the head, thus rendering him unable to continue the match. Stephanie then ran down to the ring to tend to her brother, but <mask> attacked her with an RKO. This drew Triple H into the feud, who claimed that <mask> "crossed the line" when he attacked Stephanie, his real-life wife. Later, <mask> claimed that everything he had done was part of a plan to get revenge on Triple H after he kicked him out of Evolution back in 2004; according to <mask>, Triple H "ruined his life", so <mask> was going to do the same and take everything that Triple H cared about away from him. He challenged Triple H for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 25, where he was unsuccessful.He won it the next month at Backlash by pinning Triple H in a six-man tag team match between The Legacy and Triple H, Batista and Shane McMahon. At Judgment Day, <mask> defended the championship against Batista, where he retained via disqualification after Rhodes and DiBiase interfered. At Extreme Rules, he lost the title to Batista in a steel cage match. The following night on Raw, <mask> and Legacy attacked Batista and injured his arm, forcing him to vacate the title. On the June 15 episode of Raw, <mask> regained the title in a fatal four-way match against Big Show, Triple H and John Cena. The following week, <mask> defended the WWE Championship against Triple H in a Last Man Standing match, which ended in a no-contest after both men failed to answer the referee's ten count. They faced off for the championship once more at The Bash in a Three Stages of Hell match, which <mask> won after interference from Legacy.At SummerSlam, he defended the title against John Cena, during which he used several underhanded tactics to retain the championship. He lost the title to Cena in an "I Quit" match at Breaking Point, but regained it from Cena in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell. At Bragging Rights, <mask> again lost the championship to Cena in a one-hour Iron Man match to end the feud. <mask> then began a rivalry with Kofi Kingston, whom <mask> blamed for him losing the WWE Championship due to Kingston interfering in his match with Cena to chase away Rhodes and DiBiase. On the November 16 episode of Raw, <mask> and Kingston engaged in a brawl that ended with Kingston putting <mask> through a table in the crowd. Both men were named captains for their respective teams at Survivor Series, where Kingston's team defeated <mask>'s team after <mask> was last eliminated by Kingston. The two traded victories over each on following episodes of Raw, leading to a match at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs on December 13, which <mask> won.The next night, he competed in a tournament to crown the 2009 Superstar of the Year, defeating The Undertaker by countout in the first round after interference from Legacy to advance to the finals later that night, where he lost to Cena. <mask> won a triple threat match on January 11, 2010, episode of Raw, with help from Rhodes and DiBiase, for the right to challenge Sheamus at the Royal Rumble for the WWE Championship. <mask> lost by disqualification when Rhodes interfered, which prompted <mask> to attack both Rhodes and DiBiase after the match. On the February 15 episode of Raw, <mask> was again disqualified in a non-title rematch when Legacy interfered. <mask> and DiBiase both competed in the WWE Championship Elimination Chamber match at Elimination Chamber, where DiBiase eliminated <mask> after hitting him with a pipe Rhodes had given him. The next night on the February 22 episode of Raw, during a six-man tag team match, <mask> attacked them in retaliation, turning him face. At WrestleMania XXVI, <mask> defeated Rhodes and DiBiase in a triple threat match.World championship reigns (2010–2013) After The Legacy disbanded, <mask> spent most part of the year in World Title feuds. He unsuccessfully challenged Jack Swagger for the World Heavyweight Championship at Extreme Rules in April. At Fatal 4-Way in June, <mask> competed in a fatal four-way WWE Championship match involving champion Cena, Edge, and Sheamus, who won the title after interference from The Nexus. On July 18 at Money in the Bank, <mask> competed in a Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE Championship contract, which was won by The Miz and, at SummerSlam, he faced the WWE Champion Sheamus in a match that ended in a disqualification, giving <mask> the win, but not the title. Immediately afterward, <mask> hit Sheamus with the chair and an RKO onto the broadcast table. At Night of Champions, <mask> won the WWE Championship in a six-pack challenge elimination match. After successfully defending the title against Sheamus in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell, He feuded with Wade Barrett, who was blackmailing Cena to help him capture the title.<mask> retained the title against him at Bragging Rights and Survivor Series. However, on the November 22 episode of Raw, after <mask> defeated Barrett again in a title match, he lost the championship against The Miz when he cashed his Money in the Bank contract. <mask> received his rematch against The Miz in a tables match at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs and the Royal Rumble, but he lost both matches. The next month at Elimination Chamber, <mask> failed to win a WWE Championship number one contender Elimination Chamber match after being eliminated by CM Punk. Over the next three weeks, <mask> punted and injured all members of The New Nexus, Michael McGillicutty, David Otunga and Mason Ryan. At WrestleMania XXVII, <mask> defeated Punk after a mid-air RKO. Two weeks later in the 2011 WWE draft, <mask> was drafted to the SmackDown brand and later beat Punk in a Last Man Standing Match at Extreme Rules, ending his feud with The New Nexus.On the May 6 episode of SmackDown, <mask> defeated Christian to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the second time. At Over the Limit, <mask> made his first successful title defense in a rematch against Christian. At Capitol Punishment, <mask> pinned Christian to retain the championship again, despite Christian's foot being under the bottom rope. In July at Money in the Bank, <mask> defended the championship against Christian once more, with the stipulation that if <mask> got himself disqualified, or if there was "bad officiating", Christian would win the title. Christian spat in <mask>'s face, causing him to lose control of his temper, kick Christian in the groin and get disqualified, resulting in <mask> losing the championship. A month later at SummerSlam, <mask> regained the title when he defeated Christian in a No Holds Barred match. <mask> ended his feud with Christian when he retained the World Heavyweight Championship in a steel cage match on the August 30 episode of SmackDown.<mask> then began a feud with Mark Henry after Henry became the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship. Over the next few weeks, Henry regularly attacked <mask>. At Night of Champions, <mask> lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Henry, and failed to regain it two weeks later in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell. He then

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began feuding with his former stablemate Cody Rhodes, who believed that <mask> had mistreated and abused him during their time together in Legacy. On the October 14 episode of SmackDown, <mask> won a 41-man battle royal to earn a title shot of his choice, and he chose to challenge Henry for the World Heavyweight Championship later that night; he won by disqualification after interference from Rhodes, but did not win the championship. He then defeated Rhodes at Vengeance, and on the November 4 SmackDown in a Street Fight. <mask> reignited his feud with Wade Barrett after both were named captain for a traditional 5-on-5 Survivor Series elimination match.On the November 11 episode of SmackDown, <mask> lost a match to Barrett after Barrett poked <mask> in the eye. On the November 14 episode of Raw, <mask> won a rematch by disqualification after Team Barrett interfered. <mask>'s team was defeated at Survivor Series with Barrett and Cody Rhodes being the sole survivors. Barrett then began attacking and distracting <mask> during matches. At Tables, Ladders, & Chairs, <mask> defeated Barrett in a tables match after he put Barrett through the table with an RKO. Barrett and <mask> continued their feud on the December 23 episode of SmackDown, where they brawled backstage and <mask> hit Barrett with an RKO onto a car. This led to a Falls Count Anywhere match on December 30 episode of SmackDown, in which Barrett pushed <mask> down a flight of stairs, resulting in a herniated disc, which sidelined <mask> for four weeks.On the January 27, 2012 episode of SmackDown, he returned to the ring and attacked Barrett. On the February 3 episode of SmackDown, <mask> defeated Barrett in a No Disqualification match to end the feud. On the February 13 episode of Raw, <mask> suffered a concussion after World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan smashed <mask> over the head with the title belt. Due to the injury, <mask> was taken out of his Elimination Chamber match for the World Heavyweight Championship at Elimination Chamber. When <mask> returned on the March 2 episode of SmackDown, he feuded with Kane and was defeated by him at WrestleMania XXVIII. <mask> defeated Kane on the next SmackDown in a No Disqualification rematch and at Extreme Rules in a Falls Count Anywhere match to end the feud. He participated in a fatal four-way match at Over the Limit for the World Heavyweight Championship, where <mask> failed to win after Sheamus pinned Chris Jericho to retain the title.On May 30, WWE suspended <mask> for 60 days due to his second violation of the company's Talent Wellness Program. <mask> returned on the July 30 episode of Raw defeating Heath Slater. <mask> began feuding with Mr. Money in the Bank Dolph Ziggler and defeated Ziggler at Night of Champions. He began feuding with Alberto Del Rio on the September 28 episode of SmackDown. <mask> defeated Del Rio at Hell in a Cell in a singles match and represented Team Foley as his team lost to Team Ziggler at Survivor Series in a traditional five-on-five elimination tag match. On the December 3 episode of Raw, <mask> began a feud with The Shield, after he was attacked by them following a victory over Brad Maddox. On the December 14 episode of SmackDown, <mask> was once again assaulted backstage by The Shield.This was used to write him off television due to a shoulder injury. <mask> returned on the December 31 episode of Raw, helping Ryback and Sheamus fend off The Shield. At Elimination Chamber, <mask> eliminated Mark Henry and Chris Jericho before being the last man eliminated by Jack Swagger. In late February, <mask> aligned himself with Sheamus to feud with the Shield. At WrestleMania 29, <mask>, Sheamus and Big Show were defeated by The Shield, after which, both men were knocked out by Big Show. The following night on Raw, <mask> and Sheamus faced off in a match to earn a match with Big Show, however, the match ended in a no contest after Big Show interfered. <mask> and Sheamus then teamed up to defeat Big Show in two handicap matches, first on the April 12 SmackDown via count-out, and second on the April 15 Raw via pinfall.The feud between Big Show and <mask> led to an Extreme Rules match at Extreme Rules, which <mask> won. After Extreme Rules, <mask> began pairing with Daniel Bryan to face the Shield. On the June 14 SmackDown, <mask> teamed with Bryan and Kane to end the Shield's unpinned and unsubmitted streak in televised six-man tag matches. Three days later at Payback, <mask> and Bryan unsuccessfully challenged for Roman Reigns and Seth Rollins' WWE Tag Team Championship. The following night on Raw, <mask> and Bryan faced off in a No Disqualification match, which <mask> won via referee stoppage after Bryan suffered a legitimate nerve injury. Four days later on SmackDown, <mask> was defeated by Bryan in a singles match via countout. <mask> and Bryan faced each other for the third time on the next Raw, but their match ended in a no-contest after both men were counted out.Later that night, <mask> was defeated by Bryan in a Street Fight Match after he was forced to submit to the Yes! Lock with a kendo stick applied to the move. The Authority (2013–2015) On July 14 at Money in the Bank, <mask> defeated Christian, CM Punk, Daniel Bryan, Rob Van Dam, and Sheamus to win the WWE Championship Money in the Bank ladder match, thus earning him an opportunity to challenge for the WWE Championship at a time of his choosing within the next year. On August 18 at SummerSlam, <mask> turned heel after he cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on Daniel Bryan, who had just won the WWE Championship and had been subsequently attacked by special guest referee Triple H, who also counted the pinfall to give <mask> his seventh WWE Championship. The following night on Raw, <mask> was endorsed as the "face of the company" by Vince McMahon and the newly formed Authority (Triple H and Stephanie McMahon). On September 15 at Night of Champions, <mask> lost the WWE Championship back to Bryan, however, Triple H stripped Bryan of the title the next night on Raw, due to a fast count by referee Scott Armstrong, but refused to give the championship back to <mask>. <mask> and Bryan faced off for the vacant title on October 6 at Battleground, but the match ended in a no contest after Big Show interfered and knocked out both men.<mask> once again challenged Bryan for the vacant championship at Hell in a Cell, where he was successful in regaining the WWE Championship after the special guest referee Shawn Michaels hit Bryan with Sweet Chin Music for attacking Triple H. On November 24 at Survivor Series, after retaining the title against Big Show, <mask> was confronted by World Heavyweight Champion and long-time rival John Cena. The following night on Raw, Cena suggested that there should only be "one champion" in WWE, so Triple H stated there would be a unification match at the TLC pay-per-view. On December 15, <mask> defeated Cena at TLC to unify both titles, and becoming the first WWE World Heavyweight Champion as well as officially being recognized as the final World Heavyweight Champion. <mask> retained the title at the Royal Rumble against Cena after interference by The Wyatt Family. On February 23 at Elimination Chamber, <mask> defeated Cesaro, Christian, Daniel Bryan, John Cena, and Sheamus to retain his WWE World Heavyweight Championship and secure his position in the title bout at WrestleMania XXX against Royal Rumble winner Batista. On April 6 at WrestleMania XXX, the main event was changed to a triple threat match after Bryan defeated Triple H earlier that night, and Bryan won the match after making Batista submit to end <mask>'s reign at 161 days. The following night on Raw, <mask> and Batista were each denied a rematch for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship and instead were forced by The Authority to team together to face The Usos for the WWE Tag Team Championship, despite their issues with one another.The title match ended in a double count-out after the two united and attacked them. Later that night, <mask> and Batista, along with Kane, attacked Bryan before he was set to defend his title against Triple H. Before Triple H could defeat Bryan, The Shield interrupted by spearing Triple H and taking out <mask>, Batista, and Kane, causing Bryan to retain his title via disqualification. On the April 14 episode of Raw, <mask>, Batista, and Triple H came down to the ring to attack The Shield after their 11-on-3 handicap match, using the name and the theme of Evolution. At Extreme Rules and Payback, Evolution lost to The Shield. On the June 9 episode of Raw, The Authority automatically granted <mask> a spot in the 2014 Money in the Bank ladder match for the vacant WWE World Heavyweight Championship, but he failed to win. On the July 21 episode of Raw, Roman Reigns attacked <mask>, which cost him another shot at the title, causing <mask> to retaliate the following week by viciously attacking Reigns and challenging him to a match at SummerSlam, which Reigns won. At Night of Champions, <mask> defeated Chris Jericho.On the October 13 episode of Raw, <mask> asked The Authority to face the loser of a No Holds Barred Contract on a Pole match between John Cena and Dean Ambrose. Ambrose won the match, setting up a Hell in a Cell match between <mask> and Cena. On the Raw before the event, Triple H revealed that the winner would receive a future WWE World Heavyweight Championship match against Brock Lesnar. Later that night, <mask>, Kane, and Seth Rollins defeated Cena and Ambrose in a handicap Street Fight after <mask> pinned Ambrose, but he was immediately attacked by Rollins with a Curb Stomp post-match. At Hell in a Cell, <mask> lost to Cena. On the October 27 episode of Raw, <mask> attacked Rollins, turning face in the process. The following week on Raw, <mask> attacked Rollins during his Intercontinental Championship match against Dolph Ziggler, and demanded a match with Rollins to settle their dispute, which Triple H granted in order to keep <mask> on their side.Rollins won, and <mask> attacked The Authority before being attacked by The Authority, which ended with Rollins executing a Curb Stomp onto the steel steps on <mask>. He was carried on a stretcher after he sustained a scripted injury, so he could start filming The Condemned 2. After a three-month hiatus, <mask> returned at Fastlane on February 22, 2015, by saving Dolph Ziggler, Erick Rowan and Ryback from a post-match beatdown of Rollins, Big Show and Kane. He feuded with The Authority's Seth Rollins, having a match at WrestleMania 31 where <mask> defeated Rollins. After WrestleMania, with Rollins as the new WWE World Heavyweight Champion, <mask> faced Rollins at Extreme Rules and Payback, losing both title matches. At Money in the Bank, <mask> failed to win the championship contract ladder match, which was won by Sheamus. Following this, <mask> began feuding with Sheamus after both men attacked each other and faced off in various tag-team matches; <mask> defeated Sheamus at Battleground, but lost to Sheamus at SummerSlam.On the September 7 episode of Raw, <mask> was attacked by The Wyatt Family, starting a feud that was booked to end in the Hell in a Cell pre-show, but canceled after <mask> suffered a legit shoulder injury, putting him out of action for the following months. The Wyatt Family (2016–2017) On the July 7, 2016 episode of SmackDown, <mask> was revealed as Brock Lesnar's opponent for SummerSlam. On July 19 at the 2016 WWE draft, <mask> was drafted to SmackDown, while Lesnar was drafted to Raw. On July 24 at Battleground, <mask> returned as a guest on Chris Jericho's Highlight Reel to be interviewed about his match with Lesnar. <mask> explained that he wanted to face Lesnar to prove that he belonged in the top spot, before executing an RKO on Jericho. On the July 26 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> interrupted Intercontinental Champion The Miz during his Miz TV segment before defeating Miz in a non-title match. During Lesnar's promo on the August 1 episode of Raw, <mask> appeared and delivered an RKO to Lesnar.The following night on SmackDown Live, Lesnar attacked <mask> during his match, delivering an F-5 to <mask>. At SummerSlam, Lesnar defeated <mask> by technical knockout after a series of elbows to the head, leaving <mask> with an open wound which required 10 staples. On the August 23 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> spoke about his match against Lesnar and declared that he and Lesnar would cross paths again before Bray Wyatt interrupted him, therefore resuming their feud. The following week on SmackDown Live, <mask> accepted Wyatt's challenge for a match at Backlash, where <mask> lost by forfeit after a backstage attack by Wyatt before the show. It was later revealed that <mask> was not cleared to wrestle at the event due to a legitimate concussion that occurred the previous month at SummerSlam. <mask> faced Wyatt at No Mercy, where he lost due to a distraction by the returning Luke Harper. On the October 11 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> was teamed with Kane in a tag team match against Wyatt and Harper, but once again lost the match due to distraction by Harper.On the October 25 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> interfered on Wyatt's behalf in his match with Kane, leading to speculation that he had joined The Wyatt Family, though this was neither confirmed nor denied by WWE or <mask>. On the November 1 episode of SmackDown Live, Wyatt and Harper helped <mask> win his match against Kane, thus confirming <mask>'s alliance with the group, turning heel in the process. That same night, <mask> and Wyatt were revealed as members of Team SmackDown for Survivor Series. At Survivor Series, Team SmackDown defeated Team Raw, where <mask> and Wyatt became the last two surviving members of their team. On the November 29 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> and Wyatt defeated American Alpha to earn a shot at the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Heath Slater and Rhyno. At TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, they won the titles, marking <mask>'s first tag team championship in a decade. It was later announced that Harper was also champion under the Freebird Rule.On the December 27 episode of SmackDown Live, they lost the SmackDown Tag Team Championship to American Alpha in a fatal four-way tag team elimination match, after <mask> accidentally hit Harper. On January 29, 2017, at the Royal Rumble, <mask> won the Royal Rumble match for the second time in his career by lastly eliminating Roman Reigns. Despite this, <mask> came out after Wyatt successfully defended the WWE Championship and relinquished his shot at the title on the February 14 episode of SmackDown Live, basically giving his full devotion to Wyatt and leaving the main event of WrestleMania in the air. On the February 28 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> turned on Wyatt while Wyatt was delivering his promo and was seen entering Wyatt's compound, where he claimed that despite being Wyatt's home, it was not his home and declared his intentions to burn the soul of "Sister Abigail". He then set the entire compound on fire after stating that he would face Wyatt at WrestleMania 33, turning face again. On the March 7 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> defeated AJ Styles to become the number one contender for the WWE Championship. On April 2 at WrestleMania 33, <mask> defeated Wyatt to win the WWE Championship for the ninth time, which was also his first WWE Championship win at WrestleMania and 13th overall world championship.On the following episode of SmackDown Live, Wyatt challenged <mask> to a "House of Horrors" rematch, but after Wyatt was moved to the Raw brand as a result of the Superstar Shake-up, it was made a non-title match and scheduled for Raw's Payback on April 30, which he lost. On the April 18 episode of SmackDown Live, Jinder Mahal, who was moved to the SmackDown brand as a result of the Superstar Shake-up, won a six-pack challenge to become the number one contender for the WWE Championship, after interference from The Singh Brothers. The following week on SmackDown Live, <mask> defeated Erick Rowan in a no disqualification match and was afterwards attacked by Mahal and The Singh Brothers; Mahal subsequently stole the WWE Championship belt. At Payback, <mask> lost to Wyatt after Mahal attacked him with the title belt. SmackDown commissioner Shane McMahon later returned the belt to <mask>. On May 21 at Backlash, <mask> lost the WWE Championship to Mahal after interference from The Singh Brothers and failed to regain it the following month at Money in the Bank after The Singh Brothers again interfered. On the June 27 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> demanded a rematch for the title, which McMahon would grant him at Battleground, but with Mahal allowed to choose the stipulation (Mahal came out and chose a Punjabi Prison match).At Battleground, <mask> was again defeated by Mahal when The Great Khali returned and attacked <mask>, allowing Mahal to escape the Punjabi Prison to win. United States Champion (2017–2018) <mask> started a feud with Rusev, whom he defeated in 10 seconds at

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SummerSlam. On the September 5 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> lost to Shinsuke Nakamura in a number one contender's match for the WWE Championship. On the September 19 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> defeated Aiden English; after the match, he was challenged by Rusev to an impromptu match, which he lost in 10 seconds after a distraction from English. At Hell in a Cell, <mask> defeated Rusev to end the feud. On the October 24 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> defeated Sami Zayn to qualify for a spot on Team SmackDown at Survivor Series. During the match, <mask> eliminated Finn Bálor and survived until only he and Team SmackDown captain Shane McMahon remained, but was eliminated by Braun Strowman.Team SmackDown ultimately went on to lose. At the Royal Rumble, <mask> entered Royal Rumble match at #24 and eliminated NXT Champion Andrade "Cien" Almas before later being eliminated by Roman Reigns. During the following months, <mask> was put in the orbit of the WWE United States Championship. He defeated the champion Bobby Roode at Fastlane (thus becoming the 18th Grand Slam Champion) but lost it at WrestleMania 34 against Jinder Mahal in a fatal four-way match also involving Roode and Rusev. He had another title match at Backlash against the new champion Jeff Hardy, but <mask> lost again. On May 18, WWE confirmed that <mask> had undergone successful surgery to repair a medial meniscus tear in his left knee, sidelining him indefinitely. Return of the Legend Killer (2018–2021) After a brief hiatus, <mask> returned at Extreme Rules and attacked Jeff Hardy after Hardy's match against Shinsuke Nakamura for the United States Championship, turning heel in the process.Two nights later on SmackDown Live, <mask> interfered in the rematch and attacked Hardy again. On the August 21 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> and Hardy faced off in a match that ended in a no-contest, with Hardy continuing to attack <mask> after the match. At Hell in a Cell, <mask> defeated Hardy in a Hell in a Cell match. On the October 9 episode of SmackDown Live, <mask> defeated a returning Big Show to qualify for the WWE World Cup at Crown Jewel. At Crown Jewel, he lost to Rey Mysterio in the first round. He then started a feud with Mysterio, stealing Mysterio's mask on the November 21 episode of SmackDown Live and carrying it with him for a few weeks. At TLC, <mask> lost to Mysterio in a chairs match.At the Royal Rumble pay-per-view on January 27, 2019, <mask> entered the namesake match at number 29, eliminating Mysterio before he was himself eliminated by Andrade. <mask> competed in the Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Championship at Elimination Chamber, where he eliminated AJ Styles before being eliminated by Kofi Kingston. He then started a feud with Styles, with the two berating each other about their history in the wrestling business. At WrestleMania 35, <mask> lost to Styles. In July, <mask> feuded with Kingston over the WWE Championship, having matches at SummerSlam and Clash of Champions, where <mask> did not win the title. At Crown Jewel and Survivor Series, <mask> was part of two multi-tag matches, but his team lost both times. As part of the 2019 WWE draft, <mask> was drafted to Raw.On the November 11 episode of Raw, <mask> teamed with Ricochet and Humberto Carrillo to defeat The O.C. (AJ Styles, Luke Gallows, and Karl Anderson). At the end of the match, <mask> seemed like he was going to give Ricochet an RKO, but instead gave one to Styles, turning face in the process. He reignited his feud with Styles and faced him throughout December and January. At the Royal Rumble on January 26, 2020, <mask> entered the titular match at number 25 and eliminated Karl Anderson before he was eliminated by his former Rated-RKO tag team partner Edge, who was returning to competition for the first time since retiring due to career-ending neck injuries in 2011. The next night on Raw, <mask> teased a Rated-RKO reunion with Edge before delivering an RKO and a con-chair-to, turning heel once again. <mask> and Edge then began a feud, facing each other in a Last Man Standing match at WrestleMania 36, which <mask> lost.Their second match at Backlash, billed as the "Greatest Wrestling Match Ever", was won by <mask>. <mask> won after a punt to the head of Edge, marking the first punt <mask> had delivered in years. The match put Edge out of action with a legitimate torn triceps, and the victory enabled <mask> to call himself the "Greatest Wrestler Ever." The following night on Raw, Edge's friend and former tag team partner Christian challenged <mask> to an unsanctioned match, which <mask> won with assistance from Ric Flair. <mask> would go on to revive his Legend Killer gimmick over the next few weeks, attacking legends such as Christian, Shawn Michaels, and Big Show, while becoming more unhinged. <mask> then turned on Flair and set his sights on the WWE Championship. During the following months, <mask> feuded with the WWE Champion Drew McIntyre, failing to win the title at SummerSlam and Clash of Champions in an Ambulance match, until he defeated McIntyre in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell In A Cell, winning his tenth WWE Championship.However, he would lose the title back to McIntyre on the November 16 episode of Raw. Three weeks before his title loss, on October 26, 2020, <mask> started a feud with Bray Wyatt, now under his new gimmick, The Fiend, as well with his partner Alexa Bliss. At TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs on December 20, <mask> defeated The Fiend in a Firefly Inferno match before setting his body on fire. Despite his victory over the Fiend, <mask> would deal with the repercussions by dealing with Alexa Bliss (who aligned with The Fiend earlier) over the following weeks. After instigating Triple H into agreeing to face him in a No Holds Barred match, Bliss interfered and threw a fireball at <mask> to end it in a no contest. At the Royal Rumble on January 31, <mask> entered as the second participant and continued his feud with a returning Edge, who entered as the first participant. Due to injuries inflicted on him by Edge, <mask> left the match to be tended to by medical personnel without actually being eliminated.<mask> returned to the match at the very end to eliminate Edge, but was then himself eliminated. The following night on Raw, <mask> challenged Edge to one final match to again try to end his wrestling career but was defeated by him due to the interference of Bliss. At Elimination Chamber on February 21, <mask> competed in the Raw Elimination Chamber match for Drew McIntyre's WWE Championship, but was the first man eliminated by Kofi Kingston. After Bliss repeatedly harassed and distracted him over the weeks, causing him to lose matches, Bliss challenged him to an Intergender Match at Fastlane on March 21, which he accepted in the hopes of ridding Bliss from his life. At the event, Bliss attacked him with supernatural powers like making a lighting rig fall and almost land on him and launching a fireball at him. At the end, The Fiend, now with a new grotesque look with charred skin as a result of being set on fire, returned and attacked <mask>, allowing Bliss to get the pinfall victory. On the following episode of Raw, The Fiend attacked <mask> again and a match between them was scheduled for WrestleMania 37.On Night 2 of the event on April 11, <mask> defeated The Fiend after Bliss seemingly turned on The Fiend by distracting him, allowing <mask> to land the RKO and pin him for the win. RK-Bro (2021–present) On the Raw after WrestleMania, <mask> interfered in a segment between Drew McIntyre, Braun Strowman, MVP, and WWE Champion Bobby Lashley, wanting back in the WWE Championship picture. A triple threat match was made for later that night, in which the winner would receive a shot for the championship against Lashley at WrestleMania Backlash; McIntyre would go on to win. On the April 19 episode of Raw, Riddle interrupted a backstage interview by <mask> to suggest a tag team formation, with <mask> dismissing the idea by leaving. A match was made later on between <mask> and Riddle, which Riddle won with a roll-up. The following week on Raw, <mask> reluctantly agreed to form a team with Riddle. Later on, the newly labeled RK-Bro defeated Cedric Alexander and Shelton Benjamin.In the following backstage interview, <mask> suggested to Riddle they take the team "a day at a time", thus turning face for the first time since early 2020. On the May 3 episode of Raw, RK-Bro defeated Elias and Jaxson Ryker, bringing their record to 2–0. On the May 10 episode of Raw, they teamed up with The New Day to defeat AJ Styles, Omos, Elias, and Ryker, giving the duo a 3–0 record. On the June 21 episode of Raw, <mask> faced John Morrison in a Money in the Bank qualifier but was defeated. The following week, he was scheduled to face Styles and McIntyre in a last chance match, but was pulled for unknown reasons and replaced by Riddle, who would go on to lose the match. After a seven-week absence, <mask> returned on the August 9 episode of Raw and dissolved his team with Riddle; however, later in the night, <mask> defeated Styles in a match following assistance from Riddle. Afterwards, he pretended to hug Riddle but then hit him with an RKO as his own unique way of showing gratitude.The following week, <mask> officially reunited the team after Riddle saved him from an attack at the hands of Styles and Omos. At SummerSlam, RK-Bro defeated Styles and Omos to become the Raw Tag Team Champions, their first reign each. At Survivor Series, RK-Bro defeated SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso). With this match, <mask> broke Kane's record for wrestling the most PPV matches in WWE history. On the January 10, 2022 episode of Raw, RK-Bro lost the titles to Alpha Academy (Chad Gable and Otis), ending their reign at 142 days. Professional wrestling style and persona <mask>'s most notable move is his finishing maneuver, the RKO, a jumping variation of a cutter. The name is a pun on his initials (Randal <mask>) with "Randy-KO".He also previously used a punt kick, which saw him run up to an opponent on their hands and knees and kick them in the head; within a storyline, this usually caused a concussion or some other sort of severe head injury to his opponent, and was often used to write off the on-screen characters of wrestlers who were scheduled to take time off. However, the move was legitimately banned by WWE management in 2014 due to the ease of imitation by viewers and the risk of injury should the move be botched. The move was brought back in June 2020 as part of the feud between <mask> and Edge where <mask> used the Punt Kick to defeat Edge at Backlash. <mask> would then start using the move regularly again. During his initial years in WWE, <mask>'s gimmick was that of "the Legend Killer", a young and cocky talent who disrespected and usually defeated several legends. In late 2007, in the midst of his second WWE Championship reign, his character changed to a more unstable and treacherous personality. He then adopted the nicknames of "the Viper" and "the Apex Predator" due to his untrustworthy, snake-like character.He has said numerous times that he prefers playing the villain, as it is easier and more natural for him. In January 2008, <mask> told 411Mania: "It's easy for me to go out there and be a prick on the show because it's me times ten. And even though you probably don't like me anyway, give me five minutes and I'll make you not like me more. Being a heel is fun. It comes so natural." Acting career A former Marine, <mask> was set to star in the action film The Marine 2 (2009), but was replaced by Ted DiBiase after injuring his collarbone. He had a supporting role as the father of a school bully in the comedy-drama film That's What I Am (2011).He signed on to star in the action film The Marine 3: Homefront (2013), but was replaced by The Miz due to his uneasy history with the Marines. He later starred in the action films 12 Rounds 2: Reloaded (2013) and The Condemned 2 (2015). He had a guest role as James Richards, a former Navy SEAL and leader of a militia group, in a December 2016 episode of the USA action series Shooter. He also had supporting roles in the comedy-drama film Changeland (2019) and the romantic comedy film Long Shot (2019). Other media In 2004, <mask> appeared on the talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live! to promote Taboo Tuesday. In March 2007, he appeared alongside Edge, John Cena and Bobby Lashley on the game show Deal or No Deal.He was the cover athlete for the video game WWE '12. In October 2014, he became a popular figure on Vine when a trend began of clips of a superimposed <mask> performing his signature RKO move on internet "fail" victims. Personal life <mask> married Samantha Speno on September 21, 2007. The couple had a daughter together. They separated in late 2012 and divorced in June 2013. On November 14, 2015, <mask> married Kimberly Kessler, who was previously a member of his fan club. The couple have a daughter together (<mask>'s second child).They reside in St. Charles, Missouri. <mask> has a United States Marine Corps tattoo on his left arm, but covered it up after receiving his bad conduct discharge. His hypermobility in both shoulders has been a constant source of injuries throughout his career, sidelining him through incidents ranging from pounding the ring mat too hard when performing one of his signature taunts to innocuous things like taking out the trash at home. Controversies In March 2007, Sports Illustrated posted an article on its website as part of its continuing series investigating a steroid and growth hormone ring used by a number of professional athletes in several sports. The article mentioned several current and former WWE wrestlers, including <mask>, who was alleged to have obtained nandrolone, oxandrolone, stanozolol, and testosterone, as well as ancillary drugs anastrozole and clomiphene citrate. WWE simply claimed that the allegations preceded their Talent Wellness Program, launched in February 2006. In August 2018, <mask> was investigated by WWE for sexual harassment when it was claimed that he had exposed himself to new members of the company's writing staff during his early career, though nothing came of the investigation.In 2018, legal action was brought against Take-Two Interactive and 2K Games for the use of <mask>'s likeness in their WWE 2K video game series, which included copyrighted tattoos by the artist Catherine Alexander on <mask>'s body. Alexander argued that the copying of the tattoos infringed on her rights as the licensed creator. A trial was scheduled for September 20, 2021, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In October 2019, <mask> received criticism for saying "nigga" while playing a Call of Duty game on a live Twitch stream. Filmography Film Television Championships and accomplishments The Baltimore Sun Wrestler of the Year (2009) Guinness Book of World Records Most appearances on pay-per-view for a male WWE wrestler Ohio Valley Wrestling OVW Hardcore Championship (2 times) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Feud of the Year (2009) Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (2007, 2009) Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (2004) Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (2010) Rookie of the Year (2001) Wrestler of the Year (2009, 2010) Ranked No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2008 World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE WWE Championship (10 times) World Heavyweight Championship (4 times) WWE Intercontinental Championship (1 time) WWE United States Championship (1 time) World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Edge WWE Raw Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Riddle WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bray Wyatt and Luke Harper Money in the Bank (2013) Royal Rumble (2009, 2017) Seventeenth Triple Crown Champion Tenth Grand Slam Champion (under current format; eighteenth overall) Slammy Award (2 times) Hashtag of the Year (2014) – Rivalry of the Year (2020) WWE Year-End Award for Shocking Moment of the Year (2018) – Wrestling Observer Newsletter''' Most Improved (2004) Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (2006) Exploiting the death of Eddie Guerrero ("Eddie's down there... in Hell!" promo) Most Overrated (2013) Worst Feud of the Year (2013) – Worst Feud of the Year (2017) Worst Feud of the Year (2021) Worst Worked Match of the Year (2017) Footnotes References Further reading External links 1980 births Living people 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male professional wrestlers Male actors from Missouri Male actors from Tennessee NWA/WCW/WWE United States Heavyweight Champions People from Jefferson County, Missouri People from St. Charles, Missouri Professional wrestlers from Missouri Professional wrestlers from Tennessee Sportspeople from Knoxville, Tennessee Sportspeople from St. Louis The Authority (professional wrestling) members United States Marines World Heavyweight Champions (WWE) WWE Champions WWE Grand Slam champions WWF/WWE Intercontinental

Shane McGrath (hurler)

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<mask> (born 12 September 1984) is an Irish hurler who played as a midfielder for the Tipperary senior team. <mask> made his first appearance for the team during the 2006 National League. During his career he has won one All-Ireland winners' medals, five Munster winners' medals, one National Hurling League winners' medal, two Fitzgibbon Cup medals, two Railway Cup medals, one Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship medal and two All-Star awards. He has ended up as an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions. Mcgrath is known for his aerial ability, horizontal hurling and his piercing runs through the heart of any defence, in 2014 Mcgrath scored eight points from play from midfield in the All-Ireland semi-final and final. At club level along with his three brothers <mask> plays with Ballinahinch gaa club. <mask> was appointed Tipperary Senior hurling captain for the 2013 season.On 17 November 2015 he announced his retirement from inter county. Playing career Club <mask> plays his club hurling with his local club in Ballinahinch gaa club. He has enjoyed some success but has yet to win a senior county club championship. University <mask> also enjoyed much success with the Limerick Institute of Technology (LIT) in the universities and colleges series of games. In 2005 he was on the LIT team that defeated near neighbours University of Limerick in the final. In 2007 he won a second Fitzgibbon Cup medal as the National University of Ireland, Galway were defeated by 2–15 to 0–13 in the final. <mask> also won a Ryan Cup medal as a student of Mary Immaculate College, Limerick in 2009.Inter-county <mask> first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Tipperary intermediate team in 2003. He enjoyed little success during his three years in this grade. In 2004 <mask> joined the Tipperary under-21 hurling panel. He found it difficult to break onto the starting fifteen and finished his time in this grade without any major successes on the field of play. <mask> made his senior competitive debut for Tipperary in a National Hurling League game against Limerick in 2006. Later that season he made his championship debut against the same opposition, however, Tipperary went on to lose a second successive Munster final to Cork. In 2008 Tipp remained undefeated in the National League before meeting Galway in the final.In an exciting game Tipp emerged victorious by 3-18 to 3-16 and <mask> collected his first National League winners' medal. Tipperary later reached the Munster final where they defeated a resurgent Clare team by 2-21 to 0-19. It was <mask> 's first Munster winners' medal. Tipperary were subsequently defeated in a tense All-Ireland semi-final by Waterford on a scoreline of 1-20 to 1-18. In spite of falling short in the championship, <mask> later collected his first All-Star award. <mask> won his second Munster medal in 2009 as Tipp defeated Waterford by 4-14 to 2-16. After a six-week lay-off and a facile semi-final win over Limerick, Tipp qualified for an All-Ireland final meeting with Kilkenny.For much of the match it looked as if Tipp would pull off a shock and deny 'the Cats' a record-equaling four-in-a-row. Two quick goals in the space of a minute, one from a penalty by Henry Shefflin, sealed a 2-22 to 0-23 victory and defeat for Tipperary. After surrendering their Munster title to Cork at the first hurdle in 2010, Tipperray regrouped in the qualifiers and reached a second successive All-Ireland decider. Kilkenny, a team chasing a fifth successive championship, provided the opposition and a great game was expected. Tipperary got off to a great start which was bolstered by an early Lar Corbett goal. He subsequently completed a hat-trick of goals and Tipperary had a fourth by <mask> to deny Kilkenny's drive-for-five and secure a remarkable and convincing 4-17 to 1-18 victory. It was <mask>'s first All-Ireland medal in any grade.Tipperary returned as provincial kingpins once again in 2011. A 7-19 to 0-19 trouncing of Waterford in the southern decider gave <mask> a third Munster medal. For the third successive year, Tipperary faced off against Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final, however, on this occasion Kilkenny were slight underdogs going up against the new champions. Kilkenny started quickly and never surrendered the lead in the 2-17 to 1-16 victory. In spite of an indifferent National League campaign, Tipperary were regarded as potential All-Ireland champions once again. A 2-17 to 0-16 defeat of Waterford in the provincial decider gave <mask> a fourth Munster medal in five seasons. Tipperary later faced a humiliating 4-24 to 1-15 defeat by eventual champions Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final.In October 2014, <mask> won his second All Stars Award after a successful 2014 campaign where Tipperary reached the All-Ireland Final. In November 2015, <mask> announced his retirement from inter-county hurling. Inter-provincial <mask> has also been a regular on the Munster team during various inter-provincial campaigns. He won his first Railway Cup medal in 2007 following a 2-22 to 2-19 defeat of Connacht , then won his second medal when he captained the side to glory in the semi final of the 2013 tournament but was injured for the final that year. Honours Team Limerick Institute of Technology Fitzgibbon Cup (1): 2005, 2007 Mary Immaculate College, Limerick Ryan Cup (1): 2009 Tipperary All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2010 Munster Senior Hurling Championship (5): 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015 National Hurling League (1): 2008 Munster Player of the Year: 2008 Munster Inter-provincial Championship (2): 2007, 2013 Individual All-Stars (2): 2008, 2014 References 1984 births 20th-century Irish people 21st-century Irish people Living people Ballinahinch hurlers Tipperary inter-county hurlers Munster inter-provincial hurlers All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners Alumni of NUI Galway Alumni of Mary Immaculate College, Limerick

Kim Hughes

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<mask> (born 26 January 1954) is a former cricketer who played for Western Australia, Natal and Australia. He captained Australia in 28 Test matches between 1979 and 1984 before captaining a rebel Australian team in a tour of South Africa, a country which at the time was subject to a sporting boycott opposing apartheid. A right-handed batsman, <mask> was seen to possess an orthodox and attractive batting style. He was identified as a potential Test cricketer from an early age, but his impetuous style of batting, and personality clashes with influential teammates and opponents such as Dennis Lillee and Rod Marsh, saw a later introduction to first-class and Test cricket than anticipated. During the split between the establishment Australian Cricket Board and the breakaway World Series Cricket, <mask> stayed with the establishment. <mask>' captaincy record with Australia was hindered by a succession of matches being played away from home (just eight of his 28 Tests while captain were played in Australia) and the necessity to rebuild an inexperienced team after the frequent absence, and later the retirement, of several senior players. Placed under extreme pressure by the media and former teammates during a series of losses to the then dominant cricket team in the world, West Indies, <mask> resigned from the captaincy, making an emotional and tearful speech.He finished his career playing cricket in South Africa. After his playing career, <mask> for a time acted as the chairman of selectors for the Western Australian Cricket Association, and is an occasional commentator for ABC Radio's cricket coverage. Early life <mask> was born on 26 January 1954, at Margaret River, Western Australia, the first child of father Stan, a schoolteacher, and mother Ruth. The <mask> family lived in nearby Kudardup, where Stan was in charge of the one-teacher school. Stan's profession would take the <mask> family across much of the south-west of Western Australia, including postings at Ballidu, Pinjarra and Geraldton. The <mask> family settled in the Geraldton suburb of Wonthella and <mask> attended the local Allendale Primary School, where his father was the headmaster. In Geraldton, the young <mask> played a variety of sports, including hockey, tennis and especially Australian rules football.His boyhood hero was Austin Robertson, Jr. who played for Subiaco Football Club, the club that <mask>' father had played for as a young man. His first organised cricket was as an 11-year old, filling in for the Bluff Point Cricket Club under-16 side. Aged 11, he was selected for a Geraldton under-16 representative side to compete in the junior "Country Week" tournament in the state capital of Perth, where his teammates included Geoff Gallop, later Premier of Western Australia. He was selected in the Geraldton Country Week team again the following year. It was at this tournament that <mask>' performances playing against much older boys saw him come to the attention of cricket administrators. After <mask> finished primary school, the family moved to Perth. <mask> attended City Beach High School and played cricket for the Floreat Park (now Floreat) Under-16 side.In his final season at junior level <mask> scored 555 runs at an average of 46 and took 28 wickets at an average of 6, and was included in the Western Australia Colts squad. The next season, aged 15, <mask> made his first grade debut for Subiaco-Floreat Cricket Club, captained by former Test player Des Hoare; <mask> made 36 runs. In January 1970, <mask> was selected to play for Western Australia in the national under-19 carnival. His captain, Ric Charlesworth, later described <mask> as "the most gifted junior cricketer I ever saw. No one else comes close." Later that season <mask> made his first century in first grade cricket, against Midland-Guildford; he finished the season topping the club batting averages. Cricket career Club cricket and first-class debut After only nine first grade games, in 1970–71 <mask> was included in the Western Australian Sheffield Shield squad.Described at the time by Test wicket-keeper Rod Marsh as "a technically perfect batsman", the Perth press speculated he might even make his first-class cricket debut later that season. Instead, <mask> suffered from the "second-year blues" and struggled for runs, averaging only 23 for the season. He was unable to break out of the slump for the next two seasons, finding himself out of the state squad. During this time he managed to retain selection in the state colts team, in one match against the Victorian colts scoring a dashing 97 before being caught on the boundary attempting to make his century from a six. It would be four years after his maiden first grade century that <mask> would make his second, against North Perth. In 1973–74, <mask> was called up to the Western Australian squad. He acted as twelfth man in three successive matches, but was unable to break into the playing XI due to the strong Western Australian batting line-up.Impatient to play at first-class level, <mask> left for Adelaide mid-season to try his luck at gaining selection for South Australia, whose batting was not as strong. He played for East Torrens Cricket Club and awaited an invitation to play for South Australia; he was not even invited to train with the state squad. His South Australian experiment unsuccessful, <mask>—disappointed and homesick—returned to Western Australia. <mask> was captain-coach of North Perth Cricket Club for the 1975–76 season. He finally broke into the Western Australian team in November 1975, making his first-class debut against New South Wales at the WACA Ground. In an innings described by New South Wales bowler Dave Hourn as the "best and most dynamic innings" he had seen in first-class cricket, <mask> continually stepped down the pitch to hit the bowling, even to the pace bowling of Len Pascoe. He was dismissed for 119, ending a partnership of 205 runs with Rob Langer.He was the fifth Western Australian batsman to make a century on first-class debut for the state. Later that season, <mask> scored a second century, against Clive Lloyd's touring West Indians. In his first season for Western Australia, <mask> made 494 runs at an average of 32.93. In the winter of 1976, <mask> played as a professional for Watsonians Cricket Club, a team based around former students of George Watson's College in Edinburgh. <mask> would later call this period "possibly the best six months of my life." Test debut Playing for Western Australia against the touring Pakistan team in December 1976, <mask> made 137 runs from only 167 balls, making a claim to the attention of the national selectors. The Australian reported that "[r]arely has a batsman of his limited experience been seen in a more majestic performance".A few weeks later, <mask> was called up as twelfth man for Australia in the New Year's Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). Substituting on the field for Ian Davis, he injured his shoulder attempting to catch Imran Khan. Missing the rest of the Pakistan matches, <mask> was included in the Australian team to tour New Zealand. <mask>, again suffering from homesickness, did not play in either of the two Tests. Four weeks after marrying his girlfriend, <mask> left for England as a member of the 1977 Australian team. The tour was an unhappy one for the Australian team, losing the series three Tests to nil to England and the embryonic World Series Cricket concept caused rifts between the team members. <mask> did not play much cricket early in the tour; Wisden Cricketers' Almanack saying that he was "kept in such idleness that [he] might have claimed restraint of trade."He was selected to make his Test debut in the fifth Test, after the series had already been decided. <mask>, bitter about his treatment by the tour selectors, was unhappy. <mask> told a reporter congratulating him about his upcoming Test debut "Those pricks, know they have made me part of their failure". In an uncharacteristic performance, <mask> faced thirty-four deliveries before he made his first run. It was the only run he made that innings, before he was dismissed by Mike Hendrick. <mask>' teammate Geoff Dymock later said, "They threw [<mask>] to the wolves." World Series Cricket years World Series Cricket (WSC) divided the Australian team into two camps; those who had signed lucrative contracts with Kerry Packer's rebel group and those, like <mask>, who had remained with the establishment Australian Cricket Board (ACB).<mask>' boyhood idol, Austin Robertson Jr, acted as Packer's agent, signing players to the new cricket venture, eventually signing 13 of the 17 players who toured England; <mask> was a notable omission. Robertson claims that he did not approach <mask> about a WSC contract; <mask> claims that he was approached but indicated his unwillingness. In September 1977, <mask> made clear his attachment to traditional cricket in a statement. The first season of the divide saw the ACB bring the 41-year-old Bob Simpson out of retirement to captain the Australians against the touring Indians. <mask> fell one run short of a century against the tourists for Western Australia, but missed out on selection for the first Test at the Gabba in Brisbane; instead he was named as twelfth man. <mask> was chosen for the second Test at the WACA Ground in Perth, where he made 28 in the first innings and a duck in the second. He was omitted for the third Test in Melbourne, but returned for the fourth Test in Sydney.At the Sydney Cricket Ground <mask> made 17 and 19, with Bishan Bedi dismissing him on both occasions. Again, <mask> was left out of the Australian team; at this stage he had not played two Test matches consecutively. <mask> travelled to the Caribbean as a member of the Australian cricket team to play the West Indies in 1978. During the first match on tour against the Leeward Islands at Basseterre, Saint Kitts, <mask> suffered from appendicitis and had his appendix removed. The wound became infected and <mask> had to beg team management to be allowed to remain on the tour. Despite his later recovery, he did not play any of the Tests; his personality and attitude to the game did not meet with the approval of the captain, Simpson. A reporter wrote at the time, "<mask> is the most frustrated, disillusioned young man in the West Indies today and with good reason.[...] Never, at any stage, has Simpson considered <mask> a Test prospect." Mike Brearley led his English team to Australia in 1978–79 on the back of his victory over the Greg Chappell-led Australians in 1977. With Simpson standing down from international cricket, Graham Yallop was the new Australian captain, leading an inexperienced Australian team, with only Gary Cosier having played over 10 Tests before the series began; <mask> had only played three Tests. The Australians were no match for the experienced England team, losing the series and the Ashes five Tests to one. Playing in all six Tests, <mask> scored 345 runs at an average of 28.75; only Yallop scored more runs in what was a poor batting performance by Australia. <mask>' only century came in the first Test at Brisbane. Having been bowled out for 116, in their first innings, Australia had lost three wickets for only 49 runs (49/3) in the second innings when <mask> joined Yallop at the crease.Yallop and <mask> scored 170 runs in partnership before Yallop was dismissed for 102. <mask> continued on and was the last Australian wicket to fall, top-scoring with 129, his maiden Test century. While England won the match by seven wickets, <mask> and Yallop at least made the Australian effort look respectable. A young captain With the Ashes series played and lost, Australia hosted Pakistan for a two-Test series at the end of the Australian 1978–79 season. Pakistan won the first Test by 71 runs after Sarfraz Nawaz took an incredible seven wickets for only one run in the Australian second innings. Before the second Test, Yallop tore his calf muscle playing for Richmond—his club side—and had to withdraw from the Australian team. <mask>, playing only his eleventh Test, was named as Australian captain; the first Western Australian to lead the national team.<mask> took to the leadership role with enthusiasm, boasting of a "new era". Bowling in the nets before the start of the third day's play, <mask> rolled his ankle and was not able to take his place in the field. While he sat in the dressing room, the Australian team, desperate to end the Pakistan tenth-wicket partnership "Mankaded" (run out the batsman at the non-striker's end before bowling the ball) Sikander Bakht. During Australia's second innings, Andrew Hilditch picked up the ball after a return from a fieldsman and, in an attempt to be helpful, handed it to Sarfraz. Sarfraz appealed for a handling the ball dismissal, and Hilditch was given out by umpire Tony Crafter. While within the laws of the game, both dismissals were generally seen as unsportsmanlike. <mask> said of his own team's actions, "It was just part of cricket" while condemning the actions of Sarfraz: "It just wasn't cricket".In the end, Australia won the second Test and tied the series one Test apiece. <mask> had started his Australian captaincy with a win. His success in his one Test in charge saw <mask> appointed as captain of the Australian team for the 1979 Cricket World Cup to be held in England. The Australian team was not expected to do well and lived up to those low expectations

Kim Hughes

original

by not making the semi-finals. A Test series in India was next for <mask> and his team. In a rain-affected series, Australia was unable to win a match, losing two and drawing another four. However, Wisden had praise for <mask>, remarking that there "was a marked development in <mask>'s technique of playing spin bowling" and that "the heavy burden of captaincy had no adverse effect on his batting".His best performance was in the first Test at Chennai (then called Madras), where he scored exactly 100 runs in the first innings, batting in a responsible fashion. Over the series, <mask> topped the aggregate and the averages for Australia, scoring 594 runs at an average of 59.40. Reunification In 1979, World Series Cricket and the Australian Cricket Board agreed to the reunification of the Australian team. <mask>—along with the other establishment players—now had to compete with the returning WSC players, not only for spots in the Australian team, but also for spots in their respective state teams as well. Many experts in the press did not include <mask> in a full-strength Australian squad and former Australian captain and Packer player, Ian Chappell agreed saying, "Frankly, I can't even see a spot in the [Australian] squad for <mask>" Ultimately <mask> was included in the Australian squad, but was now vice-captain, with Greg Chappell—the captain before the split—restored to this position. England and the West Indies both toured Australia in 1979–80. <mask> started the summer well, making 139 not out in the first Test against a West Indian line-up including bowlers such as Andy Roberts, Michael Holding and Joel Garner.He hit 18 boundaries that innings, 10 of them from the hook shot. The next Test, against England in Perth, <mask> was out one run short of his century, attempting to hit Derek Underwood out of the ground. A short tour to play Pakistan followed in February 1980, where <mask> made 182 runs in the three-Test series, averaging 36.40. The Centenary Test at Lord's Cricket Ground in August 1980 was a triumph for <mask>. Much of the first three days' play was lost due to bad weather but in that time <mask> played what Wisden would describe as "two innings of the highest quality." <mask> scored a century in the first innings, 117 runs including 14 fours and 3 sixes. His second innings only totalled 84 runs before he was dismissed by Ian Botham.It was this innings, however, that was seen as his most brilliant of the match. His 84 runs included 11 fours and 2 sixes, one of which struck the top deck of the pavilion; <mask> having stepped down the pitch to hit Chris Old back over his head. Former England captain Gubby Allen could not recall a more remarkable straight hit. Cricket writer RS Whitington had to cast his mind back more than 40 years to describe <mask>' batting as "the nearest approach to Stan McCabe in full flurry". The Test was drawn and <mask> was given the Man of the Match award, having batted on each of the five days of the match. His performance in the Centenary Test saw him named as one of the 1981 Wisden Cricketers of the Year. <mask> struggled against New Zealand in 1980–81, making only 102 runs at an average of 27.25 in three Tests.Rumours about <mask>' selection prospects again began to circulate. While <mask> was batting in the traditional Australia Day Test in Adelaide, this time against India, later that summer, his nemesis Ian Chappell opined on the airwaves that "<mask> really does need to build up a big score here. People are starting to talk about him being dropped." In seeming response to this criticism, <mask> scored a double-century; 213 runs including 21 boundaries. A "magnificent innings" Wisden declared, adding that <mask>' batting "touched the heights" and that "[w]ith brilliant footwork, he scored freely off the spinners." <mask> dedicated his innings to his newborn twin sons, Sean and Simon. On-again, off-again skipper In 1981, Australia was scheduled to tour England to play for the Ashes.Before the squad was selected, Greg Chappell announced that he would not be leading the Australian team, citing business and family reasons. In his absence, the Australian Cricket Board turned to <mask> as captain. The Australian team arrived in England in May and was greeted by rain, leaving them short of needed match practice. Nevertheless, <mask> and his team unexpectedly won the preliminary One Day International series. The first Test was played at Trent Bridge in Nottingham. Australia won the low scoring and rain affected match by six wickets, after <mask> had taken the opportunity to put England into bat after winning the toss. Australia then had the best of a drawn match in the second Test at Lord's.After making a pair in this match, Ian Botham resigned his position as captain of England. The third Test of the series was played at Headingley in Leeds. <mask>' Australians had the better of the early part of the match. Batting first, Australia made 401 runs; with <mask> contributing 89 of them. In response England only scored 174 runs and <mask> enforced the follow-on (forced to take its second batting innings immediately after its first). England were reduced to 135/7 in their second innings and the on-ground bookmakers decided to offer odds of 500–1 on an England victory. Ian Botham and Bob Willis turned the match on its head.In an extraordinary innings Botham made 149 runs, allowing England to set a target of 130 runs for Australia to win. Willis then took eight wickets for only 43 runs as Australia were all out for 111. <mask> and his Australian team had lost the match from what should have been an unbeatable position. Later, explaining what had happened, <mask> said "Botham rode his luck and we couldn't get him out. [...] In the first innings they missed catches—even Botham and [David] Gower missed them—but in the second they held everything. I'd seen Bob Willis bowl just as well at other times and not take nearly as many wickets." Australia lost the fourth Test at Edgbaston in Birmingham.This time, requiring only 151 runs to win the match, Australia reached 105/4 and seemed certain to win the match. Again, it was Botham who turned the match around, capturing 5 wickets in the space of 28 deliveries while only conceding one run. In the final Test of the series, <mask> chose to shepherd the strike to protect his partner Yallop, who was a specialist batsman. This action, something normally only done for poor, tail-end batsmen, humiliated Yallop. England won the series three Tests to one and retained the Ashes. The series was later known as "Botham's summer." With Chappell again available, <mask> returned to the vice-captaincy for the 1981–82 Tests.Australia played Pakistan first in an ill-tempered three Test series; won by the Australians two Tests to one. <mask> started the series with a century (106) in the first Test in Perth and finished the series having scored 193 runs overall. The other touring side that summer were the West Indies, widely considered the best team in the world at that time and supported by a potent fast bowling attack. The first Test in the series was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Both teams were critical of the pitch prepared at the MCG for the Test. Australia were quickly reduced to 26/4 before <mask> started his effort to recover the Australian innings. <mask> decided to attack the West Indian bowling.In an interview later he said "that to hang around and defend was going to be a waste of time ... So I thought what I could do was try to play as many shots as possible." When the ninth wicket fell, <mask> had made 71 and it appeared a century was out of reach. <mask>' remaining batting partner, Alderman, was a poor batsman; it had taken him nine matches to make his first first-class run. Alderman, despite telling <mask> that he didn't give himself much chance, managed to stay with <mask> long enough for <mask> to reach 100 runs. <mask>' innings was widely praised. West Indian Andy Roberts said "He took up the challenge and it paid off for him.It was a great innings. You don't find one batsman playing that sort of innings on more than one occasion. That was just his day." The Wisden 100, a ranking of the Top 100 Test Innings of all time, ranked that innings as number nine. Last days of the Chappell era In three Tests, <mask> scored only 29 runs on tour in New Zealand in March 1982. Greg Chappell withdrew from the Australian team to tour Pakistan in 1982, along with Dennis Lillee and Len Pascoe. The fourteen Australian Cricket Board delegates met in March to decide on an interim captain for the tour, with the two candidates <mask> and Rod Marsh.<mask> narrowly won the vote, 8 votes to 6. Marsh was offered the vice-captaincy, which he declined. Marsh later withdrew from the tour as a result of his son's illness. It was a difficult tour for <mask>' Australians. All members of the touring squad suffered from illness at one stage and at one stage <mask> threatened to take his team back to Australia after several Australian fielders were hit by projectiles thrown from the stands. Intelligent bowling by Pakistan's Abdul Qadir combined with poor fielding and lack of depth in Australia's batting saw Pakistan defeat Australia three Tests to nil. <mask> had hoped to retain the captaincy for the Ashes series in 1982–83, but the ACB chose to restore Chappell to his former position.<mask>' demotion did not affect his batting, however. He scored 469 runs against the English at an average of 67.00. His consistent run scoring saw Bill O'Reilly call <mask> "Mr. Reliable" and even Ian Chappell remarked that "After this series, not only should <mask>' conscience be clear but his slate clean in regard to the 1981 [Ashes] disaster." The highlight of the summer for <mask> was the final Test in Sydney where he batted for over 6 hours to score 137 runs. Australia retrieved the Ashes, winning the series two Tests to one. Not long after the match, Chappell relinquished his position as Australian captain; <mask> was now captain of a full-strength Australian team for the first time.Australia did not make it out of the group stage in the 1983 Cricket World Cup, winning only two of their six matches played. <mask>' team was embarrassed by a loss in their first match against Zimbabwe, at the time a mainly amateur side. There was a chance that Australia could still make the semi-finals with a win against India. <mask> chose to sit out the match, to give a minor injury time to heal. In his absence the Australian team was dismissed for 129 and bundled out of the tournament. <mask> decision to pull out of the match drew some criticism from the Australian press: "<mask> decision not to play was lamentable [...] this Australian team does not have a capable leader." On his return to Australia, David Hookes publicly advocated for Rod Marsh to be appointed Australian captain in <mask>' place, saying on Adelaide radio, "Maybe <mask> has got to be an apprentice to someone everyone respects."<mask> replied 'It's nice to know the Australian captain has got the support of his vice-captain." Under some pressure from cricket officials, <mask> was persuaded that he should stand down from the captaincy and a letter was drafted to this effect; he changed his mind the following morning. Once again, the Australian Cricket Board voted 8–6 to appoint <mask> as captain for the 1983–84 series against Pakistan. This time <mask> led a full strength Australian team, including former captain Greg Chappell and his fellow Western Australians, Dennis Lillee and Rod Marsh. <mask>' Australians defeated Pakistan comfortably, two Tests to nil. <mask> himself scored 375 runs in the series, including one century at Adelaide where he "confounded the cunning Qadir". At the end the season, Chappell, Lillee and Marsh—the Australian team's most experienced players—retired from international cricket.Downfall Australia was scheduled to tour the West Indies in 1984. The players selected for the tour were presented with official contracts by the Australian Cricket Board. The contracts sought to bind the players to only play in ACB approved cricket for a period of twelve months after the expiry of the tour, without offering any additional compensation. To the dismay of the Board, <mask> stood by his team and with his lawyer drafted a compromise agreement that gave the players some financial security. The West Indies was commonly regarded at that times as the best team in the world and <mask>' new-look Australian team now had to take them on without the recently retired Marsh, Lillee and Chappell. Bob Simpson commented, "The saddest and hardest lot for any captain is taking over the remnants of a once-great team. I wouldn't be in <mask>' shoes for quids."In addition, the Australian team was badly affected by injury; Yallop withdrew with a knee injury and Kepler Wessels, Graeme Wood, Steve Smith, Rodney Hogg and Carl Rackemann all were unfit to play at times during the tour. Australia lost the series three Tests to nil. After managing to draw the first two Tests, they lost the next three; the West Indies did not lose a second innings wicket all tour. <mask> did not have a successful tour with the bat, scoring 215 runs at an average of 21.50. The pressure of the tour told on <mask>. In a match against Trinidad and Tobago, <mask> protested against what he saw as unreasonableness by the opposition by treating the remainder of the match with contempt; not attempting to win.

Kim Hughes

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Afterwards <mask> said he could not care less about the welfare of cricket in Trinidad and Tobago; the management fined him for this comment.In the second Test, Rodney Hogg threw a punch at <mask>, frustrated that he was not given the field he wanted by his captain. <mask> then enjoyed a rare overseas captaincy triumph, leading Australia to a 3–0 victory in a one day series against India. However there was no extended respite for the Australians; the West Indies returned to Australia for the 1984–85 season. The Australian team remained positive; Allan Border said, "We are thinking of beating them, Laugh all you want." Despite this attitude, the Australians lost the first Test by an innings and 112 runs. <mask> made only four runs in the first innings, out playing the hook shot despite a pre-series pledge not to play the stroke. Again, the pressure from the media came; Ian Chappell used his newspaper column to heavily criticise <mask>.Chappell continued his criticism of <mask> during the standard pre-match interview before the broadcast of the second Test in Brisbane. The Test was another struggle for the Australians. Australia was bowled out for 175 and then <mask> then dropped two catches in the West Indian innings. In the Australian second innings, <mask> made only four. The next morning, before play, <mask> rang the Australia team manager and said "I want to quit as Australian captain." Relinquishing the captaincy With assistance from Greg Chappell, <mask> wrote his letter of resignation. During the day's play, <mask> confided in his teammates, announcing his decision.Allan Border, his vice-captain, advised him to reconsider; <mask> refused. At the press conference at the end of the day's play, <mask> announced, "I have something to read." <mask> was visibly emotional while reading his letter and broke down in tears halfway through, leaving the rest for team manager Bob Merriman to read on his behalf as he quickly left the press conference. Australia went on to lose the match by eight wickets, with <mask> scoring 34 and 4. Press reaction to <mask>' resignation and his emotional state was mixed. Former Australian captain and television broadcaster Bill Lawry said "The demise of <mask> in Brisbane in a manner equal to be being dragged down like a dingo in the pack and devoured by your own, within and without, was a disgrace." The respected ABC radio broadcaster Alan McGilvray on the other hand was more blunt: "[<mask>] is a little boy who has not yet grown up."<mask> was widely mocked for his tears, which were seen as unmanly and un-Australian. Barry Humphries—the satirist behind Dame Edna Everage and Sir Les Patterson—wondered if "<mask>'s cricket box was on too tight" and claimed that a real Australian in that situation "would simply chunder". In 2002, a British journalist remarked of <mask>' tears as "one inadequate captain getting life so out of proportion as to make a complete clown of himself." It is claimed in the press from time to time that <mask> is now as much remembered for his tears as for his achievements in cricket. <mask> retained his place in the Australian team for the third Test in Adelaide under new captain, Allan Border. <mask> failed in both innings, scoring a duck in the first innings and only two runs in the second. <mask> joined the Australian team in Melbourne for the fourth Test.Despite warm support from the MCG crowd, <mask> made a humiliating pair; in his last innings he was out from the first ball he faced—a golden duck. He never played in a Test match again. He played in some of the remaining One Day Internationals but without success. When the Australian team was chosen for the tour of England in 1985, <mask> was not included. Rebel and retirement While the Australian team for England was being selected, the South African Cricket Union (SACU) was arranging a "rebel" Australian team to tour South Africa. As a result of the apartheid policy of the white minority government, South Africa was cast out of the International Cricket Council and subjected to a boycott. With his old adversaries Greg Chappell as a national selector and Rod Marsh playing an analogous role for the Western Australian team, <mask> felt that his options in Australian cricket were limited and he chose to join the rebel team as the captain.<mask> was one of the last players to join the rebel team; indeed he found out that many of the rebel squad had signed up with the South Africans during the 1983 World Cup, when he was confirmed as captain. At a press conference after the announcement of the team, <mask> announced: <mask> was heavily criticised for his decision. Desmond Tutu called him a hypocrite and Prime Minister Bob Hawke called him a comforter of racists. The criticism was hurtful to <mask> who, seemingly puzzled, remarked to friends "People think I'm a racist." In South Africa, even before his team arrived <mask> was "a hero, larger than a Reagan ... [Australia's] most exotic export since Breaker Morant." The rebel team played two series against the South African team—in 1985–86 and 1986–87—and lost them both 1 "Test" to nil. In the first series, <mask> left himself stranded on 97 when the second "Test" at Newlands in Cape Town ended in a draw.In the following match at Wanderers in Johannesburg, <mask> was dismissed for a king pair; dismissed by first ball he faced in both innings. <mask> scored 585 runs at an average of 45.00 in the 1985–86 South African season and followed that with 596 runs at an average of 42.57 in 1986–87. In 2007, <mask> reflected on his participation in the rebel tours: "Cricket was at the forefront of trying to break down barriers and when you look how cricket has developed in South Africa I was very pleased to be involved." Following the rebel tours, <mask> returned to Western Australia. The Western Australian Cricket Association attempted to ban him from club cricket in Western Australia. In response <mask> took action against the WACA for restraint of trade; he won the case in the Federal Court of Australia—the WACA lost several hundred thousand dollars in court costs. Before the start of the 1987–88 season, Marsh resigned his position as a Western Australian selector; by December <mask> had made his way back into the Western Australian team as an opener, where he scored 76 runs against New South Wales.He played six matches for Western Australia that year scoring 223 runs at an average of 22.30. The following season <mask> played only two games for Western Australia, with the state side finding little room for a man now aged 34. In September 1989, <mask> signed on as captain of Natal in the South African Currie Cup competition. His two seasons with Natal were disappointing for the team and himself; Natal struggled on the field and there was disharmony amongst the squad. With the bat he scored 176 runs at an average of 13.53 in 1989–90 and 266 at 24.16 in 1990–91. He did, however, have a positive influence on two cricketers who later represented South Africa. Andrew Hudson claimed that "<mask> installed a positiveness and a self-belief" in him and Jonty Rhodes—who stayed in <mask>' home during Natal home matches—wanted to play with the same passion as <mask>: "There are too many robots ... <mask> was emotional because he cared.I wanted to be the same." During his second season at Natal, <mask> was dropped from the Natal side and later was dropped from the Natal "B" side. He retired from all first-class cricket in February 1991. Off the field Personal life After finishing high school, <mask> attended Graylands Teachers College to train as a primary school teacher. Graylands was established as a stop-gap measure but by the time <mask> arrived it had been operating for two decades and the facilities were run down and almost derelict. In 1974, his final year at Graylands, <mask> was elected President of the student council and in this role he led a campaign to improve the facilities for the faculty and students. The campaign, which included an appearance by <mask> on the ABC television current affairs program This Day Tonight, met with some measure of success.His first job as a teacher was at Linden Park Primary School in Linden Park during his attempt to make the South Australian team in 1974. After teaching, he found employment in the finance industry, working first for City Building Society as a promotions manager and later for Town & Country Building Society in a marketing role. Town & Country used <mask> to promote their business both in advertising and in through direct contact with investors. In return, <mask> was afforded time away from work to pursue cricket. The General Manager of Town & Country described the relationship: "[<mask>] was a great player, well presented, good looking. He was a family man. He fitted the Town & Country mould admirably."<mask> was a skilled Australian rules footballer as a junior and was invited to play with the Claremont Football Club in the West Australian National Football League. He played two seasons at Claremont—1973 and 1974—alternating between the under-21 and the reserve teams, but did not manage to make the senior team. The Claremont coach, Verdun Howell, described <mask> as having "Great ball skills, brilliant hand-eye coordination and a very, very reliable kick [...] And he showed courage. He went full throttle at the ball and didn't look for a second option." Howell told <mask> one evening at practice, "I believe you could go as far as you want in football." <mask> played at full forward for the under-21 team and mainly in the centre in the reserves. His brief football career was interrupted by injury—he broke his neck falling off a desk at teachers college—and eventually he advised Howell that he was "very much looking towards cricket" in future.<mask> was aged 14 when he met Jenny Davidson, a fellow student at City Beach High School. The pair married in March 1977 and within four weeks <mask> left for a four-month tour of England. In January 1981, Jenny gave birth to twins. Another son and a daughter followed. <mask>'s brother Glenn played first-class cricket for Orange Free State and Tasmania. Since retirement <mask> has been chairman of selectors for the Western Australian Cricket Association from 1999 to 2000 and more recently an occasional cricket commentator on ABC radio. He was Head of Cricket at Hale School, in Wembley Downs, Perth.A dining room at the WACA Ground is named the <mask> Room. Style and personality <mask> batted with an orthodox upright, side-on stance. He gripped the bat high on the handle and played his strokes with a controlled backlift and a full follow through. He got his body well behind the ball in defence but early in his innings tended to move around the crease in front of his stumps, leaving him vulnerable to a leg before wicket dismissal. <mask> was widely considered by those who knew him as a likeable and friendly person; a person who wanted to be liked. He said of himself when appointed captain of Australia, "The one thing in my favour is that I will never change. I hope I will always be a likeable enough, easy-to-get-along-with type of person."His biographer noted, "[F]riends, team-mates, coaches, teachers, officials, close observers. Almost all mentioned <mask>'s niceness. He addresses people by their first name. He loves being around and encouraging children. He likes being people's best friend." As captain <mask> was popular and obliging with the press and the public. English journalist Frank Keating said "Pulled this way and that by photographers, fringers, high commissioners, low commissioners, book commissioners, and hall-porter commissioners, [<mask>] never stopped being softly obliging."The journalist Adrian McGregor said of <mask>, "He was almost too amenable, too nice a guy. He was great with the media, would answer all sorts of questions, never told people to piss off. [...] It was almost like he didn't have the appropriate personality [to be captain]." <mask> projected a confident image on the field. "A pretty cocky little fella" was how one early opponent in club cricket described <mask>. This cockiness pleased some but others like Bruce Duperouzel, <mask>'s captain in a Western Australian colts team, thought that <mask> had "an extravagance that pushed the bounds of acceptability." Fond of noting that he was born on Australia Day, <mask> was proudly Australian and keen to demonstrate this publicly.On his first tour to England, <mask> was often the only team member wearing the Australian team blazer. <mask> claimed that "the greatest day of [his] life" was Australia II's victory over the New York Yacht Club's entry in the 1983 America's Cup yacht race; <mask> sat down with his twin sons, waved mini-Australian flags purchased especially for the event and watched a replay of the race twice more that day. <mask>'s nickname was "Claggy", a reference to the ubiquitous Clag glue found in classrooms across Australia. Notes References External links . 1954 births Living people Australia One Day International cricketers Australia Test cricketers Australia Test cricket captains People from Margaret River, Western Australia Australian expatriate sportspeople in South Africa Australian expatriate cricketers KwaZulu-Natal cricketers Western Australia cricketers Western Australian Sports Star of the Year winners Wisden Cricketers of the Year Australian cricketers Western Australian Institute of Sport alumni Cricketers from Western

Jay Spearing

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<mask> (born 25 November 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League Two club Tranmere Rovers. He started his career with Liverpool as a youth-team player in 1997. He remained at Anfield for sixteen years before leaving, in 2013, for Bolton Wanderers. After four years at the University of Bolton Stadium, he joined Blackpool, newly promoted to League One, in 2017, initially until the end of the 2017–18 season. He made the move permanent the following summer and remained at Bloomfield Road for two years. Career Liverpool Reserves (2007–2010) Raised in Wallasey, Merseyside, <mask> was the captain of the Liverpool Under 18s that won the FA Youth Cup in 2007. He featured the previous season in the final against Manchester City, but missed the majority of the season due to a broken leg.He was promoted to Melwood in the summer of 2007 to train with the Liverpool first team after impressing in the club's Academy. He had been involved with his boyhood club since he was seven years old. He was voted the best player in the Torneo di Renate, a competition for under-20 sides, competing against clubs such as Milan and Parma. He was also part of the Reserve side that won the Premier Reserve League in the 2007–08 season. 2008–09 season Spearing made his competitive first-team debut on 9 December 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 3–1 UEFA Champions League win against PSV. Spearing also appeared in the Reds' 4–0 win over Real Madrid in the second round of the Champions League. On 31 March 2009, Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez announced that he would be offering Spearing a new contract, alongside fellow home-grown youngster Stephen Darby.On 6 July 2009, Spearing agreed to a new three-year contract with Liverpool. Loan move to Leicester City On 22 March 2010, Liverpool confirmed Spearing would join Championship club Leicester City on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season, linking up with former Liverpool reserve teammate Jack Hobbs. His debut came two days later, starting in the Foxes 2–1 Championship loss to Reading. His last game for Leicester was on 12 May in the Championship Play-off semi-final, with Leicester winning 3–2, but it wasn't enough to reach the final as they lost on a penalty shootout. He made nine appearances for Leicester and scored his only goal for the club in the 4–1 home win against Watford. 2010–11 season Spearing was included in Liverpool's 21-man squad for the 2010–11 Premier League season. He started and played the full 90 minutes in the opening leg of Liverpool's UEFA Europa League qualifier against Macedonian side FK Rabotnički, and came on as a substitute at Anfield in the second leg.On 16 September, he again played the full 90 minutes in the Reds' opening group game against Steaua București, his first-ever start at Anfield, setting up David N'Gog for the fourth and final goal as Liverpool won 4–1. On 22 September, he was involved in Liverpool's League Cup third-round exit to League Two side Northampton Town; Liverpool lost 4–2 on penalties after a 2–2 draw. On 21 October, he played the full 90 minutes in Liverpool's third group-stage tie, a 0–0 draw with a Napoli side featuring former Liverpool left-back Andrea Dossena. Spearing was an unused substitute in Liverpool's 1–0 Premier League win against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium on 31 October. He came on in the 90th minute of Liverpool's 2–0 victory over Chelsea on 7 November 2010, instantly making an impact by playing a through ball to assist a Maxi Rodríguez effort. On 20 November, it was reported that Spearing had broken his ankle in training and would be out for up to six weeks. He made his first appearance of 2011 against Everton on 16 January.In the post-match interview, Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish praised the young midfielder and joked that Steven Gerrard may never get into the first team again. On 20 March, Spearing started another league game, away to Sunderland. Spearing won a penalty, which was converted by Dirk Kuyt to put Liverpool 1–0 up. Spearing then went on the secure a first-team berth with the absence of Steven Gerrard and out-of-favour Christian Poulsen. For the remainder of the Premier League season, he formed a midfield partnership with Lucas. Against Arsenal on 17 April, <mask> gave away a 98th-minute penalty, which Robin van Persie converted to make the game 1–0. The match finished 1–1.Despite this, Spearing won the man-of-the-match award from Sky Sports and was praised after the game for his determination, work-rate and battling performance. He received the journalists' man-of-the-match award on the official Liverpool website three times during the season. In May 2011, the club announced that he had extended his contract, and he was included in England under-21s provisional 40-man squad for the 2011 Summer U21 European Championship, with fellow Liverpool player Andy Carroll. 2011–12 season For the 2011–12 season, Spearing wore the number 20, with his old number 26 being registered to new arrival Charlie Adam. Spearing immediately fell down the pecking order in Liverpool's midfield after the arrival of midfielders Adam, Jordan Henderson and Stewart Downing. On 20 July 2011, it was widely reported that Spearing would consider an option to move to Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan, but the club rejected their approach, stating that Spearing was in their plans. Spearing later dismissed the rumour saying he was willing to fight for his place in the starting eleven.He made his first start of the season against Exeter City in the League Cup on 24 August 2011. The result ended in a 3–1 victory for Liverpool. He was sent off for the first time in his professional career during Liverpool's 1–0 loss to Fulham on 5 December. In May 2012, Spearing was in the starting eleven for the FA Cup Final, in which Liverpool lost to Chelsea. 2012–13 season New Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Spearing as a "very good player with great qualities" who has "the soul of the club in his heart". He started the first competitive game of the season in the UEFA Europa League qualifier against Belarusian club Gomel, playing the full 90 minutes, and made a substitute appearance in the return leg at Anfield. His final appearance of the season for Liverpool came as a start in the 1–0 victory against Hearts in a Europa League qualifier on 23 August 2012.Loan move to Bolton Wanderers On 31 August 2012, <mask> joined Championship side Bolton Wanderers on a season-long loan deal. His debut came a day later in Bolton's 3–1 defeat against Hull City. He scored his first goal for Bolton on 20 October as the club beat Bristol City 3–2, in which he scored Bolton's second goal, an equaliser. On 25 April 2013, Spearing was named the Bolton Wanderers Supporters Association (BWSA) Player of the Season. This was followed on 20 May with his being named the club's Player of the Season. Return to Liverpool At the conclusion of Bolton's season in the Championship, <mask> returned to Anfield. Although he did not feature in any of the club's remaining fixtures, he was present in the guard of honour for the retiring Jamie Carragher in the last game of the 2012–13 Premier League against Queens Park Rangers.In July 2013, a £1.75 million bid was submitted by Championship side Blackburn Rovers for Spearing, which Liverpool rejected. Notwithstanding, Blackburn failed to agree terms with Spearing, and the deal fell through. Spearing featured in Liverpool's first pre-season friendly of the summer against Preston North End and was also included in the squad for the club's summer tour. In August 2013, Spearing was told by Liverpool that he was free to leave the club, with Liverpool entering talks with Bolton for a possible transfer back to the Reebok Stadium. Bolton Wanderers On 8 August 2013, it was announced that a deal was struck between Liverpool and Bolton subject to a medical on the same afternoon. It was confirmed on 9 August that Spearing had agreed a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee and he made his debut the following day in the 1–1 home draw against Reading, in which he received man-of-the-match honours. In September 2013, Spearing was handed the captaincy at Bolton whenever incumbent Zat Knight found himself out of the starting XI, although he retained the armband when Knight returned to the team with both in the starting lineup.On 26 July 2014, the club confirmed that <mask> would succeed Knight as captain. On 8 August 2015, <mask> was sent off with a second booking in the opening match of the 2015–16 Championship season against Derby County. <mask>'s goal on the opening day of the 2016–17 season against Sheffield United won August's Goal of the Month award. On 8 July 2017 the club confirmed that Spearing had left after failing to agree terms on a new contract. Blackburn Rovers (loan) On 30 January 2015, <mask> was loaned to fellow Championship club Blackburn Rovers until the end of the season. Blackpool On 4 October 2017, <mask> joined Blackpool until the end of the season. He scored his first goals for Blackpool when he scored twice in a 3–2 win over Bradford City on 8 September 2018.He made the move permanent in the summer. <mask> left Blackpool at the end of the 2019–20 season, after three years, having failed to agree terms on a new contract. Tranmere Rovers On 5 August 2020, <mask> signed a two-year deal with his hometown club Tranmere Rovers. He was named Player of the Season for the 2020–2021 season. Career statistics Honours Liverpool Football League Cup: 2011–12 FA Cup runner-up: 2011–12 Bolton Wanderers EFL League One runner-up: 2016–17 Tranmere Rovers EFL Trophy runner-up: 2020–21 Individual Bolton Wanderers Player of the Year: 2012–13 EFL League One Goal of the Month: August 2016 Tranmere Rovers Player of the Year: 2020–21 References External links LFCHistory.net profile Official LFC Website profile 1988 births Living people People from Wallasey Footballers from Merseyside English footballers Association football midfielders Liverpool F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players Bolton Wanderers F.C.players Blackburn Rovers F.C. players Blackpool F.C. players Tranmere Rovers F.C. players Premier League players English Football League players FA Cup Final players

William Bingham

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<mask> (March 8, 1752February 7, 1804) was an American statesman from Philadelphia. He was a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress from 1786 to 1788 and served in the United States Senate from 1795 to 1801. <mask> was one of the wealthiest men in the United States during his lifetime, and was considered to be the richest person in the U.S. in 1780. Early life <mask> was born on March 8, 1752, in Philadelphia. He graduated from the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1768. Philadelphia Society <mask> first travelled to Europe in 1773 and, upon, returning to America joined the Philadelphia Society. Sent by the Committee of Secret Correspondence to Martinico (today's Martinique), to reside ostensibly as a merchant and to establish communications through that colony with Silas Deane, the committee's agent in France.He departed America aboard the frigate Reprisal on July 3, 1776. During his voyages, he established links with French merchants at Martinique, captured several British ships, and returned in 1777 to America with several full loads of munitions, guns, and other vital goods necessary for the fighting of a war. Business interests Toward the end of the American Revolution, <mask> was regarded as the richest men in the United States. He had made his fortune through joint ownership of privateers and trading. He became a major land developer, purchasing lands in upstate New York (present-day Binghamton) and 2 million acres (8,000 km2) in Maine (later known as the Bingham Purchase). He helped broker the Louisiana Purchase with Francis Baring and Henry Hope. Their agent Alexander Baring married his daughter Anne.He was the founder and the first president of the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike. <mask> was director of several other enterprises. He maintained shipping ventures after the Revolutionary war, through his mercantile house Bingham, Inglis, and Gilmore. He was a leading member of the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and Useful Arts and donated a Philadelphia property to be converted into a textile factory. Mounted general During the 1780s, <mask> marshaled the Second Troop of Philadelphia Light Horse, an outfit of 50 dragoons. They were glamorously clad and saw little action. <mask> was first major and later became Bingham's land agent.<mask> escorted President-elect George Washington through Pennsylvania with his troop on his April 1789 journey from Valley Forge to New York City to assume the presidency. <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1787. Politics During the provisional government of the United States at Philadelphia, he wrote the by-laws for the national Bank of North America. He saw the national debt as beneficial in that it attracted interest into the affairs of the government. During the first presidency, Treasurer Alexander Hamilton sought <mask> as his mentor in managing taxes, tariffs, and in constructing a national bank. Speaker of Pennsylvania House In America, he represented Pennsylvania as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1786 to 1788. In 1790 and 1791 he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, serving as its first speaker in 1791.He oversaw development of the land during a fledgling period of America as a member of the Society of Roads and Inland Navigation, where he worked closely with Albert Gallatin of western Pennsylvania. He later served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1793 through 1794. He built roads and a bridge from Philadelphia to Lancaster, Pennsylvania called the Lancaster Pike. U.S. Senator By 1795, he was elected to the United States Senate where he served as a Federalist and Nationalist while it was originally at Philadelphia, but he left for England in 1801 when his wife had taken ill. He was an active supporter of John Adams and when Adams was elected president, <mask> served as the Senate's President pro tempore in the Fourth Congress. On March 4, 1797, with the start of the Fifth Congress he administered the oath of office to Vice President Thomas Jefferson.He was criticized by Jeffersonian politicians for "extravagance, ostentation and dissipation". In 1813, nearly ten years after his death, John Quincy Adams said that the Presidency, the Capital and the Country had been governed by <mask> and his family connections. The several <mask> estates were renowned for hosting many prominent aristocrats from Europe as well as Federalist meetings. At the <mask> estate, Federalists agreed to hold preliminary votings before propositions were brought before Congress publicly, thus creating unanimity among party lines. Binghamton He was also a land surveyor, and looked to develop areas currently a part of Southern New York, and Northern Pennsylvania. One of his prime prospects was at the confluence of the Chenango River and Susquehanna River. Judge Joshua Whitney Jr., settler and <mask>'s agent, called this town Binghamton to honor him.Furthermore, Binghamton's resident university Binghamton University recognizes <mask> through the naming of Bingham Hall. Family He married Anne Willing, daughter of Thomas Willing, President of the First Bank of the United States, and they had two daughters and a son. Ann Louisa <mask> (1782–1848). In 1798, she married Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton. They were the parents of nine children. Maria Matilda <mask> (1783–1849), who, at the age of 15, was briefly married to a French aristocrat, Jacques Alexandre, Comte de Tilly. Afterwards she married her sister's brother-in-law, Henry Baring.They were the parents of five children. Maria and Henry were divorced in 1824; she married the Marquis de Blaisel in 1826. <mask> (1800–1852), who married Marie-Charlotte Chartier de Lotbinière (1805-1866), Seigneuresse de Rigaud, in 1822. She was the second of the three daughters and heiresses of Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière, by his second wife Mary, daughter of Captain John Munro. They lived in Montreal, Paris and London; and were the parents of six children. <mask> settled in England and died in Kent in 1852. Although his wife and two daughters factored prominently in the social affairs of American politics, <mask>'s wife Anne died while his only son <mask> was one year old.<mask>. left <mask>. to grow up in America with his grandfather Thomas Willing. <mask> died on February 7, 1804, in Bath, England and is interred in Bath Abbey. His estate remained in the family until the death of <mask> Baring <mask> (1858-1915) but it was not settled until 1964. Portraits <mask> commissioned artist Gilbert Stuart to paint the Lansdowne portrait, a 1796 full-length portrait of President George Washington that became a gift to Lord Lansdowne. As British Prime Minister, Lansdowne had secured a peaceful end to the American Revolutionary War, and the portrait was commissioned soon after the American approval of the Jay Treaty. Stuart also painted portraits of <mask>, his wife and children. See also Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in history References Further reading Robert C. Alberts, The Golden Voyage: The Life and Times of <mask>, 1969, Houghton Mifflin.External links Archival Collections Guide to the Land Grant to <mask>, Esq., for Property in Lycoming County from Thomas Mifflin, Governor of Pennsylvania. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. Other Biography at Virtualology.com Biography and portrait at the University of Pennsylvania The <mask> Correspondence , including letters from 1791 to 1803, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The Political Graveyard 1752 births 1804 deaths Politicians from Philadelphia People of colonial Pennsylvania American people of English descent Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Federalists Federalist Party United States senators from Pennsylvania Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Speakers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Pennsylvania state senators Colonial American merchants 18th-century American businesspeople History of Broome County, New York University of Pennsylvania alumni Burials in Somerset Members of the American Philosophical Society

John Baird (American football)

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<mask> (born c. 1877) was an American football player. He played at the fullback and quarterback positions for Princeton University from 1895 to 1898 and was selected as a member of the 1896 College Football All-America Team. Biography A native of Haverford, Pennsylvania (located about 10 miles west of Philadelphia), <mask> was the son of Thomas E<mask>. <mask> attended the Haverford Grammar School followed by preparatory school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. <mask> played fullback for the St. Paul's football team before enrolling at Princeton in 1895. <mask> was 5 feet, 9½ inches tall, and weighed 155 pounds in 1895, making him a light player even by the standards of the 1890s. As freshman, <mask> played on Princeton's varsity football team.A newspaper account in 1895 described the 18-year-old <mask> <mask> as "a good backer and an accurate drop kicker". As a sophomore in 1896, <mask> <mask> became a star at the fullback position. <mask> was "considered by Princeton men the best full-back in the country, both for long punts and drop tackling." A profile of <mask> <mask> under a headline calling him "the Star Player of Princeton's Football Team" was published in newspapers across the country. The profile described <mask>'s accomplishments: <mask> <mask>, the full back who has been accorded large credit for many of the victories won by the Princeton team this year, took his place in the eleven last year. His home is Haverford, Pa. <mask> prepared for college at St. Paul's School, Concord, N.H., where <mask> played full back with the school eleven. When <mask> entered Princeton, he was given a trial at the same post.Here <mask> showed what was in him and played the position for all there was in it. His work was brilliant, and when the end of the season came he was acknowledged to be one of the best full backs that the Tigers ever had. This year his performances have been even more notable, and <mask> has been pronounced by competent critics the best full back on any American gridiron. <mask> is 5 feet, 10 inches in height. <mask> weighs 163 pounds and is 19 years old. <mask>'s greatest skill was as a kicker, and by late in the season, newspapers were comparing <mask> to Snake Ames, Frank Hinkey, and the greatest fullbacks to play the game:<mask> will be the mainstay of the eleven and on his work at full back are based the hopes for victory over Yale. Harvard's defeat by Princeton showed the value of a kicking full back and <mask>'s efforts are conceded by all to have won the game.Football history for the past four years goes to show that teams with kicking full backs, are dangerous and most generally victorious elven to encounter ... Now Princeton appears on the gridiron with a full back superior to any claimed by college or university. How much better is <mask> than [Frank] Hinkey, time alone will tell, but that he is better no one can doubt. <mask> <mask> has more than fulfilled his freshman promises as a full back and is today the equal of Aleck Moffat, "Snake" Ames and other full backs well known to the Princeton enthusiasts. At the end of the season, <mask> <mask> was selected by both Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney as the fullback on their 1896 All-America teams. In 1897, <mask> <mask> was moved to the quarterback position. Initially, some questioned the decision to move the country's best fullback to a new position. One New Jersey newspaper wrote: "<mask> <mask>, who has played full back for the past two years, is very light, and, although <mask> worked all spring under experienced coachers, does not seem to take kindly to his new position."However, <mask> <mask> was injured and did not finish the 1897 season. At the end of the 1897 season, <mask> <mask>'s teammates voted him to be the captain of the 1898 Princeton football team. After his election as captain, <mask> <mask> gave a banquet to the members of the Princeton team. Despite being elected captain of the 1898 team, <mask> <mask> was unable to serve. In early 1898, <mask> <mask> was forced both from the football team and from the university due to illness. An 1898 newspaper account describes the circumstances of his withdrawal:[I]t was whispered some time ago that <mask> had not recovered his former hardiness. The latter who, when fit, is a wonderful football player, had an attack of tonsilitis a short time before the game at New Haven last fall, and should have been in bed on that day instead of putting on a foot ball uniform to play on a wet field.It will be recalled that his appearance created comment from the Princeton contingent, because he seemed hardly able to crawl. It was early in the first half when <mask> was practically exhausted, and later on was carried off the field. <mask> <mask> ultimately recovered from his illness, but enrolled in the U.S. Army during the Spanish–American War and was still serving in the military when the football season began. Upon the declaration of war, <mask> <mask> helped organize Battery A of the Pennsylvania Volunteers. According to the book Princeton in the Spanish–American War, twenty men from Princeton were recruited for Battery A "through the influence of <mask> <mask>, who had been made a recruiting Corporal." The 1901 coaching staff was made up of five former Princeton All-Americans—head coach Langdon Lea and assistants <mask> <mask>, Jesse Riggs, Garrett Cochran and Addison Kelly. After graduating from Princeton in 1899, <mask> <mask> served for a time as one of the assistant coaches to the Princeton football team.<mask> <mask> was married to Edith Wain. In 1929, following the fame accorded to the Notre Dame backfield known as the "Four Horsemen," sports writer and football coach Don Miller opined that several backfields were greater. Miller pointed to Princeton's 1896 backfield as perhaps the best of all time. <mask> asked, "Who can say what fame a backfield such as that at Princeton in 1896 can be made up of Harry Smith, Billy Barnard, Ad Kelly and <mask> <mask> would have gained had it had the forward pass asset?" References Year of birth uncertain 1870s births Year of death missing American football drop kickers American football fullbacks American football quarterbacks 19th-century players of American football Princeton Tigers football players All-American college football players American military personnel of the Spanish–American War People from Haverford Township, Pennsylvania Players of American football from Pennsylvania

Brian Greig

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<mask> OAM (born 22 February 1966) is a former Australian politician. Grieg was an Australian Democrats member of the Australian Senate from 1999 to 2005, representing the state of Western Australia. Early life <mask> was born in Fremantle, but his family moved to the small crayfishing village of Lancelin in 1970. He went to primary school there, but received secondary education as a boarder at  Hale School, Perth. He studied Arts (English Literature) at Murdoch University, where he became involved in student politics, elected to the Guild in 1988 and editor of student newspaper ‘Metior’. At university, Greig campaigned on the issue of student fees and, in 1986, helped re-establish the National Union of Students. He also began to get involved in gay rights activism during the 1990s, and for several years was spokesperson for Gay and Lesbian Equality (GALE), campaigning for the decriminalisation of homosexuality, anti-discrimination protections and partnership recognition for same-sex couples.Greig also helped establish the now defunct Australian Council for Lesbian and Gay Rights in 1993, the first national lobby of its kind focused on discriminatory commonwealth laws. Campaigns included the successful lifting of the homosexual ban in the military, and recognition of same-sex partner's right to carer's and bereavement leave. Political career During the 1990s, Greig worked for a range of Australian Labor Party politicians, including Senator Peter Cook, Diana Warnock MLA and Opposition Leaders Ian Taylor MLA and Dr Carmen Lawrence MLA, but became disillusioned with Labor and joined the Democrats. He cited Labor's ‘weak’ commitment to LGBTI reform and was attracted to the work in this area by Democrats Senator Sid Spindler, at that time creating on a commonwealth Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) Bill. Between 1995 and 1999, he was a local-government councillor in the City of Vincent, becoming the first openly gay person elected to public office in Western Australia. At the October 1998 federal election, aged 33, <mask> was elected to the Senate. He used his maiden speech to acknowledge his homosexuality, highlight existing areas of discrimination and called for a range of national reforms in this area.It is considered to be the first time a federal politician had spoken so openly and strongly in favour of LGBTI rights, and Grieg has been considered the first LGBTI rights activist elected to federal parliament. In August 2002, <mask> became interim leader of the Australian Democrats for six weeks following the ousting of former leader Natasha Stott Despoja by senators including the parties deputy, Aden Ridgeway. Ridgeway was expected to become the interim leader, though <mask>, a supported of Despoja, made a late challenge appealing to the Democrats governing National Executive to appoint him instead. <mask> has been considered to be the first openly gay leader of an Australian political party. <mask> was replaced in the resulting leadership ballot by Andrew Bartlett in October, 2002. In the Senate, <mask> had Democrat portfolio responsibilities for Attorney Generals, Justice and Customs; Family and Community Services; Transport; Resources; Fisheries; Disability and Sexuality Issues. He campaigned against internet censorship, and also served on the Joint Parliamentary Committee for the Australian Crime Commission and prompted it to investigate the trafficking of women into the Australian sex industry.<mask> is mostly remembered for his pursuit of LGBTI issues, raising questions with Ministers, moving same-sex amendments to government legislation and triggering speeches from all parties on how to remedy commonwealth inequality against same-sex couples. In 2003, the conservative Howard Government which had opposed his agenda, reluctantly agreed to one of his campaigns and ended discrimination against same-sex couples in private sector Superannuation death benefits. Along with Spindler's SOGI Bill, his advocacy across all areas of federal LGBTI discrimination has been credited with laying the foundations for the Rudd Government's ‘Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws General Law Reform) Bill 2008. In 2004, just prior to the election being called, <mask> was one of only nine senators to vote against the ban on same-sex marriage by the Howard Government. That legislation triggered a movement for marriage equality that would last another 13 years. The ban was overturned in 2017 and <mask>'s pioneering speech and advocacy from 2004 was acknowledged by sitting senators and referenced in the media. During his term in office, Greig introduced three Private Member's Bills — one to outlaw genocide in Australia, another to eliminate discrimination against LGBTI people, and another to promote government use of open source software.All were blocked by the Liberal–National government. <mask> stood for re-election at the 2004 election, but lost his seat to Rachel Siewert of the Australian Greens. His term expired 30 June 2005. Post-political career Since leaving parliament, <mask> has worked as a Communications Manager for the Real Estate Institute of Western Australia and in media operations for Anglicare WA and the Department of Fire and Emergency Services. He continues with social commentary in platforms such as On Line Opinion and Crikey, as well as publishing articles in mainstream media including for The Age and The Guardian. <mask> maintained his LGBTI advocacy, serving as the WA Representative to Australian Marriage Equality between 2013 and 2016 and is currently WA spokesperson for lobby group Just-Equal Australia. On 13 June 2011, <mask> was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to the community as a social justice advocate for the gay and lesbian community.In 2019, Greig moved to Busselton WA. That year, he unsuccessfully stood for Busselton City Council in 2019. He is self-employed in consulting and works for the hospitality sector. He is chairperson of local LGBTI advocacy group Busselton Pride Alliance, and is also a founding member of the LGBTIQ advocacy group Just-Equal Australia. References External links Just-Equal Australia official website Busselton Pride Alliance official website Video: Senator <mask> Maiden Parliament Speech 1999 Video: Senator <mask>ig Valedictory Parliament Speech 2005 1966 births Australian Democrats members of the Parliament of Australia Australian people of Scottish descent Gay politicians LGBT rights activists from Australia Living people Western Australian local councillors Members of the Australian Senate for Western Australia People from Fremantle LGBT legislators in Australia People educated at Hale School Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia Leaders of the Australian Democrats 21st-century Australian politicians 20th-century Australian politicians 21st-century LGBT people

Babak Khorramdin

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<mask> (Persian: بابک خرمدین, Bābak-e Khorramdin, from Middle Persian "Pāpak"/"Pābag", meaning "Young Father"; 795 or 798 – January 838) was one of the main Iranian revolutionary leaders of the Iranian Khorram-Dinān ("Those of the joyous religion"), which was a local freedom movement fighting the Abbasid Caliphate. Khorramdin appears to be a compound analogous to dorustdin "orthodoxy" and Behdin "Good Religion" (Zoroastrianism), and are considered an offshoot of neo-Mazdakism. Babak's Iranianizing rebellion, from its base in Azerbaijan in northwestern Iran, called for a return of the political glories of the Iranian past. The Khorramdin rebellion of Babak spread to the Western and Central parts of Iran and lasted more than twenty years before it was defeated when Babak was betrayed. Babak's uprising showed the continuing strength in Azerbaijan of ancestral Iranian local feelings. Etymology Bābak () is a New Persian name meaning "father", which is derived from the Middle Persian Pāpak/Pābag (𐭯𐭠𐭯𐭪𐭩), a common name in pre-Islamic Iran and also the hereditary name of the Sasanian Empire, whose founder Ardashir I (), was the son of a prince named Pabag. The original name of Babak was al-Hasan.Background <mask> was born in 795 (or 798) in Bilalabad in the Mimadh district of the Ardabil area, which was part of Azerbaijan, a region in north-western Iran. The Mimadh district had provided the Sasanian marzban ("margrave") of Ardabil with troops during the Muslim conquest of Iran in 633–654, which resulted in the fall of the Sasanians and the conquest of Azerbaijan. The region was briefly occupied by the Khazars in 730–731, and had since the mid 8th century been under occupation by the Arab Rawadid clan. Azerbaijan was populated by an Iranian people known as the Adhari, who although closely related, were distinct from the Persians. They spoke Adhari, which according to the 10th-century geographer al-Maqdisi, was similar to Persian. <mask> was most likely himself not of pure Persian extraction, but of Adhari. His mother Mahru (meaning "Moon-Face") was a non-Muslim wet-nurse from Azerbaijan.She is described as being "one-eyed" in Muslim sources and furthermore, by Al-Tabari, as having become pregnant with her son after being raped by a mercenary. However, these stories are more than likely fabrications created by hostile authors in order to disgrace Babak. As for the identity <mask>'s father, there are also multiple conflicting accounts. Al-Waqidi, as quoted by Ibn Al-Nadim, states that he was an oil-seller from al-Mada'in (Ctesiphon), who had settled in Azerbaijan. Crone takes this to mean that he was of Aramean origin. However, Dinawari, a contemporary of <mask>, concludes and states that there is ample evidence to support that his father's true name was Mutahar, a descendant of Abu Muslim through his daughter, Fāṭema. C.E.Bosworth argues that more credence should be lent to this latter account, as other sources are hostile and are eager to propose lowly or otherwise less honorable origins for Babak. In the other sources, his name is variably given as Abdallah, Merdas, Matar, Amir ibn Abdallah, or Amir ibn Ahad, all which suggest that he was seemingly a Muslim. Likewise, <mask>'s father is also the subject of derogatory fabrication in Muslim sources. Masudi noted in his ″Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawāhir″: ″What seems to us to be true and proven is that Bābak was a son of Moṭahhar, the son of Abū Moslem's daughter Fāṭema, and that the Fāṭemīya group of the Khurramites took their name from this Fāṭema, not from Fāṭema the daughter of God's Prophet″. The original faith of <mask> is uncertain; he was born with the Muslim name of al-Hasan, and his three brothers, Mu'awiya, Abdallah, and Ishaq, also had Muslim names. Having a Muslim name is not in itself proof of any religious beliefs, as it was not uncommon for people to have a Muslim name in order "to move freely in Muslim society by virtue of their high position in their own community, such as the Armenian princes" (Crone). According to Crone, who follows Al-Waqidi, <mask>'s parents were probably no more than landless villagers, but knew that Babak and his brothers' futures lay with the Arab warlords of Azerbaijan, and thus as a way of "adapting to the standards of new the world," raised them as Muslims.Early life During <mask>'s youth, his travelling father was killed near Sabalan. Till the age of twelve, Babak worked as a cowherd, and afterwards entered the service of an Arab warlord named Shibl ibn al-Muthanna al-Azdi in Sarab, where he worked as a groom and servant. The ghilman ("slaves") of Shibl taught Babak how to play the lute. Babak also learned to recite poetry, probably in the local Adhari dialect. According to the 11th-century writer Abu'l Ma'ali, Babak played the lute and sang songs for the locals whilst working as a fruit vendor in the village. Babak later established himself in the city of Tabriz. There he worked under another Arab warlord, Muhammad ibn Rawwad Azdi for two years, until he reached adulthood and left for his village, Bilalabad.There Babak encountered a wealthy and influential landlord named Javidhan, who was reportedly impressed with the latters cleverness, and as result recruited him into his service. Unlike the previous men <mask> had served, Javidhan was a local Iranian, and the leader of one of the two Khurramite movements in Azerbaijan. The leader of the other Khurramite movement was a certain Abu Imran, who often clashed with Javidhans forces. During one of the clashes, Abu Imran was defeated and killed, whilst Javidhan was mortally wounded, dying three days later. Javidhan was succeeded by <mask>, who had already converted to Khurramism under the latters service. It was most probably during this period that <mask> changed his name from al-Hasan to Babak. Movement In 755, Abu Muslim was murdered.Although he had helped the Abbasids to defeat the former Caliphs, the Umayyad dynasty, the ruling Caliph had given the order to kill him, probably because of his increasing popularity among Iranians and non-Muslims. Many Iranians, who had expected more freedom and more rights from the new rulers, could not believe that their hero was killed by the ruling Caliph whom they had considered a friend of Iran and Iranians. This incident led to many revolts, mostly by angry Khurramiyyah (Khorram-Dinān) and some Zoroastrians. This, in turn, forced the Caliphs to use more violence against the Iranian population in order to keep the eastern provinces under control. The constant revolts did not come to an end in the following decades, and the Iranian population of the Caliphate was constantly being oppressed. Babak joined the Khurramiyyah (Khorram-Dinān). The story of joining the Khorrami movement is being told in Waqed's account, in summary, as follows: Under the direction of his mentor Javidhan, a leader of one of the sects of the Khorramdin, Babak's knowledge of history, geography, and the latest battle tactics strengthened his position as a favorite candidate for commander during the early wars against the Arab occupiers.Bābak was a highly spiritual person who respected his Zoroastrian heritage. He made every possible effort to bring Iranians together and also with leaders such as Maziar to form a united front against the Arab Caliph. According to the medieval historian, Ibn Esfandyar, who composed the book Tarikh-e Tabaristan (History of Tabaristan), Maziar said: However, one of the most dramatic periods in the history of Iran was set under Bābak's leadership between 816–837. During these most crucial years, they not only fought against the Caliphate, but also for the preservation of Persian language and culture. After the death of Javidhan, <mask> married Javidhan's wife and became the Khorramis' leader, sometime in the year 816–17 during al-Ma'mun's reign. Babak incited his followers to rebel against the caliphate. According to Vladimir Minorsky, around the 9th–10th century: At that time of Babak, there were Khorramis scattered in many regions of Iran, besides Adharbayjan, reportedly in Tabarestan, Khorasan, Balkh, Isfahan, Kashan, Qom, Ray, Karaj, Hamadan, Lorestan, Khuzestan as well as in Basra, and Armenia.Tabari records that <mask> claimed he possessed Javadan's spirit and that <mask> became active in 816–817. In 819–820 Yahya ibn Mu'adh fought against <mask>, but could not defeat him. Two years later <mask> vanquished the forces of Isa ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Khalid. In 824–825 the caliphal general Ahmad ibn al Junayd was sent against <mask>. Babak defeated and captured him. In 827–828 Muhammad ibn Humayd Tusi was dispatched to fight <mask>. He won a victory and sent some captured enemy, but not Babak, to al-Ma'mun.However, about two years later, on June 9, 829, <mask> won a decisive victory over this general at Hashtadsar. Muhammad ibn Humayd lost his life. Many of his soldiers were killed. The survivors fled in disarray. <mask>'s victories over Arab generals were associated with his possession of Badd fort and inaccessible mountain stronghold according to the Arab historians who mentioned that his influence also extended even to the territories of today's Azerbaijan - ″southward to near Ardabil and Marand, eastward to the Caspian Sea and the Shamakhi district and Shervan, northward to the Muqan (Moḡan) steppe and the Aras river bank, westward to the districts of Jolfa, Nakjavan, and Marand”. In 835–836 the caliph al-Mu'tasim sent his outstanding general Afshin against <mask>. Afshin rebuilt fortresses.He employed a relay system to protect supply caravans. Babak tried to capture the money being sent to pay Afshin's army, but was himself surprised, lost many men and barely escaped. He did succeed in capturing some supplies and inflicting some hardship on his enemies. Amongst Babak's commander, various names have been mentioned including Azin, Rostam, Tarkhan, Mua’wiyah and Abdullah. The next year Babak routed the forces of Afshin's subordinate, Bugha al-Kabir. In 837–838 al-Mu'tasim reinforced Afshin and provided him clear military instructions. Patiently following these enabled Afshin to capture Babak's stronghold of Badhdh.Babak escaped. Al-Mu'tasim sent a safety guarantee for Babak to Afshin. This was taken to Babak who was very displeased. He said: "Better to live for just a single day as a ruler than to live for forty years as an abject slave." He decided to leave the country for the Byzantine Empire and on his way Babak met Sahl Smbatean (Sahl ibn Sunbat in Arab sources), Prince of Khachen, who was Armenian due to the Armenian historiography and Caucasian Albanian due to the Adharbayjani historiography. Sahl Smbatian, however, handed Babak over to Afshin in return for a large reward. Al-Mu'tasim commanded his general to bring Babak to him.Afshin informed <mask> of this and told him since <mask> might never return, this was the time to take a last look around. At <mask>'s request, Afshin allowed his prisoner to go to Badhdh. There <mask> walked through his ruined stronghold one night until dawn. Eventually, Bābak, his wife, and his warriors were forced to leave Ghaleye Bābak after 23 years of constant campaigns. Death He was eventually betrayed by Afshin and was handed over to the Abbasid Caliph. During Bābak's execution, the Caliph's henchmen first cut off his legs and hands in order to convey the most devastating message to his followers. The legend says that Bābak bravely rinsed his face with the drained blood pouring out of his cuts, thus preventing the Caliph and the rest of the Abbasid army from seeing his pale face, a result of the heavy loss of blood.He was then gibbeted alive whilst sewn into a cow's skin with the horns at ear level to gradually crush his head as it dried out. Legacy <mask> <mask> was not well known outside academia until the 20th century; however, due to Soviet nation building efforts and <mask>'s following of teaching of Mazdak with its proto-socialist themes, <mask> <mask> was proclaimed a national hero in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. For example, the Soviet era scholar Ziya Bunyadov, claimed that "Babak was a national hero of Azerbaijani people" while the Russian ethnologist, historian and anthropologist Victor Schnirelmann dismisses Bunyadov's theory, criticizing Bunyadov for not mentioning that Babak spoke Persian, and ignoring the witness accounts of Babak's contemporaries who call him Persian. To this day, in the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, <mask> is a cult figure and celebrated as a national hero. In modern Iran, due to the rise of nationalism in the 20th century, and renewed interest in pre-Islamic Iran, <mask> <mask> was rediscovered during the reign of Reza Shah, and is celebrated as a national hero. However, <mask> remains a controversial figure in the Islamic Republic, whose idolization is criticized by some Shia clerics. References Sources 790s births 838 deaths Iranian Zoroastrians Iranian rebels 9th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate 8th-century Iranian people 9th-century Iranian people Rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphate Khurramites Azerbaijan under the Abbasid Caliphate Converts to Zoroastrianism

Claude C. Williams

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<mask> (1895–1979) was a Presbyterian minister active for more than 50 years in civil rights, race relations, and labor advocacy. He worked with the Southern Tenant Farmers Union, founded the People's Institute for Applied Religion, and served as the national vice president of the American Federation of Teachers. He was also the director of Commonwealth College in Mena, Arkansas, from 1937–1939. As a young fundamentalist preacher in the rural South, <mask>' initial motivation was the spiritual salvation of his parishioners, or in his words, to “save their never-dying, ever-precious souls from the devil’s hell eternal.” This motivation later evolved into a quest for social justice for the poor throughout society, leading to confrontations with white supremacists and lifelong charges of Communist activities. As <mask> put it, “I’ve been run out of the best communities, fired from the best churches, and flogged by the best citizens of the South.” Early life <mask> was born in rural Weakley County, Tennessee. His parents, Jess and <mask>, were sharecroppers and members of the fundamentalist Cumberland Presbyterian Church. <mask> enlisted in the army in 1916.He became a drill sergeant and trainer of draftees, re-enlisting in 1919. After leaving the army in 1921 he entered Bethel College, a small Cumberland Presbyterian seminary. While studying for the ministry he became an accomplished evangelical preacher. At Bethel he met Joyce King, a missionary student from Mississippi, whom he married in 1922. After graduating from Bethel in 1924, <mask> gained his first pastorate at a Presbyterian church in Auburntown, Tennessee. Career Transition In 1927, <mask> read Harry Emerson Fosdick's Modern Use of the Bible. Fosdick interpreted the Bible as a militant social text, de-emphasizing a literalist interpretation and advocating societal progress and change.<mask> credited this book as a turning point in his life. <mask> was also influenced by seminars held by Dr. Alva W. Taylor at the Vanderbilt School of Religion. Taylor was a noted social activist and proponent of the Social Gospel, a movement that applied Christian ethics to social problems. At Vanderbilt the concept of Jesus as the “Son of Man” made a profound impression on <mask>. Referring to Dr. Taylor, <mask> said, “He cleared the debris of theological crap and let Him rise among us as a challenging human leader.” In 1930, the Presbytery assigned <mask> to a small church located in Paris, Arkansas. The church community consisted of poor miners, sharecroppers, and a few black families. <mask> was determined to organize local miners, and through his efforts the congregation grew rapidly.However, church and community leaders were opposed to the influx of impoverished workers from surrounding areas, and were shocked by the prospect of mixed race services. As a result, the Presbytery removed <mask> from the church. In 1935, <mask> was assigned to a church in Fort Smith, Arkansas. Here <mask> and eight others were arrested for organizing a hunger march for unemployed workers. He was fined one hundred dollars, served ninety days in jail, and was tried for heresy by the Presbytery. After his release from prison, <mask> went to Little Rock, Arkansas where he trained sharecroppers and other workers as grassroots organizers. In 1936 <mask> founded the New Era School for Social Action and Prophetic Religion.He also worked with the Southern Tenant Farmers Union to raise funds and promote schools. During this time <mask> also served as vice-president of the American Federation of Teachers. In June 1936, while traveling to Memphis to prepare the funeral for a black sharecropper who had been beaten to death, <mask> was stopped by five sheriff's deputies and was himself severely beaten. Afterward he was forced to sign a statement that he hadn't been hurt, and was not allowed to continue to Memphis. In 1937, <mask> was appointed director of Commonwealth College in Mena, Arkansas. He remained in that position for two years, resigning in 1939 after accusations of Communist sympathies. The PIAR and Detroit In 1940, <mask> reorganized his New Era school as the People's Institute of Applied Religion (PIAR).The PIAR organized rural farmers and industrial workers, using <mask>' skills as a minister to reach workers through their religious beliefs. The organization worked closely with the sharecropper movement and supported CIO activism in the South. The PIAR received support from Reinhold Niebuhr and Harry Ward, the Methodist Federation for Social Action, the Church League for Industrial Democracy, and the National Religion and Labor Foundation. <mask> attempted to blend religious piety with social activism. As he noted in later years: “We were realistic, or at least we tried to be. We discovered that the fact that people believed in the Bible literally could be used to an advantage….Being so-called fundamentalists, accepting the Bible verbatim, had nothing whatsoever to do with a person’s understanding of the issues that related to bread and meat, raiment, shelter, jobs and civil liberties. Therefore, our approach was not an attempt to supplant their present mindset, but to supplement it with a more horizontal frame of reference.And we found that supplementing and supplanting turned out to be the same thing.” The message of the PIAR was spread by a network of black and white preachers using visual aid charts and sermon outlines, presenting biblically-based aspects of social justice in simple terms. In 1942, the Detroit Presbytery asked <mask> to become an “industrial chaplain” ministering to the needs of southerners who had come north to work in the auto plants. <mask> brought his PIAR organization along, and spent three years working with laborers, unions, and the black community. Accused by Gerald L. K. Smith and others of Communist activities, <mask> was fired by the Presbytery in 1945. Later career In 1946, <mask> returned south to Birmingham, Alabama, where he established a Bible training program and continued his work with the PIAR. In 1953 <mask> was again accused of being a Communist, this time by the House Un-American Activities Committee. A subsequent trial by the Detroit Presbytery did not address the issue of Communism but did find <mask> guilty of heresy.He was defrocked as a minister and not reinstated until 1965. Final Years During the 1950s and 1960s, <mask> was active in the civil rights movement, working to register black voters, organize protests against police brutality, and help black farmers keep their land. Living with his wife in their trailer home near the rural community of Alabaster south of Birmingham, <mask>’ financial support came from funds raised by the Claude Williams Committee. <mask>' wife died in 1976. He continued work until his own death in 1979. References Further reading External links Cumberland Presbyterian Church ministers Hard Times at StudsTerkel.org <mask> papers at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit. Excerpts from Angela Dillard's Faith in the City 1954 Time magazine article 1895 births 1979 deaths People from Weakley County, Tennessee 20th-century Christian clergy American Presbyterian ministers American anti-racism activists Leaders of American trade unions Southern Tenant Farmers Union people 20th-century American clergy

Philip Levine (poet)

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<mask> (January 10, 1928 – February 14, 2015) was an American poet best known for his poems about working-class Detroit. He taught for more than thirty years in the English department of California State University, Fresno and held teaching positions at other universities as well. He served on the Board of Chancellors of the Academy of American Poets from 2000 to 2006, and was appointed Poet Laureate of the United States for 2011–2012. Biography <mask> grew up in industrial Detroit, the second of three sons and the first of identical twins of Jewish immigrant parents. His father, <mask>, owned a used auto parts business, his mother, Esther Priscol (Pryszkulnik) <mask>, was a bookseller. When <mask> was five years old, his father died. While growing up, he faced the anti-Semitism embodied by Father Coughlin, the pro-Nazi radio priest.In high school, a teacher told him, “You write like an angel. Why don't you think about becoming a writer?“ At this point, he was already working at night in auto factories, though just 14 years old. Detroit Central High School graduated him in 1946, and he went to college at Wayne University (now Wayne State University) in Detroit, where he began to write poetry, encouraged by his mother, to whom he dedicated the book of poems The Mercy. <mask> earned his A.B. in 1950 and went to work for Chevrolet and Cadillac in what he called "stupid jobs." The work, he later wrote, was “so heavy and monotonous that after an hour or two I was sure each night that I would never last the shift.” He married his first wife, Patty Kanterman, in 1951. The marriage lasted until 1953.In 1953, he attended the University of Iowa without registering, studying with, among others, poets Robert Lowell and John Berryman, the latter of whom <mask> called his "one great mentor." In 1954, he earned a mail-order master's degree with a thesis on John Keats' "Ode to Indolence," and married actress Frances J. Artley. He returned to the University of Iowa teaching technical writing, and completed his Master of Fine Arts degree in 1957. The same year, he was awarded the Jones Fellowship in Poetry at Stanford University. In 1958, he joined the English department at California State University, Fresno, where he taught until his retirement in 1992. He also taught at many other universities, among them New York University as Distinguished Writer-in-Residence, Columbia, Princeton, Brown, Tufts, Vanderbilt, and the University of California, Berkeley. <mask> and his wife had made their homes in Fresno and Brooklyn Heights.He died of pancreatic cancer on February 14, 2015, age 87. Work The familial, social, and economic world of twentieth-century Detroit is one of the major subjects of <mask>'s work. His portraits of working class Americans and his continuous examination of his Jewish immigrant inheritance (both based on real life and described through fictional characters) has left a testimony of mid-twentieth century American life. <mask>'s working experience lent his poetry a profound skepticism with regard to conventional American ideals. In his first two books, On the Edge (1963) and Not This Pig (1968), the poetry dwells on those who suddenly become aware that they are trapped in some murderous processes not of their own making. In 1968, <mask> signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse to make tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War. In his first two books, <mask> was somewhat traditional in form and relatively constrained in expression.Beginning with They Feed They Lion, typically <mask>'s poems are free-verse monologues tending toward trimeter or tetrameter. The music of <mask>'s poetry depends on tension between his line-breaks and his syntax. The title poem of <mask>'s book 1933 (1974) is an example of the cascade of clauses and phrases one finds in his poetry. Other collections include The Names of the Lost, A Walk with Tom Jefferson, New Selected Poems, and the National Book Award-winning What Work Is. On November 29, 2007 a tribute was held in New York City in anticipation of <mask>'s eightieth birthday. Among those celebrating <mask>'s career by reading <mask>'s work were Yusef Komunyakaa, Galway Kinnell, E. L. Doctorow, Charles Wright, Jean Valentine and Sharon Olds. <mask> read several new poems as well.Near the end of his life, <mask>, an avid jazz aficionado, collaborated with jazz saxophonist and composer Benjamin Boone on the melding of his poetry and narration with music. The resulting CD, “The Poetry of Jazz” (Origin Records 82754), was released posthumously on March 16, 2018. It contains fourteen of <mask>'s poems and performances by <mask> and Boone as well as jazz greats Chris Potter, Greg Osby, and Tom Harrell . "Interlochen Center for the Arts", Interview with Interlochen Arts Academy students on March 17, 1977. References External links 2012 <mask> interview at Words on a Wire <mask> on America's Workers, Moyers & Company, December 27, 2013 Correspondence with Gerald Stern 1928 births 2015 deaths 20th-century American poets 21st-century American poets American Poets Laureate American academics of English literature California State University, Fresno faculty Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni Jewish American poets Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters National Book Award winners New York University faculty Poets from California Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners The New Yorker people University of Houston faculty Wayne State University alumni Writers from Detroit 20th-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers People from Brooklyn Heights Central High School (Detroit) alumni 21st-century American Jews

Madhu Sudan Kanungo

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<mask> (1 April 1927 – 26 July 2011) was an Indian scientist in the field of gerontology and neuroscience as well as a teacher of molecular biology and biochemistry. He is known for his theories on how gene expression changes with age and the role of this phenomenon in ageing, which is a widely accepted as "Gene expression theory of Aging". In recognition of his contributions, he was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award, Padma Shri in 2005. He held the post of BHU Emeritus professor in zoology at the Banaras Hindu University and was also the Chancellor, Nagaland University till his death. Education He completed his Bachelors in Science from Utkal University in the year 1949. After that he moved to Lucknow University from where he completed his MSc in Zoology in 1951. After a short tenure of doing research at Lucknow university followed by serving as a lecturer in Zoology at the Ravenshaw College, Cuttack, he went to the University of Illinois (Urbana), US for advanced studies.He has completed his PhD on Physiology under the famous scientist Prof. Clifford Ladd Prosser from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, US in 1959 where he worked on the physiological and biochemical adaptation of goldfish to temperature variation and studied its effect on oxygen consumption under both normal and experimental conditions. He also studied oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria of goldfish as a part of the same study. Professional life He started his early life as a lecturer in Zoology, Ravenshaw College, Cuttack. He then joined Utkal University in Feb. 1961 as a Reader in Zoology and continued teaching for a year. He joined the Department of Zoology at Banaras Hindu University and served as a reader (1962–69) and as a professor (1970–87). He was Head, Department of Zoology (1974–76 and 1980–82), Coordinator of the Center of Advanced Study, and Dean, Faculty of Science (1986) at Banaras Hindu University. Professor <mask> was founder Director of Institute of Lifesciences, Bhubaneswar in 1989, established by Government of Odisha which was taken over by Department of Biotechnology, Government of India in 2002 and declared a National Centre for excellence in 2003.He served as Emeritus Professor of Banaras Hindu University from 1993 to 2011. He was an active and popular teacher of physiology and biochemistry at Banaras Hindu University for more than 40 years. For research, he took up the problem of ageing to find out the biochemical and molecular changes that occur in the brain and other organs of the rat as a function of age. He made the following original and important findings: not only the levels of several enzymes decrease, but also their isoenzymes change with increasing age; the decrease in their levels can be prevented by administration of steroid hormones whose receptors are present in the brain; decrease in enzyme levels is due to increasing compaction of chromatin that prevents acetylation of histones and decreases transcription; he proposed a model for ageing and showed that trans-acting protein factors that bind to cis-acting elements in the promoter of genes change with age. As signals from the brain cause expression of neurotransmitters in the brain, the neurotransmitter receptors (NT), both excitatory and inhibitory, change with age; also enzymes necessary for synthesis of NT change during the life span of the rat. <mask> was the founder director of the Institute of Life Sciences of Government of Odisha at Bhubaneswar. He worked hard with the then chief minister of Odisha, Biju Patnaik, for establishing the institute during the late 1980s which is now a DBT Institute.Until his death Prof. M. S<mask> continued working on topics such as expression of genes and proteins involved in neurotransmission and recycling of neurotransmitters in the brain as a function of age;studying genes and proteins to understand the molecular mechanism involved in the process of learning and memory during ageing;expression of genes involved in formation of blood brain barrier (BBB) as a function of age and under different types of stress. Promotion of gerontology <mask> was the founder president (1981–88) and patron (1989–2011) of the Association of Gerontology of India (AGI), which had three components: biological, socio-psychological and medical for research and planning on the ageing and the elderly. He was also an active member of the National Council for Older Persons (N. C. O. P.) of Govt. of India, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment from 1999–2011, which proposed the National Initiative for Care of Elderly (NICE) policy. M. S<mask>'s devotion and dedication to teaching and research in the field of physiology & biochemistry and ageing was absolute His publications and lectures on ageing have brought into focus the importance of the problem of Gerontology, and the field has been accepted as a thrust area for research and teaching since the 1970s by several scientific agencies like UGC, CSIR, ICMR, DST and DBT. He has also received grants from International agencies like the Nuffield Foundation, London, UK and PL-480, US. Also, scientists in several Universities and Research Institutes in India have taken up this problem for research.Prof.<mask> founded the Association of Gerontology (India) – AGI – with headquarters at Banaras Hindu University in 1982.AGI covers the three main areas of Gerontology: biological, medical and socio-psychological. Moreover, Prof. <mask> has popularised the subject of Gerontology by writing popular articles on Ageing in Science Today, Science Reporter, etc.and by giving lectures at various Institutes and Universities. The subject is being taught as a course in various universities, both in Science and Humanities. He had published 139 papers in the area of 'Biology of Ageing' and two single authored books: ‘Biochemistry of Ageing’ (Academic Press, U. K., 1980; translated into Russian) and ‘Genes and Aging’ (Cambridge Univ. Press, U. K., 1994). His research group in ageing is internationally well known. He had proposed a theory and a model on ageing in 1975, which is known as ‘Gene Regulation Theory of Aging’.His research has shown how activities of many physiological/metabolic enzymes, chromatin structure and its post-translational modifications and function(s) as well as expression of genes change during the ageing process in mammals and birds. Books written Genes & Aging, Cambridge University Press, (1993) , Biochemistry of Aging, Academic Press, London, (1980) , Awards Padma Shri (2005) SS Bhatnagar Prize (Biology) (1971) Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship (1987) Golden Jubilee Commemoration medal, INSA (1992) Sir Sriram memorial Oration award, National Academy of Medical Sciences, (1998) Fellowship of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI)(1989) Third Age Award-14th International Congress of Gerontology, Mexico (1989) Fellow of Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi (1975) Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore (1975) National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad (1989) National Academy of Medical Sciences, India (1996) Indian Academy of Neuroscience (2008) National Fellow (1976–77) National Lecturer (1982) of UGC Emeritus Scientist of C. S. I. R. (1989–94) Senior Scientist INSA (1995–99) Chancellor of Nagaland University (2009–2011) References External links Dept. of Zoology, Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff, Banaras Hindu University 1927 births 2011 deaths Indian medical academics Indian gerontologists Banaras Hindu University faculty Utkal University alumni University of Lucknow alumni University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering Medical doctors from Odisha Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences, India Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows Indian neurologists 20th-century Indian medical doctors Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science

Lemuel Grant

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<mask> (1817–1893) was an American engineer and businessman. He was Atlanta's quintessential railroad man as well as a major landowner and civic leader. In railroads he served as a laborer, chief engineer, speculator and executive all over the South. As part of his speculation, he owned enormous tracts of land in strategic areas. For example, at one point he owned more than in what is now Atlanta. He designed and built Atlanta's defenses during the American Civil War and afterwards became an important civic leader: donating the land for Grant Park, Atlanta's first large park, and serving as councilman and on various boards and committees. His mansion is one of only four remaining original antebellum houses in the city of Atlanta.Early career <mask> <mask> was born at Frankfort, Maine, on August 11, 1817. He grew up on a farm and between twelve and nineteen years of age worked on the farm and in a village store. When nineteen years old, he became a rodman in the Engineer Corps of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, then under construction. By study and hard work, he made his way and in one year became assistant engineer. In 1840, he was given the position of assistant engineer of the Georgia Railroad, under John Edgar Thomson, the chief engineer. His part of engineers located the line between Madison and Atlanta in 1840. In 1841, he became assistant in the engineer corps of the Central Railroad, of which L.O.Reynolds was the chief engineer, but in 1843 returned to the Georgia Railroad and served it until the grading was completed to Marthasville. By 1844 he was buying large tracts of Atlanta real estate, mainly in the Third Ward. Two of LP's grandsons Laurel and Bryan, Sr. were successful real estate brokers and developers. In 1845, L.P<mask> became the chief engineer and superintendent of the Montgomery and West Point Railroad and remained with that road until 1848, when its track was laid as far as Opelika, Alabama. He then again returned to the services of the Georgia Railroad, this time as resident engineer, which position he held until 1853. for two years of that period he was also chief engineer of the Atlanta and West Point Railroad. From 1853 to 1858, he was engaged in railroad construction contracts in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. In 1858, he was elected president of the Southern Pacific Company of Texas, and was succeeded by J. Edgar Thompson in 1859.In 1859 and 1860, he was engaged as engineer of surveys and location of proposed roads in Alabama and Georgia but those were suspended on the approach of the [Civil] war. In 1862, [C.S.A] Colonel <mask> was appointed a captain of engineers for the Confederacy and retained that position to the end of the [Civil] War. His most important work was the construction of the defensive works around Atlanta and Augusta. From October, 1866 to 1881, Colonel <mask> was in charge of the Atlanta and West Point Railroad as General Superintendent. For a time, he was President of the Georgia Western Road, later the Georgia Pacific, and now the Southern Railway's line [source written in 1934] from Atlanta to Birmingham. In 1875, he was appointed receiver for the Georgia part of the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line with about 100 miles of track. In 1881, he became President of the Atlanta and West Point Railroad and two years later, President of the Western Railroad of Atlanta.Both positions he held until 1887. In 1844 and 1846, when Atlanta was known as Marthasville, Colonel <mask> bought land lots 52, 53, and 44, containing about six hundred acres. For one of those lots he is said to have paid a dollar and a half per acre. That land was later worth an immense sum. In 1883, Colonel <mask> gave the City [of Atlanta] a later purchase containing [over] 100 acres of beautiful land for park purposes. It is known as Grant Park, and the City [of Atlanta] has added to his original gift by the purchase of some adjoining land. Colonel <mask> was an early advocate of the Public School System and a member of the first Board of Education elected in 1869.He was also a charter member of the Young Men's Library and its first life member. From 1860, Colonel <mask> was a member of Central Presbyterian Church and took an active part in its work. He was married in December 1843, to Miss Laura Loomis Williams, a daughter of Ammi Williams. She died in 1879, leaving four children. In 1881, he married Mrs. Jane L. Crew of Atlanta. John Armstrong <mask>, a railroad manager of Texas and early founding member of Grady Hospital, was the son of the first marriage. Colonel L.P<mask> is of no relation to either of the persons named John T<mask> or John W<mask>, nor their descendants.It is but a happy coincidence that Bryan M<mask>, Sr, and John W<mask>, were both successful Atlanta real estate developers and were also contemporaneous colleagues to one another. Of further note, there is no printed reference about L.P<mask> ever coming to prominence by working as a laborer on the Georgia Railroad, working for the Fannin Company, or working for any companies based in Augusta Ga. There are many erroneous statements in railroad related articles about these relationships. One can only imagine that there being several prominent <mask>s, and not of the same family, that some confusion has persisted down through the years. The cited reference of Walter Cooper's Official History of Fulton County was written by an appointment by the Georgia Grant Jury "in Pursuance to Legislative Action" and published in 1934. The History Commission of that time was composed of Ivan Allen, Chairman, Henry C. Peeples, Dr. Louie D. Newton, Miss Ella May Thornton, and Miss Alice Baxter. In 1843 <mask> invested in land in what is now southeast Atlanta, paying from $.75 to $2 an acre, and built his home in the center of his 600+ acres.In 1883, he donated east and southeast of his mansion to the city for a park on condition that would be open and available free of charge to residents of any race, creed or color. His family then developed the surrounding neighborhoods, as evidenced by street signs named after family and friends of the family (Bryan Street, Grant Street, Loomis Street, Broyles Street, etc.). Lake Abana, where the zoo food court now exists below the panda exhibit, would have been witness to a crowd of bathers of any race, racial segregation not descending upon Atlanta until a decade or two later. During this idyllic period of relative stability of racial tension, <mask> opened a trolley line between downtown and the park. Banker On January 27, 1857, <mask> founded the Atlanta Bank with John Mims, William Ezzard, Clark Howell, Sr., Jonathan Norcross, Richard Peters, Joseph Winship and N.L. Angier. They were warned of Chicagoan George Smith who was planning on flooding Midwest banks with Georgia currency so avoided that scandal but eventually went broke and their charter was revoked in 1856.<mask> would try banking again in the 1870s. Heading west In 1853, he and John T<mask> headed to New Orleans to work on the Cotton Belt Railroad (then the Jackson and Great Northern Railroad). In 1857, Fannin, Grant & Co [These possibly the Athens Ga Grants, JT and WD Grant, contractors. Neither are related to LP Grant.] as became contractors to the Southern Pacific Railroad to link Marshall, Texas, to the West Coast, and the next year <mask> P<mask> was named president of Southern Pacific. Back in Atlanta in 1860, he and Richard Peters pushed a Georgia Western Railroad against Jonathan Norcross's Air Line. From 1853 to 1858, he was engaged in railroad construction contracts in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.In 1858, he was elected president of the Southern Pacific Company of Texas, and was succeeded by J. Edgar Thompson in 1859. Civil War Before the American Civil War, <mask> gave land on Jenkins Street for Atlanta's first black church, Bethel Church (now Big Bethel Baptist Church), and defended the church's right to the property after the war. The beginning of the war saw <mask> still in Louisiana. In February 1861, Fannin, Grant & Co sold out to the Southern Pacific, and <mask> returned to Atlanta. After the Vicksburg Campaign, Confederate Chief of the Engineer Bureau Jeremy Gilmer contacted him to survey possible enemy crossings of the Chattahoochee River, and defensive works were begun in August, 1863. <mask> explained that the fortification of Atlanta would be as difficult as that of Richmond, Virginia. <mask> planned a series of 17 redoubts forming a circle over out from the center of town.It was bounded on the north on high ground (present location of the Fox Theatre), on the west by Ashby Street, on the south by McDonough Drive and on the east by Grant Park. Gilmer inspected the completed work in December 1863. Because of how the Battle of Atlanta unfolded, these fortifications were never really put to the test, the city's Mayor Calhoun capitulating to the siege after the railways to Macon were seized by Union forces and Confederate General John Bell Hood was forced to destroy his ammunition train after the Union victory at Jonesborough. After the war The most important shopping area in town was Broad Street and Market Street which were separated by the railroads. A wooden bridge had been built to span the distance; when it burned, <mask> designed and built a new one which was completed in July 1865. He was superintendent of the Western & Atlantic and Atlanta & West Point Railroads. In June 1867, he was on the first committee to name streets in Atlanta with Winship and former mayor William Ezzard.In 1870, he was part of the committee to lure Oglethorpe University to Atlanta from Midway. In 1873, he organized the Bank of the State of Georgia. Throughout the 1870s he represented the Third Ward in council and served on the Atlanta Board of Education and in the 1880s he served as water commissioner [Correction: His son John A, served as water commissioner ]. In 1882 he donated roughly in Land Lot 43 for Grant Park, current home of the Cyclorama and ZooAtlanta, later named in his honor, and the deed was issued May 17, 1883. In 1884, he chartered Westview Cemetery with former mayor James W. English where he was buried after his death in 1893, a highly respected founding father of Atlanta. <mask> married Laura Loomis Williams, daughter of prominent DeKalb County businessman Ammi Williams, in 1843. They had four children: John Armstrong <mask>, Myra B.<mask>, <mask> <mask>, Jr., and Letitia "Lettie" H<mask>. He is survived by several descendants who currently reside in the Atlanta area and elsewhere. Of note, Bryan M. "Bitsy" <mask>, Jr. is his great grandson, and achieved many remarkable feats as a world-renowned tennis athlete, honored in several Halls of Fame, including the International Tennis Hall of Fame. The City of Atlanta recognized him during the 1950s by naming a premier tennis center in his honor on Northside Parkway, Bitsy Grant Tennis Center. <mask> P. <mask> Mansion is one of only three antebellum houses within the current city limits of Atlanta that are still standing in their original locations, and is by far the closest to the city limits in the 1860s. The mansion was owned by <mask> P<mask>, Atlanta's quintessential railroad man as well as a major landowner and civic leaderafter. <mask> donated the land for Grant Park, which was named for him.The three-story mansion was built in Italianate style in 1856. Union troops burning Atlanta in 1864 spared it because Masonic paraphernalia was found there, and the troops had been instructed not to harm the homes of Masons. In December 2001, the Atlanta Preservation Center purchased the house for $109,000; restoration of, and improvements to the house and grounds are ongoing. Bobby Jones, the legendary golfer, was born in this home while the Jones family was in town visiting from Canton, GA. L.P<mask>'s great grandson, Bryan M. "Bitsy" <mask>, the famed tennis player named to the International Tennis Hall of Fame, grew up in this home until the family moved to Ansley Park along 17th Street. Bobby Jones, grandson, Bobby Jones IV is an Anglican priest in Athens Ga. References Sarah Wadley diary External links 1817 births 1893 deaths 19th-century American railroad executives People from Frankfort, Maine Businesspeople from Atlanta People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War

Enrique Mario Francini

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<mask> (14 January 1916 in San Fernando – 27 August 1978 in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine tango orchestra director, composer and violinist who played in various tango ensembles including the Orquesta Francini-Pontier and Ástor Piazzolla's Octeto Buenos Aires. Early years Born in the city of San Fernando in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina and 20 km north the city of Buenos Aires, <mask> spent his childhood and adolescence in the city of Campana on the Paraná River. Here he studied the violin with the German violinist Juan Ehlert and in 1933, when Carlos Gardel gave a concert in Campana, <mask> and his friend Héctor Stamponi, the same age as him, presented Gardel with a tango which the friends, had composed together. Musical career <mask> started his musical career when he joined the orchestra of Ehlert, which included Héctor Stamponi and Armando Pontier, and performed on a well-known afternoon programme on Radio Prieto. He would later form a trio with Stamponi and Pontier to play on Radio Argentina. Later he joined the orchestra of Miguel Caló which included musicians such as Osmar Maderna, Domingo Federico, Carlos Lazzari and Armando Pontier. In 1945 <mask> and Pontier formed the Orquesta Francini-Pontier which played together successfully for the next ten years and made 120 records, 34 of which were instrumentals, starting with the recording of the tango Margot made on 29 January 1946.Inspired by Aníbal Troilo, the orchestra evolved instrumentally with tangos such as Arrabal, La beba, Lo que vendrá, Pa'que se acuerden de mí, Para lucirse, Pichuco, Tigre viejo and A Zárate. During these ten years the singers that accompanied the orchestra alternated between Alberto Podestá, Raúl Berón, Roberto Rufino, Julio Sosa, Pablo Moreno, Roberto Florio, Héctor Montes and Luis Correa. After this he set up a duo with Hector Stamponi, whilst at the same time establishing his own orchestra with the pianist Juan Jose Paz, the bandoneonist Julio Ahumada and the singer Alberto Podestá . Lasting less than one year, the orchestra made various recordings starting with La trilla by Eduardo Arolas, and Petit Salón with music by Vicente Demarco and lyrics by Silvio Marinucci, on 3 November 1955 for the recording company RCA Records. Outstanding within <mask>’s repertoire were Tema otoñal and his solos in Inspiración and Sensiblero. In 1954 he took part in a homage to Juan Carlos Cobián in a quintet comprising the tango musicians Aníbal Troilo on bandoneon, Roberto Grela on guitar, Kicho Díaz on double bass and Horacio Salgán on piano. The following year he joined Astor Piazzolla’s Octeto Buenos Aires with the bandoneons of Piazzolla and Roberto Pansera (later replaced by Leopoldo Federico), the violin of Hugo Baralis, the cello of José Bragato, the double bass of Aldo Nicolini (later replaced by Juan Vasallo), the electric guitar of Horacio Malvicino and the piano of Atilio Stampone.The Octeto would pioneer nuevo tango and put Piazzolla on a collision course with the tango establishment. Next he formed the Quinteto Real with Horacio Salgán, Pedro Laurenz and Ubaldo de Lío and also set up an orchestra, Los Astros del Tango, with Elvino Vardaro to record tango compositions of the top tango composers of the time, with arrangements by Argentino Galván. <mask> also participated in Los Violines de Oro del Tango, a tango ensemble, which like the previous one, consisted mainly of strings. In 1963 he joined the pianist Orlando Trípodi, together with Armando Pontier, Domingo Federico, Alberto Podestá and Raúl Berón in La Orquesta de las Estrellas, directed by Miguel Caló and later in 1970 he formed a sextet, with the bandoneonist Néstor Marconi in charge of arrangements, which appeared at Caño 14 in Buenos Aires, on television and recorded an album. The <mask>-Pontier orchestra was reformed in 1973 and toured Japan with the singer Alba Solís and musicians including Omar Murtgh, Néstor Marconi and Omar Valente. In 1977 the orchestra went on another tour there, this time staging a show with more than 20 musicians and tango dancers. On his return, <mask> organised a symphony orchestra which staged the show Tangos por el mundo in the Teatro Alvear in Avenida Corrientes.He was musician who, in parallel with his activities in the world of tango, played as a first violin in the Buenos Aires Philharmonic until his death. He was also active in the Argentine Society of Authors and Music Composers (SADAIC). He died of a heart attack on 27 August 1978 in the middle of a performance of Nostagias in Caño 14. Tango compositions <mask> composed the music for the following tangos: Mañana iré temprano Bajo un cielo de estrellas La vi llegar (lyrics by Julian Centeya, 1944). Junto a tu corazón Inquietud Ese muchacho Troilo Tema otoñal Discography <mask> made recordings with various orchestras and for a number of different record labels including: Mañana iré temprano and Sans Souci, Miguel Caló Orchestra, Odeón. Delirio, Pecado and A los amigos, Francini-Pontier Orchestra, Víctor. Mi refugio, Tema otoñal and Marrón y azul, Octeto Buenos Aires, Allegro and Disc-Jockey.Milonguita, Copacabana and Tiernamente, Los Astros del Tango, Music-Hall. Organito de la tarde, El arranque and Ya no cantas chingolo, Quinteto Real, Columbia, Filmography La sombra de Safo (1957) Cuidado con las imitaciones La diosa impura (1963) References Gobello, José, Mujeres y hombres que hicieron el tango, Centro Editor de Cultura Argentina, Buenos Aires, 2002. Piazzolla, Ástor. A Memoir, Natalio Gorin, Amadaeus, 2001 Azzi and Collier, Le Grand Tango: The Life and Music of Ástor Piazzolla, Oxford University Press, 2000. External links <mask> <mask> on todotango.com <mask> <mask> on tango.info Argentine violinists Argentine tango musicians Argentine people of Italian descent Argentine composers Argentine film score composers Male film score composers People from Campana, Buenos Aires People from San Fernando de la Buena Vista 1916 births 1978 deaths 20th-century violinists 20th-century male musicians

David Hume Kennerly

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<mask> (born March 9, 1947) is an American photographer. He won the 1972 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography for his portfolio of photographs of the Vietnam War, Cambodia, East Pakistani refugees near Calcutta, and the Ali-Frazier fight in Madison Square Garden. He has photographed every American president since Lyndon B Johnson. He is the first presidential scholar at the University of Arizona. Early life Kennerly is the son of O.A. "Tunney<mask>, a traveling salesman, and <mask>. His parents are deceased.He also has three younger sisters, Jane and Chris, the youngest, Anne, is also deceased. His interest in photography started when he was only 12, and his career began in Roseburg, where his first published picture was in the high school newspaper The Orange 'R in 1962. <mask> graduated from West Linn High School in West Linn, Oregon, in 1965. He briefly attended Portland State College but left at 19 to become a staff photographer for The Oregon Journal. In 1967 he entered the Oregon National Guard and was sent to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, for basic training and then advanced training at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. After completing six months of active duty in the US Army, he was hired as staff photographer by The Oregonian. During his early career in Portland he photographed some major personalities, including Miles Davis, Igor Stravinsky, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, the Rolling Stones, and the Supremes.That encounter with Senator Kennedy gave him the determination to become a national political photographer. In late 1967, Kennerly moved to Los Angeles to become a staff photographer for United Press International (UPI). On June 5, 1968, he took some of the last photos of Senator Robert F. Kennedy at the Ambassador Hotel as he declared victory in the California presidential primary. Moments later Kennedy was gunned down by the assassin Sirhan Sirhan. That night Kennerly also took a memorable picture of Ethel Kennedy in the back of an ambulance. The following year <mask> moved to New York for UPI, where among many other assignments he photographed the "Miracle" New York Mets winning the 1969 World Series. In early 1970, <mask> was transferred to the Washington, D.C. bureau of UPI.At age 23 he took his first ride on Air Force One with President Nixon as a member of the traveling press pool. However Kennerly believed he was missing out on the biggest story of his generation, the Vietnam War. He said, "I felt like that scene in Mr. Roberts where Henry Fonda, an officer on a supply ship, watched the destroyers sail into battle while he was stuck in some South Pacific backwater port." <mask> was sent to Saigon in early 1971 as a combat photographer for UPI. Unbeknownst to Kennerly, UPI photo editor Larry DeSantis started a portfolio of his favorite Kennerly photographs of the year, beginning with the Ali-Frazier fight photo that ran on the front page of The New York Times on March 9, 1971, (and also happened to be <mask>'s 24th birthday). DeSantis submitted that photograph along with images of the Vietnam and Cambodia wars and refugees escaping from East Pakistan into India to the Pulitzer Prize Board for consideration. It was only when the winners were announced that <mask>, who was still in Vietnam, learned he had been awarded the 1972 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography.The committee noted that he "specialized in pictures that capture the loneliness and desolation of war." <mask> became the photo bureau chief for UPI in Southeast Asia, but still spent most of his time in the field covering combat operations. In September 1972 he was one of three Americans to travel to the People's Republic of China to cover the state visit of Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka. During that assignment he photographed Premier Zhou Enlai, one of the most influential Chinese leaders in modern history. While still in Vietnam, he joined Life in November 1972 as a contract photographer. After the classic picture magazine folded a few weeks later, <mask> stayed on as a contract photographer for Time. Among the many stories he covered for them while still in Asia was the last American prisoner of war release in Hanoi, March 30, 1973.<mask> returned to the United States in the summer of 1973 for Time, right in the middle of the Watergate story. He photographed the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew, and the selection of Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford as Agnew's replacement. <mask>'s first Time cover was of Congressman Ford, a photo he took the day before Nixon selected Ford, and it was also Ford's first appearance on the front of Time. That session with Ford led to a close personal relationship with him and his family. After Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974, the new president selected him to be his Chief Official White House Photographer. <mask> was only the third civilian to ever have that position, (before him was President Lyndon B. Johnson's photographer Yoichi Okamoto, and Nixon's photographer Oliver F. Atkins). Kennerly enjoyed unprecedented entree during the Ford presidency, and photographed major meetings, events, and trips during Ford's tenure in office.He also arranged unique access for photographic colleagues from the magazines, newspapers, and wire service during that period. More than 50 photographers were granted exclusives with President Ford. There had never been that kind of access for outside photographers to a president before, or since. It was one of <mask>'s proudest achievements. His staff consisted of four other photographers who divided coverage of the First Lady and Vice President, as well as presidential duties. He also directed the White House photo lab that was run by the military as part of the White House Communications Agency. <mask>'s White House photographs and negatives are physically housed at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on the campus of Ford's alma mater, the University of Michigan.Many of his photos are also on display at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In late March 1975, Kennerly accompanied U.S. Army Chief of Staff General Frederick Weyand who had been dispatched on a presidential mission to South Vietnam to assess what was becoming a rapidly deteriorating military situation. The president privately told Kennerly he wanted his view of what was happening. In his autobiography Ford wrote, "I knew <mask> wouldn't try to give me any propaganda about 'enemy body counts' or 'light at the end of the tunnel.' He had been shot at many times by the North Vietnamese. As an American, he felt ashamed that we weren't doing more to help a loyal ally, and he thought that once I saw the photographs he took of the suffering there, I would have a better feel for what we had to do." Kennerly flew around the country, escaped from Nha Trang before it fell to the advancing communists, was shot at by retreating South Vietnamese soldiers at Cam Ranh Bay, and landed under fire in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, for a quick visit and assessment of the situation.When he returned from the trip, both Weyand's and <mask>'s assessments were bleak. The President ordered that <mask>'s stark black-and-white photos of the tragedy be put up in the halls of the West Wing of the White House to remind the staff just how bad things were. Saigon fell a month later. Before the fall, Ford had ordered the evacuation of the last Americans and many Vietnamese who had been working for the United States. The photos that Kennerly took on that mission helped convince Ford to open the doors to allow tens of thousands of other Vietnamese refugees into the country. The day before the Fords were turning over the keys to the White House to incoming President Jimmy Carter, Kennerly accompanied Betty Ford around the West Wing as she said goodbyes to the staff. They walked by the empty Cabinet Room and a mischievous look came across her face."I've always wanted to dance on the Cabinet Room table", she said. The former Martha Graham dancer kicked off her shoes, jumped up on the middle of the table, and struck a pose. The photo was published for the first time 15 years after he took it in <mask>'s book Photo Op. During the Carter presidency there was no official White House photographer, in part because Carter did not like <mask>'s high public profile during Ford's administration. <mask> who was 27 when he took the job, and single, dated several high-profile women, including the actress Candice Bergen and the Olympic skier Suzy Chaffee, and was regularly mentioned in gossip columns popular media. After the White House, <mask> went back on contract for Time magazine, where he covered some of the biggest stories of the 1970s and 1980s for them; Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's trip to Israel, the horror of Jonestown, exclusive photos of President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's first meeting in Geneva in 1985, the Fireside Summit, and many other stories around the world. When Life made a brief comeback for Desert Storm in 1991, he shot an inside story on Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell called "Men of War".In 1996, <mask> became a contributing editor for Newsweek where he produced inside stories on President Bill Clinton, Senator Bob Dole, the impeachment hearings, special prosecutor Kenneth Starr, the 2000 elections, the 9/11 attacks on the Pentagon, and other top stories. Kennerly also had a contract with John F. Kennedy Jr.'s magazine George. While still working for Newsweek, <mask> was assigned to cover the 2000 presidential election campaigns, initially covering the candidacy of Senator John McCain until his withdrawal on March 9, 2000. On election night November 7, <mask> was at the Governor's Mansion in Austin with Governor George W. Bush after Vice President Al Gore first conceded the election and later recanted. Kennerly has covered every presidential campaign from 1968 through 2020 with the exception of 1972, when he was in Vietnam. Throughout his journalism career, Kennerly has photographed more than 35 covers for Time and Newsweek, and covered assignments in over 130 countries. Kennerly was a fellow in the American Film Institute directing program from 1984 to 1986.He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy as executive producer of NBC's The Taking of Flight 847, and was the writer and executive producer of a two-hour NBC pilot, Shooter, starring Helen Hunt, based on his Vietnam experiences. Shooter won the Emmy for Outstanding Cinematography. He was executive producer of the Academy Award short-listed documentary Portraits of a Lady for HBO, directed by Neil Leifer and starring former Justice of the Supreme Court Sandra Day O'Connor. In 2013, Kennerly collaborated with Emmy Award-winning filmmakers Gedeon Naudet, Jules Naudet, and producer Chris Whipple on a documentary The Presidents' Gatekeepers, a four-hour Discovery Channel documentary about the White House chiefs of staff. The team joined forces again in 2015 to produce The Spymasters, a documentary for CBS/Showtime about the directors of the CIA. In 2016, Kennerly covered the presidential election for CNN, and took an exclusive of President-elect Donald Trump for the cover of their book Unprecedented. Trump tweeted that it was "the worst cover photo of me!"even though he had told Kennerly he liked it when he saw it in the back of the camera during the shoot. <mask> is a frequent public speaker, and has appeared at events such as TEDx, RootsTech, the University of Arizona, and a multitude of corporate events. In addition to his photojournalism work, <mask> has also worked as a corporate photographer, and for the last ten years his main client has been Bank of America. In 2010, Kennerly photographed a campaign for the Girl Scouts of the USA that included new images for the outside of the Girl Scout cookie boxes, pictures that endured for more than ten years. In October 2018, University of Arizona President Robert C. Robbins named Kennerly as the university's first presidential scholar. "The images captured by <mask> Kennerly document some of the most important moments in history over the past 60 years, and they have changed how several generations have viewed the world. We are honored to have <mask> share his experience with our students and community."The following year, UA's Center for Creative Photography (CCP) announced the acquisition of the David Hume Kennerly Archive, which features more than one million images, prints, objects, memorabilia, correspondence and documents dating back to 1957. In announcing the acquisition CCP director Anne Breckenridge Barrett said "Adding the Kennerly Archive to our collection allows the Center to connect the relevance of Kennerly's work to the photographic legacies we house. It is a critical contribution to the Center's commitment to expanding the understanding of the role photography plays in today's society." The acquisition highlights the decades long relationship between <mask> and Ansel Adams, one of the co-founders of CCP. The two first became acquainted when Kennerly invited Adams to the White House to meet with President Ford in 1975. In 1979 Kennerly photographed Adams for the cover of Time, the only time a photographer has been featured on the cover of the magazine. Personal life He was married to Susan Allwardt from 1967 to 1969, actress Mel Harris from 1983 to 1988, actress Carol Huston from 1989 to 1992, and Rebecca Soladay from 1994 to the present.Retrospective. University of Southern California's Annenberg School for Communication 2006–2007. University of Texas at Austin - permanent. Photo du Jour exhibition. Houston Museum of Fine Arts – 2004. Photo du Jour exhibition. Smithsonian Institution's Arts and Industries Building 2002.Photo du Jour exhibition New York Historical Society from 2002 - 2003. Visa Pour L'Image, Perpignan France. 2000 Retrospective. U.S. Capitol, Cannon Building Rotunda. 1995 Photo Op exhibition. Portland Art Museum, Portland Oregon. 1995 Photo Op exhibition.The Harry Lunn Gallery, 1979 Moderator – World Press Photo. Moderated conversation among 2006 award winners, USC, 2007 Guest lecturer - Savannah College of Art and Design, Lacoste France 2007. Keynote speaker - Eddie Adams Workshop 2000 – present; Works Photographs <mask>'s photographs include: Books <mask> has authored six books: Shooter, Newsweek books, 1979 Photo Op: A Pulitzer Prize-Winning Photographer Covers Events That Shaped Our Times, University of Texas Press (1995) Sein Off: The Final Days of Seinfeld, HarperCollins, (1998) Photo du Jour: A Picture-a-Day Journey through the First Year of the New Millennium, University of Texas Press, (2003) Extraordinary Circumstances: The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford, The University of Texas Center for American History, (2007) On the iPhone: Secrets and Tips from a Pulitzer Prize-winning Photographer. Goff Books, 2014 <mask> has been a major contributor to the following: Unprecedented: The Election That Changed Everything, CNN, 2017 Barack Obama: The Official Inaugural Book A Day in the Life book projects: America, Spain, the Soviet Union; The People's Republic of China; the United States Armed Forces, Hollywood References External links "<mask> <mask>", Photojournalism and the American Presidency, University of Texas. 1947 births Living people Photographers from Oregon American photojournalists Photography in Cambodia Photography in Vietnam Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography winners People from Roseburg, Oregon The Oregonian people White House photographers

John Giffard (1602–1665)

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Colonel <mask> (1602–1665), (pron. "Jiffard") of Brightley in the parish of Chittlehampton, Devon, England, was a Royalist leader during the Civil War. Giffard commanded the Devon Pikemen at the Battle of Lansdowne in 1634, in which his 3rd cousin the Royalist commander of the Cornish forces Sir Bevil Grenville (1596-1643) was killed in heroic circumstances. <mask>'s loyalty to the Royalist cause led to him being proposed in 1660 as a knight of the intended Order of the Royal Oak. He was personally known to the biographer <mask> (1643–1723) who included him as one of his Worthies of Devon. He was buried in Chittlehampton Church, where his small kneeling effigy survives on the base of the monument he erected in 1625 to his grandfather. Family origins and early life The <mask> family of Brightley was a junior branch of <mask> of Halsbury (pron."Haulsbury") in the parish of Parkham, near Bideford. The Devon branch of the family were originally seated at Weare Giffard, near Great Torrington, at Awliscombe near Honiton and at Halsbury. <mask> was the eldest son and heir of <mask> (1580–1616) by his wife Agnes Leigh (died 1625), a daughter of Thomas Leigh of Burrough (anciently "Borow", "Borough", etc.) in the parish of Northam, near Bideford. Arthur had predeceased his own father <mask> (died 1622), of Brightley, and thus Col. <mask> became heir to his grandfather. Arthur's mother was Honor Erle (1555-1638), a daughter of the courtier Walter Erle (d.1581) of Charborough in Dorset. Col. <mask>'s younger brother was Rev.<mask> (1605–1666), appointed in 1643 Rector of Bideford by his cousin Sir <mask>, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701) of Stowe, Kilkhampton, Cornwall, and lord of the manor of Bideford, but forcefully ejected by the Parliamentarians during the Civil War. According to Rev. Prince, who briefly served under Rev. <mask> at Bideford, <mask> "had a virtuous and liberal education (and) became a very accomplished gentleman." Marriage and children In 1621 <mask> married Joan Wyndham, a daughter of Sir <mask> (1558–1645), of Orchard Wyndham in Somerset. His father-in-law was a staunch Royalist, and it was partly due to his influence that later at the start of the Civil War <mask> was persuaded to take up arms against Parliament, as he stated as a mitigating factor in his "humble petition" to the victorious Parliament after the war. After the Restoration of 1660 <mask> and his wife had their portraits painted by Sir Peter Lely.By Joan he had eight daughters and three sons. His son and heir, <mask> (1639–1712), married twice: firstly in 1666 to Susannah Bampfylde, the fourth daughter of Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet (c. 1610 – 1650), MP, of Poltimore and North Molton, by whom his eldest son and only surviving male heir was <mask> (1668–1704). After Susannah died in 1670, <mask> remarried in 1674 to Frances Fane, the second daughter of Rev. Hon. William Fane, canon of Wells and rector of Huntspill, Somerset, whose father was Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland. Frances was the niece of Rachel Fane, the wife of Henry Bourchier, 5th Earl of Bath of Tawstock, Giffard's near neighbour under whom he served as a Commissioner of Array at the start of the Civil War. By Frances he had at least two sons, Henry and Caesar.In 1737 Caesar's daughters sold the estate of Brightley. <mask>'s other sons were Roger (1646–1724) and Henry (died 1658). Roger inherited, by a lifetime settlement, the ancient Giffard estate of Halsbury from his distant cousin <mask> (born 1611) of Halsbury, whose only male issue, <mask> had died childless in 1659. Of <mask>'s daughters, Grace died at Sherborne in 1667 after being pricked by a fern. Her reclining effigy exists in Chittlehampton Church, as a remnant of her former large monument. Another daughter, Agnes, was the second wife of Thomas Bere (1631–1680), lord of the manor of Huntsham. Landholdings On 14 October 1638 Giffard purchased the lordship of the manor of Chittlehampton from Sir Lewis Pollard, 1st Baronet of King's Nympton, and thereby became the first recorded resident lord.His manorial court rolls survive for the years 1640 and 1641, which show that he held the manors of Brightley (attached to which was Shortridge, both held in demesne); Chittlehampton; Stowford and Snape (both in High Bickington); Tapeley and Halsannery, both near Bideford. The matters determined upon by the court, stated in Latin with an English translation, included orders to tenants to repair the "cucckinstoole, to repair a chimney, a "lynney house" and a "rooke nett". Role in the Civil War At the start of the Civil War <mask> was appointed one of the Commissioners of Array for Devon, under his near neighbour Henry Bourchier, 5th Earl of Bath of Tawstock, and was thus in part responsible for the unpopular task of raising troops in Devon for the royalists. On Tuesday 13 September 1642, with other fellow commissioners, he accompanied Bourchier to South Molton for the purpose of a public reading of the Commission to the townsfolk, which attempt was met with much hostility and resulted in an ignoble retreat. According to a letter written by an inhabitant of South Molton at the time, the party was met by an angry mob of over 1,000 persons armed with muskets, halberts, bills, clubs, pikes and poles who were "in a great rage with the mayor and his company for giving licence that they should enter and swore that if they did attempt anything there or read their commission of array they would beat them all down and kill them (even) if they were all hanged for it". Bourchier and Giffard were thus prevented from making any recruits in South Molton and withdrew. On 23 or 24 September 1642 Hopton, lieutenant-general of Royalist forces in the West, on his march from Minehead in Somerset into Cornwall, before crossing the River Taw rested with his cavalry at Chittlehampton.400 of his men were billeted in the parish It is possible that <mask> joined Hopton on his onward march as he was absent from the entertainment given on 22 December 1642 by Sir Hugh Pollard at King's Nympton to other of the royalist leaders in Devon, however it was said that he had absented himself from Brightley to avoid the expense of entertaining when his turn came. Hopton was later to emerge from Cornwall, strengthened by new recruits, to march up-country to Bath to engage the Parliamentarian forces at Lansdowne. During the Civil War, by then a Colonel, <mask> commanded the Devon pikemen at the Battle of Lansdowne, fought on 5 July 1643, near Bath, Somerset. In that battle he served alongside his cousin Sir Bevil Grenville, who fell heroically having commanded the Cornish pikemen. Following a setback to the Royalists <mask> claimed to have in 1644 "retired to live privately and peaceably in his own house". However at that time Brightley was garrisoned by 300 Royalist cavalry, watched closely from Brightley Bridge by the "Barnstaple Horse", a local troop of Parliamentarian cavalry. <mask>'s younger brother <mask>, a London merchant, sought advice from their cousin Walter Erle as to how <mask> should make his surrender to Parliament.He was advised to take the earliest opportunity to do so, and thus following the departure of the royalist horse from Brightley, Giffard immediately sought an order of protection from Sir Thomas Fairfax, commander-in-chief of the Parliamentarian forces. At the establishment of the Commonwealth, <mask> was sequestrated and imprisoned and paid a composition of £1,136. He had submitted to Parliament in mitigation of his actions a "humble petition" in which he stated that he had been persuaded by some of his relatives to take up arms against Parliament, and "did not clearly apprehend the drift of things"; he "...only acted very sparingly, doing what he was required to do to preserve his person, wife and children". These Royalist relatives of his were the Wyndhams, his wife's family, and the Grenvilles, lords of the manors of Bideford in Devon and Stowe, Kilkhampton in Cornwall, the head of which family was Sir Bevil Grenville, beside whom Giffard fought at Lansdowne. The local population of Chittlehampton however disagreed. In a counter-petition they complained to Parliament that Giffard should not be permitted to compound for his delinquency, which refusal would therefore result in the confiscation of his estates. Twelve parishioners of Chittlehampton, all of whom claimed to have "always stood right and well affected to the Parliament", signed the counter-petition in which they called Giffard "a violent and active enemy to the state", who had persecuted them "with all eagerness and cruelty", and had caused them and others losses valued at five to six thousand pounds.<mask>'s petition was accepted by the local Commissioners of Parliament for Devon, namely Sir Samuel I Rolle (c. 1588 – 1647), MP, of Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe and Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet (died 1676) of Newton St Cyres, and he was thus allowed to compound for the sum of £1,136, equating to three times his net annual income. Following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 <mask> was selected by King Charles II as one of the proposed fourteen Devonshire Knights of the Royal Oak. This honour was proposed for the Englishmen who had actively supported that king during his exile in France, but was abandoned before being formally established lest it might perpetuate dissension. Death and burial <mask> died in 1665 at Brightley and was buried among his ancestors in Chittlehampton parish church. His image survives as a kneeling figure on the monument in the Giffard Chapel in Chittlehampton Church he erected himself in 1625 in memory of his grandfather, <mask> (died 1622) of Brightley. In his will he bequeathed £1,000 to each of his five unmarried daughters. Assessment by <mask> The Devon biographer Rev.<mask> (1643–1723) who had served under Rev. <mask> at Bideford as a young curate and thus had personal knowledge of the family, included <mask> in his magnum opus Worthies of Devon and wrote of him as follows: He was a gentleman of a very grave and comely aspect, of an obliging carriage, of a sober life, and a pious conversation. Such was his deportment towards men, in all his actions, as if he were conscious the eye of God was upon him; and such his behaviour towards God, in the instance of devotion and religion, as if he thought he was a spectacle to angels and to men. Insomuch, his sobriety and piety brought great reputation to the royal cause in those parts where he lived; and he was an excellent ornament to his profession, both as a subject and a Christian.Among all the instances of the piety of this worthy gentleman, unto whom I had the honour of being personally known, that must not be forgotten which he did to the memory of his grandfather; for in the north isle of the parish church of Chittlehampton aforesaid, he erected a monument to him of alabaster (sic) of great cost and curiosity; where his similitude in armor is lively represented, and the whole adorned with escutcheons of the family Notes References Sources Andrews, Rev. J.H.B., "Chittlehampton", Transactions of the Devonshire Association, vol.94, 1962, pp.233–338. Andriette, Eugene A., Devon and Exeter in the Civil War, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971. Prince, <mask> The Worthies of Devon.A new edition, with notes. London, 1810. Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620. Exeter, 1895. Further reading 1602 births 1665 deaths Cavaliers Military personnel from Devon People from North Devon (district)

Isabella Beecher Hooker

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<mask> (February 22, 1822 – January 25, 1907) was a leader, lecturer and social activist in the American suffragist movement. Early life <mask> was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the fifth child and second daughter of Harriet Porter and the Reverend <mask>'s Western Female Institute. The Western Female Institute closed during the Panic of 1837, not long after <mask>'s mother Harriet died. Then, at age fifteen, she returned to Connecticut for an additional year of schooling at the Hartford Female Seminary, the first school her sister Catherine had founded, but was no longer involved with. While studying in Hartford, <mask> met <mask>, a young lawyer from an established Connecticut family.They married in 1841, and <mask> spent most of the following twenty-five years raising their three children. John brought a reformist attitude to the marriage; just before their marriage, John made his abolitionist sympathies known. <mask> did not immediately approve of her husband's position, but she gradually converted to the anti-slavery cause. Throughout the 1850s <mask> supported the abolitionist cause, but her primary activity was motherhood. These early tendencies toward domesticity were likely an influence of her sister Catherine's philosophy. The <mask> family moved to Hartford in 1853 and purchased land with Francis and Elisabeth Gillette, which formed the first homesteads of what would become the Nook Farm Literary Colony. Activism Following the Civil War, <mask> carefully ventured into the divided women's movement with the unsigned "A Mother's Letter to a Daughter on Women Suffrage", which relied on the idea that, "women would raise the moral level of politics and bring a motherly wisdom to the affairs of government."<mask> first attended a few women's rights conventions in New York and Boston, and participated in the founding of the New England Women Suffrage Association. Then, she made her intentions known to her friends and neighbors in Hartford by founding the Connecticut Women Association and Society for the Study of Political Science. <mask> followed this up with a petition to the Connecticut General Assembly. With the legal aid of her husband, she wrote and presented a bill that provided married women with property rights. The bill was rejected, but she reintroduced it every year until it passed in 1877. By 1870, <mask> <mask> was in the full swing of the suffragist movement traveling throughout the mid-west on her first speaking tour. This first of many tours was in preparation for the 1871 Washington convention on suffrage, which focused on just suffrage alone, not women's rights in general.<mask> thought that by building the convention around one issue, she could re-unite the divided women's movement. <mask> set the agenda by describing the situation as she saw it, a view in which the constitution provided women with citizenship, and congress only needed to recognize this fact for women suffrage to be a done deal. This convention got the women's movement in the congressional door, for the first time Congress responded to the women activists with a hearing. Victoria Woodhull led the presentation to the House Judiciary Committee, and <mask> followed; they both presented the convention's argument. <mask> maintained the constitutional argument for most of the 1870s and used it for the many additional times she spoke before the House Judiciary Committee. <mask> believed this argument partly because she thought it would be too difficult to get a constitutional amendment passed. However, most of the congressmen rejected the suffragists' notions, and contended that Congress could not intervene in voter eligibility.However, <mask> felt so strongly that women could already technically vote, that she and other women activists tried to vote in the election of 1872; while Susan Anthony succeeded, and was arrested, <mask> was unable to penetrate the security at the polling station. By the mid-1880s <mask> advocated the more common position that women should vote because they would bring a new level of dignity to politics. Along with her drift in strategy, <mask> was campaigning for women's rights in general, instead of focusing on suffrage alone. During 1887, <mask> spoke on the need for women to have greater roles in society, including the benefits of female police officers. She digressed on a campaign for police reform than included complete reorganization of New York City's police department, with a woman as superintendent; for this she was mocked by the New York World and the Chicago Tribune. While <mask> was derided in New York and Chicago, she had enough national stature that her speaking tours were regularly reported. Furthermore, she gained respect in Hartford, where The Hartford Courant published her lectures from around the country and her congressional addresses.As she wound down her travels she was able to use this avenue to continue her advocacy. By the turn of the century she journeyed less frequently to speak, but maintained her activity by writing letters, and her annual presentation of a voting bill to the Connecticut General Assembly. She made one last appearance before Congress in 1893, where she persuaded various senators to endorse a limited suffrage proposal. <mask>'s last appearance before the General Assembly to present the voting bill was in 1901. Death <mask> <mask> was at the side of her half-sister <mask> Stowe when she died at her Hartford home in 1896. <mask> was crippled by a stroke on January 13, 1907, and died twelve days later. While she died more than a decade before the nineteenth amendment was ratified, her participation in the women's movement saw it transformed from a fringe group to the respectable lobby that succeeded in 1920.Within her native state of Connecticut <mask> contributed primarily in her advocacy for women's property rights, which passed into law in 1877. Further reading Notes External links <mask> <mask> <mask> Beecher American abolitionists American activists American suffragists People from Litchfield, Connecticut Beecher family Burials at Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut) Women civil rights activists

Nikolai Gulayev

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<mask> (; 26 February 1918 – 27 September 1985) was the fourth highest scoring Soviet flying ace from World War II, with over 50 individual aerial victories. He went on to become a Colonel-General of Aviation in the Soviet Air Forces. Early life <mask> was born on 26 February 1918 to a working-class Russian family in Aksai village. After completing secondary school in 1934, he attended a vocational school until 1935 and then worked at an enamel factory in Rostov while training at a local aeroclub. He left his factory job to join the military in December 1938 after completing training at the aeroclub. World War II Two years after joining the military <mask> graduated from the Stalingrad Military Aviation School and was assigned to a fighter aviation regiment in the Belorussian Military District. He was sent to the front in June 1941 after the German invasion of the Soviet Union as part of the 162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment on the Western Front, but did not begin flying combat missions until August 1942.From July to September 1941 he underwent retraining in Kuznetsk as part of the 13th Reserve Fighter Aviation Regiment. After completing training he was assigned to the 423rd Fighter Aviation Defense Regiment where he served from April to August 1942 until he was reassigned as commander of the 487th Fighter Aviation Defense Regiment. Despite holding the position of regimental commander he flew missions on MiG-3 and Yak-7B aircraft to provide air cover to strategically important areas of Gorky and Voronezh. On 3 August he scored his first aerial victory when he shot down a Heinkel He 111 at night. He did not receive permission to takeoff from his superior and was reprimanded for making the departure but especially given his lack of training in flying at night but was later praised for the successful shootdown of an approaching enemy aircraft. In January 1943 he completed navigator's courses from the 3rd Reserve Aviation Brigade based in Saratov and was sent to the 27th Fighter Aviation Regiment as deputy regimental commander. In addition to serving as deputy regimental commander he served as a navigator and squadron commander on missions; the unit later received the Guards designation and was renamed the 129th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment in October 1943.He distinguished himself in battles over the Voronezh and Steppe fronts and in the battles of Kursk, the Dnieper, Kirovograd, Korsun Shevchenko, Umansko-Botoshanskoy, and Lvov-Sandomir. On 14 May 1943 he rammed a Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber with his Yak-1 over Gostishchevo, Belgorod and bailed out with his parachute after running out of ammunition taking out two other German planes. In June he made his first flight on a Bell P-39 Airacobra; in early July he led a formation of four fighters in an attack on a numerically superior enemy formation of roughly 100 aircraft. All four of his squadron's aircraft safely landed after shooting down enemy four bombers and two fighters, disrupting the formation. That same day his formation made more combat missions and collectively shot down 16 enemy aircraft. For his heroism in aerial combat and his first 95 sorties he was awarded his first Hero of the Soviet Union gold star on 28 September 1943 by decree of the Supreme Soviet. In early 1944 he served as squadron commander of a group of six Bell P-39 Airacobras and led them in an attack on a formation of 27 bombers led by eight fighters.Within the span of four minutes the group shot down eleven enemy aircraft, five of which were shot down by <mask> himself, making him an ace-in-a day. On three other occasions other he personally shot down four planes over the course of a single day. After an aerial engagement on 31 May 1944 he sustained a serious wound to his right hand that required surgery, but managed to lead his squadron back to the airfield just before passing out. On 1 July 1944 he received his second gold star for his service. After recovering in the hospital he went back to flying combat missions in August and scored three more victories, but was soon recalled from the front lines to attend the Air Force Academy like many other flying aces from the war. In total he made 200 combat sorties and fought in 69 aerial engagements, scoring 55 individual and five shared aerial victories in the process, giving him one of the highest kill ratios of any allied ace in the war. Postwar life After the war <mask> graduated from the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy in 1950 and then went on to hold various leadership positions in the Soviet Air Forces.In 1960 he graduated from the Military Academy of the General Staff and was appointed as commander of the 15th Air Defense Division in Lipetsk, where he served until he was transferred to the 2nd Air Defense Corps in the Tver oblast. He rose through the ranks and held multiple commands before reaching the rank of Colonel-General in 1972. In 1974 he became the deputy commander-in-chief of the combat training division of the Air Defense Forces and in 1976 went on to become the assistant commander of the armament division Moscow Air Defense District, a position he held until he retired from the military in 1979. He died on 27 September 1985 in Moscow and was buried in the Kuntsevo Cemetery. Awards and honors Soviet Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (28 September 1943 and 1 July 1944) Two Order of Lenin (28 September 1943) Order of the October Revolution (4 March 1975) Four Order of the Red Banner (15 May 1943, 21 January 1944, 29 April 1957, 23 February 1971) Two Order of the Patriotic War 1st class (22 October 1944 and 11 March 1985) Two Order of the Red Star (22 February 1955 and 26 October 1955) campaign and jubilee medals Foreign Poland - Gold Cross of Merit (6 October 1973) Romania - Orders of Tudor Vladimirescu 2nd class East Germany - Patriotic Order of Merit 2nd class Footnotes References Bibliography 1918 births 1985 deaths Heroes of the Soviet Union Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner Recipients of the Cross of Merit (Poland) Soviet colonel generals People from Aksaysky District Soviet Air Force generals Soviet World War II flying aces Pilots who performed an aerial ramming Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni

Bessie Barriscale

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<mask> (born Elizabeth Barry Scale, June 9, 1884June 30, 1965) was an American actress who gained fame on the stage and in silent films. Early life <mask> was born Elizabeth Barry Scale in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Irish immigrants from County Cork. Her father came to the United States with a London company that presented The Lights of London. Her cousins were actresses Edith and Mabel Taliaferro. At age 5 she debuted on stage with James A. Hearn. Career As a young woman, <mask> was the Proctor Stock Company's ingenue at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York, after which she portrayed Madge in In Old Kentucky for two years. In 1902, she married actor Sumner Gard.She did not tell her parents until January 1, 1903. That was followed by two years as Lovey Mary in Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch. She became leading woman with the Belasco Stock Company in Los Angeles after performing for a year in Belasco's Rose of the Rancho. She went on to portray Luna in The Bird of Paradise and to have the lead in We Are Seven. In the first decade of the 20th century <mask> worked in the legitimate theater on Broadway and on the road as movies were not popular for stage actors yet. <mask> began her film career in 1913, debuting on-screen in Lasky Picture Company's Rose of the Rancho. She worked intensively for New York Motion Picture Company and Triangle Film Corporation (among other studios) until she announced her retirement in the early 1930s.In 1917, she had her own production company, the Bessie Barriscale Feature Company. Barriscale announced the formation at a news conference on May 1, 1917. Plans called for the company to produce six to eight features each year. Another new company, Paralta Plays, was designated to distribute the films. James Young was hired as one of three directors for Barriscale's new company. In 1918, Barriscale was contracted by J.L. Frothingham of B.B.Features and the Roberson Cole Company to make 16 films. B.B. Features was an Arizona corporation. The movies were to be completed, produced, and delivered by January 21, 1921. At this time, Miss <mask>'s managers insured her life for a half million dollars against eventualities. The total cost of the features totaled more than $1,000,000. <mask> was enthusiastic about William Shakespeare and wanted to bring one of his plays to the screen.The actress was also an excellent swimmer. In The Woman Michael Married (1919), she was featured in a movie adapted from a novel by Annette Kellermann. <mask> went so far as to hire a swimming and diving instructor and took lessons in Venice, California. A 90-foot pool was constructed at Brunton Studios where the scenes were shot. The film was directed by Henry Kolker. In 1919, she traveled with her husband—actor, director, and film producer—Howard C. Hickman and their small son on a world tour. They anticipated producing motion pictures during their journey and traveled with a cameraman.In 1921, <mask> came east to play in The Skirt. The play was to travel to Philadelphia and Boston after opening in Washington, D.C.. Later the production appeared in New York City. In prior years, <mask> participated in plays for the Belasco Theater in Los Angeles and once appeared in Belasco productions, notably Bird of Paradise written by Richard Walton Tully. She played a princess named Luana. During the early years, <mask> was in vaudeville, with two-a-day, three-a-day, and even four-a-day performances not uncommon. Actor Jackie Coogan and his parents purchased the home of <mask> <mask> in Pellisier Square, Los Angeles in February 1922. The residence was valued at $45,000.<mask> returned to the stage in Women Go On Forever. She had been married 21 years and had a son age 20 at this time. The production opened at the Hollywood Music Box in March 1928. She played a "housewife type," and confessed to having rehearsed for the role in a gingham dress she took from the wardrobe of her home in Santa Monica, California. Her feet were slightly smaller than her shoes. She said she had been working at home for several years and had just learned to cook. Death <mask> died in Kentfield, California on June 30, 1965.She is interred next to her husband, Howard C. Hickman, at the Mount Tamalpais Cemetery in San Rafael, California. Honors For her contributions to the film industry, <mask> received a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960. Her star is located at 6652 Hollywood Boulevard. Filmography The Gambler's Pal (1913), short Eileen of Erin (1913), short The Bells of Austi (1914), short The Making of Bobby Burnit (1914), short Ready Money (1914) Rose of the Rancho (1914) The Devil (1915) The Cup of Life (1915) The Reward (1915), short The Mating (1915) The Golden Claw (1915) The Painted Soul (1915) The Green Swamp (1916) Honor's Altar (1916) Bullets and Brown Eyes (1916) The Last Act (1916) Not My Sister (1916) The Sorrows of Love (1916) The Payment (1916) Home (1916) Plain Jane (1916) A Corner in Colleens (1916) The Snarl (1917) Bawbs o' the Blue Ridge (1917) The Hater of Men (1917) Borrowed Plumage (1917) Wooden Shoes (1917) Those Who Pay (1917) Madam Who? (1918) The Cast-Off (1918) Within the Cup (1918) Blindfolded (1918) Rose o' Paradise (1918) Patriotism (1918) Maid o' the Storm (1918) The White Lie (1918) The Heart of Rachael (1918) Two-Gun Betty (1918) All of a Sudden Norma (1919) A Trick of Fate (1919) Hearts Asleep (1919) Josselyn's Wife (1919) Tangled Threads (1919) The Woman Michael Married (1919) Her Purchase Price (1919) Kitty Kelly, M.D. (1919) Beckoning Roads (1919) The Luck of Geraldine Laird (1920) A Woman Who Understood (1920) The Notorious Mrs. Sands (1920) Life's Twist (1920) The Broken Gate (1920) The Breaking Point (1921) Show Folks (1928) Secrets (1933) Bondage (1933) Above the Clouds (1933) Beloved (1934) The Man Who Reclaimed His Head (1934) References Citations Bibliography External links Silent era portrait of Bessie Barriscale Bessie Barriscale on Women Film Pioneers Project American silent film actresses American film actresses Actresses from New Jersey People from Hoboken, New Jersey 1884 births 1965 deaths 20th-century American actresses American stage actresses Women film pioneers

Siyaka

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<mask> (IAST: Sīyaka; reigned c. 949-972 CE), also known as Harsha (IAST: Harṣa), was a Paramara king, who ruled in west-central India. He appears to have been the first independent ruler of the Paramara dynasty. Siyaka is the earliest Paramara ruler known from his own inscriptions, which have been discovered in present-day Gujarat, and suggest that he was once a feudatory of the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta. After the death of the Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III, he fought against the new king Khottiga, and sacked the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta in c. 972 CE. This ultimately led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and established the Paramaras as an imperial power. Background Siyaka was the son of Vairisimha II. The Harsola copper-plate inscriptions issued by Siyaka are dated 31 January 949 CE.Based on this, it can be inferred that <mask> must have ascended the Paramara throne sometime before January 949 CE. Names and titles In his own inscriptions, as well as the inscriptions of his successors Munja and Bhoja, he is called "Siyaka". In Udaipur prashasti inscription (which mentions an earlier king called <mask>), as well as the Arthuna inscription, the predecessor of Munja has been called Harsha (or Shri Harsha-deva). Therefore, modern historians also refer to him as <mask> II to distinguish him from <mask> I mentioned in the Udaipur inscription; some scholars believe that <mask> I is a fictional person. Merutunga, in his Prabandha-Chintamani, names the king as Simha-danta-bhata (alternatively Simha-bhata). According to one theory, "Siyaka" is the Prakrit corruption of the Sanskrit "Simhaka". Georg Bühler suggested that the full name of the king was Harsha-simha, and both parts of this name were used to refer to him.Military career By the time of <mask>aras had declined in power, because of attacks from the Rashtrakutas and the Chandelas. Siyaka's 949 CE Harsola inscriptions suggests that he was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III. However, the same inscription also mentions the high-sounding Maharajadhirajapati as one of Siyaka's titles. Based on this, K. N. Seth believes that Siyaka's acceptance of the Rashtrakuta lordship was nominal. Seth also theorizes that Siyaka was originally a Pratihara vassal, but shifted his allegiance to the Rashtrakutas as the Pratihara power declined. Yogaraja The inscriptions of Siyaka are the earliest known Paramara inscriptions: they have been discovered in present-day Gujarat, and therefore, it appears that the Paramaras were connected with Gujarat in their early years. The Harsola inscriptions record Siyaka's village grants to two Nagar Brahmins, after a victorious campaign against one Yogaraja.The identity of Yogaraja is uncertain: he may have been a Chavda chief or the Chalukya chief Avantivarman Yogaraja II. Both these rulers were vassals of the Pratiharas, and Siyaka may have led an expedition against either of them as a Rashtrakuta subordinate. Siyaka issued the grants at the request of the ruler of Khetaka-mandala (Kheda), who might have been a Rashtrakuta feudatory as well. Hunas Nava-sahasanka-charita, an epic poem by the Paramara court poet Padmagupta, states that Siyaka defeated Huna princes, and turned their harems into a residence of widows. The fragmentary Modi inscription also corroborates this victory of Siyaka, stating that he ruled the land "sprinkled over by the blood of the Hunas". This Huna territory was probably located in the north-western part of Malwa. Siyaka might have defeated a successor of the Huna chief Jajjapa, who had been killed by the Chalukya feudatory Balavarman in 9th century.Chandelas Nava-Sahasanka-Charita also mentions that Siyaka defeated the lord of Rudapati. This territory appears to be same as "Rodapadi" mentioned in a fragmentary inscription found at Vidisha; it appears that Rudapati lay on the eastern frontier of the Paramara kingdom. The conquest of Rudapati would have brought Siyaka in conflict with the Chandela king Yashovarman. A 956 CE Chandela inscription in Khajuraho states that Yashovarman was the God of death for the Malavas (that is Paramaras, the rulers of Malwa region). Yashovarman extended the Chandela kingdom up to Bhasvat (Vidisha) and Malava river (possibly Betwa) in the west. Based on these facts, it appears that Siyaka had to face a defeat against the Chandelas. Sack of Manyakheta In 963 CE, the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III led a second expedition of northern India.The 965 CE and 968 CE inscriptions of his Western Ganga feudatory Marasimha state that their forces destroyed Ujjayani, a major city of the Malwa region. Based on this, historians such as A. S. Altekar theorize that <mask> had rebelled against the Rashtrakutas, resulting in a military campaign against him. However, K. N. Seth believes that Ujjain was under Gurjara-Pratihara rule at this time, and Krishna III's campaign was directed against them: there is no evidence to show that Siyaka rebelled against Krishna III or faced a battle against his forces. After the death of Krishna III in c. 967 CE, the Rashtrakuta power started declining. His successor Khottiga, probably wary of the growing Paramara power, fought a battle against Siyaka. The battle was fought at Khalighatta on the banks of the Narmada River. Khottiga appears to have been the aggressor in this battle, as it was fought closer to the traditional Paramara territory.<mask> was victorious, although he lost his Vagada feudatory Kanka (or Chachha) in the battle. After the battle, Siyaka pursued Khottiga's retreating forces to the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta, and sacked that city. The Udaipur prashasti states that Siyaka was as fierce as garuda when he took the wealth of Khottiga in battle. This event happened in 972-973 CE, as suggested by the poet Dhanapala, who states that he wrote Paiyalacchi-namamala when the lord of Malava was looting Manyakheta. Siyaka's victory led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and the establishment of the Paramaras as a sovereign power in Malwa. Last years At its zenith, Siyaka's kingdom extended from Banswara in north to the Narmada River in south, and from Khetaka-mandala (present-day Kheda / Mahi River) in the west to Vidisha area (Betwa River) in the east. According to the Paramara court poet Padmagupta, Siyaka was a Rajarshi ("king-sage"): he retired as an ascetic, after which he wore clothes made of grass.Tilaka-Manjari, a work composed by Dhanapala (the court poet of Siyaka's son Munja), suggests that <mask> was a devotee of the goddess Lakshmi (Sri). <mask> and his queen Vadaja had two sons: Munja-raja (alias Vakpati) and Sindhu-raja. Siyaka sacked Manyakheta in c. 972 CE, and his successor Munja's earliest inscription is dated 974 CE, so <mask> must have retired or died somewhere between 972 and 974 CE. Inscriptions { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Harsol", "description": "Also known as Harsola" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.0140, 23.3628] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kheda", "description": "Also known as Kaira" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9933, 22.9251] } } ] } Following inscriptions of Siyaka have been discovered. All of these record grants, and are written in Sanskrit language and Nagari script. 949 Harsola copper plates This inscription, issued on 31 January 949 CE, was discovered in the possession of a Visnagar Brahmin of Harsol in the 20th century. It suggests that Siyaka was a Rashtrakuta feudatory in his early years.It records the grants of two villages to a Nagar Brahmin father-son duo of Anandpura (identified with Vadnagar). The villages - Kumbharotaka and Sihaka - are identified with the modern villages of Kamrod and Sika.The dapaka or the officer-in-charge of registering the grants was a Thakkura named Vishnu. 969 Ahmedabad copper plate This fragmentary inscription, issued on 14 October 969 CE, was in the possession of a resident of Kheda in the early 20th century. He presented it to Muni Jinavijaya of Ahmedabad's Gujarat Puratatva Mandir in 1920. The inscription originally comprised two copper plates, of which only the second one is now available. The inscription records a grant, but the exact nature of this grant cannot be determined from the 10-line second plate. The plate depicts a Garuda (the Paramara royal emblem) in human form, about to strike a snake held in its left arm.Below the Garuda is the sign manual of the king. The name of the dapaka (the officer-in-charge of registering the grants) is mentioned as Kaṇhapaika. The same name appears in the 974 CE Dharmapuri grant of <mask>'s son Munja. References Bibliography Paramara dynasty 10th-century Indian monarchs

Matt Kuchar

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<mask> (born June 21, 1978) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and formerly the Nationwide Tour. He has won nine times on the PGA Tour. Kuchar briefly enjoyed success in the early 2000s before suffering a slump where he struggled to maintain his playing status on the PGA Tour. He rejuvenated himself and built a new, one-plane swing from 2008 onward leading to improved results. Kuchar was the PGA Tour's leading money winner in 2010. Kuchar won The Players Championship in 2012, the flagship event of the PGA Tour, his biggest tournament victory to date. As a result, he moved to a career high number five in the world rankings and has spent over 40 weeks ranked inside its top-10.In February 2013, Kuchar won his first World Golf Championship event, defeating Hunter Mahan in the final of the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Kuchar won the first Olympic bronze medal awarded for golf since the 1904 Summer Olympics. Kuchar ended the 2018–19 season as the highest-earning PGA Tour player without a major championship win, with career earnings of over $50 million. The closest he has come was his second-place finish in the 2017 Open Championship at Royal Birkdale Golf Club. Early years <mask> was born in Winter Park, Florida, to Peter, a life insurance salesman and college tennis pro, and <mask>, with one sibling, Rebecca. He went on to graduate from Seminole High School in Sanford in 1996. Later he attended Georgia Tech in Atlanta, where he was a two-time first-team All-American on the Yellow Jackets' golf team.After narrowly losing in the semi-finals of the 1996 U.S. Amateur championship to Tiger Woods, Kuchar won the title in 1997. He received the Haskins Award in 1998 as the nation's top collegiate golfer, and was the low amateur at both The Masters and U.S. Open. He turned pro in 2000 after earning his bachelor's degree in management. One of Kuchar's teammates at Georgia Tech was future PGA Tour professional Bryce Molder. Professional career Early career Kuchar turned professional in November 2000, after working briefly for a financial services firm. He missed the sign-up deadline for the 2000 qualifying school.In 2001 he was given sponsors' exemptions to some PGA Tour tournaments, and earned enough money to be fully exempt for the 2002 season. <mask>'s first win on the PGA Tour came at the Honda Classic in 2002. A tough year in 2005 saw him win under $403,000, 159th on the money list, which caused a loss of his tour card. He failed to regain it at qualifying school and played on the Nationwide Tour in 2006. Kuchar won its Henrico County Open and finished tenth on the Nationwide Tour money list to earn back his PGA Tour card for 2007. He retained his card for the next two seasons by finishing 115th on the money list in 2007 and 70th in 2008. 2009 Seven years after his first PGA Tour win, Kuchar won for a second time during the Fall Series in 2009 at the Turning Stone Resort Championship.He prevailed in a playoff over Vaughn Taylor that concluded on Monday due to darkness on Sunday evening. 2010 Kuchar made the Ryder Cup team in 2010, taking the eighth and last merit position on the 12-man U.S. squad on August 15. At the time, Kuchar led the PGA Tour in top-10 finishes for the year, but had not won a tournament in 2010. The winless streak ended two weeks later at The Barclays on August 29, which was played at the Ridgewood Country Club in Paramus, New Jersey; Kuchar defeated Martin Laird on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff. Kuchar won the Vardon Trophy and Byron Nelson Award in 2010 for lowest scoring average and the PGA Tour's Arnold Palmer Award for leading the money list. 2011 Kuchar started off 2011 well with three consecutive top-10 finishes in the first three weeks of the season. He finished T6 at the opening PGA Tour event, the Hyundai Tournament of Champions on Maui.The following week at the Sony Open in Hawaii, he played his way to a T5 finish and then at the Bob Hope Classic achieved a T7 finish. In February, Kuchar reached the semi-finals of the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship, where he suffered a 6&5 defeat by eventual champion Luke Donald. In the 3rd place playoff match, he defeated fellow American Bubba Watson, 2&1. Previously during the week Kuchar had beaten Anders Hansen on the 22nd hole in round one, Bo Van Pelt in round two, Rickie Fowler in round three and Yang Yong-eun at the quarter-final stage. Kuchar finished tied for second at the Memorial Tournament at Muirfield Village in June 2011 behind Steve Stricker. This was his eighth top-10 finish of the season and took him to his highest ranking to date of world number six. Kuchar finished second at The Barclays, two strokes behind the winner, Dustin Johnson.The tournament was shortened to 54 holes due to Hurricane Irene. This finish moved him to second in the FedEx Cup standings. <mask> and Gary Woodland combined to win the Omega Mission Hills World Cup in November. 2012 <mask> had his best performance in a major championship at The Masters when he finished in a tie for third. <mask> was tied for the lead on the back nine on Sunday, but bogeyed the par three 16th and finished two strokes out of the playoff between Bubba Watson and Louis Oosthuizen. Kuchar won the biggest tournament of his career in May when he won The Players Championship at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. He shot a final round of 70 (−2) to win by two strokes over runners-up Rickie Fowler, Martin Laird, Ben Curtis, and Zach Johnson.He entered the final round in the last group, one stroke behind Kevin Na. After bogeying the first hole, he played a near-perfect round, except for a three-putt bogey on the 17th, to hold off the challengers. The win elevated Kuchar to a career high of number five in the world rankings. 2013 He won the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship in February, defeating Hunter Mahan 2&1 in the final. During the final, Kuchar built up an early lead and was 4 up at the turn. Mahan mounted a comeback on the back nine, winning four of the next seven holes to trail by just one with two to play. Mahan's wild drive on the par-4 17th put him in trouble, and after Kuchar knocked his approach close, Mahan failed to chip in for par and conceded the hole, which ended the match and gave Kuchar his first World Golf Championship title.Throughout the week, <mask> was never more than one down in any of his matches and only trailed three times on his way to the win. He defeated Hiroyuki Fujita, Sergio García, Nicolas Colsaerts, Robert Garrigus and Jason Day en route to the final. Kuchar moved back into the world's top 10 after this victory. His second win in 2013 came at the Memorial Tournament in early June. Late in the year Kuchar played in two events in Australia. He finished runner-up to Adam Scott at the Australian Masters and finished fourth in the 2013 World Cup of Golf. 2014 In the final round of the Valero Texas Open in March, Kuchar held a share of the lead with nine holes to play but bogeyed the 10th and 11th holes and finished T-4.The next week, he had a four-stroke lead going into the final round at the Shell Houston Open but lost a playoff to <mask>' 42-yard chip-in on the first extra hole. <mask> was again in contention the following week at the Masters Tournament, where he was tied for the lead on Sunday before four-putting the fourth hole and finishing T-5. A week later, Kuchar won for the seventh time on the PGA Tour with a one stroke victory at the RBC Heritage. He shot a final-round 64, which included a chip-in birdie from a greenside bunker on the 18th hole to come from four shots behind and claim victory. 2015 At the Sony Open in Hawaii in January, Kuchar opened with 65–63 to lead after two rounds. He stalled on the weekend, however, to finish tied for third. In the final round Kuchar failed to make a birdie, snapping his streak of 255 rounds on the PGA Tour with at least one birdie.The following week Kuchar tied for second, one stroke behind the winner, at the Humana Challenge. In April, Kuchar contended at the RBC Heritage and finished in fifth place. His best performance in the season's majors came in August at the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits in Wisconsin where he finished tied for seventh. Kuchar played in only two official events outside of the PGA Tour in 2015 but did very well in both. He finished one stroke back to fellow American Rickie Fowler at the Scottish Open and won the Fiji International, an official event on the PGA Tour of Australasia. Kuchar had seven top-tens for the season but did not win a PGA Tour tournament for the first time in four years. He finished well down the money list after finishing in the top 10 in earnings in four of the preceding five seasons.2016 Kuchar had 9 top-10s heading into the 2016 Summer Olympics, and continued his good run with a bronze medal after a final round 63. 2017 In the 2017 season, Kuchar competed in 26 events on the PGA Tour, making the cut in 22, including nine top-10 finishes. He finished tied for fourth at the Masters, his fourth top-10 finish in that event. At the Open Championship, Kuchar shared the first-round lead with Brooks Koepka and Jordan Spieth and finished rounds two and three in solo second behind Spieth. After Spieth's near meltdown on the 13th hole of the final round, Kuchar held a one-stroke lead with five holes to play. However, Spieth played the last five holes in five-under-par to claim the championship by three strokes over <mask>, who finished three strokes ahead of third-place finisher Li Haotong. Kuchar finished the year 14th in the FedEx Cup standings and represented the United States in the President's Cup, posting a 2–1 record in the United States' win.2018 In the 2017–18 PGA Tour season, <mask> had another winless campaign. He played in 24 events. He had four top-10 finishes and made 20 cuts. He won $1,720,097 for the year and finished 76th in the season long FedEx Cup. U.S. Ryder Cup captain Jim Furyk named Kuchar as a non-playing vice-captain for the U.S. team in the 2018 Ryder Cup. The U.S. team lost to the European team 17 1/2 to 10 1/2 at Le Golf National outside of Paris, France. On November 11, 2018, Kuchar won the Mayakoba Golf Classic in Cancun, Mexico.This event was part of the 2018–19 PGA Tour season. Kuchar took home a winner's check of $1.296 million and paid his caddie, David Giral Ortiz, the amount they agreed to for a top ten finish ($4,000) and an additional $1,000 on top of that to equal $5,000, which is a 0.38 percent tip of the $1.296 million, causing a social media controversy. This amount is below the average payout (10 percent) for a full-time caddie whose player wins. Because Kuchar's regular caddie was not available, Ortiz was hired and agreed to the terms presented. Ortiz has stated to Golf.com that he never expected the full 10 percent payout and that "<mask> is a good person and a great player. He treated me very well. I am only disappointed by how it all finished."When asked about giving his caddie such a low tip, Kuchar defended his decision by stating, "For a guy who makes 200 a day, a 5000 dollar week is a really big week". On February 15, 2019, Kuchar apologized and agreed to pay Ortiz the requested $50,000 and also donate an unspecified amount to local Cancun charities. At the end of the 2018–19 PGA Tour regular season, Rory McIlroy jokingly roasted <mask>r over the caddie pay controversy. At the initial award ceremony of the Wyndham Rewards Top 10, which awarded a $10 million bonus pool to the top 10 players in the final regular season FedEx Cup standings, after Kuchar playfully joked about McIlroy's narrow 2-point margin for an extra $300,000, McIlroy highlighted that "And we all know what money means to him." 2019 On January 13, 2019, Kuchar won the Sony Open in Hawaii, his second win in three starts. On March 31, 2019, Kuchar reached the championship round of the WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play for the second time in his career, having previously done so in 2013 when he went on to win the title. He lost to Kevin Kisner, 3 & 2, in the final.In December 2019, Kuchar played on the U.S. team at the 2019 Presidents Cup at Royal Melbourne Golf Club in Australia. The U.S. team won 16–14. Kuchar went 0–1–3, but battled back from 3 down against Louis Oosthuizen to halve the match in Sunday singles. Kuchar made the Cup-clinching putt on 17. 2020 On January 19, 2020, Kuchar won the Singapore Open on the Japan Golf Tour. The tournament was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour. Personal life Kuchar is married to Sybi Parker, who was a tennis player at Georgia Tech, and they live on St. Simons Island in Georgia.Their two sons are Cameron Cole and Carson Wright. <mask> is a Christian. Amateur wins 1997 Terra Cotta Invitational, U.S. Amateur Professional wins (17) PGA Tour wins (9) PGA Tour playoff record (2–1) Japan Golf Tour wins (1) 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour PGA Tour of Australasia wins (1) 1Co-sanctioned by the OneAsia Tour Nationwide Tour wins (1) Nationwide Tour playoff record (1–0) Other wins (5) Results in major championships Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 14 (2013 Masters – 2016 Open Championship) Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (2017 Open Championship – 2017 PGA) The Players Championship Wins (1) Results timeline CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic World Golf Championships Wins (1) Results timeline Results not in chronological order before 2015. 1Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play NT = no tournament "T" = tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. PGA Tour career summary * As of the 2020 season.U.S. national team appearances Amateur Eisenhower Trophy: 1998 Palmer Cup: 1998 (tie), 1999 (winners) Walker Cup: 1999 Professional Ryder Cup: 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners) Presidents Cup: 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners), 2019 (winners) World Cup: 2011 (winners), 2013, 2018 See also 2006 Nationwide Tour graduates References External links American male golfers Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's golfers PGA Tour golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Golfers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in golf Korn Ferry Tour graduates Golfers from Florida Golfers from Georgia (U.S. state) American people of Ukrainian descent Sportspeople from Winter Park, Florida People from Glynn County, Georgia 1978 births Living people

Wilma Landwehr

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<mask> (born <mask>t: 5 January 1913 – 8 August 1981) was a Bremen politician (KPD, SPD) and, between 1950 and 1971, member of the Bremen parliament ("Bürgerschaft"). Life <mask> was born into a working-class family in the Walle quarter of Bremen, located between the right bank of the river and the city centre. She attended the Reform ("progressive") School in Schleswig Street and then spent a year at a Home Economics College, an institution designed to prepare students for careers as senior domestic servants. <mask> preferred factory work, however (which increasingly was better paid than "domestic service" at this time), taking a job in a tobacco factory when she was 15. She continued in factory work till 1932, playing an active part in the trades union movement. She was also politically active more generally, having been a member of the Young Communists since her school days. It was in the Young Communists that she got to know <mask>.They married in 1930 when she was seventeen, and in 1932 moved together to Breslau (as Wrocław was then known). <mask> was a paid official of the Young Communists and had been relocated in connection with his work. However, in 1933 the Nazis took power and lost no time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. Following the Reichstag fire at the end of February 1933 communists, such as <mask>, found themselves subjected to particularly intensive persecution. It was presumably around this time that <mask> <mask> also joined the (now illegal) Communist Party of Germany. In December 1933 <mask>, in response to party instructions, relocated from Silesia via Czechoslovakia to Moscow, accompanied by his wife. Between 1933 and 1939 <mask> lived in the Soviet Union under an assumed identity as "Dolly Wehner".She worked, between 1934 and 1936, as an intern in Moscow with the European secretariat of the Young Communist International organisation. During much of this time her husband, sent back to undertake "illegal party work", lived underground in the industrial Ruhr area of Germany, but in the summer of 1936 he returned to Moscow. The next year the couple fell foul of the dictator's belief - not necessarily unfounded - that some comrades thought that someone other than him, such as, for instance, Leon Trotsky, should be running the Soviet Union. Unlike many arrested political exiles from Nazi Germany, Heinrich and <mask> Landwehr were not killed, but in the context of the purges of 1936-38 they were sent into internal exile in 1937, ending up in or near Rostov-on-Don where <mask> <mask> was sent to work in a tobacco factory. Following the remarkable news in October 1939 that a non-aggression pact had been concluded between Germany and the Soviet Union, <mask>, who at this point was serving as a forced labourer on an agricultural unit, was handed over to the Gestapo back in Germany, and <mask> <mask> successfully submitted an application to be returned to Germany. She arrived back in Bremen at the end of the summer, a week or so ahead of her husband. Her baby daughter died a few days later.Back in Bremen Heinrich Landwehr was required to report regularly to the Gestapo. Little is known of how the Landwehrs came through the war. There is mention of <mask> Landwehr having been detained by the Gestapo, after which she worked as a precision mechanic ("Feinmechanikerin") and later in an office job with Atlas Elektronik in Bremen: here one of her tasks involved simultaneous translation, working with Russian prisoners of war being used as forced labourers. War ended with German defeat in May 1945. The western two thirds of the country were divided into four occupation zones. The north-west of the country was placed under British military occupation, with the exception of Bremen which for strategic reasons was occupied by the United States Army. Political party membership was no longer outlawed, and both the Landwehrs now joined not the Communist Party but the Social Democrats.<mask> Landwehr immediately became very active within the party, undertaking a succession of party functions. She headed up the party's women's group in the city's Ostertor quarter and served as a member of the regional party executive for Bremen. After the death of Anna Stiegler in 1963 <mask> Landwehr took over the chair of the SPD Women's Working Group for the party for the entire Bremen region. Meanwhile, she supported herself, from 1949, with a public service job. It was in May 1949 that three of the four military occupation zones into which Germany had been divided four years earlier, including the British and US zones, were fused together and relaunched as the German Federal Republic (West Germany). By that time Landwehr had already stood, in 1946/47, as an SPD candidate for election to the member of the Bremen parliament ("Bürgerschaft"). She was not successful.On 15 September 1950 she took the seat vacated through the resignation of Karl Köster. She was re-elected on her own account in the election of 7 October 1951, and then again in 1955, 1959, 1963 and 1967, becoming one of the assembly's most high-profile members. Landwehr became known as a passionate and tireless campaigner for training and education, fighting for the retention of the compulsory six year junior school system introduced in 1949. That was a battle that was lost in 1955, however, when, following a political deal between the local SPD and coalition partners in the Bremen parliament, Bremen came into line with the rest of the country and switched to four year junior schools. Nevertheless, during the 1960s she became her party's education spokesperson in the chamber. As a politician she was known for speaking her mind in a direct manner, generally sticking to facts. One exception was her reaction to speeches from Communist Party members in the "Bürgerschaft" during the 1950s.One contemporary recalled how she would become a true "Kommunistenfresserin" (loosely: "Communist muncher") on these occasions. Like a number of Social Democrats who had cut their political teeth as Communist Party members and then been bitterly disappointed by the actions of (former) political comrades, her anti-Communism passion was backed by the conviction of a true convert. At the end of the 1960s Landwehr was part of the committee of enquiry into the building land affair which involved payments believed to be questionable to a land agent who was described as a friend to the SPD leader in Bremen, Richard Boljahn. The affair ended Boljahn's political career. Another parliamentary committee in which she served was that which drafted Bremen's Higher Education Law, which in turn led to the founding in 1971 of the University of Bremen. <mask> Landwehr did not stand for re-election in 1971. <mask> had retired the previous year from his longstanding job as secretary of the party regional organisation.He was terminally ill and she cared for him, with a level of self-sacrifice that drew comment from at least one commentator, till his death in 1974. Four and a half years younger than her husband, <mask> <mask> outlived him by seven years, dying of heart disease five months short of her own sixty-ninth birthday. References Politicians from Bremen Communist Party of Germany politicians Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians Members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen German women's rights activists German socialist feminists 1913 births 1981 deaths Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union

Basil Markesinis

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<mask> QC, LLD, DCL, FBA (born July 10, 1944) is a Greek-British barrister and legal scholar currently holding the position of Jamail Regents Professor at the University of Texas, Austin. He was previously Professor of Common and Civil Law at University College London. Early life and education Sir <mask> was born in Athens, Greece. He is the son of Greek politician Spyros Markezinis. He holds dual British and Greek citizenship. He started his education at the law school of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens from where he graduated with a first class degree followed by a Doctor Iuris, Athens - "Summa Cum Laude". Sir <mask> then went to read law at the University of Cambridge where he earned MA and PhD (York Prize) in 1970.In 1972, he was called to the bar at Gray's Inn, of which he is now a Bencher. He took silk, thus becoming a senior barrister, in 2001. Sir <mask> has been awarded an honorary degree from Cambridge (1988), Gent (1992), Oxford (1995), Paris I (1998), Munich (1999) and Athens (2006). Career He has held office as Assistant Professor of Roman and Byzantine Law at the University of Athens (1966–8), Fellow and Director of Studies in Law at Trinity College, Cambridge (1974–1986), Lecturer in the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge (1978–1986), Denning Professor of Comparative Law at Queen Mary and Westfield College, Professor of European Private Law at University College London, Clifford Chance Professor of European Law and Director of the Institute of European and Comparative Law, and Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford (1995–1999) and Clifford Chance Professor of Comparative Law and Fellow of Brasenose College. Other positions have included Director and Founder of the Institute of Anglo-American Law, Leiden, member of the Council of Management of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, member of the Board of Management of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, member of the Board of Editors of European Review of Private Law, Revue de droit internationale et de droit comparé, and The Netherlands Journal of International Law. He has held visiting professorships at Cornell Law School, University of Paris I, Panthéon-Assas University, the University of Michigan Law School, the University of Ghent, and the University of Siena. He has authored or co-authored thirty books and more than one hundred and twenty articles in languages including English, French, German, and Greek.Commandeur dans l'Ordre National de la Légion d’Honneur (2000) (Awarded by President Jacques Chirac “for exceptional services to France, Europe and the science of Comparative Law”.) Grand Officier dans l'Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur (France) (2003) (Awarded by President Chirac “pour couronner un des plus grands spécialistes du droit comparé en Europe. » Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell' Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (Italy), awarded by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi for “services to Comparative Law, Italian Law and European Integration”. (2002) Knight Commander of the Order of Merit (Germany), awarded by President Johannes Rau for “exceptional services rendered to German-British relations”. (2003). Knight Bachelor (New Year’s Honours List, 2005). Chevalier Grand-Croix dans l'Ordre National du Mérite, (France) (2006).He is a Fellow of the British Academy, the Academy of Athens, the Institut de France and the Royal Belgian Academy. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1995. He is also a member of the American Law Institute, of the Commercial Bar Association, and the London Common Law and Commercial Bar Association. Family Professor <mask> is married to Eugenie Trypanis and they have two children. Bibliography 1. Σκιές απο την Αμερική. Άρθρα και Δοκίμια πάνω στον Σύγχρονο Αμερικανικό Επεκτατισμό, Εκδοσεις Λιβάνη, 2009 (σελίδες 364) (Greek) 2.Επικοινωνιακή Διπλωματία και Διπλωματία Βάθους, Εκδόσεις Λιβάνη (2009) (σελίδες 317). (in Greek) 3. Το Καλό και το Κακό στην Τέχνη και το Δίκαιο. Ενα Εκτενές Δοκίμιο, Εκδόσεις Λιβάνη (2010) (σελίδες 397). (Greek) 4. Engaging with Foreign Law (co-author), Hart Publishing (2009). 5.The Duality of Genius, Jan Sramek Verlag, illustrated, Vienna (2008) (pages 469) 6. Σκοτεινό Μεγαλείο, Εικονογραφημένο (σελίδες 175), Ελληνικά Γράμματα 7. Good and Evil in Art and Law. An Extended Essay, Springer Verlag, Wien-New York, (2007), 264 pages. [Chinese and Portuguese editions in preparation]. 8. Judicial Recourse to Foreign Law: A New Source of Inspiration?(co-author), (Rutledge/ Cavendish Press, 2006) (409 pages). 9. Juges et Universitaires face au droit comparé. Histoire des trente-cinq dernières années, Dalloz (2006) (with a foreword of President Guy Canivet). [French translation of book no 6, below, but up-dated and with an additional chapter on French/USA constitutional law.] 10. The German Law of Contract: A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed.(co-author) [Completely re-cast and re-written to take into account the recent reform of German Contract Law; 2006, 979 pages plus liv. New edition to appear in 2011] 11. Patterns of Federalism and Regionalism (co-editor), Hart Press (2006) (280 pages). 12. <mask> and Deakin's Tort Law (co-author), Oxford (6th ed., 2007) Articles “Weltliteratur and Global Law Lessons from Goethe”, Liber Amicorum for Lord Bingham, Senior Law Lord, Oxford University Press (2009)(reprinted in the Common Law Review (2009)). « La politisation de la pensée juridique américaine », Mélanges Geneviève Viney, Dalloz (2008). "Human and Divine Justice" 6th Denning Lecture delivered at Lincoln’s Inn and to appear in the forthcoming Liber Amicorum Guido Alpa, Giuffré, Milano, (2007).“Political thinking, Human Rights law, and Legal Transplants”, Inaugural address at the University of Athens on the occasion of the award of a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the faculty of Law. (University of Athens, 2007; in Greek). “Understanding American Law by Looking at it through Foreign Eyes. Towards a Wider Theory for the Study and Use of Foreign Law”, The Irvine Lecture, Cornell, 22 August 2006 in 81 No 1 Tulane Law Review (2006) ( pp. 123–185). “Judicial Mentality: Mental Disposition or Outlook as a Factor Impeding Recourse to Foreign Law”, Centenary Lecture of the Society of Comparative Legislation, 80 Tulane Law Review, Issue 4 (April 2006) (pp1325–1375). 41.“Le droit étranger devant le juge américain et le juge français”. Lecture at the Institut de France delivered on 13 March 2006. Institute webpage of that date and (to be reproduced in the Academia Analecta for 2007).41 “National Self- Sufficiency or Intellectual Arrogance? The Current Attitude of American Courts Towards Foreign Law”, The Ninth Peter Taylor Memorial Lecture, Lincoln’s Inn, 2006, 65 No 2, Cambridge Law Journal (2006) pp. 301–329. "Die Kunst und die Wissenschaft deutsches Kultur im Ausland zu fördern", Festschrift für Claus-Wilhelm Canaris zum 70. Geburstag, C.H.Beck Verlag “Concerns and Ideas about our Developing Law of Privacy (and how Knowledge of Foreign Law Might be of Help)” (co-author); vol: LII The American Journal of Comparative Law, pp. 133– 208 (2004). [Reproduced in website of Institute of Global Law of UCL: www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/global_law/] “Case law and Comparative Law: Any Wider Lessons to be Learnt?”, European Review of Private Law (2003). “Scholarship, Reputation of Scholarship, and Legacy: Some Provocative Reflections from a Comparatist’s Point of View.” The John Maurice Kelly Memorial Lecture, The Irish Jurist, 2003 “Caroline of Monaco, Zeta Jones, Naomi Campbell: the private lives of public figures and the Press” Lecture delivered at the Academy of Athens. ( Academia Analecta, 2003.) “Liability of Experts in German and American Law: An Exercise in Comparative Methodology” (co-authored), The American Journal of Comparative Law, Autumn issue, 2003 “Foreign Law Inspiring National Law: Lessons from Greatorex v. Greatorex 61 Cambridge Law Journal, 2002, pp. 386–404.See also Spyros Markezinis References External links Curriculum Vitae of Sir <mask> "The russo-turkish relations and the position of Greece" (an article in greek of Sir <mask> in the greek newspaper To Vima) "Russia and the EU: The Inevitable Rapprochement", an article in English and Greek from Sir <mask> published by the Center for European and International Affairs, University of Nicosia Various articles in greek by Sir <mask>, published by Antibaro 1944 births Living people National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni American lawyers Fellows of the British Academy Academics of University College London Academics of Queen Mary University of London University of Siena faculty University of Michigan Law School faculty University of Texas at Austin faculty Queen's Counsel 1901–2000 British people of Greek descent Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Officiers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France) Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Commanders of the Order of Honour (Greece) Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences People from Athens

Miriam Polster

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<mask> (July 7, 1924–December 19, 2001) was a clinical psychologist who was raised in Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. <mask> had an interest in music, which happened to be her undergraduate major and a subject she integrated into her work. Once reaching graduate school, she became an advocate for Gestalt therapy; a therapy aimed towards self-awareness. <mask> was the co-founder of The Gestalt Training Centre. <mask> was the co-author of two novels (Gestalt Therapy Integrated and From the Radical Centre), and the sole author of Eve’s Daughters. <mask> died due to cancer, in 2001. Early life <mask> was born <mask> on July 7, 1924 to Aaron Friedman and Minnie Rachbuch, a Jewish family in Cleveland, Ohio.<mask>'s family was consistently described as being loving and supportive of <mask>'s aspirations. Her father worked for the U.S. Postal Service at the time of the Great Depression, despite having a degree in law. Her mother was a housewife. <mask> had one brother who was five years older than her, Larry. Career <mask>'s initial passion was music. She attended Miami University and completed her bachelor's degree in music in 1946.She did additional studies at the Cleveland Institute of Music in regard to vocal performance. <mask> met Erving <mask> in 1949, and the two were married in October. They have two children, Adam and Sarah. Both children had poor health as Adam had cerebral palsy and Sarah died from colon cancer in July 2001. In 1953, the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland was founded by key figures in the history of Gestalt theory, including Fritz Perls, Laura Perls, Isadore From, and Paul Goodman. Her husband, Erving <mask>, was among the founding faculty members, and his involvement in workshops that trained individuals in new Gestalt therapeutic techniques piqued her interest in psychology. <mask> went back to school and received her doctorate in clinical psychology from Case Western Reserve University in 1967.Theory Gestalt therapy is an experiential and humanistic approach that aims to develop self-knowledge, acceptance, and growth. One aspect of therapy is establishing contact with the environment and self through our sensory organs which is essential to healthy development. <mask> and her husband Erving <mask> are responsible for furthering the development of the concept of contact-boundary. Boundaries function to help people to connect to their environment and withdraw from it when necessary. A disturbance of these boundaries can result in confluence, isolation, retroflection, introjection, projection, and deflection. Confluence refers to losing the boundary between self and others which is on the opposite spectrum of isolation in which the boundary becomes impermeable and connection to others is lost. Retroflection is restraining parts of your self from being expressed.Introjection is the passive acceptance of other people's ideas. Projection refers to attributing parts of self onto others and Deflection is the fear of conflict. All of these disturbances can fluctuate between healthy and unhealthy depending on your level of awareness. Literature 1973: Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Contours of Theory and Practice Gestalt Therapy Integrated is the first novel written by Erving and <mask>. The Polsters wanted their book to serve as an extensive overview of Gestalt theory and therapeutic techniques, a textbook on the practices of Gestalt. In addition, Erving wanted to include personal interpretations of wider Gestalt theory and incorporated his own theories, including contact-boundary. Polster did not contribute a large part of her own theories and interpretations, but she aided Erving by discussing concepts in his theories with him that had been developed through his teachings and workshops at the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland.The novel is regarded by many scholars and students as a comprehensive introductory novel to Gestalt therapy. 1992: Eve’s Daughters: The Forbidden Heroism of Women Eve’s Daughters is a novel that <mask> wrote alone. The novel emphasizes women's abilities to be heroes in a world that views heroism as a male dominated role. <mask> explains that heroism appears in different forms. <mask> mentions that the trend of gender roles, places limits to the potential of everyone. Eve’s Daughters exemplifies the discrepancies of the male and female gender through the story of Eve, and the story of Prometheus. Prometheus stole fire from the Gods and received punishment.After sanction, Prometheus was seen viewed as a brave and likeable character. In the story of Eve, she had eaten an apple despite being told otherwise by God. Unlike Prometheus, Eve is disciplined and perceived as an unlikable and disobedient figure. The novel points out that in a sense, Eve leads a wave of women making their own decisions on how they live; because of her choice to not follow an unrationalized command. Furthermore, Eve’s Daughters justifies, that Eve's story provides lessons used today (i.e. the concept of consequences following our actions). 1999: From the Radical Centre: The Heart of Gestalt Therapy From the Radical Center: The Heart of Gestalt Therapy is a novel written by <mask> and Erving <mask>.It is a collection of their selected writings that covers the history of psychotherapy touching on theoretical and practical applications. The novel first sets the stage by describing the principles of Gestalt therapy, illustrating the application and transformation of the theories. They then discuss the role and implications of the community on the individual. Various aspects of theory and therapy are integrated in this novel to encompass the full spectrum of psychotherapy. Legacy <mask> and her husband Erving <mask> started out by running couple and family workshops. They led groups together but did not do so in their own fields as much. <mask> and Erving <mask> founded the Gestalt Training Centre in San Diego, California.They taught and trained many professionals in Gestalt therapy all around the world. Literature stated that they were known as some of the most influential Gestalt therapists, and their training inspired others to take on Gestalt therapy training themselves. <mask> was also a member of the faculty of the Gestalt Institute in Cleveland, Ohio. She was involved with the Institute before and after she was a graduate student and was present at many workshops. Death In 1994, <mask> was diagnosed with, and survived, both breast cancer and endometrial cancer; she died on December 19, 2001 at the age of 77 after a relapse in the endometrial cancer. References 1924 births 2001 deaths 20th-century American writers American psychologists 20th-century psychologists Miami University alumni

George Odger

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<mask> (1813–4 March 1877) was a pioneer British trade unionist and radical politician. He is best remembered as the head of the London Trades Council during the period of formation of the Trades Union Congress and as the first President of the First International. Biography Early years <mask> was born in 1813 in Roborough, Devon, England. Odger's father was a miner from Cornwall and the family was an impoverished one, forcing <mask> to be apprenticed as a shoemaker at about 10 years of age. Odger's formal education was limited and primitive, but he was able to expand his intellectual horizons through self-education and reading. Odger travelled the country in search of work as a shoemaker, eventually landing in London around the age of 20. There he became active in the nascent trade union movement, joining the Ladies Shoemakers' Society, which later became part of the Amalgamated Society of Cordwainers.Trade union leader <mask> first came to public attention in 1859 when he served on a general committee to coordinate aid for striking workers in the London builders' strike of that year. This led to active participation in the London Trades Council when it was founded the following year, followed by election to the position of Secretary of that organisation in 1862. Also in 1862, Odger became the Chairman of the Manhood Suffrage and Vote by Ballot Association. A vigorous supporter of the anti-slavery Republicans in the American Civil War, Odger is credited with helping shift the editorial line of the labour newspaper The Bee-Hive from supporting the Confederate States of America in the conflict. Odger was associated with the Workman's Advocate, which became the press organ of the International and the Reform League, and from 1866–67 he was editor of the renamed Commonwealth. Also in 1866, he represented the London Trades Council at the first conferences the United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades, while in 1867, he joined the Conference of Amalgamated Trades. Shortly after the Reform League's Hyde Park demonstration in 1867, Odger attended a private meeting of a dozen senior members of the league in which the French revolutionary Gustave Paul Cluseret proposed they start a civil war in England.According to John Bedford Leno, <mask> spoke out in support of Cluseret's proposal but this was misreported in the next days issue of The Times. <mask> was in the minority of the league, which rejected the proposal overwhelmingly. President of the First International On 28 September 1864 a meeting was held at the St. Martin's Hotel in London to launch an international association bringing together trade union leaders from Great Britain and the European continent, with a view to forestall the ability of employers to use unwitting foreign workers as a means of enforcing lockouts or breaking strikes. As a leading member of the British trade union movement, <mask>r not only attending this foundational gathering but was a prominent speaker at the event. The organisation resulting from the gathering would be known as the International Workingmen's Association, remembered today as the so-called First International. <mask> would be named to the governing General Council of this organisation, remaining in that position until his resignation in 1872. During this interval Odger also remained active in the Trades Union Congress (TUC), he was the Secretary of its Parliamentary Committee, the post later to become the General Secretary, from 1872 to 1873.Electoral politician <mask> put himself forward electorally for the first time in the new constituency of Chelsea in the 1868 General election – the first held since passage of the Reform Act 1867 that granted the right to vote to part of the male urban working class for the first time. Although his participation had been sought by a great number of local voters, controversy erupted that Odger's participation would split the Liberal vote and he subsequently withdrew from the race. In June 1869 Odger was one of four Liberal candidates to compete for two seats in the borough of Stafford. Odger would finish in third place in the primary election, with the two Liberal victors defeated in the general election by Thomas Salt and Reginald Arthur James Talbot. Odger also stood as a Lib–Lab candidate in Southwark in the February 1870 by-election there, losing by about 300 votes out of more than 9,000 cast in a three-way race. Death and legacy Odger died on 4 March 1877. He was remembered at the time of his death as a "good, clear writer and a fluent speaker.He was not what is called 'eloquent,' but he was better; he spoke with force, with effect, with a knowledge of his subject." Henry James wrote of the funeral: "The element of the grotesque was very noticeable to me in the most marked collection of the shabbier English types that I had seen since I came to London. The occasion of my seeing them was the funeral of Mr. <mask>, which befell some four or five weeks before the Easter period. Mr. <mask>r, it will perhaps be remembered, was an English Radical agitator of humble origin, who had distinguished himself by a perverse desire to get into Parliament. He exercised, I believe, the useful profession of a shoemaker, and he knocked in vain at the door that opens but to the refined. But he was a useful and honourable man, and his own people gave him an honourable burial." <mask> is buried in Brompton Cemetery.<mask> is listed on the Reformers' Memorial in Kensal Green Cemetery in London. Odger Street on the John Burns' Latchmere Estate in Battersea is named after him. A London County Council commemorative Blue Plaque was erected at Odger's former residence, 18 St Giles High Street, in the 1950s. After this house was demolished in the 1970s the plaque was rescued and can now be seen in the lobby of St Giles in the Fields having been placed there in 1974. Footnotes Further reading Keith Gildart and David Howell (eds. ), Dictionary of Labour Biography: Vol. XIII.Basingstoke 2010; pp.292–300. "<mask>," Obituary in The Spectator, 10 March 1877; pg. 12. General Secretaries of the Trades Union Congress People from South Hams (district) 1813 births 1877 deaths English socialists English trade unionists English people of Cornish descent Liberal-Labour (UK) politicians Burials at Brompton Cemetery Members of the International Workingmen's Association Members of the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress

Kenneth Kronberg

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<mask> (April 18, 1948 – April 11, 2007) was an American businessman and long-time member of the LaRouche movement, an organization founded by American political activist Lyndon LaRouche. He was president of PMR Printing Co. and World Composition Services Inc., in Sterling, Virginia, printing businesses set up in 1978 to print material for the LaRouche movement, which received most of the money the LaRouche organisation spent on producing pamphlets; but the companies also worked for other clients including the United Nations and the Ford Foundation. He was also co-founder and editor of Fidelio, the magazine of the Schiller Institute, a LaRouche movement think-tank founded by Helga Zepp-LaRouche. <mask> died after jumping from a highway overpass on April 11, 2007, in what a spokesman for the Loudoun County Sheriff's Office said was an apparent suicide—the cause of death also recorded on the death certificate. Education and career <mask> was born in the Bronx, New York. He graduated at the age of 16 from Bronx High School of Science, and graduated in 1968 with a bachelor's degree from St. John's College, Santa Fe, New Mexico; he then spent a year as a junior fellow at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions with Robert M. Hutchins in Santa Barbara, California. In discussing his time at St. John's and the Center years later, <mask> described himself as a "Socratic revolutionary."He did graduate work in economics at the New School for Social Research Graduate Faculty in New York, and was employed as an editor by the American Institute of Physics, Marcel Dekker, and John Wiley & Sons. He directed amateur theater, specializing in Shakespeare, and taught classes in poetry and drama. He edited various LaRouche-related cultural magazines (Campaigner, Fidelio) and wrote on many topics, including "How to Read Poetry"; the economy, demography, and culture of Ancient Rome; William Gilbert and his work on magnetism. " . Involvement with the LaRouche movement Kronberg became involved with the LaRouche movement, regarded by critics as a political cult,<ref>Chip Berlet. [http://www.publiceye.org/larouche/LaRouche_Theories.html "Lyndon LaRouche: Fascist Demagogue, LaRouche's Antisemitic Conspiracism], Public Eye.</ref> in 1971 after reading a LaRouche newspaper (New Solidarity) at a friend's house. A friend told Avi Klein of Washington Monthly: "He was sold on the guy from the beginning."In The Washington Monthly, Avi Klein writes that the relationship with LaRouche seemed to be a perfect fit for <mask> with his publishing experience, because the LaRouche movement's growth was being driven by its publication of political pamphlets and newspapers, which members would hand out on campuses and on the streets. Klein's sources, including ex-members and <mask>'s wife, say <mask>che movement, and that in the early 1970s, LaRouche began to engage in "ego stripping" sessions with senior members in which the member's core beliefs and relationship with his family were attacked. During one such session, <mask> was allegedly so disgusted that he threw a soda bottle across the room and walked out. Klein reports that <mask> was also shocked by the so-called Chris White affair in 1974, when LaRouche became convinced that White, his ex-girlfriend's new husband, had been brainwashed and sent by British intelligence to assassinate him. LaRouche "deprogammed" White over a period of two weeks. The New York Times obtained a tape recording of the sessions, during which "weeping and vomiting" could be heard, as well as someone saying "Raise the voltage," though LaRouche later said this had to do with the bright lights used during the questioning, not an electric shock.April Witt. "No Joke", The Washington Post, October 24, 2004 Despite his misgivings, <mask> believed LaRouche was a genius.Klein writes that <mask> "rationalized his leader's seemingly crackpot ideas," telling family members that LaRouche didn't really believe all the things he was saying. In 1974, <mask> became a national committee member of the National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC), part of the LaRouche movement. He was the production editor of their newspaper, New Solidarity, edited their magazine, The Campaigner, and later co-founded and edited Fidelio, a publication of LaRouche's Schiller Institute. He was a founding board member of Caucus Distributors, one of the key LaRouche companies. In 1978, he founded World Composition Services, which typeset material for LaRouche; according to Klein, Kronberg's companies also worked for other clients such as the United Nations and the Ford Foundation, as "low-cost printing" for LaRouche in reality often meant "free printing". According to a memorial posted on a LaRouche website, <mask> also played a leading role in promoting the ideas of Heinrich Heine and the Yiddish Renaissance. He did research, wrote, and taught classes on the English scientist William Gilbert, and on the Roman Empire.His poem honoring Indira Gandhi was given to her son, Rajiv Gandhi, then the Prime Minister of India, who had it published in the April 1987 issue of Congress Varnika, the magazine of the then-ruling Congress Party. But his greatest love was Shakespeare, LaRouche's views about whom Kronberg disputed. <mask>'s widow and family maintain a website dedicated to him that can be found at http://www.kennethkronberg.com/kk/. Print shop's financial problems Nicholas F. Benton, owner of the Falls Church News-Press'' and himself a former member of the LaRouche movement, writes that at the beginning of 2007, the LaRouche movement realized Kronberg's printing company (PMR) was on the verge of bankruptcy. He says that the financial problems stemmed from the movement's failure to pay the print shop for its services, as a consequence of which the company was in arrears with its tax payments, including employee withholding. One ex-LaRouche supporter told Nicholas Benton: "There was never any money at PMR and members were paid only half their salaries, which were already pittances, and then Ken paid himself only once a month." Klein writes that in March 2007, the LaRouche Political Action Committee told Kronberg that they had decided not to pay the money they owed him, and that they also asked that he return a $100,000 advance to the company, which Avi Klein writes Kronberg had already spent.Klein writes that <mask> feared the movement would raid an escrow account that held $235,000 the company owed the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). So long as <mask> was in control of the printing operation, Klein writes, he hoped he was safe from LaRouche movement attacks on his family, because the print shop was so central to the movement's existence. When he realized it was about to collapse, he reportedly told his wife, two days before his death: "I will be vilified. You and I will be vilified like nothing you've seen yet. It will be ugly; it will be brutal. This is going to be the worst week of my life." Death At 10:17 a.m. on the morning of his death, after reportedly reading the "morning briefing" in his office, <mask> instructed his accountant by e-mail to transfer to the IRS the $235,000 held in the escrow account.He drove to the Dulles Mail Facility where he mailed some family bills, then headed back toward PMR over the Waxpool Road overpass in Sterling. He pulled his car off the road on the overpass, left his emergency lights blinking, and jumped. He died after jumping from the overpass at 10:30 a.m. onto the northbound lanes of Route 28. A spokesman for the Loudoun County Sheriff's Office said the death was an apparent suicide. At his death, <mask> left his wife of 36 years, Molly; their son, Max Isaac <mask>, 22; a brother, <mask>; two nephews; and three cousins. Avi Klein and Nicholas Benton have linked Kronberg's death to a daily internal document, the so-called "morning briefing," which is circulated among members of the LaRouche movement, and which Benton writes they regard as authoritative. The briefing circulated on the morning of Kronberg's death appears to have been addressed to the movement's younger generation.It attacked the print shop, calling it among the worst of the failures of the "baby boomer" generationreferring to members who joined the movement in the 1960s and 1970s. It continued: "the Boomers will be scared into becoming human, because you're in the real world, and they're not. Unless they want to commit suicide." <mask> told Klein that her husband killed himself to draw public attention to the print shop's financial position and the reasons for it, and that it was "...as such ...the bravest political act of his life." In an interview conducted by PRA, <mask> stated that she believes her husband's suicide was an attempt by him to escape the "terrible tension [in her opinion caused by LaRouche's alleged anti-semitism and megalomania], and his legal and financial entanglements on behalf of the organization." <mask> <mask>'s wife, Marielle ("Molly") Hammett, was for years deeply involved with the movement, being elected to the National Committee in December 1982. <mask> and Hammett met in 1971.She joined the movement in 1973 so that they could marry, becoming pregnant shortly afterwards. According to Klein, Kronberg persuaded her to have an abortion, because LaRouche taught that families were a "dangerous distraction." The <mask>s went on to have a son, Max, in 1984, "in defiance of LaRouche," Klein writes. She helped to found the New Benjamin Franklin Publishing House in 1978, which published Dope Inc., a LaRouche book. Avi Klein writes that Molly had to take out personal loans to pay her husband's printing company for the publication costs, and when they proved insufficient, she traveled across the country trying to persuade LaRouche supporters to sign promissory notes to the movement. As part of the LaRouche trials of the late 1980s, starting with LaRouche's own federal trial, conviction, and imprisonment, <mask> was tried with other LaRouche followers in 1989 in New York and convicted of one count of scheme to defraud. She was sentenced to five years probation; the other LaRouche followers convicted, Robert Primack and Lynne Speed, were sentenced to prison, although Lynne Speed was later able to argue successfully before the state Court of Appeals that the Judge's leniency towards Kronberg should extend to herself as well.According to Avi Klein, <mask> strenuously opposed having LaRouche testify in the New York trial. In 2004 and 2005, <mask> made contributions of $1,501 to the Republican National Committee and the election campaign of George W. Bush. According to Klein, LaRouche felt that this "foreshadowed her treachery to the movement." In October 2008, a year and a half after <mask>'s suicide, <mask> joined Erica Duggan, the mother of Jeremiah Duggan, and a number of former LaRouche members, journalist Chip Berlet, and Members of Parliament from Germany and the United Kingdom in a conference in Berlin, discussing the danger of the LaRouche movement. Earlier, immediately after <mask>'s suicide in April 2007, <mask> began posting on the FACTnet website documents and other items about <mask>'s death, the LaRouche movement's connection to it, and, more broadly, LaRouche movement behavior over the years. As she indicated in discovery during her lawsuit against LaRouche and others (see below), she posted as Eaglebeak. On August 21, 2009, <mask> filed suit against LaRouche in Federal Court, Eastern District of Virginia, charging harassment and libel.The suit includes numerous references to the circumstances of <mask>'s death. Co-counsel for Mrs. Kronberg was John Markham, who, as one of the Federal prosecutors against LaRouche in 1988, secured his conviction in the same Federal Court in which the Kronberg case is filed. By spring 2010, however, the LaRouche legal team, including Ben DiMuro, Nina Ginsberg, and Edward McMahon—the latter two, Ginsberg and McMahon, having been members of the ACLU's John Adams Project—had succeeded in disqualifying Markham because of his role as a former prosecutor. For a while Mrs. Kronberg was represented by local counsel John Bond, who bowed out of the case in the fall of 2010 citing ill health. The case was dismissed without prejudice, and refiled by Mrs. <mask>'s third counsel, Jim DelSordo. Meanwhile, the LaRouche team had gone to the appellate level, seeking to have the Kronberg lawsuit dismissed with prejudice, and seeking to have the case dismissed. Ultimately (January 2012) the appellate panel denied both LaRouche motions, and the case went back to the trial court—where the same judge denied the LaRouche motion to dismiss again, making a total of three times since the case was first filed.In July 2012, during the discovery phase, the case was withdrawn, because of <mask>'s inability to continue paying her lawyer. References LaRouche movement 1948 births 2007 suicides St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni Suicides by jumping in the United States Suicides in Virginia People from the Bronx People from Sterling, Virginia The Bronx High School of Science alumni

Fernando Vargas

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<mask> (born December 7, 1977) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1997 to 2007. He was a two-time light middleweight world champion, having held the IBF title from 1998 to 2000, and the WBA title from 2001 to 2002. With his IBF title win, <mask> became the youngest boxer in history to win a light middleweight world title, at age 21. As an amateur he won a bronze medal in the light welterweight division at the 1995 Pan American Games, and reached the second round of the welterweight bracket at the 1996 Olympics. <mask> is best known for his heated rivalries against Oscar De La Hoya, Shane Mosley, and Ricardo Mayorga. Amateur career In his youth <mask> compiled a remarkable amateur record of 100–5. In 1992, he won the 132 lb.championships at the Junior Olympics Box-Offs, and came in second at the Junior Olympics. In 1993, he captured the triple crown of amateur boxing: the Junior Olympics Box-Offs, the Junior Olympics, and the Junior Olympics International tournament. The following year he solidified his position as one of the premier amateur fighters in the world by winning the 132 lb gold medal at the Olympic Festival, seizing the U.S. Junior Championships at 132 lb, and by becoming the youngest fighter ever to win the U.S. Championships. In 1995, he was selected to the 1996 U.S. Olympic Team. <mask> lost a controversial decision in the second round of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. He was scheduled to turn pro in November 1996, however, while training for his debut bout he broke his right hand.Eager to turn pro and begin his march toward a world championship, <mask> "ferociously" followed his physical therapy program, and within five months he was ready for his professional debut. Amateur achievements Won the 132-lb Junior Olympics Box-Offs; came in second at the Junior Olympics (1992) Won the Junior Olympics Box-Offs, the Junior Olympics, and the Junior Olympics International tournament (1993) Won the 132-lb gold medal at the U.S. Olympic Festival (1994), seizing the U.S. Championships at 132 pounds, becoming the youngest boxer ever to win the U.S. Championships (Seniors). Participated at the 1994 World Junior Championships, losing in the quarter-finals. 1995 Pan American Games Bronze Medalist in Mar Del Plata (ARG) Selected to the 1996 U.S. Olympic Team, defeated Tengiz Meskhadze (Georgia) 10–4, but lost to Marian Simion (Romania) 7–8 in the second bout. Professional career In his professional debut on March 25, 1997, <mask> crushed Jorge Morales in just 56 seconds. He quickly beat his next five opponents, spending only eight rounds in his first six bouts. By the time of his first world championship he won all his 14 bouts by knockout.He won his first world title in 1998, knocking out Yori Boy Campas in seven rounds for the IBF light middleweight championship. <mask> successfully defended the title throughout 1999, with victories over Howard Clarke (TKO 4), Raúl Márquez (TKO 11), Winky Wright (MD 12), and Ike Quartey (UD 12). Trinidad vs. <mask> lost the title to Félix Trinidad in 2000. <mask> was knocked down twice in the first round, he was able to fight his way back by knocking down Trinidad in the fourth round until finally being knocked out in the 12th and final round. Legal troubles In 2001 <mask> was sentenced to 90 days in House Arrest stemming from a 1999 assault charge. <mask> and four friends were originally charged with assault with a deadly weapon and conspiracy to commit a crime stemming from a July 25, 1999 altercation at a Summerland, California home. The defendants were accused of assaulting Doug Rossi, 23, who had broken up a fight between <mask> and a female friend's ex-boyfriend.De La Hoya vs. <mask> On September 14, 2002, <mask> surrendered his WBA title to Oscar De La Hoya in a historical light middleweight championship unification showdown that filled the Mandalay Bay Events Center to capacity and sold approximately one million pay-per-view buys. In the early rounds <mask> bullied De La Hoya against the ropes and landed right hands to the head and body; however, in the middle and late rounds <mask> fatigued and De La Hoya's hand speed took over. After hurting <mask> at the end of round 10, De La Hoya dropped <mask> in the next round with a left hook to the head, and stopped him moments later with a flurry at the 1:48 mark of the round. During the mandatory drug testing after the de la Hoya fight, <mask> tested positive for the banned steroid stanozolol better known as Winstrol. <mask> said the steroids were given to him without his knowledge, but he accepted full responsibility. The Nevada Athletic Commission announced on November 20 of 2002 that it would fine <mask> $100,000 because of his use of steroids. <mask> was suspended for nine months.Comeback trail Despite these problems, <mask> remained an accessible and popular celebrity, known for signing many autographs. After his knockout win over Fitz Vanderpool on July 26, 2003, he stood in a corner and yelled "I love you guys!" to his fans. <mask> continued his comeback, on December 12, with a seventh-round knockout of Tony Marshall that was shown live nationwide from Tucson, on TeleFutura. During that fight, <mask> injured a disc in his back, and his doctor recommended surgery, but <mask> chose to rehabilitate his back himself without having the procedure. This caused him to spend almost two years in inactivity, but, on March 26, 2005, he returned to boxing with a ten-round unanimous decision win over Ray Joval in Corpus Christi, Texas. On August 20, 2005, he returned to the boxing ring to fight fellow former world light middleweight champion Javier Castillejo of Spain.<mask> dropped Castillejo in the third round, but he apparently broke his right hand and went on to win by a ten-round unanimous decision. Mosley vs. <mask> I & II On February 25, 2006, <mask> once again returned to the ring to face fellow Southern California boxer Sugar Shane Mosley. In a tightly contested battle, <mask>' left eye became grotesquely swollen and referee Joe Cortez decided to stop the fight in the 10th round to minimize further damage, granting a technical knockout (TKO) victory to Mosley. The reasoning behind the stoppage, explained Nevada State Athletic Commission czar Marc Ratner, was that the referee and the fight doctor deemed that <mask> was unable to defend himself adequately against Mosley's right-hand shots. At the time of the stoppage, two judges had Mosley winning the fight 86–85. One judge had <mask> winning the fight 86–85. Fightnews.com had the bout scored 86-85 for Mosley.In the post fight press conference, <mask> made it clear that he would resume his boxing career and stated that a rematch with Mosley should be in order because the match was stopped on a technicality. ESPN boxing expert Dan Rafael wrote: "<mask> is so utterly delusional about what actually happened in his first fight with Mosley that we think he might have a concussion. When will he stop lying to himself -- and when will his team stop going along with him? He needs to admit that: (a) The swelling around his eye was caused by a clean punch, not a headbutt; and (b) He was not winning the fight when it was stopped in the 10th round." In their highly anticipated July 15, 2006 rematch, <mask> was stopped in the 6th round via TKO. When the sixth round began, Mosley landed a huge left hook that sent <mask> crashing to the canvas. <mask> rolled over onto all fours and was unsteady, but after stumbling twice he finally beat referee Kenny Bayless' count.Moments later, Mosley unleashed another flurry as <mask> could only protect his face, and the referee stopped the fight at 2:38 as a beaten and disoriented <mask> staggered back to his corner. Showdown with Ricardo Mayorga It was confirmed on May 13, 2007, that <mask> would face Ricardo Mayorga on September 8, 2007, on Showtime PPV for the vacant WBC Continental Americas super middleweight title. However the fight was postponed after it was discovered during a routine blood test that <mask> was suffering from a severe iron deficiency. Doctors ordered <mask> not to participate in the upcoming bout until he received the necessary weeks of treatment to correct the problem. When the bout eventually took place it would be fought at 162 pounds, a weight that neither boxer has ever fought at. Many sources claim that <mask> had complained about fighting at the Jr. Middleweight limit of 154 pounds, stating that it's "too much for his body to take". <mask> has stated that fighting at that weight was the reason he did poorly against Mosley in the second fight.<mask> claimed that this would be the last fight of his career regardless of the result. He warned Mayorga that he would not tolerate any insults from him like the ones he hurled at Oscar De La Hoya in their press conferences. <mask> stayed true to his promise when at the first official press conference for the fight, Mayorga said some offensive things towards <mask> and attempted to slap him. <mask> immediately jumped up from his seat and retaliated with punches and a brawl broke out between the two fighters' camps, though order was quickly restored. <mask> also recalled the time when Mayorga said <mask> was scared of him when he had defeated Javier Castillejo, then was stripped of his WBC light middleweight title rather than face Mayorga, who then defeated Michele Piccirillo for the vacant title. Ultimately the contestants faced off, and Mayorga defeated <mask> by majority decision on November 23, 2007. The scores were 113-113, 114–112, and 115–111.Crucially, <mask> was knocked down in the 1st round and again in the 11th round. Post-fight Ricardo Mayorga apologized to <mask> and the two forgave each other. <mask> officially declared his retirement soon after. Cancelled return to boxing in 2011 It was confirmed that after a three-year hiatus, former world champion <mask> would return to the boxing ring against super middleweight Henry Buchanan on April 16, 2011, at Hard Rock Casino in Las Vegas. However, the fight was cancelled for unknown reasons. Acting career <mask> had a role in the Crime Drama film Alpha Dog where he played Tiko "TKO" Martinez. <mask> also plays an unnamed guest star on the television show Moesha.Season 2 Episode 3 titled "Mama said knock you out." Reality television series In 2014, <mask> and his family became the subjects of a reality show on Mun2 television station, Welcome to Los Vargas. He also participated, alongside Judith Grace, Maripily and Pedro Rivera; and Sissi Fleitas, among others, in the Telemundo reality contest, Top Chef Celebrity. Professional boxing record Pay-per-view bouts See also List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences References External links Living people 1977 births American boxers of Mexican descent Sportspeople from Oxnard, California Boxers from California Participants in American reality television series Doping cases in boxing American sportspeople in doping cases World Boxing Association champions International Boxing Federation champions Boxers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Boxers at the 1995 Pan American Games Olympic boxers of the United States Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States American male boxers Super-middleweight boxers Light-welterweight boxers Welterweight boxers World light-middleweight boxing champions Pan American Games medalists in boxing Sportspeople from Ventura County, California Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games

Leslie Sanchez

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<mask> (born 1971, Corpus Christi, TX) is a Latina American author, political pundit affiliated with the Republican Party, and founder/CEO of Impacto Group LLC, a Washington, D.C.-based market research and consulting firm. Early life <mask> was born in Corpus Christi, Texas and is a third-generation Mexican American. <mask>'s grandfather came to the United States from Mexico in the early 20th century. <mask>'s parents separated at age 15 and she moved with her mother to an apartment in Sugar Land, a suburb in the Houston metropolitan area. <mask> took a job during high school to assist her family with finances. After high school, <mask> sold Collier's encyclopedias door to door. In four years, she worked in 1,000 counties in 23 states.<mask> was salesperson, eventually advancing to Field Manager and earned money to assist in supporting her family and earning for her college tuition. <mask> attended George Washington University, graduating in 1997 with a degree in Journalism. In 2002, <mask> obtained a Masters in Business Administration from Johns Hopkins University's Carey Business School. Political work <mask>'s political work began in the 1990s. While a student at GWU, she volunteered in several campaigns and acquired experience in this field. During this time, <mask> went to work in the office of Rep. Henry Bonilla, R-TX, as a legislative assistant on appropriations. <mask> worked on border issues and immigration legislation.After college, <mask> held several public relations and marketing positions in the Capitol and worked with the staff of House Speaker Dennis Hastert. In 1999, <mask> became a deputy press secretary for the Republican National Committee where she developed communication strategies for the Hispanic market and served as the Committee's chief spokesperson to the Hispanic community. The results were tangible: "Until <mask>, the Republican Party wasn't talking to Univision," according to one colleague. The following year, <mask> was asked by the 2000 Bush presidential campaign to work on Hispanic outreach. Together with V. Lance Tarrance, Jr., a Republican pollster, <mask> was a principal architect for two, "watershed Hispanic surveys," recognized as a thorough, political and cultural survey taken of Hispanic voters. Additionally, <mask> helped create a multimillion-dollar RNC marketing campaign aimed toward the Hispanic market in key states during the 2000 election cycle. This program was cited as contributing to Bush receiving 37 percent of the Hispanic vote.This was the highest percentage of Latino vote for a Republican presidential candidate as of that time. In 2001, outgoing RNC chairman Jim Nicholson credited <mask>, the Committee's Hispanic-voter liaison director, for her role in that effort. On May 29, 2001, President George W. Bush appointed <mask> executive director of the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans. Created in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush, the program's mission is to provide advice and guidance to the Secretary of Education on educational issues related to Hispanics and means to address academic excellence and opportunities to the Hispanic community. In her role as director, <mask> "monitored and evaluated Hispanic participation in education programs in 29 federal departments and agencies." <mask> created a grassroots alliance of 20,000 students, parents, and educators nationwide, and assembled a strategic coalition of 30 Fortune 500 companies, financial institutions, and government agencies. Also in 2001, <mask> was named one of the "100 Most Influential Hispanics" by Hispanic Business and was selected for the 4th Annual Young Hispanic Leaders Program where she earned a diploma at the Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo in Santander, Spain.Around this time, she entered the MBA program at Johns Hopkins University's School of Professional Studies in Business and Education (now extant). On June 25, 2003, <mask> resigned her White House Initiative position to form her own consulting firm, Impacto Group, LLC, the "first Republican political strategy and research group aimed solely at the U.S. Hispanic marketplace." Pollster Tarrance joined her as head of research and development for Impacto Strategies, a division of the Group, and chairman of its board of advisors. Impacto also deals with social and economic issues related to women. Consultant and commentator At Impacto, <mask> attained multiple clients, including Cisco Systems and Prudential Financial. Impacto's analytical work has also received attention from political watchers. In 2004, the Independent Women's Forum commissioned a psycholinguistic survey of Hispanic and Caucasian female voters that is considered seminal in the field.<mask> mainly operates as a consultant and also on television as a political commentator. Since founding Impacto, she has made appearances on political shows including CNN's The Situation Room, Fox News Channel's O'Reilly Factor, and PBS's The McLaughlin Group, To the Contrary, and The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. <mask> has been a commentator on Fox and CNN, MSNBC, Telemundo, and Univision. <mask> has worked for several election-related projects. In 2004 and 2006, she worked for the BBC as a call-in speaker for their coverage of the presidential and congressional elections. In 2008, she served as a political contributor for CNN's election coverage series. In 2009, CNN was awarded the distinguished Peabody Award for its reporting on the 2008 presidential campaign.<mask>'s commentary is featured in the PBS documentary Latinos 08 which observed the presidential election through from the perspective of Latino voters. <mask> has written multiple editorials, opinion pieces, and other articles for various publications including: Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post, and US News & World Report. <mask> is credited with authoring two book. Her first, Los Republicanos: Why Republicans and Hispanics Need Each Other, was published in 2007. In it, <mask> makes the argument that since most Hispanics share core beliefs with the Republican Party (GOP) and represent the fastest growing minority, they should garner more attention. One reviewer described the book as "a proto-type analysis that can be applied to other minority groups in America." <mask>'s second book, You've Come a Long Way, Maybe: Michelle, Sarah, Hillary and the Shaping of the New American Woman, was released in October 2009 by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St Martin's Press.<mask> has been observed as critical of what she perceives as the GOP's patronizing attempts in courting Hispanics since the 2008 elections. Calling the immigration debate, "Prop. 187 on steroids," <mask> warns that "Republicans embrace anti-immigrant fervor at their own peril." <mask> expresses that the Party should re-adopt the successful strategies employed by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush, who appealed to Hispanics, <mask> claims, "not as Hispanics or immigrants but as Americans with an equal stake in the future of the country." The Apprentice: Martha Stewart In 2005, <mask> was one of 16 candidates on The Apprentice: Martha Stewart. Already considered a "Latina Martha Stewart" by close associates, she had been encouraged to try out as soon as the show's existence had become known. <mask> finally relented when she was invited to audition by the GWU Alumni Association.She lasted for 10 of 13 weeks in the competition before finally being ejected. Despite what some have considered a particularly severe dismissal (Stewart told her that she would rather hire the "doer rather than the talker"), <mask> preferred in a later interview to focus on Stewart's complimentary remarks regarding her marketing and communication skills. Her appearance on The Apprentice apparently boosted <mask>'s business as well as her fan following. Miscellany Among her many activities and honors, past and present, are the following: Co-director of the Congressional Border Caucus Member, U.S.-Spain Council for the Young Hispanic Leaders Program Ex-officio member of the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status Hispanic Business magazine's "100 Most Influential Hispanics" Member, Women's Business Enterprise National Council Board of Directors, Providence Health Foundation Johns Hopkins Alumni Association The George Washington University Alumni Association National Society of Hispanic MBAs Visiting Fellow, Independent Women's Forum Texas Federation of Republican Women Latin Chamber of Commerce Albuquerque Hispano Chamber of Commerce American Cancer Society Relay for Life See also List of Latino Republicans References External links Impacto Group, LLC LeslieSanchez.com <mask>'s CNN Blog Los Republicanos: Why Republicans and Hispanics Need Each Other White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans 1971 births American political commentators George Washington University School of Media and Public Affairs alumni Johns Hopkins Carey Business School alumni Living people American politicians of Mexican descent Virginia Republicans United States Department of Education officials Hispanic and Latino American women in politics American women chief executives Texas Republicans

Carlos Palomino

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<mask> (born August 10, 1949) is a retired Mexican professional boxer. Palomino is a former World Welterweight Champion and member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. <mask> is also an actor who has been featured in several television shows and films. He achieved a considerable amount of fame during the 1970s, especially among Mexican and Southern California fans. Early life He moved to Los Angeles, California from his native Mexico when he was ten years old. Amateur boxing career <mask> was an All-U.S. Army champion in 1971 and 1972. As an amateur, <mask> won the 1972 National AAU Light Welterweight Champion at 137 lb., defeating eventual Olympic gold medalist Ray Seales.He was discharged from the Army later that year and enrolled at Orange Coast College and later Long Beach State, where he obtained a degree. Professional boxing career In 1972, his name was becoming better known in California. This was likely caused by the number of his fights taking place there. He won five fights (one by knockout) in 1973. In 1974, <mask> went through an increment in quality of opposition. He won six fights and lost one. He beat David Arellano twice, by a decision in ten and by knockout in nine, as well as Tommy Howard, by decision in ten, but he lost to Andy Price, who was a title contender at the time, by decision in ten in San Diego.In 1975, he won four fights, and drew in two. He and Zovek Baraja had two bouts that year, the first one resulting in a ten-round draw and the second one being a nine-round knockout win for <mask>. He also drew with Hedgemon Lewis. WBC Welterweight Championship After winning two fights in 1976, <mask> found himself and his trainers travelling to London, where an internationally televised world championship bout awaited him against WBC world Welterweight champion John H. Stracey, a British boxing teacher who had dethroned José Nápoles as world champion. <mask> became a world champion on the night of June 22 of that year at Wembley Arena, after Stracey eventually succumbed to a blistering body attack and was put on the canvas twice from left hooks to the liver. Many Mexicans who viewed Nápoles, a Cuban born resident of Mexico, as another countryman, saw this as a revenge from Stracey. He waited six months for his next fight, against another very popular boxer of Mexican background: cross-town rival Armando Muñíz.This was a fight that had many fans guessing who'd win it for months before it happened, but it also made history in the boxing books: When <mask> and Muñíz met, on January 21, 1977, it was the first time in boxing history two college graduates met for a world title. <mask> earned a degree in recreation administration from Long Beach State, while Muniz had graduated from Cal State Los Angeles, where he majored in Spanish and minored in math, and was working toward a graduate degree in administration. <mask> and Muniz (now a high school teacher in California) fought what the book The Ring: Boxing in the 20th. Century has described as one of the best fights of 1977. After 14 rounds, all three judges had the fight tied on their scorecards, but <mask> scored two knockdowns in the fifteenth and final round and he retained the world title by a knockout in that final round. A return to London resulted in an 11th-round knockout victory over Dave Boy Green, after which he defended against Everaldo Costa Azevedo and Jose Palacios, Azevedo being defeated by decision in fifteen and Palacios by knockout in thirteen. Azevedo was actually beating Palomino for the first 10 rounds of the fight.In 1978, he defended his crown with a win over Ryu Sorimachi by a knockout in seven, a knockout in nine over Mimoun Mohatar, and a decision in fifteen in his long-awaited rematch with Muniz. His championship run ended in 1979, when he traveled to Puerto Rico, where he was defeated on January 13 by hometown boxer Wilfred Benítez via a controversial fifteen-round split decision. Referee Zach Clayton scored the fight 145–142 in <mask>'s favor, but judges Jay Edson and Harry Gibbs disagreed. Edson scored the bout 146-142 for Benítez. Gibbs also scored for Benítez, 146–143. <mask> vs. Durán In his next fight, <mask> met legendary Roberto Durán on June 22 of that year at Madison Square Gardens, in another nationally televised bout, as part of the Larry Holmes–Mike Weaver world Heavyweight championship bout's undercard. <mask> lost to Duran by decision in ten rounds, and he announced his retirement from boxing right away.Boxing comeback <mask> began his comeback on January 10, 1997, beating Ismaél Díaz by a knockout in round nine. He won four fights that year, including one over former world champion Rene Arredondo, but when he lost by decision in ten to former Oscar De La Hoya world title challenger Wilfredo Rivera on May 30, 1998, he decided to retire for good, and has stayed in retirement ever since. After boxing Acting career In 1978 while still the WBC Welterweight Champion, Palomino appeared as '<mask>ne' in the ABC sitcom Taxi. Appearing in the second episode of the opening season ("One-Punch Banta"), he spars with Tony Banta (Tony Danza – himself a former professional boxer with a 9–3 record) and takes a dive. Palomino appears as himself in an episode of "The White Shadow" in 1979. In 1980, Miller Lite beer signed <mask> as a spokesman as part of a television commercial campaign that also included Walt Frazier and other noted athletes. As a consequence of the enjoyable experience and the media exposure that followed, he decided to launch a career as an actor.He participated in a number of movies and television series, before deciding to launch a boxing comeback at the age of 48, in 1997. <mask> appeared on Star Trek: Voyager episode "The Fight". This episode was original aired on March 24, 1999. <mask> was elected as chairman of the California State Athletic Commission, where he performed for a few years. He is now involved in charity work, most notably Tony Baltazar's charity organization, and he travels around the United States to attend charity events and do autograph shows. IBHF Palomino was selected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame on January 8, 2004. He was inducted on June 13.Personal life On March 14, 1980, his younger brother, <mask> – a member of the U.S. boxing team en route to Poland for a competition – was killed in the crash of LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007. On December 19, 2008, <mask>'s girlfriend, Daliene Ingram, was featured in an episode of Are You Smarter Than A Fifth Grader?. Her daughter Alexa, a fifth grader, was the extra classmate at the Mystery Desk for the occasion. Professional boxing record See also List of Mexican boxing world champions List of WBC world champions List of welterweight boxing champions References External links <mask>o ESPN article by Tim Graham (June 11, 2004) Miller Light 1981 television commercial 1949 births Living people Boxers from Sonora Sportspeople from San Luis Río Colorado Welterweight boxers World boxing champions World Boxing Council champions World welterweight boxing champions Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers United States Army soldiers American male boxers

Licinius II

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<mask>, also called <mask> and <mask> (full name: Valerius Licinianus Licinius; – ), was the son of the Roman emperor <mask>. He held the imperial rank of caesar between March 317 and September 324, while his father was augustus, and he was twice Roman consul. After losing a civil war, his father lost power and both he and <mask> the Younger were eventually put to death. Family and background <mask> I married Flavia Julia Constantia, daughter of the augustus Constantius Chlorus and half-sister of the augustus Constantine I. They wed at Mediolanum (Milan) in February 313. Three years later, Constantine attacked Licinius in the Cibalensean War. Constantine defeated Licinius at the Battle of Cibalae at Cibalae (Vinkovci) in Pannonia Secunda on the 8 October 316 and again at the Battle of Mardia near Hadrianopolis in Haemimontus (Edirne).Life <mask> II, son of Licinius, grandson of Constantius I, and half-nephew of Constantine, was born to Flavia Julia Constantia in July or August 315. While the augustus Licinius marched against Constantine in 316, <mask> <mask> was left with his mother and the augustus's treasury at Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica). After <mask> was defeated by Constantine at the Battle of Cibalae, and lost two thirds of his army, he fled to Sirmium and thence to Singidunum (Belgrade), where he crossed the river Sava and destroyed the bridge to delay Constantine's pursuit of him. With this delay, Licinius and his family reached Hadrianopolis. After Constantine reached Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and after he and Licinius failed to come to terms over Licinius's appointment of Valerius Valens as co-augustus, the Battle of the Mardia (or "of Campus Ardiensis", probably Harmanli) ensued, in which Licinius was again defeated. Licinius failed to flee towards Byzantium (Istanbul) as expected, and outmanoeuvred Constantine by marching to Beroea (Veria) while Constantine continued to Byzantium. As a result, Licinius and Constantine made peace: excepting the dioecesis of Thrace, all the territory formerly administered by Licinius in the Balkans was ceded to Constantine's control.Constantine was to be recognized as senior augustus, and all Licinius and Constantine's sons were to be mutually recognized as caesares. Caesar On the 1 March 317 <mask> <mask> was raised to the imperial rank of caesar by agreement between his father and Constantine. Constantine's sons Crispus and the infant <mask> were elevated to caesar on the same day, at Serdica (Sofia). The date was chosen especially; it was the dies imperii (date of accession) of Constantine's father and Licinius's father-in-law Constantius I, the grandfather of all the new caesares. Crispus was no older than 17, while <mask> was, at seven months, even younger than Licinius II, who was then only 20 months old. Sharing the same day of investiture, none of the caesares could claim seniority. <mask> II retained his title until 324, throughout the time his father remained in power.Licinius is said by Themistius to have been educated by the grammaticus, and later consul, Flavius Optatus. Licinius was mentioned in the inscription of a Roman milestone from Viennensis as . <mask> <mask> was made consul in 319. His colleague was his uncle Constantine. In 321, the relationship between the two augusti had worsened and each made different nominations for the consulship: <mask> II was made consul for the second time with his father in the east, but Constantine and Crispus held the office in the west (see: list of Roman consuls). Licinius's quinquennalia was celebrated on the 1 March 321. The Munich Treasure was made for the occasion of the quinqennalia; besides a silver bust of Licinius I, three large silver bowls were made for largitio, each weighing a Roman pound – .The largitio bowls were decorated with portraits of the two emperors, with inscriptions celebrating the quinquennalia of <mask> II as well as a vota (vow of good rulership) for a decennalia. After his defeats by Constantine and Crispus at the Battle of Chrysopolis and the Battle of the Hellespont (18 September 324), <mask> I surrendered himself and his remaining forces to Constantine at Nicomedia. At the intercession of Flavia Julia Constantia, Constantine spared his brother-in-law and nephew. <mask> the Elder retired to Thessalonica as a private citizen. Immediately after his father's defeat and capitulation the <mask> <mask> was stripped of the title of caesar. Constantine seems to have regretted his leniency and the former augustus was hanged in the spring of 325. The former augustus had been accused of plotting to renew hostilities and was executed on this pretext, real or imagined.Licinius's co-emperor and augustus Martinian was also executed, either at this time or in 324. <mask> II survived until the following year. Death The younger Licinius was executed by his uncle Constantine in 326. He fell victim to the augustus's suspicions and died at Pola, possibly in the context of the execution of Crispus. Like his father, <mask> II was the subject of a posthumous damnatio memoriae and their names were expunged from official inscriptions. Liciniani filius in the Codex Theodosianus A , is noted in two laws in the Codex Theodosianus dated 336. According to the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, this was not Licinius II, but rather an illegitimate son legitimated by rescript.This son of the augustus was, by legislation, forced into slavery in the imperial textile factories (gynaeceum) in Carthage, Africa. The text contains a directive that he be reduced to the slave status of his birth. No son of Constantine's sister would have been referred to in this manner, therefore, this "son of Licinianus" must have been the illegitimate son of the emperor by a woman of servile status. References Further reading Dietmar Kienast: Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie. Wiss. Buchgesellschaft, 3.Auflage, Darmstadt 2004 (unveränderter Nachdruck der 2., durchgesehenen und erw. Auflage 1996), S. 296, . External links 315 births 326 deaths Imperial Roman consuls Constantinian dynasty Licinii Valerii Executed ancient Roman people People executed by the Roman Empire 4th-century executions Constantine the Great 4th-century Romans Year of birth unknown Executed children Caesars (heirs apparent) Tetrarchy Sons of Roman emperors Heirs apparent who never acceded

Fairuz

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Nouhad Wadie' Haddad (; born November 20, 1934), known as <mask> (; also spelled Fairouz, Feyrouz or Fayrouz), is a Lebanese singer. She is considered by many as one of the leading vocalists and most famous singers in the history of the Arab world. <mask> is considered the musical icon of Lebanon and is popularly known as "the soul of Lebanon". <mask> began her musical career as a teenager at the national radio station in Lebanon in the late 1940s as a chorus member. Her first major hit, "Itab", was released in 1952 and made her an instant star in the Arab world. In the summer of 1957, <mask> held her first live performance at the Baalbeck International Festival where she was awarded with the honor of "Cavalier", the highest medal for artistic achievement by Lebanese president Camille Chamoun. <mask>'s fame spread throughout the Arab world in the 1950s and 1960s, leading her to perform outside of Lebanon in various Arab capitals, including Damascus, Amman, Cairo, Rabat, Algiers, and Tunis.She has received multiple recognition and awards throughout her career including a Lebanese memorial stamp issued in 1969, the Key to the Holy City awarded by the Jerusalem Cultural Committee, the Jordanian Medal of Honor presented by King Hussein of Jordan, the Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) awarded by French President François Mitterrand in 1988, the Highest Artistic Distinction, awarded by Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (National Order of the Legion of Honor) awarded by French President Jacques Chirac and Honorary Doctorate from the American University of Beirut in 2005. Throughout the years, she headlined at the most important venues in the world such as Albert Hall and Royal Festival Hall in London, Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center and United Nations General Assembly Lobby in New York, the Olympia and Salle Pleyel in Paris, the Odeon of Herodes Atticus in Athens and the Royal Theatre Carré in Amsterdam. In a career spanning over six decades, Fairuz has recorded nearly 1500 songs, released more than 80 albums, 20 musicals and sold over 150 million records worldwide, making her the highest selling Middle-Eastern artist of all time and one of the best-selling music artists in the world. Early life Nouhad Haddad was born on November 20, 1934, in Lebanon into a Syriac and Maronite Christian family. Her father was born in Mardin, Turkey. The family later moved into a home in a cobblestone alley called Zuqaq el Blatt in Beirut. Living in a single room of a typical Lebanese stone house facing Beirut's Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate school, they shared a kitchen with the neighbors.Her father Wadīʿ was a Lebanese of the Syriac Orthodox faith, and worked as a typesetter in a print shop. By the age of ten, Nouhad was already known at school for her unusual singing voice. She would sing regularly during school shows and on holidays. This was how she came to the attention of Mohammed Flayfel, a well-known musician and a teacher at the Lebanese Conservatory, who happened to attend one of the school's shows in February 1950. Impressed by her voice and performance, he advised her to enroll in the conservatory, which she did. At first, Nouhad's conservative father was reluctant to send her to the conservatory. However, he eventually allowed her to go on the condition that her brother accompanies her at the persuasion of his brother Nouhad's uncle.Mohammed Flayfel took a close interest in Nouhad's talent. He started training her through the chanting of Koranic verses (in the recitative style known as Tajweed) which is the way preceding artists sang, a tactic to help with her control on classic Arabic intonation and poetic form. In an audition, Nouhad was heard singing by Halim el Roumi, head of the Lebanese radio station established in 1938 making it one of the oldest stations in the Arab world. Roumi was impressed by her voice and noticing that it was flexible allowing her to sing both Arabic and Western modes. At Nouhad's request, El Roumi appointed her as a chorus singer at the radio station in Beirut, where she was paid twenty-one U.S dollars every month which adjusted for inflation, in 2020 would amount to one hundred ninety-five dollars. He also went on to compose several songs for her and chose for her the stage name Fairuz, which is the Arabic word for turquoise. A short while later, <mask> was introduced to the Rahbani brothers, Assi and Mansour, who also worked at the radio station as musicians.Their chemistry was instant, and soon after, Assi started to compose songs for Fairouz. One of these songs was "Itab" (the third song he composed for her), which was an immediate success in all of the Arab world. It established <mask> as one of the most prominent Arab singers on the Arabic music scene. <mask> rose to fame during the golden era of Arabic music and is one of the last figures and contributors of that time alive today. <mask>'s music was the pop culture of its time in the Arab world,. Throughout her career, she has established a style of universality and relatability as she made music that tackled issues ranging from adolescence and love to political plight and patriotism, even "snappy Christmas carols" which made her work accessible to all. <mask> is known for her particularly forlorn style of music, that is a fusion of western and Arab sounds.Her music is set apart by its melancholic and nostalgic humor along with <mask>'s stoic image as well as yearning voice, that is almost prayer-like, often described by experts as airy, clear and flexible, different from the common ornamentation style commonly found in Arab music. Career 1950s <mask>'s first large-scale concert was in 1957, as part of the Baalbeck International Festival which took place under the patronage of Lebanese President Camille Chamoun. She performed in the Folkloric section of the festival representing "The Lebanese Nights". Fairuz was paid one Lebanese pound for that show, but she and the Rahbani brothers would become staples of the festival and featured most years until the civil war in Lebanon. The trio's performances at first were just small skits, but eventually they became full-blown musical operettas and concerts followed for many years, establishing <mask> as one of the most popular singers in Lebanon and throughout the Arab world. <mask> amassed more fame when she aligned herself with the Palestinian cause in their conflict with Israel and even produced a number of militaristic and patriotically somber songs for them. 1960s – establishment of a new star <mask> and the Rahbani brothers started to garner more and more attention with their innovative ventures and went on to revolutionize the blueprint for Lebanese music.It started with incorporating western sounds into their music and eventually shaping the Lebanese style of music, since before the music had to fit into a certain mold. This mold was the dominant Egyptian style of music, in the Egyptian dialect that would typically have a duration of thirty minutes. The trio started working with their own prototype, which was shorter three-minute songs in the Lebanese dialect that would tell a story. This change was received as well as it was due to growing discontent for traditional and indigenous music. Beirut at this time was undergoing rapid modernization and cultural expansion. Some who lived in the city were not even of Arab background making it even harder to relate to the music forms of the time. So when <mask> and the Rahbani brothers introduced a more modern yet still traditional form of music, they drew in mass appeal.This helped reshape the modern Lebanese identity especially in music and would go on to make significant contributions to the history of oriental music. These songs would also customarily included commentary and themes of local and regional socio-political and historical issues. [33] As the 1960s wore on, <mask> became known as the "First Lady of Lebanese singing", as Halim Roumi dubbed her. During this period the Rahbani brothers wrote and composed for her hundreds of famous songs, most of their operettas, and three motion pictures. In those productions, they also chose to abandon the popular improvisatory nature of Arab performances for more well-rehearsed and produced ones. In 1971, <mask>'s fame became international after her major North American tour, which was received with much excitement by the Arab-American and American community and yielded very positive reviews of the concerts. To date <mask> has performed in many countries around the globe including Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Netherlands, Greece, Canada, United States, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Italy, and her home country Lebanon.On September 22, 1972, Assi suffered a brain hemorrhage and was rushed to the hospital. Fans crowded outside the hospital praying for him and lighting candles. After three surgeries, Assi's brain hemorrhage was halted. Ziad Rahbani, the eldest son of <mask> and Assi, at age 17 gave his mother the music of one of his unreleased songs "Akhadou el Helween" (that he had composed to be sung by Marwan Mahfouz in "Sahriyyi" Ziad's first play). His uncle Mansour Rahbani re-wrote new lyrics for it to be called "Saalouni n'Nass" ("The People Asked Me") which talked about Fayrouz being on stage for the first time without Assi. Three months after suffering the hemorrhage, Assi attended the premiere performance of that musical Al Mahatta in Piccadilly Theatre on Hamra Street. Elias Rahbani, Assi's younger brother, took over the orchestration and musical arrangement for the performance.In 1978, the trio toured Europe and the Persian Gulf nations, including a concert at the Paris Olympia. As a result of this busy schedule, Assi's medical and mental health began to deteriorate. Assi Rahbani eventually died in 1986, no longer married to <mask> but due to the influence, his family and Fairuz had in Lebanon the factions in Beirut had a cease-fire allowing the funeral procession to travel from the Muslim side of the city to where Assi would be buried on the Christian side. <mask> then began to work almost exclusively with Ziad Rahbani, her son on producing her music. Amid the Lebanese Civil War, <mask>'s fame catapulted. Unlike many of her famous peers, she never left Lebanon to live abroad. She did not hold any concerts there with the exception of the stage performance of the operetta Petra, which was performed in both the western and eastern parts of the then-divided Beirut in 1978.The war lasted fifteen years (1975–1990), took 150,000 lives, and fostered a divided nation. This was the period where her role as a prominent Lebanese figure would be cemented. She and the Rahbani brothers would frequently express their dissent for the war in their music, and their refusal to take sides and non-partisan stances helped them appeal to all of Lebanon, which then allowed <mask> to become a voice of reason and unification for the Lebanese people. This was especially important because the war itself was so multifaceted and involved many conflicting opinions between the state and different militias. To the Lebanese, she became a lot more than just an entertainer. She became a representation of Lebanon, as well as stability in a time of insecurity and uncertainty. 1980s – A new production team After the artistic divorce between Fairouz and the Rahbani brothers in 1979, <mask> carried on with her son, composer Ziad Rahbani, his friend the lyricist Joseph Harb, and composer Philemon Wahbi.Ziad Rahbani was a constant driving force in the evolution of <mask>'s music style, as he worked to break away from what his parents had previously established. The songs he went on to compose for <mask> would stray from the nostalgic nationalism that showcased the folkloric style <mask> and the Rahbani brothers were known for; instead, he and <mask> would go on to delve into a more modern sound in the form of jazz and funk. <mask> made a second and final European Television appearance on French TV on October 13, 1988, in a show called Du côté de chez Fred. <mask>, who had scheduled a concert at the POPB of Paris Bercy concert hall three days later on October 16, was the main guest of French TV presenter Frédéric Mitterrand. The program features footage of her rehearsals for her concert at Bercy in addition to the ceremony featuring then French Minister of Culture Jack Lang awarding <mask> the medal of Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres. It also includes a video montage of her previous movies and concerts. In that show, <mask> also sang the three songs "Ya hourrié", "Yara" and "Zaali tawwal".Her first CD, The Very Best of Fairuz, was published in 1987 and contained the emblematic song "Aatini al Nay wa ghanni" (Give me the flute and sing), based on a poem in "The Procession" by Khalil Gibran. It was first sung at the end of the sixties. 1990s – present In the 1990s, Fairuz produced six albums (two Philemon Wahbi tributes with unreleased tracks included, a Zaki Nassif album, three Ziad Rahbani albums, and a tribute album to Assi Rahbani orchestrated by Ziad) and held a number of large-scale concerts, most notably the historic concert held at Beirut's Martyr's Square in September 1994 to launch the rebirth of the downtown district that was ravaged by the civil war. She appeared at the Baalbeck International Festival in 1998 after 25 years of self-imposed absence where she performed the highlights of three very successful plays that were presented in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1992, Madonna used some parts of <mask>'s songs in her album without permission; the singers settled the matter outside of court, but Madonna's album and single were prohibited in Lebanon. She also performed a concert in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Arena in 1999 which was attended by over 16,000 spectators, mostly Arabs. Ever since, <mask> has held sold-out concerts at the Beiteddine International Festival (Lebanon) from 2000 to 2003, Kuwait (2001), Paris (2002), the United States (2003), Amman (2004), Montreal (2005), Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Baalbeck, BIEL

Fairuz

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(2006), Athens, Amman (2007) Damascus, and Bahrain (2008).Her first album in the new millennium, Wala Keef, was released in 2002. On January 28, 2008, <mask> performed at the Damascus Opera House in an emotional return to the Syrian capital, where she played the lead role in the musical Sah el-Nom (Good Morning), after more than two decades of absence from the country, in one of a series of events highlighting UNESCO's designation of Damascus as the Capital of Arab Culture that year. Commenting on the event, the BBC wrote: "Every day the sun rises over Syria you hear one voice across the country – <mask>, the legendary Lebanese singer and greatest living Arab diva". Syrian historian, Sami Moubayed, said that the Syrians were thrilled about the performance and that <mask> reminded them of the "good old days". People from all ages attended the concert and the auditorium was packed with listeners. <mask> said that she had never seen such an audience in her life. However, her decision to perform there drew criticism from Lebanese politicians who considered Syria to be a hostile nation.<mask>'s new album entitled Eh... Fi Amal was released on October 7, 2010, produced by Fairuz productions and written entirely by her son Ziad Rahbani. Two concerts took place at BIEL Center in Beirut, Lebanon, on October 7 and 8. Fairuz released her first album in seven years titled Bebalee on September 22, 2017. On June 21, 2017, her daughter Reema Rahbany released the first single from the album "Lameen". The song is a tribute for Fairouz's late husband Assi Rahbany and was released in commemoration of his anniversary. Lameen is inspired by the French song "Pour qui veille l'étoile" and was adapted into Arabic by Reema Rahbany. Personal life <mask> married Assi Rahbani, one of the Rahbani brothers who helped shape her singing career, on January 23, 1955.<mask> and Assi Rahbani had four children: Ziad (born 1956), a composer, playwright and pianist; Hali (born 1958, paralyzed since early childhood after meningitis); Layal (born 1960, died in 1988 of a stroke), also a composer; and Rima (born 1965), a photographer and film director. Fairouz was born to a Syriac Orthodox family. She is of the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith, having converted when she married Assi Rahbani. Very little is known about <mask>'s personal life and affairs, as she is described as having a hermetic nature and separates Nouhad from <mask>. Controversies 2008 Damascus concert The 2008 concert in Damascus angered some of her fans and several Lebanese politicians who described Syria as "enemy territory in the grip of a brutal secret police force". Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Druze Progressive Socialist Party, accused <mask> of "playing into the hands of Syrian intelligence services", while fellow party member Akram Chehayeb said that "those who love Lebanon do not sing for its jailers," in reference to the three-decades-long Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Even some Syrian opposition activists called on her to boycott the event as just three years prior Syria had been accused of carrying out a series of assassinations on the Lebanese.This came amid a political crisis in Lebanon between pro-and anti-Syria factions. As well as a renewed Syrian government crackdown on dissent that same day during which several people were arrested, including opposition figure Riad Seif and twelve other activists of the anti-government Damascus Declaration. A poll conducted a week before the concert by NOW Lebanon, a Lebanese web portal sympathetic to the anti-Syria March 14 Alliance, showed that 67% of the respondents were opposed to <mask>'s appearance in Damascus, with one of the website's editorials saying that "this was not the moment for a musical love-in". Supporters of <mask> counterclaimed that she has always been above politics. <mask> refrained from commenting on the controversy. However, in a letter to the event's organizers, she said that the concert should be viewed from a cultural perspective, and wrote: "Damascus is not a cultural capital for this year only, but will remain a role model of art, culture and authenticity for the coming generations".She also told the head of the organizers that she felt it was a return to her second home. Syrian commentator Ayman Abdelnour said that <mask> was performing to the Syrian people, not their rulers.Her brother-in-law and former partner Mansour Rahbani also defended her decision to perform there, saying it was "a message of love and peace from Lebanon to Syria". In 1969, <mask>'s songs were banned from the radio stations in Lebanon for six months because she refused to sing at a private concert in honour of Algerian President Houari Boumedienne. The incident only served to increase her popularity. <mask> made it clear then and since that while always willing to sing to the public and to various countries and regions, she would never sing to any individual. Lawsuits Since many of the Rahbanis' works were co-written by Assi's brother Mansour, in June 2010, a year after Mansour's death in January 2009, a Lebanese court banned <mask> from singing material that involved his contributions. The issue began when Mansour's children filed a lawsuit against <mask> when she was set to perform the song "Ya'ish Ya'ish" at the Casino du Liban. As a result, Fairuz could not perform such works without Mansour's children's permission.The court's decision led to protests around the world in response to what her fans perceived as an act of "silencing". Hundreds gathered in front of the National Museum of Beirut, led by a number of Arab artists, including Egyptian actress Ilham Chahine who flew to Lebanon in order to join the sit-in. "She is a great artistic personality who has entertained millions for decades. We cannot keep silent over this humiliating attitude to her and to art and artists in general. Fairouz to me is above all laws. She is like the mother whom, even when she errs, we are eager to forgive," Chahine added. Ian Black wrote on The Guardian: "Outrage over her silencing has been a reminder of the extraordinary loyalty she still inspires across the region".Other reactions included a protest concert in Egypt, and a "Shame!" headline displayed by Emirati newspaper Al-Ittihad. Alleged political affiliations <mask>'s son, Ziad Rahbani, sparked controversy in December 2013 during an interview with the Al-Ahed website when asked whether his mother shared his supportive stance on the political vision of Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, a dominant but highly controversial political and military force in Lebanon. Ziad replied: "<mask> is very fond of Sayyed Hassan [Nasrallah], although she will be displeased with me, as she was after my last television interview when I revealed some personal information and she quickly interrupted me". There were strong reactions to this statement, which went viral on social media, and the country's different media outlets did not deviate from their political stances when reacting to Ziad's words. Politicians and celebrities stepped in as well, some of whom objected to affiliating <mask> to one side of Lebanon's political divide over another, including Druze leader Walid Jumblatt who said: "<mask> is too great to be criticized, and at the same time too great to be classified as belonging to this or that political camp". "Let us keep her in her supreme position, and not push her to something she has nothing to do with," Jumblatt added.Ziad, who claims to speak on his mother's behalf "because she prefers to remain silent", responded to his critics by saying: "Apparently it isn’t allowed in the age of strife for the princess of classy Arab art to voice love for the master of resistance". Nasrallah, commenting on the issue during a speech, stated: "An educated highly respected thinker and artist, who may be espoused different ideologies, might disagree with you on political matters, but personally have [a] fondness for you, because of your character, conduct, sacrifices and so on. If such a person were to say that he or she liked someone, then all hell would break loose". Legacy and honors <mask> is the Arab world's most famous and most listened-to singer. For decades, almost all radio stations in the Arab world have been starting their morning broadcast with a Fairuz song, and her songs were continuously listened to during the war, as the people could expect to hear a patriotic melody of peace and love. The Guardian stated that "she sang the story of a Lebanon that never really existed" and "essentially helped build the identity of Lebanon, just 14 years after it became an independent country". <mask> has always been held a high regard because, to a region divided by many conflicts and opinions, she is a symbol of unity; she was even awarded Legion of Honour at the rank of Commandeur on August 31, 2020 by French president Emmanuel Macron, while he was visiting Beirut after the 2020 explosion.This award is France's highest honor, awarded for merit to those with substantial military or civil achievements. This encounter was also symbolic as it spoke volumes that Macron chose to engage with her rather than faction politicians. In 1997, Billboard stated "even after five decades at the top, [<mask>] remains the supreme Diva of Lebanon". In 1999, The New York Times described her as "a living icon without equal" and stated that her emergence as a singer paralleled Lebanon's transformation from a backwater to the vibrant financial and cultural heart of the Arab world. In a 2008 article, BBC described her as "the legendary Lebanese singer and greatest living Arab diva". In an article about world music, The Independent stated, "All young female singers in this region seem to be clones of her" and that "she's such an important artist that you have to get to grips with her". <mask> was honored in many countries such as Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Tunisia, the United States, Egypt and France, in which François Mitterrand awarded her the Order of Arts and Letters in 1988 and Jacques Chirac first awarded her the Legion of Honour in 1998 (Chevalier).Discography Fairuz possesses a large repertoire of songs, sources disagree on the exact number, but it is between fifteen hundred and three thousand. Around 85 Fairuz CDs, types of vinyl and cassettes have been officially released so far. Most of the songs that are featured on these albums were composed by the Rahbani brothers. Also featured are songs by Philemon Wehbe, Ziad Rahbani, Zaki Nassif, Mohamed Abd El Wahab, Najib Hankash and Mohamed Mohsen. Many of Fairuz's numerous unreleased works date back to the 1950s and 1960s and were composed by the Rahbani Brothers (certain unreleased songs, the oldest of all, are by Halim el Roumi). A Fairuz album composed by Egyptian musician Riad Al Sunbati (who has worked with Umm Kulthum) was produced in 1980 but is unlikely to be released. There are also fifteen unreleased songs composed by Philemon Wehbe and 24 unreleased songs composed by Ziad Rahbani in the 1980s.<mask> has also released a live album on Folkways Records in 1994, entitled Lebanon: The Baalbek Folk Festival. Performances and Persona <mask> has performed in many countries around the globe including Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Netherlands, Greece, Canada, United States, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Italy, and her home country Lebanon. During her performances, <mask> is known to take on a very rigid and cold stance, due to her stage fright. She claims that the hierarchic nature of her performances is because she is singing as if she were praying. She is also described as being incredibly reserved and modest in the way a mother would be, and embodies the Lebanese woman at home. Theatrical works Musical plays or operettas were the cornerstone works of the Rahbani Trio, <mask>, Assi and Mansour. The Rahbani Brothers produced 25 popular musical plays (20 with Fairuz) over more than 30 years.They were possibly the first to produce world-class Arabic musical theatre. The musicals combined storyline, lyrics and dialogue, musical composition varying widely from Lebanese folkloric and rhythmic modes to classical, westernized, and oriental songs, orchestration, and the voice and acting of <mask>. She played the lead roles alongside singers/actors Nasri Shamseddine, Wadih El Safi, Antoine Kerbaje, Elie Shouayri (Chouayri), Hoda (<mask>'s younger sister), William Haswani, Raja Badr, Siham Chammas (Shammas), Georgette Sayegh and many others. The Rahbani plays expressed patriotism, unrequited love and nostalgia for village life, comedy, drama, philosophy, and contemporary politics. The songs performed by <mask> as part of the plays have become immensely popular among the Lebanese and Arabs around the world. The <mask>-Rahbani collaboration produced the following musicals (in chronological order): Ayyam al Hassad (Days of Harvest – 1957) Al 'Urs fi l’Qarya (The Wedding in the Village – 1959) Al Ba'albakiya (The Girl from Baalbek) – 1961) Jisr el Amar] (Bridge of the Moon – 1962) Awdet el 'Askar (The Return of the Soldiers – 1962) Al Layl wal Qandil (The Night and the Lantern – 1963) Biyya'el Khawatem (Ring Salesman – 1964) Ayyam Fakhreddine (The Days of Fakhreddine – 1966) Hala wal Malik (Hala and the King – 1967) Ach Chakhs (The Person – 1968–1969) Jibal Al Sawwan (Sawwan Mountains – 1969) Ya'ich Ya'ich (Long Live, Long Live – 1970) Sah Ennawm (Did you sleep well? – 1970–1971 – 2006–2008) Nass min Wara' (People Made out of Paper – 1971–1972) Natourit al Mafatih (The Guardian of the Keys – 1972) Al Mahatta (The Station – 1973) Loulou – 1974 Mais el Reem (The Deer's Meadow – 1975) Petra – 1977–1978 Most of the musical plays were recorded and video-taped.Eighteen of them have been officially released on audio CD, two on DVD (Mais el Reem and Loulou). An unauthorized version of Petra and one such live version of Mais el Reem in black and white exist. Ayyam al Hassad (Days of Harvest) was never recorded and Al 'Urs fi l’Qarya (The Marriage in the Village) has not yet been released (yet an unofficial audio record is

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<mask>tnikoff Award for Outstanding Receiver at any position in 2009. He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He later played for the Detroit Lions, with whom he made a Pro Bowl appearance. He also played a season for the Philadelphia Eagles and two seasons for the New York Giants. Early years Born in Hendersonville, Tennessee, <mask> attended Pope John Paul II High School, where he played as a three-sport athlete, competing in football, baseball, and track & field. In his high school senior year of 2006, he rushed 140 times for 1,413 yards and 23 touchdowns to go along with 28 receptions for 510 yards and six receiving touchdowns.He also had three interceptions on defense, returned a kickoff for a touchdown and was the team punter. He was named as a Tennessee Division II first-team all-state pick in 2006 as an athlete by the Tennessee Sports Writers Association and also by the Tennessee Football Coaches Association. His jersey was later retired by Pope John Paul II High School. After he injured his thumb in his senior season and could not play baseball, <mask> switched to track and field and posted the state's top qualifying times in the 100-meter dash (10.93 s) and 200-meter dash (22.33 s). He was also a member of the John Paul 4 × 100 m relay squad that captured the state title with a time of 42.86 seconds. Baseball career <mask> was drafted out of high school by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 42nd round of the 2007 amateur draft. <mask> did not sign with the Diamondbacks and instead played baseball for the University of Notre Dame.In 2008, <mask>'s freshman year at Notre Dame, he played in 18 games and batted .262 with three doubles and three stolen bases. <mask> hit his first home run against Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky in his sophomore year. He finished his sophomore season with a .329 batting average after playing in 55 games. <mask> also scored 45 runs his sophomore year which is the third highest by any Notre Dame baseball player. On June 9, 2010, <mask> was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 50th round (1,518th overall) of the 2010 MLB Draft, but did not sign. He has not competed in baseball since 2009, his sophomore season with Notre Dame. College football career <mask> played football for Notre Dame from 2007 to 2009.In the 2007 season as a freshman, <mask> started two games, versus the UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans. He totaled six catches for 131 yards and one touchdown and averaged 21.7 yards on 15 kickoff returns for the season. In the 2008 season as a sophomore, <mask> started in 12 regular season games with 52 catches for 903 yards and seven touchdowns for a 17.4 yard per catch average. <mask> registered 100-yard games against Michigan, Syracuse, North Carolina, and Pittsburgh during the 2008 regular season, while being tapped First Team All-Independent by Rivals.com. Against the Hawaii Warriors in the Hawaii Bowl, he made six catches for 177 yards and three touchdowns in the 49–21 victory for the Fighting Irish, bringing his season total to 58 catches for 1,080 yards (18.6 yard average) with 10 touchdowns. <mask> was named the MVP of the Hawaii Bowl. In 2009, <mask> had nine games with at least 100 receiving yards.On October 3, against Washington, he had nine receptions for 244 yards. On November 28, against Stanford in his final collegiate game, he had 10 receptions for 201 yards and three touchdowns. Following the 2009 season, <mask> won the Biletnikoff Award. He was also recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. Overall, he finished the season with 93 receptions for 1,496 receiving yards and 15 touchdowns. On December 7, 2009, <mask> announced that he would forgo his senior year and declared his eligibility for the 2010 NFL Draft. Statistics Professional football career Seattle Seahawks On April 23, 2010, <mask> was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the second round (60th overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft.On July 28, 2010, <mask> signed a four-year deal with the Seahawks worth $3.261 million. He made his NFL debut on September 19 and had a 52-yard reception against the Denver Broncos. During his rookie season, he caught 21 passes for 227 receiving yards and returned 16 punts and a kickoff for 212 total combined return yards. The following year, he recorded 35 catches for 382 receiving yards and three touchdowns. At the beginning of the 2012 NFL Season, <mask> gained notoriety for being involved in a controversial ending during a game against the Green Bay Packers on September 24, 2012 which became infamous due to the confused ruling by replacement referees. At the end of the game, <mask> simultaneously caught a pass in the endzone with Packers' safety M. D. Jennings; however the officials made opposite rulings on the field. The official call was later ruled a touchdown, as according to NFL rules, simultaneous possession goes to the team on offense.The Seahawks won the game 14-12 in what is considered one of the most debated endings in NFL history. <mask> had a breakout year in 2013, improving significantly in all receiving statistics, with 72 receptions for 959 yards, and had an expanded role in returning punts. He was simultaneously an exciting player and a controversial one, as he was once named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week after playing against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 9, only a week after being fined $7,785 by the NFL for excessive taunting. As one of quarterback Russell Wilson's favorite targets, <mask> went on to win a Super Bowl with the Seattle Seahawks in their 43-8 victory over Peyton Manning's Denver Broncos. Detroit Lions Following the 2013 season, <mask> signed a five-year, $31 million contract with the Detroit Lions, which included $13.25 million guaranteed. Alongside All-Pro receiver Calvin Johnson, he quickly became a key receiving target for quarterback Matthew Stafford. In his first season with the Lions, he had a then career-high 99 receptions, which was sixth highest in the NFL, and had 1,331 receiving yards, seventh highest in the NFL.He was selected to the 2015 Pro Bowl, which marked his first career Pro Bowl appearance, and was later ranked 85th by his fellow league players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015 list. Although <mask> did not make the Pro Bowl again with the Lions, his subsequent seasons with them were statistically successful. In 2015 he recorded 90 receptions for 813 yards and six touchdowns. His 2016 season saw him eclipse the 1,000-yard receiving mark for the second time in his career and the 90-catch mark for the third time in his career, and his 676 yards-after-catch statistic ranked highest among NFL wide receivers that season. He finished the 2017 season with 92 receptions for 1,003 yards and five touchdowns, making back-to-back seasons where he had more than 1,000 receiving yards. Philadelphia Eagles <mask> was a mid-season trade in 2018 from the Detroit Lions to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for a third-round selection in the 2019 NFL Draft. Overall, he had 74 receptions for 795 yards and four touchdowns.In the Playoff Wild Card Round against the Chicago Bears on January 6, 2019, he made the game-winning touchdown catch on fourth down on a pass thrown by quarterback Nick Foles. The catch helped the Eagles advance to the Divisional Round against the New Orleans Saints, where <mask> had two catches for 18 yards in a 20-14 loss. New York Giants After the 2018 season ended, <mask> signed a four-year, $37.5 million contract with the New York Giants that included $23 million guaranteed. He was later suspended for the first four games of the upcoming 2019 season for violating the NFL's policy on performance-enhancing substances. <mask> subsequently appealed the suspension on the grounds that the substance was prescribed fertility medication. The appeal was denied by the NFL and <mask> was eventually reinstated on September 30. He finished the 2019 season with 49 receptions for 676 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns.On October 4, 2020, following a 17-9 Week 4 loss against the Los Angeles Rams, a fight broke out between <mask> and his sister’s ex-boyfriend Jalen Ramsey due in part to Ramsey’s comments against <mask>’s sister Breanna. Ramsey has two children with <mask>'s sister. <mask> was not fined for his role in the postgame fight. In Week 8 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Monday Night Football, <mask> threw one pass for 18 yards and recorded two catches for 31 yards and a touchdown during the 25–23 loss. After <mask> caught the aforementioned touchdown, he yelled "Throw me the ball!" at a camera. After the game, <mask>'s wife made posts on social media complaining about his lack of involvement in the Giants' offense.<mask> also liked a tweet suggesting that the Giants should cut him. <mask> was benched by the Giants for their Week 9 game against the Washington Football Team as a result of his actions. On March 4, 2021, <mask> was released by the Giants. Tennessee Titans <mask> signed with the Tennessee Titans' practice squad on November 23, 2021. He was released on January 4, 2022. NFL career statistics Regular season Playoffs Personal life He is the son of <mask> Jr., a former wide receiver at Tennessee State who was the 120th overall pick in the fifth round of the 1984 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. His younger brother, <mask>, was a running back for Vanderbilt University.His younger twin sisters Breanna and Deanna <mask> are both sprinters at The University of Mississippi. <mask> has two nieces through his sister Breanna and NFL cornerback Jalen Ramsey. In March 2017, <mask> married Elise Pollard. They have two children. References External links <mask>'s Golden Future Foundation Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball bio Notre Dame Fighting Irish football bio Philadelphia Eagles bio Seattle Seahawks bio Detroit Lions bio 1988 births Living people All-American college football players American football wide receivers Baseball players from Tennessee Detroit Lions players New York Giants players Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball players Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players People from Hendersonville, Tennessee Players of American football from Tennessee Seattle Seahawks players Tennessee Titans players Unconferenced Pro Bowl players

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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (October 19, 1873 – October 17, 1965) was an American cricketer, active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. <mask> was part of the Philadelphia team that played from the end of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I. This period of cricket in the United States was dominated by "gentlemen cricketers"—men of independent wealth who did not need to work. <mask>, an amateur from a middle-class family, was able to devote time to cricket thanks to a job set up by his teammates. A skilled batsman who proved his worth as a bowler, <mask> set numerous records in the continent of North America during his career and led the first-class bowling averages in England in 1908. He successfully competed against the best cricketers from England and Australia. <mask> was the dominant bowler on his team when it toured England in 1897, 1903, and 1908.He dismissed batsmen with his unique delivery, which he called the "angler", and helped develop the art of swing bowling in the sport. Sir Pelham Warner described <mask> as "one of the finest bowlers of all time", and Donald Bradman called him "America's greatest cricketing son." Early and personal life <mask> was born in Philadelphia on October 19, 1873. Early in his life, he worked in a linen trade. Although this was the family business, his father later allowed him to leave to enter the insurance industry. <mask> was not a member of the aristocratic and wealthy families of Philadelphia that produced many of the era's top cricketers. <mask>'s obituary in Cricket Quarterly suggests that his career in insurance was set up for him by those families to allow him to continue playing the game.In 1913 (or 1911), <mask> married Fannie Lockhart; the marriage lasted for fifty years. <mask>'s wife died in 1963, and he died in 1965 in his native Philadelphia two days before his 92nd birthday. <mask> was regarded by many of his contemporaries as an affable person. Ralph Barker called him the Bob Hope of cricket thanks to his quips and stories. <mask> was also noted for making jabs at opponents, but leaving them laughing at themselves. The same held true when he would question umpires that turned down his appeals. He is said to have spoken for ninety minutes at a dinner during his last tour to England, punctuated every few seconds with laughs.The dinner guests were kept laughing even while <mask> spoke with a dead-pan expression. One man who attended the dinner noted that King "told his impossible tales with such an air of conviction ... that his audiences were always in doubt when to take him seriously. He made their task doubly difficult by sprinkling in a fair mixture of truth with his fiction." Cricketing career Like most young American men of this era, <mask> came to cricket only after first playing baseball. He began to play club cricket at Tioga Cricket Club in 1888, aged 15, starting out as a batsman. Tioga was one of the lesser Philadelphian cricket clubs. <mask> played his first recorded match for the club in 1889, when he was tried as a bowler due to his physique.He took 37 wickets for 99 runs for the club in the 1889 cricket season. <mask> played for Tioga until 1896, when he joined Belmont Cricket Club. <mask> joined the Philadelphian cricket team for three tours of England while playing at Belmont. <mask>'s most dominating matches came during these tours, playing with the premier American team of the era. Australia in Philadelphia In 1893, the Australian team stopped by Philadelphia on its way home from a tour of England. Australia fielded a strong side, but the team was tired after a long tour and trip. In spite of this fatigue, the Australians chose to face the full strength of the Gentlemen of Philadelphia in a three-day match starting September 29.On a small ground at Belmont, the September grass was coarse. It had been rolled so that the ball moved very quickly across the ground. The Australian side, fielding first, dropped many catches and could not cope with the short boundary, allowing the Philadelphians to reach a huge total of 525 runs. <mask> came in to bat last, at number 11, making 36 runs. The leading Australian bowlers, Hugh Trumble and George Giffen, took 2 for 104 and 0 for 114 respectively. When the Australians came to bat, they hoped that they would, by now, have recovered from their tiring journey, but ran into problems when dealing with <mask>'s developing swing bowling. The side was all out for 199, with <mask> taking 5 wickets for 78 runs.The Australians followed on and were all out again for 268, allowing the Gentlemen of Philadelphia to win by an innings and 68 runs. The cricket world was stunned that a single American city could turn out a side capable of beating the full strength of Australia. The Australians won the return match on October 6 by six wickets, but the Australian captain, Jack Blackham, said to the Americans, "You have better players here than we have been led to believe. They class with England's best." Tour of England in 1897 <mask> won the Child's Bowling Cup, the premier award for bowling in American cricket, for the first time in 1896, and joined the Philadelphian cricket team's tour of England in 1897. The tour was very ambitious, and was arranged mainly for educational purposes: few of those on the American side expected to win many matches. Previous tours had tended to involve amateur English sides with a low level of competition.In 1897, the tour started on June 7 at Oxford, ending in late July at The Oval almost 2 months later. The schedule included fifteen matches against all of the top county cricket teams, the Oxford and Cambridge University teams, the Marylebone Cricket Club, and two other sides, though only a few of the counties thought it worthwhile to put their best elevens onto the field. While the tour initially aroused some curiosity, many English fans lost interest until <mask> and the Philadelphians met the full Sussex team at Brighton on June 17. <mask> demonstrated his batting ability in the first innings with a fourth-wicket stand of 107 with John Lester. He then took 7 wickets for 13 runs, and Philadelphia dismissed Sussex for 46 in less than an hour. <mask> took 6 for 102 in Sussex's second innings, helping the Philadelphians to victory by 8 wickets. Despite the excitement surrounding <mask>'s performance, the Americans did not fare well overall, and the results may have been worse than hoped for by the tour's promoters.Philadelphia won only two of their fifteen matches, losing nine and earning a draw in the remaining four. After their win against Sussex, the only other win of the tour came against Warwickshire. During this match, <mask> took 5 for 95 and 7 for 72 and scored 46 runs. According to Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, <mask> proved himself to be the best bowler on the American side and had to do much of the work. He bowled three hundred overs, more than anyone else in the team, taking 72 wickets with a bowling average of a little over 24 runs. In addition to his bowling, <mask> scored 441 runs as a batsman at a batting average of just over 20. Following the 1897 tour, many English counties were interested in securing <mask>'s services.It was thought that he would not play as a professional, so alternative means of remuneration had to be found: one county reportedly offered to arrange a marriage with a widow who had an income of £7000 per year. In the end, <mask> returned to the United States, where he continued to perform very well in club cricket. Tour of England in 1903 The Philadelphian team returned to England in 1903. This proved to be <mask>'s most successful tour, particularly his performances in the matches against Lancashire and Surrey. <mask> played in 13 of the 15 matches on the tour, missing two with a strained side. In his first match, against Cambridge University, he took 5 for 136 and 4 for 28. He followed that with 8 for 39 in the first innings against Oxford University, though the match was eventually abandoned as a draw due to rain.In his next match, against Gloucestershire, he took 2 for 26 in the first innings but did not bowl in the second. He also took 7 for 51 and 2 for 28 against a strong MCC side at Lord's. Then came the Lancashire match at Old Trafford Cricket Ground. In Lancashire's first innings, <mask> bowled 27 overs and took 5 wickets for 46 runs. The Philadelphians passed Lancashire's first innings score, but their lead was quickly overtaken in Lancashire's second innings. With the wind strong over <mask>'s left shoulder, the scene was set for him to dominate the opposition. In his first over after the lunch break on day two of the match, he yorked one of Lancashire's opening batsmen and his replacement with successive balls.He clean bowled two more batsmen in his second over, and bowled a stump out of the ground in the third. In 3 overs, he had taken 5 wickets for 7 runs. After this performance, <mask> had to be rested in the field. One batsman was run out before <mask> returned to take 4 more wickets, ending the innings with 9 for 62. The Philadelphians won next morning by nine wickets. Against Surrey on August 6, <mask> was overpowering again. It was in this match that <mask> gave what Barker called his finest first-class performance ever.Batting first, he scored 98 runs in the Philadelphian's first innings before being run out, and he then took 3 for 89 in Surrey's reply. In the second innings, he made 113 not out and then took 3 for 98. Surrey lost the match by 110 runs. Apparently, <mask> was so exhausted after his performance that he fell asleep during a speech by the Lord Chief Justice Lord Alverstone at a banquet after the match. Tour of England in 1908 King toured England with the Philadelphians a third time in 1908. This tour included both first-class matches and more minor ones. The first match that was played was against South Wales in Cardiff.The Philadelphians won by 36 behind the bowling of <mask> and Ranji Hordern. The pair took all 20 wickets of the Welsh side. After this, the first-class matches began with Worcestershire on July 9. Again the Philadelphians won and again Hordern and <mask> took most of the wickets. This trend continued throughout the tour. In the first-class matches that <mask> played, the Philadelphians recorded four wins and six losses. Although he was already 35 years old, <mask> had posted extraordinary numbers in his bowling.He topped the bowling averages for the entire 1908 English cricket season at 11.01. This mark was not bettered until 1958, when Les Jackson of Derbyshire posted an average of 10.99. Later career <mask>'s cricketing career did not end with his last first-class match. He continued to play club matches in Philadelphia and participated in non-first-class fixtures around the continent. <mask> is noted for holding the bowling record against Canada. On a rainy afternoon at Philadelphia in 1906, <mask> bowled into a slight breeze to capture 8 wickets for 17 runs. This record came in a four-year period during which <mask> focused on club cricket in Philadelphia, when he won the city's batting award three times and the bowling award four times.<mask> played in his last two international matches in 1912, against Australia. His performances were of the highest quality, given that he was nearing his fortieth year. In the first match, he took 9 wickets for 78 runs to help Philadelphia win by 2 runs; in the second, Australia won by 45 runs despite him taking 8 for 74. <mask> joined the Philadelphia Cricket Club after the 1912 season. Despite being well past his 40th year, he continued to play competitive cricket for another 4 years. His 27-year career ended with his last game for the Philadelphia Cricket Club against Frankford, on July 20, 1916. On this occasion, his bowling and batting skills had declined, but he maintained a batting average of 43.33 for that final season.Death <mask> died at a nursing home in his native Philadelphia in 1965, two days short of his 92nd birthday. The Times newspaper in the UK ran an obituary for him, which quoted Plum Warner as saying that: "Had he been an Englishman or an Australian, he would have been even more famous than he was." Achievements and legacy Though <mask> focused on bowling throughout his career, he was also a very fine batsman. In 1905, he established a North American record batting record by scoring 315 at the Germantown Cricket Club. The following year, he scored 344 not out for Belmont against the Merion Cricket Club, setting a North American batting record which still stands. He scored 39 centuries in his North American career, and he topped 1,000 runs in six seasons. He took over 100 wickets in eight seasons, including a double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in four seasons.In his whole career, he scored 19,808 runs at an average of 36.47, and took 2,088 wickets at an average of 10.47. He took all 10 wickets in an innings on three occasions, and took 9 wickets in an innings five times. One of these occasions, in the Gentlemen of Ireland's first innings in 1909, was followed by a hat-trick in the second innings. There is an apocryphal story of <mask> emulating a famous baseball pitcher of the day, Rube Waddell, by sending all his fielders back into the pavilion and finishing off the opponent's innings on his own. <mask> and Belmont were playing Trenton in the Halifax Cup at Elmwood Cricket Ground. Some versions of the story have him banishing the fielders and then calling one of them to a position back and to the leg side. This fielder was stationed there to pick up the bails which landed at his feet after <mask> bowled his trademark "angler".This story was disputed some years later by the captain of Trenton, who claimed that when he "went in to bat that afternoon, <mask> had four balls left in his over." He claimed to have "hit the first delivery to cover point but of course there was no one there. The ball stopped within three feet of the boundary, and <mask> had to chase it. By the time he got back we had run six." The captain claimed to be the only batsmen to have hit four consecutive sixes off <mask>, but commended the bowler on his ability to spin a tale. Thanks to his dominant performance over his career and his renown in the world of cricket, <mask> was elected an honorary member of the Incogniti Cricket Club in 1908 and an honorary life member of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1962. When Plum Warner was asked to name the greatest bowler who ever lived, he said that <mask> <mask>, "at the top of his power and speed, was at least the equal of the greatest of them all."<mask> is credited as one of the first bowlers to utilise swing bowling deliberately. Other bowlers in his time could sometimes get the ball to swing, but <mask> was one of the first to do so at will with an old or new ball. He made use of a lethal delivery which he called the "angler", a product of his experience as a baseball pitcher, to confuse the English batsmen. He would come in with the ball clasped above his head in both hands as would a baseball pitcher. He was famous for his late swing—in and out—and would produce the in-swinger with his right hand coming down from a point over his left shoulder. He described it as an in-swinger which, if properly bowled, would change direction sharply in the last 10 or of flight. <mask> used this ball only sparingly and only against good batsmen.After a tour to Philadelphia by an Australian side in 1896, George Giffen said "the Philadelphians really have some high-class players, but it was the fact of their bowlers playing us with baseball curves that upset our batsmen." Notes External links 1873 births 1965 deaths Cricketers from Philadelphia Philadelphian cricketers Cricketers who have taken ten wickets in an innings American cricketers

Johan Rudolph Thorbecke

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<mask> (14 January 1798 – 4 June 1872) was a Dutch liberal statesman, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. In 1848, he headed the commission that drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands, giving less power to the king and more to the States General, and guaranteeing more religious, personal and political freedom to the people. Early life and education <mask> was born in Zwolle. His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, while his mother Christine Regina was born in the Lower Saxon Osnabrück. Frederik Willem's business suffered badly from the anti-British policies of the French occupiers, and his tobacco factory went bankrupt in 1803, after which he was unable to find another source of employment and would spend most of his time on the education of <mask> and his younger brother. <mask> proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing intelligence and curiosity. Because of the sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle with financial problems, he was able to enjoy decent education.He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in Amsterdam, where he lived until 1806, and attended a Latin school back in Zwolle until 1814. Thorbecke began studying classical literature and philosophy in Amsterdam, studies he finished in Leiden defending a thesis on Asinius Pollio in 1820. Shortly after taking his doctorate, Thorbecke was granted a state scholarship for a journey through Germany. At Giessen he lectured as an extraordinary professor, and at Göttingen, in 1824, published his treatise, Ueber das Wesen der Geschichte. He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism, and developed emotionally and spiritually. Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in Amsterdam, where he wrote his first political work of significance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat ("Concerns about the Law and the State"). The work managed to catch attention, and Thorbecke became professor of Political Science at Ghent University the following year, a position he was forced to resign from due to the Belgian Revolution in 1830.The following year, Thorbecke became professor of Diplomacy and Modern History at the Leiden University, where his students would describe him as a distant, analytical mind, living a secluded life in his study. Originally a loyal supporter of the conservative government of William I, Thorbecke developed a more critical view of the government and indeed the autocratic system of government throughout the 1830s. His increasingly strong support for constitutional reform is shown in a series of essays he published from 1839 onward, starting with Aanteekening op de grondwet, literally "Annotation on the constitution". The climax of this series was Over het hedendaags burgerschap, literally "On contemporary citizenship", published in 1844, in which he argued that universal suffrage would eventually be unavoidable. Political career On 21 May 1844, Thorbecke was elected into the House of Representatives for South Holland. In the House, he developed into the leader of the liberal opposition and, later that year, joined forces with eight like-minded members in a vain attempt to amend the constitution in the so-called Voorstel der Negenmannen ("Proposition of the Nine Men"). Four years later, with much of Europe convulsed by the Revolutions of 1848, William II agreed upon the formation of a committee for revision of the constitution.Thorbecke was appointed as head of this committee on 17 March. The changes were in large part created by Thorbecke and based on his earlier constitutional writings. The drafted constitution was somewhat reluctantly approved by the States General, and was proclaimed on 3 November 1848. The new constitution established civil rights and parliamentary competences, and introduced direct election of members of House of Representatives and ministerial responsibility, thus limiting the power of the King and turning the country into a complete constitutional monarchy. Despite initial reluctance, William II appointed Thorbecke as formateur in late October 1849, and his first cabinet took office on 13 November. In this cabinet, Thorbecke served as minister of the Interior and chaired the Council of Ministers, thus becoming de facto Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Thorbecke's first cabinet passed several acts of particular importance, including the Electoral Act and the Province Act in 1850, and the Municipality Act in the following year.Despite these successes, Thorbecke's reforms were increasingly subjected to resistance, and he was criticised for his haughtiness and his strained relationship with the King. In 1853, the Catholic Church sought to restore the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands. Common people, pastors and conservative notables showed resistance to this in an anti-papal movement known as the Aprilbeweging ("April Movement"). Thorbecke, who remained passive in the issue in defence of the separation of church and state, was accused of catholic sympathies, and he was forced to resign. Thorbecke spent nine years as leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives. He pleaded for neutrality in the Crimean War 1854, and opposed the religious nature of the Primary Education Act in 1857. The collapse of the conservative cabinet in 1862 brought Thorbecke back in power.On 31 January 1862, he started his second term as minister of the Interior and chairman of the Council of Ministers. Thorbecke's relationship with the King had improved because the focus of his reforms had shifted from politics to economics, and despite the increased disunity among the liberals, his cabinet lasted for four years because of the support of the Catholics. One of Thorbecke's first acts in his second term was the abolition of the governmental departments for religious services. Other notable achievements include the construction of several canals, the Secondary Education Act in May 1863, several acts on healthcare, and the municipal tax reform in 1865. The cabinet collapsed on 10 February 1866 and Thorbecke resigned after a conflict regarding criminal law in the Dutch East Indies. Thorbecke returned to being leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives. In 1868, he formed the Van Bosse-Fock cabinet, but did not take part in the cabinet himself.Three years later, after this cabinet had collapsed over foreign policy, the 73-year old Thorbecke did not hesitate to start his third term. In December 1871 fell ill, and never fully recovered. Thorbecke died at his home in The Hague on 4 June 1872, at the age of 74. Hated by some (he was not a man of concessions), he is nowadays considered a towering figure in Dutch parliamentary history. There are three statues of Thorbecke (one in Amsterdam, one in The Hague and one in Zwolle) and a room in the Dutch parliament building is named after him. Thorbecke wrote many articles on history and several newspaper articles (especially in the Journal de La Haye) on topics of the day. He published a study on the philosophy of history (in German).All of his speeches in parliament have been published. References Further reading : Thorbecke: een filosoof in de politiek. Amsterdam, 2004. : Thorbecke en de wording van de Nederlandse natie. Nijmegen, 1980. : Rondom 1848. Bussum 1978. : Thorbecke en de historie. 1938. Second edition with a preface by H. te Velde: Utrecht, 1986. : Thorbecke-Archief (3 volumes).Contains Thorbecke's letters up until September 1830. Utrecht, 1955, Groningen, 1962, Utrecht, 1967. : De Briefwisseling van J.R. Thorbecke (7 delen). Contains Thorbecke's letters as of October 1830 until his death. These volumes appeared between 1975 en 2002. External links Thorbecke PhD Thesis on Asinius Pollio on Google Books Thorbecke PhD Thesis on Asinius Pollio on Archive dot Org |- |- |- |- |- 1798 births 1872 deaths Dutch civil servants Dutch jurists Dutch legal scholars Dutch legal writers Dutch political writers Dutch education writers Dutch educators Dutch historians Dutch historians of philosophy Dutch people of German descent International relations scholars Philosophy academics Philosophy writers Deaths from pneumonia in the Netherlands Evangelical Lutheran Church Christians from the Netherlands Leiden University alumni Leiden University faculty Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands Ministers of State (Netherlands) People from Zwolle Prime Ministers of the Netherlands 19th-century Lutherans

Beyers Naudé

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<mask> (10 May 1915 – 7 September 2004) was a South African cleric, theologian and the leading Afrikaner anti-apartheid activist. He was known simply as <mask>, or more colloquially, Oom Bey (Afrikaans for "Uncle Bey"). Early life and education One of eight children, <mask>é was born to <mask> and <mask> (née) van Huyssteen in Roodepoort, Transvaal (now Gauteng). The progenitor of the Naudé name was a French Huguenot refugee named <mask> who arrived in the Cape in 1718. The Naudé surname is one of numerous French surnames that retained their original spelling in South Africa. Beyers Naudé was named for General <mask>, under whom his father had served as a soldier and unofficial pastor during the second Anglo-Boer War. <mask>, an Afrikaner cleric, "was convinced that the British would never leave."He helped to found the Broederbond (Afrikaans, "Brotherhood" or "League of Brothers"), the powerful Afrikaner men's secret society that played a dominant role in apartheid South Africa. The Broederbond became especially synonymous with the Afrikaner-dominated National Party that won power in 1948 and implemented the racial segregation policy of apartheid. The elder Naudé also helped produce the earliest translations of the Bible into Afrikaans. In 1921, the Naudé family moved to the Cape Province town of Graaff-Reinet, in the Karoo region. <mask> <mask> attended Afrikaans Hoërskool [Afrikaans High School], matriculating in 1931. Naudé studied theology at the University of Stellenbosch and lived at Wilgenhof men's residence. He graduated in 1939 with an MA in languages and a theology degree.His sociology lecturer was the future prime minister and chief-architect of apartheid, H. F. Verwoerd. But Naudé credited Stellenbosch theologian Ben Keet with laying the groundwork for his own theological dissent. Naudé was ordained in 1939 as a minister in the South African Dutch Reformed Church and joined the Broederbond as its youngest member. For 20 years he served various congregations, starting at Wellington in Western Cape Province (1940–1942), Loxton (1942–945), Pretoria - South-Olifantsfontein (1945–1949), Pretoria East (1945–1954), Potchefstroom (1954–1959) and Aasvoëlkop (Johannesburg) (1959–1963) preaching a religious justification for apartheid. On 3 August 1940 Naudé married Ilse Weder, whose father had been a Moravian missionary. The couple had three sons and a daughter. Anti-apartheid activities The Sharpeville massacre in 1960 (during which the South African police killed 69 black demonstrators protesting against restrictions on their freedom of movement) ended his support for his church's political teachings.He began to question the biblical justification of apartheid by the Dutch Reformed Church: "I made an intensive study of the Bible to prove that those justifications were not valid. I concluded that the passages that were being used by the white DRC to justify apartheid were unfounded. In some cases, there was a deliberate distortion in order to prove the unprovable!" In the three decades after his resignation from the denomination, <mask>'s vocal support for racial reconciliation and equal rights led to upheavals in the Dutch Reformed Church. Cottesloe and the Christian Institute of Southern Africa In response to Sharpeville, the World Council of Churches (WCC) sent a delegation to Johannesburg to meet with clerics. <mask>, by then the moderator of his church district (the Southern Transvaal Synod), helped to organize a consultation (the Cottesloe Consultation) between the WCC and eighty South African church delegates in Cottesloe, a Johannesburg suburb. The Cottesloe Consultation's resolutions rejected race as the basis of exclusion from churches, and affirmed the right of all people to own land and have a say in how they are governed.<mask> alone among his church's delegates steadfastly continued to reject any theological basis for apartheid after Prime Minister Verwoerd forced the DRC delegation to repudiate the consultation. The Dutch Reformed Church later left the World Council of Churches. In 1963 <mask> founded the Christian Institute of Southern Africa (CI), an ecumenical organization with the aim of fostering reconciliation through interracial dialogue, research, and publications. The DRC forced <mask> to choose between his status as minister and directorship of the CI. He then resigned his church post, left his Aasvoëlkop congregation in Northcliff, Johannesburg, and resigned from the Broederbond in 1963. As a result, he lost his status as minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. His last sermon to his congregation noted that "We must show greater loyalty to God than to man".Stoically anticipating the enormous pressure by the Afrikaner political and church establishment that was to come, he told his wife: "We must prepare for ten years in the wilderness." Former Archbishop Desmond Tutu later said "Beyers became a leper in the Afrikaner community." During the same year <mask> was blamed for leaking secret, confidential and unauthorized documents about the Broederbond to the press. The University of the Witwatersrand New Testament scholar Professor Albert S. Geyser later admitted that he had leaked the documents. Naudé had given the documents to Geyser to evaluate the extent of the influence of the Broederbond on the church. Geyser then provided the information to a journalist at The Sunday Times. The book " The Super-Afrikaners.Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond " written by Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom published in 1978 exposed a name list of possible members of the Broederbond. The source of these documents, that was taken without authorization, was blamed on Naudé. In 1967 Naudé and Geyser won a libel case against conservative Pretoria Professor Adriaan Pont, who had called them communists. In 1970 Naudé was among few white South African Christian leaders "who openly called for understanding of the WCC decision" to provide financial support for liberation movements in southern Africa. "If blood runs in the streets of South Africa it will not be because the World Council of Churches has done something but because the churches of South Africa have done nothing," Naudé said. In response, the state formed the Schlebusch Commission in 1972 to investigate anti-apartheid Christian organizations. When Naudé refused to testify, he was tried and imprisoned.After a night in the cells, a DRC minister paid his fine. During a 1972 trip to Germany and Britain, Naudé preached at Westminster Abbey, "the first Afrikaans theologian to be so honoured". In 1973 the state withdrew his passport, but temporarily returned it in 1974 so that he could travel to the University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana USA, to receive the Reinhold Niebuhr Award for justice and peace. As the CI increasingly incorporated black African radicals like Steve Biko, Naudé had to bear the brunt of harassment by the state security police. The state eventually forced the CI to close in 1977. Banning and the SACC From 1977 to 1984 the South African government "banned" Naudé – a form of house arrest with severe restrictions on his movements and interactions. For example, he could not be in the same room with more than one other person.Other leaders of the Christian Institute suffered the same fate, including Brian Brown, Cedric Mayson, and Peter Randall. Although under constant police surveillance, Naudé managed to secretly help anti-apartheid resistors move around and out of South Africa by providing them with old vehicles that he had repaired himself. He later joked that this was "My small contribution to a struggle I knew was right." His ANC liaison was Sydney Mufamadi, who became Minister of Provincial and Local Government in the post-apartheid government. In 1980 Naudé and three other DRC theologians broke with the DRC and were accepted as clergy by the Dutch Reformed Church in Africa, the black African denomination established by the white Dutch Reformed Church. After his unbanning in 1985, he succeeded Archbishop Desmond Tutu as secretary general of the South African Council of Churches. In this role he called for the release of political prisoners (especially Nelson Mandela) and negotiation with the African National Congress.In 1987 the apartheid regime outlawed public pleas for the release of detainees. But Naudé pressed Christians to continue to publicly pray for detainees, despite government threats of imprisonment. After his term at the South African Council of Churches ended, Naudé continued to serve a number of anti-apartheid and development organizations, including the Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, the Ecumenical Service for Socio-Economic Transformation, Kagiso Trust, and the Editorial Board of Challenge Magazine. Post-apartheid influence After 1990 Naudé occasionally opened ANC events with scripture readings. That same year he was invited by the African National Congress to be the only Afrikaner member on their delegation in negotiations with the National Party government at Groote Schuur. Despite his long association with the African National Congress, Naudé never actually joined the party. Some have speculated that this, along with his advanced age and constant ill health during the last few years of his life, caused him to be politically sidelined.Others conclude that <mask> harbored a fierce independence and never sought personal advancement. Despite his association with the ANC, for instance, he also maintained ties with the black consciousness movement and the Pan Africanist Congress. In 2000 he signed the Declaration of Commitment by White South Africans, a public document that acknowledged that apartheid had damaged black South Africans. After his death at 89 on 7 September 2004, Nelson Mandela eulogized <mask> as "a true humanitarian and a true son of Africa." Naudé's official state funeral on Saturday 18 September 2004 was attended by President Thabo Mbeki, other dignitaries, and high-ranking ANC officials. Naudé's ashes were scattered in the township of Alexandra, just outside Johannesburg. He was survived by his wife, four children, and two great-grandchildren.Despite being persecuted by his own ethnic group, Naudé "never outwardly expressed spite for his former opponents. 'I am an Afrikaner,' he said. 'I saw myself never as anything else but an Afrikaner, and I'm very grateful for the small contribution which I could have made.'" Honors and accolades During his life Naudé received several honors, including the Bruno Kreisky Award for services to human rights (Austria, 1979), the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award (USA, 1984), the African American Institute Award (USA, 1985), Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award (USA, 1985) along with Allan Boesak and Winnie Mandela, the Swedish Labour Movement Award (Sweden, 1988), the Order of Oranje-Nassau (Netherlands, 1995), Order for Meritorious Service (Gold) (South Africa, 1997), and the Order of Merit (Germany, 1999). Naudé received fourteen honorary doctorates during his lifetime and in 1993 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the American Friends Service Committee. Legacy In 2001 the city of Johannesburg, where he had lived most of his life in the suburb of Greenside, honored Naudé in several ways. Naudé received the Freedom of the City of Johannesburg while DF Malan Drive, a major road in Johannesburg, was renamed Beyers Naudé Drive.The Library Gardens in downtown Johannesburg, formerly known as Market Square, were renamed as Beyers Naudé Square. In 2004 Naudé was voted 36th among Top 100 Great South Africans in an informal poll conducted by a television program of the South African Broadcasting Corporation. Naudé was called "one of the true Christian prophets of our time" by the acting secretary of the World Council of Churches, Georges Lemopoulos. Naudé's comments after the 1976 Soweto uprising presciently anticipated an outflow of South Africans in the post-apartheid era. He warned that white privilege could not and should not endure. "For many it will be impossible to live in this new South African society; they will be destroyed physically, emotionally and psychologically. They would be allowed to stay, but they would find the atmosphere unacceptable and therefore many will say, "we cannot adjust, we must go.""The University of the Free State changed the name of one of its hostels (JBM Hertzog) to Beyers Naudé. In Leeuwarden, Netherlands, the local Christian gymnasium (a middle school comparable to a grammar school) was renamed in honour of Beyers Naudé. See also Christian Institute of Southern Africa List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid Pro Veritate Ravan Press References External links Beyers Naude — Christian and Afrikaner Opposition to Apartheid Cry of Reason: An Afrikaner Speaks Out Video, 1987, 58 mins Picture Beyers Naudé Centre for Public Theology at Stellenbosch University Interview with Beyers Naudé by Tor Sellström within the project Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa – dated 15 September 1995 1915 births 2004 deaths 20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians Afrikaner people Calvinist and Reformed anti-apartheid activists Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany People from Roodepoort South African Calvinist and Reformed theologians South African clergy Stellenbosch University alumni Afrikaner anti-apartheid activists Burials at Westpark Cemetery Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates

Guy Boothby

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<mask> (13 October 1867 – 26 February 1905) was a prolific Australian novelist and writer, noted for sensational fiction in variety magazines around the end of the nineteenth century. He lived mainly in England. He is best known for such works as the Dr Nikola series, about an occultist criminal mastermind who is a Victorian forerunner to Fu Manchu, and Pharos, the Egyptian, a tale of Gothic Egypt, mummies' curses and supernatural revenge. Rudyard Kipling was his friend and mentor, and his books were remembered with affection by George Orwell. Biography <mask> was born in Adelaide to a prominent family in the recently established British colony of South Australia. His father was <mask>, who for a time was a member of the South Australian Legislative Assembly, three of his uncles were senior colonial administrators, and his grandfather was <mask> (1803–1868), controversial judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia from 1853 to 1867. When Boothby was aged approximately seven his English-born mother, whom he held in great regard, separated from his father and returned with her children to England.There he received a traditional English grammar school education at Salisbury, Lord Weymouth's Grammar (now Warminster School) and Christ's Hospital, London. Following this, Boothby returned alone to South Australia at sixteen, where, in his turn, he entered the colonial administration as private secretary to the mayor of Adelaide, Lewis Cohen, but was "not contented" with the work. Despite <mask>'s family tradition of colonial service, his natural inclinations ran more to the creative than to the administrative and he was not satisfied with his limited role as a provincial colonial servant. In 1890, aged 23, Boothby wrote the libretto for a comic opera, Sylvia, which was published and produced at Adelaide in December 1890, and in 1891 his second show, The Jonquil: an Opera, appeared. He also wrote and performed in an operetta, Dimple's Lovers, for Adelaide's Garrick Club theatre group. The music in each case was written by Cecil James Sharp. His first literary ventures were directed at the theatre, but his ambition was not appeased by the lukewarm response his melodramas received in Adelaide.Hence when severe economic collapse hit most of the Australian colonies in the early 1890s, he followed the well-beaten path to London in December 1891. <mask>, however, was thwarted in his first bid for recognition as lack of funds forced him to disembark en route in Colombo, Sri Lanka and begin making his way homewards through South East Asia. According to family legend, the dire poverty he faced on this journey led him to accept any kind of work he could get: ‘This meant working before the mast, stoking in ocean tramps, attending in a Chinese opium den in Singapore, digging in the Burmah Ruby fields, acting, prize fighting, cow punching...’ This was followed by a brief sojourn on Thursday Island, a Melanesian island in the Torres Strait group recently annexed by the Queensland colony, where he worked as a diver in the lucrative pearl trade; and finally by an arduous journey overland across the Australian continent home to Adelaide. While Paul Depasquale, author of the only <mask> biography, warns that this account of his travels may be somewhat glamorous, Boothby certainly travelled extensively in South East Asia, Melanesia and Australia at this period, collecting a stock of colonial anecdotes and experiences that were to influence much of his later writing. Approximately two years later Boothby finally reached London and succeeded in having an account of his peregrinations, On the Wallaby, or Through the East and Across Australia, published in 1894. The travelogue met with reasonable success, which was matched later that year by <mask>'s first novel, In Strange Company. A novel of adventure set variously in England, Australia, the South Seas and South America, In Strange Company established a pattern that was to characterise the succeeding Boothby oeuvre – the use of exotic, international and particularly Australasian locales that frequently function as an end in themselves superfluous to the requirements of plot.By October 1895, Boothby had completed three further novels, including A Bid for Fortune, the first Dr Nikola novel which catapulted Boothby to wide acclaim. Of the two other novels Boothby wrote in 1895 A Lost Endeavour was set on Thursday Island and The Marriage of Esther ranged across several Torres Strait Islands. Boothby continued to produce fiction at a ferocious rate, producing up to six novels a year across the range of genres prevalent at the fin de siècle, and is credited with producing over 53 novels in total, not to mention dozens of short stories and plays. Death <mask> died at his home, aged but 38 years, in Boscombe, near Bournemouth, from complications arising from influenza, on 26 February 1905. His grave is in the town's Wimborne Road Cemetery. Writing Some of Boothby's earlier works relate to stories of Australian life, but later he turned to genre fiction including crime fiction, imperial romance, science fiction and Gothic horror. Boothby's oeuvre is pervaded by an array of intriguing and subversive villains whose larger than life characters eclipse the unremarkable English protagonists.They range from the classic supernatural fiends of fin-de-siècle gothic, to deformed freaks (a particular penchant of <mask>'s), to sophisticated international master criminals that anticipate the adversaries of Ian Fleming's Bond character. In their depiction of the international master criminal and the revenge of the undead ancient Egyptian Boothby's novels were influential in establishing two key tropes of the cinematic age, which persist long after the novels themselves have faded into obscurity. The Dr Nikola Series Boothby was once well known for his series of novels about Doctor Nikola, an occultist anti-hero seeking immortality and world domination. The adventures of Nikola were launched with the first episode of A Bid for Fortune which was serialised in The Windsor Magazine (a rival to The Strand Magazine). Nikola is described as dressing in "faultless evening dress, slender, having dark peculiar eyes and dark hair, and white toad-coloured skin." Dr Nikola starred in a play The Adventures of Dr. Nikola, by Ben Landeck and Oswald Brand, which ran briefly in London in 1902. Other novels In A Prince of Swindlers he created the character of Simon Carne, a gentleman thief in the Raffles mould, with an alter ego as the eccentric detective Klimo.Carne first appeared in Pearson's Magazine in 1897, predating Raffles by two years. Pharos the Egyptian (1899) is a thriller with romance and some supernaturalism in which a very sinister old man, Pharos, proves to be Ptahmes, a mummy who has survived through the centuries with full magical powers. The Curse of the Snake (1902) is referred to by Brian Stableford as the most interesting of <mask>'s novels. However, Stableford states that <mask> "very obviously made up his novel plots as he went along and that therefore this novel "concludes with a woefully inadequate explanation of its marvelously creepy opening sequence." Ghost Stories <mask> wrote a number of ghost stories, mainly from his collections Uncle Joe's Legacy and Other Stories (1902) and The Lady on the Island (1904). Amongst the best-known of these are "The Black Lady of Brin Tor", "A Strange Goldfield" and "The Lady on the Island" and "Remorseless Vengeance." These have been reprinted in horror anthologies edited variously by Richard Dalby, Hugh Lamb, Leigh Blackmore and James Doig.Bibliography Doctor Nikola A Bid for Fortune: or, Dr Nikola's Vendetta (1895) (AKA Enter, Dr Nikola) (note: included in the Wordsworth Editions omnibus Dr Nikola Master Criminal, 2009) Dr Nikola (1896) AKA Dr. Nikola Returns (note: included in the Wordsworth Editions omnibus Dr Nikola Master Criminal, 2009) The Lust of Hate (1898) (note: Dr Nikola makes only a peripheral appearance in this novel). Dr Nikola's Experiment (1899) "Farewell, Nikola" (1901) Other works Other books written by <mask> include: On the Wallaby: or, Through the East and Across Australia (1894) In Strange Company: a Story of Chili and the Southern Seas (1894) A Lost Endeavour (1895) The Marriage of Esther: a Torres Straits Sketch (1895) The Beautiful White Devil (1897) Bushigrams (1897) The Fascination of the King (1897) The Phantom Stockman (1897) Sheila McLeod: a Heroine of the Back Blocks (1897) The Duchess of Wiltshire's Diamonds (1897) Across The World For a Wife (1898) Billy Binks, Hero: and Other Stories (1898) Love Made Manifest (1899) Pharos, The Egyptian (1899) The Red Rat's Daughter (1899) A Sailor's Bride (1899) "Long Live the King!" (Dissertation, Universita degli studi di Padova, online) William Patrick Maynard,"Dr. Nikola and Pharos the Egyptian" 1867 births 1905 deaths 19th-century Australian novelists 20th-century Australian novelists Australian male novelists Australian people of English descent Writers from Adelaide People educated at Lord Weymouth's Grammar School 19th-century male writers 20th-century Australian male writers People buried at the Wimborne Road Cemetery, Bournemouth

Ewald Stadler

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<mask> (born May 21, 1961), is an Austrian right-wing conservative politician. He was a member of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) until 2007, and a member of the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) from 2007 until 2013. He ran for the European Parliament in 2009 as BZÖ's leading candidate and was a member of the European Parliament from 2011 to 2014. In 2014 he was chosen as the first party leader of The Reform Conservatives (REKOS). Early life and education <mask> was born in Mäder, Austria. After his schooling, he worked at the Feldkirch city finance office. Later he studied law at the University of Innsbruck.As one of the requirements for becoming an attorney under the law of Austria, he completed his court practicum year at the regional court at Krems an der Donau. Political career In Vorarlberg state From 1985 to 1996 <mask> <mask> was a member of the municipal council (Gemeinderat) in Mäder and a member of its Gemeindevorstand (an elected subgroup of the Gemeinderat) from 1990 to 1994. As early as 1989 he was elected to the Landtag (provincial assembly) of Vorarlberg, in which he remained until 1994. In addition, from 1991 to 1994 <mask> was head of the Landtag caucus of the Vorarlberg Freedom Party (FPÖ). Also, while he was active in Vorarlberg provincial politics, he held the role of a member of the Vorarlberg FPÖ Provincial Party Committee. On November 7, 1994, <mask> moved up to the National Council of Austria (Nationalrat) as an FPÖ member, where he remained until April 28, 1999. Furthermore, he was a member of the FPÖ's Federal Party Committee (Bundesparteivorstand).In Lower Austria and in Federal office When he moved to Lower Austria, <mask> became deputy provincial party chief of the FPÖ for Lower Austria in 1998 and was a member of the Lower Austria provincial council between 1999 and 2001. On July 1, 2001, he became a Volksanwalt (ombudsman) at the Federal level, responsible for commerce and advertising, defense, schools and culture, police, and the administration of justice. He stepped down as Volksanwalt on October 30, 2006 when he won a seat in the National Council. Starting in the summer of 2004, <mask> directed the Freedom Party Academy and was responsible for the training of FPÖ functionaries. However, the Academy became less important after a thorough reorganization in December 2006. <mask> took up his seat for the FPÖ in the National Council on October 30, 2006. After internal differences with the FPÖ leadership, he resigned from the party on March 7, 2007, although he remained a member of the Freedom Party caucus.He announced on August 16, 2008, that he was joining the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) for the National Council election of 2008. However, he wanted to remain a free deputy, elected from a district. Since October 28, 2008, <mask> has been a representative of the BZÖ in the National Council. <mask> was deputy chief of the Freedom Party caucus from October 30, 2006 to March 6, 2007, and was elected deputy chief of the BZÖ caucus on October 28, 2008. On April 3, 2009, <mask> was elected as the new party chief of the Lower Austria BZÖ with 97.7 percent of the vote. He succeeded Christine Döttelmayer, who had stepped down from her position at the end of February 2009. In the European Parliament <mask> entered the European Parliament election in June 2009 as the leading candidate of the BZÖ.The 4.6 percent of votes received was not sufficient to win a seat at the time. However, when the Treaty of Lisbon took effect on December 1, 2009, Austria gained two seats in the European Parliament, making the BZÖ vote retrospectively sufficient to win <mask> a seat. After a delay of two years while other EU countries completed the process of choosing their own new MEPs and pending the ratification of certain treaty changes, <mask> was seated as an MEP on December 11, 2011. In October 2013 he was expelled from the BZÖ along with Stefan Petzner by designated leader Gerald Grosz for retrospectively publicly criticizing BZÖ's campaigning and poor election result in the Austrian legislative election of 2013. As of January 2014, <mask> retained his seat in the European Parliament as an unaffiliated member. On 23 December 2013 (one day before Christmas Eve) <mask>, together with Rudolf Gehring of the Christian Party of Austria announced in a press conference they were founding a new party, The Reform Conservatives (REKOS) () for which <mask> would run for the European Parliament election on 25 May 2014. <mask> was elected national party leader of REKOS on 8 March 2014.His term in the European Parliament ended on June 30, 2014. On the international stage Speech against Turkey In 2010, after the Turkish ambassador to Austria, Kadri Ecvet Tezcan, complained in an interview about the integration of Turkish immigrants in Austria., <mask> responded in the Austrian parliament with a speech about cases of intolerance in Turkey. International observer in Ukraine crisis In 2014, <mask> <mask> participated as a member of international observers groups who acknowledged the Eastern Ukrainian referendums in Crimea and in the Donetsk-Lugansk regions. Personal life <mask> is a member of the Catholic lay association Compagnia di Santa Maria della Mercede, affiliated with the Mercedarian order. During his law studies at Innsbruck he was close to the Catholic traditionalist movement the Society of St. Pius X. He is married and has six children. References External links (in German) ORF Artikel mit Auszügen aus Stadlers Biografie „FPÖ: Halbstarker gegen Halbwilden“ Hintergrundartikel zum Streit zwischen Stadler und Strache im profil Fotoreportage: <mask> <mask> „Lieber gesetzlos als ein Untertan“ aus „Die Zeit“ vom 17.April 2008 1961 births Living people Catholicism and far-right politics People from Feldkirch District University of Innsbruck alumni Austrian traditionalist Catholics Alliance for the Future of Austria MEPs The Reform Conservatives MEPs Ombudsmen in Austria MEPs for Austria 2009–2014

Fitz Henry Lane

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<mask> (born <mask>, also known as <mask>) (December 19, 1804 – August 14, 1865) was an American painter and printmaker of a style that would later be called Luminism, for its use of pervasive light. Biography <mask> was born on December 19, 1804, in Gloucester, Massachusetts. <mask> was christened <mask> on March 17, 1805, and would remain known as such until he was 27. It was not until March 13, 1832, that the state of Massachusetts would officially grant <mask>'s own formal request (made in a letter dated December 26, 1831) to change his name from Nathaniel Rogers to <mask>. As with practically all aspects of <mask>'s life, the subject of his name is one surrounded by much confusion—it was not until 2005 that historians discovered that they had been wrongly referring to the artist as <mask>, as opposed to his chosen Fitz <mask>. The reasons behind <mask>'s decision to change his name, and for choosing the name he did, are still very unclear; although, one suggestion is that he did it "to differentiate himself from the well-known miniature painter Nathaniel Rodgers". From the time of his birth, <mask> would be exposed to the sea and maritime life—a factor that obviously had a great impact on his later choice of subject matter.Many circumstances of his young life ensured <mask>'s constant interaction with various aspects of this maritime life, including the fact that <mask>'s family lived "upon the periphery of Gloucester Harbor's working waterfront," and that his father, Jonathan Dennison <mask>, was a sailmaker, and quite possibly owned and ran a sail loft. It is often speculated that <mask> would most likely have pursued some seafaring career, or become a sail-maker like his father, instead of an artist, had it not been for a lifelong handicap <mask> developed as a child. Although the cause cannot be known with certainty, it is thought that the ingestion of some part of the Peru-Apple—a poisonous weed also known as jimsonweed—by <mask> at the age of eighteen months caused the paralysis of the legs from which <mask> would never recover. Furthermore, it has been suggested by art historian James A. Craig that because he could not play games as the other children did, he was forced to find some other means of amusement, and that in such a pursuit he discovered and was able to develop his talent for drawing. To go a step further, as a result of his having a busy seaport as immediate surroundings, he was able to develop a special skill in depicting the goings-on inherent in such an environment. <mask> could still have become a sail-maker, as such an occupation entailed much time spent sitting and sewing, and that <mask> already had some experience sewing from his short-lived apprenticeship in shoe-making. However, as evidenced in this quote from <mask>'s nephew <mask>'s "Early Recollections," his interest in art held much sway in his deciding on a career: "Before he became an artist he worked for a short time making shoes, but after a while, seeing that he could draw pictures better than he could make shoes he went to Boston and took lessons in drawing and painting and became a marine artist."<mask> acquired such "lessons" by way of his employment at Pendleton's Lithography shop in Boston, which lasted from 1832 to 1847. With the refinement and development of his artistic skills acquired during his years working as a lithographer, <mask> was able to successfully produce marine paintings of high quality, as evidenced in his being listed, officially, as a "marine painter" in the Boston Almanac of 1840. <mask> continued to refine his painting style, and consequently, the demand for his marine paintings increased as well. <mask> had visited Gloucester often while living in Boston, and in 1848, he returned permanently. In 1849, <mask> began overseeing construction of a house/studio of his own design on Duncan's Point—this house would remain his primary residence to the end of his life. <mask> <mask> continued to produce beautiful marine paintings and seascapes into his later years. He died in his home on Duncan's Point on August 14, 1865, and is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery.Training and influences However ambiguous many aspects of <mask>'s life and career may remain, a few things are certain. First, <mask> was, even in childhood, clearly gifted in the field of art. As was noted by J. Babson, a local Gloucester historian and contemporary in <mask>'s time, <mask> "showed in boyhood a talent for drawing and painting; but received no instruction in the rules till he went to Boston." In addition to confirming <mask>'s early talent, this observation also indicates that <mask> was largely self-taught in the field of art—more specifically drawing and paintings—previous to beginning his employment at Pendleton's lithography firm at the age of 28. <mask>'s first-known and recorded work, a watercolor titled The Burning of the Packet Ship "Boston," executed by <mask> in 1830, is regarded by many art historians as evidence of <mask>'s primitive grasp of the finer points of artistic composition previous to his employment at Pendleton's. <mask> may have supplemented his primary, purely experimental practices in drawing and painting with the study of instructional books on drawing, or more likely, by the study of books on the subject of ship design. Some study of the literature on the subject of ship design seems highly plausible, given that <mask> would have had easy access to many such texts, and, more importantly, the most certain necessity of such a study in order for <mask> to be able to produce works of such accurate detail in realistically depicting a ship as it actually appeared in one of any given number of possible circumstances it faced in traversing the sea.At the time when <mask> began his employment at Pendleton's, it was common practice for aspiring American artists—especially those who, like <mask>, could not afford a more formal education in the arts by traveling to Europe or by attending one of the prestigious American art academies, such as New York's National Academy of Design or Philadelphia's Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts—to seek work as a lithographer, this being the next logical step in their pursuit of a career in the arts. As for why such employment was beneficial to the budding artist, art historian James A. Craig, in his book Fitz H. Lane: An Artist's Voyage through Nineteenth-Century America, the most comprehensive account of <mask>'s life and career, offers this illuminating description of the career evolution of the typical lithographer: "... an apprentice's schooling presumably began with the graining of stones, the making of lithographic crayons, and the copying of the designs and pictures of others onto limestone. As his talents developed, the apprentice would find himself gradually taking on more challenging tasks, from drafting and composing images (the role of the designer) to ultimately being permitted to draw his own original compositions upon limestone (that most prestigious of ranks within the litho shop, the lithographic artist). Since the compositional techniques employed in lithography differed little from those taught in European academic drawing, and the tonal work so necessary for the process to succeed was akin to that found in painting (indeed, when his studio began in 1825 John Pendleton specifically sought out painters for employment in his establishment due to their habits of thinking in tonal terms), an apprenticeship within a lithographic workshop like Pendleton's in Boston was roughly equivalent to that offered by fine art academies for beginning students." Working in the lithography shop, <mask> would have been taught the stylistic techniques for producing artistic compositions from the practiced seniors among his fellow employees. As noted above, because Pendleton specifically sought painters to work in his shop, <mask> would most likely have received the benefit of working under and with some of the most skilled aspiring and established marine and landscape painters of his day. The English maritime painter Robert Salmon, who, historians have discovered, came to work at Pendleton's at a period coinciding with <mask>'s employment therein, is regarded as having had a large impact, stylistically, on <mask>'s early works.Beginning in the early 1840s <mask> would declare himself publicly to be a marine painter while simultaneously continuing his career as a lithographer. He quickly attained an eager and enthusiastic patronage from several of the leading merchants and mariners in Boston, New York, and his native Gloucester. <mask>'s career would ultimately find him painting harbor and ship portraits, along with the occasional purely pastoral scene, up and down the eastern seaboard of the United States, from as far north as the Penobscot Bay/Mount Desert Island region of Maine, to as far south as San Juan, Puerto Rico. Style From one of his first copied lithographs, View of the Town of Gloucester, Mass (1836), to his very last works, <mask> would incorporate many of the following arrangements and techniques consistently in the composition of his art works, both his lithographs and paintings: Nautical subject matter Depiction of various naval craft in highly accurate detail An overall extensive amount of detail The distinctive expanse of sky Pronounced attention to depicting the interplay of light and dark Hyper-accentuated vegetation within the immediate foreground An elevated "insider point of view" perspective Perhaps most characteristic element of <mask>'s paintings is the incredible amount of attention paid to detail—probably due in part to his lithographic training, as the specific style of lithography that was popular at the time of his training was characterized by the goal of verisimilitude. In terms of <mask>'s influences and relations to the artistic tradition of Luminism, Barbara Novak, in her book "American Painting in the Nineteenth Century", relates <mask>'s later works to Ralph Waldo Emerson's Transcendentalism (which she relates directly to the emergence of Luminism), claiming that "[<mask>] was the most 'transparent eyeball", and that this was evidenced by <mask>'s balancing of what Novak describes as the "contributions of the primitive and the graphic traditions to his art", the primitive being what he learned on his own by first observing and interacting with the surrounding environment he sought to depict, and the graphic being those skills <mask> acquired through working as a lithographer. This balance does indeed seem to support the connection of <mask>'s works with Luminism, as one definition of luminist art is that "characterized by a heightened perception of reality carefully organized and controlled by principles of design. As one of the styles of landscape painting to emerge in the nineteenth century, luminism embraced the contemporary preoccupation with nature as a manifestation of God's grand plan.It was luminism more than any other of the schools that succeeded in imbuing an objective study of nature with a depth of feeling. This was accomplished through a genuine love and understanding of the elements of nature—discernible in the intimate arrangement of leaves on a bough—and their arrangement to reveal the poetry inherent in a given scene." Legacy Other findings have shed new light onto not only <mask>'s artistic process but have also revealed him to have been a staunch social reformer, particularly within the American temperance movement. As well, the long-held suspicion that <mask> was a transcendentalist has been confirmed, and it has been uncovered that he was also a Spiritualist. Sensational claims that <mask> was "a somewhat saddened and introspective figure … often prone to moodiness with friends", and that his existence was one of "quiet loneliness", have been proven fallacious with the full quotation of the testimony of John Trask, a patron, friend, and next door neighbor of the artist, who states that <mask> "was always hard at work and had no moods in his work. Always pleasant and genial with visitors. He was unmarried having had no romance.He was always a favorite and full of fun. He liked evening parties and was fond of getting up tableaux." Long believed to have given instruction to only one artist during his career—a local lady of limited artistic abilities named Mary Mellen—it has now been established that <mask> was the instructor and mentor to several other artists, most importantly Benjamin Champney and America's other great 19th century marine painter, William Bradford. A contemporary of the Hudson River School, he enjoyed a reputation as America's premier painter of marine subjects during his lifetime, but fell into obscurity soon after his death with the rise of French Impressionism. <mask>'s work would be rediscovered in the 1930s by the art collector Maxim Karolik, after which his art steadily grew in popularity among private collectors and public institutions. His work can now command at auction prices ranging as high as three to five million dollars. The largest collection of his work is currently held by the Wallace Family of Boston, Massachusetts where his work is on display throughout their family offices, private homes, and estates.Artworks The Burning of the Packet Ship "Boston", 1830, watercolor, view View of the Town of Gloucester, Mass, 1836, lithograph, view Steamer Brittania in a Gale, 1842, oil on canvas, Boston, view Gloucester Harbor from Rocky Neck, 1844, Cape Ann Museum Collection, view St. Johns, Porto Rico, ca 1850, The Mariners' Museum, view Gloucester Inner Harbor, 1850, The Mariners' Museum view The Fishing Party, 1850, view The Golden State Entering New York Harbor, 1854, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art Stage Rocks and Western Shore of Gloucester Outer Harbor, 1857, oil on canvas, John Wilmerding Collection, view Ship in Fog, Gloucester Harbor, ca. Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts (September 9, 2006 – January 7, 2007); Dulwich Picture Gallery, London (March 14 – June 8, 2008); Meadows Museum of Art, Dallas (November 30 – February 24, 2008); Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice (June 27 – October 12, 2008) References Sources <mask> <mask> at the Cape Ann Museum which has the largest collection of his work (40 paintings and 100 drawings). Craig, James. <mask> H<mask>: An Artist's Voyage Through Nineteenth-Century America. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2006. . Mary Foley. "Fitz <mask>, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and the Gloucester Lyceum." American Art Journal, Vol.27, no. 1/2, 1995/1996 Gerdts, William H.; C. C. "'The Sea Is His Home': Clarence Cook Visits Fitz <mask>." American Art Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3. (Summer, 1985), pp. 44–49.Howat, John K.; Sharp, Lewis I.; Salinger, Margaretta M. "American Paintings and Sculpture." Notable Acquisitions (Metropolitan Museum of Art), No. 1975/1979. (1975–1979), pp. 64–67. Novak, Barbara. American Painting of the Nineteenth Century.New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1969. Sharp, Lewis I. "American Paintings and Sculpture." Notable Acquisitions (Metropolitan Museum of Art), No. 1965/1975. (1965–1975), pp. 11–19.Smith, Gayle L."Emerson and the Luminist Painters: A Study of Their Styles" American Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 2. (Summer, 1985), pp. 193–215. Troyen, Carol. The Boston Tradition.New York: The American Federation of Arts, 1980. Wilmerding, John. The Genius of American Painting. New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1973. Wilmerding, John. "Fitz <mask>: Imitations and Attributions." American Art Journal, Vol.3, No. 2. (Autumn, 1971), pp. 32–40. Wilmerding, John. American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850–1875. Washington DC: National Gallery of Art, 1980.External links Fitz <mask>: An online project under the direction of the CAPE ANN MUSEUM Gloucester, Massachusetts Museo Thyssen Bornemisza Biography and Works: Fitz <mask> Art and the Empire City: New York, 1825-1861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <mask> (see index) Fitz <mask> on Artfact.com 1804 births 1865 deaths 19th-century American painters 19th-century male artists American male painters American landscape painters Luminism (American art style) People from Gloucester, Massachusetts American marine artists Painters from Massachusetts American printmakers

Sam Billings

original

<mask> (born 15 June 1991) is an English professional cricketer. <mask> is a right-handed batsman who fields as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Pembury in Kent and plays for Kent County Cricket Club. He has played for the county since he was eight years old and in October 2017 was appointed as the vice-captain of the team before being appointed as captain in January 2018, replacing <mask>. <mask> is regarded as a versatile cricketer who studies the game intensely and has an imaginative range of scoring shots. He has appeared mainly in limited overs formats for the England cricket team and made his Test cricket debut in January 2022. He has played Twenty20 franchise cricket in the Pakistan Super League, Indian Premier League and in the Big Bash League in Australia.Early and personal life <mask> was born in Pembury, Kent and grew up on his family's farm in north Kent. He developed as a good all-round sportsman, playing tennis for Kent and being offered a trial for Tottenham Hotspur Football Club after scoring a hat-trick against the team's academy side whilst playing for Corinthian under-14s. He also played racquets, squash and rugby. His grandfather, <mask>, was a racquets champion and his cousin, <mask>, is a world ranked player of the game. <mask> attributes racquets with helping to develop his batting skills, in particular his hand-eye coordination. <mask> attended New Beacon School, Sevenoaks, and then Haileybury College in Hertfordshire, appearing regularly for their cricket First XI throughout his school career. He studied for a degree in Sport and Exercise Science at Loughborough University.<mask> has said that he was "nowhere near good enough" to become a professional cricketer before his time at university and credits it with encouraging him to work hard to develop his talent. Early career <mask> made his first-class debut for Loughborough MCCU against Northamptonshire in 2011. He made a further first-class appearance for the team in 2011, against Leicestershire. In his four first-class matches for Loughborough MCCU, he scored 321 runs at an average of 45.85, with a high score of 131. This score came in his debut match against Northamptonshire. Kent career Whilst at university <mask> was also a member of the Kent squad, and he made his debut for the county in May 2011 in a first-class match against his university side, Loughborough MCCU. During the 2011 season he also made his List A debut for Kent against the Netherlands in the 2011 Clydesdale Bank 40, standing in for regular wicket-keeper Geraint Jones.<mask> made three further List A appearances in the 2011 season, as well as playing in four matches in the 2011 Friends Provident t20. After leading the county in one day runs scored in 2012, <mask> replaced former England wicket-keeper Jones in Kent's 2013 Friends Life t20 campaign. At the end of the season he kept wicket in the County Championship, breaking Jones' string of 115 consecutive Championship appearances for Kent before playing Sydney Grade Cricket for Penrith District Cricket Club during the 2013–14 English winter. <mask> became the first choice wicket-keeper for Kent in the 2014 season. He played for in the champion county match in Abu Dhabi at the beginning of the 2015 season before scoring 693 runs at an average of 29.80 in the 2015 County Championship season and making his England One Day and T20 debuts. He was awarded his Kent county cap in August 2015 during the annual Canterbury Cricket Week and signed a contract extension with Kent, in January 2016. After spending the winter playing one-day international cricket with England and featuring in both the Pakistan Super League (PSL) and Indian Premier League (IPL) T20 competitions, <mask> returned to Kent at the end of May having missed six County Championship matches as well as the start of both one-day competitions.During the 2016 season he became only the second Kent wicket-keeper to take seven catches in an innings and the tenth to claim nine dismissals in a first-class match, both one short of equalling the record for the county, and made his highest score in first-class cricket. <mask> spent the following winter playing for England in Bangladesh, Sydney Sixers in the Big Bash League and for England again in India and the West Indies as well as once again playing in the PSL and IPL. England duty again kept him away from Kent for parts of the 2017 season and he played in only six of the county's County Championship matches during the season, although he was ever present during the T20 Blast. He averaged 43.66 in the Championship games he played and captained the side in a tour match against the West Indies in August. At the end of the season he signed a new contract with Kent and was appointed officially as the team's vice-captain. Following <mask>'s removal as Kent captain in early 2018 <mask> was appointed to the post as his replacement, despite some disquiet about his participation in the 2018 Indian Premier League. This meant that he missed the first part of the County Championship and One Day Cup seasons.The team was captained by Joe Denly in <mask>' absence. Later in the season <mask> once again signed a contract extension. International career <mask> was first called into the England Performance Programme in 2014 and took part in a training camp in Sri Lanka during the represented the English winter. He had played for an ECB under-16 side in 2006 and for England age group sides at under-17 and under-18 level before touring Bangladesh with the England under-19 side in 2009. He was named in the squad for the England Lions cricket team in the 2014/15 off-season in South Africa, making his debut and scoring 53 against a Gauteng Invitation XI in January 2015 and going on to play for the Lions in four of the five unofficial one-day international matches on the tour. In late 2014 he had been named in the provisional squad for the England cricket team before the 2015 Cricket World Cup, replacing the injured Craig Kieswetter, but did not feature in the final squad for the tournament. <mask> made his senior England international debut in an ODI against the touring New Zealand team in June 2015, playing as a batsman and scoring three runs.After playing in all five ODIs during the series, he made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut on 23 June 2015, scoring 21 runs. He was an unused member of the ODI squad against Australia later the same summer before playing in the only T20I against the Australians at the end of August. After the New Zealand series Billing was a regular in England ODI and T20I squads but played infrequently for two years, never appearing in two consecutive England ODI teams until March 2017. He made his England debut as a wicketkeeper in the first T20I against Pakistan in Dubai in November 2015. He made his maiden international half-century in the match, reaching his fifty in 24 balls, before being run out for 53 off the last ball of the England innings. He took two catches and completed a stumping during the Pakistan innings as England won by 14 runs. He was adjudged man of the match for his performance during the match.He played for the Lions against Pakistan A in Dubai in January 2016, against South Africa in 2016 and was selected for the England squad for the 2016 World Twenty20 competition. He did not make an appearance for England during the competition, other than as a substitute fielder. He was named in a 30-man England Performance Squad for the 2016 domestic season and played for the full England T20 side against Sri Lanka in July 2016 and for the Lions side against Pakistan A and Sri Lanka A, scoring his highest List A cricket score of 175 against Pakistan at Canterbury, before touring Bangladesh with the England One Day International team in October, scoring his maiden ODI half-century with a score of 62 in the final match of the series batting as a replacement opening batsman, to help England to a 2–1 series win. In early 2017 <mask> was part of the England ODI and T20 squad which toured India. He played in the opening List A match of the tour against India A again as a specialist batsman, scoring 93 runs, and in an ODI and T20 match on the tour before playing back to back ODI matches for the first time since his debut series against the West Indies. He was an unused member of the England squad for the 2017 Champions Trophy but played against Ireland, South Africa and West Indies during the summer of 2017. In early 2018 he joined the England squad in Australia for the ODI element of their tour, although he did not appear in any of the matches, before playing in the 2017–18 Trans-Tasman Tri-Series T20 matches against Australia and New Zealand in February.He was, again, an unused member of the England squad for the ODI series against New Zealand which followed. In October 2019, <mask> was named as the vice-captain and first-choice wicket-keeper in England's T20I squad for their tour of New Zealand. He played in all five T20I matches on the tour, although he only scored 34 runs in his five innings and was not selected for the limited-overs side in South Africa early 2020. In May 2020, he was named in a group of 55 players to begin behind closed doors training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic. He was not selected in the Test side to face the West Indies but in July was named in the squad for the ODI series against Ireland After playing in all three matches against Ireland without being dismissed and making scores of 67 and 46, he played in the three T20I matches against the touring Pakistanis. Following the return of more established players for matches at the end of the summer against Australia, <mask> played in only the last T20I of the three-match series, but was selected for the opening ODI. He went on to make his first senior international century in the match, scoring 118 runs, before playing in both of the other matches in the series.Wisden named him in their ODI team of 2020, the only member of the England team to be selected. Following an injury to Ben Foakes in May 2021, <mask> was added to England's Test squad for the first time ahead of the series against New Zealand. He did not play in either of the matches in the series but in August was again added to England's Test squad, this time as wicket-keeper cover for the fourth Test against India. In September 2021, <mask> was named in England's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. <mask> made his Test debut for England in the final Test of the 2021–22 Ashes series. Following injuries to both of the side's wicket-keepers, Jos Buttler and Jonny Bairstow, <mask> was added to the squad as a replacement, having been playing in the Big Bash League for Sydney Thunder. He made his debut at the Bellerive Oval in Hobart scoring 29 runs in England's first innings and taking five catches in Australia's second in a debut which was described as composed.Twenty20 franchise leagues <mask> is a regular participant in Twenty20 franchise leagues around the world. He has played for teams in the Pakistan Super League, Australian Big Bash and Indian Premier League and was scheduled to play in the first season of the abortive South African T20 Global League. He has spoken of his belief that playing T20 cricket with many of the best cricketers in the world is effectively playing international cricket and that players who do so are "going to improve, no doubt", with franchise leagues "fast forward" the growth of cricketers. In December 2015 <mask> was selected by Islamabad United in the 2016 Pakistan Super League draft, the first of three overseas Twenty20 leagues he took part in during 2016. The tournament took place in the United Arab Emirates in February 2016 and was the inaugural season of the competition. <mask> played in five matches for Islamabad, scoring 34 runs with a top score of 26, but saw the opportunity to learn from players such as Australian Test wicket-keeper Brad Haddin as "invaluable". He was retained by Islamabad for the 2017 season, playing in the team's first five matches of the tournament before leaving to join the England ODI team in the Caribbean.In 2018 <mask> was with England in New Zealand at the start of the tournament and, despite joining Islamabad towards the end of the group stage, did not play a match during the PSL season. <mask> was purchased by Delhi Daredevils in the 2016 Indian Premier League auction in February 2016 for £30,000. He scored 54 runs on his debut for Delhi, helping the team to a victory over Kolkata Knight Riders, before going on to play in four further matches before Delhi were eliminated at the end of the group stage. Despite playing in only five matches in the tournament, <mask> again saw the experience as one which would help him "improve as a player". In particular, he cited the influence of Delhi's coach Rahul Dravid and had approached the IPL, which he rated as a "phenomenal experience", with the intention of developing his skills, particularly against spin bowling. He has credited the experience of working with players from around the world as a major factor in the improvement of his game, from the use of different training methods to eating more effectively. <mask> was retained by Delhi for the 2017 Indian Premier League with the intention of him playing until 1 May in order to return to England to play against Ireland and prepare for the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy.In November 2016 <mask> signed to play for Sydney Sixers in the 2016–17 Big Bash League in Australia. He made his debut for the Sixers in the opening match of the tournament, taking two catches as the team beat Sydney Thunder by nine wickets. After appearing in the Sixers first five matches of the tournament, <mask> left the team to join the England squad in India at the beginning of January 2017. He batted four times for Sydney, averaging 31.25 runs. After playing again for Sydney in the Big Bash League in 2017/18, <mask> was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the 2018 IPL auction for £71,000. Although he scored a match-winning 56 runs in Chennai's second match of the tournament, a rather disappointing tournament saw him score 108 runs at an average of 13.60 in 10 matches and he did not play in the final as Chennai won the title. In 2018 he captained Bengal Tigers in the T10 League played in the United Arab Emirates having been picked second in the competition's draft in July.A break from overseas T20 leagues saw him play more frequently for Kent, before he was signed to play for Sydney Thunder in the 2020/21 Big Bash. In February 2021, he was bought again by Delhi ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League, missing the start of Kent's season. In February 2022, he was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament. Career best performances As of September 2020, <mask> has made six first-class and seven List A centuries, including one in international cricket. The first was a score of 131 made on his first-class debut for Loughborough MCCU against Northamptonshire at the beginning of the 2011 season. He scored his first first-class century for Kent in July 2015 against Essex at Tunbridge Wells, having been out for 99 earlier in the same month against Surrey. His third first-class century, 171 runs, came against Gloucestershire in August 2016 and is his current highest first-class score.<mask>' fourth, fifth and sixth centuries were scored in back-to-back innings in September 2019, including two in the same match against Yorkshire at Headingley, the first time two centuries had been scored by the same player on the ground in a County Championship match. <mask> has scored seven List A cricket centuries and in 2014 shared the Walter Lawrence Trophy for the quickest century in County cricket during the season, scored off 46 balls against Somerset in a 2014 Royal London One-Day Cup match. His highest List A score of 175 was made for England Lions against Sri Lanka A at his home ground of Canterbury during July 2016 whilst his highest Twenty20 score of 95 not out was made for Kent against Hampshire at Beckenham in July 2018. In September 2020 Billing scored his debut senior international century, making a score of 118 in a One Day International match between England and Australia at Old Trafford cricket ground. As of 12 September 2020 Support for cricketing causes <mask> has been involved in supporting the development of cricket by charitable organisations and throughout the world. He has supported activities organised by the Lord's Taverners and worked with disabilities cricket teams with the charity and with NatWest’s Cricket has no boundaries campaign. He is an ambassador for the Taverners and launched a cricket ambassador programme for them in 2016.He has worked with youth cricket teams and in October 2017 visited Rwanda to play in a T20 cricket match to mark the opening of the Rwanda Cricket Stadium. He is a patron of cricket in Rwanda. References External links 1991 births Living people People from Pembury Alumni of Loughborough University English cricketers England Test cricketers England One Day International cricketers England Twenty20 International cricketers Loughborough MCCU cricketers Kent cricketers Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers Islamabad United cricketers Delhi Capitals cricketers Corinthian F.C. (Kent) players World XI Twenty20 International cricketers Association footballers not categorized by position Chennai Super Kings cricketers Sydney Sixers cricketers English footballers Oval Invincibles cricketers Wicket-keepers Sydney Thunder cricketers

Jeffrey Thomas (writer)

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<mask> (born October 3, 1957) is a prolific writer of science fiction and horror, best known for his stories set in the nightmarish future city called Punktown, such as the novel Deadstock (Solaris Books) and the collection Punktown (Ministry of Whimsy Press), from which a story was reprinted in St. Martin's The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror #14. His fiction has also been reprinted in Daw's The Year's Best Horror Stories XXII, The Year's Best Fantastic Fiction and Quick Chills II: The Best Horror Fiction from the Specialty Press. He has been a 2003 finalist for the Bram Stoker Award (Best First Novel) for Monstrocity, and a 2008 finalist for the John W. Campbell Award for Deadstock. Other books by <mask> include the novels Letters from Hades (Bedlam Press) and Monstrocity (Prime Books), and the novella Godhead Dying Downwards (Earthling Publications). The German edition of Punktown has cover art by H. R. Giger. <mask> is also responsible for Necropolitan Press, an independent publisher in the genres of horror, science fiction, dark fantasy, and "the unclassifiable. ", which was founded in 1993 and ceased production between 2001 and March 2008.Personal life <mask> lives in Massachusetts. His brother Scott is also an accomplished short story writer, collected in such books as Cobwebs and Whispers (Delirium Books) and Westermead (Raw Dog Screaming Press). Works Punktown Setting Punktown is a far future megalopolis, infamous for its level of crime. Originally given the name Paxton, it is described as, “a vast city established by Earth on the planet Oasis but since colonized by numerous other races as well. Even the Chooms, who had lived here before the first Earth people, had come to refer to the city by its nickname of Punktown.” Besides the indigenous Choom, human in appearance aside from wide mouths cut back to their ears, the stories often include or focus on a variety of alien races, clones, mutants, and sentient machines. The stories tend to feature common citizens as their protagonists, rather than the larger-than-life heroes of cliché science fiction, an exception being mutant private eye Jeremy Stake, protagonist of the novels Deadstock and Blue War. Beyond their grounding in science fiction, Punktown stories also notably combine elements of horror, fantasy and occasionally detective noir.<mask> has related in interviews that he first devised the city in 1980, with a handful of short stories appearing in small press publications before the collection Punktown was released in 2000. The Punktown stories are sometimes cited as early examples of the New Weird subgenre; Paul Di Filippo in Asimov's describing the initial collection as "a harbinger of the New Weird... Not that the concept of Punktown really needs any shoring-up by cliques or claques." Foreign language editions of a number of Punktown books have appeared in Germany, Russia, Poland, and Greece. Three collections of audio adaptations created by the German company Lausch. Works Novels Monstrocity (May 2003, Prime Books, 236 pages, reprinted as an ebook in Anarchy Books 2011) Everybody Scream! (January 2002, iUniverse, 212 pages) Nether: Improper Bedtime Stores (with <mask>) (June 2004, Delirium Books) Honey Is Sweeter Than Blood (June 2004, Delirium Books) (containing <mask>' contributions to Nether) Unholy Dimensions (2005, Mythos Books, 288 pages) Thirteen Specimens (Feb. 2006, Delirium Books, 291 pages) Doomsdays (Oct. 2007, Dark Regions Press, 264 pages) Nocturnal Emissions (Jul.

Theodore Morde

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<mask><mask> (May 18, 1911 – June 26, 1954), an adventurer, explorer, diplomat, spy, journalist, and television news producer best known for his unverified claim of discovering the "Lost City of the Monkey God". <mask> began his career as a radio announcer before getting into journalism. In 1940, he was hired to lead an expedition to search for the "Lost City of the Monkey God" in Honduras. After five months, he claimed to have found the city and brought thousands of artifacts back to the United States to prove it. He promised to return soon for a proper excavation, but never did, nor did he reveal the precise location of his find. <mask> spent the later years of his life as a diplomat, then a producer of news films. He took his own life in 1954.In 2013, Christopher S. Stewart wrote a book about Morde and his hunt for a legendary "lost city" that some have equated with la Ciudad Blanca. Douglas Preston's 2017 book The Lost City of the Monkey God shows that, based on Morde's own expedition journals, Morde never found any ruins and completely fabricated his story of having done so. Early life Descended from whalers, <mask><mask> was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts on March 17, 1911. After graduating from New Bedford High School, he toured Europe. Career Morde got a job as a radio announcer for WNBH in New Bedford before taking special classes at Brown University from 1935-36. He then studied with the Hamilton Wright Agency to become a journalist. He later worked at radio stations in Pawtucket, Providence, and San Francisco.As a journalist, he covered both sides of the Spanish Civil War in 1938. In 1942, he was a correspondent stationed with the British Eighth Army in Northern Africa during World War II. Around the same time, he served as general manager of Reader's Digest Near Eastern edition. In 1947, he covered the Arab side of the Palestine War. Explorer In 1940 George Gustav Heye hired <mask> to lead an expedition to Honduras for the Museum of the American Indian. Two previous expeditions, performed by R. Stuart Murray, had turned up rumors of a lost city, which according to Murray the locals called the "Lost City of the Monkey God." In addition to searching for the city, <mask>'s expedition sought to study the indigenous people of the region, further explore known archaeological sites, and chart the upper reaches of the Wampú River.After four months, <mask> and his colleague, Laurence C. Brown, emerged from the forest and sent news of a great find. "'City of the Monkey God' is believed located: Expedition reports success in Honduras expedition" read the headline of the New York Times. When they returned to the states they brought thousands of artifacts to back their claim that they had found the lost city. They described their find as the capital of an agricultural civilization of the Chorotega people. Artifacts found included blades, a flute, sculptured idols, and stone utensils. <mask> and Brown also reported seeing evidence of gold, silver, platinum, and oil in the region. According to <mask>, flooding prevented formal excavation, but he planned to return in January 1941.<mask> went on to write a colorful travelogue of his experiences titled "In the Lost City of Ancient America's Monkey God" for The American Weekly. "I am convinced that we have found the site of the legendary Lost City of the Monkey God", he began the travelogue. He described "penetrating far into little known Mosquitia Territory" and warding off "malaria, deadly snakes, vicious insects and jungle beasts" before coming upon the ruins. "Towering mountains" flanked the "ideal setting" where he discovered a walled city with a monkey god that resembled Hanuman from Hindu culture. The temple of the god was not found, but local Paya guides described what it once looked like in detail allegedly passed down from their ancestors who had seen it. When <mask> asked his guides about the Monkey God, they told him a story of a monkey who had stolen three women. In a story, the monkey and the women bred and made half-monkey half-human children.The half-breeds were hunted three at a time for revenge. A similar story was later told to American anthropologist James Taggart by Nahuat speakers. According to the stories Morde was told, the monkey god was once worshipped with human sacrifice by Chorotega people. He also described a "Dance of the Dead Monkeys", a still practiced "perverted memory of that old form of worship", according to Morde. In great detail he describes how hunters kill three monkeys apiece and put them in the fire to "dance" as the heat makes their muscles contract. He describes a second legend, "the Sacred Bird of the Chorotegans", where a beautiful queen was changed into a Margarita bird by an evil god Wampai. Morde never did return to Honduras, or reveal the precise location of his find.His city has been associated with the legend of la Ciudad Blanca in the Mosquitia region of eastern Honduras. Diplomat Morde also had ties to the OSS, and received a bronze star medal for actions in Ankara, Turkey 1943 as a Lieutenant, junior grade. After World War II, he served as a special adviser to the Egyptian Premier for the US government, and as adviser to the Egyptian Ambassador in Washington, D.C. Later in life, Morde founded Theodore Morde, Inc. to produce news films, and served as the president of Spot News Productions. Personal life <mask> was married to Gloria E. Gustafson, a model employed by the John Robert Powers Agency. The couple had two children—Christine and <mask>. Morde had a brother and a sister, and was an avid traveler. Death On June 26, 1954, Morde was found hanging from the shower stall of his parents' home in Dartmouth, Massachusetts.His death was ruled a suicide by the medical examiner. Conspiracy theorists later asserted sinister forces were behind his death. Some normally reliable sources written much later report that Morde had been run over by an automobile in London, England "shortly" after his expedition to Honduras. Legacy Jungleland In 2013, journalist Christopher S. Stewart wrote a book titled Jungleland about the legend of la Ciudad Blanca and Morde. He went to Honduras and undertook an expedition with archaeologist Christopher Begley in 2008 where he attempted to retrace Morde's steps using his original field journals. Stewart interviewed Morde's surviving family members and provided an account of his life. In 2015 archeologists discovered a "lost city" in the region, thought to be associated with the civilization discovered by Morde.At the scientists' urging, the Honduran government dispatched army forces to protect the site from looters. The Lost City of the Monkey God In his 2017 book The Lost City of the Monkey God, Douglas Preston states that <mask> fabricated all of his claims about finding a lost city. Preston obtained copies of <mask>'s expedition journals from the National Geographic Society, which had in turn obtained the journals from Morde's family in 2016. The journals, written by <mask> and Brown together, show that they never found any ruins, and indeed, they never searched for any in the first place. Their supposed archaeological expedition was actually a cover; the real purpose of the trip was to search for gold along the Río Blanco, nowhere near the reported location of the purported lost city. Their search for gold was a failure, and the men left the jungle after their supplies ran low and a storm destroyed their equipment. The artifacts the two men supposedly brought back from the lost city were acquired near Brewer's Lagoon after their return from the deep jungle.The journals do not confirm whether the story about actually finding the fantastic lost city was pre-planned from the start or improvised after their failure to locate gold, although Preston indicates that he believes it was pre-planned. On June 17, 1940, the last day of the expedition, just before emerging from the jungle, <mask> wrote, "We are convinced no great civilization ever existed up there. And there are no archaeological discoveries of importance to be made." References 1911 births 1954 deaths Explorers of Central America American ethnologists 1954 suicides Suicides by hanging in Massachusetts

Oskar Vogt

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<mask> (6 April 1870, Husum – 30 July 1959, Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German physician and neurologist. He and his wife <mask>er are known for their extensive cytoarchetectonic studies on the brain. Personal life He was born in Husum, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Vogt studied medicine at Kiel and Jena, obtaining his doctorate from Jena in 1894. The Vogts met in 1897 in Paris, and eventually married in 1899. The Vogts were close to the Krupp family. Friedrich Alfred Krupp financially supported them, and in 1898, <mask> and Cécile founded a private research institute called the Neurologische Zentralstation (Neurological Center) in Berlin, which was formally associated with the Physiological Institute of the Charité as the Neurobiological Laboratory of the Berlin University in 1902.This institute served as the basis for the 1914 formation of the Kaiser Institut für Hirnforschung (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research), of which <mask> was a director. There, he had students from many countries who went on to prominent careers including Jerzy Rose (mentor of Michael Merzenich), Valentino Braitenberg (mentor of Christof Koch), Korbinian Brodmann, Rafael Lorente de Nó and Harald Brockhaus. This institute gave rise to the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in 1945. As a clinician, Vogt used hypnotism (Stuckrade-Barre and Danek 2004) until 1903 and wrote papers on the topic. In particular, Vogt had an intense interest for localizing the origins of "genius" or traits in the brain. Family Vogt married the French neurologist Cécile <mask>-Mugnier. They met in Paris in 1897 while he was there working with Joseph Jules Dejerine and his wife, Augusta Marie Dejerine-Klumke, who collaborated with him.Because of their similar scholarly interests, the Vogts collaborated for a long period, usually with Cécile as the primary author. The Vogts had two daughters, both accomplished scientists in their own right: Marthe <mask> (1903–2003) was a neuropharmacologist who became a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Professor at Cambridge. <mask> (1913–2007) started as a developmental geneticist working in Drosophila, then moved to the US in 1950. She developed methods to culture poliovirus with Renato Dulbecco. She was a faculty member at The Salk Institute for Biological Studies where she worked on viral transformation and cellular immortalization of cancer cells. Politics Vogt was a socialist, involved with the factions led by Mme Fessard who knew him personally, and with the guesdist element of the French socialist party (Jules Guesde was at the far left wing of this party). He was never a Communist, although he did interact with the Soviets on a number of occasions.They sent him several researchers, including N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij (whom Solzhenitsyn met in the Gulag). He helped to establish the brain institute in Moscow. Vogt was opposed to the Nazi Party. Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach helped fund a small hospital in Schwarzwald near Neustadt when Vogt was dismissed in 1936 from his position with the Kaiser Wilhelm Brain Research Institute. Institutes and journals Vogt was the editor of the prominent Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie published in German, French and English which made many of the most important contributions between the two World Wars. This later became The Journal für Hirnforschung. Lenin's brain Vogt had a longstanding interest in localizing functions in the brain.In 1924, <mask> was one of the neurologists asked to consult on Lenin’s illness and was given his brain for histological study after Lenin's death. He found that Lenin's brain showed a great number of "giant cells", which Vogt saw as a sign of superior mental function. "The giant cells" were cortical pyramidal cells of unusual size. There were also particularities in layer 3. In 1925 <mask> accepted an invitation to Moscow where he was assigned the establishment of an institute for brain research under the auspices of the health ministry in Moscow. Vogt got one slice of the 30,953 slices of 20 micrometer thick of the brain, and took it home to Berlin for research purposes. Therefore, contrary to claims of two Belgian neurologists, L. Van Bogaert and A. Dewulf, the Soviets did not have to carry out a military operation specifically to retrieve the brain before the Americans obtained it.It was, for a time, put on display in the Lenin Mausoleum. The brain is still in the Moscow's Institute. Contributions The contributions of the Vogts are of the first order as their work applies to several parts of the brain and had a considerable influence on international neurological sciences. Cortex An interest in the correlation between anatomy and psychology drew the Vogts to study the cortex. The Vogts imposed the distinction between iso- and allocortex. Based on their cytoarchitectonic studies, they promoted a six-layer pattern (there were 5 for Meynert and 7 for Cajal). Thalamus <mask> made several presentations of his view of the thalamus in Paris.<mask> and Cécile further referred to the work of Constantin von Monakow in a series on the anatomy of mammals. This was not a seminal work. The main contribution of the Vogts was La myelocytoarchitecture du thalamus du cercopithèque from Cécile alone (1909). The great contribution of Cécile has been that the partition of the lateral region (lateral mass) should rely on the territories (the spaces occupied) of the main afferents. She distinguished from back to front the lemnical radiation and a particular nucleus, in front of it the cerebellar (prelemniscal) radiation with another nucleus and more anteriorly the "lenticular" radiation. This system still describes the subdivision of the thalamus (Percheron, 1977, Percheron et al. 1996).Her paper was followed by Die cytoarchitechtonik des Zwishenhirns de Cercothipiteken from Friedmann (1911) traducing in cytoarchitectonic terms, her partition. A paper published in common in 1941 (Thalamus studien I to III), devoted to the human thalamus, represented an important step in partitioning and naming thalamic parts. The anatomy of the thalamus from Hassler (one of their students) was published in 1959, the year of the death of <mask>. It is not known whether the master accepted the excessive partition and unnecessary complication of this work; it was an atlas dedicated to stereotacticans. The paper of 1941 was much simpler. Basal ganglia The Vogts greatly contributed to the analysis of what is known today as the basal ganglia system. Their main interest was on the striatum, that after Foix and Nicolesco they proposed (1941) to name so.This was including the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the fundus. Eponym The Vogt-Vogt syndrome is an extrapyramidal disturbance with double sided athetosis occurring in early childhood. Gallery Awards 1950 — National Award GRD References Schiffer, Davide, "Il Prof Vogt e i suoi celebri studi sul cervello di Lenin" (https://www.policlinicodimonza.it/prof-vogt-i-suoi-celebri-studi-sul-cervello-lenin) Spengler, Tilman (1991), Lenins Hirn, Reinbek, Rowohlt. Translated as Lenin's Brain, Farrar, Straus, Giroux books, 1993 (Romanticized history). Stukrade-Barre, S and Danek, A. (2004), "<mask> Vogt (1870–1959), hypnotist and brain researcher, husband of Cecile (1875–1962)", in: Nerven arzt 75, pp. 1038–1041 (in German) Horst-Peter Wolff (2009), Cécile und <mask> Vogt.Eine illustrierte Biographie Fürstenberg / Havel 2009 [Klagenfurter Beiträge zur Technikdiskussion, Heft 128] (https://ubdocs.aau.at/open/voll/tewi/AC08125853.pdf) External links Biography 1870 births 1959 deaths People from Husum German neurologists Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

Jackie Lacey

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<mask> (born February 27, 1957) is an American politician who served as the District Attorney of Los Angeles County from December 3, 2012 to December 7, 2020. <mask> is the first woman, and first African-American, to serve as LA District Attorney since the office was created in 1850. As a district attorney, she has been described as part of the "tough-on-crime" movement. Early life and education <mask> was born in Los Angeles and raised in the Crenshaw neighborhood. Her father, Louis Phillips, was a City of Los Angeles Lot Cleaning employee, and her mother, Addie Phillips, was a garment factory worker. <mask> attended Dorsey High School, graduated from the University of California, Irvine with a degree in psychology in 1979, and graduated from the University of Southern California Law School in 1982. Professional career <mask> joined the District Attorney's Office in 1986 as a deputy district attorney.<mask> prosecuted hundreds of criminal cases while serving as a deputy district attorney, including a successful prosecution of the first race-based hate crime murder in Los Angeles County. <mask> continued to move up through the ranks, taking on management and executive roles in the office in 2000. In 2011, she was named Chief Deputy District Attorney, the second-in-command to the District Attorney. Los Angeles County District Attorney As LA county DA, <mask> has been described as "tough on crime". During her 2020 re-election campaign, her "tough-on-crime" platform was contrasted with the criminal justice reform-minded platforms of her opponents. According to the New York Times, <mask> has "[resisted] efforts to more drastically reduce prison populations." 2012 election In June 2011, <mask> announced her candidacy for district attorney, hoping to succeed retiring incumbent Steve Cooley.In the June 2012 election, in what was considered a major upset, <mask> and criminal prosecutor Alan Jackson defeated City Attorney Carmen Trutanich, who was considered the favorite. <mask> and Jackson advanced to a November 2012 runoff election, which <mask> won with 55% of the vote. <mask> was sworn in as district attorney on December 3, 2012 by outgoing attorney Steve Cooley, in a ceremony attended by former district attorneys Gil Garcetti, Robert Philibosian, and John Van de Kamp. Industrial accidents and environmental crimes In 2014, <mask> announced that she would implement a new program that sought to improve investigations of industrial accidents and environmental crimes to help the District Attorney's Office build a stronger case against potential violations of workplace and environmental safety laws. The program assembled a new unit consisting of more than a dozen members who are sent to the sites of accidents involving deaths, injuries and threats to the environment, immediately upon notification by first responders. Launch of new units and office initiatives In 2014, <mask> announced an alternative sentencing program aimed at diverting mentally ill, low-level offenders from jail into treatment. Those who complete the treatment and any court-imposed probation will have their pending criminal charges cleared from their records.The program was designed to reduce jail overcrowding and end a revolving door for offenders with mental illness who find themselves incarcerated for relatively minor crimes. In early 2019, <mask> launched the DA's first mental health division - the first for California and possibly United States - which seeks opportunities to expand treatment and other services for mentally ill inmates in the criminal justice system. The new division works with defendants who have been declared mentally incompetent to stand trial or who are seeking alternative sentences due to their mental illnesses. <mask> founded and serves as chair of the Criminal Justice Mental Health Project for Los Angeles County, leading a multidisciplinary working group devoted to diverting people who are mentally ill out of the criminal justice system for nonviolent offenses. The project secured $150 million in funding from LA County, ensured the opening of urgent care centers as an alternative to jail for certain arrestees, and helped create a new county office of diversion and re-entry. In 2014, in partnership with the Rotary Club of Los Angeles, <mask> launched a campaign against scams targeting the elderly, in which volunteers would go to senior centers, nursing homes and other places seniors gather to give presentations about how to recognize and avoid scams, as well as pass out literature to home-bound seniors. <mask> also instituted the DA's bimonthly Fraud Alerts to educate the public about common fraud schemes targeting seniors, including counterfeit drug scams and Medicare rip-offs.In 2015, <mask> announced the creation of the Conviction Review Unit, dedicated to pursuing the innocence claims of people imprisoned for serious felonies, if new evidence is discovered. When new evidence warrants it, a formal investigation is opened to review details of the case, and the case is presented to the Conviction Review Committee, who will decide whether they doubt the original conviction. In 2017, <mask> launched the Notario Fraud Unit with the goal of prosecuting those involved in immigration service scams who pose as either attorneys, special agents, or government workers who could expedite the processing of legal documents. Since its inception, the Notario Fraud Unit has prosecuted eight major criminal cases. Forgiveness of infractions In April 2019, <mask> announced that Los Angeles County would collaborate with Code for America, a nonprofit tech organization, to identify decades-old court cases to reduce or expunge 50,000 marijuana convictions. The initiative is the result of Proposition 64, a 2016 measure that legalized marijuana possession in the state of California. As part of the measure, voters also approved erasing past marijuana-related convictions and authorizing re-sentencing for eligible offenders.Additionally, in response to the homeless population being repeatedly ticketed and arrested for minor infractions, DA <mask>, City Attorney Mike Feuer, and LAPD Chief Michel Moore agreed to “unclog” the court system of more than 300,000 older warrants and citations. The plan, known as the Fugitive Misdemeanant Recovery Program, allows law enforcement and safety officials to focus on dangerous criminals instead of time on minor infractions involving the homeless. Sexual abuse in the entertainment industry Following multiple accusations of sexual abuse against high-profile entertainment figures, <mask> created a task force of prosecutors to deal with sexual abuse crimes in the entertainment industry. In January 2020, <mask> charged former film producer Harvey Weinstein with forcible rape, forcible oral copulation, sexual penetration by force, and sexual battery by restraint. Capital punishment Even after California Gov. Gavin Newsom announced a moratorium on capital punishment in California, <mask> pursued death penalty cases. 2020 election In June 2020, amid the George Floyd protests for criminal justice reform, Eric Garcetti, the incumbent Mayor of Los Angeles rescinded his prior endorsement of <mask> as Los Angeles County District Attorney, in the lead-up to the 2020 election, where she lost to re-election to George Gascón.Representative Adam Schiff also rescinded his endorsement of <mask>. Criticism Refusal to prosecute law enforcement During her term, <mask> was heavily criticized by Black Lives Matter, the ACLU and others for failing to prosecute a single member of Los Angeles County law enforcement for murder. The criticism increased in March 2018 when <mask> refused to file charges against LAPD officer Clifford Proctor for shooting and killing Brendon Glenn three years earlier, despite LAPD Chief Charlie Beck recommending <mask> prosecute Proctor. In a statement after <mask> declined to file charges against Proctor, the ACLU of Southern California released a statement saying, in part: Refusal to prosecute Ed Buck <mask> was heavily criticized for refusing to prosecute Ed Buck, a wealthy Democratic Party donor, following the 2017 drug overdose death of a young Black man named Gemmel Moore in Buck's apartment. At the time, Los Angeles County Sheriff's deputies found "nearly two grams of methamphetamine, syringes and drug paraphernalia throughout the residence". Black and LGBTQ community activists and local attorneys called on <mask> to prosecute Buck, and Moore's family "provided authorities with substantial evidence, including the names of several other victims, that Buck engaged in a pattern of drugging, video-taping, and sexually assaulting black men." Six months after <mask> declined to prosecute Ed Buck for Gemmel Moore's death, another Black man, Timothy Dean, was found dead of a drug overdose in Buck's apartment in January 2019.Activists renewed their calls to <mask> to prosecute Buck, but again she declined. In an October 2019 meeting of the Stonewall Democratic Club, a gay rights organization in Los Angeles, <mask> claimed that Sheriff's deputies' illegal search and seizure of evidence in Buck's residence at the time of Moore's death rendered the evidence inadmissible in court, and therefore "presented a challenge" to her efforts to prosecute. She did not respond to participants' criticism that deputies should not have taken legal advice from a coroner, as <mask> claimed they had. Ed Buck was arrested in September 2019 following a 911 call by a young Black man who was experiencing an overdose of methamphetamine administered by Buck. The man was taken to a hospital and survived. <mask>'s office then charged Buck with "one felony count each of battery causing serious injury, administering methamphetamine and maintaining a drug house." In spite of Buck's eventual arrest and prosecution, Black and LGBTQ activists in Los Angeles have continued to protest <mask>, her office, and the lengthy delay in charging Buck.In February 2020, the Los Angeles New Frontier Democratic Club, “the oldest and largest African American Democratic club in the state of California”, declined to endorse <mask>'s reelection. Rep. Maxine Waters of Los Angeles and California's junior U.S. Senator Kamala Harris, both Black women, endorsed <mask>'s opponent, former San Francisco District Attorney George Gascón, in their November 2020 runoff, and Black Lives Matter activists have protested outside <mask>'s home in March, June, and July 2020. Celebrity cases <mask> has been criticized for not charging Bikram Choudhury criminally: there is a "reluctance of the district attorney to go after powerful men" as described in Netflix's 2019 documentary film, Bikram: Yogi, Guru, Predator, despite numerous women coming forward with allegations of sexual assault and rape. Her office has refused to comment publicly on their lack of action on this matter. Choudhury fled the country after receiving an arrest warrant. <mask> has similarly been criticized for inaction in the case of four women who report having been raped by actor Danny Masterson.Campaign contributions from law enforcement unions In June 2020, a group of high-profile prosecutors from California's most heavily populated counties, lobbied the California State Bar to prohibit District Attorneys from accepting donations from law enforcement unions, citing the possible conflicts of interest with respect to how district attorneys investigate, prosecute, or interact with police officers. <mask> has publicly opposed this proposed prohibition. During the 2020 Los Angeles County District Attorney primary election, law enforcement unions had contributed over 75% of the $2.2 million raised by <mask>. <mask> ultimately won a plurality of votes in the race, given broad financial support from these law enforcement unions, including Association for Los Angeles Deputy Sheriffs (ALADS) and Los Angeles Police Protective League (LAPPL). Personal life <mask> lives in the Granada Hills neighborhood with her husband, <mask>. They have two adult children, Kareem and April. <mask>'s husband David wielded a gun on March 2, 2020, when protesters came to their home to call for her resignation and knocked on their door.He was subsequently charged with three counts of assault with a firearm by the California Attorney General's Office. References 1957 births African-American lawyers African-American people in California politics African-American women in politics African-American women lawyers American women lawyers California Democrats District attorneys in California Living people People from Crenshaw, Los Angeles People from Granada Hills, Los Angeles Politicians from Los Angeles Susan Miller Dorsey High School alumni University of California, Irvine alumni USC Gould School of Law alumni 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women

Grace Weber

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<mask> (born June 28, 1988) is an American R&B singer, songwriter and producer from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. She is currently based in Los Angeles, California. Over her career, she has written for and collaborated with artists featuring Chance the Rapper, Masego, Vic Mensa, Francis and the Lights, Westside Boogie and Towkio, as well as winning a Grammy Award. <mask> has performed on national television shows including Showtime at the Apollo and The Oprah Winfrey Show. After time spent at Capitol Records, <mask> independently released her debut album, "A Beautiful Space", on June 11, 2021, which was executive produced by The Social Experiment. The lead single off the album "Feels Like Heaven" was released on February 12, 2021 and the second single "Thru the Fire" featuring American rapper, Chance the Rapper, was released on March 26, 2021. A deluxe version of the album was later released on October 27, 2021 followed by <mask>'s first ever headlining tour titled, "The Beautiful Space Tour".Early life <mask> was born on June 28, 1988 in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. Third of four children to <mask>, a lawyer, and Patricia Mueller, a teacher, she grew up in a large and musical family. Her grandfather required each of his 10 children to learn an instrument, so she was exposed to music from a young age from that family heritage. At 12, she joined the Central City Youth Gospel Choir in Milwaukee and began singing gospel in earnest at churches and revivals around the city, as the choir gave her "instant validation that [her] voice could move people." In 2004, at age 16, she performed on the nationally televised Showtime at the Apollo in Harlem, NY. That same year, she was asked to perform at soccer icon Mia Hamm and baseball player Nomar Garciaparra's wedding in Santa Barbara, California. In 2006, she was nominated for and became a Presidential Scholar for the Arts, through her receipt of the Silver Award in Popular Voice from the National Young Arts Foundation in the same year.As a part of the Presidential Scholars, <mask> performed at the Kennedy Center shortly after. Also in 2006, <mask> attended New York University's Gallatin School of Individualized Study and created a major in Music Performance and Music Marketing with a minor in Studio Art. <mask> graduated from NYU in May 2010. Music career Early career + initial projects: 2009–2015 In 2009, in her senior year at NYU, <mask> submitted a video of herself singing Aretha Franklin's "Natural Woman" to The Oprah Winfrey Show as part of its Karaoke Challenge. As one of the eight semi-finalists chosen from all entries, <mask> performed live on the Oprah Show. Hosts included Billy Ray Cyrus, Gladys Knight and Ashford and Simpson. In 2010, <mask> was named a Spotlight Artist to Watch in Billboard.Before the release of her first project, Hope & Heart, in 2011, <mask> was asked to perform at the official commemoration of the 10th anniversary of 9/11 in Paris, where she performed her original song, "Leave the Light On". Hope & Heart was released on September 13, 2011 and produced by Michael Mangini. Throughout 2012, <mask> received more press for her first project, including being an NBC "First Look" in February 2012 and Huffington Post’s A-sides with Jon Chattman performing "Hitchhiker". In 2013, <mask> began production on her second project, The Refinery. Notable singles from the project include the pop ballad "Till I Hurt You," which was the third single from the project and premiered on Conan O’Brian’s Team Coco. The Refinery and its songs received coverage from major outlets including USA Today, Lucky, Soundcheck, NPR Music, Access Hollywood, Good Day New York, Blackbook, Relix, Entertainment Weekly, Audio Tree, and Kick Kick Snare. In 2014, <mask> was featured as one of Buzzfeed's "11 Independent Musicians Who Are Making a Name for Themselves," described as "old soul with new boogie shoes."She also showcased at SXSW 2014 and was featured as one of Maxims "Hot 10". In 2015, <mask> was named one of New Music Seminars' "Artists on the Verge" along with artists like Wild Adriatic, Twin Peaks and Perfect Pussy. This development was covered by Billboard. Also in 2015, <mask> was given the prestigious honor of performing for the National Music Publishers Association's annual event in Washington, D.C. opening for Lady A. GRAMMY® win and Capitol Records signing and A Beautiful Space: 2016-present In 2016, <mask> penned "All We Got" (feat. Kanye West and Chicago Children's Choir) for Chance the Rapper's mixtape, Coloring Book, which went on to win Best Rap Album at the 2017 GRAMMY® Awards and earn <mask> her first GRAMMY® from The Recording Academy. During that time, she featured and wrote on Westside Boogie's song "Prideful" from his mixtape, Thirst 48 Part II. In 2017, she performed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, CA, alongside Francis and the Lights and Chance the Rapper.That same year she wrote on a remix of Francis and the Lights' "May I Have This Dance" featuring Chance. <mask> also released her critically acclaimed single "More Than Friends" in 2017, which received support from John Mayer and was deemed a "shining" single by UPROXX. Produced by Nate Fox and Nico Segal of The Social Experiment, "More Than Friends" further cemented their ongoing collaborative relationship (along with the group's Peter Cottontale) to craft <mask>'s debut album. <mask>'s single "Elated" followed shortly after, hailed by Billboard as a "euphoric delight." <mask> signed a major label deal with Capitol Records in 2018. She subsequently dropped a string of successful singles under the label including highlight "Mercy" featuring Vic Mensa. <mask>o's song "2 Da Moon" alongside Teddy Jackson around this time.Later in 2018, she toured with Chance the Rapper as part of Lollapalooza and more noteworthy acts including Thirdstory and PJ Morton on his "More Gumbo" North American Fall 2018 Tour. In June 2018, she made her first appearance on NPR Music's Tiny Desk Concert alongside GoldLink. 2019 saw the R&B prodigy embark on a new journey as an independent artist, starting with the single "Young Love Games." In the summer of 2020, <mask> released her debut EP "How Did We Get Here," which featured standout tracks like "Crazy to Hope" featuring Masego. The EP was praised as "a master class in moving production, radiant vocals and engrossing lyrics" by the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. The lead single off her highly-anticipated debut album "Feels Like Heaven" "celebrates newfound artistic freedom," according to American Songwriter. The album's follow-up single "Thru the Fire" features Chance the Rapper and was released on March 26, 2021.COMPLEX called it "powerful," noting that it puts "her voice on full display." On June 11, 2021, she announced her debut album, titled "A Beautiful Space" executive produced by The Social Experiment. <mask>'s Music Lab Started by <mask> in 2016, The Music Lab is a free monthly music and arts education program and talent accelerator for Milwaukee high school students hosted by musician and DJ, B-Free. At The Music Lab, students have the opportunity to learn about the music and entertainment industries through featured guests. They are also given the opportunity to collaborate, perform, and build relationships with their peers. Currently, <mask>'s Music Lab is one of four grantees nation-wide to receive funding from the U.S. Presidential Scholars Foundation. Musical influences In terms of her singing, <mask> has noted influences including "strong women": Eva Cassidy, Mariah Carey, Celine Dion and India Arie, whereas her songwriting is inspired by poets including Joni Mitchell, Thom York and Patty Griffin.Discography Projects Hope & Heart (2011) The Refinery (2014) EPs How Did We Get Here (2020) Albums A Beautiful Space (2021) A Beautiful Space (Deluxe) (2021) References External links 1988 births Living people People from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin New York University alumni Musicians from Wisconsin Songwriters from Wisconsin

J. Quinn Brisben

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<mask> (September 6, 1934 – April 17, 2012) was an American teacher, author, and political activist from Chicago, Illinois. <mask> was on the Socialist Party USA's presidential ticket twice. He was the party's vice-presidential nominee in 1976 alongside former Milwaukee mayor Frank P. Zeidler. In 1992, he returned to SPUSA's ticket when he ran as a candidate for president of the United States. Background <mask> was born September 6, 1934, to Olive and <mask> of Enid, Oklahoma. He grew up during the Dust Bowl era with his brother, <mask>, matriculating through Enid Public Schools and graduating Enid High School in 1952. While in Enid he worked for the Enid News & Eagle and radio station KCRC.He also studied at Phillips University. He met Andrea Rosaaen, a needlepoint artist, while studying at the University of Oklahoma. He graduated from the College of Arts and Sciences in 1955, and she from the College of Fine Arts in 1954. They married in 1955 and then lived for some time in Madison, Wisconsin while he studied for his graduate degree at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He was an agnostic. Teaching career J<mask> <mask> taught history and social studies for 32 years at the high school and middle school level, including briefly in Gurnee, Illinois before relocating to Chicago, where he taught at Mason Upper Grade Center, Thomas Kelly High School and Harlan High until his retirement in 1990. He served several terms as a representative in the American Federation of Teachers, Local 1, and frequently served on strike committees.He received several teaching awards, including being named Teacher of the Year by Teachers for Integrated Schools in 1964. Activism J<mask> <mask> was active as an ally in many social movements during his lifetime, beginning with the Civil Rights Movement. <mask> took part in the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964—where he was briefly jailed—and in several Southern Christian Leadership Conference-sponsored activities in Alabama from 1965 to 1967. As a student at the University of Oklahoma in the 1950s, <mask> was once physically attacked for being the first white member of the local NAACP chapter. He was active in the anti-Vietnam War movement and served as a boycott captain for the United Farm Workers. In July 1990, he and Andrea helped smuggle 3,000 condoms donated by ACT-UP Chicago to the Moscow Lesbian and Gay Union. Around the time of his run for president in 1992, <mask> had been primarily involved in the disability rights movement, with American Disabled for Attendant Programs Today (ADAPT), even serving three days in an Orlando jail for taking part in an ADAPT demonstration.He was arrested 22 times as a political activist. Socialist Party USA <mask> had been a member of the Socialist party since 1959. He attempted to run for mayor of Chicago in 1975 via a write-in campaign after failing gain enough signatures to be placed on the ballot. 1976 Vice Presidential campaign <mask> was Frank P. Zeidler's vice presidential running mate in 1976 for the Socialist Party USA. The Miami Herald reported that <mask> traveled via Amtrak across the country speaking to small groups of socialists. On the trail, he was described as speaking with "an unpretentious charm which combines a down-home practicality and a simple humor." Only on a handful of state ballots because of the difficulty and expense of the process, Zeidler/Brisben received 6,038 votes.That election was the first time the Socialist Party had run a presidential candidate since the 1956. 1992 Presidential campaign <mask> and his running mate Bill Edwards were nominated at the 1991 Socialist Party USA convention. However, Edwards died during the campaign and writer Barbara Garson was selected to replace him on the ballot. In March 1992, <mask> participated in a presidential debate with other minor party and independent presidential candidates, which was aired on C-SPAN. The <mask> ticket appeared on the ballots of Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia; ultimately, they received 3,071 votes. Works <mask> published three poetry collections, and a novel, V for Victory Blues. He also contributed interviews to four books written by Studs Terkel, and to the 2003 anthology Queer Crips he contributed a story entitled "A Wedding Celebration" about the gay couple Erik von Schmetterling and <mask> who were his fellow activists with ADAPT.He also wrote many articles for the Monthly Review and other journals. Interviews The writer Studs Terkel, a friend, interviewed <mask> in four of his books: The Great Divide: Second Thoughts on the American Dream (1988) Race: What Blacks and Whites Think and Feel About the American Obsession (1992). Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Reflections on Death, Rebirth and Hunger for a Faith (2001) Hope Dies Last: Keeping the Faith in Difficult Times (2003) Poetry collections Novels and stories Journal articles <mask>, <mask>. (1997). "Surviving in Tough Country." Monthly Review. 49.59. 10.14452/MR-049-07-1997-11_9. <mask>, <mask>. (1999). "Mass Movements Need Mass History." Monthly Review. 50.55. 10.14452/MR-050-08-1999-01_8. <mask>, <mask>. (1998). "The Cicerone at Antietam." Michigan Quarterly Review. 37.236–237. <mask>, J<mask>. "Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-65." Monthly Review, Jan. 1999, p. 55+. Gale Document Number: GALE|A53972893 <mask>, J<mask>. "The Children." Monthly Review, Jan. 1999, p. 55+.Gale Document Number: GALE|A53972894 J<mask> <mask> (1965) A HISTORY OF RACISM, Equity & Excellence in Education, 3:1, 36–37, DOI: 10.1080/0020486650030108 <mask>, J<mask>. "No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement." Monthly Review, Nov. 1993, p. 61+. Gale Document Number: GALE|A14541332 <mask>, J. <mask>. "Red Dirt: Growing Up Okie." Monthly Review, Dec. 1997, p. 59+. Gale Document Number: GALE|A20348067 <mask>, J. <mask>."ADAPT sets a good example." Monthly Review, Feb. 1992, p. 35+. Gale Document Number: GALE|A11832060 <mask>, J<mask>. "Witness Against the Beast: William Blake and the Moral Law." Monthly Review, Sept. 1994, p. 59+. Gale Document Number: GALE|A15823658 <mask>, J<mask>. "A Wedding Celebration" Bent: A Journal of Crip/Gay Voices.Nov. 2001. Death J<mask> <mask> died at his apartment in Chicago, Illinois on April 17, 2012. Andrea was born in 1932, and they were married in 1955, a union that lasted 56 years. They had a daughter named Becky and a son named Michael. Andrea founded Changing Woman Designs, a needlepoint pattern company, in 1991 which she ran until her death on August 5, 2016. References 1935 births 2012 deaths 20th-century American politicians Activists for African-American civil rights American Federation of Teachers people American civil rights activists American people with disabilities Illinois socialists Members of the Democratic Socialists of America Oklahoma socialists Poets from Oklahoma Politicians from Enid, Oklahoma Socialist Party USA presidential nominees Socialist Party USA vice presidential nominees Candidates in the 1992 United States presidential election 1976 United States vice-presidential candidates University of Oklahoma alumni University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni Writers from Enid, Oklahoma Enid High School alumni Writers from Chicago

Deepak Maheshwari

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<mask> () is an Indian former judge of the Hon'ble High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan. He was administered oath on 11 April 2016 by the then Chief Justice S.K. Mittal of the Rajasthan High Court. He worked at the Principal Bench of the High Court in Jodhpur as well as its Circuit Bench in Jaipur. He also served as the Chairperson of the Solid Waste Management Committee established by National Green Tribunal (NGT), New Delhi for Rajasthan and now presides over domestic as well as international commercial arbitrations, mainly in Rajasthan. Early life and education Born on 28 July 1956 at Ajmer. His father <mask> is a (Retd.)Deputy Director of Education, Rajasthan and mother Late Smt. Saroj Kumari Maheshwari was (Retd.) Additional Director of Education, Rajasthan. As a student, he was always arduous in academics and was a keen debater throughout his education which made him win various awards. After attending Government College, Ajmer in 1975 where he pursued B.Sc. (Hons.) in Mathematics, he took admission to Law Faculty in the University of Rajasthan, Jaipur and obtained a first class degree in L.L.B in the year 1978.Career <mask> joined Rajasthan Judicial Service (RJS) in the first attempt in 1980 at the young age of 24. Thereafter, he served at various places and positions in the districts of Jaipur, Dholpur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Sirohi, Bharatpur, Dausa etc. He was promoted to Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service (RHJS) in the year 1999 and thereafter served at Bhilwara, Udaipur, Sikar, Jodhpur and Jaipur during which he also discharged duties in the Special Courts of SC/ST, Women Atrocities etc. and later, assumed the charge of District & Sessions Judge, Jaipur Metropolitan. He was assigned some prestigious positions like Registrar (Administration), Registrar (Vigilance), Registrar (Examination) and OSD (Finance & Infrastructure) in the Hon'ble High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan and he also served as Principal Secretary (Law & Legal Affairs Dept.) to the Government of Rajasthan along with additional charges. 2014 Lawyers' strike In 2014, when <mask> was District & Sessions Judge, Jaipur Metropolitan, he came to the rescue of entire lower judiciary in the state by protecting his subordinate Additional District and Sessions Judge Mahendra Singh Chaudhary on 7 July 2014 who felt offended by a group of lawyers attempting to pressurize him to recall a judicial order passed against an advocate Bharat Bhushan Pareek evicting him from a tenanted premises of an old couple.By taking a bold step, Judge Chaudhary brought it on record and called it contemptuous. The order was supported by <mask> despite protest and threats from the Bar. It triggered a complete strike on 9 July 2014 by around one lakh lawyers in 800 courts across the state demanding transfer of both the judges by calling their actions anti-lawyer activities. Some serious allegations of corruption were also leveled against both the judges. Nonetheless, <mask>, being the senior most officer of the district judiciary, boldly led from the front against unethical elements of the Bar who brought disrepute to the institution. On 14 July, the then Rajasthan High Court Judge Bela M. Trivedi took suo moto cognizance of the strike and issued a contempt notice to the group of lawyers for making a mountain out of a molehill to go on strike. That made the lawyers include Bela M. Trivedi's transfer too the main demand to end the strike.Subsequently, Supreme Court Bench of Justices Sudhanshu Jyoti Mukhopadhyaya and S.A. Bobde had to intervene in the matter on 4 August which told Jaipur lawyer Bharat Bhushan Pareek, an appellant in an eviction decree against him for a flat and a basement in a prime Jaipur locality: "First end the strike and then come to us on August 8." A Bench of Justices Dipak Misra and Vikramajit Sen also issued notices to the Bar Council of India, the State Bar Council of Rajasthan, and the Jaipur High Court Bar Association to appear before the Supreme Court on 9 September 2014 to explain the ongoing strike. Simultaneously, clash erupted between two groups of advocates in Rajasthan when one group decided to call off the ongoing strike and resume work in courts while the other group pressed upon boycotting the work till the time both the judges Chaudhary and Maheshwari in Jaipur were transferred. Finally, the strike was called off by the Advocate General N. M. Lodha on 14 September after 68 days of absence from work. While none of the judges was transferred as demanded, the worst blow of the strike was suffered by the litigants and undertrial prisoners who had to present their cases themselves in courts since the advocates did not appear. <mask>'s solidarity with the lower judiciary in securing its independence was appreciated in this whole incidence and he was admired for keeping up the rule of law laid down by the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India that strike by advocates is illegal. Representations and other positions held Conference on 'Gender Justice' organized by the British Council in 2000 Represented Government of Rajasthan in 2015 for the course on "Legislative Drafting" organized by the University College of London in association with the British High Commission in London, United Kingdom Member representative for the Government of Rajasthan at the National Seminar on "Narcotic Drugs Challenges and Solutions" organized by National Legal Services Authority and State Legal Services Authority, Himachal Pradesh in 2015 Was Ex-officio Member, Governing Council, National Law University, Jodhpur Personal life Apart from law, he has profound interest in spiritualism and is a passionate nature lover.His father Shri K. N<mask> runs a charitable trust to educate the poor children living in the streets in which his wife is also a trustee. Daughter Purva is married and son Naman is an advocate practicing in the Supreme Court of India. References External links Official website 20th-century Indian judges Living people Government College Umuahia alumni University of Rajasthan alumni People from Ajmer 1956 births

Coloman of Galicia

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<mask> of Halych (; ; 1208 – 1241) was the rulerfrom 1214 prince, and from 1215 or 1216 to 1221 kingof Halych, and duke of Slavonia from 1226 to his death. He was the second son of Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania. His father and Leszek the White, Duke of Poland, concluded an agreement about the marriage of Coloman and Leszek's daughter, Salomea, and the division of Halych, allotting its western regions to Leszek, the remaining lands to Coloman. The Hungarian and Polish armies occupied the principality in late 1214. Andrew II appointed a Hungarian nobleman, Benedict the Bald, to administer it on Coloman's behalf. Coloman was crowned the first king of Halych with the pope's authorization in early 1216. After the Hungarian troops occupied the western Galician territories, Leszek made an alliance with Mstislav Mstislavich, Prince of Novgorod.Mstislav invaded Halych, forcing Coloman and his supporters to flee to Hungary, most probably in early 1219. Mstislav supported his son-in-law, Daniel Romanovichwho had claimed Halych since 1205to invade Polish territories, which brought about a reconciliation between Andrew II and Leszek. The Hungarians and Poles again occupied Halych and restored it to Coloman in the autumn of 1219. Mstislav and his Cuman allies defeated the Hungarians near Halych and captured Coloman and Salomea in August 1221. To secure their release, Andrew II renounced Halych and arranged a marriage alliance between his youngest son, Andrew, and Mstislav's daughter. Coloman returned to Hungary in late 1221 or 1222. He settled in Szepes (now Spiš in Slovakia) where he had held large estates since the late 1210s.Andrew II made him duke of Slavonia, with jurisdiction also in Croatia and Dalmatia, in 1226. He cooperated with his eldest brother, Béla, in revising their father's donations already during Andrew II's lifetime. Early life Coloman was the second son of Andrew II of Hungary and his first wife, Gertrude of Merania. Andrew's father (Coloman's grandfather), Béla III of Hungary, was the first king of Hungary to conquer the Principality of Halych in 1188. Béla granted Halych to the teenager Andrew, but Andrew was unpopular, especially because his troops did not respect the Galicians' Orthodox faith. The Galicians expelled him in 1189 or 1190, but he did not abandon his claim to Halych. After Roman Mstislavich, who had united the principalities of Volhynia and Halych under his rule, died fighting against the Poles in 1205, Andrew launched a military campaign against Halych in almost each year.He adopted the title of "King of Galicia and Lodomeria" in token of his claim to both principalities. Initially, he supported Roman Mstislavich's minor sons, Daniel and Vasilko Romanovich, against Vladimir Igorevich and his brothers, who also claimed Halych. <mask> was born in 1208. According to historians Márta Font and Gábor Barabás, he was named most probably for <mask> of Stockerau, an Irish pilgrim who had been martyred in Austria in 1012. <mask>'s mother showed blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers, which outraged the native lords. She was murdered by a group of Hungarian noblemen in September 1213, shortly after her husband departed for a new military campaign against Halych. Andrew returned to Hungary, but only after appointing a Galician boyar (or nobleman), Vladislav Kormilichich, to lead the Hungarian army to Halych.Kormilichich took control of the principality on Andrew's behalf. Leszek the White, Duke of Poland, granted asylum to Daniel and Vasilko Romanovich and made an alliance with princes Alexandr Vsevolodovich of Vladimir and Mstislav Yaroslavich of Peresopnytsia. They invaded Halych and routed Kormilichich, but they could not capture the capital of the principality. In a letter to Pope Innocent III, Andrew stated that Galician boyars had proposed him to grant Halych to Coloman. According to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle, Leszek the White was the first to suggest the same idea, also proposing his daughter, Salomea, to Coloman. Andrew and Leszek had a meeting in Szepes in the autumn of 1214. They reached a compromise, which included the marriage of Coloman and Salomea and the cession of two western Galician towns, Przemyśl and Lubaczów, to Leszek.The Hungarian and Polish armies invaded the principality and put an end to Vladislav Kormilichich's rule before the end of the year. Halych <mask> was installed in Halych soon after the fall of Kormilichich. Since Coloman was a minor, Benedict the Bald was appointed to administer the principality. Another Hungarian nobleman, Demetrius Aba, was made the master of the stewards in Coloman's court before 1216. Kormilichich's former ally, Sudislav, was one of the leading Galician boyars who supported Coloman. Andrew sent a letter to Pope Innocent, requesting him to authorize John, Archbishop of Esztergom to anoint Coloman as king. In his next letter, Andrew thanked the pope for giving consent to Coloman's coronation, but also informed him that a riot had broken out against Coloman and the rebels laid siege to Halych.Andrew urged Innocent to send a legate and a golden crown to Coloman to strengthen the legitimacy of his rule. Pope Honorius III mentioned in a letter in 1222 that the Archbishop of Esztergom had crowned Coloman "with the blessing of the Holy See", but the circumstances of the ceremony are unknown. Historians Font, Barabás and Karol Hollý inferred from the correspondence that Coloman was most probably crowned twice: first (in late 1214 or early 1215) with a provisional crown in Hungary, later (probably in early 1216) with the crown sent by the pope. Other historiansincluding Tibor Almási, Nataša Procházková and Đura Hardiconclude that <mask> was first anointed, and he was only once crowned, in early 1216. The relationship between Andrew and Leszek the White had meanwhile become tense. Leszek granted Vladimir-in-Vohynia, which was the most prestigious princely seat in Volhynia, to Daniel and Vasilko Romanovich. He also failed to support Coloman during the siege of Halych.The Hungarian army invaded western Galicia and captured Przemyśl and Lubaczów in late 1215 or early 1216. Leszek approached Mstislav Mstislavich, Prince of Novgorod, seeking his assistance against the Hungarians. The reconstruction of the ensuing events is difficult, because their dating is uncertain. Mstislav invaded Halych between 1215 and 1219most probably in early 1219, according to Font and Barabásand forced <mask>, Benedict the Bald and Sudislav to flee to Hungary. Mstislav gave his daughter, Anna, in marriage to Daniel Romanovich who soon occupied the lands between the rivers Wieprz and Bug from Leszek. Outraged by Daniel's attack, Leszek made a new alliance with Andrew II. Their united forces defeated Mstislav's army in three battles in October 1219.Mstislav and Daniel were forced to abandon Halych and Coloman returned to the principality. Andrew most probably made Sudislav's son-in-law, Philnius, the commander of the Hungarian army in Halych around this time, according to Font and Barabás. Mstislav hired Cumans and again invaded Halych in late 1220 or early 1221, but could not capture the capital. Mstislav's fiasco encouraged Philnius to join Leszek's campaign against Volhynia, leaving Coloman and Salomea in the newly fortified Church of the Virgin Mary in Halych. Taking advantage of the absence of the bulk of the Hungarian army, Mstislav and the Cumans laid siege Halych in August 1221. Philnius hurried back from his campaign, but Mstislav defeated his army and he could only flee with the help of a Galician boyar, Zhiroslav on 14 August. <mask>'s retainers tried to resist in the fortified church, but the lack of water forced them to surrender.The Polish chronicler, Jan Długosz, wrote that <mask> and Salomea were imprisoned in the fortress of Torchesk. Internal strifes in Hungary prevented Coloman's father from launching a military expedition against Mstislav. Andrew entered into negotiations with Mstislav and they reached a compromise in late 1221 or early 1222. According to the agreement, Coloman was to renounce the title of King of Halych, but Mstislav agreed to give his daughter, Maria, in marriage to Coloman's younger brother, Andrew, to whom Coloman's royal title would be transferred. Kingdom of Hungary Szepes After his release in late 1221 or early 1222, Coloman returned to Hungary. His father soon approached Pope Honorius III, asking him to invalidate his agreement with Mstislav. The pope only cancelled the provision about the transfer of Coloman's royal title to his younger brother, because the pope preserved the right to decide about coronations.Coloman styled himself "King of Galicia" till the end of his life, although he never returned to Halych. He and his wife settled in Szepes, near the Hungarian-Galician border. Font and Barabás say that Coloman had received estates in the region already in the late 1210s. A late source (a 1279 letter of Elizabeth the Cuman) mentioned that Coloman had held Szepes till the end of his life. <mask>'s activities in Szepes are poorly documented. He granted privileges to the "guest settlers" in Szepesolaszi (now Spišské Vlachy in Slovakia). He made donations to the Cistercian monastery which was established in the 1220s in Szepes.Coloman also supported the establishment of the Premonstratensian provostry at Jászó (now Jasov in Slovakia). According to a scholarly theory, the tower of the Szepes Castle was built on Coloman's order. Slavonia Andrew II entrusted Coloman with the government of Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia in 1226. The three provinces had been administered by Coloman's elder brother, Béla, who was appointed to administer Translyvania. Coloman's jurisdiction also included counties located in Hungary proper, such as Baranya, Pozsega, Somogy, Valkó, Varasd and Zala. In the summer of 1226, <mask> visited Dalmatia where he was ceremoniously received in the towns. He made donations to the Bishopric of Trogir and confirmed his mother's grant to the Hájszentlőrinc Chapter.His following extant diplomas were issued in 1229. Estates located in Szepes were the subjects of both diplomas, implying that Coloman had mostly stayed in Szepes from 1226 to 1229, according to Font and Barabás. Coloman supported Béla's attempts to revise their father's grants already during Andrew II's lifetime. The two brothers jointly confirmed a grant made by a previous ban of Croatia in 1231. Coloman ignored the privileges of the Knights Templar and wanted to collect taxes on their estates. The pope appointed Bartholomew le Gros, the bishop of Pécs, to arbitrate in the dispute together with the abbot of Pécsvárad Abbey and the provost of Pécs Chapter, but also forbade them to excommunicate Coloman without his special authorization. The three prelates persuaded Coloman to confirm the knights' privileges on 31 July 1231, but a full reconciliation was reached only after lengthy negotiations in 1239.<mask> granted liberties to the German, Saxon, Hungarian and Slavic "guest settlers" of Vukovar in 1239. He also confirmed the right of the "guest settlers" of Varaždin to elect their judges and put their obligations in writing. <mask> initiated the merger of the Archbishopric of Split and the Bishopric of Zagreb, but Pope Gregory IX reminded him in 1240, that the two dioceses could not be united without the consent of the archbishop of Kalocsa and the chapters of their sees. In 1231, <mask> granted privileges to Vukovar (). <mask>, similarly to his brother, opposed his father's third marriage with Beatrice d'Este and following the death of King Andrew II (21 September 1235) they accused their young stepmother of adultery. Pope Gregory IX persuaded him to pursue the heretics in his provinces and in the adjacent territories; therefore he invaded and occupied Bosnia and Zachlumia but he could not wind up Bogomilism. He supported the establishment of the Diocese of Bosnia and he granted Đakovo () to its bishop.When he was informed that the Mongols invaded the kingdom, he joined his brother's troops. However, their troops were defeated at the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241). <mask> suffered serious wounds and died of his injuries a few weeks after the battle. Titles <mask> was styled "by the Grace of God, king of the Ruthenians, and by his glorious father's generosity, duke of Dalmatia and Croatia" in his first extant charter in 1226. Göncöl, Archbishop of Split, referred to <mask> as "king and duke of Slavonia" in 1229. The first document mentioning <mask>'s rule in "whole Slavonia" was issued by the Zagreb Chapter in 1230. He was consequently styled as "king, and duke of whole Slavonia" from the late 1230s.Ancestry Notes References Sources External links 1208 births 1241 deaths House of Árpád Kings of Rus' Dukes of Slavonia 13th-century Hungarian people 13th century in Ukraine 13th century in Kievan Rus' Hungarian princes Hungarian military personnel killed in the Mongol invasion of Europe

Prudent de Narbonne

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<mask>rbonne (, died ) was a Christian deacon who was martyred in Narbonne in what is now France in the 3rd century. He is venerated by the Catholic Church as a saint. His relics are said to have effected various miracles. They were found in a church in Narbonne and taken to Bèze Abbey in 883. They were held for safe keeping during the Norman invasions in the cathedral of Saint-Étienne de Dijon, then returned to the abbey. Later they were restored to Narbonne, and are held in an elaborate reliquary in Narbonne Cathedral. Life <mask> was a deacon who was martyred in Narbonne in the 3rd century.He came from a noble family of Narbonne and was raised as a Christian. He studied literature with great success, and was made a deacon. He may have been a victim of the persecution of Valerian in 257. A 19th-century biographer writes that he shone in the assembly of the faithful like the sun at noon by the brilliancy of his teaching and the sanctity of his life, which was shown by many miracles. This caused some people to hate him. They loaded him with chains, cruelly tortured him and broke his skull with a mason's hammer on 7 September 257. It is not recorded whether his murderers were barbarians or Roman soldiers.Relics H.M. Duplus in his Vie des Saints du diocèse de Dijon (1866) relates that the Christians buried <mask> in a sepulcher, but his enemies pulled the body out and exposed it to be devoured by the birds of prey and scavenging animals. However, God removed the animals and the Christians reburied the saint secretly. Later they put the holy relics in a tomb and raised a small church above it. This church was burned by the Saracens in the 8th century and its revenues given by Charles Martel (c. 686–741) to one of his soldiers. On 6 October 883 Geilon, bishop of Langres, gave Bèze Abbey the relics of Saint Prudent, which he had brought back after his pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain. Geilon was bishop of Langres from 880 to 887. He stole the body during the extraordinary conditions in Aquitaine at the time.He had found it in a church in Narbonne, where the saint was little respected. Geilon also brought back an arm of the apostle Saint James and many other sacred relics, some of which he deposited in his cathedral and some at Bèze. When marauding Normans approached in 887 the monks of Bèze transported the body of Saint Prudent to the cathedral of Saint-Étienne de Dijon. The Chronicle of Bèze, edited by a monk named Jean in the 12th century, describes the flight of the monks from the Normans with Saint Prudent's relics to the cathedral in the fortified town of Dijon. The chronicle records that other relics were also deposited in Dijon for several years, including those of Saint Medardus of Soissons and Saint Silvin. After peace was restored the body of Saint Prudent, now accompanied by those of Saint Silvin and Anglia, his intimate, was returned to Bèze on 23 September 921 by Bishop Guarnerius. The Acts of St.Prudent, written by the monk Thibaud in the 12th century, gives a more elaborate story. Under the protection of Richard, Duke of Burgundy, the bodies of several saints were found in Dijon, including that of Prudent, which remained there for thirty years. The monks rebuilt the ruins of the abbey and asked for the saint's body from Dijon. The canons of Dijon at first refused, then at the command of Bishop Gauthier (Guarnerius) of Langres pretended to comply, but in fact gave the monks the body of Saint Silvin. The canons wanted to keep the body of Prudent due to its ability to perform miracles, whereas the relics of Saint Silvin were much less effective. A few days later Prudent himself appeared to the bishop and made a long speech in which he denounced the hoax. The ruse was discovered, and the body of Saint Prudent was carried with great ceremony from Dijon to Bèze in 931.Saint <mask> <mask>rbonne's worship was important to Bèze in the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries. On 8 June 1116 the body of Saint Prudent was taken to the great debate between Lux and Til-Châtel arranged by Jocerand(fr), Bishop of Langres under the presidency of Guy of Burgundy, Archbishop of Vienne, who was later pope under the name of Callixtus II, to put an end to the quarrels, lawsuits and other evils from which the province was suffering. Prudent's body was placed under a temple of greenery with several other saints, and performed great miracles. In 1675 parcels of the relics of Saint Prudent were given to the church of Châtillon-sur-Seine. In 1686 they were given to the city of Narbonne. Reliquary The relics of the saint are held today in Narbonne Cathedral. The reliquary is an octagonal case made of engraved crystal, embossed silver, painted ivory and many garnets and intaglios, mostly antique.This type of case was given to a bride as a place to keep her jewelry. The base rests on ten crystal balls. The angles are in the form of small columns. There is a small drawer in the upper level. The engravings on the crystal plates on the sides and on the lid are finely executed and depict sea scenes, the four seasons, Faith, Justice and a landscape. Mansart <mask>, an inspector of the Monuments historiques, states that the box is of Italian origin and belonged to <mask>' Medici. This seems to be incorrect.It would have originally belonged to a member of the family of Noël-François-Marie d'<mask> <mask>, grand archdeacon of the cathedral during the time of Bishop Arthur Richard Dillon. It would have then been bequeathed to the Église Saint-Sébastien in Narbonne, and the archdeacon would have deposited the relics of Saint Prudent in the box. During the French Revolution the reliquary was taken by the archdeacon to the Ricardelle family estate, where it remained hidden with the other relics of the cathedral until the restoral of the church. It was then taken back to Narbonne Cathedral by the sister of the archdeacon, who had died. Memories The saint's day is 6 October. The monk Teobaudus (died 1130) wrote the Miracula Sancti Prudentii, which described the miraculous cures that had been effected by the relics of Saint Prudent. <mask> <mask> is mentioned in the prayer to Notre-Dame du Pont de Narbonne, diocese of Carcassonne.There is a stone statue of <mask> in Malange, near Dole, Jura, from the 15th century. Notes Sources 257 deaths People from Aude Ancient Christianity Ante-Nicene Christian martyrs Ante-Nicene Christian saints

Wakako Yamauchi

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<mask> (October 23, 1924 – August 16, 2018) was a Japanese American writer. Her plays are considered pioneering works in Asian-American theater. Biography <mask> (née Nakamura) was born in Westmorland, California. Her mother and father, both Issei, or first-generation Japanese immigrants, were farmers in California's Imperial Valley. Many of her stories and her two plays, And the Soul Shall Dance and The Music Lessons, are set in the same dusty, isolated settings". Her plays and stories examine the hardships that Japanese Americans faced in California's agricultural communities and in the internment camps during the second World War. In 1942, at seventeen, <mask> and her family were interned at the Poston, Arizona camp; the title of her play 12-1-A refers to the family's address in the War Relocation Authority camp.While there, she worked on the camp newspaper, the Poston Chronicle, alongside fellow writer Hisaye Yamamoto (with whom Yamauchi would maintain a lifelong friendship). After a year and a half in Poston, Yamauchi resettled outside camp, first in Utah and then in Chicago, where she began to take in interest in theater. In 1948, she married <mask>, with whom she had one child before the couple divorced. She returned to the Los Angeles area, where she studied painting at Otis Art Institute (now called Otis College of Art and Design) and continued to write. Her first published story, And the Soul Shall Dance, appeared in Aiiieeeee! An Anthology of Asian-American Writers. Encouraged by East West Players director Mako, she soon after adapted the story into a play.The stage version of And the Soul Shall Dance was first performed at the East West Players in Los Angeles in 1974, and won the 1977 Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for best new play. It was later produced for public television. Rosebud and Other Stories, a collection of stories she wrote in her seventies and eighties, was edited by Lillian Howan and published by University of Hawai'i Press in 2010. A collection of her plays and stories was published in 1994 under the title Songs My Mother Taught Me: Stories, Plays and Memoir. In 2018, <mask> died in Gardena, California at the age of 93. Works Some of <mask>'s best-known short stories depict the tensions between the aspirations of Issei women and the patriarchal norms of Issei culture. The stories And the Soul Shall Dance and Songs My Mother Taught Me both depict Issei women struggling to fulfill ambitions that contradict traditional gender roles.And the Soul Shall Dance represents one of the most straightforward depictions of an Issei woman's rebellion. By depicting the complex relationships among the female characters, Yamauchi portrays Issei women's resistance and containment. See also List of Asian American writers Japanese American internment References Scholarly studies The following articles are listed in the MLA database and are arranged from most recent to oldest: "A Dying Reed by the Riverbed," in The Impossible Land:Story and Place in California's Imperial Valley (University of New Mexico press, 2008): pp. 105–128. "<mask> Yamauchi" By: Jew, Kimberly M.. pp. 343–47 IN: Madsen, Deborah L. (ed. and introd.); Asian American Writers. Detroit, MI: Gale; 2005. "'A Few Footprints of Our Sojourn Here': A Conversation with <mask> <mask>" By: Clem, Billy. pp. 313–29 IN: Alonso Gallo, Laura P. (ed. and introd. ); Voces de América/American Voices: Entrevistas a escritores americanos/Interviews with American Writers.Cádiz, Spain: Aduana Vieja; 2004. Luce Irigaray's Choreography with Sex and Race By: Mori, Kaori; Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 2002 July; 63 (1): 189. State U of New York, Buffalo, 2002. (examines And the Soul Shall Dance) "And the Soul Shall Dance by <mask> Yamauchi" By: Sumida, Stephen H.. pp. 221–32 IN: Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia (ed. and introd. ); Sumida, Stephen H. (ed.and introd. ); A Resource Guide to Asian American Literature. New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America; 2001. "Jungian and Mythological Patterns in <mask> <mask>'s And the Soul Shall Dance" By: Osumi, M. Dick; Amerasia Journal, 2001; 27 (1): 87-96. "'Nostalgia' or 'Newness': Nihon Buyo in the United States" By: Sellers-Young, Barbara; Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory, 2001; 12 (1 [23]): 135-49. "The Politics of Re-Narrating History as Gendered War: Asian American Women's Theater" By: Hara, Eriko; Journal of American and Canadian Studies, 2000; 18: 37-49. "Hisaye Yamamoto and <mask> Yamauchi" By: Cheung, King-Kok.pp. 343–82 IN: Cheung, King-Kok (ed. and introd. ); Words Matter: Conversations with Asian American Writers. Honolulu, HI: U of Hawaii P, with UCLA Asian American Studies Center; 2000. "A MELUS Interview: <mask> Yamauchi" By: Osborn, William P.; MELUS, 1998 Summer; 23 (2): 101-10. online The Politics of Life: Four Plays by Asian American Women By: Houston, Velina Hasu (ed.). Philadelphia: Temple UP; 1993.(contains <mask>'s plays The Chairman's Wife and 12-1-A) "Rebels and Heroines: Subversive Narratives in the Stories of <mask> <mask> and Hisaye Yamamoto" By: Yogi, Stan. pp. 131–50 IN: Lim, Shirley Geok-lin (ed. & introd. ); Ling, Amy (ed. & introd. ); Kim, Elaine H.(fwd. ); Reading the Literatures of Asian America. Philadelphia: Temple UP; 1992. "Relocation and Dislocation: The Writings of Hisaye Yamamoto and <mask> <mask>" By: McDonald, Dorothy Ritsuko; MELUS, 1980 Fall; 7 (3): 21-38. External links UCLA Bio And the Soul Shall Dance review from New York Times 1924 births 2018 deaths American dramatists and playwrights of Japanese descent American women short story writers American writers of Japanese descent Japanese-American internees People from Imperial County, California American women dramatists and playwrights American short story writers of Asian descent Writers from California Otis College of Art and Design alumni 20th-century American women 21st-century American women

Dorethea van der Merwe

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<mask>we (also known as <mask> and sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Dorothea") was the first woman hanged under the Union of South Africa. In 1921 she was convicted of the murder of Louis Tumpowski. He had been murdered on her farm, Treurfontein ("Sorrow fountain"), in Lichtenburg, Transvaal in 1918. Treurfontein farm The present-day town of Coligny is situated on Treurfontein farm. It has been the site of tragic events both before and after the murder of Louis Tumpowski. In 1914 General Louis Botha announced his intention to invade South West Africa, then referred to locally as German West Africa, as part of the assistance of Great Britain during the First World War. Koos de la Rey was amongst those opposed to it and travelled to a meeting in Potchefstroom, via a gathering at the farm, where he was to meet senior military officials.He was shot and killed at a police road-block near the farm. Official accounts of the incident vary, with some stating that de la Rey did not stop at the road-block, while others state that his vehicle was mistaken for one belonging to the Foster gang. The day after the funeral a meeting was held at the farm and tensions ran high as it was suspected that de la Rey had been killed deliberately. The farm belonged to <mask> <mask> Merwe who was then using the name <mask> Kraft. Records of her early life are not readily available but it is believed that she had either been divorced or widowed and was trying to eke out an existence on the farm with the help of her daughter, Polly and the black labourers. Several seasons of severe drought coupled with poor soil quality had resulted in her efforts being reduced to subsistence farming, which was further exacerbated by the common practice amongst the farm workers of being recalcitrant and not accepting instructions from women. Victim Louis Tumpowski was a Jewish immigrant from the United States of America who arrived in South Africa in 1887 at the age of twenty-five.He made his way to Johannesburg, which was a small but rapidly expanding mining town at that time, with the intention of selling general provisions to the gold mine workers and prospectors. Even as his business prospered he would still personally visit farms and smallholdings in the area to obtain fresh supplies and this was how the 54 year old Tumpowski met <mask> Kraft. Contract Although Kraft had little to sell to Tumpowski, she engaged him in conversation and she asked him to find a manager to run the farm for her. He returned with the proposal that he would rent the farm for £25 a year while Kraft and her daughter could remain on the farm. She was very pleased with this idea and on 21 May 1914 she signed the lease-agreement that Tumpowski's lawyers had written, without reading the fine-print. As an added bonus for him, Tumpowski not only managed the farm but also "kept Dorethea's bed warm at night." The situation at the farm did not improve and Kraft decided that it would be better for her, and for her daughter, to sell the farm as the land prices had increased dramatically.She would be able to make a large enough profit for them to live on. Furthermore, Tumpowski did not seem inclined to marry her. However, on learning of Kraft's plan, Tumpowski showed her the contract she had signed that would allow him to buy the land at less than half of its value at that time. Kraft was angry that she had been cheated and more so at herself for not reading the fine-print. She decided to use "her feminine wiles" to convince Tumpowski to marry her and would then nullify the contract in their pre-nuptial agreement. Tumpowski saw no reason to marry her and refused. Witchdoctor Kraft decided that she needed the assistance of a local witchdoctor, a coloured man named Jim Bird (sometimes referred to as 'Jim Burds' or 'Whiskers') who lived on a neighbouring farm.She got a love potion from him but Tumpowski proved to be immune to it. The only effect it had was to cause cramps and an upset stomach. Tumpowski accused Kraft of trying to kill him and from then on refused to eat or drink anything she had made. A second attempt at a magical potion was made by Jim Bird, which involved a lock of Tumpowski's hair mixed with the magic potion, placed in a matchbox and buried under his door. This potion was supposed to kill Tumpowski but it had no effect. Accomplices In 1918, Hermanus Lambertus Swartz, an army deserter came to Treurfontein looking for work and Kraft saw this as an opportunity. Swartz soon became Polly's suitor but also slept with Kraft on occasion.Swartz saw the opportunity to become the owner of Treurfontein if he married Polly and got rid of Tumpowski. He suggested to Kraft that she stop trying to use magic potions and just kill Tumpowski. He also suggested that Jim Bird would commit the murder. Bird agreed, for the price of £100. Murder On the evening of 2 February 1918 a heavy thunderstorm broke over the farm. Kraft, Swartz, Bird and three labourers gathered in the farmhouse kitchen while Polly remained in her bedroom. Swartz opened Tumpowski's bedroom door and shoved Bird into the room.Bird attacked the man with a knopkierie and tried to leave but Swartz wasn't convinced that Tumpowski was dead and kept sending him back to finish the job. Eventually, Kraft held Tumpowski's hands while Swartz strangled him with a leather thong and then cut his throat. Kraft asked bird to use his magic to hide Tumpowski's blood and offered to pay him an additional £100 but Bird fled the scene. Kraft, Swartz and the labourers buried Tumpowski's body outside near a rubbish dump. While they were digging the grave a knocking was heard at the front door of the house. It was a couple with a sick child that had come to the farmhouse seeking help. No one answered the door and the lights in the house were turned off.Eventually the couple left but they had heard the sounds of the digging. By the next day the storm had washed all traces of the murder away. Aftermath Polly left the next day for Johannesburg and Kraft complained to the neighbours that Tumpowski had abandoned the farm. Kraft went to stay with one of the neighbours for a while under the pretence that she was afraid to live alone at the farm. A potential buyer for the farm appeared but Kraft couldn't negotiate a deal with him as he knew that Tumpowski had first right to purchase the property and he wanted to negotiate with Tumpowski. Another neighbour, Michael Denyusschen, did not accept Kraft's story and eventually informed the local police of his suspicions. Denyusschen's cousin, Johanna wrote to Tumpowski's sister, Mrs Hetty Saltman, in Rhodesia telling her of Tumpowski's disappearance.The person who wanted to purchase the farm also got in contact with Mrs Saltman and in light of this and the letter from Johanna, Mrs Saltman sent her husband Mr Joseph Louis Saltman to the farm to investigate and contacted the police, who then visited Treurfontein. Kraft claimed that Trumpowski had left without paying the annual rent of £25 and went so far as to try to claim it from Mrs Saltman. Kraft claimed that Trumpowski had absconded most probably to avoid other debts he had incurred. However, Saltman knew that Trumpowski was not in any kind of financial distress. Investigation The police became aware of the option clause in the rental agreement between Kraft and Tumpowski but without a body they would not pursue the matter. It took until 20 July 1920 before the police decided to conduct a full-scale search of the farm and to dig up the garden, drain the well, demolish walls and lift floorboards. The on-site investigation lasted six weeks and the manual labour was performed by a small band of convicts.They found nothing and in desperation the police offered a reward of £100 for any information. The police investigation led to John Bird and on 20 August 1920 they interviewed him. It appears that his fear of the police was greater than his faith in his witchcraft as he quickly capitulated under police questioning and admitted his part in the murder. He identified the other parties involved but could not tell the police what had happened to the body as he had fled the scene earlier. Bird was forced to join the convicts in the search for the body. A torrential rainstorm caused the ground to subside at the burial site and on 22 September 1920 the body was located, by Bird, near the rubbish dump. Although badly decomposed, a signet ring was used to identify the body as that of Tumpowski.His boots were also identified by a local cobbler. <mask> Kraft (who had in the interim married a man named <mask> Merwe), Swartz and the three labourers were arrested for murder. Trial The trial was held at Potchefstroom on 13 June 1921. As this was the first trial of a white women for murder the public galleries at the trial were very well attended. During the trial it was revealed that the cause of death was the fractured skull Tumpowski had suffered at the hands of Bird. Bird became a Crown witness in exchange for leniency. He claimed that Kraft had rewarded him with money and sexual favours for his participation in the murder.She did not deny this. Kraft and Swartz were both sentenced to death, while the three labourers were acquitted. They were both hanged at Pretoria Central Prison in 1921. See also Capital punishment in South Africa Daisy de Melker - South Africa's first female serial killer References South African criminals Female criminals South African female murderers Executed South African women

Sebastian Ingrosso

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<mask> (; born 20 April 1983) is a Swedish DJ and record producer. He is also a member of the Swedish House Mafia, together with friends Axwell and Steve Angello. Career 1999–2007: Career Beginnings <mask> entered the music industry in 1999 releasing his first remix through Mega Records. Since then, he continued to release many remixes and singles. In 2003 <mask> founded his own record label – Refune Music. In later years <mask> found himself collaborating mostly with fellow Swedish DJs Axwell, Steve Angello, and Eric Prydz – these four to be dubbed the Swedish House Mafia. 2008–2013: Swedish House Mafia and solo breakthrough 2008–2010: Until One, Collaborations, and DJ Mag entry In late 2008, <mask>, Steve Angello, and Axwell formed the Swedish House Mafia with Eric Prydz not joining, saying he is a control freak and cannot abide with collaborations even with close friends.Around this time Swedish House Mafia released two songs, "Get Dumb" and "Leave the World Behind", however these weren't credited under the group name. <mask> himself collaborated with David Guetta on the songs "Everytime We Touch" and "How Soon is Now" for Guetta's albums Pop Life and One Love respectively. In 2009 <mask> made his debut on the DJ Mag top 100 DJs, charting at number 25, the highest new entry that year. In 2010, he released his debut album with Swedish House Mafia named Until One. This followed the release of two success single "One (Your Name)" (featuring Pharrell Williams) and "Miami 2 Ibiza" (featuring Tinie Tempah). The album also contained solo work by <mask> such as the songs "Kidos" and "Meich", plus his remix of "Silvia" by Miike Snow. In addition, <mask> made his Tomorrowland debut with Swedish House Mafia and achieved his peaked positions on the DJ Mag poll at number 10 while Swedish House Mafia debuted at number 23.2011–2012: Until Now, and Breakthrough solo singles In May 2011, <mask> began work on his second album with Swedish House Mafia with the release of the single Save the World featuring vocals from Swedish singer John Martin. In the summer Swedish House Mafia again performed at Tomorrowland and released two more songs in the winter named "Antidote" and "Greyhound". In early 2012 Ingrosso released one of his most notable solo tracks with Swedish DJ Alesso (who at the time had recently signed to Ingrosso's record label) and OneRepublic front man Ryan Tedder. The song named "Calling (Lose My Mind)" became a commercial success certifying 2× Platinum in Sweden. In July, Swedish House Mafia performed at Tomorrowland for the third consecutive year, this time heading the event and opening Night 2. In September following a successful summer of live performances, Swedish House Mafia released their most commercially successful track "Don't You Worry Child", again featuring the vocal of John Martin which reach number 1 in Sweden, Australia, and the UK and was a multiplatinum song in many countries. The same month <mask> released his collaboration with Tommy Trash entitled "Reload", this along with "Calling (Lose My Mind)" would feature on Swedish House Mafia's second studio/compilation album Until Now.2013: One Last Tour, and continued solo work In November 2012, Swedish House Mafia kicked off their One Last Tour after its announcement in June of that year. The supergroup stated that the final leg of this tour would be their last and the group would split up after its conclusion at Ultra Music Festival Miami 2013. At one of their last performances of the tour, at Madison Square Garden Ingrosso famously broke the sound barrier as he was drumming so quickly with his drumpad. Following the break up <mask> returned to his solo music and the song "Reload", adding in the vocals of favourite collaborator John Martin and renaming the song to "Reload (Take My Hand)". This allowed the song to become a commercial success certifying in Sweden and the UK and becoming a chart hit in many countries. In July, <mask> made his Tomorrowland debut as a solo artist, performing the main stage on Night 1. Despite the break up of the Swedish House Mafia, <mask> collaborated with Axwell on "Roar" for the Monsters University Soundtrack in early 2013.In October, Ingrosso made a new peak on the DJ Mag top 100 DJs achieving number 18. 2014–present: Axwell Λ Ingrosso 2014: X4 and Governors Ball <mask>grosso joined forces with Axwell, debuting their new collective at the 2014 Governors Ball Music Festival in New York City – their new group named Axwell Λ Ingrosso, this followed the release of their debut EP X4. One of the songs from this EP, "We Come, We Rave, We Love", was the final version of a song started by Swedish House Mafia and was played frequently during their One Last Tour. A single, "Something New" was released from the EP in November of that year. 2015–2017: Single releases and solo work In the early months of 2015 Ingrosso released his second and third single under the Axwell Λ Ingrosso collaboration entitled "On My Way" and "Can't Hold Us Down" respectively. In June, the duo released their fourth single named "Sun Is Shining". This song became number 1 in Sweden and was Ingrosso's (and Axwell's) first number 1 since "Don't You Worry Child".In July the duo headlined Tomorrowland closing Night Two. In November 2015 "This Time" was released under Axwell Λ Ingrosso and "Dream Bigger" on New Year's Eve. 2016 saw <mask>'s first releases as an individual since "Roar", releasing two songs, "FLAGS!" and "Dark River". The latter of the two would feature on Axwell Λ Ingrosso's debut album More Than You Know. Under Axwell Λ Ingrosso, new music saw vocals from Pharrell Williams added to "Dream Bigger" and the release of "Thinking About You". In February 2017 the duo released "I Love You" featuring Kid Ink.2017: More Than You Know In early May 2017, <mask> released the first single from his second EP with Axwell under their collective entitled "Renegade" with the EP and its title song, "More Than You Know" being released in the latter parts of that month. The song was a commercial success, becoming a chart hit gaining certifications in many countries. In July, <mask> perform at Tomorrowland both as a solo artist (on the Refune stage) and under Axwell Λ Ingrosso (on the main stage) who was a headliner for the event. On 8 December 2017, the duo's debut album, More Than You Know, was released. The album contained all of their previously released music and their new single "Dreamer". 2018–present: Swedish House Mafia reunion and Axwell Λ Ingrosso hiatus On the final weekend of March 2018, <mask> performed at Ultra Miami 2018 as Axwell Λ Ingrosso. The same festival also saw Ingrosso perform as Swedish House Mafia as the band reunited after a five-year hiatus on the festival's 20th anniversary.On 29 June, Axwell Λ Ingrosso released their first single since their debut studio album, More Than You Know, featuring British singer RØMANS called "Dancing Alone". A month later the duo performed at Tomorrowland 2018, in which they paid tribute to the late DJ Avicii as part of their set. In August 2018, Axwell Λ Ingrosso announced that they would be going on hiatus in order to focus on the Swedish House Mafia reunion and 2019 tour. For currently unknown reasons, Ingrosso cancelled a performance at Wynn Nightclub in Las Vegas. Personal life Born in Nacka, Ingrosso is of Italian, Tunisian, and Swedish descent and grew up in Stockholm, where he spent his teenage years in his choreographer father Vito <mask>'s studio learning how to make music. He is a cousin of musician <mask> and social influencer <mask>. In addition, he is a childhood friend of fellow Swedish House Mafia member Steve Angello, meeting at age six.In 2011, Ingrosso married the singer and songwriter Kinnda. They have two daughters, Melina Ingrosso and <mask>. Discography Awards and nominations DJ Awards DJ Magazine top 100 DJs Grammy Awards International Dance Music Awards YouTube Creator Awards <mask> (181 thousand subscribers – May 2020) See also Swedish popular music External links Notes References Club DJs Living people Swedish people of Italian descent Swedish people of Tunisian descent Swedish house musicians Swedish record producers People from Solna Municipality 1983 births DJs from Stockholm Progressive house musicians Electronic dance music DJs Swedish House Mafia members

Kate Jackson (fighter)

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<mask> (born 13 August 1986) is a British female mixed martial artist currently signed to Bellator MMA, where she has challenged for the promotion's flyweight championship. <mask> also appeared on The Ultimate Fighter 23, losing to eventual TUF 23 winner Tatiana Suarez. Background Having done karate since 2001 and judo from 2002 since the age of 15, <mask> kept going with whatever martial arts she could find at university, be it traditional jiujitsu, kickboxing and occasional BJJ classes. She found an MMA gym, Koncept in Newquay Cornwall in 2008 and that’s when her interest and future career in MMA started. Mixed martial arts career Early career <mask> made her MMA debut on 10 May 2009, earning a TKO victory over <mask>. She would win four of her first five professional fights, before suffering her second career loss against future UFC women's strawweight champion Joanna Jedrzejczyk. The Ultimate Fighter 23 Competing at strawweight, <mask> appeared on the 23rd season of The Ultimate Fighter in 2016, where she was a member of Team Gadelha, coached by Claudia Gadelha.In an interesting coincidence, the coach of the opposing team was Joanna Jedrzejczyk, against whom <mask> had previously competed. <mask> defeated Irene Cabello by TKO to gain entry into the TUF house. She defeated Ashley Yoder via unanimous decision to advance to the semifinal round. There, <mask> was defeated by Tatiana Suarez by submission. Bellator MMA Following her stint on The Ultimate Fighter 23, <mask> returned to the regional scene in her native England for a single fight before being signed by Bellator MMA in 2017 to compete in their women's flyweight division. She won her promotional debut at Bellator 182, defeating Colleen Schneider. In her second fight for the promotion, <mask> faced Valerie Letourneau at Bellator 191 in December 2017.She lost the fight by unanimous decision. In her third fight for the promotion, <mask> faced undefeated Russian prospect Anastasia Yankova at Bellator 200 on 25 May 2018. She won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> next fought Lena Ovchynnikova at Bellator 223 on 22 June 2019. She won the fight by TKO in the first round. On the strength of her two fight win streak, <mask> was selected as the next title challenger for the Bellator Women's Flyweight World Championship against champion Ilima-Lei Macfarlane. The fight was the main event of Bellator 236 in Honolulu, Hawaii on 21 December 2019.<mask> lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Denise Kielholtz at Bellator 247 on 1 October 2020. She lost the bout via knockout just 43 seconds into the first round. <mask> is scheduled to face Elina Kallionidou on May 13, 2022 at Bellator London. Team Cláudia | (airdate) |align=center|1 |align=center|2:52 |rowspan=3 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |- |Win |align=center|2–0 | Ashley Yoder | Decision (unanimous) | (airdate) |align=center|2 |align=center|5:00 | |- |Win |align=center|1–0 | Irene Cabello | TKO (punches) | (airdate) |align=center|2 |align=center|4:48 | See also List of current Bellator fighters List of female mixed martial artists References External links 1986 births Living people English female mixed martial artists Flyweight mixed martial artists Mixed martial artists utilizing kickboxing Mixed martial artists utilizing jujutsu Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu English jujutsuka English practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu Female Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners Bellator female fighters

María Elena Durazo

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<mask> (born March 20, 1953) is an American politician serving in the California State Senate. A Democrat, she represents the 24th State Senate district, which encompasses Central Los Angeles and East Los Angeles. Prior to being elected to the State Senate, she was an American trade union official. She served as the Executive Secretary-Treasurer of the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor from May 2006 until December 2014. She currently serves as the Executive Vice President of the governing Executive Council of the national AFL-CIO and as a Vice Chair of the Democratic National Committee. Biography Early career Like many others who have come to play a role of the labor movement in California, Durazo got her start amongst farmworkers. As the daughter of Mexican immigrants, she spent summers in the Central Valley fields picking peaches, strawberries, and grapes.Cesar Chavez, founder of the United Farmworkers of America, inspired her to get involved in the fight for equal rights. Durazo attended St. Mary's College in Moraga, California and graduated in 1975. In 1985, she earned a law degree from the Peoples College of Law in Los Angeles, before beginning her involvement in the labor movement as an organizer for the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. In 1983, she joined the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) Local 11. In 1987, Durazo led a reform slate against the entrenched local leadership of Andrew (Scotty) Allen whose administration had resisted efforts of immigrant workers to participate in local governance. Durazo appeared to have the upper hand, but the election was set aside by the international union, and the local was placed in a trusteeship led by Miguel Contreras. In 1988, she married fellow union activist Miguel Contreras whom she met while at HERE Local 11.Soon thereafter, in May 1989, <mask> ran for and was elected President of Local 11. She served in that capacity from 1989 to 2006. Years later, <mask> won the local presidency with 85% of the vote becoming one of the first Latinas to lead a major union. From May 1989 until March 2006, Durazo served as the president of Local 11. In 1993, during the union's campaign against the New Otani Hotel, (the first hotel to be built non-union in downtown Los Angeles) Durazo led workers on civil disobedience protests. Her participation in the sit-in protest led to her being arrested along with several other New Otani workers, many of whom were dragged away by police officers. She was later elected onto the executive board of HERE International Union in 1996, and in 2004 was elected Executive Vice President of UNITE-HERE International.From 2000 to 2004, she served on the National AFL-CIO's Immigration Committee and is now the current Chair of the committee. In 2003, Durazo became the National Director of the Immigrant Workers' Freedom Ride. Executive Secretary-Treasurer In 2005 she became the widow of Miguel Contreras, who preceded Ludlow as the executive secretary-treasurer of the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, AFL-CIO. The Los Angeles County Federation of Labor represents 600,000 workers, and it reached the climax of its influence under Durazo, its first women leader. Durazo helped land allies on the Los Angeles City Council and county Board of Supervisors and recently pushed through a minimum wage law requiring large Los Angeles hotels to pay workers at least $15.37 an hour one of the nations highest base wages. <mask> was appointed as the interim Executive Secretary-Treasurer following the resignation of Martin Ludlow in February 2006, and was voted as the permanent replacement on May 15, 2006. On August 4, 2010, she was reelected as Executive Secretary-Treasurer of the AFL-CIO.In October 2014, <mask> left the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor to take a national union job promoting civil rights and campaigning for immigration reform. With her lead, the Los Angeles labor movement has indeed been a powerful voice and effective force for working families, she was active in elections and policy debates as well as at the workplace. On January 15, 2008 <mask> endorsed Barack Obama for president, and took a three-week leave of absence from her job as Executive Secretary-Treasurer of the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor in order to campaign for Obama. She then became a national co-chair of the Obama for President campaign committee, and was a pledged delegate for Obama at the National Convention in Denver. She served as Vice Chair on the 2008 Democratic National Convention Committee. On August 11, 2008, <mask> was elected to serve as the new chair of the UCLA Labor Center advisory committee. The vote was by acclamation.In 2010, <mask> was elected onto the national AFL-CIO Executive Council as an Executive Vice President. She was elected as a Vice Chair of the Democratic National Committee in 2013. California State Senate On April 6, 2017, <mask> announced that she intended to run for the 24th district of the California State Senate in 2018, when the incumbent, Kevin de León was termed out. In her announcement, she stated that Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential elections was her main motivation for running for public office. Honors Capitol Weekly named <mask> the third most influential non-elected California official in its 2010 Top 100 List. <mask> was named Most Valuable Local Labor Leader by The Nation magazine in their 2014 Progressive Honor Roll. Durazo was conferred an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the California State University Board of Trustees."We are very proud to award <mask> Durazo the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters for 2014. Her significant impacts on the quality of life in this region demonstrate what can be achieved through dedication, hard work, and a commitment to community," said President William A. Covino. The New York Times acknowledged that "as the executive secretary-treasurer of the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, she presides over what is widely perceived as the most successful group of unions in the country." The Los Angeles Times' featured stories reporter Joe Mozingo wrote that "<mask> Durazo is probably the single most influential individual in Los Angeles politics." CNN's top news anchor in the Spanish language, Ismael Cala, stated on-air that "We are proud that a woman who has had on her life story the opportunity to see from the field the issue of immigrants' rights has become a voice for so many who cannot raise their own voices." Footnotes Further reading External links <mask> <mask> at the Center for Labor Research and Education at UCLA Join California <mask> Durazo California state senators Leaders of American trade unions Living people California Democrats Saint Mary's College of California alumni People's College of Law alumni Activists from California 1953 births Hispanic and Latino American politicians Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in California Hispanic and Latino American women in politics 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians

Paul Giamatti

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<mask> (; born June 6, 1967) is an American actor and producer. He first garnered attention for his breakout role in Private Parts (1997) as Kenny "Pig Vomit" Rushton, which led to him playing more supporting roles such as Sergeant William Hill in Saving Private Ryan (1998), Bob Zmuda in Man on the Moon (1999), John Maxwell in Big Momma's House (2000), and Marty Wolf in Big Fat Liar (2002). He won acclaim for his leading roles as Harvey Pekar in American Splendor (2003), Miles Raymond in Sideways (2004), Mike Flaherty in Win Win (2011), and Richard in Private Life (2018), while continuing to play supporting roles such as Joe Gould in Cinderella Man (2005), which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Chief Inspector Uhl in The Illusionist (2006), Karl Hertz in Shoot 'Em Up (2007), Nicholas "Nick" Claus in Fred Claus (2007), Tom Duffy in (2011), Theophilus Freeman in 12 Years a Slave (2013), Ralph in Saving Mr. Banks (2013), Eugene Landy in Love & Mercy (2014), Dr. Lawrence Hayes in San Andreas (2015) and Jerry Heller in Straight Outta Compton (2015). He played the titular character in the HBO miniseries John Adams (2008), which earned him a Golden Globe Award, a Primetime Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award. He stars as U.S. Attorney Chuck Rhoades Jr. in the Showtime television series Billions (2016–present). Early life <mask> was born June 6, 1967, in New Haven, Connecticut, the youngest of three children. His father, Angelo Bartlett Giamatti, was a Yale University professor who later became president of the university and commissioner of Major League Baseball.His mother, Toni Marilyn <mask> (née Smith), was a homemaker and English teacher who taught at Hopkins School and had also previously acted. His paternal grandfather's family were Italian emigrants from Telese Terme; the family surname was originally spelled "Giammattei" () before immigrating to the United States. Giamatti's other ancestries are German, Dutch, English, French, Irish, and Scottish. His paternal grandmother had deep roots in New England, dating back to the colonial era. <mask>'s brother, Marcus, is also an actor, and his sister, Elena, is a jewelry designer. Giamatti was first educated at The Foote School and later graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1985. He attended Yale, where he was active in the undergraduate theater scene and working with fellow actors and Yale students Ron Livingston and Edward Norton.He graduated in 1989 with a bachelor's degree in English, and went on to earn a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Yale School of Drama, where he studied with Earle R. Gister. He performed in numerous theatrical productions, including Broadway and a stint from 1989 to 1992 with Seattle's Annex Theater, before appearing in some small television and film roles in the early 1990s. Career In 1997, Giamatti landed his first high-profile role as Kenny "Pig Vomit" Rushton in the film adaptation of Howard Stern's Private Parts. Stern praised Giamatti's performance often on his radio program, calling for him to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1998, Giamatti appeared in a number of supporting roles in the big-budget films, The Truman Show, Saving Private Ryan and The Negotiator. In 1999, he played Bob Zmuda and Tony Clifton in Miloš Forman's Andy Kaufman biopic, Man on the Moon. Giamatti continued working steadily during the early 2000s by appearing in major studio releases including Big Momma's House, Planet of the Apes and Big Fat Liar.In 2003, Giamatti began to earn critical acclaim after his lead role in the film American Splendor. In 2004, Giamatti gained mainstream recognition and fame with the independent romantic comedy Sideways. His portrayal of a depressed writer vacationing in the Santa Barbara wine country garnered him a Golden Globe nomination and an Independent Spirit Award and he was named Best Actor in a Leading Role by several significant film critics groups (New York, Chicago, Toronto, San Francisco, Online Film Critics). Following the commercial success of Sideways, Giamatti appeared in Cinderella Man, for which he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. He was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture. In 2006, Giamatti was the lead in M. Night Shyamalan's Lady in the Water, a supernatural thriller, followed by the animated film The Ant Bully, and Neil Burger's drama The Illusionist co-starring Edward Norton. Giamatti had his first major role in an action movie in the 2007 film Shoot 'Em Up, while also starring in The Nanny Diaries and Fred Claus.In 2008, Giamatti received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his title performance in the 2008 HBO miniseries John Adams, as well as his first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film, and also earned a Screen Actors Guild award. That same year, he starred in the independent film Pretty Bird, which is a fictionalized retelling about the drama behind the invention of a rocketbelt. Giamatti received his second Golden Globe win for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy for his role in the 2010 film, Barney's Version. Giamatti starred as the lead in the comedy-drama film Win Win, which earned positive reviews from critics. The same year he had small roles in Ironclad, The Hangover Part II and The Ides of March. In 2012, Giamatti became the voiceover actor for Liberty Mutual insurance commercials. He was the narrator for the PBS Nature episode An Original DUCKumentary.Giamatti produced and starred in John Dies at the End, which is based on the book of the same name. He also had roles in the films Rock of Ages and Cosmopolis. In 2013, Giamatti returned to his alma mater, Yale University, to perform the title role in Shakespeare's Hamlet, for which he won rave reviews in a sold-out, modern dress stage production of the play at the Yale Repertory Theatre, in New Haven. He also had supporting roles in several films, including the animated Turbo and The Congress, as well as Parkland, Saving Mr. Banks, and the critically acclaimed 12 Years a Slave. In addition, Giamatti played the role of New Yorker Harold Levinson, the brother of Cora, the Countess of Grantham (Elizabeth McGovern), in the 2013 Christmas special of the period drama, ITV Studios/Carnival Films television series, Downton Abbey. In 2014, Giamatti played villain The Rhino in The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Also in 2014, Giamatti portrayed psychologist Eugene Landy in the Brian Wilson biopic Love & Mercy.In 2015, Giamatti portrayed N.W.A manager Jerry Heller in the biographical drama Straight Outta Compton. He also played a scientist in the disaster film San Andreas. In 2016, Giamatti began appearing in commercials for Prism TV, the IPTV service owned by CenturyLink; the spots are the first-ever on-camera TV commercial appearances for Giamatti. Giamatti plays a lead role in the Showtime series Billions, portraying the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. The show, debuting in 2016, is loosely based on a real event. Wax Paul Now campaign Giamatti is the subject of the viral "Wax Paul Now" campaign, which pushes for the actor to get a Madame Tussauds wax statue in his likeness, most likely at the New York location. The movement first achieved national prominence when Giamatti appeared on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert and discussed the campaign with host Stephen Colbert.After this and subsequent articles in Forbes, Buzzfeed, and The A.V. Club among others, Madame Tussauds New York announced that they would host a party in Giamatti's honor to coincide with the premiere of Billions Season 3 on March 25, 2018, at which the founders of the Wax Paul Now movement would speak. Tussauds announced that if a Change.org petition garnered 500,000 signatures in the nine days leading up to the party, they would agree to create the wax statue of Giamatti. As the petition was unable to garner enough signatures in time, the Wax Paul Now campaign is still ongoing. A short film chronicling the campaign premiered at the Virginia Film Festival in October 2019. Personal life Giamatti resides in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York and was married to Elizabeth Cohen from 1997 to an undisclosed date in the 2000s. "My wife is Jewish.And I'm fine with my son being raised as a Jew". Giamatti is an atheist, although for him "religion features more now in my life than it did when I was a kid".

Nuno Resende

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<mask> (born 25 June 1973) is a Portuguese singer. Biography Early life <mask> was born in Porto, and is an only child. He enrolled at the French school of Porto when he was 5. His family moved to Belgium when he was 12. As a sport fanatic, he took a training in sports. In 1985, he was admitted into the European School of Brussels. He took part in tournaments, especially the Espérance tennis tournament.Between 1993 and 1996, he attended the Physical Education School where he took a teacher training course for regents. He then decided to attempt a musical career. He formed many hard-rock bands. He takes part in Pour la Gloire, a talent contest on the RTBF in 1997. In 1998, Alec Mansion formed a band, La Teuf, in which <mask> sang in. In 2000, the band was part of the Belgian selection for the Eurovision Song Contest with the song Soldat de l’amour. He got through to the finals, but he was eliminated and the band split the same year.Alec Mansion noticed the beauty of his voice and hired him for different projects and chorus sessions in Belgium. In 1999, the singer played the part of Gontrand in the musical La Belle et la Bête, with Luc de Walter (The Voice, Belgium). The same year, <mask> got into the band Apy and recorded a rerun of Lio’s Banana Split. From musicals to Eurovision (2000–08) In 2000, under the pseudonym of <mask>, he sings Allez, allez, allez, the official song of the Belgian football team nicknamed Les Diables rouges. From 2000 to the end of 2002, <mask> Resende is an understudy in Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour, by Gérard Presgurvic. The cast wins the NRJ Music Award of the Francophone song in 2001. In 2003, he takes part in the musical Les Demoiselles de Rochefort.Composed by Alec Mansion and Frédéric Zeitoun, Le grand soir (The Big Night) is the song he defends at the Eurovision Contest in 2005, for Belgium. He does not get through to the finals, with only 29 points, and ends 22nd out of 25 contestants at the semi-finals. In 2007, he plays the leading part in the musical Aladin, with Florence Coste, at the Palais des congrès de Paris and then in the French Zéniths. <mask> is nominated to the Marius for his performance. From September 2008 to January 2009 he plays the parts of Roger and Dany in the musical Grease in Paris. The production is nominated to the Globes de Cristal Award in 2009. Mozart l’opéra rock and Adam et Eve, la seconde chance (2009–2012) At the beginning of 2009, he gets back with the cast of Roméo et Juliette, les enfants de Vérone; for a tour in South Korea where he is the understudy of both Roméo and Benvolio.Then he tours with the musical Aladin in the French Zeniths until May 2009. From 2009 to 2011, he enters into the troupe of Mozart, l'opéra rock as the understudy of Mikelangelo Loconte. He interprets also the parts of Gottlieb Stéphanie and Joseph Lange. He was given the opportunity to play Mozart for the first time on 29 April 2010 for the show premiere in Brussels (Belgium), and once again on 13 May in Lyon (France). The show wins two NRJ Music Awards : the Francophone song of the year and the French band-duet-cast of 2010. In 2012, he plays the part of Snake, in the musical Adam et Ève : La Seconde Chance by Pascal Obispo at the Palais des sports de Paris along with Thierry Amiel and Cylia, the major actors in the show. The tour which should have started in September 2012 is cancelled, for lack of money.In October 2012, he joins the troupe of the musical Erzsebeth which inspired from Elizabeth Bathory’s life, the famous Hungarian countess. <mask> plays the part of Thurzo, Elizabeth's lover. The musical took place in Belgium. From The Voice to Latin lovers (2013–14) <mask> is in the second season of The Voice (France). He gets into Florent Pagny’s team and gets through to the finals. He finishes third, behind Olympe and the winner Yoann Fréget. He is one of the eight contestants qualified for The Voice Tour which plays in the French Zeniths and in Lebanon.During the summer, he is invited in various festivals and among others, Festival d'Avignon, where he sings some French and international standards. He released a DVD from his concerts called Interlude Musical. From October to January 2014, he played the part of Maître Grigri, a.k.a. Jiminy Cricket in Pinocchio in Paris with, among others Vanessa Cailhol, Pablo Villafranca and Sophie Delmas. Couper les Liens, one of the songs he sings is nominated for the French Prix de la Création musicale in 2014. In 2014, he joins the band Latin Lovers with Julio Iglesias Jr. and Damien Sargue. In October, he plays the role of the Idole in Salut les copains.Charity involvement <mask> Resende takes regularly part in charity concerts. In 2012, he sings at the Foot Concert, created by Michaël Jones and Joël Bats, in aid of the Huntington Avenir Association. In 2013, he is also on stage with Yannick Noah and they sing for the association Les Enfants de la Terre. He takes part to the concert Freddie for a Day organized by the Mercury Phoenix Trust which collects funds for the associations against AIDS. He joins the band of artists of Les grandes voix des Comédies Musicales chantent pour les enfants hospitalisés with, among others, Renaud Hantson, Mikelangelo Loconte and Lââm for the single Un faux départ.

James Blake (tennis)

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<mask> (born December 28, 1979) is an American former professional tennis player. He was known for his speed and powerful, flat forehand. During his career, <mask> amassed 24 singles finals appearances (winning 10 of them), while his career-high singles ranking was world No. 4. His career highlights included reaching the final of the 2006 Tennis Masters Cup, the semifinals of the 2008 Beijing Olympics (upsetting world No. 1 Roger Federer en route), the quarterfinals of the 2008 Australian Open and 2005 and 2006 US Open, as well as two titles at the Hopman Cup (2003, 2004) and being the American men's singles No. 1.<mask> was a key performer for the victorious United States 2007 Davis Cup team, going 2–0 in the championship tie vs. Russia at second singles. In 2005, <mask> was presented with the Comeback Player of the Year award for his remarkable return to the tour. Later, in 2008, <mask> was awarded another honor by the ATP, where he was named the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year. <mask>'s autobiography, Breaking Back: How I Lost Everything and Won Back My Life, co-written with Andrew Friedman, discussed his comeback after his 2004 season. It was released on July 3. 2007, and debuted at No. 22 on the New York Times Best Seller list.<mask> announced that he would retire from professional tennis after the 2013 US Open, where he suffered a first round singles loss in five sets against Ivo Karlovic and a 6–2, 2–6, 2–6 doubles loss. Early life and education <mask> was born in Yonkers, New York, to an African American father, Thomas Reynolds <mask>, and a British mother, Betty. He has a brother Thomas, who has also been a professional tennis player, and three older half-brothers: Jason, Christopher, and Howard, and a half-sister Michelle. <mask> started playing tennis at the age of five alongside his older brother Thomas. When he was 13, he was diagnosed with severe scoliosis, and for five years as a teenager he was forced to wear a full-length back brace for 18 hours a day, though not while playing tennis. The <mask> family moved to Fairfield, Connecticut when <mask>'s father's job selling surgical supplies took him from New York to Hartford, Connecticut. <mask> attended Fairfield High School, where a schoolmate and childhood friend was future musician John Mayer.<mask> was inspired to pursue tennis after hearing his role model Arthur Ashe speak to the Harlem Junior Tennis Program. Brian Barker was his first (and longtime) coach. <mask> left Harvard University, where he was a member of the A.D. Club, after his sophomore year to pursue a career in professional tennis. Career 2001–2004: Making name and breaking neck 2001 At the age of 21, <mask> saw his first Davis Cup action in 2001 against India and became the third person of African-American heritage to play for the Davis Cup for the United States (after Arthur Ashe and MaliVai Washington). Ranked no. 120 in the world, <mask> accepted a wild card into Cincinnati Masters. He beat a qualifier and Arnaud Clément to reach the round of 16, where he met Patrick Rafter.<mask> came close to winning the first set (falling in a tiebreak), and after dropping the second set, Rafter, according to <mask>'s autobiography, complimented him at the net and boosted his confidence immeasurably by saying, "Now do you believe you can beat someone like me, or even me?" <mask>'s name became more recognizable worldwide after he pushed the eventual champion Lleyton Hewitt to five sets at the US Open. 2002 In January 2002, <mask> won the 2002 USTA Waikoloa Challenger in Hawaii. A month later in Memphis he posted his first win over a top-10 ranked opponent, Tommy Haas, who was then ranked no. 5, and reached the final, losing to Andy Roddick. He reached the quarterfinals at the ATP Masters Series (AMS) event in Rome in May and the final at Newport in July. In August, in Cincinnati, he won his first career ATP Tour title and his first ATP Masters Series title: it came in doubles with Todd Martin, making <mask> the first African-American male to win a title of any kind in Cincinnati's 101-year history.He was also the first African-American to reach a final in Cincinnati since 1969, when Arthur Ashe reached the doubles finals with Charlie Pasarell. The next week in Washington, he won his first ATP Tour singles title, beating Andre Agassi in the semifinals and Paradorn Srichaphan in the final. At the US Open, he reached the third round, where he again faced the top-ranked and world number one Lleyton Hewitt for the rematch of the previous year. In an entertaining match <mask> was again defeated in five sets. 2003 In 2003, his best results were a quarterfinals appearance at Indian Wells; a round of 16 finish at the Australian Open, Cincinnati, and Miami; a semifinal appearance at San Jose, and a finals appearance at Long Island, where he lost to Srichaphan. <mask> was eliminated from the US Open in the 3rd round by Roger Federer. 2004 2004 was a difficult year for <mask>.In May, while practicing with Robby Ginepri for the Masters event in Rome, he broke his neck when he slipped on the clay and collided with the net post. <mask> fractured his seventh vertebra, but did not sustain any nerve damage and was ultimately able to make a full recovery from the injury. In July, his father died of stomach cancer. At the same time, <mask> developed shingles, which temporarily paralyzed half his face and blurred his vision. 2005–2008: Rising to the elite and Top 10 years 2005 <mask>'s injuries and personal issues caused him to post relatively poor results for the first half of 2005. By April his ranking was 210. He decided to play the Challenger circuit, the "minor leagues" of tennis, in order to regain confidence and get more matches.In May he entered events in Tunica, Mississippi and Forest Hills, New York, and won both. He rejoined the ATP circuit and by August reached the final at the International Series event in Washington, D.C., where he fell to Roddick. He was given a wild card into AMS Cincinnati, drawing Federer in the first round. He then won the Pilot Pen Tennis tournament in New Haven, Connecticut, defeating Feliciano López in the final. After New Haven he was ranked 49. <mask> accepted a wildcard into the US Open where he had a memorable run. After defeating No.2 Rafael Nadal in the round of 32, <mask> beat Tommy Robredo in four sets to reach the quarterfinals where he faced Andre Agassi. The late-evening match is considered one of the greatest classics in the tournament's history. <mask> was up two sets and a break in the third when Agassi made a comeback to eventually win in a fifth-set tiebreak. After the match Agassi said, "I wasn't the winner, tennis was". Later in October at the Stockholm Open, <mask> won his third ATP tour title, defeating Srichaphan in the final. <mask> finished 2005 ranked 22 in the world. 2006 At the beginning of 2006, <mask> won the title at Sydney, taking his fourth ATP tour title defeating Russian Igor Andreev in the final.At the Australian Open he was seeded 20th, and despite losing in the third round to Spaniard Tommy Robredo he broke into the Top 20 for the first time in his career. In March he beat Hewitt in the final at Las Vegas for his fifth ATP tour title. At the first AMS event of the year Indian Wells, <mask> defeated Robredo in the third round and world No. 2 Nadal in the semifinals, reaching his first career ATP Masters Series singles final, losing in the final to Federer. By reaching the final, <mask> became the first African-American man since Arthur Ashe to reach the world's top 10. At the French Open he defeated Spaniard Nicolás Almagro in four sets in the second round, to become the last remaining American, and then was beaten by Frenchman Gaël Monfils in five sets. Beginning the grass court season at the Stella Artois Championships, he defeated Andy Roddick in the semifinals, losing to Lleyton Hewitt in the final.Ranked No. 5, <mask> took part in the International Series at Indianapolis. He won the singles title, defeating Roddick (for the second time in 2006). At the US Open he reached the quarterfinals, losing to top seed and defending champion Roger Federer. In that match <mask> won his first ever set against Federer, winning the third set in a tiebreaker 11–9. In his debut appearance at the Thailand Open in Bangkok, <mask> won his seventh singles title, defeating Jarkko Nieminen in the quarterfinals, Marat Safin in the semifinals, and Ivan Ljubičić (for the first time) in the final. Two weeks later <mask> won his fifth title of 2006, defending his 2005 title in Stockholm, defeating Jarkko Nieminen.For the first time, <mask> qualified for the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai. He went 2–1 in the Gold Group, defeating No. 2 Nadal and No. 3 Nikolay Davydenko, while losing to No. 6 Tommy Robredo. He qualified for the semifinals, beating defending champion David Nalbandian, losing the final to Federer. <mask> finished 2006 at a career-high World Number 4 and as the highest-ranked American tennis player.2007 In 2007 <mask> won at the Sydney International for the second consecutive year. However, he then suffered a disappointing loss in the Round of 16 at the Australian Open, losing to tenth seed and eventual finalist Fernando González. In February, <mask> made it to the final of the Delray Beach tournament, but lost it to the Belgian Xavier Malisse in three tight sets. At the 2007 Tennis Channel Open in Las Vegas, as the defending champion, he was involved with a deep controversy. It was one of the several tournaments experimenting with the new round robin format, and <mask> had lost his first match to Evgeny Korolev. Korolev lost his other match to Juan Martín del Potro. In order to advance to the quarterfinals, <mask> had to defeat Del Potro in straight sets while losing five games or less.This would result in a three-way tie, with <mask> losing the fewest games. With <mask> leading 6–1, 3–1, Del Potro retired. This eliminated Del Potro from the three-way tie as he failed to complete one of his matches. Korolev then moved on to the next round, breaking the tie as he had defeated <mask> in their direct match. Soon after, the organizers overruled the tournament guidelines, giving <mask> a place in the quarterfinals. The following morning however, they changed the decision once again and as a result, Korolev re-advanced to the quarterfinals, while <mask> was sent away from the tournament. Shortly after this incident, the ATP decided to cancel the round robin format, reverting any tournaments planning a round robin draw to the standard single-elimination draw.During the summer hardcourt season, he advanced to his second career ATP Masters Series final. At AMS Cincinnati, he beat Alejandro Falla, Nicolas Kiefer, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Sam Querrey and Nikolay Davydenko en route to the final before falling to Roger Federer. He won the singles title at Penn Pilot in New Haven, Connecticut, and reached the final at Los Angeles, losing to Radek Štěpánek in three sets after having three set points in the first set. In the second round of the 2007 US Open, he won his first career five-set match against Fabrice Santoro. <mask> made it to the fourth round, where he lost to No. 10 Tommy Haas in five sets, despite having match points in the fifth set. In September <mask> and the rest of the US Davis Cup team defeated Sweden to reach the finals against Russia.<mask> lost in the third round of Paris to Richard Gasquet and thus

James Blake (tennis)

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finished outside the top eight players, losing his chance to defend the points he gained as finalist in the 2006 Tennis Masters Cup. In the 2007 Davis Cup finals <mask> won his match against Mikhail Youzhny after Andy Roddick had beaten Dmitry Tursunov in the first rubber. The next day Bob and Mike Bryan won the doubles rubber over Igor Andreev and Nikolay Davydenko, sealing the Davis Cup win for the United States. <mask> also defeated Tursunov in the last match of the finals to give Team USA 4–1 win. 2008 At the Australian Open, <mask> defeated his first round opponent, Chilean Nicolás Massú. He then defeated compatriot Michael Russell. In the third round, he fought back from two sets down to beat French veteran Sébastien Grosjean who had beaten him in each of their three previous meetings.In the fourth round, <mask> beat Marin Čilić in three sets to advance to the quarterfinals, his best showing yet down under. In the quarterfinal, <mask> faced world No. 1 Roger Federer, and fell in straight sets. Although out of the Australian Open, <mask>'s ranking jumped back into the Top 10 to No. 9 following his best performance in the tournament yet. In Delray Beach, <mask> made it to the final for the second consecutive year, but fell to No. 244 Kei Nishikori of Japan in three sets in the final.At the 2008 Pacific Life Open, <mask> reached the quarter-finals before losing to Rafael Nadal in three sets. They met again in the next tournament at the 2008 Miami Masters also in the quarter-finals, and again <mask> lost to Nadal in three sets. <mask> then started the clay court season at the River Oaks International tournament in Houston, Texas. In his second ATP final of the year and his first career clay-court final, <mask> fell to Spaniard Marcel Granollers Pujol. In August 2008, <mask> represented the United States as one of its three men's singles tennis players in the Beijing Olympics. In the quarterfinals, he gained one of the biggest wins of his career with his first ever win over Roger Federer 6–4, 7–6. At the time, Federer was ranked as the world's No.1 men's player. His semifinal match was against Fernando González, the Men's Singles bronze medalist at the 2004 Olympics in Athens. <mask> had a triple match point in the final set, but would go on to lose 11–9. He then lost the bronze medal match to Serbian Novak Djokovic. In the US Open, <mask> was stretched to a 5 set thriller against American teenager Donald Young in the first round. <mask> easily won his second round match after Steve Darcis retired and then lost to friend and fellow American Mardy Fish in the third round in straight sets. 2009–2013: Later years 2009 <mask> defeated Frank Dancevic in the first round of the Australian Open.His success continued in the second round after deposing of Frenchman Sébastien de Chaunac in a match laden with spectator noise and bad line calls. <mask> went on to face the 18th seed, Igor Andreev, in the third round and beat him. He lost in the fourth round in straight sets to the 2008 runner-up Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. At the 2009 Estoril Open <mask> advanced to his first clay-court final on European soil, after beating second seed and former Estoril Open champion Nikolay Davydenko in a rain-interrupted semi-final that was carried over due to bad light. <mask> was defeated by Spain's Albert Montañés later that day in the finals. The 28-year-old Montanes saved two match points at 4–5 in the second set and fought back to beat fourth-seeded <mask> in two hours and 14 minutes. At the Aegon Championships at Queen's Club, <mask> defeated Ivan Ljubičić, Sam Querrey, and Mikhail Youzhny to reach the semi-finals.He then reached the final after Andy Roddick retired with an ankle injury in the first set when the score was tied at 4 games all. He then went on to lose in the final to Andy Murray. After being eliminated in the first round of the singles, <mask> partnered with compatriot Mardy Fish at the Wimbledon Men's Doubles. The Americans advanced to the semi-finals where they lost to defending champions Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić despite winning the first two sets. Following a 3rd round loss at the 2009 US Open to Spain's Tommy Robredo, <mask> split with longtime coach Brian Barker. He was replaced by Kelly Jones. 2010 At the 2010 Australian Open, <mask> lost to fourth seed and US Open champion Juan Martín del Potro in the second round in five sets (8–10 final set).He then missed the clay court season due to a knee injury. <mask> returned to action at Wimbledon, where he lost in the first round to Robin Haase, during which <mask> accused ESPN commentator and former WTA player Pam Shriver of disrupting play due to her overly loud commentary from the box situated above the court behind him. This led to a verbal exchange between the two during the match. After the match, <mask> declared that if his knee problems did not subside he would consider retirement. <mask>, who refused to take any anti-inflammatories for his knee, called his performance "embarrassing" and said "I can't beat these guys at 80 percent." Despite these comments, <mask> played the US Summer hard court season, and reached the third round of the 2010 US Open, where he lost to eventual finalist Novak Djokovic. <mask> finished the year ranked outside the Top 100 for the first time since 2000.2011-2013 Between the beginning of 2011-2013, <mask> remained ranked outside the world's top 50, due to recurring injuries and loss of form. During the three seasons, he reached a single ATP-tour semifinal, at the 2011 Stockholm Open. At the US Open in August 2013, <mask> announced his retirement. Playing style <mask> was primarily an offensive baseliner. <mask> was known for possessing one of the most powerful forehands in the game, with a solid transition game, and an effective serve and volley. <mask> also possessed extremely quick footwork, although many claimed that he needed to work on changing direction. <mask>'s reputation as a "shotmaker," combined with potentially high-error flat groundstrokes made his style of play notably flashy, characterized by both a high number of winners and unforced errors.In turn, this made <mask>'s game somewhat streaky, as evidenced by his playing history. Equipment and endorsements <mask> worked with Prince to create a new racquet with Prince's O3 technology. However, he did not feel comfortable with this racquet. So, he switched back to the Dunlop Sport Aerogel 200, then the 4D 200, for the 2009 season. He changed to Wilson at the start of the 2010 season, using the new Six.One Tour strung with Luxilon Big Banger Alu Power 16L strings at high tension (60+ pounds). He did not feel comfortable with this racquet either. Therefore, he switched back to Dunlop again.After the US Open of 2010, he began to test out rackets for Head. As August 26, 2011, he announced he will use Donnay rackets as his choice and using a customized Donnay X-Dual Pro. His clothing sponsor is Fila, with whom he started working in 2009 after using Nike for most his career. He has his own clothing line named Thomas Reynolds Collection after his father. <mask> signed an endorsement deal with Evian in 2005 and his contract was extended in 2008. Personal life <mask> married publicist Emily Snider in Del Mar, California, in 2012. The couple have two daughters.<mask> enjoys golf and basketball, and is a fan of the New York Mets. He was featured on Bravo's second edition of Celebrity Poker Showdown but placed 2nd after losing to Maura Tierney. <mask> was also a red pro on Full Tilt Poker, though he has not been active there since shortly before Black Friday. He appeared in People magazine's Sexiest Man Alive issue. He is good friends with singer/songwriter John Mayer, who also attended Fairfield High School. When <mask> was invited by Virginia's Anthem to do a cancer charity game honoring his late father, he invited Mayer, Andy Roddick, and Gavin DeGraw to perform. 2015 NYPD incident On September 9, 2015, <mask> was thrown down to the sidewalk, handcuffed, and arrested by a plainclothes New York City Police Department officer in front of the Grand Hyatt New York after being mistaken for a suspect of interest.The officers were relying on a witness and photo of a suspect that looked similar to <mask>: they mistook him for a credit-card fraud suspect staying in the same hotel. Commissioner William Bratton apologized for the mistake and stated the "arrest raised serious questions about [the officer's] actions" but denied allegations of racism. <mask> sued, but withdrew his claim, saying he wasn't looking for financial compensation, "on the condition that the city establish a legal fellowship to investigate police misconduct and advocate for victims of brutality". The violence of the arrest has prompted <mask> to take a more active stand on police brutality against minorities. He has requested a meeting with Bratton and New York Mayor Bill de Blasio. He has also written a book, Ways of Grace: Stories of Activism, Adversity, and How Sports Can Bring Us Together, published in June 2017 that details the incident and his shift to activism as a result. <mask> was subsequently sued for defamation by the officer that had mistakenly arrested <mask> as the book portrayed the officer "as a racist and a goon".The lawsuit was dismissed by a judge in September 2018. Philanthropy In 2008 <mask> established The James Blake Foundation, which "invests vital seed money at the leading-edge of science: speed up the most promising work, and shortening the time it takes to turn lab discoveries into better treatments for patients." Since 2005, he has hosted Anthem Live!, a charity tennis exhibition and musical event in Virginia and New York City to raise money for cancer research. In July 2008, <mask> established the <mask>, Sr. Memorial Research Fund to support cancer research at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The fund was named in memory of his father, who died from gastric cancer in 2004. Nike and Fila, which sponsored <mask>, created T-shirts for <mask>'s charity, the J-Block program, and proceeds went to the Cancer Research Fund. As of 2019, the most recent year for which IRS data has been published, Charity Navigator, which evaluates charities, gives the Blake Foundation a failing Encompass Rating Score of 15 out of 100.Significant finals Olympic Games Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Year-end championships finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Masters 1000 finals Singles: 2 (2 runners-up) Doubles: 1 (1 title) ATP career finals Singles: 24 (10 titles, 14 runners-up) Doubles: 10 (7 titles, 3 runners-up) Team tournaments: 3 (3–0) Performance timelines Singles Doubles Top 10 wins References Further reading <mask>, <mask>; Friedman, Andrew L. (2007). Breaking back : How I lost everything and won back my life. New York: Harper Collins. External links <mask> official website 1979 births Living people African-American male tennis players American male tennis players American people of English descent Harvard Crimson men's tennis players Olympic tennis players of the United States Sportspeople from Fairfield, Connecticut Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York Tennis people from Connecticut Tennis players from Tampa, Florida Tennis people from New York (state) Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Hopman Cup competitors American autobiographers Writers from New York (state) 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American