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Illy (rapper)

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Alasdair David George Murray (born 6 September 1986), professionally known as <mask>, is an Australian rapper from Frankston, Victoria. Illy first emerged onto the hip hop scene in 2009 and has released five studio albums and has won multiple ARIA Music Awards. Illy has performed at many Australian music festivals including headline spots at Groovin the Moo, Splendour in the Grass, Spilt Milk and Yours and Owls. Early life Alasdair David George Murray was born on 6 September 1986 in Frankston, Melbourne, Australia. Career 2009–2011: Long Story Short and The Chase Before his solo career, <mask> was a member of Crooked Eye, but opted to leave the group. Illy released his first album, Long Story Short in 2009. Long Story Short reached No.24 on the ARIA Top 40 Urban Albums chart and the lead single, "Pictures", was placed on national rotation on Triple J. In April 2010, <mask> embarked on his first national headlining tour, playing 12 dates nationally. In September the same year, <mask> toured nationally alongside Australian rappers 360 and Skryptcha for "The Three Up Tour". <mask> featured on the track "Take It from Me" on producer M-Phazes' 2010 debut album Good Gracious. In 2010, <mask> released the singles "The Chase" and "Cigarettes" and in October 2010, released his second studio album The Chase. The Chase peaked at number 25 on the ARIA Charts. The album's third single, "It Can Wait" became Illy's first charting single on the Australian Singles Chart, peaking at number fifty-eight.In February 2011, <mask> embarked on his 14-date nationwide "The Chase Tour", with special guest M-Phazes. In October 2011, "It Can Wait" was certified Gold by ARIA after selling 35,000 copies. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011 The Chase was nominated for the ARIA Award for Best Urban Album. 2012–15: Bring It Back and Cinematic In May 2012, <mask> released "Heard It All", the lead single from his third studio album. In September 2012, <mask> released his third album, Bring It Back, which peaked at number 15 on the ARIA Charts. <mask> described the album as a "passion project" and a "tribute" to the Australian hip hop scene. A 24-date nationwide tour supported the release, with Australian hip-hop producer Chasm and Skryptcha as support acts.At the ARIA Music Awards of 2013, Bring It Back won Illy his first ARIA Music Award, winning ARIA Award for Best Urban Album. In September 2013, <mask> left Obese Records to set up his own label, ONETWO records, and signed South Australian hip hop artist Allday. In November 2013, Illy released his fourth studio album, Cinematic. The album debuted at number 4 on the ARIA Charts. In March 2014, the album's fourth single "Tightrope" became Illy's first top 20 single, peaking at number 18. 2016–present: Two Degrees and sixth studio album In July 2016, Illy released "Papercuts", featuring Vera Blue, which peaked at number 2 on the ARIA charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2016, the song was nominated for four awards.In October 2016, <mask> released "Catch 22" featuring Anne-Marie, which peaked at number 11 on the ARIA charts. In November 2016, <mask> released his fifth studio album, Two Degrees which debuted at No. 1 on the ARIA charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2017, the album was nominated for three awards. "You Say When" and "Oh My" were released as singles in 2017. <mask> toured the album and won ARIA Award for Best Australian Live Act at the ARIA Music Awards of 2017. On 24 May 2019, <mask> released "Then What"; his first new release in 2 years.Singles "Codes" and "Lean on Me" followed in 2019. On 13 February 2020, Illy released "Last Laugh" On 22 May 2020, Australian radio station Triple J premiered a new song by Illy titled "Parmas In June", created as part of a COVID-19 self-isolation musical challenge nicknamed Quarantune. Discography Long Story Short (2009) The Chase (2010) Bring It Back (2012) Cinematic (2013) Two Degrees (2016) The Space Between (2021) Awards AIR Awards The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector. |- | rowspan="2" | AIR Awards of 2011 | "It Can Wait" | Best Independent Single/EP | |- | The Chase | Best Independent Hip Hop/Urban Album | |- | AIR Awards of 2013 |Bring it Back | Best Independent Hip Hop/Urban Album | |- APRA Awards The Australasian Performing Right Association Awards of 2017 (generally known as APRA Awards) are an annual awards ceremony to award outstanding achievements in contemporary songwriting, composing and publishing. Illy has won three awards from eight nominations. |- | rowspan="2"| 2014 || "On and On" || Urban Work of the Year || |- | "Youngbloods" || Urban Work of the Year || |- | 2015 || "Tightrope" (featuring Scarlett Stevens) || Urban Work of the Year || |- | 2017 || "Papercuts" (featuring Vera Blue) || Urban Work of the Year || |- | rowspan="2"| 2018 || "Catch 22" (featuring Anne-Marie) || Urban Work of the Year || |- | "Oh My" (featuring Jenna McDougall) || Urban Work of the Year || |- | rowspan="2"| 2020 || "Exit Sign" (Hilltop Hoods featuring Illy and Ecca Vandal) || Most Performed Urban Work of the Year || |- | "Then What" || Most Performed Urban Work of the Year || |- ARIA Awards The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.Illy has won two trophies from nineteen nominations. ! They commenced in 2005. |- | J Awards of 2014 |"One for the City" | Australian Video of the Year | MTV Europe Music Awards The MTV Europe Music Awards is an award presented by Viacom International Media Networks to honour artists and music in pop culture. |- | 2017 | himself | Best Australian Act | |- References External links 1986 births APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners Australian hip hop musicians Australian male rappers Living people Sony Music Australia artists

Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey

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<mask>, 1st Earl of Anglesey PC (10 July 16146 April 1686) was an Anglo-Irish royalist statesman. After short periods as President of the Council of State and Treasurer of the Navy, he served as Lord Privy Seal between 1673 and 1682 for Charles II. He succeeded his father as 2nd Viscount Valentia in 1660, and he was created Earl of Anglesey in 1661. Early life Annesley was born in Dublin, Ireland to Francis Annesley, 1st Viscount Valentia, and his first wife Dorothy, daughter of Sir John Philipps, Bt, of Picton Castle. He was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, from which he graduated in 1634 as a Bachelor of Arts; that year, he was admitted into Lincoln's Inn. Having made the grand tour he returned to Ireland; and being employed by Parliament on a mission to the Duke of Ormonde, now reduced to the last extremities, he succeeded in concluding a treaty with him on 19 June 1647, thus securing the country from complete subjection to the rebels. In April 1647 he was returned for Radnorshire to the House of Commons.He supported the parliamentarians against the republican or army party, and appears to have been one of the members excluded in 1648. He sat in Richard Cromwell's parliament for Member of Parliament for Dublin City, and endeavoured to take his seat in the restored Rump Parliament of 1659. He was made President of the Council of State in February 1660, and in the Convention Parliament sat for Carmarthen. The anarchy of the last months of The Protectorate converted him to royalism, and he showed great activity in bringing about the English Restoration. He used his influence in moderating measures of revenge and violence, and while sitting in judgement on the regicides was on the side of leniency. He was sworn of the Privy Council on 1 June and in November he succeeded his father as Viscount Valentia in the Irish peerage. On 20 April 1661, he was created Baron Annesley, of Newport Pagnell in Buckinghamshire and Earl of Anglesey in the Peerage of England.Anglesey supported the king's administration in parliament, but opposed strongly the unjust measure which, on the abolition of the court of wards, placed the extra burden of taxation thus rendered necessary on the excise. His services in the administration of Ireland were especially valuable. He filled the office of vice-treasurer from 1660 till 1667, served on the committee for carrying out the declaration for the settlement of Ireland and on the committee for Irish affairs, while later, in 1671 and 1672, he was a leading member of various commissions appointed to investigate the working of the Acts of Settlement. In February 1661 he had obtained a captaincy of horse, and in 1667 he exchanged his post of Vice-Treasurer of Ireland with Sir George Carteret for that of Treasurer of the Navy. He was elected as a Bailiff to the board of the Bedford Level Corporation in 1664 and again in 1679, a position he then held until his death. Later years His public career was marked by great independence and fidelity to principle. On 24 July 1663 he alone signed a protest against the bill "for the encouragement of trade", on the plea that owing to the free export of coin and bullion allowed by the act, and to the importation of foreign commodities being greater than the export of home goods, "it must necessarily follow ... that our silver will also be carried away into foreign parts and all trade fail for want of money."He especially disapproved of another clause in the same bill forbidding the importation of Irish cattle into England, a mischievous measure promoted by the Duke of Buckingham, and he opposed again the bill brought in with that object in January 1667, though without success. This same year his naval accounts were subjected to an examination in consequence of his indignant refusal to take part in the attack upon Ormonde; and he was suspended from his office in 1668, no charge, however, against him being substantiated. He took a prominent part in the dispute in 1671 between the two Houses concerning the right of the Lords to amend money bills, and wrote a learned pamphlet on the question entitled The Privileges of the House of Lords and Commons (1702), in which the right of the Lords was asserted. In April 1673, he was appointed Lord Privy Seal, and was disappointed at not obtaining the Great Seal the same year on the removal of Lord Shaftesbury. In the bitter religious controversies of the time Anglesey showed great moderation and toleration. In 1674 he is mentioned as endeavouring to prevent the justices putting into force the laws against the Roman Catholics and Nonconformists. In the panic of the "Popish Plot" in 1678 he exhibited a saner judgment than most of his contemporaries and a conspicuous courage.On 6 December he protested with three other peers against the measure sent up from the Commons enforcing the disarming of all convicted recusants and taking bail from them to keep the peace; he was the only peer to dissent from the motion declaring the existence of an Irish plot; and though believing in the guilt and voting for the death of Lord Stafford, he interceded, according to his own account, with the king for him as well as for the barrister Richard Langhorne and Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland. His independent attitude drew upon him an attack by the notorious informer Dangerfield, and in the Commons by the Attorney General, Sir William Jones, who accused him of endeavouring to stifle the evidence against the Romanists. In March 1679 he protested against the second reading of the bill for disabling the Earl of Danby. In 1681, Anglesey wrote A Letter from a Person of Honour in the Country, as a rejoinder to the Earl of Castlehaven, who had published memoirs on the Irish rebellion defending the action of the Irish and the Roman Catholics. In so doing Anglesey was held by Ormonde to have censured his conduct and that of Charles I in concluding the "Cessation", and the duke brought the matter before the council. Anglesey was by now disillusioned about the efficacy of the Council, complaining bitterly that Councillors were kept in ignorance of what passed between the King and the Secretaries of State. In 1682 he wrote The Account of <mask>, Earl of Anglesey ... of the true state of Your Majesty's Government and Kingdom, which was addressed to the king in a tone of censure and remonstrance, but appears not to have been printed till 1694.In consequence he was dismissed on 9 August 1682, from the office of Lord Privy Seal. In 1683, <mask> appeared at the Old Bailey as a witness in defence of Lord Russell, and in June 1685 he protested alone against the revision of Lord Stafford's attainder. He divided his time between his estate at Blechingdon in Oxfordshire, and his house on Drury Lane in London, where he died in 1686 from quinsy, closing a career marked by great ability, statesmanship and business capacity, and by conspicuous courage and independence of judgement. He amassed a large fortune in Ireland, in which country he had been allotted lands by Cromwell. At his death, his library of books was believed to be the largest English library not in ecclesiastical hands. He was buried at Farnborough, Hampshire. The unfavourable character drawn of him by Burnet is certainly unjust and not supported by any evidence.Pepys, a far more trustworthy judge, speaks of him invariably in terms of respect and approval as a "grave, serious man," and commends his appointment as treasurer of the navy as that of "a very notable man and understanding and will do things regular and understand them himself." That being so, his appearance was also said to be strange, even alarming: "his face long and emaciated, his complexion between purple and green." On a more intellectual point, he was a learned and cultivated man and collected a celebrated library, which was dispersed at his death. Many of his books have now been identified, however, including a heavily annotated copy of the Latin translation of Margaret Cavendish's Life of William Cavendish. Works A True Account of the Whole Proceedings betwixt ... the Duke of Ormond and ... the <mask> of Anglesey (1682) A Letter of Remarks upon Jovian (1683) The King's Right of Indulgence in Matters Spiritual ... asserted (1688) Truth Unveiled, to which is added a short Treatise on ... Transubstantiation (1676) The Obligation resulting from the Oath of Supremacy (1688) England's Confusion (1659). Reflections on a Discourse concerning Transubstantiation Memoirs of Lord Anglesey were published by Sir P. Pett in 1693, but contain little biographical information and were repudiated as a mere imposture by Sir John Thompson, his son-in-law, in his preface to Lord <mask>'s State of the Government in 1694. The author however of the preface to The Rights of the Lords asserted (1702), while blaming their publication as "scattered and unfinished papers," admits their genuineness.Marriage and legacy Anglesey married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Sir James Altham of Oxey, Hertfordshire, a baron of the Exchequer, and his first wife Margaret Skinner. They had seven sons and six daughters, including: James (1645–1690), who succeeded as 2nd Earl of Anglesey, married (in 1669) Elizabeth, daughter of John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland and Frances Montagu; Altham, created Baron Altham; Richard (died 1701), served as Dean of Exeter and succeeded as 3rd Baron Altham, married Dorothy, daughter of John Davey, of Ruxford, Devon; <mask>; Charles, who married Margaret Eyre and had issue; Dorothy, married Richard Power, 1st Earl of Tyrone (1630–1690) in 1654; Elizabeth, married Alexander MacDonnell, 3rd Earl of Antrim (1615–1699); Frances (died 1704/5), married firstly Francis Windham, of Felbrigg, Norfolk, and secondly (in 1668) John Thompson, 1st Baron Haversham; Philippa (died 1714/5), married firstly Charles Mohun, 3rd Baron Mohun (their son was the duellist Charles, 4th Baron Mohun), and secondly William Coward, of Wells, Somerset; and Anne, married Sir Francis Wingate J.P. of Harlington Grange, Harlington. The latter arrested John Bunyan and committed him to prison. Bunyan was held overnight at Harlington Grange. James' sons succeeded as the 3rd, 4th and 5th earls. Richard's second son, Richard (died 1761), succeeded his cousin as the 6th earl, and left a son <mask> (1744–1816), whose legitimacy was doubted and his father's English titles were declared extinct. He was summoned to the Irish House of Peers as Viscount Valentia, but was denied his writ to the parliament of Great Britain by a majority of one vote.He was created Earl of Mountnorris in 1793 in the Peerage of Ireland. All the male descendants of the 1st Earl of Anglesey became extinct in the person of George, 2nd Earl of Mountnorris, in 1844, when the titles of Viscount Valentia and Baron Mountnorris passed to his cousin <mask> (1785–1863), who thus became 10th Viscount Valentia, being descended from the 1st Viscount Valentia the father of the 1st Earl of Anglesey in the Annesley family. The 1st viscount was also the ancestor of the Earls Annesley in the Irish peerage. Notes References . Attribution: External links 1614 births 1686 deaths 17th-century Irish people 17th-century Royal Navy personnel Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Arthur 1 Peers of England created by Charles II English MPs 1640–1648 English MPs 1659 English MPs 1660 Fellows of the Royal Society Infectious disease deaths in England Irish barristers Irish expatriates in England Irish people of English descent Irish writers Lords of the Admiralty Lords Privy Seal Members of Lincoln's Inn Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales Members of the Privy Council of England Members of the Privy Council of Ireland Politicians from County Dublin

Tom Norman

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<mask>, born Thomas Noakes, (7 May 1860 – 24 August 1930), was an English businessman, showman and the last exhibitor of Joseph Merrick who was otherwise known as the "Elephant Man". Among his later exhibits were a troupe of midgets, a "Man in a Trance", "John Chambers the armless Carpenter", and the "World's Ugliest Woman". <mask> started his working life as a butcher in Sussex before moving to London at the age of 14 where he sought a career on the music hall stage. There, he became interested in freak shows which he attended in his spare time. After viewing an exhibition called "Electric Lady" next door to his place of work, he went into business with the exhibition's manager and began his career as a showman of human oddities. He quickly became successful, for his patter as much as his exhibits, and was called the 'Silver King' by the American showman P. T. Barnum. In 1884, <mask> took over the management of Joseph Merrick, otherwise known as the "Elephant Man", and exhibited him for a few weeks until police closed down the show.Merrick later went to live at the London Hospital under the care of Sir Frederick Treves. In his 1923 memoirs, Treves portrayed <mask> as a cruel drunk who ruthlessly exploited his acts. <mask> refuted this characterisation and said that he had provided Merrick (and his other "freaks") with a means of making money independently. <mask> continued a successful career as a showman and later became an auctioneer of novelty shows and circuses. <mask> died in 1930 and was survived by his wife and 10 children, five of whom followed him into the entertainment business. Biography Early life <mask> was born Thomas Noakes on 7 May 1860 in Dallington, Sussex. He was the eldest of 17 children to Thomas Noakes, a butcher and a farmer, and his wife Eliza (née Haiselden).<mask> was introduced to his father's trade at an early age and left school to work with him when he was 12. He decided to go travelling two years later to seek a career as a performer. He was unsuccessful and after a short while, he moved to London where he worked as a butcher's assistant. A keen gambler, <mask> moved to Berkshire where he took up professional gambling at Ascot Racecourse. He wound up penniless and resumed his butchery trade in London where he gained a new interest in freak show entertainment. Novelties After his unsuccessful venture in Berkshire, <mask> returned to being a butcher, and, one day, viewed the "novelties" at a penny gaff next to his place of employment in Islington. There, Mlle Electra, "The Only Electric Lady – A Lady Born Full of Electricity" gave audience members an electrical shock via her handshake.<mask> was impressed with the exhibition, realised its lucrative potential, and left his job to enter into business with Mlle Electra's manager. He quickly discovered Electra was a fake connected to a supply of electricity. When Mlle Electra was exhibited at Kingston Fair, <mask> realised he would be better off working alone, and successfully staged his own "Electric Lady" in Hammersmith. He learned that his skills as an entertainer were as important to his success as the novelties he exhibited. At some point, he changed his birth name to <mask>, and renounced his inheritance. According to Joseph Merrick's biographers Michael Howell and Peter Ford, <mask> may have changed his name to avoid shaming his family by his "distasteful" connections to circuses and fairgrounds. Over the next few years, <mask>'s travelling exhibitions featured Eliza Jenkins, the "Skeleton Woman", a "Balloon Headed Baby" and a woman who bit off the heads of live rats—the "most gruesome" act <mask> claimed to have seen.Other acts included fleas, fat ladies, giants, dwarves and retired white seamen, painted black and speaking in an invented language, billed "savage Zulus". He displayed a "family of midgets" which in reality was composed of two men and a borrowed baby. He operated a number of shops in London and Nottingham, and exhibited travelling shows throughout the country. In 1882, <mask> gave a show at Islington's Royal Agricultural Hall. Unknown to <mask>, the show was attended by American showman P. T. Barnum. <mask> falsely claimed to his audience, as he had often done in the past, that his show had been booked to appear at Barnum's 'Greatest Show on Earth'. Barnum was much amused and afterwards, seeing <mask>'s silver necklace and noting his gift for oratory, dubbed him the 'Silver King'.With 13 shops in London alone, <mask> ran into a shortage of curiosities and travelled the country looking for new acts. He enticed human novelties into his employ with promises of generous salaries. Elephant Man In 1884, <mask> came into contact with Joseph Merrick, a young man from Leicester who had extreme deformities. Unable to find work due to his physical appearance, Merrick ended up in the Leicester workhouse for four years. In 1884 he left the workhouse and put himself in the charge of the music hall proprietors Sam Torr and J. Ellis, and the travelling showman 'Little George' Hitchcock. Collectively, they presented Merrick as "The Elephant Man, Half-a-Man and Half-an-Elephant". They quickly realised that they would not be able to show Merrick for too long in one place, for fear of the novelty wearing off, and towards the end of 1884, Hitchcock contacted <mask>, an acquaintance of his, and transferred management of the Elephant Man to him.Merrick arrived in London and into <mask>'s care. <mask>, initially shocked by Merrick's appearance and reluctant to display him, nonetheless exhibited him at his penny gaff shop at 123 Whitechapel Road, directly across the road from the London Hospital. Because of its proximity to the hospital, the shop received medical students and doctors as visitors. One of these was the surgeon Frederick Treves who arranged to have Merrick brought into the hospital to be examined. According to <mask>'s autobiography, Merrick went to the hospital "two or three" times, but then refused to go any more, as the examinations made him feel "like an animal in a cattle market". The exhibition of the Elephant Man was reasonably successful, particularly with the added income from a printed pamphlet about Merrick's life and condition. At this time, however, public opinion about freak shows was starting to change and the display of human novelties was beginning to be viewed as distasteful.After only a few weeks with <mask>, the Elephant Man exhibition was shut down by the police, and <mask> and Merrick parted ways. Treves later arranged for Merrick to live at the London Hospital until Merrick's death in 1890. In Treves's 1923 memoir, The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences <mask> was portrayed as a drunk who cruelly exploited Merrick. <mask> counteracted these claims in a letter in the World's Fair newspaper that year, as well as his own autobiography. <mask>'s opinion was that he provided Merrick (and his other exhibits) a way of making a living and remaining independent, but that on entering the London Hospital, Merrick remained a freak on display, only with no control over how or when he was viewed. The character Bytes, portrayed by Freddie Jones in the 1980 film The Elephant Man, is based on <mask>. Later life <mask> remained a travelling showman for another 10 years following his encounter with Joseph Merrick, and exhibited, among others, a troupe of midgets, a 'Man in a Trance', John Chambers the armless Carpenter and the 'World's Ugliest Woman'.In 1893, he announced that he was leaving for Chicago and advertised his goods for sale, but in the end, he never went. He became involved with the temperance movement and was the vice-president of the Van Dwellers Protection Association (which later became the Showmen's Guild of Great Britain). He became a showman's auctioneer, auctioning novelty shows and circuses and according to the World's Fair, presided over more such sales than any other auctioneer in the country at that time. <mask> married the theatre performer Amy Rayner in 1896, and they had six sons and four daughters. The family moved to Croydon, and <mask> went into semi-retirement, selling off some of his shops. In 1905 he sold showman "Lord" George Sanger's zoo, and then all of Sanger's circus effects, an achievement <mask> called "the crowning point in my life as regards the auctioneering business". He made his comeback in 1919 with the exhibition of 'Phoebe the Strange Girl' in Birmingham and Margate.Final years and death <mask> died of throat cancer on 24 August 1930 at Croydon Hospital, aged 70. Five of his children followed him into circus careers: George and <mask> became circus clowns while <mask> and <mask> worked in fairgrounds. Ralph Van <mask> (known professionally as Hal Denver) became a travelling Wild West performer, appearing throughout Europe and the United States. References Bibliography 1860 births 1930 deaths English butchers English businesspeople People from Rother District Sideshows English auctioneers

Parameswara (king)

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<mask> (1344 – c. 1414), thought to be the same person named in the Malay Annals as Iskandar Shah, was the last king of Singapura and the founder of Malacca. According to the Malay Annals, he ruled Singapura from 1389 to 1398. The king fled the island kingdom after a Majapahit naval invasion in 1398 and founded his new stronghold on the mouth of Bertam river in 1402. Within decades, the new city grew rapidly to become the capital of the Malacca Sultanate. Portuguese accounts however, written a hundred years after his death, suggest he was from Palembang in Sumatra and usurped the throne of Singapura; he was driven out, either by the Siamese or the Majapahit, and went on to found Malacca. Etymology The name Parameswara is found in Portuguese sources such as Suma Oriental, and written Paramicura or Parimicura. Parameswara is a Hindu name derived from the Sanskrit word Parameśvara (), a concept literally meaning the "Supreme Lord".The word "parama" meaning "the supreme" is added to Ishvara as an intensifier. Parameśvara is also one of the names of Lord Shiva. However, the name Parameswara is not found in the Malay Annals, which tell a romanticized history of the kingdoms of Singapura and Malacca. It gives the name Iskandar Shah as the last ruler of Singapura and founder of Malacca. Iskandar is Persian for "Alexander", after Alexander the Great, and Shah the Persian title for a king. It has been conjectured that Iskandar Shah of the Malay Annals is the same person as Parameswara based on commonalities in their biographies. The Ming Chronicle (Ming Shilu) recorded that the consort of Parameswara known as Bā-ér-mí-sū-lǐ (八兒迷蘇里) ('Parameswari') attended a banquet together with the king Bai-li-mi-su-la ('Parameswara') in the Ming court.It is more likely that 'Parameswari' ("Supreme Lordess") referred to a title rather than a given name as evidenced by its application in the Malay Annals to Sang Nila Utama's mother-in-law, Queen Parameswari Iskandar Shah, and is in fact still in use today in the form of "Permaisuri" ('Queen') in the Malay language. Therefore, the name Parameswara is also believed to be a small part of a longer regnal title which was something common among Malay royals until the present day. Apart from <mask> the founder of Malacca, Abu Syahid Shah, the fourth Sultan of Malacca, was also titled "Raja Sri <mask> Dewa Shah". Biography Origin There are differing accounts of the origin and life of Parameswara given in the Malay Annals and Portuguese sources. The Malay Annals was written during the heyday of Malacca and re-compiled in 1612 by the Johor court. It is the basis for accounts of the founding of Singapura , the succession of its rulers and its eventual decline. According to the account by the Malay Annals, Iskandar Shah (Parameswara) was a descendant of Sang Nila Utama said to have founded Singapura.However, historians cast doubts on the accuracy and historicity of the Malay Annals on its accounts of Singapura. Portuguese sources such as the Suma Oriental by Tomé Pires were written shortly after the Portuguese conquest of Malacca and they give a different account of the origin of Parameswara. Both Suma Oriental and Malay Annals do contain similar stories about a fleeing Srivijayan prince arriving in Singapura and about the last king of Singapura who fled to the west coast of Malay peninsula to found Malacca. However, both accounts differ markedly on the identity of the prince: Suma Oriental identified the fleeing prince and the last king of Singapura as the same person known as "Parameswara", while the more detailed Malay Annals identified the fleeing prince and the last king as completely two different persons separated by five generations (Sang Nila Utama and Iskandar Shah). Suma Oriental noted further that the fleeing Srivijayan prince usurped the throne of Singapura from a Siamese viceroy named "Temagi" sometimes around the 1390s. Portuguese accounts by Tomé Pires and João de Barros, which may have been based on a Javanese source, suggest that Parameswara was a prince from Palembang who attempted to challenge Javanese rule over Palembang sometime after 1360. In this version, the Javanese attacked and drove <mask> out of Palembang, who then escaped to Singapore.Parameswara soon assassinated the local ruler with the title Sang Aji, Sangesinga. <mask> then ruled for five years before he was driven out. The account by Pires also indicates that Iskandar Shah was the son of Parameswara who became the second ruler of Malacca. Many scholars believe that <mask> and Iskandar Shah are the same person, although some argued for Megat Iskandar Shah being the son of Parameswara. The only Chinese first-hand account of 14th century Temasek (the name used before it was changed to Singapura), Dao Yi Zhi Lue written by Wang Dayuan, indicates that Temasek was ruled by a local chief (before the time of Parameswara). However the word used by Wang indicates that the ruler of Temasek was not independent, rather he was a vassal of another more powerful state. Fall of Singapura Based on the account from the Malay Annals, Sri Maharaja of Singapura was succeeded by his son, Iskandar Shah, in 1389.The use of the peculiar Persian name and title in the Malay Annals may suggest that he had converted to Islam. Accounts in the Malay Annals trace back the Islamic influence in Singapura to the reign of Sri Rana Wikrama, when he first established relationships with a Sumatran Muslim Kingdom, Peureulak. The Malay annals account of the fall of Singapura and the flight of its last king begins with Iskandar Shah's accusation of one of his concubines of adultery. As punishment, the king had her stripped naked in public. In revenge, the concubine's father, Sang Rajuna Tapa who was also an official in Iskandar Shah's court, secretly sent a message to Wikramawardhana of Majapahit, pledging his support should the king choose to invade Singapura. In 1398, Majapahit dispatched a fleet of three hundred large ships and hundreds of smaller vessels, carrying no less than 200,000 men. Initially, the Javanese soldiers engaged with the defenders in a battle outside the fortress, before forcing them to retreat behind the walls.The invasion force laid a siege of the city and repeatedly tried to attack the fortress. However, the fortress proved to be impregnable. After a month, food in the fortress began to run low and the defenders were on the verge of starvation. Sang Rajuna Tapa was then asked to distribute whatever grain left to the people from the royal store. Seeing this opportunity for revenge, the minister lied to the King, saying the stores were empty. The grains were not distributed and the people eventually starved. The final assault came when the gates were finally opened under the order of the treacherous minister.The Majapahit soldiers rushed into the fortress and a terrible massacre ensued. According to the Malay Annals, "blood flowed like a river" and the red stains on the laterite soil of Singapore are said to be blood from that massacre. Knowing that defeat was imminent, Iskandar Shah and his followers fled the island. Portuguese sources gave different accounts from the Malay Annals. They suggested that <mask> originated from Palembang, who escaped to Temasek that some believed to be a vassal of Siam. There he assassinated the local ruler who had welcomed Parameswara into the kingdom, and ruled there for five years. There are different suggestions as to who attacked Singapore.One indication was that the assassinated ruler of Singapura may be related by marriage to the Pattani Kingdom and the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom. João de Barros said that it was the Siamese who attacked Singapura, while Brás de Albuquerque believed that it was the Pattani Kingdom. Diogo do Couto on the other hand said it was the Majapahit, while Godinho de Erédia mentioned Pahang (by which he meant most the Malay Peninsula). Foundation of Malacca <mask> fled north to found a new settlement. In Muar, <mask> contemplated establishing his new kingdom at either Biawak Busuk or at Kota Buruk. Finding that the Muar location was not suitable, he continued northwards. Along the way, he reportedly visited Sening Ujong (former name of present-day Sungai Ujong) before reaching a fishing village at the mouth of the Bertam River (former name of the Malacca River).This evolved over time to become the location of modern-day Malacca Town. According to the Malay Annals, legend has it that the king saw a mouse deer outwitting his hunting dog into the water when he was resting under the Malacca tree. He thought this boded well, remarking, 'this place is excellent, even the mouse deer is formidable; it is best that we establish a kingdom here'. Tradition holds that he named the settlement after the tree he was leaning against while witnessing the portentous event. Today, the mouse deer is part of modern Malacca's coat of arms. The name "Malacca" itself was derived from the fruit-bearing Malacca tree () scientifically termed as Phyllanthus emblica. Another account on the origin the naming of Malacca elaborates that during the reign of Muhammad Shah (1424–1444), the Arab merchants called the kingdom 'Malakat' (Arabic for 'congregation of merchants') because it was home to many trading communities.Reign in Malacca After the foundation of the new settlement in Malacca, <mask> initiated the development of the place and ordered his men to cultivate the lands with banana, sugar cane, yam and other crops for food. Taking the advantage of the harbour that is protected by a hill and sheltered ships well from the danger of strong tides, <mask> laid the foundation of a trading port by building the

Parameswara (king)

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storage and market facilities to serve as a meeting point to exchange goods. The indigenous inhabitants of Malacca and the strait, the Orang Laut, who were also known as the loyal servants of Malay rulers since the time of Singapura and Srivijaya, were said to have been employed by Parameswara to patrol the adjacent seas, to repel other petty pirates, and to direct traders to their Malay overlords' port. Ironically, Orang Lauts themselves were known to be ferocious pirates in history. Within years, news about Malacca becoming a centre of trade and commerce began to spread all over the eastern part of the world and reached as far as China. The Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty, who reigned from 1402 till 1424, sent his envoy known as Yin Qing to Malacca in 1405. Yin Qing's visit opened the way for the establishment of friendly relations between Malacca and China.Chinese merchants began calling at the port of Malacca, joining other foreign traders notably the Javanese, Indians, Chinese, and Burmese who came to establish their trading bases and settle in Malacca, soaring its population to 2000 during <mask>'s reign. In 1411, <mask>, his wife, his son, and a royal party of 540 people left for China with Admiral Zheng He to pay homage to the Yongle Emperor. Yongle praised Parameswara and acknowledged him as the rightful ruler of Malacca. He then presented Parameswara with a seal, silk and a yellow umbrella as symbols of royalty and also a letter appointing <mask> as the ruler of Malacca. Malacca was then recognised as a kingdom by the Emperor of China. The envoy returned to Malacca together with a fleet led by Zheng He. The Chinese chronicles mention that in 1414, the son of the first ruler of Malacca visited Ming China to inform them that his father had died.It is generally believed that he was buried on top of a hill at Tanjung Tuan (also known as Cape Rachado), within the State of Malacca, Malaysia by which located nearby to the modern-day district of Port Dickson. <mask> was succeeded by his son, Megat Iskandar Shah who in turn ruled Malacca until 1424. There is an allegation that <mask> had also been buried at the Bukit Larangan Park, Singapore. Some other also believe that he could have been cremated based on the Hindu's ritual belief system, and there is therefore no actual burial place. Religious belief It is believed that <mask> was a Hindu as indicated by his Hindu name. The Persian moniker Iskandar Shah used in the Malay Annals, as well as the confusion as to whether <mask> and Iskandar Shah in different sources refer to the same person, led to the conjecture that <mask> had converted to Islam and took a new name. In the year 1409, when he was sixty-five, he was said to have married a Muslim princess of Pasai, converted to Islam and adopted the Persian title Iskandar Shah.However, the 16th-century Portuguese writer Tomé Pires explicitly mentioned that <mask> was succeeded by his son, named Chaquem Daraxa or Megat Iskandar Shah, and that only the latter converted to Islam at the age of 72. The Chinese History of Ming also considers Megat Iskandar Shah to be the son of <mask>. This son is referred to in the Malay Annals only as Raja Besar Muda. According to the Malay Annals, the third king Muhammad Shah was the first Muslim ruler of Melaka, having converted after a dream. Scholars believe both <mask> and his son were given the same title, the elder called Sri Iskandar Shah and the son Megat Iskandar Shah. Based on Malay, Portuguese, and Chinese writings, Christopher Wake concludes that <mask> never adopted Islam but was posthumously given the title Iskandar Shah. While there are differing views on when the Islamisation of Melaka actually took place, it is generally agreed that Islam was firmly established in the court by the reign of Muzaffar Shah.Foreign relations with Ming China The relation with Ming China started in the early 15th century when <mask> embarked on several voyages to visit the Yongle Emperor. In 1403, the first official Chinese trade envoy led by Admiral Yin Qing arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameśwara was escorted by Zheng He and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with Ming granted protection to Malacca against attacks from Siam and Majapahit and Malacca officially submitted as a protectorate of Ming China. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and India, Middle East, Africa and Europe. In 1411, <mask> and his wife together with 540 officials from Malacca went to China to pay homage to the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424). Upon arriving, a grand welcoming ceremony was held with sacrification of animals.The historical meeting between Parameswara and the Yongle Emperor was recorded accurately in the Ming chronicle: Tributes that Malacca paid to Ming included: agate, carnelian, pearl, hawksbill, coral, crane beak, golden female crane beak, suit, white cloth, Western fabric, Sa-ha-la, rhino horn, ivory, black bear, black ape, white muntjac, turkey, parrot, pian-nao, rosebush dew, su-he oil, gardenia flower, wu-ye-ni, aromatic wood, incense sticks, gold silver incense sticks. Legacy Within decades after its foundation, Malacca grew into an international trading port and heralded the golden age of Alam Melayu. 80 languages were reportedly spoken in Malacca. Malacca became an important port in the far east during the 16th century. It became so rich that the Portuguese writer and trader Tome Pires said "Whoever is lord of Malacca shall have his hands on the throat of Venice." The new Malay sultanate emerged as the primary base in continuing the historic struggles of its predecessors, Singapura and Srivijaya, against their Java-based nemeses. By the mid-15th century, Majapahit found itself unable to control the rising power of Malacca that began to gain effective control of Malacca straits and expands its influence to Sumatra.The Malay Annals records that, at the height of its power, following the accession to the throne of Sultan Mansur Shah in 1459, Malacca's territory covered much of the Malay peninsula as well as the Riau-Lingga islands and parts of the east coast of Sumatra namely Indragiri, Kampar, Siak, Rokan, Haru and Siantan. Malacca was still looking to expand its territory as late as 1506 when it conquered Kelantan. The prosperity of Malacca as an international port changed the entire Maritime Southeast Asia and its success was admired by kings from neighbouring kingdoms. As a major entreport, Malacca attracted Muslim traders from various part of the world and became a centre of Islam, disseminating the religion throughout the Maritime Southeast Asia. The process of Islamisation in the region surrounding Malacca gradually intensified between the 15th and 16th centuries through study centres in Upeh, the district on the north bank of the Malacca River. Islam spread from Malacca to Jambi, Kampar, Bengkalis, Siak, Aru and the Karimun Islands in Sumatra, throughout much of the Malay peninsula, Java and even Philippines. The Malay Annals even reveals that the courts of Malacca and Pasai posed theological questions and problems to one another.Of the so-called Wali Sanga ('nine saints') responsible in spreading Islam on Java, at least two, Sunan Bonang and Sunan Kalijaga, are said to have studied in Malacca. The expansion of Islam into the interiors of Java in the 15th century led to the gradual decline of Malacca's long standing foe, Hindu-Majapahit, before it finally succumbed to the emerging local Muslim forces in the early 16th century. Ultimately, the period spanning from Malaccan era right until the age of effective European colonisation, saw the domination of Malay-Muslim sultanates in trade and politics that eventually contributed to the Malayisation of the region. Sources Malay Annals - a Malay literature compiled by Tun Sri Lanang in 1612. Suma Oriental - written by Portuguese Tom Pires after the Portuguese conquest of Malacca in the early 16th century. Other Portuguese sources such as those given by Afonso de Albuquerque also mentioned Parameswara. Ming Shilu () - also known as the Veritable Records of the Ming dynasty, has a comprehensive 150 records or more on Parameswara (Bai-li-mi-su-la 拜里迷蘇剌) and Malacca.The translation work was contributed by Dr.Geoff Wade, a senior researcher in the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. 28 October 1403: eunuch Yǐn Qìng 尹慶 was sent to Malacca. 3 October 1405: Bai-li-mi-su-la, the native ruler of the country of Malacca followed the Imperial envoy Yin Qing and visit the Ming court to offer tribute. 16 February 1409: envoy A-bu-la Jia-xin 阿卜剌賈信 sent by Bai-li-mi-su-la visit Ming court and offered tribute of local products. 4 August 1411: Bai-li-mi-su-la, on banquet in reward him on visit to Ming court. 14 August 1411: Bai-li-mi-su-la, and his wife, children and attendant ministers, a total of over 540 persons, visit Ming Court. 17 August 1411: A banquet was conferred upon Bai-li-mi-su-la and his consort Bā-ér-mí-sū-lǐ 八兒迷蘇里 and others in the Interpreters Institute.5 October 1414: Son of the king of the country of Malacca, Mǔ-gàn Sā-yúgān-dí ér Shā 母幹撒于干的兒沙 visit Ming court and memorialised that his father Bai-li-mi-su-la had died. And the Imperially commanded that Mǔ-gàn Sā-yúgān-dí ér Shā should inherit his father's title as king. See also Strait of Malacca Orang Laut Moken Hang Tuah References External links Rajas of Singapore Sultans of Malacca 14th-century monarchs in Asia 15th-century monarchs in Asia Palembang History of Singapore History of Malacca History of Malaysia Hindu monarchs Founding monarchs 1344 births 1414

Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany

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<mask>, Grand Duke of Tuscany (; 10 June 1835 – 17 January 1908) was the last Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1859 to 1860. Biography Born at Florence, he was the son of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies. He and his family were forced to flee Florence on 27 April 1859, with the outbreak of a revolution inspired by the outbreak of a war by France and Sardinia-Piedmont against Austria as part of the unification of Italy. The family took refuge in Austria. After the end of the war, Leopold II abdicated on 21 July and <mask> succeeded him as Grand Duke. <mask> proved unable to return to Florence to claim his throne, and an elected Tuscan National Assembly formally deposed him only a month later, on 16 August. <mask> still hoped to recover his throne, as both France and Austria had promised to recognize his rights to it in the Armistice of Villafranca.However, neither power was willing to take any steps to bring about his restoration; Sardinia would annex Tuscany on 22 March 1860, and with Austria recognizing the new Kingdom of Italy after the Third War of Independence in 1866, <mask>'s hopes to reclaim the throne were ended. Subsequently <mask> and his family returned to the Imperial House of Austria. While <mask> was allowed to keep the grand ducal title as a courtesy and retain his status as grand master of all Tuscan orders of chivalry for his lifetime, his descendants could only bear the title of "Archduke/Archduchess of Austria"; the right to bear the title "Prince/ss of Tuscany" became restricted solely to family members born before 1866. In 1870 <mask> relinquished all dynastic rights to the defunct Grand Duchy for himself and his future heirs in favor of his second cousin, Emperor Franz Joseph I, effectively ending the House of Habsburg-Tuscany's status as a sovereign cadet branch. <mask> died in Salzburg in 1908, after spending the rest of his life in exile. Upon his death, his descendants were barred from using their Tuscan titles by Imperial decree. Family and children He married twice and had issue: From his first marriage in Dresden on 24 November 1856 to Princess Anna of Saxony, (Dresden, 4 January 1836 – Naples, 10 February 1859), daughter of King John I of Saxony, was born: Archduchess Maria Antonietta (Florence, 10 January 1858 – Cannes, 13 April 1883).She became Princess-Abbess of the Theresian Convent in the Hradschin in Prague. Unmarried and without Issue. From his second marriage in Frohsdorf on 11 January 1868 to Princess Alice "Alix" of Bourbon-Parma (Parma, 27 December 1849 – Schwertberg, 16 November 1935), daughter of Duke Charles III of Parma: Archduke <mask> (1868–1935). He renounced his titles on 29 December 1902 and took the name Leopold Wölfling. He married three times, without issue. Archduchess Louise (1870–1947). Married first King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and after divorcing him married second Enrico Toselli and had issue by both marriages.Archduke <mask> (1872–1942). He married, firstly, Rosa Kaltenbrunner and, after divorcing her married, secondly Gertrud Tomanek, by whom he had issue. Both marriages were morganatic. Archduke <mask>, Prince of Tuscany (1874–1948). Married Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, and had issue. Archduke <mask> (1878–1969). A major general in the Austrian army, morganatically married Maria Karoline Ludescher, and had issue.She married Johannes, Prince of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein; their granddaughter married Hans Veit, Count of Toerring-Jettenbach, son of Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark.

Ryōta Murata

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is a Japanese professional boxer. He has held the WBA (Super) middleweight title since January 2021 and previously held the WBA (Regular) title twice between 2017 and January 2021. As an amateur, he won a silver medal at the 2011 World Championships, and gold the following year at the 2012 Olympics. As of July 2021, he is ranked as the world's fifth best active middleweight by The Ring. Amateur career Murata started boxing in the first grade of junior high school. His then trainer was Hiroaki Takami who competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Two years later, he started attending Shinko Boxing Gym in Osaka from his home in Nara City.He was trained under the former Japanese super lightweight champion Hiromu Kuwata at that gym for one year. He proceeded to Minami-Kyoto High School and was coached there by Maekawa Takemoto, who served as the coach of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. <mask> went on to capture five national titles. Takemoto died in 2010, at the age of 50. However, after his admission to Toyo University, he suffered a number of DQ losses in the university league. At that time, he trained at the Physical Training School of the Self Defense Forces, on the recommendation of Takemoto. After winning the All-Japan Amateur Boxing Championships in the first grade of university in 2004, he captured the bronze medal in the 2005 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships in Ho Chi Minh City, and the silver medal in the 2005 King’s Cup in Bangkok.After that, <mask> went on an undefeated streak in his country, winning the All-Japan Amateur Boxing Championships also in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2011,. However, he was eliminated in the preliminary round by Nikolajs Grisunins at the 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships, and was also eliminated in the preliminary round by Bakhtiyar Artayev in the 2006 Asian Games. In the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships he won against Donatas Bondorovas in the first round, but lost to Shawn Estrada in the second round. At the 2008 1st Asian Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Bangkok, Thailand, he won over Narmandakh Shinebayar in the quarterfinal but lost to Elshod Rasulov in the semifinal. In the 2nd AIBA Asian 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Astana, Kazakhstan, he was eliminated in the quarterfinal by Homayoun Amiri and ended in the seventh place. <mask> retired as a boxer after failing to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. After graduating from the university, he started coaching at the boxing club while working as an employee of his alma mater.A year and a half later, he resumed his boxing career. In 2010, he secured the bronze medal by winning over Udai Al-Hindawi in the quarterfinal of the China Open Tournament in Guiyang, China, but lost to Husan Baymatov in the semifinal. In the 2010 Kazakhstan President's Cup in Astana, he won over Levan Guledani in the preliminary round but lost to Danabek Suzhanov in the quarterfinal. In July 2011, he won the gold medal at the 21st President's Cup in Jakarta. At the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships, <mask> won over his preliminary contest over Leandro Sanchez (24–11). In a big upset, <mask> stopped two-time world champion Abbos Atoev in the first round. He subsequently defeated Mohammad Sattarpour (22–11, in the second round) and Stefan Härtel (18–15, in the third round).By beating Härtel, <mask> secured qualification for the 2012 Summer Olympics. In the quarter-final, he beat Darren O'Neill (18-9). Finally he defeated Esquiva Falcão (24–11) to qualify for the final. <mask>'s run came to an end against Evhen Khytrov, losing a close match (22–24) and taking home the silver medal. 2012 Olympics In the 2012 Summer Olympics, second-seeded <mask> defeated Algeria's Abdelmalek Rahou 21–12 in the round of 16 at the ExCeL London on 2 August 2012. He subsequently beat Turkey's Adem Kılıççı 17–13 in the quarter-finals on 6 August, and also outpointed Uzbekistan's Abbos Atoev 13–12 in the semi-finals on 10 August. In the final on 11 August, he beat the Esquiva Falcão with a score of 14–13 and took the gold medal.After winning the quarter-finals, <mask> and Florentino were both assured of the first men's boxing medal for their countries since the 1968 Summer Olympics. It was a tough, close bout. <mask> is the hundredth gold medalist for Japan in their Olympic history. His is Japan's first boxing gold medal since Takao Sakurai won in the bantamweight class in 1964, and also is the first-ever boxing medal in a weight class other than bantamweight or flyweight. The Brazilian Olympic Committee asked the International Boxing Association (AIBA) for a review of the final, but the AIBA turned down the request. <mask> finished his amateur career with a record of 119–18 (89 RSC). Results Men's Middleweight (75 kg) Round of 16: <mask> <mask>, Japan (21) def Abdelmalek Rahou, Algeria (12) Quarterfinals: <mask> <mask>, Japan (17) def Adem Kılıççı, Turkey (13) Semi-finals: <mask> <mask>, Japan (13) def Abbos Atoev, Uzbekistan (12) Final: <mask> <mask>, Japan (14) def Esquiva Falcão, Brazil (13) Professional career <mask> registered with Misako Boxing Gym in April 2013, and signed with Top Rank in June.He also asked Teiken Promotions for cooperation in promotion. Murata is sponsored by Dentsu. Before turning professional, <mask> had declined participation in AIBA Pro Boxing by saying that he intended to retire as a boxer. Upon turning professional, <mask> was banned from Japan Amateur Boxing Federation (JABF) for his disloyal behavior in February 2013. Qualified as a professional boxer in April 2013, he was cleared to fight in eight or more round bouts. His professional debut took place in a six-round bout at a 161 lb catchweight against Akio Shibata at the Ariake Coliseum on 25 August 2013. <mask> won the bout by a second-round technical knockout.<mask> went on to win his first four fights by knockout. <mask>'s first fight in the U.S. took place in November 2015 against Gunnar Jackson. He won the fight via unanimous decision (99-91, 98-92, 97-93), outworking Jackson throughout most of the bout. <mask> (8-0, 5 KOs), who was ranked fourth in the WBC middleweight ratings at the time, faced Gaston Alejandro Vega (24-10-1, 10 KOs) of Argentina on 30 January in Shanghai, on the under card of Chinese superstar Zou Shiming against Natan Santana Coutinho . <mask> won the fight by KO in the second round. WBA (Regular) middleweight champion <mask> vs. N'Dam After 12 consecutive victories, <mask> fought for the vacant WBA (Regular) title against Hassan N'Dam N'Jikam on 27 May 2017. <mask> lost a very controversial split decision (116-111, 115-112, 110-117), in a match which many thought he'd won.N'Dam N'Jikam was knocked down in Round 4 but survived and got the decision. The two judges who scored the fight for N'Dam N'Jikam were immediately suspended and WBA president Gilberto Mendoza issued a public apology. A rematch was immediately ordered by the WBA, and scheduled for 22 October. <mask> vs. N'Dam II On 22 October, <mask> decisively beat N'Dam N'Jikam, who threw in the towel after round 7. <mask>'s body attack wore his opponent down, he also hurt him with a series of combinations. The fight was attended by 8,500 people at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan. This was N'Dam N'Jikam's first stoppage loss.After the fight, <mask> said, "I know that you’re going to have a rougher time after you win a title. And there are other very strong champions in this weight class at other organizations. The people here know it. I will aim to be at their level." With the win, <mask> became Japan's first Olympic medalist to win a world title, as well as the first Japanese middleweight world champion since Shinji Takehara. <mask> vs. Blandamura On 15 April, <mask> retained his secondary middleweight world title with a one-sided eighth-round knockout of Emanuele Blandamura at the Yokohama Arena in Yokohama, Japan. Blandamura was ranked #6 by the WBA at middleweight.Defending his 160-pound belt for the first time since knocking out Hassan N'Dam in the seventh round of their October rematch to claim the title, <mask> had a similarly easy time with Blandamura. <mask> vs. Brant <mask> failed to defend his WBA middleweight world title and suffered his second defeat on 20 October in Las Vegas, losing to mandatory challenger Rob Brant of the U.S. by unanimous decision, 118-110, 119-109 and 119-109. Brant was ranked #3 by the WBA and #11 by the IBF at the time. Brant threw over 1,200 punches to get the decision, wearing <mask> out and down over the course of the fight. <mask> vs. Brant II Brant made his second defense of WBA "regular" middleweight title against <mask> on 12 July 2019 at Edion Arena in Osaka, Japan. <mask> in Round 2, forcing referee Luis Pabon to stop the bout 2 minutes 34 seconds into the round. <mask>'s 64 power punches connected were the second most by a middleweight in a round next to Mike McCallum 's 74 landed punches in a fifth-round TKO of Nicky Walker in 1991.<mask> vs. Butler <mask> defended his regained title on 23 May December 2019 at the Yokohama Arena against hard-punching Canadian contender Steven Butler (27-1). Butler was ranked #8 by the WBA at middleweight. <mask>'s power showed up right from the start, but Butler managed to keep up with the champion in the early rounds using his long reach and fast combinations. However, <mask>'s constant offense, sharp jab and powerful rights started to wear down Butler in round four. Near the end of Round 5, <mask> drove Butler to the ropes and began to unleash a series of hard punches, before landing a devastating left hook that caused Butler to crash down on the canvas. Referee Rafael Ramos immediately halted the contest, thus giving <mask> the victory by TKO. WBA (Super) middleweight champion In January 2021, <mask> was elevated to the status of full WBA (Super) middleweight champion.The position had previously been vacant after the previous Super champion Canelo Álvarez had vacated the title to move up to the super-middleweight division. <mask> vs. Golovkin After multiple rumors suggesting that <mask> was set to take on IBF and IBO champion Gennady Golovkin in a unification match, it was announced on 27 October 2021 that a deal had finally been agreed between the two to stage the bout at the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan on 29 December 2021. Personal life <mask> was married in May 2010. His son was born in May 2011. Professional boxing record See also October 2011 in sports#Boxing Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification Japan at the 2012 Summer Olympics Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics#Day 15: Sat 11 August List of Olympic medalists in boxing#Middleweight List of 2012 Summer Olympics medal winners#Boxing List of Japanese boxing world champions References Video references External links <mask> <mask>'s daily results International Boxing Association Ryota <mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live |- Middleweight boxers People from Nara, Nara Toyo University alumni 1986 births Living people Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Olympic boxers of Japan Olympic gold medalists for Japan Olympic medalists in boxing Boxers at the 2006 Asian Games Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Japanese male boxers AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon Asian Games competitors for Japan

Fred Haney

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<mask> (April 25, 1896 – November 9, 1977) was an American third baseman, manager, coach and executive in Major League Baseball (MLB). As a manager, he won two pennants and a world championship with the Milwaukee Braves. He later served as the first general manager of the expansion Los Angeles Angels in the American League. For years, <mask> was one of the most popular baseball figures in Los Angeles. In 1974 he was presented with the King of Baseball award given by Minor League Baseball. Early life Born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and raised in Los Angeles, <mask>'s major league playing career lasted all or part of seven seasons (1922–27, 1929). Primarily a third baseman—despite his diminutive ( size—<mask> compiled a .275 batting average with eight home runs and 229 runs batted in (RBI) for the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals.Much of his playing career was spent in his hometown with the city's two Pacific Coast League clubs, the original PCL Angels and the Hollywood Stars. He threw and batted right-handed. Managerial career Early years and broadcasting <mask> became a manager in 1936, piloting the Toledo Mud Hens of the AA American Association, the top farm team of the St. Louis Browns. In 1939, he took over the lowly Browns and the team lost 111 games. They improved by 24 games in 1940, but when the 1941 Brownies dropped 32 of their first 44 contests, <mask> was replaced by Luke Sewell. After briefly returning to Toledo to manage through 1942, <mask> went home to Los Angeles (and the Coast League) as the radio play-by-play broadcaster for the Hollywood Stars and Los Angeles Angels for six seasons, starting in 1943. In 1949, he moved back into the dugout as the manager of the Hollywood club.During his four years (1949–52) as manager, the Stars won two PCL pennants. Milwaukee As a reward, <mask> was named manager of the Stars' parent club: the worst team in the National League, the Pittsburgh Pirates. The Pirates rang up three last place finishes in <mask>'s 1953–55 tenure, losing 104, 101 and 94 games. Finally, he was given the pink slip by the Bucs, and he joined the Milwaukee Braves as a coach for 1956. Adversity turned into good fortune, however, when the Braves—slow out of the gate in '56; under skipper Charlie Grimm, the Braves were 24–22 on June 17 when he was forced out at the post, and <mask> was named the manager. Milwaukee played at a .630 clip (68–40) for the rest of the season. As late as the final series of the season, the Braves were in position for a pennant or at best a tie (as Brooklyn and Cincinnati were each in position with each other for first); however, the Braves lost two of their last three against St. Louis as Brooklyn managed escape with the league pennant.At any rate, the season secured <mask>'s tenure in the Beer City. He would push his team hard on fundamentals the following spring training, stating that "You're going to hate my guts next spring, but you'll love me when you see that World Series check in the fall." During his tenure of a little more than seasons, <mask> would lead the Braves to their only two pennants and lone World Series championship in 13 years of existence (1953–65) in the city. Yet for all his managerial success in Milwaukee, <mask> had more than his share of critics who believed it was largely the result of the immense talent around him. In 1957, with a lineup that included future Baseball Hall of Fame members Hank Aaron, Eddie Mathews, Warren Spahn, and Red Schoendienst – and stars such as Lew Burdette, Bob Buhl, Johnny Logan and Del Crandall – the Braves won the National League pennant by eight games over the St. Louis Cardinals. During the regular season, <mask> led the Braves in overcoming season-ending injuries to star first baseman Joe Adcock and fleet center fielder Bill Bruton, and slow starts to the season by their starting left fielder and second baseman, both of whom were traded in mid-June for Schoendienst. Then, led by Burdette's three complete-game victories in the World Series, the Braves defeated the New York Yankees in seven games – including winning the crucial seventh game 5–0 at Yankee Stadium with Burdette pitching – thus making him the World Series Most Valuable Player.Aaron received the National League Most Valuable Player award and Spahn won the lone Major League Cy Young Award (two Cy Young Awards were not given out per year until 1967). In 1958, the Milwaukee Braves repeated as champions in a league that was in transition, this time again by a margin of eight games. The core of the Braves team was once again Aaron, Matthews, Adcock, Spahn and Burdette. However, Buhl was limited to eleven appearances because of health issues, while Adcock played in only 105 games and Wes Covington in just 90 also because of injuries. Nonetheless, in Spahn and Burdette, the team had the best starter tandem in the majors. Spahn recorded a 22–11 record in 290 innings, while Burdette posted a 20–10 mark in 275 innings. The Braves finished first in the National League with a 92–62 record and returned to the World Series.The Yankees again won the American League, hence the two teams faced off against each other again in the World Series. The Braves roared ahead by winning three of the first four games in the series. The Yankees quickly regrouped, and they won Games 5, 6, and 7 and the championship. The final two games were played at Milwaukee County Stadium. Many consider the turning point was <mask>'s controversial decision to start Burdette and Spahn on two days' rest each in the final two games, which had the appearance of a panic move, what with his team ahead 3–2 lead in the series. Some critics believe well-rested veteran Bob Rush would have been a wiser choice in Game 6, pointing to his effectiveness in the final two months of the regular season as well as in Game 3 of the series albeit it in a loss. That would have allowed Spahn, who had been victorious in his previous two starts, to open Game 7 if necessary on his accustomed three days' rest.At the same time, Burdette, who had struggled in his two starts, would have been available in the bullpen. Instead, Spahn pitched well in a 4–3, 10-inning loss in Game 6, then Burdette tired late in a 6-2 setback in the clincher. In 1959, the Braves were back in the thick of contention again, with the same core of regular players, and a stronger pitching staff, since Buhl came back to pitch 200 innings in 31 games, with a 15–9 record. Spahn and Burdette were brilliant, each with a 21–15 record in 290 innings pitched and a combined 41 complete games. Aaron and Matthews had prolific seasons. Aaron led the league with careers highs in 223 hits, a .355 batting average and 400 total bases. He had 39 home runs and 123 runs batted in, while leading the league in slugging percentage.Matthews paced the team with 46 home runs and batted in 114 runs. The Braves finished in a tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers for first place, both with records of 86 wins and 68 losses. This forced the two teams into a best-of-three-games playoff. Once again, <mask> bypassed Rush and others in favor of inexperienced starter Carlton Willey in Game 1, a 3–2 loss in Milwaukee. The Dodgers completed the two-game sweep the next day, 6–5, to capture the pennant in <mask>'s hometown of Los Angeles. A short time later, <mask>, approaching the age of 61, was dismissed as Braves manager, and he was replaced by the former Dodger coach Chuck Dressen. In his guide to baseball managers, author Bill James makes a detailed case for considering <mask>'s 1959 season at the helm of the Braves as the worst performance by an MLB manager.As he puts it: "Without exaggeration, the 1959 Dodgers shouldn't have been within 20 games of the Braves In reality, the two teams ended up playing a three-game playoff, which the Dodgers swept in two games. Among <mask>'s mistakes that season: riding his two top pitchers, Warren Spahn and Lew Burdette into the ground while ignoring a number of talented youngsters who were available to pitch; platooning Joe Adcock with the awful Frank Torre long after Torre had demonstrated he was in a year-long slump; failing to settle on a solution when second baseman Red Schoendienst was lost for the season; and loading his bench with a group of grumpy and over-the-hill veterans from which he failed to get any production." With his other two "near misses", <mask> stands as by far the most successful manager of the Braves' years in Milwaukee. His career managing record — tarnished by poor teams in St. Louis and Pittsburgh — was 629–757 (). He won 341 games and lost 231 () with the Braves. Front office <mask> was not out of work long. In 1960 he made a brief return to broadcasting, teaming with Lindsey Nelson to call weekend baseball for NBC television.The following year, the American League granted an expansion team to Los Angeles, the Los Angeles Angels, and its owner, Gene Autry, chose <mask> to operate the team and its organization for him. While the Angels usually struggled on the playing field during <mask>'s tenure as GM from 1961 to 1968, they did finish a surprising third in 1962, and contended for the 1967 pennant as well (the team won 70 games in their inaugural season, a record for expansion teams that still stands). <mask> made the team competitive in its early years by selecting future stars such as the shortstop Jim Fregosi and the pitcher Dean Chance in the expansion draft, and acquiring sluggers such as Leon Wagner and Lee Thomas. <mask> also oversaw the Angels' relocation in 1966 from Chavez Ravine down the freeway to Anaheim Stadium in Orange County, during which they changed their name to the California Angels. <mask> finished his run as GM with a winning record in half of the eight seasons he served in the position. After the 1968 baseball season (where the Angels lost 95 games, a club record until it was matched in 1980), Autry gently suggested his move into being a part-time consultant for the team, with the same salary as his previous spot but with less authority and input, and <mask> gently agreed to the suggestion. He was succeeded as the team's general manager by Dick Walsh (Walsh could not mend the decline of the Angels, and he was fired after the 1971 season) Death <mask> died of a heart attack on November 9, 1977, at age 81 in Beverly Hills, California.He was interred in the Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Two years after his death, the Angels (having won the American League West title that year), his widow Florence was asked to throw out the first pitch for Game 3 and Game 4 in the 1979 American League Championship Series. A Memorial Award was dedicated in <mask>'s honor for the most outstanding rookie in spring training the following year. Managerial record References External links Baseball-Reference.com – career managing record 1896 births 1977 deaths Baseball executives Baseball managers Baseball players from Albuquerque, New Mexico Boston Red Sox players Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City California Angels executives Chicago Cubs players Detroit Tigers players Hollywood Stars managers Hollywood Stars players Indianapolis Indians players Los Angeles Angels executives Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players Major League Baseball broadcasters Major League Baseball general managers Major League Baseball third basemen Milwaukee Braves coaches Milwaukee Braves managers Omaha Buffaloes players Omaha Rourkes players Pittsburgh Pirates managers Portland Buckaroos players St. Louis Browns managers St. Louis Cardinals players Toledo Mud Hens managers Vaudeville performers World Series-winning managers

Anna Carlström

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<mask>, née Vickberg (13 February 1780 – 1850), was a Swedish procurer and brothel owner. She was the manager of the brothel "London" in Stockholm, one of the two brothels, London and Stadt Hamburg, which were supported by the authorities in a temporary experiment between 1838 and 1841 to control the spread of sexually transmitted disease. She was the owner of one of only two unique brothel licenses ever issued in her country at the time. <mask> published her memoires in 1841. Early life <mask> described her life in her memoirs, published in 1841, which may not give an altogether truthful picture: among other things, she claimed to have been the mother of 22 children. She was one of six children to Erik Wickberg, General contractor at the Olofsfors estate in Ångermanland, and Brita Christina Eriksdotter. She was allowed schooling until the age of fourteen, and was then made an apprentice of a farmer to learn how to manage a farm, with the prospect of becoming a farmer's wife.As she did not care for this future prospect, she left home and arrived in the capital of Stockholm at the age of seventeen in 1797. According to her own memoirs, she worked as a maidservant, as a weaver at Hässelbyholm and as a children's nurse: in 1801, she was employed as a servant in a family by the name Williamson, which was moving to London in Great Britain, and stayed with them there for half a year before returning to Sweden. Having returned, and for some reason wealthy, she married the tailor Hellbom and settled in Stockholm with him. After six years of marriage and six children, she was left a destitute widow with two children in circa 1807. She started a business as an innkeeper, a common profession for a widow, and married the shoemaker Johan Löfstedt, with whom she was desperately unhappy and had eight children (all of whom died but one). Widowed after a ten-year marriage, she married in circa 1818 for the third time to Anders Johan Lundholm, a lower rank officer of the navy, with whom she lived for sixteen years, had eight children (all of whom died). She described her third spouse as the love of her life, and his death gave her a depression which forced her to sell her inn.Finally, she married in circa 1834 to skipper <mask>. Her spouse spent most of his time at sea and she was forced to support herself. She managed to start again as an innkeeper, and had some success, but by 1838, she was indebted, because she was unable to pay what it had cost to establish her new inn. Career as a procurer In 1838, the Stockholm authorities, alarmed with the problem of controlling the spread of sexually transmitted disease, decided to try a new policy against prostitution, inspired by contemporary French ideas. Instead of the illegal brothels, which worked in secret and were hard to find and control by the authorities, two brothels were to be given official support. The purpose of this was to make it easier for the authorities to control the spread of sexually transmitted disease. Therefore, the first two official brothel licenses ever was issued by the city's authorities: one of them to the widow Maria Martell, who were to manage the brothel Stadt Hamburg, and the other one to <mask>, who was put in charge of the brothel London.The brothels were named after two cities who were at the time talked about as centers of prostitution and sexually transmitted disease. In her memoirs, <mask> described her attitude when agreeing to the task: "Times are hard and one must adjust oneself accordingly. If I turn down this opportunity, I will have no way of supporting my creditors, which is my highest wish. On the other hand, were I to continue this business, I will pay my depths and still have a good income during my old age. And remember, my friend, that nowadays the words are 'profit and money!'" Maria Martell soon gave her license to a male procurer, but <mask> continued with hers. Her brothel was established at Skeppsbron.Her spouse had nothing to do with the business, as he was away at sea most of his time: he protested against her trade, saying it would be too much for her health at her age to manage such a business, but she persuaded him. In her memoirs, published in 1841 when she was apparently still in business, she referred to "London" as an inn rather than a brothel. She remarked of her business: "I have the conviction, that I have spared no effort to satisfy every wish for any one of those, who visit my inn", but also that: "numerous unpleasant incidents occurred more or less daily" of which she was not used to and found exhausting. She stated that she had a lifelong distaste toward criminality, which was the reason to why she always had such a good cooperation with the authorities and her constant willingness to assist them an provide them with useful information, and that it was only the evil police master Hultberg who persisted in his attempts to libel her as a criminal despite her great will of cooperation. In August 1839, "London" was raided by the police and <mask> was arrested and prosecuted for storing stolen goods. She was, however, acquitted from the charges. The Stockholm authorities, however, abandoned the policy of licensed brothels in 1841, after having received great opposition from the public and also regarded their purpose of controlling the sexually transmitted disease as failed.They thereby retracted their protection of the two brothels London and Stads Hamburg. The brothel Stadt Hamburg was closed the same year by the authorities. It is not known when London was closed, but it is assumed that <mask> closed it in late 1841 in fear of an inspection from the authorities. Legacy In 1841, <mask> published her memoirs: “En modig qvinnas händelserika lefnad, Antecknad av Henne Sjelf” ('The Eventful life of a Courageous Woman, Noted by herself'). See also Sara Simonsdotter Lovisa von Plat References 1780 births 1850 deaths Swedish memoirists Swedish brothel owners and madams 19th century in Stockholm 19th-century Swedish writers 19th-century Swedish businesspeople 19th-century memoirists

Alonso Fernández de Lugo

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<mask> (; died 1525) was a Spanish military man, conquistador, city founder, and administrator. He conquered the islands of La Palma (1492–1493) and Tenerife (1494–1496) for the Castilian Crown; they were the last of the Canary Islands to be conquered by Europeans. He was also the founder of the towns of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Santa Cruz de La Palma. One biographer has written that his personality was a “terrible mixture of cruelty and ambition or greed, on one part, and on the other a great capacity and sense for imposing order and government on conquered lands,” a trait found in the conquistadors of the New World. Early life <mask> was born in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, in Spain, during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, though his family was of Galician origin; his relatives, as his surname indicates, originated in the city of Lugo and other Galician locales. Nothing much is known of his youth. He enlisted in the navy and ended up achieving the rank of Adelantado and Captain General of the African coasts.In 1478, he participated in the conquest of Gran Canaria under the command of Juan Rejón. Later, he fought alongside <mask> Vera, Rejón's successor as governor of Gran Canaria, who conferred on him command of the castle of Agaete on the island of Gran Canaria. Conquest of La Palma He returned to Spain to solicit financial aid from the Crown to conquer Tenerife and La Palma. He was named governor of La Palma and granted 700,000 maravedis with the condition that he conquer the island within a year. The conquest of La Palma began on 29 September 1492, when <mask> <mask> landed on the beaches of Tazacorte. He encountered fierce resistance from some Guanches chiefs there. However, the menceys, or Guanche kings, of La Palma surrendered in April 1493, except for Tanausu, who ruled the area known as Acero (Caldera de Taburiente).However, Tanausu was ambushed and captured in May 1493 after agreeing to a truce arranged by <mask> <mask> and <mask> Palma, a Guanche who had converted to Christianity and who was a relative of Tanausu. The conquest of La Palma was completed on 3 May 1493. He left the administration of La Palma in the hands of his nephew Juan, and planned the conquest of Tenerife. Conquest of Tenerife During the conquest of Tenerife, he suffered a severe defeat at the First Battle of Acentejo (31 May 1494). At the First Battle of Acentejo, <mask> <mask>, though wounded, had been able to escape with his life only by exchanging the red cape of an Adelantado for that of a common soldier. An additional detail from that battle, however, was that a rock thrown at <mask> <mask>'s head by a Guanche resulted in his losing most of his teeth. By October he had gathered together a second, larger army, and received assistance from the Duke of Medina Sidonia and other nobles.Humiliated and cautious after the First Battle of Acentejo, which had been disastrous for the Spaniards, <mask> <mask> had advanced gradually across the island, building and rebuilding forts. The expedition, which <mask> had funded with the sale of all of his properties, had landed at Añazo, where he built two towers on the spot where he had constructed his first fort before his prior defeat. Additionally, neighboring territorial lord Inés Peraza also participated directly in the conquest of Tenerife, assisting <mask> <mask>'s royal order with extensive aid and supplies, which <mask> <mask> had requested to further reassure success in the campaign. (Afterwards, Peraza held his children of <mask> Fernando and Pedro as hostages for the repayment of the substantial debt that amounted to 600,000 maravedí.) <mask> <mask> had more experienced troops under his command - these included 1,000 foot soldiers, veterans of the conquest of Granada, lent to him by the Duke of Medina Sidonia. He also had the support of Ferdinand and Isabella, who had given him ten more months to complete his conquest of the Canaries. During this time of regrouping, he also captured many slaves in the area.With this better-planned military strategy, he achieved victory over the Guanches of Tenerife at the Battle of Aguere (14–15 November 1494) and the Second Battle of Acentejo (25 December 1494). After the Conquest He was named governor and chief justice of both Tenerife and La Palma, Captain General of the coast of Africa. He was named Adelantado on 12 January 1503, a title confirmed again by Charles I of Spain, in Barcelona, on 17 August 1519. It was an inherited title. The current Rightful Successor of the title "Adelantado of the Canary Islands Tenerife and La Palma, Captain General of the coast of Africa" is Felix Alberto <mask> III. <mask> <mask> was given extensive powers over these islands, since he had been financially responsible for their conquest. On La Palma, he had control over the distribution of land and water.Though he preferred to live on Tenerife, <mask> <mask> reserved the rich area of Los Sauces on La Palma, north of the island's capital, for himself. His nephew and lieutenant received La Caldera in 1502. His rule as adelantado was characterized by extreme despotism and harsh rule, and he treated the defeated Guanches like spoils of war. Legally, Guanches were regarded as being at the same level as Moors – in other words, enemies of Christianity- and he sold many of them into slavery. His treatment of his defeated subjects was so harsh that Ferdinand and Isabella intervened, requesting that the governor of Gran Canaria, <mask> Valenzuela, free some of the Guanches who had been enslaved by his counterpart in Tenerife. On both islands, he exercised civil and criminal jurisdiction and the right to appoint and dismiss judicial deputies, and also had control over the disposition of slaves and inhabitants' entry and exit from the islands. <mask> <mask> also introduced measures to limit the sale of land to create a permanent base of settlers.He oversaw extension immigration to Tenerife and La Palma during a short period from the late 1490s to the 1520s from mainland Europe, and immigrants included Castilians, Portuguese, Italians, Catalans, Basques, and Flemings. At subsequent judicial enquiries, <mask> <mask> was accused of favoring Genoese and Portuguese immigrants over Castilians. On Tenerife, he founded the town of San Cristóbal de La Laguna. La Plaza del Adelantado and Calle Adelantado, in this town, are named after him. A local legend states that upon the death of one of his sons in the town, <mask> <mask> ordered that the street of La Carrera be made twisted rather than straight so that he would not have to see the site of his son's death from his residence. On La Palma, he founded the town of Santa Cruz de La Palma (at first called Villa del Apurión) on 3 May 1493. On 21 July 1509 he had transferred his titles and rights of the African coast, acquired in 1499, to his son, <mask> <mask>, who later participated in expeditions to the New World.He is buried in the Cathedral of La Laguna. <mask> <mask> appeared on a 1961 postal stamp for the Spanish Sahara. List of Adelantados of The Canary Islands D. <mask> <mask>go D. <mask> <mask>go D. <mask> <mask> Lugo D. <mask> <mask> Lugo (also known as the Lindo) Dña. Porcia <mask> <mask>go y Marín D. <mask> Luís <mask> <mask> Lugo Dña. Francisca <mask> Guzmán y Lugo D. <mask> Claros <mask> y Lugo D. <mask> <mask>go y Fuentes D. José Francisco <mask> <mask> Córdoba Mendoza y Lugo D. <mask> <mask> Córdoba Mendoza y Lugo Dña. Manuela <mask> Córdoba Pimentel y Lugo Dña. <mask> los Ángeles <mask> <mask> Córdoba y Lugo Fernando <mask> Cabrera Pérez.Marqués de Villaseca Juan Bautista <mask> y Bermoy <mask> y <mask> Saavedra. Marqués de Villaseca D. <mask> Cabrera y <mask> de Córdoba Lugo y Bermoy D. Felix Alberto <mask> III, Rightful current successor of the title "Adelantado of the Canary Islands Tenerife and La Palma, Captain General of the coast of Africa" as confirmed by Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) as an inherited title on August 17, 1519 in Barcelona. References Sources Lugo Family: <mask> <mask> <mask> History of La Palma Cruces de Caminos Expedición a Santa Marta PRIMERA INVASIÓN DE LUGO, AÑO DE 1494 Year of birth missing 1525 deaths Spanish conquistadors Spanish city founders History of the Canary Islands Politicians from the Canary Islands La Palma Tenerife 15th-century Castilians 16th-century Spanish people People from Sanlúcar de Barrameda 15th-century military history of Spain 16th-century military history of Spain

Bajrang Punia

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<mask> (born 26 February 1994) is an Indian freestyle wrestler, who competes in the 65-kg weight category. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Punia won a bronze medal by defeating Kazakhstan’s Daulet Niyazbekov with a wide 8-0 margin. <mask> is the only Indian wrestler to win 3 medals at the World Wrestling Championships. Early life and background <mask> was born in the Khudan village of Jhajjar district in the state of Haryana, India. He began wrestling at the age of seven and was encouraged to pursue the sport by his father. Punia grew up a rural area. His family did not have money for traditional sports.Instead, he had to partake in free sports like wrestling and Kabaddi. Punia's father was a wrestler as well and at a young age, his family started him at a local mud wrestling school. Punia started to skip school to go to wrestling practice.he went to chattarsal stadium in2008 where he was trained by Ramphal Mann .In 2015, his family moved to Sonepat so that he can attend a regional centre of Sports Authority of India. Currently, he works in Indian Railways on the post of Gazetted officer OSD Sports. Punia enjoys seeking out knowledge of his village elders. He is married to fellow wrestler Sangita Phogat Punia. Career 2013 Asian Wrestling Championships In New Delhi, India, in the semi-final bout, <mask> lost 3-1 to Hwang Ryong-hak of North Korea to win the bronze medal in the men's freestyle 60 kg category.In the Round of 16, he faced Shogo Maeda of Japan, beating him 3-1. His opponent in the quarter-finals was Morad Hassan of Iran whom he beat 3-1 to qualify for the semi-finals. 2013 World Wrestling Championships In Budapest, Hungary, <mask> won the bronze medal in the men's freestyle 60 kg category by qualifying for the bronze medal bout through the repechage round. There, he met Enkhsaikhany Nyam-Ochir of Mongolia and beat him 9-2. In the Round of 32, he faced Vladimir Dubov of Bulgaria who beat him 7-0. With the Bulgarian grappler qualifying for the final bout, Bajrang then faced Shogo Maeda of Japan and earned a walkover. His next opponent was Ivan Guidea of Romania, and with a 10-3 win over the Romanian, Bajrang earned a spot in the bronze medal bout.2014 Commonwealth Games In Glasgow, Scotland, he won the silver medal in the men's freestyle 61 kg category, after losing 1-4 to David Tremblay of Canada. In the Round of 16, <mask> faced Sasha Madyarchyk of England and beat him 4-0. He faced Marno Plaatjies of South Africa in the quarter-finals and won 4-1. The Nigerian wrestler, Amas Daniel, was his opponent in the semi-finals and overcame him in a 3-1 scoreline. 2014 Asian Games In Incheon, South Korea, he won the silver medal in the Men's freestyle 61 kg category, after losing 1-3 to Masoud Esmaeilpoorjouybari of Iran. In the Round of 16, he faced Tuvshintulga Tumenbileg of Mongolia and beat him 3-1. His quarter-finals opponent was Farkhodi Usmonzoda of Tajikistan whom he beat 4-1 to qualify for the semi-finals.He was assured of a medal when he beat Noriyuki Takatsuka of Japan 4-1 in the semi-finals. 2014 Asian Wrestling Championships In Astana, Kazakhstan, Bajrang won the silver medal in the men's freestyle 61 kg category, losing 0-4 to Masoud Esmaeilpour of Iran. In the Round of 16, <mask> met Lee Seung-Chul of South Korea whom he beat 3-1. In the quarter-finals, he faced Noriyuki Takatsuka of Japan whom he beat 3-1 to qualify for the semi-finals. There he met Nazmandakh Lhamgarmaa of Mongolia whom he beat 3-1 to assure himself of a medal. 2015 World Wrestling Championships Unlike his fellow Narsingh Yadav, <mask> wasn't able to win a medal at the tournament in Las Vegas and finished 5th. In the Round of 32, he met Batboldyn Nomin of Mongolia who beat him 10-0.With the Mongolian qualifying for the final bout in the 61 kg category, Bajrang got a chance to contest in the Repêchage round. His first opponent in the repêchage round was Reece Humphrey of the USA whom he beat 6-0 easily. The second repêchage opponent was Beka Lomtadze from Georgia who put up a fight but was ultimately overcome 13-6 by the Indian. Unfortunately, he fell at the last hurdle, drawing the bronze medal bout 6-6 but his opponent Vasyl Shuptar of Ukraine, scoring the last point. Asian Wrestling Championship 2017 In 2017 May, he won a gold medal at the Asian Wrestling Championship held at Delhi. Pro Wrestling League Bajrang was the second acquisition of the JSW owned Bangalore franchise in the auction conducted in New Delhi. The wrestler was picked up for a sum of Rs 29.5 lakh.The Pro Wrestling League was scheduled to be held from 10 December to 27 December across six cities. 2018 Commonwealth Games In Gold Coast, Australia, he won the gold medal in the men's freestyle 65 kg category. He overcame Kane Charig of Wales by Technical Superiority to clinch the gold. 2018 Asian Games On August 19, he won the Men's freestyle 65 kg /Gold medal. He defeated Japanese Wrestler Takatani Daichi 11-8; the score was locked at 6-6 after the first round. 2018 World Wrestling Championships <mask> won Silver at the 2019 World Wrestling Championships. After that Silver Medal, he claimed World No.1 in 65 kg category. 2019 World Wrestling Championships <mask> won Bronze for the second time at a World Championship, thereby qualifying India for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics in the 65 kg freestyle wrestling event. 2020 Rome Ranking Series On 18 January, <mask> defeated Jordan Oliver 4-3 in the final in the 65 kg freestyle category at the Ranking Series. 2021 In 2021, he won the gold medal in the 65 kg event at the Matteo Pellicone Ranking Series 2021 held in Rome, Italy. 2020 Tokyo Olympic On 6 August 2021, he won the pre-quarterfinal match in 65 Kg category in 2020 Summer Olympics against Ernazar Akmataliev and his quarter-final match against Morteza Ghiasi Cheka. In the bronze medal match he dominated his opponent winning by a margin of 8-0. International competitions World Championship U23 World Championship Asian Games Commonwealth Games Asian Wrestling Championship Olympics Record against opponents Beka Lomtadze(?) Awards Arjuna Award, 2015 Padma Shri Award, 2019 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, 2019 FICCI India Sports Award 2020 For winning the bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics from the Government of India.from the Government of Haryana. from the Board of Control for Cricket in India from the Indian Olympic Association References External links FILA profile Living people Indian male sport wrestlers 1994 births Sport wrestlers from Haryana People from Jhajjar Wrestlers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games Wrestlers at the 2014 Asian Games Asian Games medalists in wrestling World Wrestling Championships medalists Asian Games gold medalists for India Asian Games silver medalists for India Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India Commonwealth Games medallists in wrestling Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Wrestlers at the 2018 Asian Games Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award Recipients of the Arjuna Award Asian Wrestling Championships medalists Wrestlers at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic wrestlers of India Olympic bronze medalists for India Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in wrestling

Karl Ulrich Schnabel

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<mask> (August 6, 1909 – August 27, 2001) was an Austrian pianist. Schnabel was the son of pianist <mask> and operatic contralto and lieder singer Therese Behr and elder brother of the American actor <mask>. An internationally celebrated teacher of the piano, his students include, among others, Leon Fleisher, Claude Frank, Richard Goode, Kwong-Kwong Ma, Stanislav Ioudenitch, Jon Nakamatsu, Murray Perahia, and Peter Serkin. Biography <mask> was born in Berlin on August 6, 1909. He began studying piano at the age of five. From 1922–1926 he studied at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik with Leonid Kreutzer and Paul Juon. He had a distinguished career as a master piano teacher and as an international performer.<mask> left Berlin in 1933 when Adolf Hitler came to power, settling briefly at Lake Como; he emigrated to the United States in 1939, shortly before World War II. In the same year he married the American pianist Helen Fogel (1911–74), with whom he played a large repertory of piano duets. They had a daughter, Ann. During World War II he interrupted his musical career to do war work as head of an electronic laboratory in Massachusetts. <mask>'s extra-musical interests included rock-climbing and photography. For several years, he was active producing motion pictures; in 1932, he was producer, director and cinematographer of a feature-length film based on a German fairy tale. As a young man, he participated in table tennis tournaments.During this time, <mask> <mask> also maintained an elaborate miniature electric train set, complete with timetables. Family friend Paul Hindemith assisted in running the trains. <mask> <mask> died in Danbury, Connecticut, on August 27, 2001. He was buried in the family plot in Schwyz, Switzerland, adjoining his parents and wife. <mask> <mask>'s papers are held at the Music Archive of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin. His daughter <mask> Mottier currently manages the Schnabel Music Foundation, together with her husband Francois Mottier. Performance career Solo <mask> <mask> inherited from his parents an approach that united dramatic intensity of expression with absolute fidelity to the printed text.He is remembered for his imaginative interpretation of the Schubert song cycles. In 1926 he made his recital début in Berlin, and subsequently gave recitals throughout Europe, North and South America, Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. He accompanied his mother at home and for concerts and recordings. Beginning at an early age he played for her voice lessons and coached her students. Schnabel made many recordings, solo and four-hand, for HMV, EMI, Philips, Musical Heritage Society, Sheffield, and TownHall, among others. He was the author of the well-known book Modern Technique of the Pedal (1950). He also published editions of compositions by Schubert and Weber.Piano duos Schnabel dedicated himself passionately to the revival of the largely neglected music for piano four hands, recording music by Schubert, Mozart, and Schumann, among others. Four-hand performance, Schnabel remarked, was an entirely different enterprise than solo performance: "Four-hand playing is a complex art that requires enormous time and patience. You are half of a whole rather than a whole in yourself. The four-hand repertory possesses qualities of chamber music, symphonic music, and virtuoso music -- sometimes all in the same piece." <mask> <mask> started duo performances and recordings with his father as partner. Some of these early performances are memorialized on record. The two switched Primo and Secondo parts, and made a pact never to reveal who played which part on the recordings.In 1939, he and his wife, American pianist Helen Fogel, founded the Piano Duo Schnabel, which performed concertos for two pianos and orchestra as well as recitals for one piano, four hands. In 1956, the duo participated at the Holland Festival in five performances with orchestra, and in 1972 they performed at the Edinburgh Festival. Reviews of the ensemble demonstrate that the Schnabels mastered the challenges of four-hand playing with skill and passion: "The four hand piano concert [...] came closer to perfection than any recital we have heard this year [...] They achieved a sheer transparency of sound, at once the most important and the most difficult requisite of four-hand piano music. It is incredibly difficult for two people to play a piece on one piano and be exactly together in timing, phrasing, and expression, yet the Schnabels were beautifully together and made of every note a work of art." Five years after his wife’s death, in 1979, <mask> <mask> formed a new duo with the Canadian pianist Joan Rowland. This duo, as well, was regularly praised for what the Washington Post deemed its "combination of spirit and jaunty elegance." <mask> <mask> as a teacher <mask> <mask> is best known today as an internationally celebrated teacher of the piano.He began teaching at the age of 13 as his father's assistant. In 1940, he became head of all the instrumental departments at New York City’s Dalcroze School. Beginning in 1947, he resumed a family tradition: annual international summer master courses at Lake Como, Italy. In addition, he taught master courses in England, Scotland, France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain, Israel, Brazil, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and all over the United States, including at the Ravinia Festival. He became a faculty member at the Manhattan School of Music in 1985, and remained there until his retirement in 2000. Beginning in the early 1960s he taught numerous master classes throughout the world. Pianists who have played in Schnabel's master classes include Murray Perahia, Richard Goode, Wyung Whon Chung, Ursula Oppens and George Watson.His former students include Leon Fleisher, Claude Frank, and Peter Serkin. Edward Turgeon and Anne Louise-Turgeon, winners of the Murray Dranoff International Two Piano Competition, studied with <mask> <mask>burn competition winners Stanislav Ioudenitch (2001) and Jon Nakamatsu (1997). Schnabel's passion for teaching led him to theorize extensively about how to achieve the correct relationship between piano technique and musical expression--the former "was always to remain in the service of the spirit of the music." He emphasized a technique that required "arm participation": the pianist should use wrists and arms as well as fingers. He paid scrupulous attention to the subtle yet meaningful effects achieved through pedaling, setting these down in the book Modern Technique of the Pedal (1950). This volume has been translated from the original English into Italian, Korean, Chinese, and other languages. He even developed techniques to crescendo on a note and to achieve vibrato, which he explains on camera in the film Con Brio.<mask> Schnabel: Master Teacher of Piano (2001). Schnabel's teaching was characterized by a fine attention to emotion. Most pianists, he believed, played using just three or four emotions. But music demanded more than that: "To be really interesting, you must play with all the emotions." He asked his students to make lists of all the emotions they could think of. One of his students came up with a list of over five hundred emotions, and "her playing was never dull again." He also had a flair for imagery, describing the grotesque of Schumann's Fantasie as "a whole army of three-legged trolls advancing" and the turbulence of Chopin's Fantaisie as "Poseidon stirring up the waves with his big fork."Such vivid language features prominently in English author Richard Rhodes's new book The Teaching of <mask> Schnabel, in which Rhodes, a long-time amateur student of Schnabel's, discusses Schnabel's comments on works by Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, Mozart, Schubert, and Schumann. Discography Piano solo <mask> <mask>, Piano. Mozart and Beethoven. (CD: TownHall Records THCD-68) <mask> <mask>, Piano. 100th Birthday Celebration. Schubert. (CD: TownHall Records THCD-69) Bach: Capriccio on the Departure of a Beloved Brother, BWV 992.Paradies: Sonata No. 10 in D. (78 Victor 4293/4) Mendelssohn: Songs Without Words, Nos. 12, 22, 23, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 45, 47, 48. (78 Victor Set M-226) Schubert: Wanderer Fantasy. Twenty Dances. (LP: WCFM-Washington 17, McIntosh MM 1104) Schumann: Papillons, Op. 2.Chopin: Scherzo No. 3 in C Sharp Minor, Op. 39. Liszt: Années de Pélérinage; Canzonetta del Salvator Rosa; Au bord d’une source; Sonetto del Petrarca No. 123; La Chapelle de Guillaume Tell. (LP: Urania 8001) (in part contained on CD: Town Hall, 2 Disc Set, THCD58 A-B) Chopin: Polonaise in E Flat Minor, Op. 26, No.2; Nocturne in B, Op. 32, No. 1. Liszt: Il Pensieroso. Debussy: Preludes Book 1, La sérénade interrompue, La danse de Puck. (LP: VIS Radio) Mendelssohn: Sonata in E Major, Op. 6.Schubert: Waltzes, Ländler, and German Dances. (LP: Sheffield/Town Hall M-8/S-8) (CD: Town Hall, 2 Disc Set, THCD58 A-B) Schubert: Sonata in A Minor, Op. 42; Six moments musicaux. (LP: Musical Heritage Society MHS 1245) Mozart: Fantasy in C Minor, K. 475; Piano Sonata in C Minor, K. 457; Andante in F Major, K. 616. (LP: Musical Heritage Society MHS 1700) Beethoven: Sonata No. 15 in D Major, Op. 28; Sonata No.30 in E Major, Op. 109. (LP: Musical Heritage Society MHS 3296 L) Collaborations with Artur <mask>, piano Schubert: Marches Militaires (3), D. 733. Marches, D. 819, Nos. 2 and 3. Rondo in A, D. 951. Divertissement à l’hongroise, D. 818.Andantino Varié, D. 823, No. 2. Allegro in A Minor (“Lebensstürme”), D. 947. (CD: Arabesque Z-6571/5 – “Schnabel Plays Schubert” Volumes 1-5) Bach: Concerto for Two Pianos in C, BWV 1061. London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Sir Adrian Boult. (CD: Pearl 9399) Mozart: Concerto for Two Pianos in E Flat, K. 365. London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Sir Adrian Boult.(CD: Arabesque Z 6590) with <mask>, piano Helen and <mask> Schnabel – One Piano, Four Hands; Mozart, Dvorak, Schubert, Weber, Bizet, Mendelssohn, Brahms. (CD: TownHall Records THCD19A-B) Helen and <mask> <mask> – The Four-Hand Recordings of the 1950s, Vol. 1. Bizet, Debussy, Schubert, Mozart. (CD: TownHall Records THCD76A-B) Helen and <mask> <mask> – The Four-Hand Recordings of the 1950s, Vol. 2. Mozart, Brahms, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Weber.(CD: TownHall Records THCD77A-B) Schubert: Sonata in B Flat Major, Op. 30; Four Polonaises, D. 824. (LP: SPA 49) Mendelssohn: Allegro brilliant; Andante and Variations. Weber: Five Pieces, Op. 10, No. 5 and Op. 60, Nos.5, 6, 7 and 8. (LP: SPA 50) Mozart: Concerto for Two Pianos in E Flat, K. 365; Concerto for Three Pianos in F, K. 242 (with Ilse von Alpenheim, piano). Vienna Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Bernhard Paumgartner. (LP: Epic LC 3259) Mozart: Sonata in D Major, K. 448. Sonata in D Major, K. 381. Tema con variazioni in G Major, K. 501. (LP: Philips A 00326) Schubert: Four Polonaises, D. 824.Debussy: Epigraphes antiques, Nos. 1, 2 and 4. (LP: Philips NBE 11004; Philips 402024 E) Schubert: Eight Variations in A Flat, D. 813. Four Variations in B Flat, D. 603. Eight Variations in C, D. 908. (LP: Philips 06046 R) Schubert: Fantasy in F. Minor, D. 940. Brahms: Hungarian Dances Nos.4, 3, 2, 11, 1, 12, 13 and 17. (LP: Philips N 00255 L, Epic LC 3183) Mozart: Sonata in C Major, K. 521. Dvorák: Legend Op. 59, No. 4. Schubert: Fantasy in F Minor, Op. 103.Weber: Rondo and Adagio. Schubert: Sonata in B Flat Major, Op. 30. Mozart: Andante with Variations in G Major, K. 501. Bizet: Five Pieces from “Jeux d’enfants,” Op. 22. Mendelssohn: Andante tranquillo with Variations, Op.83a. Brahms: Two Hungarian Dances. (LP: Sheffield/Town Hall, Album S-19, ACM158A-B, ACM159A-B) with Joan Rowland, piano Dvorák: From the Bohemian Forest, Op. 68. Ten Legends, Op. 59. (CD: Town Hall THCD-49) Schubert: Fantasy in F Minor, D. 940.Four Polonaises, D. 824. Variations in A Flat on an Original Theme, D. 813. Four Ländler, D. 814. Rondo in D Major, D. 608. (CD: Sheffield Lab 10054-2F) Mozart: Sonata in F Major, K. 497. Schubert: Divertissement (Sonata in E minor) on Original French Themes Op. 63 and Op.84 D. 823. Schubert: Eight Variations on a Theme from Hérold’s Opera “Marie” Op. 82, No. 1, D. 908. (CD: Town Hall THCD-41) Schubert: Introduction and Variations in B Flat, D. 603. Grand Duo, Op. 140.(CD: Town Hall THCD-37) Beethoven: Variations on a theme by Count Waldstein; March in C Major, Op. 45, No. 4; Mozart: Sonata, F Major, K. 497 (LP: Sonic Arts) with Leonard Shure, piano Chopin: Rondo in C. (78 Victor 11618) (CD: Town Hall, THCD58 A) with Alphonse Onnou, violin, and Robert Maas, cello Schubert: Trio in B Flat, Op. 99. (78 Victor Set M-429) with Artur Schnabel, Therese Behr Schnabel, and Helen Schnabel The Schnabels – A Musical Legacy, Unpublished and Lost Historic Recordings. Mozart, Schumann, Schubert, C.P.E. Bach, J.S.Bach, Mendelssohn, Paradisi. (CD: TownHall Records THCD74A-B) Further reading Rhodes, Richard. The Teaching of <mask> Schnabel. Hofheim: Wolke, 2013. Schnabel, <mask>. Modern Technique of the Piano: A Piano Pedal Study. Milan: Edizioni Curci, 1950.References Sources William Glock. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie (1992), and web site of the Schnabel Music Foundation External links web site of the Schnabel Music Foundation 1909 births 2001 deaths Austrian classical pianists Austrian Jews Male classical pianists Classical piano duos 20th-century classical pianists Jewish classical pianists 20th-century male musicians Musicians from Berlin Berlin University of the Arts alumni Manhattan School of Music faculty

Howard Hiatt

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<mask> (born July 22, 1925) is a medical researcher involved with the discovery of messenger RNA, past chair from 1963-1972 of the department of medicine at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, past dean from 1972–1984 of the Harvard School of Public Health, and co-founder and associate chief of the Division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, where he also he helped to launch and for this past decade has been the Associate Chief of the hospital's Division of Global Health Equity, and a founding head of the cancer division of Beth Israel Hospital (now Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center). He was a member of the team at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, led by Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod which first identified and described messenger RNA, and he was part of the team led by James Watson that was among the first to demonstrate messenger RNA in mammalian cells. <mask> was married for 60 years to Doris Bieringer, a librarian who co-founded a reference publication for high school libraries. <mask> is a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Early life and education <mask> was born in Patchogue, New York in 1925 to a Jewish family. His father was an immigrant from Lithuania who lost much of his family in the Holocaust. He enrolled in Harvard College in 1944, and received his medical degree in 1948 from the Harvard Medical School.He was trained there in clinical medicine, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Career He has been a Harvard University faculty member since 1955. <mask> was the first Blumgart Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and the physician-in-chief at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, from 1963 to 1972. During his tenure there, Beth Israel became one of the first teaching hospitals to translate molecular and cell biology to clinical problems and to develop teaching and research programs in primary care. In 1972, <mask> was about to go to Yale as the dean of its medical school when the then-new president of Harvard University asked him to stay as dean of the Harvard School of Public Health. While he was dean from 1972 to 1984, the School strengthened and greatly broadened its work in quantitative analytic sciences, introduced molecular and cell biology into its research and teaching, began its program in health policy and management—the first in a public health school, and promoted integration of its teaching and research programs with those in other Harvard Faculties. Since 1985, he has been Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Senior Physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital.He helped develop the Research Training in Clinical Effectiveness Program, which trains physicians to carry out research on issues of quality and costs of medical care. His present research concerns social aspects of health. He helped launch and for the past ten years has been Associate Chief of the Division of Global Health Equity. <mask> is a member of the Board of Directors of Partners in Health and a member emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health. An accomplished physician, researcher, mentor, and teacher, and a leader in the field of human rights, his work has been widely published and has often appeared in both scholarly and lay publications. Publications <mask> is a widely published author. His numerous research articles have appeared in such publications as the Journal of Molecular Biology, Journal of Biological Chemistry, the New England Journal of Medicine, and the Journal of the American Medical Association.He has written for the lay press in areas of disease prevention, health services, and the health implications of the nuclear arms race. His book, Medical Lifeboat: Will There Be Room for You in the Health Care System? (published in January 1989 by Harper & Row) outlined methods for addressing some very basic problems of the American healthcare system. Professional associations <mask> is a member of many professional associations, including the Association of American Physicians, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the American Public Health Association. He also has served for several years on boards of Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Institute for Healthcare Improvement in Cambridge, Partners in Health in Boston, and the Gateway Institute for Pre-College Education Program. Awards In 2011, Dartmouth College awarded <mask> an honorary Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree, noting his long career devoted to "improving health care services through care, teaching, research, and advocacy".Personal life He was married to Doris Bieringer, a librarian who co-founded a reference publication for high school libraries; she died in 2007. His father-in-law, Walter H. Bieringer, was active in the Boston area's Jewish Community Council. Beringer served as president of the United Service for New Americans which helped to resettle European Jews in the United States after World War II, and also served as vice-president of the Associated Jewish Philanthropies of Boston and as a member of a presidential committee which advised the Truman Administration on displaced persons before being named Head of Massachusetts Commission on Refugees in 1957. See also Comparative effectiveness research Messenger RNA References External links October 2011 video: beginning at 17:15, <mask>, who served as Dean from 1972 to 1984, discusses his tenure leading HSPH. <mask> discusses his life and his wife, Doris, whom he married after her education at Wellesley College Conaboy, C. 02-21-2013 Boston Globe feature on Dr. <mask> Harvard Medical School profile for <mask> H. <mask> Harvard Catalyst profile for <mask>. <mask>, includes very complete bibliography Harvard Public Health Review, 75th Anniversary Issues, Volume 11, shows <mask> as 5th Dean of HSPH, from 1972-1984, page 3, and pages 10-16 - Hiatt had urged closer community health cooperation between the Harvard School of Public Health and the local neighborhoods, including adjacent Mission Hill, Boston (page 11). Profile page for <mask> at Harvard Medical School's Department of Global Health and Social Medicine AHRQ 2008 list of AHRQ reward recipients Dartmouth College, 2011, <mask> awarded an honorary Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from Dartmouth College Howard H. Hiatt Papers, 1940-2001 (inclusive), 1975-2001 (bulk), H MS c314.Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. 1925 births Living people People from Patchogue, New York Harvard Medical School alumni Harvard College alumni Jewish American scientists 21st-century American Jews

Jonathan Maberry

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<mask> (born May 18, 1958) is an American suspense author, anthology editor, comic book writer, magazine feature writer, playwright, content creator and writing teacher/lecturer. He was named one of the Today's Top Ten Horror Writers. Early life <mask> was born in Kensington, Philadelphia, attended Frankford High School, and then went on to Temple University. Growing up in a rough neighborhood, he began learning martial arts at the age of 6. Career Author <mask>'s early work featured martial arts as a topic, such as Judo and You (Kendall Hunt 1990), Ultimate Jujutsu (Strider Nolan, 2002) and Ultimate Sparring (Strider Nolan 2003). In the next phase of his career, he departed from martial arts writing and wrote several books on the folklore and beliefs of the occult and paranormal, including The Vampire Slayers Field Guide to the Undead (Strider Nolan, 2000), written under the pen name of Shane MacDougall; Vampire Universe: The Dark World of Supernatural Beings That Haunt Us, Hunt Us and Hunger for Us (Citadel Press, 2006); The Cryptopedia, co-authored by David F. Kramer (2007); Zombie CSU: The Forensics of the Living Dead (2008); They Bite (also with David F. Kramer, 2009); and Wanted Undead or Alive (with Janice Gable Bashman, 2010). The Cryptopedia won the Bram Stoker Award for best nonfiction work.His first novel, Ghost Road Blues, won the 2007 Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel. That book was the first of the Pine Deep Trilogy and was followed by Dead Man's Song (2007) and Bad Moon Rising (2008), all from Pinnacle Books. <mask> is also a freelance comic book writer, first for Marvel and later for Dark Horse and IDW Publishing. His first story, "Wolverine: Ghosts", was published as a backup story in Wolverine: Anniversary, April 2009. In August 2009 he became the regular writer for Marvel's Black Panther series, starting on the 7th issue, and he wrote Marvel Zombies Return: Wolverine. In 2010, he wrote Doom War and Marvel Universe Vs The Punisher, Marvel Universe Vs Wolverine, Marvel Universe Vs The Avengers; Klaws of the Panther, and Captain America: Hail Hydra. He moved to Dark Horse Comics and produced a single miniseries, Bad Blood, with artist Tyler Crook, which went on to win the Bram Stoker Award for Best Graphic Novel.His work for IDW Publishing includes two collections of V-Wars, a five-issue standalone series Rot & Ruin: Warrior Smart, and his latest series Pandemic. His bestselling work was the novelization of the 2010 film The Wolfman which starred Benicio del Toro, Anthony Hopkins, Emily Blunt, and Hugo Weaving. In March 2010, the novel reached #35 on the mass-market paperback section of The New York Times Best Seller List. It was nominated for and won the Scribe Award for Best Film Adaptation, issued by the International Association of Media Tie-in Writers. In 2010 <mask> began writing young adult post-apocalyptic zombie stories. His first prestigious award was for his first young adult novel, Rot & Ruin (2010, Simon & Schuster). It won the 2010 Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel, was named in Booklist's Ten Best Horror Novels for Young Adults, an American Library Association Top Pick, a Bram Stoker and Pennsylvania Keystone to Reading winner; winner of several state Teen Book Awards including the Cricket, Nutmeg and MASL; winner of the Cybils Award, the Eva Perry Mock Printz medal, Dead Letter Best Novel Award, and four Melinda Awards.It became the first of a new series of post-apocalyptic zombie thrillers such as Dust & Decay (winner of a 2011 Bram Stoker Award) Flesh & Bone (winner of a 2012 Bram Stoker Award), Fire & Ash, a collection of short stories, Bits and Pieces, Broken Lands, and Lost Roads, which will be released August 25, 2020. <mask> then launched a series called The Nightsiders that blends science fiction with horror. Book 1 of that series, The Orphan Army was named as one of the 100 Best Books for Children. A follow-up, Vault of Shadows was published in August 2016. The series for which <mask> is best known is the Joe Ledger Series, in which a Baltimore police detective is recruited into a Special Ops unit attached to the mysterious Department of Military Sciences, which is run by enigmatic Mr. Church. Each of the books in the series pits Ledger and his team against a different kind of extreme science threat. In the first novel, Patient Zero, the threat is a pathogen that turns people into zombies.In the second book, The Dragon Factory, the villains are geneticists using cutting-edge science to restart the Nazi master race eugenics program. The rest of the series follows with The King of Plagues, Assassin’s Code, Extinction Machine, Code Zero, Predator One, Kill Switch, Dogs of War; and Deep Silence. Maberry recently launched Rage, the first in the follow-up Rogue Team International series, also featuring Joe Ledger. A collection of Maberry's Joe Ledger short stories, Joe Ledger: Special Ops, was released by JournalStone. The series' main publisher, Griffin, released Joe Ledger: Unstoppable, an anthology of Ledger stories written by a variety of top suspense and mystery writers including Tim Lebbon, Scott Sigler, Steve Alten, Weston Ochse, Dana Fredsti, Christopher Golden, Joe McKinney, Jeremy Robinson, Javier Grillo-Marxuach, Sherrilyn Kenyon, Bryan Thomas-Schmidt, and others. In 2015 Maberry released a rare standalone novel, Ghostwalkers, based on the Deadlands table top role playing game. The book was nominated for a Scribe Award for best original novel based on a licensed property.His most recent standalone novel was Glimpse, published in March 2018 by St. Martin's Press. Glimpse is a chilling thriller that explores what happens when reality and nightmares converge, and how far one will go to protect the innocent when their own brain is a threat. Another standalone, Ink, will be released by St. Martin's Griffin as a trade paperback in 2020. Although a standalone, Ink has elements of other books, including characters and locations from the Pine Deep Trilogy, and the appearance of Monk Addison and Patty Cakes from Glimpse. <mask> is also a prolific editor of anthologies in a variety of genre including dark fantasy (Out of Tune and Out of Tune Vol 2), science fiction/horror (The X-Files: Trust No One, The X-Files: The Truth is Out There, and The X-Files: Secret Agendas, all from IDW Publishing); horror (Nights of the Living Dead, with George A. Romero); mystery pastiche (Alternate Sherlocks, with Michael Ventrella), political thrillers with horror (V-wars, V-Wars: Blood and Fire, V-Wars: Night Terrors, and V-Wars: Shockwaves), and an anthology of horror stories for teens (Scary Out There) which features original stories and poetry by R.L. Stine, Ellen Hopkins, Linda Addision, Ilsa J. Bick, and many others. In 2017 he published Devil’s Advocate, one of the first two books in the X-Files Origins series.<mask> wrote the story about a young Dana Scully, while colleague Kami Garcia (Beautiful Creatures), wrote Agent of Chaos, a young Fox Mulder story. Also in 2017, <mask> published Indigo, a collaborative work of fiction written with nine other authors including Charlaine Harris and Christopher Golden. Film and television In May 2010, <mask>'s work was the basis of a television pilot written by Javier Grillo-Marxuach named "Department Zero", which was moved into active production by ABC Television. In April 2018, it was announced that Netflix greenlit a television adaptation of the V-WARS novels and comics. Following the series announcement, it was confirmed that <mask> would be credited as an executive producer and creator for the Netflix series V Wars. Production for the first season began and ended in 2018 for a 10-episode first season. The series premiered on December 5, 2019.Other work <mask> is a speaker for the National Writers Union, a writing mentor for the Horror Writers Association and the Mystery Writers of America, a member of the International Thriller Writers and president of the NJ-PA Chapter of the Horror Writers Association. <mask> is also a contributing editor for The Big Thrill, the monthly newsletter of the International Thriller Writers, and a founding partner of The Liars Club, a networking group of professionals in publishing and other aspects of entertainment. Personal life <mask> holds an 8th degree black belt in Shinowara-ryu Jujutsu. In 2004 he was inducted into the Martial Arts Hall of Fame. : Endless Cravings of Supernatural Predators (August 2008) Wanted Undead or Alive: Vampire Hunters and Other Kick-Ass Enemies of Evil (September 2010) Judo and You: A Handbook for the Serious Student (Kendall Hunt, 1991, ) MacDougall, Shane (pseudonym) The Vampire Slayers' Field Guide to the Undead (Doylestown, PA: Strider Nolan Publishing, 2003, ) Shinowara-ryo Jujutsu: Student Handbook (1994, Vortex Multimedia) Shinowara-ryo Jujutsu: A History (1993, Vortex Multimedia) Introduction to Asian Martial Arts (1993, Vortex Multimedia) Self-Defense for Every Woman (1992, Vortex Multimedia) The Joe Ledger Companion, with Dana Fredsti & Mari Adkins (2017, JournalStone) Comics Marvel Universe vs. The Punisher (with Goran Parlov, 4-issue limited series, Marvel Comics, October–November 2010, tpb, 112 pages, hardcover, January 2011, , softcover, June 2011, ) Marvel Universe vs. Wolverine (with Laurence Campbell, 4-issue limited series, Marvel Comics, June–August 2011, tpb, 112 pages, hardcover, November 2011, , softcover, May 2012, ) Marvel Universe vs.

Miles Howard-Wilks

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<mask>-Wilks (born Melbourne 1979) is an Australian artist. While working primarily as a painter, Howard-Wilks is also a ceramicist and animator and has worked in the Arts Project Australia studio since 2000. His diverse subject matter explores themes such as the Australian landscape, seascapes, and Australian Rules Football. With a fine attention to detail and a special interest in oceanic and environmental imagery, Howard-Wilks' works have been widely exhibited both Australia-wide and internationally. His works are held within many collections, most notably at the National Gallery of Australia and the Museum of Contemporary Art. He is viewed as an important figure in outsider art in Australia. Early life and education Howard-Wilks was encouraged in artistic pursuits by his mother, also an artist, from a young age.However, it wasn't until he attended Churinga at the age of 20 where he began working with the artist-in-residence there that he started to make art seriously. Following this time Howard-Wilks studied art at TAFE and, at the age of 22, began attending Arts Project Australia. While Howard-Wilks has received no formal fine art training, the artist's participation at Arts Project Australia's studio program has seen Howard-Wilks develop his very singular style. Career, themes and style Howard-Wilks works independently, often painting from memory. His subject matter reflects his personal interests and often depicts the Australian landscape, Australian Rules Football, marine life and trains. Howard-Wilks’ paintings are often characterised by the construction of unique perspectives and compositions, which emphasizes the spatial vastness of the sky and clouds. Rather than producing realist depictions, Howard-Wilks’ imagery combines his acute observations with his use of reference material.As the environmental arts organisation CLIMARTE has noted, Howard-Wilks "is dedicated to exploring themes such as Australian landscapes, seascapes, the environment, football and more specifically, sharks, magpies and trains." This echoes the sentiments of journalist Julia Irwin, who states that "The inspiration for his [Howard-Wilks'] detailed gouache painting stems from his diverse interests including Australian animals and plants, trains and his favourite football team — Collingwood." Howard-Wilks' practice is also meticulously detailed in its unity of seemingly disparate references. This ability, as art critic Dan Rule writes, "creates wild hyper-natural scenes awash with giant crocodiles, sharks and an ever-present magpie, each of which shift in scale, prominence and perspective." Continuing Howard-Wilks ongoing interest in environmental issues and climate change, in 2016 the painter collaborated with esteemed artist Jon Campbell for the CLIMARTE 2016 Poster Project. The pair produced a work based upon the environmental degradation of the Great Barrier Reef which was praised for its ability to "encourage people to think about the damage we are doing to the reef’s fragile ecosystems." Environmental and oceanic themes pervade Howard-Wilks' work, "illustrating his concerns for marine environments."As Howard-Wilks' career has developed, so has the commitment Howard-Wilks shows to his work, which is evident in the development of his animated films produced since 2004. Howard-Wilks' video works have been screened at events such as the 2004 Disability FIlm Festival (as part of the British Film Institute) and the Annual Westgarth Film Festival in Melbourne. With inclusion in numerous group exhibitions, Howard-Wilks has held two solo exhibitions at Arts Project Australia and Melbourne's West Space. 24–39. Collections <mask>-Wilks is represented in the public collections of City of Melbourne, the Stuart Purves Collection, the National Gallery of Australia and the Museum of Contemporary Art (Sydney); the later as gifted by Henry Ergas. His work is also held in private collections. References External links Arts Project Australia: http://www.artsproject.org.au/ Artist page: http://www.artsproject.org.au/artworks/6199/Miles%20Howard-Wilks Biffa's Blog (written by Howard-Wilks’ mother): http://biffasbeautifulblog.blogspot.com.au Outsider artists Australian ceramists Australian painters Living people 1979 births

David Legates

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<mask> is an American professor of geography at the University of Delaware. He is the former Director of the Center for Climatic Research at the same university and a former Delaware state climatologist. In September 2020, the Trump administration appointed him as deputy assistant secretary of commerce for observation and prediction at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Legates has spent much of his career casting doubt on the severity of climate change and the human causes of warming. He is affiliated with the Heartland Institute, a think tank that promotes climate change denial. Legates' viewpoint, as stated in a 2015 study that he co-authored, is that the Earth will experience about 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) warming over the 2000 to 2100 period. Early life and education Legates received a bachelor's degree in 1982, a master's degree in 1985, and a Ph.D. in climatology in 1988, all from the University of Delaware.Scientific career Legates is a professor of geography at the University of Delaware. He has also taught at Louisiana State University, the University of Oklahoma, and the University of Virginia. He has been a Visiting Research Scientist at the National Climate Data Center. Legates started his career working on precipitation probability modeling. He extended his research to the study of global precipitation and temperature measurement correlation and performed critical analyses of the quality of traditional water budgeting methods applied to recent better quality measurement data. He also became concerned with the study of the applicability of global circulation prognostication models at the regional and local level. Legates and his team argued for the necessity of technological progress in precipitation measurement used for validating climate change scenarios, and for validation of existing data used for that purpose.They demonstrated disagreement between satellite-based and in-situ precipitation measurements, and pointed out inconsistencies among satellite data processing algorithms. Legates argued for a better adequacy of observation-based climatologies compared to those compiled subjectively. His team concluded that uncorrected centered-pattern correlation statistics applied to the validation of general circulation prognostication models used to predict large-scale climate change may be inappropriate and may yield erroneous results. They proposed modified goodness of fit test methods more suitable for use in hydrologic and hydroclimate model validation. Legates and his coworkers became concerned with the quality of surface instrumental temperature data analysis, treatment and presentation of trends used in the communication of global warming research results. He co-developed methods to correct biases in gauge-measured precipitation data for wind and temperature effects, with direct applicability in climate change, hydrology and environmental impact studies. His group observed that gauge undercatch was mostly caused by wind turbulence—especially for snow—and has a significant effect on the calculated Arctic water budget.They also studied the correlation between the observed variability in Western US snowpack accumulation and atmospheric circulation in historical measurement data and developed temperature-snowfall correlations based on first principles and observation in order to improve the global radiation balance estimation used in climate change predictions. Legates also developed a calibration method which validates NEXRAD radar precipitation data with gauge measurements to improve the accuracy of precipitation estimates. Legates and his coworkers extended their research to the development of correlations between satellite crop imaging data and landscape change, crop type and its evolution, and their effects of global climate change. They have also tackled rainfed crop management, modeling and optimization. The group developed a hydrologic model based on meteorological, soil and vegetation measurement data. His groups has demonstrated poor quality of correlation between hydrological cycle data, global runoff and global warming. Legates and coauthors (including Willie Soon, Sallie Baliunas, and Timothy F. Ball) authored a controversial (and non peer-reviewed) paper in the journal Ecological Complexity attempting to disprove an increase in Hudson Bay temperatures in the past 70 years, and cautioning about polar bear-human interaction as a likely cause for any observed decline in bear populations.In this paper the authors expressed doubts regarding the predictive quality of global warming models at the entire Arctic scale and any extrapolation of polar bear population trends. Legates's research has been funded by Koch Industries, the American Petroleum Institute, and ExxonMobil. Climate change Legates has published research papers, opinion editorials, and spoken openly in opposition to the scientific consensus on climate change. More recently, he has been known for his dismissal of anthropogenic cause of the observed global warming patterns and the severity of its consequences at the local geographical scale. Legates is a signer of the Oregon Petition, which stated: "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gasses is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. Moreover, there is substantial scientific evidence that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide produce many beneficial effects upon the natural plant and animal environments of the Earth". In his testimony to the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works regarding the Mann, Bradley and Hughes hockey stick graph, Legates summed up his position as: "Where we differ with Dr. Mann and his colleagues is in their construction of the hemispheric averaged time-series, their assertion that the 1990s are the warmest decade of the last millennium, and that human influences appear to be the only significant factor on globally averaged air temperature."In his lectures, Legates has acknowledged that humans have a direct impact on the environment. However he has disputed large scale climatological studies where he claims that researchers fail to incorporate sufficient data involving increased solar activity, water vapor as a greenhouse gas, data contamination through expansion of the urban heat island effect surrounding data collection points, and many other key variables in addition to the human chemical emissions that are the sole focus of many climatological studies. In October 2009, Dr. Legates and 34 cosigners submitted a letter to the EPA outlining specific objections to the proposed endangerment rule. Legates is a signatory of the Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation's "An Evangelical Declaration on Global Warming". In February 2007, Delaware governor Ruth Ann Minner wrote a letter to Legates, then Delaware's state climatologist, stating, "Your views on climate change, as I understand them, are not aligned with those of my administration." The governor went on to write: Legates continued to serve as Delaware's climatologist until 2011. Legates was a co-author of a 2015 study published by the Chinese Science Bulletin that used a simple climate model predicting an overall trend of approximately 1.0 C warming for the 2000 to 2100 period, drawing upon the historical record of approximately 0.34 C warming from 1990 to 2014.The study's authors, a team made up of Legates with Dr. Willie Soon, Dr. William M. Briggs, and Lord Christopher Monckton, stated that they somewhat agreed with the IPCC's ideas but found the organization's temperature predictions to be largely overstated. The study specifically asserted that warming "may be no more than one-third to one-half of IPCC's summary of current projections". Think tanks Legates is affiliated with the Heartland Institute, a leading promoter of climate change denial. When the Heartland Institute presented him with a Courage in Defense of Science Award at its climate conference in 2015, Legates said it was recognition for having been “beaten over the head by a bunch of thugs,” meaning climate scientists and politicians who criticized his work. He also was a senior scientist of the now closed-down Marshall Institute, and has been a research fellow with the Independent Institute, and an adjunct scholar of the Competitive Enterprise Institute. Trump administration In September 2020, Legates was appointed as deputy assistant secretary of commerce for observation and prediction at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the Trump administration. Many observers believe that Legates does not have the competence or objectivity for this position.While detailed to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Legates commissioned a set of nine briefs known as the "Climate Change Fliers," released in January 2021. The briefs attacked the consensus on climate change, many were written by prominent climate change deniers. The briefs were not vetted and not issued by OSTP. Nevertheless they were published with an Executive Office of the President seal and bore a White House OSTP copyright. The head of the agency ordered the documents withdrawn and terminated Legates from his OSTP position. References External links U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works Hearing Statement - 07/29/2003 Living people Year of birth missing (living people) American climatologists National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration personnel Trump administration personnel University of Delaware faculty University of Delaware alumni

Michael Martin (engineer)

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<mask> OBE is a British bridge engineer. He grew up in Carlisle and studied at the Carlisle Technical College before achieving a degree in civil engineering from the University of Leeds. <mask> began his career as a design engineer at Ove Arup & Partners and served as their representative during the construction of the Kessock Bridge. He thereafter joined the contractor Morrison and was their chief engineer for the construction of the Dornoch Firth and Kylesku Bridges. Under <mask>'s direction the company won some of the first Private Finance Initiative infrastructure contracts in the UK. He transferred to Anglian Water after that company purchased Morrison in 2000 and became their head of health and safety. After a brief early retirement he returned as a consultant for WS Atkins and to lead a £2.2 billion water infrastructure partnership programme.He returned from retirement for a second time to act as Galliford Try (who had purchased Morrison Construction in 2005) representative on the board of the company constructing the £1.4 billion Queensferry Crossing. In 2014 he was appointed project director for all companies in the contracting joint venture and oversaw the project's completion in 2017. Early life <mask> grew up in Denton Holme, Carlisle, the son of <mask>, a lecturer at Carlisle Technical College. As a child he would play on the Holme Head Bridge across the River Caldew and was once, at the age of three, taken home to his parents by a stranger who found him scrambling along the outside of the bridge. A family friend later showed <mask> his back issues of the New Civil Engineer magazine and, attracted by what appeared to him as "marvellous salaries of up to £3,000 a year" and opportunities to work overseas, <mask> became determined to become a civil engineer. <mask> failed his eleven-plus exams for grammar school entry and attended Robert Ferguson School. He subsequently studied at Carlisle Technical College where he first met his future-wife, Mary McFeeters, whilst suffering from a footballing injury in which he sustained facial damage and lost two teeth.<mask> passed five A-levels which enabled him to study a civil engineering degree at the University of Leeds. Bridge engineer <mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1975 and began working for Ove Arup & Partners. He spent the first three years working out of an office in London on projects including the design of Brighton Marina. A keen outdoorsman, city life did not agree with him and <mask> contemplated emigrating to Canada. This ambition was thwarted when he approached the Canadian Embassy one Saturday but found that it was closed. One of his colleagues suggested that he instead apply for a position as the client representative during construction of the Kessock Bridge, Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. <mask> left Arup after the Kessock Bridge was completed in 1980 and joined Scottish infrastructure firm Morrison.<mask> had intended to return to Arup after gaining a couple of years' experience with a contractor but would remain with Morrison for much of the rest of his career. His initial role was to estimate the costs of temporary works required during construction. In 1984 he was appointed chief engineer for the construction of the Kylesku Bridge in Sutherland, which had been designed by his former colleagues at Ove Arup. There was a great level of detail required on this project as the structure was curved and <mask> drew more than 250 drawings to explain technical aspects of the design to site personnel. <mask> later described the lifting into place of the central 25m span of the bridge, witnessed by hundreds of people and several television crews, as the most nerve-wracking experience of his life – made more so by the unexpected tooting of a tug's horn as a celebration. The project was not commercially successful but made <mask>'s reputation as a leading bridge engineer. Between 1988 and 1991 <mask> served as chief engineer during the design and construction of the half-mile long Dornoch Firth Bridge.He later headed Morrison's team working on a bid for the proposed Skye Bridge. <mask> opted for a more conservative design which eventually lost the bid to a cheaper, more complex proposal which would later encounter technical difficulties in construction. <mask> successfully won bids for the construction and maintenance of the A69 Haltwhistle Bypass, the first Private Finance Initiative (PFI) highways project in the country; a £250mn contract for Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and the first ever PFI contracts for Scottish Water and the Ministry of Defence. Director After the 1991 purchase of Shand Civil Engineering by Morrison Construction, <mask> was appointed director of the newly acquired international business. He was responsible for carrying out works in Dubai, Ghana, South Africa and the former USSR particularly in the petrochemical field. Whilst in Russia on business he was in Red Square just weeks after it had been the scene of the failed coup of 1993. Under <mask>'s direction Morrison won a five-year tender for works for the Falklands Islands Government to assist in recovery from the 1982 war.This win contradicted his previous position of maintaining a tighter focus on international bids but led to a long-term relationship with the Falklands Islands and the British Antarctic Survey which continues to this day. <mask> was appointed head of Morrison's infrastructure division and after the company's floatation on the London Stock Exchange in 1996 was appointed to its main board. The company was purchased by Anglian Water in 2000 and <mask> was appointed to their board, soon becoming the only former-Morrison director to sit there. <mask> led Anglian Water's engineering and programme management business before being appointed head of its Morrison Construction division and later the facilities management division. The latter two divisions were divested by Anglian Water in 2005 to Galliford Try and <mask> remained at Anglian Water as their head of health and safety, being responsible for introducing a new group-wide health and safety scheme. <mask> took early retirement at the age of 52 to spend more time on his hobbies of salmon fishing and golf. Shortly after retirement <mask> returned to work as a consultant for engineering consultancy WS Atkins.Six months into retirement he was approached to become chief operating officer of Scottish Water Solutions, a partnership of Scottish Water and several private companies responsible for delivering 2,500 water infrastructure projects totaling £2.2 billion. After completion of their programme of works <mask> retired for the second time. Queensferry Crossing <mask> returned from retirement for a second time at the request of former colleagues at Galliford Try in 2012. He was asked to represent the company on the board of the Forth Crossing Bridge Constructors (FCBC) joint venture (Galliford Try were working in conjunction with American Bridge, Hochtief and Dragados) working to construct the £1.4 billion Queensferry Crossing. Two years later the FCBC project director (Hochtief's Carlo Germani) resigned to work in Qatar and <mask> was asked to become his replacement. The bridge construction involved more than 15,000 workers, of whom up to 1,500 were on site at any one time. The crossing is the largest three-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world and opened in August 2017.<mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of his role in the bridge's construction. Personal life <mask> has two sons and two grandchildren. References People from Carlisle, Cumbria English civil engineers British bridge engineers Alumni of the University of Leeds Officers of the Order of the British Empire

Sidney Meyers

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<mask> (March 9, 1906 – December 4, 1969), also known by the pen name Robert Stebbins was an American film director and editor. <mask> is best known for two documentary films: The Quiet One, which he wrote and directed, and for which he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Original Screenplay; and British Academy of Film and Television Arts winner The Savage Eye, which he co-directed, co-produced and co-scripted with Joseph Strick and Ben Maddow. Biography <mask> was born in New York City on March 9, 1906 and grew up in East Harlem, then a teeming immigrant neighborhood. He was the eldest child of Abraham and Ida (née Rudock) <mask>, who had immigrated from Poland to the United States around the start of the 20th century. Abraham, a paper-hanger and activist in the Painters and Paper-hangers Union, District Council 9, of the AFL, supported the family as best he could. It was noticed early on that <mask> loved music; a Jewish charitable women's organization arranged for him to have the use of a violin and to receive music lessons when he was a young school-child. During his years at De Witt Clinton High School Meyers played in the school's award-winning orchestra and joined the American Orchestral Society.While at the City College of New York, majoring in English literature, he continued to play the violin, and later the viola. On completing his studies he spent some three years as a member of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, then conducted by Maestro Fritz Reiner. On his return to New York City, where he lived for the rest of his life with his wife Edna (née Ocko) and their son Nicholas, Meyers became interested in film-making and began to search for work in the fields of directing and editing, while playing the violin and viola in a Work Projects Administration orchestra. As was the case with many sons and daughters of immigrant families during the seemingly-endless Great Depression, he was drawn to left-wing political ideas. Using the pen-name of Robert Stebbins he wrote on the cinema for the left-wing arts magazine New Theatre. <mask> worked for the Federal Arts Project of the Work Projects Administration; in 1937 his film People of the Cumberland appeared under its auspices. During World War II, <mask> served first as the chief American film editor for the British Ministry of Information and later worked as a film editor for the U.S. Office of War Information.After the end of the War Meyers established a career as a free-lance film editor. He collaborated with directors, producers and other film artists, all of whom felt that his contribution was not limited to editing, as central as the latter may be to the work. Indeed he is best remembered for those films which he directed and wrote, and for which he served as consultant. Meyers's television editing credits include supervision of the CBS television series East Side, West Side; The Power and the Glory with Laurence Olivier; The Slaves, with Dionne Warwick; the Wisdom Series; Assignment India; Assignment – Southeast Asia. The Quiet One, which Meyers directed and scripted, established him as one of the leaders in the genre of documentary drama. Meyers collaborated with Ben Maddow and Joseph Strick in the production of The Savage Eye, and with Samuel Beckett and Alan Schneider on Film (film). His contribution to Edge of the City was vital.<mask> continued to work until his untimely death from cancer in 1969: he served as consultant for The Queen (1968), and was script consultant for Joseph Strick's film adaptation of James Joyce's Ulysses. Shortly before his death he completed the editing of Joseph Strick's The Tropic of Cancer. Shortly after his death, the <mask>s Memorial Scholarship Fund was established at the City College of New York. Film editing in the pre-digital era Until well after <mask>'s death the main tool of film editing was the Moviola (or Movieola), a machine in which film was viewed, cut, and recombined manually. Ralph Rosenblum, who was mentored by <mask>, describes the exhausting process from the editor's point of view: "I sit in a corner at one of the Moviolas piecing together a sequence that was shot from five different perspectives. I work quickly, long lengths of film flying through my white-gloved right hand. I stop, mark the film with a grease pencil, fly on, make another mark, cut, splice together the desired portions, and hang up the trims, pieces of deleted film.… Five film barrels crowd the cutting room, with long trims hanging into them from an overhead rod. There's a lot of film on the floor—not rejected film, as the cliché has it, but film that's in the process of being reviewed or edited or wound" (When the Shooting Stops, pp. 5–6). The Quiet One Meyers is arguably best remembered for The Quiet One (1948), a documentary which he directed, and for which he was one of the script writers. The documentary tells the story of the rehabilitation of a young, emotionally disturbed African-American boy; it contains text written by James Agee and narrated by Gary Merrill. In a 1949 review, Bosley Crowther defined the film: "Out of the tortured experiences of a 10-year-old Harlem Negro boy, cruelly rejected by his loved ones but rescued by the people of the Wiltwyck School, a new group of local film-makers has fashioned a genuine masterpiece in the way of a documentary drama." The still photographer Helen Levitt was one of the film's cinematographers and writers, along with the painter Janice Loeb.Ulysses Kay wrote the score for the film. The film's three writers - <mask>, Loeb, and Levitt - were nominated for the Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Academy Award; the film itself was also nominated for the Best Documentary Feature Academy Award. The National Board of Review named The Quiet One the second best film of 1949. Edge of the City Edge of the City (1957), which Meyers edited, was directed by Martin Ritt and starred John Cassavetes, <mask>, Jack Warden, Kathleen Maguire and Ruby Dee. The score was composed by Leonard Rosenman. Edge of the City was based on Robert Alan Arthur's screenplay which was the final episode of The Philco Television Playhouse: "A Man Is Ten Feet Tall" (1955). Although produced by MGM the film received a low budget; MGM feared that because of its racial content it could not be shown in the southern US, and indeed because of the refusal of theaters in the South and elsewhere to screen the film, it was not a commercial success.The film was considered unusual for its time not only because of its portrayal of an interracial friendship, but also because the main African-American character was in a position of authority over the white; and also due to hints that the character played by Cassavetes might be homosexual. Edge of the City was praised by representatives of the NAACP, the Urban League, the American Jewish Committee, among others, for its courageous depiction of an interracial friendship. The Savage Eye The Savage Eye (1959) is a documentary drama which conflates a dramatic narration of the life of a divorced woman with documentary camera footage from an unnamed American city (actually Los Angeles) in the 1950s. It stars Barbara Baxley. The film was written, produced, directed, and edited by <mask>, Ben Maddow and Joseph Strick. The camera footage was done by cinematographers Haskell Wexler, Helen Levitt and Jack Couffer; the music is by Leonard Rosenman. The Savage Eye won the 1960 BAFTA Flaherty Documentary Award as well as several film festival prizes.The Savage Eye belongs to the cinema vérité movement of the 1950s and '60s. In the words of John Hagan: "One can see how, in its study of a woman whose marital problems have estranged her from the world, it anticipated, if not influenced, such films as The Misfits, Red Desert, and Juliet of the Spirits." Influences Among those cinematic currents which may be said to have influenced <mask>'s work were Romanticism: notably Robert J. Flaherty's Nanook of the North (1922). The latter was filmed on site, using local people and claiming to show their lives as they really were. Such films were staged, however; Flaherty famously had his subject kill a walrus with a harpoon rather than use his gun. Another major influence on young film-makers of the 1920s and '30s was Realism. The latter, largely a European tradition, included "city symphony" films, which aimed to show people as products of the man-made environment in which they lived.Walter Ruttman's Berlin, Symphony of a City (1927), is an example. In the USSR Kino-Pravda ("cinematic truth") was developed by Dziga Vertov, who created Soviet news-reels during the 1920s. According to Vertov's cinematic philosophy the movie, via techniques such as slow motion, time lapse, fast motion, close-ups and of course editing, could produce a rendition of reality more accurate than that perceived by the human eye. <mask>'s influence can be discerned in cinema verité and its close relative direct cinema. Enabled by the development of convenient, portable cameras and means of synchronizing sound, cinema verité often involved following a person during moments of personal crisis. The place of editing in creating the final artistic product is so central that the editor is on occasion given credit as consultant, or even co-director. Legacy Shortly before his death <mask> began to write notes for a book which was never published.The following is from these notes: "On one level film editing is like editing in general, literary editing, writing a piece of literature, preparing a book review or any presentation, selling an idea, putting it over. General principles maintain, clarity of ideas, coherence, emphasis on chief idea, lining up of proofs, and substantiation, avoidance of repetition, avoidance of belaboring the obvious, in other words, granting the reader intelligence but at the same time stressing value of your contribution to his fund of knowledge. A sense of when you've made your case and that any further exposition on it will be overdoing matters. These are by no means easy objectives to attain but necessary to obtain, nevertheless. ... The film is very different. It is an expression in continuity.Its own qualities, its own dynamics. There is no turning back or leaping ahead unless you are permitted to do so by the film itself. Film is a Form in Continuity, within a more or less restricted frame. This frame is its entire world. Nothing exists outside of it. And whatever happens within it is autonomous." The Quiet One: lyric poetry of the Fair Deal.Film Culture 58-60 ( 1974) Crowther, Bosley. "'The Quiet One,' Documentary of a Rejected Boy, Arrives at the Little Carnegie," The New York Times February 14, 1949. Gilliard, B.L. The Quiet One: a conversation with Helen Levitt, Janice Loeb and Bill Levitt. Film Culture 63-64 ( 1977) Gow, Gordon. <mask>. Film Dope n43 Jan (1990): 1-2.Hagan, John. "Ben Maddow". In Pendergast, Tom; Pendergast, Sara. International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers, Edition 4. St. James Press, 2000. Kline, Herbert, ed. New Theater and Film 1934-1937.Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Leyda, Jay. Vision is my dwelling place. Film Culture 58-60 ( 1974) Rosenblum, Ralph and Robert Karen. When the Shooting Stops…the Cutting Begins. Penguin, 1980. Sadoul, Georges and Peter Morris.Dictionary of Film Makers. U of California Press, 1972. "<mask>, movie director". [obituary] NY Times, Dec. 5, 1969. Stebbins, Robert [<mask>]. The Movie: 1902-1917. New Theater and Film 1934-1937.Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. pp. 234–7. Stebbins, Robert [<mask>]. The Films Make History. New Theater and Film 1934-1937. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. pp. 271–4.Stebbins, Robert [<mask>]. Month of Bounties. New Theater and Film 1934-1937. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. pp. 274–9. Stebbins, Robert [<mask>, 1985. pp. 316–320. External links Allmovie bio 1906 births 1969 deaths American documentary filmmakers American film editors City College of New York alumni Civil servants in the Ministry of Information (United Kingdom) DeWitt Clinton High School alumni Film directors from New York City People of the United States Office of War Information

Richard Henriquez

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<mask> (born 5 February 1941 in Annotto Bay, Jamaica) is a Canadian architect known for founding Henriquez & Todd with Robert Todd in 1969 which evolved over 50 years to become the Henriquez Partners Architects of today. His projects are known for its blend of unique design with its historical context. His accumulation of work are celebrated by dozens of awards including the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Gold Medal in 2005, Governor Generals Medal in 1994 and the Order of Canada in 2017. He is currently a Principal at Henriquez Partners, along with his son <mask> who assumed the role of Managing Principal in 2005. Design approach <mask> was known for his focus on the place of memory and history in his work. He believed that contemporary buildings are disconnected with the past and so his architecture carries a memory which he calls "issue is continuity between the past, the future and the present, and making people aware of their place in time and space." In a particular interview, <mask> notes that Roman cities were laid out by cardines (running north to south) and decamanus (running east to west), all in line with the rising sun.He believed that cities once had a relationship to nature, and wanted to take inspiration from the past. He incorporates historic elements in a variety of ways such as relating the archaeology of the site to the traditional mythic stories that were passed down the generation. He also explored the depths of spatial relationships beyond the quintessential floor heights, material, setback, etc. but in their cosmic and metaphorical relationships elements. <mask> says his work is "not to invoke nostalgia but to rather give people a new way of looking at what they take for granted." He was also known for bringing a distinct style of high-density urban design to Vancouver, designing buildings that have slim proportions, low rise buildings, view corridors and parks that create livable communities. A notable example would be the Sylvia hotel tower, with large glazing area and thin floorplates that influence the high rises of Vancouver for years to come.Childhood influences <mask> was born from a modest family. When <mask> was three years old, a hurricane almost destroyed his family's home. Later that year, he discovered his father - an agricultural instructor drafted in the war - was killed in action. Due to these circumstances, <mask> and his siblings went on to live with their grandparents while the mother worked. During his time with his grandparents, <mask> would hear stories on how his grandparents and his father lived in the past. Although he lacked first-hand contact with his father, he valued objects his father made before his passing such as wooden bowls and furniture. <mask> comments that his interest in history may have stemmed from his absent father, inspiring the architectural work that he produced over the years.<mask> also credits his grand-uncle for his inspiration of pursuing architecture. His grand-uncle was a multifaceted artisan that was a sculptor, painter, architect and an engineer. This influenced young <mask> to follow his footsteps and explored artistic endeavors such as creating sculptures out of limestone and painting. None of his other 2 brothers and 2 sisters followed the same artistic pursuits, although his older sister, Kay Levy, worked in the early days of the firm as the bookkeeper and office manager. Growing up in Jamaica had affected <mask>'s design sensibility. In Jamaica, material was costly while labor was cheap and therefore, <mask> believed that nothing of value should go to waste and should be instead reused. Education Once <mask> graduated from highschool, he immediately pursued his Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Manitoba in Canada from 1958–1964.The program was highly technical and even included four years of structural engineering in its curriculum. The school provided <mask> with a strong technical base and taught him the construction and how to build buildings, but all his work was still constrained to reality and any superfluous work was considered illegitimate. Upon graduation, <mask> returned to Jamaica to work for McMorris Sibley Robinson Architects. It was here where he took on over a dozen projects including corporate, cultural and domestic projects. Many of these residential projects, were situated on hilltop sites or steep slopes, giving <mask> experience later in his life when he designs for Vancouver's hilly topography. <mask> eventually attended MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) to complete his master's degree. It was here that he developed his theoretical and philosophical views in architecture that would be the basis of his work for years to come.For his final thesis project, <mask> developed a conceptual scheme of a satellite town for 100,000 people near Germantown, Maryland. His project was an exploration of flexibility, adaptability, which <mask> puts as “allowing them freedom to live as they choose and meaningful choice as to where and how they live”. <mask> had always designed for, however it was in this project when he started to develop his philosophical stances in architecture. The project was deeply influenced by his supervisor, Lubicz-Nycz who believed that architecture is spiritual, where it must honor the past and carry its narrative, while allowing future growth. This narrative approach becomes and integral part of <mask>'s design process in his future works. Selected projects Sylvia Hotel Tower The Sylvia Hotel Tower, built in 1984 was an addition to the Edward Sylvia Hotel (a once popular Vancouver hotel, and a current designated heritage landmark) located near the Vancouver waterfront. <mask> designed the building by drawing inspiration from its unique site conditions and adjacencies.On the site's immediate east are the 1958 Ocean Towers, both eighteen-stories tall, slab-form apartment building built in Miami Modern style. On its west side is the Sylvia Hotel, built originally as a luxury apartment but was converted to be a luxury hotel to keep up with the finances during the economic downturn of the roaring twenties. The Sylvia hotel had a "streaky bacon style" aesthetic, meaning it was a brick building with its base and corner cornice capitals made of strips of stone in a lighter color. The main tower itself contained both aesthetic elements of the historic Sylvia tower and the more progressive Ocean Towers of the time. However, the design avoids typical postmodernist strategy of combining bits and pieces of the building to create a hybrid building, but instead, the two polarizing characteristics of the adjacent buildings are distinctly separated and juxtaposed. It is analogous to a clash between the polarizing "black" against the "white" rather than the typical homogenous "grey" of postmodern design. On the seaward corner of the building are floor-to-ceiling glazing that reveal the building's concrete structural frame, and oriented at a 30 degree angle against the cartesian site grid which frames the mountainous views across the waters.The building also introduced the "small-plate" style tower to Vancouver, which has become a defining characteristic of Vancouver's downtown peninsula high-rises. In 1999, Canadian Architect magazine deemed the tower to be one of the most influential Canadian buildings of the twentieth century. Sinclair Centre The Sinclair Centre, is a federal government office complex with a shopping complex at grade that was built by Henriquez Partners Architects in collaboration with Toby Russell Buckwell Architects in 1986. The Sinclair Centre was originally four separate historic buildings, but the renovation unified the buildings into one shopping mall by connecting them in a glazed atrium. The federal government's wanted to have more of a presence of public services in Vancouver. Therefore, The program of Sinclair Centre was called to transform an entire block into government office complex mixed with retail and public functions and replacing the image of the building from being austere to being open and accessible. A main objective in the architecture is to create an open concept space, and therefore the creation of a T-shaped galleria.The design of the building preserved each of the four building's historic character and individuality while the glazing was designed in a neutral manner. The building is named after James Sinclair, a businessman and politician that was the former president of Lafarge Cement in North America and the maternal grandfather of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Memory Theatre Memory Theatre is an exhibition showcasing twenty-five years of accomplishment by <mask>. It was a travelling exhibition co-produced by the Canadian Centre for Architecture and Vancouver Art Gallery in 1993. The exhibition was physically a cylindrical structure that was held up by a surveyor's tripod and accessed by a bridge. Once visitors enter the cylindrical structure, they will be surrounded by ten cabinets with glass cases that contain found objects ranging from a diversity of architectural models, notes, sculptures, drawings, letters and photographs that demonstrate <mask>'s creative process. Right at the centre of the Theatre is a cylindrical globe.On top of the pole of the globe is Vancouver. By picking a point on the model, the device can be made to point towards the true objective. The architect did so as a way to contrast the Copernican model of the earth by having the earth as the centre of the universe. It shows that the present time and place to be conscious of one's narrative. as memory is used to pinpoint the present. References Canadian architects Living people 1941 births

Michael Hancock (rugby league)

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<mask> "Mick" <mask> (born 21 October 1969) is an Australian former rugby league footballer. An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played in the Brisbane Broncos first five Grand Final victories in 1992, 1993, 1997 Super League, 1998 and 2000. At the time of his retirement from football in Australia in 2000 he held the Broncos' club records for most career appearances. He played out the rest of his career in England with the Salford City Reds and retired in 2002. Early career <mask> started out playing in the under 16's/18's and A Grade in the Toowoomba rugby league for the Stanthorpe Gremlins. A young from Stanthorpe, Queensland, <mask> starred as a 17-year-old for the Toowoomba Clydesdales in the Winfield State League. First grade career In 1988, <mask> joined the Brisbane Broncos for the club's initial season in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership as a member of the first Brisbane run-on team that thrashed defending premiers the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 44–10 in 1988's season opener at Brisbane's Lang Park in a side that included representative players Wally Lewis (captain), Colin Scott, Joe Kilroy, Gene Miles, Allan Langer, Bryan Niebling, Greg Dowling and Greg Conescu.In 1989, <mask> made his début for the Queensland Maroons, becoming the then-youngest footballer of either state to play in a State of Origin series and scored two tries in the 36–6 win over NSW at Lang Park. He then made his Test début on the 1989 mid-season tour of New Zealand while still a teenager. Having already represented his state in all three matches of that year’s Origin series, he also played in all six matches on the New Zealand tour, scoring three tries. He played in all three Tests against the Kiwis and scored his first try in test football in Australia's 8–0 win in the second test at the Rotorua International Stadium on 16 July. He was known for his strength, elusiveness and a wide-legged running style that allowed him to change direction sharply and sometimes several times as he approached opposition defences. <mask> was named the 1989 Brisbane Broncos season's rookie of the year. 1990s In 1990 <mask> missed the one-off Test against France with a hamstring injury, but regained his spot on the wing for the test against New Zealand in Wellington where he scored a try in Australia's 24–6 win.He was then selected for the 1990 Kangaroo Tour of Great Britain and France at the end of the 1990 NSWRL season. Unfortunately, an ankle injury suffered in Australia's 19–14 loss to Great Britain in the first test loss at Wembley, London limited him to just six games on the English leg of the tour and he lost his test spot to Broncos teammate Dale Shearer. The first test loss was something of a disaster for <mask> as his opposite winger Paul Eastwood crossed for two of the Lions three tries on the day. Although he returned to action, before the second Ashes series test, scoring a try in a 36–18 win over Halifax, Shearer's form was such (scoring a try in the Aussies 14–10 win at Old Trafford in the second test) that <mask> was unable to regain his test spot for the remainder of the tour. In 1991 he was overlooked for the mid-season Trans Tasman tests against New Zealand, nor could he gain a spot on the end of season tour of Papua New Guinea. He later regained his Test spot and played in all three Ashes tests against Great Britain during the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, helping Australia retain The Ashes. At the end of the year <mask> was a member of the Broncos team that defeated the St George Dragons 28–8 in the 1992 Winfield Cup Grand Final.He then traveled to England where he played on the wing in Australia's 10–6 win over Great Britain in the 1992 World Cup Final in front of 73,631 fans at Wembley Stadium, London. <mask> had a solid game in the WCF, keeping St. Helens winger Alan Hunte quiet. A week after the Final, <mask> scored two tries in Brisbane's 22–8 victory over English champions Wigan in the 1992 World Club Challenge at Central Park. In winning the Broncos became the first Australian team to win the World Club Challenge on British soil. <mask> made his second tour of New Zealand in 1993, playing all three tests of the 1993 Trans-Tasman series and scoring his 5th and final test try in the third test at Lang Park. He played in Brisbane's second consecutive premiership win in 1993, again defeating St George in the Grand Final. During the 1994 NSWRL season, <mask> played at centre for Brisbane when they lost 20–14 against Wigan in the 1994 World Club Challenge in front of a WCC record attendance of 54,220 at Brisbane's ANZ Stadium.<mask> played his last test for Australia in 1994 against France in a 58–0 win at the Parramatta Stadium in Sydney. Called into the team after injury ruled out Broncos teammate Willie Carne, <mask> didn't score in the game but made a number of breaks and almost always had the hapless French grasping at air trying to tackle him. After being selected for his second Kangaroo Tour in 1994, his test career ended when he injured his shoulder in a training mishap only a week before the first Ashes test at Wembley. In a case of Déjà vu with 1990, he would return to the field before the tour ended, but wasn't able to regain his test place either on tour or in the following years. 2000s The advent of the unlimited interchange rule prolonged <mask>'s career, with coach Wayne Bennett opting to use him as an impact player on the wing or in the . The last of the foundation players to leave the club, it was only fitting then, in his thirteenth season with the same club, that he left the Broncos after the 14–6 victory over the Sydney Roosters in the 2000 NRL grand final to play out the rest of his career for Salford in England. Also in 2000 <mask> was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for his contribution to Australia's international standing in the sport of rugby league.At the time of his retirement, he held the record for most appearances for the Broncos until Darren Lockyer surpassed him in 2007, and was number two on the club's all-time top try-scorers list with 120 (second only to Steve Renouf's 142). Post-playing In 2003, <mask> was one of the first four former players inducted into the Broncos official Hall of Fame. During the 2007 season at the Broncos' 20-year anniversary celebration, the club announced a list of the 20 best players to play for them to date which included <mask>. In 2008, rugby league in Australia's centenary year, <mask> was named on the wing in the Toowoomba and South West Team of the Century. <mask> has been involved in rugby league development encouraging children to take up the sport. References External links <mask> at yesterdayshero.com.au <mask> at nrlstats.com 1969 births Australia national rugby league team players Salford Red Devils players Brisbane Broncos players Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players Rugby league wingers Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Rugby league players from Queensland Living people

Kim Philby

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Harold Adrian Russell "<mask>" <mask> (1 January 191211 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union. In 1963 he was revealed to be a member of the Cambridge Five, a spy ring which had divulged British secrets to the Soviets during World War II and in the early stages of the Cold War. Of the five, <mask> is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviets. Born in British India, <mask> was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. After leaving Cambridge, <mask> worked as a journalist, covering the Spanish Civil War and the Battle of France. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6).By the end of the Second World War he had become a high-ranking member. In 1949 <mask> was appointed first secretary to the British Embassy in Washington and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including a plot to subvert the communist regime of Albania. <mask> was also responsible for tipping off two other spies under suspicion of espionage, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess, both of whom subsequently fled to Moscow in May 1951. The defections of Maclean and Burgess cast suspicion over <mask>, resulting in his resignation from MI6 in July 1951. He was publicly exonerated in 1955, after which he resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for SIS in Beirut, Lebanon. In January 1963, having finally been unmasked as a Soviet agent, <mask> defected to Moscow, where he lived until his death in 1988.Early life Born in Ambala, Punjab, British India, Harold Adrian <mask> was the son of Dora Johnston and St John <mask>, an author, Arabist and explorer. St John was a member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) and later a civil servant in Mesopotamia, and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia. Nicknamed "<mask>" after the boy-spy in Rudyard Kipling's novel <mask>, <mask> attended Aldro preparatory school, an all-boys school located in Shackleford near Godalming in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. In his early teens, he spent some time with the Bedouin in the desert of Saudi Arabia. Following in the footsteps of his father, <mask> continued to Westminster School, which he left in 1928 at the age of 16. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history and economics. He graduated in 1933 with a 2:1 degree in Economics.At Cambridge, <mask> showed his "leaning towards communism," in the words of his father St John, who went on to write: "The only serious question is whether <mask> definitely intended to be disloyal to the government while in its service." Upon <mask>'s graduation, Maurice Dobb, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge and tutor in Economics, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in Paris which attempted to aid the people victimized by Nazi Germany and provide education on oppositions to fascism. The organization was one of several fronts operated by German communist Willi Münzenberg, a member of the Reichstag who had fled to France in 1933. Early professional career Vienna In Vienna, working to aid refugees from Germany, <mask> met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions and later recalled that at their first meeting: A frank and direct person, Litzi came out and asked me how much money I had. I replied £100, which I hoped would last me about a year in Vienna. She made some calculations and announced, "That will leave you an excess of £25.You can give that to the International Organisation for Aid for Revolutionaries. We need it desperately." I liked her determination. <mask> acted as a courier between Vienna and Prague, paying for the train tickets out of his remaining £75 and using his British passport to evade suspicion. He also delivered clothes and money to refugees. Following the Austrofascist victory in the Austrian Civil War, <mask> and Friedmann married in February 1934, enabling her to escape to the United Kingdom with him two months later. It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in London, Edith Tudor Hart – herself, at this time, a Soviet agent – who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for Soviet intelligence.In early 1934, Arnold Deutsch, a Soviet agent, was sent to University College London under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities. <mask> had come to the Soviets' notice earlier that year in Vienna, where he had been involved in demonstrations against the government of Engelbert Dollfuss. In June 1934, Deutsch recruited him to the Soviet intelligence services. <mask> later recalled: Lizzy came home one evening and told me that she had arranged for me to meet a "man of decisive importance". I questioned her about it but she would give me no details. The rendezvous took place in Regents Park. The man described himself as Otto.I discovered much later from a photograph in MI5 files that the name he went by was Arnold Deutsch. I think that he was of Czech origin; about 5 ft 7in, stout, with blue eyes and light curly hair. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. He was a man of considerable cultural background." <mask> recommended to Deutsch several of his Cambridge contemporaries, including Donald Maclean, who at the time was working in the Foreign Office, as well as Guy Burgess, despite his personal reservations about Burgess's erratic personality. London and Spain In London, <mask> began a career as a journalist.He took a job at a monthly magazine, the World Review of Reviews, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of pseudonyms) and occasionally served as "acting editor." <mask> continued to live in the United Kingdom with his wife for several years. At this point, however, <mask> and Friedmann separated. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, just following the end of World War II. When the Germans threatened to overrun Paris in 1940, where she was then living at this time, <mask> arranged for Friedmann's escape to Britain. In 1936 he began working at a failing trade magazine, the Anglo-Russian Trade Gazette, as editor. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, <mask> engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as Joachim von Ribbentrop, at that time the German ambassador in London.He became a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and <mask> made many trips to Berlin. In February 1937, <mask> travelled to Seville, Spain, then embroiled in a bloody civil war triggered by the coup d'état of Falangist forces under General Francisco Franco against the democratic government of President Manuel Azaña. <mask> worked at first as a freelance journalist; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for The Times, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces. He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Russians. He used a simpler system for MI6 delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the British embassy in Paris. When visiting Paris after the war, he was shocked to discover that the address that he used for Mlle Dupont was that of the Soviet embassy.His controller in Paris, the Latvian Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in Moscow in 1937 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. His successor, Boris Bazarov, suffered the same fate two years later during the purges. Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter planes and Panzer I and Panzer II tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. <mask> told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack Gibraltar. <mask>'s Soviet controller at the time, Theodore Maly, reported in April 1937 to the NKVD that he had personally briefed <mask> on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage". Maly was one of the Soviet Union's most powerful and influential illegal controllers and recruiters. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, <mask> was instructed to report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff.However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon debriefing <mask> in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt." In December 1937, during the Battle of Teruel, a Republican shell hit just in front of the car in which <mask> was travelling with the correspondents Edward J. Neil of the Associated Press, Bradish Johnson of Newsweek, and Ernest Sheepshanks of Reuters. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. <mask> suffered only a minor head wound. As a result of this accident, <mask>, who was well-liked by the Nationalist forces whose victories he trumpeted, was awarded the Red Cross of Military Merit by Franco on 2 March 1938. <mask> found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles: "Before then," he later wrote, "there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the International Brigades. After I had been wounded and decorated by Franco himself, I became known as 'the English-decorated-by-Franco' and all sorts of doors opened to me."In 1938, Walter Krivitsky (born Samuel Ginsberg), a former GRU officer in Paris who had defected to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". He testified before the Dies Committee (later to become the House Un-American Activities Committee) regarding Soviet espionage within the US. In 1940 he was interviewed by MI5 officers in London, led by Jane Archer. Krivitsky claimed that two Soviet intelligence agents had penetrated the Foreign Office and that a third Soviet intelligence agent had worked as a journalist for a British newspaper during the civil war in Spain. No connection with <mask> was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a Washington hotel room the following year. Alexander Orlov (born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in Madrid, who had once met him in Perpignan, France, also defected. To protect his family, still living in the USSR, Orlov said nothing about <mask>, an agreement Stalin respected.On a short trip back from Spain, <mask> tried to recruit Flora Solomon as a Soviet agent; she was the daughter of a Russian banker and gold dealer, a relative of the Rothschilds, and wife of a London stockbroker. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. But the rezident (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected <mask>'s motives. Solomon introduced <mask> to the woman who would become <mask>'s second wife, Aileen Furse. Solomon went to work for the British retailer Marks & Spencer. MI6 career World War II In July 1939, <mask> returned to The Times office in London. When Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939, <mask>'s contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and Philby failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work.During the Phoney War from September 1939 until the Dunkirk evacuation, <mask> worked as The Times first-hand correspondent with the British Expeditionary Force headquarters. After being evacuated from Boulogne on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing The Daily Telegraph in addition to The Times. He briefly reported from Cherbourg and Brest, sailing for Plymouth less than 24 hours before France surrendered to Germany in June 1940. In 1940, on the recommendation of Burgess, <mask> joined MI6's Section D, a secret organisation charged with investigating how enemies might be attacked through non-military means. <mask> and Burgess ran a training course for would-be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire. His time at Section D, however, was short-lived; the "tiny, ineffective, and slightly comic" section was soon absorbed by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the summer of 1940. Burgess was arrested in September for drunken driving and was subsequently fired, while <mask> was appointed as an instructor on clandestine propaganda at the SOE's finishing school for agents at the Estate of Lord Montagu in Beaulieu, Hampshire.<mask>'s role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the Soviet Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU). This role allowed him to conduct sabotage and instruct agents on how to properly conduct sabotage. The new London rezident, Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of names of British agents being trained to enter the Soviet Union. <mask> replied that none had been sent and that none was undergoing training at that time. This statement was underlined twice in red and marked with two question marks, clearly indicating their confusion and questioning of this, by disbelieving staff at Moscow Central in the Lubyanka, according to Genrikh Borovik, who saw the telegrams much later in the KGB archives. <mask> provided Stalin with advance warning of Operation Barbarossa and of the Japanese intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the Soviet Union as Hitler had urged. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when this was confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy in Tokyo, Richard Sorge, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the Far East in time for the counteroffensive around Moscow.By September 1941, <mask> began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive counter-intelligence. On the strength of his knowledge and experience of Franco's Spain, <mask> was put in charge of the subsection which dealt with Spain and Portugal. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Tangier. At this time, the German Abwehr was active in Spain, particularly around the British naval base of Gibraltar, which its agents hoped to watch with many cameras and radars to track Allied supply ships in the Western Mediterranean. Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which <mask>'s Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (code-named Bodden) never came to fruition. During 1942–43, <mask>'s responsibilities were then expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS. In early 1944, as it became clear that the Soviet Union was likely to once more prove a significant adversary to Britain, SIS re-activated Section Nine, which dealt with anti-communist efforts.In late 1944 <mask>, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine. Charles Arnold-Baker, an officer of German birth (born Wolfgang von Blumenthal) working for Richard Gatty in Belgium and later transferred to the Norwegian/Swedish border, voiced many suspicions of <mask> and <mask>'s intentions but was ignored time and time again. While working in Section Five, <mask> had become acquainted with James Jesus Angleton, a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. Angleton, later chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Counterintelligence Staff, became suspicious of <mask> when he failed to pass on information relating to a British agent executed by the Gestapo in Germany. It later emerged that the agent – known as Schmidt – had also worked as an informant for the Rote Kapelle organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow. Nevertheless, Angleton's suspicions went unheard. In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in Bulgaria and Romania, soon to be invaded by the Soviet Union.The NKVD complained to Cecil Barclay, the SIS representative in Moscow, that information had been withheld. Barclay reported the complaint to London. <mask> claimed to have overheard discussion of this by chance and sent a

Kim Philby

original

report to his controller. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that <mask> had seen the full Barclay report. A similar lapse occurred with a report from the Imperial Japanese Embassy in Moscow sent to Tokyo. The NKVD received the same report from Richard Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. These lapses by <mask> aroused intense suspicion in Moscow.Elena Modrzhinskaya at GUGB headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the Cambridge Five. She noted that they produced an extraordinary wealth of information on German war plans but next to nothing on the repeated question of British penetration of Soviet intelligence in either London or Moscow. <mask> had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. She asked, "Could the SIS really be such fools they failed to notice suitcase-loads of papers leaving the office? Could they have overlooked <mask>'s Communist wife?" Modrzhinskaya concluded that all were double agents, working essentially for the British. A more serious incident occurred in August 1945, when Konstantin Volkov, an NKVD agent and vice-consul in Istanbul, requested political asylum in Britain for himself and his wife.For a large sum of money, Volkov offered the names of three Soviet agents inside Britain, two of whom worked in the Foreign Office and a third who worked in counter-espionage in London. <mask> was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. He warned the Soviets of the attempted defection and travelled personally to Istanbul – ostensibly to handle the matter on behalf of SIS but, in reality, to ensure that Volkov had been neutralised. By the time he arrived in Turkey, three weeks later, Volkov had been removed to Moscow. The intervention of <mask> in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised <mask>'s position. However, Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British Embassy in Ankara on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. Additionally, Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by bag rather than by telegraph, causing a delay in reaction that might plausibly have given the Soviets time to uncover his plans.<mask> was thus able to evade blame and detection. A month later Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk in Ottawa, took political asylum in Canada and gave the Royal Canadian Mounted Police names of agents operating within the British Empire that were known to him. When Jane Archer (who had interviewed Krivitsky) was appointed to Philby's section he moved her off investigatory work in case she became aware of his past. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. And here she was plunked down in my midst!" <mask>, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1946. Years after the war, Sir Hardy Amies, who has served as an intelligence officer during the war, recalled that <mask> was in his mess; and, on being asked what the infamous spy was like, Hardy quipped, "He was always trying to get information out of me—most significantly the name of my tailor."Istanbul In February 1947, <mask> was appointed head of British intelligence for Turkey, and posted to Istanbul with his second wife, Aileen, and their family. His public position was that of First Secretary at the British Consulate; in reality, his intelligence work required overseeing British agents and working with the Turkish security services. <mask> planned to infiltrate five or six groups of émigrés into Soviet Armenia or Soviet Georgia. But efforts among the expatriate community in Paris produced just two recruits. Turkish intelligence took them to a border crossing into Georgia but soon afterwards shots were heard. Another effort was made using a Turkish gulet for a seaborne landing, but it never left port. He was implicated in a similar campaign in Albania.Colonel David Smiley, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped Enver Hoxha and his Communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. He trained Albanian commandos – some of whom were former Nazi collaborators – in Libya or Malta. From 1947, they infiltrated the southern mountains to build support for former King Zog. The first three missions, overland from Greece, were trouble-free. Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under Operation Valuable, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. Stewart Menzies, head of SIS, disliked the idea, which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS. Most infiltrators were caught by the Sigurimi, the Albanian Security Service.Clearly there had been leaks and <mask> was later suspected as one of the leakers. His own comment was "I do not say that people were happy under the regime but the CIA underestimated the degree of control that the Authorities had over the country." <mask> later wrote of his attitude towards the operation in Albania: The agents we sent into Albania were armed men intent on murder, sabotage and assassination ... They knew the risks they were running. I was serving the interests of the Soviet Union and those interests required that these men were defeated. To the extent that I helped defeat them, even if it caused their deaths, I have no regrets. Aileen <mask> had suffered since childhood from psychological problems which caused her to inflict injuries upon herself.In 1948, troubled by the heavy drinking and frequent depressions that had become a feature of her husband's life in Istanbul, she experienced a breakdown of this nature, staging an accident and injecting herself with urine and insulin to cause skin disfigurations. She was sent to a clinic in Switzerland to recover. Upon her return to Istanbul in late 1948, she was badly burned in an incident with a charcoal stove and returned to Switzerland. Shortly afterward, <mask> was moved to the job as chief SIS representative in Washington, D.C., with his family. Washington, D.C. In September 1949, the <mask>s arrived in the United States. Officially, his post was that of First Secretary to the British Embassy; in reality, he served as chief British intelligence representative in Washington.His office oversaw a large amount of urgent and top-secret communications between the United States and London. <mask> was also responsible for liaising with the CIA and promoting "more aggressive Anglo-American intelligence operations". A leading figure within the CIA was <mask>'s wary former colleague, James Jesus Angleton, with whom he once again found himself working closely. Angleton remained suspicious of <mask>, but lunched with him every week in Washington. However, a more serious threat to <mask>'s position had come to light. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a one-time pad to transmit intelligence traffic. This mistake made it possible to break the normally impregnable code.Contained in the traffic (intercepted and decrypted as part of the Venona project) was information that documents had been sent to Moscow from the British Embassy in Washington. The intercepted messages revealed that the British Embassy source (identified as "Homer") travelled to New York City to meet his Soviet contact twice a week. <mask> had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Donald Maclean, who worked in the British Embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. <mask> had to help discover the identity of "Homer", but also wished to protect Maclean. In January 1950, on evidence provided by the Venona intercepts, Soviet atomic spy Klaus Fuchs was arrested. His arrest led to others: Harry Gold, a courier with whom Fuchs had worked, David Greenglass, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The investigation into the British Embassy leak was still ongoing, and the stress of it was exacerbated by the arrival in Washington, in October 1950, of Guy Burgess – <mask>'s unstable and dangerously alcoholic fellow Soviet spy.Burgess, who had been given a post as Second Secretary at the British Embassy, took up residence in the <mask> family home and rapidly set about causing offence to all and sundry. Aileen <mask> resented him and disliked his presence; Americans were offended by his "natural superciliousness" and "utter contempt for the whole pyramid of values, attitudes, and courtesies of the American way of life". J. Edgar Hoover complained that Burgess used British Embassy automobiles to avoid arrest when he cruised Washington in pursuit of homosexual encounters. His dissolution had a troubling effect on <mask>; the morning after a particularly disastrous and drunken party, a guest returning to collect his car heard voices upstairs and found "<mask> and Guy in the bedroom drinking champagne. They had already been down to the Embassy but being unable to work had come back." Burgess's presence was problematic for <mask>, yet it was potentially dangerous for Philby to leave him unsupervised. The situation in Washington was tense.From April 1950, Maclean had been the prime suspect in the investigation into the Embassy leak. <mask> had undertaken to devise an escape plan which would warn Maclean, currently in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. Burgess had to get to London to warn Maclean, who was under surveillance. In early May 1951, Burgess got three speeding tickets in a single day – then pleaded diplomatic immunity, causing an official complaint to be made to the British Ambassador. Burgess was sent back to England, where he met Maclean in his London club. The SIS planned to interrogate Maclean on 28 May 1951. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, <mask> wired Burgess, ostensibly about his Lincoln convertible abandoned in the Embassy car park."If he did not act at once it would be too late," the telegram read, "because [<mask>] would send his car to the scrap heap. There was nothing more [he] could do." On 25 May, Burgess drove Maclean from his home at Tatsfield, Surrey to Southampton, where both boarded the steamship Falaise to France and then proceeded to Moscow. London Burgess had intended to aid Maclean in his escape, not accompany him in it. The "affair of the missing diplomats," as it was referred to before Burgess and Maclean surfaced in Moscow, attracted a great deal of public attention, and Burgess's disappearance, which identified him as complicit in Maclean's espionage, deeply compromised <mask>'s position. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, <mask> returned to London. There, he underwent MI5 interrogation aimed at ascertaining whether he had acted as a "third man" in Burgess and Maclean's spy ring.In July 1951, he resigned from MI6, preempting his all-but-inevitable dismissal. Even after <mask>'s departure from MI6, speculation regarding his possible Soviet affiliations continued. Interrogated repeatedly regarding his intelligence work and his connection with Burgess, he continued to deny that he had acted as a Soviet agent. From 1952, <mask> struggled to find work as a journalist, eventually – in August 1954 – accepting a position with a diplomatic newsletter called the Fleet Street Letter. Lacking access to material of value and out of touch with Soviet intelligence, he all but ceased to operate as a Soviet agent. On 25 October 1955, following revelations in the New York Times, Labour MP Marcus Lipton used parliamentary privilege to ask Prime Minister Anthony Eden if he was determined "to cover up at all costs the dubious third man activities of Mr <mask>..." This was reported in the British press, leading <mask> to threaten legal action against Lipton if he repeated his accusations outside Parliament. Lipton later withdrew his comments.This retraction came about when <mask> was officially cleared by Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan on 7 November. The minister told the House of Commons, "I have no reason to conclude that Mr. <mask> has at any time betrayed the interests of his country, or to identify him with the so-called 'Third Man', if indeed there was one." Following this, <mask> gave a press conference in which – calmly, confidently, and without the stammer he had struggled with since childhood – he reiterated his innocence, declaring, "I have never been a communist." Later life and defection Beirut After being exonerated, <mask> was no longer employed by MI6 and Soviet intelligence lost all contact with him. In August 1956 he was sent to Beirut as a Middle East correspondent for The Observer and The Economist. There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6. In Lebanon, <mask> at first lived in Mahalla Jamil, his father's large household located in the village of Ajaltoun, just outside Beirut.Following the departure of his father and stepbrothers for Saudi Arabia, <mask> continued to live alone in Ajaltoun, but took a flat in Beirut after beginning an affair with Eleanor, the Seattle-born wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following Aileen <mask>'s death in 1957 and Eleanor's subsequent divorce from Brewer, <mask> and Eleanor were married in London in 1959 and set up house together in Beirut. From 1960, <mask>'s formerly marginal work as a journalist became more substantial and he frequently travelled throughout the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Yemen. In 1961, Anatoliy Golitsyn, a major in the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, defected to the United States from his diplomatic post in Helsinki. Golitsyn offered the CIA revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services. Following his debriefing in the US, Golitsyn was sent to SIS for further questioning. The head of MI6, Dick White, only recently transferred from MI5, had suspected <mask> as the "third man".Golitsyn proceeded to confirm White's suspicions about <mask>'s role. Nicholas Elliott, an MI6 officer recently stationed in Beirut who was a friend of <mask>'s and had previously believed in his innocence, was tasked with attempting to secure <mask>'s full confession. It is unclear whether <mask> had been alerted, but Eleanor noted that as 1962 wore on, expressions of tension in his life "became worse and were reflected in bouts of deep depression and drinking". She recalled returning home to Beirut from a sight-seeing trip in Jordan to find <mask> "hopelessly drunk and incoherent with grief on the terrace of the flat," mourning the death of a little pet fox which had fallen from the balcony. When Nicholas Elliott met <mask> in late 1962, the first time since Golitsyn's defection, he found <mask> too drunk to stand and with a bandaged head; he had fallen repeatedly and cracked his skull on a bathroom radiator, requiring stitches. <mask> told Elliott that he was "half expecting" to see him. Elliott confronted him, saying, "I once looked up to you, <mask>.My God, how I despise you now. I hope you've enough decency left to understand why." Prompted by Elliott's accusations, <mask> confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. However, when Elliott asked him to sign a written statement, he hesitated and requested a delay in the interrogation. Another meeting was scheduled to take place in the last week of January. It has since been suggested that the whole confrontation with Elliott had been a charade to convince the KGB that Philby had to be brought back to Moscow, where he could serve as a British penetration agent of Moscow Centre. On the evening of 23 January 1963, <mask> vanished from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the home of Glencairn Balfour Paul, First Secretary at the British Embassy.The Dolmatova, a Soviet freighter bound for Odessa, had left Beirut that morning so abruptly that cargo was left scattered over the docks; <mask> claimed that he left Beirut on board this ship. However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to Russia. It was not until 1 July 1963 that <mask>'s flight to Moscow was officially confirmed. On 30 July Soviet officials announced that they had granted him political asylum in the USSR, along with Soviet citizenship. When the news broke, MI6 came under criticism for failing to anticipate and block <mask>'s defection, though Elliott was to claim he could not have prevented Philby's flight. Journalist Ben Macintyre, author of several works on espionage, wrote in his 2014 book on Philby that MI6 might have left open the opportunity for <mask> to flee to Moscow to avoid an embarrassing public trial. <mask> himself thought this might have been the case, according to Macintyre.Moscow Upon his arrival in Moscow in January 1963, <mask> discovered that he was not a colonel in the KGB, as he had been led to believe. He was paid 500 rubles a month (average soviet salary in 1960 was 80.6 rubles a month and 122 in 1970) and his family was not immediately able to join him in exile. <mask> was under virtual house arrest, guarded, with

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all visitors screened by the KGB. It was ten years before he was given a minor role in the training of KGB recruits. Mikhail Lyubimov, his closest KGB contact, explained that this was to guard his safety, but later admitted that the real reason was the KGB's fear that Philby would return to London. Secret files released to the National Archives in late 2020 indicated that the government had intentionally conducted a campaign to keep <mask>'s spying confidential "to minimise political embarrassment" and prevented the publication of his memoirs, according to a report by The Guardian. Nonetheless, the information was publicized in 1967 when Philby granted an interview to Murray Sayle of The Times in Moscow.<mask> confirmed that he had worked for the KGB and that "his purpose in life was to destroy imperialism". <mask> occupied himself by writing his memoirs, which were published in the UK in 1968 under the title My Silent War; it was not published in the Soviet Union until 1980. In the book, <mask> says that his loyalties were always with the communists; he considered himself not to have been a double agent but "a straight penetration agent working in the Soviet interest". <mask> continued to read The Times, which was not generally available in the USSR, listened to the BBC World Service, and was an avid follower of cricket. <mask>'s award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. <mask> claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce. Despite reports to the contrary, <mask>'s wife claimed in a 1997 interview that the idea of Philby becoming depressed and destitute in Moscow was "a myth".In the same interview, she confirmed that <mask> was a heavy drinker when they first met, but later became sober. Certain aspects of Soviet life did indeed disappoint <mask>, with his wife claiming he was "particularly irritated by Brezhnev". Philby found work in the early 1970s in the KGB's Active Measures Department churning out fabricated documents. Working from genuine unclassified and public CIA or US Department of State documents, Philby inserted “sinister” paragraphs regarding US plans. The KGB would stamp the documents “top secret” and begin their circulation. For the Soviets, Philby was an invaluable asset, ensuring the correct use of idiomatic and diplomatic English phrases in their disinformation efforts. <mask> died of heart failure in Moscow in 1988.He was given a hero's funeral, and posthumously awarded numerous medals by the Soviets: Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Friendship of Peoples, Order of the Great Patriotic War, Lenin Medal, Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945". Motivation In a 1981 lecture to the East German security service, Stasi, Philby attributed the failure of the British Secret Service to unmask him as due in great part to the British class system—it was inconceivable that one "born into the ruling class of the British Empire" would be a traitor—to the amateurish and incompetent nature of the organisation, and to so many in MI6 having so much to lose if he was proven to be a spy. He had the policy of never confessing—a document in his own handwriting was dismissed as a forgery. He said that at the time of his recruitment as a spy there were no prospects of his being useful; he was instructed to make his way into the Secret Service, which took years, starting with journalism and building up contacts in the establishment. He said that there was no discipline there; he made friends with the archivist, which enabled him for years to take secret documents home, many unrelated to his own work, and bring them back the next day; his handler took and photographed them overnight. When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something", but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. He said "It was a very dirty story—but after all our work does imply getting dirty hands from time to time but we do it for a cause that is not dirty in any way".Commenting on his sabotage of the operation to secretly send thousands of Albanian anti-communist into their Albania to overthrow the communist government, which led to many being killed, <mask> rebutted that he helped prevent another World War. Personal life In February 1934, <mask> married Litzi Friedmann, an Austrian Jewish communist whom he had met in Vienna. They subsequently moved to Britain; however, as <mask> assumed the role of a fascist sympathiser, they separated. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she ultimately settled in East Germany. While working as a correspondent in Spain, <mask> began an affair with Frances Doble, Lady Lindsay-Hogg, an actress and aristocratic divorcée who was an admirer of Franco and Hitler. They travelled together in Spain through August 1939. In 1940 he began living with Aileen Furse in London.Their first three children, Josephine, John and <mask>, were born between 1941 and 1944. In 1946, <mask> finally arranged a formal divorce from Litzi. He and Aileen were married on 25 September 1946, while Aileen was pregnant with their fourth child, Miranda. Their fifth child, Harry George, was born in 1950. Aileen suffered from psychiatric problems, which grew more severe during the period of poverty and suspicion following the flight of Burgess and Maclean. She lived separately from Philby, settling with their children in Crowborough while he lived first in London and later in Beirut. Weakened by alcoholism and frequent sickness, she died of influenza in December 1957.In 1956, <mask> began an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of The New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. Following Eleanor's divorce, the couple married in January 1959. After <mask> defected to the Soviet Union in 1963, Eleanor visited him in Moscow. In November 1964, after a visit to the United States, she returned, intending to settle permanently. In her absence, <mask> had begun an affair with Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda. He and Eleanor divorced and she departed Moscow in May 1965. Melinda left Maclean and briefly lived with <mask> in Moscow.In 1968 she returned to Maclean. In 1971, <mask> married Rufina Pukhova, a Russo-Polish woman twenty years his junior, with whom he lived until his death in 1988. In popular culture Fiction based on actual events <mask>, Burgess and Maclean, a Granada TV drama written by Ian Curteis in 1977, covers the period of the late 1940s, when British intelligence investigated Maclean until 1955 when the British government cleared <mask> because it did not have enough evidence to convict him. <mask> has a key role in Mike Ripley's short story Gold Sword published in 'John Creasey's Crime Collection 1990' which was chosen as BBC Radio 4's Afternoon Story to mark the 50th anniversary of D-Day on 6 June 1994. Cambridge Spies, a 2003 four-part BBC drama, recounts the lives of <mask>, Burgess, Blunt and Maclean from their Cambridge days in the 1930s through the defection of Burgess and Maclean in 1951. <mask> is played by Toby Stephens. German author Barbara Honigmann's Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben tells the history of <mask>'s first wife, Litzi, from the perspective of her daughter.Belgian comic authors Olivier Neuray and Valerie Lemaire wrote a series of three historical comics entitled "Les Cinq de Cambridge" involving <mask>. It was published by Casterman in 2015 Speculative fiction One of the earliest appearances of <mask> as a character in fiction was in the 1974 Gentleman Traitor by Alan Williams, in which <mask> goes back to working for British intelligence in the 1970s. In the 1980 British television film Closing Ranks, a false Soviet defector sent to sow confusion and distrust in British intelligence is unmasked and returned to the Soviet Union. In the final scene, it is revealed that the key information was provided by <mask> in Moscow, where he is still working for British intelligence. In the 1981 Ted Allbeury novel The Other Side of Silence, an elderly Philby arouses suspicion when he states his desire to return to England. The 1984 Frederick Forsyth novel The Fourth Protocol features an elderly Philby's involvement in a plot to trigger a nuclear explosion in Britain. In the novel, <mask> is a much more influential and connected figure in his Moscow exile than he apparently was in reality.In the 1987 adaptation of the novel, also named The Fourth Protocol, <mask> is portrayed by Michael Bilton. Even though he was still alive at the time of the film's release, he is executed by the KGB in the opening scene. In the 2000 Doctor Who novel Endgame, the Doctor travels to London in 1951 and matches wits with <mask> and the rest of the Cambridge Five. The Tim Powers novel Declare (2001) is partly based on unexplained aspects of <mask>'s life, providing a supernatural context for his behaviour. The Robert Littell novel The Company (2002) features <mask> as a confidant of former CIA Counter-Intelligence chief James Angleton. The book was adapted for the 2007 TNT television three-part series The Company, produced by Ridley Scott, Tony Scott and John Calley; <mask> is portrayed by Tom Hollander. <mask> appears as one of the central antagonists in William F. Buckley Jr.'s 2004 novel Last Call for Blackford Oakes.The 2013 Jefferson Flanders novel The North Building explores the role of <mask> in passing American military secrets to the Soviets during the Korean War. Daniel Silva's 2018 book, The Other Woman is largely based on <mask>'s life mission In alternative histories The 2003 novel Fox at the Front by Douglas Niles and Michael Dobson depicts <mask> selling secrets to the Soviet Union during the alternate Battle of the Bulge where German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel turns on the Nazis and assists the Allies in capturing all of Berlin. Before he can sell the secret of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union, he is discovered by the British and is killed by members of MI5 who stage his death as a heart attack. The 2005 John Birmingham novel Designated Targets features a cameo of <mask>, under orders from Moscow to assist Otto Skorzeny's mission to assassinate Winston Churchill. Fictional characters based on <mask> The 1971 BBC television drama Traitor starred John Le Mesurier as Adrian Harris, a character loosely based on <mask>. John le Carré depicts a Philby-like upper-class traitor in the 1974 novel Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy. The novel has been adapted as a 1979 TV miniseries, a 2011 film, and radio dramatisations in 1988 and 2009.In real life, <mask> had ended le Carré's intelligence officer career by betraying his British agent cover to the Russians. In the 1977 book The Jigsaw Man by Dorothea Bennett and the 1983 film adaption of it, The Jigsaw Man, "Sir <mask>" is a former head of the British Secret Service who defected to Russia, who is then given plastic surgery and sent back to Britain on a spy mission. Under the cover name of 'Mowgli' <mask> appears in Duncan Kyle's World War II thriller Black Camelot published in 1978. John Banville's 1997 novel The Untouchable is a fictionalised biography of Blunt that includes a character based on <mask>. <mask> was the inspiration for the character of British intelligence officer Archibald "Arch" Cummings in the 2006 film The Good Shepherd. Cummings is played by Billy Crudup. The 2005 film A Different Loyalty is an unattributed account taken from <mask>'s book, <mask>: The Spy I Loved.The film recounts <mask>'s love affair and marriage to Eleanor Brewer during his time in Beirut and his eventual defection to the Soviet Union in late January 1963, though the characters based on <mask> and Brewer have different names. In music In the song "Philby", from the Top Priority album (1979), Rory Gallagher draws parallels between his life on the road and a spy's in a foreign country. Sample lyrics : "Now ain't it strange that I feel like <mask> / There's a stranger in my soul / I'm lost in transit in a lonesome city / I can't come in from the cold." The <mask> affair is mentioned in the Simple Minds song "Up on the Catwalk" from their sixth studio album Sparkle in the Rain. The lyrics are: "Up on the catwalk, and you dress in waistcoats / And got brillantino, and friends of <mask>." The song "Angleton", by Russian indie rock band Biting Elbows, focuses largely on <mask>'s role as a spy from the perspective of James Jesus Angleton. The song 'Traitor' by Renegade Soundwave from their album Soundclash mentions "Philby, Burgess and Maclean" with the lyrics "snitch, grass, informer, you're a traitor; you can't be trusted and left alone".The song "<mask>by", from the self-titled album by Vancouver punk band Terror of Tiny Town (1994) includes the line, "They say he was the third man, but he's number one with us." The lead singer and accordionist of the now defunct band was political satirist Geoff Berner. Other The 1993 Joseph Brodsky essay Collector's Item (published in his 1995 book On Grief and Reason) contains a conjectured description of <mask>'s career, as well as speculations into his motivations and general thoughts on espionage and politics. The title of the essay refers to a postal stamp commemorating <mask> issued in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s. See also References Cited sources Further reading Colonel David Smiley, "Irregular Regular", Michael Russell – Norwich – 1994 (). Translated in French by Thierry Le Breton, Au coeur de l'action clandestine des commandos au MI6, L'Esprit du Livre Editions, France, 2008 (). With numerous photographs.Memoirs of a SOE and MI6 officer during the Valuable Project. Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, 1994, published by Little, Brown & Company Limited, Canada, . Introduction by Phillip Knightley. Phillip Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy 2003, published by Andre Deutsch Ltd, London, . 1st American edition has title: The Master Spy: the Story of <mask>, Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century, 1986, published by W.W. Norton & Company, London. <mask>, My Silent War, published by Macgibbon & Kee Ltd, London, 1968, or Granada Publishing, . Introduction by Graham Greene, well known author who worked with and for <mask> in British intelligence services.Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, <mask>: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation, 1968, published by André Deutsch, Ltd., London. Michael Smith, The Spying Game, 2003, published by Politico's, London. Richard Beeston, Looking For Trouble: The Life and Times of a Foreign Correspondent, 1997, published by Brassey's, London. Desmond Bristow, A Game of Moles, 1993, published by Little Brown & Company, London. Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, 2001, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. Anthony Cave Brown, "C": The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill, 1987, published by Macmillan, New York. John Fisher, Burgess and Maclean, 1977, published by Robert Hale, London.S. J. Hamrick, Deceiving the Deceivers, 2004, published by Yale University Press, New Haven. Malcolm Muggeridge, The Infernal Grove: Chronicles of Wasted Time: Number 2, 1974, published by William Morrow & Company, New York. Barrie Penrose & Simon Freeman, Conspiracy of Silence: The Secret Life of Anthony Blunt, 1986, published by Farrar Straus Giroux, New York. Anthony Cave Brown, 'Treason in the Blood: H. St. <mask>, <mask>, and the Spy Case of the Century, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1994, . Richard C.S. Trahair and Robert Miller, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, 2009, published by Enigma Books, New York. Nigel West, editor, The Guy Liddell Diaries: Vol.I: 1939–1942, 2005, published by Routledge, London Nigel West & Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives, 1998, published by Yale University Press, New Haven. Bill Bristow, "My Father The Spy" Deceptions of an MI6 Officer. Published by WBML Publishers. 2012. Desmond Bristow. With Bill Bristow. "A Game of Moles" The Deceptions of and MI6 Officer.Published 1993 by Little Brown and Warner. External links Annotated bibliography of the Philby Affair <mask> – Daily Telegraph obituary File release: Cold War Cambridge spies Burgess and Maclean, The National Archives, 23 October 2015 "<mask>: The Spy Who Loved Me" by <mask>, 12th June 2018 <mask> biography at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' 1912 births 1988 deaths Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge British communists British intelligence personnel who defected to the Soviet Union English male journalists British people of the Spanish Civil War British spies for the Soviet Union Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery KGB officers Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Aldro People educated at Westminster School, London People from Ambala People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour British people in colonial India Secret Intelligence Service personnel Soviet spies World War II spies for the United Kingdom World War II spies for the Soviet Union Double agents Foreign Office personnel of World War II People granted political asylum in the Soviet

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<mask> (born 28 August 1989) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a winger for EFL League Two side Mansfield Town, on loan from Hibernian. Born in Glasgow, <mask> previously played for Scottish club Motherwell and English clubs Sheffield United and Brighton & Hove Albion. He played for the Scotland U19 and Scotland U21 representative teams, and made his full international debut for Scotland in March 2018. Club career <mask> played as a junior for Westwood Rovers, Drumchapel Thistle and Clyde before joining Motherwell's under-13 team. After progressing through the ranks at Motherwell, <mask> made his first-team début during the 2006–07 season, and scored his first Motherwell goal from the penalty spot in a 2–0 away win over Hibernian in May 2008. With Motherwell having qualified for European competition, in July 2008 <mask> scored a hat-trick against Albanian side Flamurtari in the UEFA Europa League. After remaining a regular in Motherwell's first team, <mask> agreed an extended contract in May 2010 tying him to the club until the summer of 2013.After scoring in the first leg of Motherwell's 2010–11 Europa League third-round match against Aalesunds FK on 29 July 2010, he became Motherwell's leading goalscorer in European football, breaking the record previously held by Steve Kirk. In January 2012, Motherwell accepted an offer from Sheffield Wednesday to sign <mask>, but he rejected the proposed transfer. In late December 2012, Sheffield United showed an interest in signing him, and <mask> was subsequently subject to a £100,000 bid from the Blades. However, by 27 December it was reported that the Blades bid had been rejected by Motherwell with <mask> dismissing transfer speculation. Despite this, a few days later Motherwell boss Stuart McCall confirmed that <mask> has been talking to Sheffield United with a view to a transfer, and that Motherwell had accepted a bid of £106,000 which could rise to £250,000 based upon promotion to the Championship and then to the Premier League. <mask> played his last game for Motherwell on 2 January 2013, having been made captain for the occasion, in a 1–0 loss to Celtic at Celtic Park. He departed from Fir Park having scored 50 goals in 215 appearances for Motherwell.Shortly after his departure <mask> was awarded the Clydesdale Bank Premier League Player of the Month award for December. Sheffield United Despite interest from Huddersfield Town and Rangers, <mask>'s move to Sheffield United was finalised on 3 January 2013, when he signed a three and a half-year contract for an undisclosed fee. <mask> made his Blades debut two days later, in a 3–0 third round FA Cup victory against Oxford United at the Kassam Stadium, Before making his league debut for United against Yeovil Town at Bramall Lane a week later, and <mask>'s first goal for the Blades came in a 2–0 away victory against Bury the following February. <mask>'s first few months with United were hampered by a hamstring injury, and finished the season having played 21 games and scoring two goals. Despite making 21 appearances for the Blades between January and May 2013 <mask> hadn't yet reached the heights he was capable of. He pledged to fulfill his potential the following season. Despite these claims, <mask> played regularly for David Weir but still didn't perform to his potential.He initially fared no better when Weir was quickly replaced by Nigel Clough, remaining a peripheral figure. It was not until January 2014 that <mask>'s form improved and he began to consolidate a first team place, citing his improved fitness as the key to his change in fortunes. On 31 January 2015, <mask> signed a new contract with United keeping him at Bramall Lane until summer 2017. Later that day, <mask> came off the bench in the second half and scored a brace against promotion rivals Swindon Town to give United a 2–0 home victory. Brighton & Hove Albion In August 2015, <mask> signed a four-year contract with Brighton & Hove Albion for an undisclosed fee reported to be £1.8m rising to £2m based upon Brighton's promotion to the Premier League, which they did in 2016-1017. He made his Brighton debut on 18 August, in a 1–1 draw with Huddersfield Town. <mask> scored his first goal for Brighton on 26 September, in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers that also saw him receive a red card in the second half of the game.<mask> made 35 appearances for Brighton in the 2015–16 season, scoring six goals, as the Seagulls narrowly missed out on promotion to the Premier League by finishing in 3rd place on goal difference. On 9 August 2016, <mask> scored a brace in a 4–0 win against Colchester United in the first round of the EFL Cup. Throughout the 2016–17 season, <mask> scored two goals in 37 league appearances as Brighton gained promotion to the Premier League. <mask> had limited playing time with Brighton in the Premier League, making four league appearances for the club in the first half of the 2017–18 season, all as a substitute. Rangers On 6 January 2018, Brighton announced that <mask> had joined Scottish Premiership club Rangers on loan until the end of the 2017–18 season. The clubs also agreed a fee for <mask> to move permanently in the summer. <mask> made his competitive debut for Rangers on 24 January 2018, in a 2–0 win against Aberdeen.He was one of four players to make their first appearance for Rangers in that game. <mask> scored his first goal for Rangers in a 6–1 win at Ayr United in the 2017–18 Scottish Cup. In May 2018, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Rangers. He suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury in August 2018, which prevented him from playing for most of the 2018–19 season. <mask> agreed a six-month loan deal with League One club Burton Albion on 20 January 2020. Hibernian On 29 August 2020, <mask> signed for fellow Scottish side Hibernian on an initial one-year loan, with an obligation of a further year on a permanent basis. On 29 July 2021, <mask> scored his first goal for Hibernian in Europe against FC Santa Coloma in a 2–1 away win in the UEFA Conference League qualifiers.On the 31 January 2022, <mask> joined Mansfield Town, on loan for the remainder of the season. International career <mask> was a regular for both the Scotland under-19 team and the Scotland under-21 team. He scored four goals for the under-21 side as the team reached the play-offs of the European under-21 Championships. <mask> received his first call-up to the Scotland squad on 10 March 2016, for their friendlies against Czech Republic and Denmark on 24 and 29 March. He was left unused. <mask> made his full international debut in a 1–0 home friendly defeat to Costa Rica on 23 March 2018, coming on as an 87th-minute substitute for Matt Ritchie. <mask>'s second Scottish cap came in a friendly where Scotland lost 2–0 away to Peru where <mask> started the game.However, he was subbed off in the 63rd minute, replaced by Oli McBurnie. Career statistics Club International Honours Motherwell Scottish Cup runner-up: 2010–11 Brighton & Hove Albion EFL Championship runner-up: 2016–17 References External links Official profile at Sheffield United Scotland stats at Scottish FA 1989 births Living people Footballers from Glasgow Scottish footballers Association football forwards Scotland youth international footballers Scotland under-21 international footballers Motherwell F.C. players Sheffield United F.C. players Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players Rangers F.C. players Scottish Premier League players Premier League players English Football League players Scottish Professional Football League players Scotland international footballers Burton Albion F.C. players Hibernian F.C.players Mansfield Town F.C. players

Pierre Daniel Huet

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<mask> (; ; 8 February 1630 – 26 January 1721) was a French churchman and scholar, editor of the Delphin Classics, founder of the Académie de Physique in Caen (1662-1672) and Bishop of Soissons from 1685 to 1689 and afterwards of Avranches. Life He was born in Caen in 1630, and educated at the Jesuit school there. He also received lessons from a Protestant pastor, Samuel Bochart. By the age of twenty he was recognized as one of the most promising scholars of his time. In 1651 he went to Paris, where he formed a friendship with Gabriel Naudé, conservator of the Mazarin Library. In the following year Samuel Bochart, being invited by Queen Christina of Sweden to her court at Stockholm, took his friend <mask> with him. This journey, in which he saw Leiden, Amsterdam and Copenhagen, as well as Stockholm, resulted chiefly in the discovery, in the Swedish royal library, of some fragments of Origen's Commentary on St Matthew, which gave <mask> the idea of editing and translating Origen into Latin, a task he completed in 1668.He eventually quarrelled with Bochart, who accused him of having suppressed a line in Origen in the Eucharistic controversy. While working on Origen's Greek text, <mask> wrote a separate treatise on translation history, theory, and practice, the "De optimo genere interpretandi" ("On the best kind of translating") in two books (first published 1660; 3rd and last ed. Amsterdam, 1683). <mask> was also the cofounder of the Académie de Physique in Caen, the first provincial academy of science to be granted a royal charter (1668). <mask> was the initial patron of the academy, and along with Andre Graindorge, directed the work of the group, which focused on the empirical study of nature, with a special emphasis on anatomy and dissections. <mask>'s presence was critical to the success of the academy, which floundered without his continued presence. He acted as head of the group from 1662–1667, and again in 1668, when he left Caen again for Paris.He also ended his financial support of the academy at this time, as it began to receive royal funding and direction from the royal representative in Normandy, Guy Chamillart. In Paris he entered into close relations with Jean Chapelain. During the famous "dispute of Ancients and Moderns", <mask> took the side of the Ancients against Charles Perrault and Jean Desmarets. Among his friends at this period were Valentin Conrart and Paul Pellisson. His taste for mathematics led him to the study of astronomy. He next turned his attention to anatomy, and, being short-sighted, devoted his inquiries mainly to the question of vision and the formation of the eye. In the course of this study, he made more than 800 dissections.He then learned all that was then to be learned in chemistry, and wrote a Latin poem on salt. All this time he was a frequent visitor to the salons of Mlle de Scudéry and the studios of painters; his scientific researches did not interfere with his classical studies, for during this time he was discussing with Bochart the origin of certain medals, and was learning Syriac and Arabic under the Jesuit Adrien Parvilliers. <mask> was admitted to the Académie française in 1674. He took holy orders in 1676, and two years later the king made him abbot of Aunay. In 1685 he became Bishop of Soissons, but after waiting for installation for four years he took the bishopric of Avranches instead. He exchanged the cares of his bishopric for what he thought would be the easier chair of the Abbey of Fontenay, but there he was vexed with continual lawsuits. At length he retired to the Jesuits' House in the Rue Saint-Antoine at Paris, where he died in 1721.His great library and manuscripts, after being bequeathed to the Jesuits, were bought by the king for the royal library. Works He translated the pastorals of Longus, wrote a tale called Diane de Castro, and gave with his Traitté de l'origine des romans (1670), his Treatise on the Origin of Romances the first world history of fiction. On being appointed assistant tutor to the Dauphin in 1670, he edited, with the assistance of Anne Lefêvre (afterwards Madame Dacier) and Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, the well-known book series, the Delphin Classics (referred to in the original Latin as the "Ad usum Delphini" series). This series published comprehensive editions of the Latin classics in about sixty volumes, and each work was accompanied by a Latin commentary, ordo verborum, and verbal index. The original volumes have each an engraving of Arion and a dolphin, and the appropriate inscription in usum serenissimi Delphini. In addition to <mask>'s edition and translation of the ancient Greek theologian Origen, <mask> published two works on the history and process of translation itself, "De optimo genere interpretandi" ("On the best kind of translating") and "De claris interpretibus" ("On famous translators"; 3rd and last ed 1683). He issued one of his major works, the Demonstratio evangelica, in 1679.At Aulnay he wrote his Questiones Aletuanae (Caen, 1690), his Censura philosophiae Cartesianae (Paris, 1689), his Nouveau mémoire pour servir à l'histoire du Cartésianisme (New Memoirs to Serve The History of Cartesianism, 1692), and his discussion with Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux on the Sublime. In the Huetiana (1722) of the abbé d'Olivet will be found material for arriving at an idea of his prodigious labours, exact memory and wide scholarship. Another posthumous work was his Traité philosophique de la faiblesse de l'esprit humain (original spelling: Traité philosophique de la foiblesse de l’esprit humain) (Amsterdam, 1723), which he considered to be his best work. His autobiography, found in his Commentarius de rebus ad eum pertinentibus (Paris, 1718), has been translated into French and into English. Legacy The lycée in Hérouville-Saint-Clair, Calvados, was formerly named after Huet, though it has now ceased to be so. References Sources <mask> <mask>, Against Cartesian Philosophy (Censura Philosophiae Cartesianae). Amherst: Humanity Books 2003.April G. Shelford, Transforming the Republic of Letters: <mask> <mask> and European Intellectual Life, 1650-1720 (Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2007). James Albert DeLater, "Translation Theory in the Age of Louis XIV: The 1683 'De optimo genere interpretandi' ('On the best kind of translating') of <mask> <mask> (1630-1721)" (St. Jerome Publishing, Manchester UK, 2002). External links 1630 births 1721 deaths People from Caen French Jesuits Members of the Académie Française 17th-century French Roman Catholic bishops Bishops of Avranches Bishops of Soissons 17th-century French writers 17th-century French male writers 17th-century Latin-language writers 18th-century Latin-language writers

Paul Wittich

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<mask> (c.1546 – 9 January 1586) was a German mathematician and astronomer whose Capellan geoheliocentric model, in which the inner planets Mercury and Venus orbit the sun but the outer planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Earth, may have directly inspired Tycho Brahe's more radically heliocentric geoheliocentric model in which all the 5 known primary planets orbited the Sun, which in turn orbited the stationary Earth. Biography <mask> was born in Breslau (Wrocław), Silesia, Habsburg Monarchy, and studied at the Universities of Leipzig, University of Wittenberg and Frankfurt (Oder). About 1580 <mask> stayed with Tycho Brahe on his island Hven in Öresund, where he worked at his Uraniborg. He then was employed by William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. Wittich died in Vienna. Work Wittich may have been influenced by Valentin Naboth's book Primarum de coelo et terra in adopting the Capellan system to explain the motion of the inferior planets. It is evident from Wittich's diagram of his Capellan system that the Martian orbit does not intersect the solar orbit nor those of Mercury and Venus, and would thus be compatible with solid celestial orbs, with the Solar orb containing the orbs of Venus and of Mercury and itself in turn wholly circumscribed by a Martian orb.This was in significant contrast with Ursus's geoheliocentric model in which the orbits of Mercury and Venus intersect the Martian orbit but the Solar orbit does not, and also with the Tychonic model in which the Martian orbit also intersects the Solar orbit in addition to those of Mercury and Venus, and whereby both these models rule out solid celestial orbs that cannot interpenetrate, if not excluding interpenetrating fluid orbs. However, <mask>'s Capellan model of the Martian orbit contradicted Copernicus's model in which Mars at opposition is nearer to the Earth than the Sun is, whereby if true the Solar and Martian orbits must intersect in all geoheliocentric models. Thus the question of whether the daily parallax of Mars was ever greater than that of the Sun was crucial to whether <mask>'s (and indeed also Praetorius's and Ursus's) model was observationally tenable or not. It seems Tycho Brahe eventually came to the conclusion by 1588 that Mars does come nearer to the Earth than the Sun is, albeit contradicting his earlier conclusion by 1584 that his observations of Mars at opposition in 1582-3 established it had no discernible parallax, whereas he put the Sun's parallax at 3 arcminutes. Thus Brahe's 1588 model crucially contradicted both <mask>'s and also Ursus's geoheliocentric models at least in respect of the dimensions of the Martian orbit, by positing its intersection with the Solar orbit. Having failed to find any Martian parallax greater than the Solar parallax, Tycho had no valid observational evidence for his 1588 conclusion that Mars comes nearer to the Earth than the Sun, and nor did anybody else at that time, whereby Tycho's uniquely distinctive geoheliocentric model had no valid observational support in this respect. It seems its credibility rested solely upon his aristocratic social status rather than any scientific evidence.And this failure to find any Martian parallax in effect also refuted Copernicus's heliocentric model in respect of its Martian orbit, and supported the geocentric models of Ptolemy and the Capellan geoheliocentric model of Wittich and Praetorius and also Ursus's more Tychonic model. The latter differed from Tycho's only in respect of its non-intersecting Martian and Solar orbits and its daily rotating Earth. It seems a primary purpose of Wittich's Capellan model, evident from the drafting markings in his drawing, was to save the integrity of solid celestial orbs, and the only planetary models compatible with solid celestial orbs were the Ptolemaic, Copernican and Wittichan Capellan (including Praetorius's) planetary models. But in 1610 Galileo's novel telescopic confirmation that Venus has a full set of phases like the Moon, published in his 1613 Letters on Sunspots, refuted the Ptolemaic geocentric model, which implied they are only crescents in conjunction, just as in opposition, whereas they are gibbous or full in conjunction. This crucial novel fact was logically implied by the Heraclidean, Capellan and Tychonic geoheliocentric planetary models, according to all of which at least the orbits of Venus and Mercury are centred on the Sun rather than the Earth, as well as by the pure heliocentric model. Consequently this left only the Copernican and Wittichan Capellan models compatible with both solid orbs and the phases of Venus. But only the Wittichan system was also compatible with the failure to find any stellar parallax predicted by all heliocentric models, in addition to also being compatible with the failure to find any Martian parallax that refuted both the Copernican and Tychonic models.Thus by 1610 it seems the only observationally tenable candidate for a planetary model with solid celestial orbs was <mask>'s Capellan system. Indeed it also seems it was even the only planetary model that was generally observationally tenable, given the twin failures to find any stellar annual parallax nor any Martian daily parallax at that time. However, insofar as it was accepted that comets are superlunary and sphere-busting, whereby solid celestial orbs are impossible and thus intersecting orbits cease to be impossible, then this thereby also admitted the model of Ursus (and Origanus) as also observationally tenable, along with Wittich's Capellan system (and thus also Praetorius's), whilst the Ptolemaic model was ruled out by the phases of Venus, all heliocentric models by the perceived absence of any annual stellar parallax, and both the Copernican and Tychonic models were also refuted by the absence of any Martian daily parallax. Renowned anti-Copernican adherents of the Capellan planetary model included Francis Bacon, inter alia, and this model appealed to those who accepted Ptolemy's purely geocentric model was refuted by the phases of Venus, but were unpersuaded by Tychonic arguments that Mars, Jupiter and Saturn also orbited the Sun in addition to Mercury and Venus. Indeed even Newton's arguments for this stated in his commentary on Phenomenon 3 of Book 3 of his Principia were notably invalid. Notes Literature van Helden Galileo and telescopic astronomy Taton & Wilson 1989 Dreyer Tycho Brahe 1890 Gingerich 1982 Dreyer and Tycho's World System Sky & Telescope 64 1982, p138-40 Gingerich & Westman The Wittich Connection, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Vol 78, Part 7, 1988 Jarrell The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe in Taton & Wilson 1989 Schofield, Christine The Tychonic and semi-Tychonic world systemsin Taton & Wilson 1989 Taton & Wilson Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton Cambridge University Press 1989 R. Westman (Ed) The Copernican Achievement 1976 University of California Press External links Wittich at The Galileo Project 1546 births 1586 deaths 16th-century Austrian people 16th-century German astronomers People from Austrian Silesia Scientists from Wrocław

Thomas James

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<mask> (c. 1573 – August 1629) was an English librarian and Anglican clergyman, the first librarian of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Life He was born about 1573 at Newport, Isle of Wight. In 1586 he was admitted a scholar of Winchester College and matriculated at New College, Oxford on 28 January 1592. He then graduated B.A. on 3 May 1595, M.A. on 5 February 1599, and B.D. and D.D.on 16 May 1614. <mask> became a fellow of New College in 1593, where he served until 1602. In that year, his wide knowledge of books, together with his skill in deciphering manuscripts and detecting literary forgeries, secured him the post of librarian to the library newly founded by Sir <mask> at Oxford. At the same time, he was made rector of St Aldate's Church, Oxford. In 1605, he compiled a classified catalogue of the books in the Bodleian Library, but in 1620 substituted for it an alphabetical catalogue. The arrangement in 1610, whereby the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers (Stationers' Company) undertook to supply the Bodleian with a copy of every book published, was <mask>'s suggestion. He assisted in framing a complete body of the ancient statutes and customs of the university.He was also skilled in deciphering manuscripts and in detecting forged readings. He obtained leave to examine the manuscripts in the college libraries at Oxford, and was allowed by easy-going heads of houses (particularly those of Balliol and Merton) to take away several, chiefly patristic, which he gave in 1601 to the Bodleian Library, together with sixty printed volumes. Bodley had fixed upon <mask> as his library keeper, and the appointment was confirmed by the university in 1602. His salary as librarian was initially £22 13s. 4d. annually, but he threatened forthwith to resign unless it was raised to £30 or £40 a year. <mask> made it clear he would leave the library if his compensation was not increased, so Bodley raised the salary by 4 pounds per year.This eventually led to a compensation of 40 pounds per year after 1611. On 14 September 1602 he also became rector of St. Aldate, Oxford. 18 October of that same year, <mask> married his wife, Ann Underhill. Both of these actions, taking place just two months before the library's opening, were in direct opposition to qualifications outlined by Bodley for his librarian. Bodley, who had not been a churchgoer or the marrying type, wanted his librarian to be completely concentrated on the library. Eventually, however, Bodley approved of <mask>'s choices. In December 1610 the library began to receive copies of all works published by the members of the Stationers' Company, under an agreement made with them by Bodley at the suggestion of <mask>.In 1614 <mask>, through Bodley's interest, was preferred to the sub-deanery of Wells, and in 1617 he became rector of Mongeham, Kent. At the beginning of May 1620 he was obliged through ill-health to resign the librarianship. At the convocation held with the parliament at Oxford in 1625 he moved that certain scholars be commissioned to peruse the patristic manuscripts in all public and private English libraries to detect forgeries introduced by Roman Catholic editors. His proposal not meeting with much encouragement, he set about the task himself. Ill health compelled him to resign his post in 1620, he died at Oxford in August 1629, and was buried in New College Chapel. Works His first attempts at authorship were translations from the Italian of Antonio Brucioli's 'Commentary upon the Canticle of Canticles,' which was licensed for the press in November 1597, and from the French of Guillaume du Vair The Moral Philosophy of the Stoicks, London, 1598. He next edited Richard de Bury's The Philobiblon, Oxford, 1599, which he dedicated to Sir <mask>.In this dedication, <mask> praised Bodley and his colleagues for their efforts in reestablishing the Oxford library, though there was never any indication of his future role as librarian. As the result of his researches in college libraries he published 'Ecloga Oxonio-Cantabrigiensis, tributa in libros duos,' London, 1600, a work commended by Joseph Scaliger. It gives a list of the manuscripts in the college libraries at Oxford and Cambridge, and in the university library at Cambridge, besides critical notes on the text of Cyprian's 'De Unitate Ecclesiæ' and of Augustine of Hippo's De fide. The "Index Alphabeticus" the first catalog compiled by <mask>, which consisted of 8,700 entries, appeared in July 1605. It was dedicated to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, at the suggestion of Bodley (who thought that 'more reward was to be gained from the prince than from the king'). It includes both printed books and manuscripts, arranged alphabetically under the four classes of theology, medicine, law, and arts. A continuation of this classified index, embracing writers on arts and sciences, geography and history, is to be found in Rawlinson MS. Miscell.730, drawn up by <mask> after quitting the library. An alphabetical catalogue prepared by him in 1613 was not printed, but remained in the library. A second edition of the catalogue appeared in 1620. It abandoned the classified arrangement of the former catalogue, and adopts only one alphabet of names. There was also issued in 1635 'Catalogus Interpretum S. Scripturæ juxta numerorum ordinem qui extant in Bibliotheca Bodleiana olim a D. <mask>io … concinnatus, nunc vero altera fere parte auctior redditus. … Editio correcta,' Oxford. In 1604, Bodley noted some errors <mask> had made in cataloguing the Hebrew manuscripts, suggesting that <mask> should check with scholars fluent in Hebrew.Before 1611, <mask> was on a committee working on the Authorised Version of the Bible. <mask>'s other works are: ‘Bellum Papale, sive Concordia discors Sixti Quinti & Clementis Octavi circa Hieronymianam Editionem,’ London, 1600; 1678. ‘Concordantiæ sanctorum Patrum, i.e. vera & pia Libri Canticorum per Patres universos, tam Græcos quam Latinos, Expositio,’ Oxford, 1607. ‘An Apologie for John Wickliffe, shewing his Conformitie with the now Church of England,’ Oxford, 1608; in answer to Robert Parsons and others. 'Bellum Gregorianum, sive Corruptionis Romanæ in Operibus D. Gregorii M. jussu Pontificum Rom. recognitis atque editis ex Typographica Vaticana loca insigniora, observata, Theologis ad hoc officium deputatis,' Oxford, 1610.'A Treatise of the Corruption of Scripture, Counsels, and Fathers, by … the Church of Rome. … Together with a sufficient Answere unto J. Gretser and A. Possevine, Jesuites, and the unknowne Author of the Grounds of the Old Religion and the New,' 5 pts. London, 1611; other editions in 1612, 1688, and 1843. Against Jakob Gretser and Antonio Possevino. 'The Jesuits Downefall threatened against them by the Secular Priests for their wicked lives, accursed manners, heretical doctrine, etc. Together with the Life of Father Parsons,' Oxford, 1612. 'Index generalis sanctorum Patrum, ad singulos versus cap.5. secundum Matthæum,' London, 1624. 'G. Wicelii Methodus Concordiæ Ecclesiasticæ … Adjectæ sunt notæ … et vita ipsius … una cum enumeratione auctorum qui scripserunt contra squalores … Curiæ Romanæ,' London, 1625. On Georg Witzel. 'Vindiciæ Gregorianæ, seu restitutus innumeris pæne locis Gregorius M., ex variis manuscriptis … collatis,' Geneva, 1625, with a preface by B. Turrettinus. 'A Manuduction or Introduction unto Divinitie: containing a confutation of Papists by Papists throughout the important Articles of our Religion,’ Oxford, 1625. ‘The humble … Request of T. <mask> to the Church of England, for, and in the behalfe of, Bookes touching Religion,’ Oxford?1625? ‘An Explanation or Enlarging of the Ten Articles in the Supplication of Doctor <mask>, lately exhibited to the Clergy of England’ [in reference to a projected new edition of the ‘Fathers’], Oxford, 1625. 'Specimen Corruptelarum Pontificiorum in Cypriano, Ambrosio, Gregorio M. & Authore operis imperfecti, & in jure canonico,' London, 1626. 'Index generalis librorum prohibitorum a Pontificiis,' Oxford, 1627. <mask> is said to have been the 'Catholike Divine' who edited, with preface and notes in English, the tract entitled 'Fiscus Papalis; sive, Catalogus Indulgentiarum & Reliquiarum septem principalium Ecclesiarum urbis Romæ ex vetusto Manuscripto Codice descriptus,' London, 1617; another edition, 1621, was accompanied by the English version of William Crashaw. In 1608 <mask> edited John Wycliffe's 'Two short Treatises against the Orders of the Begging Friars.' Four of his manuscripts are in Lambeth Palace Library: 'Brevis Admonitio ad Theologos Protestantes de Libris Pontificorum caute, pie, ac sobrie habendis, legendis, emendis,' &c. 'Enchiridion Theologicum, seu Chronologia Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum, ordine alphabetico,' &c. 'Suspicionum et Conjecturarum liber primus, in quo ducenta ad minus loca SS.Patrum in dubium vocata, dubitandi Rationes, Rationum Summæ perspicue continentur.' 'Breviarium Episcoporum totius Angliæ, seu nomina, successio, et chronologia eorundem ad sua usque tempora.' In the Bodleian Library (Bodl. MS. 662) is his 'Tomus primus Animadversionum in Patres, Latinæque Ecclesiæ Doctores primarios.' Two letters from <mask> to Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, dated 1625 and 1628, are preserved in Cotton. MS. Julius C. iii., ff.159, 183. Bodley's letters to <mask> are in 'Reliquiæ Bodleianæ,' published by <mask>ne, from Bodleian MS. 699, in 1703. References 1570s births 1629 deaths Bodley's Librarians English librarians Alumni of New College, Oxford People educated at Winchester College Fellows of New College, Oxford People from Newport, Isle of Wight 16th-century English educators 17th-century English people

Jody Williams (blues musician)

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<mask> (February 3, 1935 – December 1, 2018), better known as <mask>, was an American blues guitarist and singer. His singular guitar playing, marked by flamboyant string-bending, imaginative chord voicings and a distinctive tone, was influential in the Chicago blues scene of the 1950s. In the mid-1950s, <mask> was one of the most sought-after session guitarists in Chicago, but he was little known outside the music industry, since his name rarely appeared on discs. His acclaimed comeback in 2000 led to a resurgence of interest in his early work and a reappraisal as one of the great blues guitarists. <mask> was known for his imaginative chord selection, characterized by raised fives, and minor sixths and minor sevenths with flattened fives. He usually played with an unusual open E tuning, originally taught to him by Bo Diddley. In 2013, <mask> was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.Early life Born in Mobile, Alabama, United States, <mask> moved to Chicago at the age of five. His first instrument was the harmonica, which he swapped for the guitar after hearing Bo Diddley play at a talent show where they were both performing. Diddley, seven years his senior, took <mask> under his wing and taught him the rudiments of guitar. Career Chicago heyday By 1951, <mask> and Diddley were playing on the street together, with <mask> providing backing to Diddley's vocals, accompanied by Roosevelt Jackson on washtub bass. <mask> cut his teeth gigging with a string of blues musicians, notably Memphis Minnie, Elmore James, and Otis Spann. After touring with the West Coast piano player Charles Brown, <mask> established himself as a session player with Chess Records. At Chess, <mask> met Howlin' Wolf, recently arrived in Chicago from Memphis, Tennessee, and was hired by Wolf as the first guitarist in his new Chicago-based band.A year later Hubert Sumlin moved to Chicago to join Wolf's band, and the dual guitars of <mask> and Sumlin are featured on Howlin' Wolf's 1954 singles "Evil Is Going On" and "Forty Four" and the 1955 releases "Who Will Be Next" and "Come to Me Baby." <mask> also provided backing on Otis Spann's 1954 release, "It Must Have Been the Devil", which features lead guitar work from B. B. King, one of <mask>' early heroes and a big influence on his playing. <mask>'s solo career began in December 1955 with the upbeat, saxophone-driven "Lookin' for My Baby", released under the name Little Papa Joe by Blue Lake Records. The record company closed a few months later, leaving his slide guitar performance on "Groan My Blues Away" unreleased. By this time, <mask> was highly sought after as a session guitarist, and his virtuosity in this capacity is well illustrated by his blistering lead guitar work on Bo Diddley's "Who Do You Love?", a hit for Checker Records in 1956. (The rock musician Marshall Crenshaw listed <mask>'s guitar solo on "Who Do You Love" as one of the greatest guitar solos ever recorded.) Other notable session work from the 1950s include lead guitar parts on Billy Boy Arnold's "I Ain't Got You" and "I Wish You Would", Jimmy Rogers's "One Kiss", Jimmy Witherspoon's "Ain't Nobody's Business", and Otis Rush's "Three Times a Fool". In 1957, <mask> released "You May" on Argo Records, with the inventive B-side instrumental "Lucky Lou", the extraordinary opening riff of which Otis Rush copied on his 1958 Cobra Records side "All Your Love (I Miss Loving)". Further evidence of <mask>'s influence on Rush (they played on a number of sessions together) is Rush's solo on Buddy Guy's 1958 debut, "Sit and Cry (The Blues)", copied almost exactly from <mask>'s "You May". Disillusionment with music business The frequency with which <mask> found his distinctive guitar phrases being copied without credit led to increasing disenchantment with the music business. When the distinctive riff he created for Billy Stewart's 1956 Argo release "Billy's Blues" was appropriated by Mickey Baker for the Mickey & Sylvia hit "Love Is Strange", Chess Records took legal action.At the conclusion of the case in 1961, <mask> gained neither credit nor compensation. "I was ripped off," he later told John Sinkevics in the Grand Rapids Press. In the early 1960s, <mask> was making a living gigging with his Big 3 Trio (not to be confused with Willie Dixon's group of the same name), but by the end of the decade, he had retired from the music industry altogether. He studied electronics and eventually became a technical engineer for Xerox, his job for over 25 years. Comeback Only after his retirement did <mask> consider picking up his guitar again, which had lain untouched under his bed all the while. "One day my wife said if I started playing again I might feel better about life in general," he told the Chicago Sun-Times. In March 2000, he went to a performance by his old friend Robert Lockwood Jr., and grew nostalgic for his music days.Back at home, an old tape of himself playing moved him to tears and inspired him to pick up his guitar again. He returned to playing in public in June 2000, when he was featured at a club gig during the 2000 Chicago Blues Festival. He was encouraged in this period by Dick Shurman, who eventually produced his comeback album, Return of a Legend (2002), on which his bold playing belies his thirty-year break from music. "He plays with a verve and vigor that sound as good today as it did on the classic records," wrote Vintage Guitar magazine. <mask> continued to perform around the world until 2014, mainly at large blues festivals, and often sitting in with the blues guitarist Billy Flynn at Chicago club appearances. Poor health later curtailed his musical activities. <mask> died from cancer on December 1, 2018.1967]) 1976 – J. T. Brown, "Lonely (As a Man Can Be)", "Going Home to My Baby", "It's a Shame to Tell the People", "When I Was a Lad", "Use That Spot" (on Windy City Boogie: Pearl PL-9; recorded 1956) 1979 – Harold Burrage, "I Love My Baby" (on Rockin' Wild: P-Vine PLP-9021; recorded 1957) 1982 – Willie Dixon, "Firey Love" (on Blues Roots Series, Vol.

Angry Anderson

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<mask> AM (born 5 August 1947), known as <mask>, is an Australian rock singer-songwriter, television presenter-reporter and actor. He has been the lead vocalist with the hard rock band Rose Tattoo since 1976. On Australia Day 26 January 1993, <mask> was made a Member of the Order of Australia for his role as a youth advocate. According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, "over the course of a lengthy career, [the] gravel-throated vocalist ... has gone from attention-grabbing, rock'n'roll bad boy to all-round Australian media star." On 16 August 2006, Rose Tattoo were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame. Biography <mask> was born on 5 August 1947 in Melbourne, Victoria, to an Australian father and Mauritian mother. He has a brother Rodney living in Melbourne.<mask>'s nickname of "<mask> Ant" developed "during his youth after his aggressive and volatile nature got the better of him." According to <mask>, his father "was a deeply troubled man... I've dealt with my rage, my pain... I was a very angry boy... When he was around he was a very explosive person." <mask> used his uncle, Ivan, as his role model, he "was a cigarette-smoking, beer-drinking, leather jacket-wearing, motorcycle-riding drummer in a swing band." <mask> grew up in suburban Coburg and attended Coburg Technical School before working as a fitter and turner in a factory.Initially he wanted to be a blues guitarist, "I wanted to be like all the great blues guitar players, then I wanted to be like Bob Dylan, then of course... John Lennon." <mask> found himself in a band with three possible guitarists and "[t]he other two were much better than me, so the only other thing we needed was a singer... [we] had to sing 'Twist and Shout' without accompaniment. I just happened to be the best one at it." From 1971 to 1973, <mask> led rock group Peace Power and Purity and came to wider public notice as the lead vocalist with Buster Brown. He fronted the hard rock and blues rock band from its foundation in 1973, the original line-up included Phil Rudd on drums, who left in 1974 to join AC/DC. In 1975, Buster Brown released an album, Something to Say, on Mushroom Records/Festival Records before disbanding in November that year. In 1976 in Sydney, Rose Tattoo was formed by Peter Wells of the heavy metal band Buffalo.<mask> had relocated to Sydney and replaced the group's original singer Tony Lake. When their drummer Michael Vandersluys departed soon afterwards, he was replaced by Dallas Royall, who had been Rudd's replacement in Buster Brown. Their most popular single on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart was "Bad Boy for Love" from 1977, which peaked at No. 19. Rose Tattoo's 1981 tour of Europe included an appearance at the Reading Festival, where <mask> repeatedly head butted the amp stacks until his scalp started bleeding. <mask>'s debut as an actor was a minor role in Bullamakanka (1983). Later, he appeared as the character Ironbar Bassey in the film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985).Filmink magazine later wrote that <mask> "appeared in surprisingly few acting roles for someone with such renown as a presenter." <mask> joined as a guest vocalist with The Incredible Penguins, for a cover of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)", a charity project for research on little penguins, which peaked at No. 10 in December 1985. In 1987, he played Lenin in the musical Rasputin, composed by David Tyyd, at the State Theatre in Sydney. <mask> led Rose Tattoo through six studio albums until disbanding the group in 1987, by which time he was the only member remaining from the early line-up. During 1986, as Rose Tattoo was winding down following the recording of Beats from a Single Drum, <mask> joined The Party Boys for an Australian tour, but never recorded with them. By this time <mask> had established himself as an advocate on social issues and made regular appearances on the Channel Nine programs The Midday Show with Ray Martin and then A Current Affair as a human interest reporter.In 1987, <mask> had his biggest hit, when the uncharacteristic ballad "Suddenly" from the album, Beats from a Single Drum, was used as the wedding theme for the Neighbours episode in which the popular characters Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell married. Robinson was portrayed by Jason Donovan, while Mitchell's character was portrayed by pop singer, Kylie Minogue, who had issued her debut single in July as a cover version of "Locomotion." "Locomotion" was at number one on the Australian charts preventing "Suddenly" from reaching the top spot. Beats from a Single Drum had been planned as <mask>'s debut solo release, but had initially been billed as a Rose Tattoo album due to contractual obligations; however, after the success of "Suddenly", it was re-released in 1988 as an <mask> solo album. In November 1988, the single reached number three on the UK Singles Chart after the episode aired there. With the dissolution of Rose Tattoo, <mask> pressed on with his solo career, releasing the album Blood from Stone in 1990 which provided the No. 11 hit single "Bound for Glory."He performed the song during the pre-match entertainment at the 1991 AFL Grand Final between Hawthorn and , appearing on top of a Batmobile. According to The Punch's Michael Phelan, <mask>'s performance was "a teeth-gnashing, eyeballs-bleeding, nails-scratching-down-a-blackboard rendition" and rates it as the worst pre-game display in Australian sporting history. In 1992, <mask> acted in the Australian arena-style revival of Jesus Christ Superstar as Herod. On Australia Day (26 January) 1993, <mask> was made a Member of the Order of Australia with the citation, "In recognition of service to the community, particularly as a youth advocate." Also that year, Rose Tattoo reunited to support Guns N' Roses on the Australian leg of their Use Your Illusion Tour, Guns N' Roses specifically requested The Tatts to support Them in Australia. However the reunion was short-lived and the band's members returned to their solo projects. From 1994, <mask> has used his contacts in the media to organise a Challenge where a particular charity's project was completed with support of community and business groups.Examples of these Challenges include constructing a playground for handicapped children within 48 hours, assisting drought affected farmers with reserve feed for their stock, organising Christmas presents for socially and economically disadvantaged children, building two respite units for people living with and affected by HIV AIDS and delivering artificial limbs for Cambodian land mine victims. Rose Tattoo reconvened in 1998 and undertook an Australian tour. The group has continued to perform despite five Rose Tattoo former band members dying of cancer: Dallas Royall (1991), Peter Wells (2006), Ian Rilen (2006), Lobby Loyde (2007), and Mick Cocks (2009). According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, "over the course of a lengthy career, [the] gravel-throated vocalist ... has gone from attention-grabbing, rock'n'roll bad boy to all-round Australian media star." On 16 August 2006, Rose Tattoo were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame. In the early years of the 2000s, <mask> participated in and organised a string of charity events. In 2002, <mask> played with former members of The Angels at the Bali Relief concert in Perth, Western Australia, held in aid of victims of the Bali bombing.<mask> is involved in the Dunn Lewis Youth Development Foundation, which is a lasting legacy of two of the 88 Australian lives lost in the bombings. In 2003, <mask> appeared in a cameo role as the character Kris Quaid in the independent Australian feature film Finding Joy. At the end of the film, he sings his hit "Suddenly." <mask> appeared in a guest role in the Australian movie Suite for Fleur (2011), as Silas, Fleur's father, a carpenter and furniture maker living in Byron Bay. In December, <mask> joined Doc Neeson - The Angels, Mark Gable - The Choirboys, Buzz Bidstrup - The Angels, Phil Emmanuel and Matt Sorum (drummer for Guns N' Roses) on-stage to celebrate the opening of a Hard Rock Cafe in Darling Harbour. In January 2012, <mask> announced that Rose Tattoo would disband – he is a member of the National Party and is considering using his birth name, Gary, for "political expediency" when running as a candidate in the next federal election. In 2014, <mask> was featured on 7mate's successful television series Bogan Hunters as one of eight celebrity judges.Later that year, <mask> scored a role in the motion picture Fat Pizza vs. Housos. The film was shown in Australian cinemas from 27 November 2014 onwards. Political views In July 2007, <mask> was criticised by some after espousing his views on Muslim immigration to Australia when he told the Sydney Daily Telegraph: On 1 March 2010, he told a Federal Parliamentary Committee into the impact of violence on youth that life experience has taught him "Aussies use their fists" when they fight and that "weapons were introduced by other cultures." In March 2011, <mask> declared he was a supporter of conservative politician Tony Abbott and his views against a tax on carbon dioxide emissions. He announced in October that year that he was joining the conservative National Party, and was interested in standing for a seat in the next Australian federal election. When asked whether his more 'leftie views' might be gagged (he supports same-sex marriage, for example) he replied, "maintaining some sort of order and balance is about agreement, compromise, setting rules as the head of the house. I've learnt to be a part of the family.So I'm not going to say things in public that are going to embarrass the party." He was selected as the National candidate for the Division of Throsby in New South Wales under his birth name, <mask>. Although he didn't win, his preferences helped the Coalition net a four-percent swing in the seat. In 2012, <mask> participated in the SBS doco-reality show Go Back To Where You Came From, in which six Australians, each with differing opinions on Australia's asylum seeker debate, were taken on a journey to which refugees have taken to reach Australia. At the outset of the series <mask> says that "boat people" who arrive in Australia illegally should be sent back to their countries of origin: "If you come here illegally, I don't care about your story, first thing you do is you turn around and go back." Later in the series, after having met with refugees from Afghanistan who settled in Melbourne as well as visiting war-torn Kabul, <mask> softened his stand on the subject: "Now I've been here and spoken to people, I don't want to turn away refugees, I don't want to turn away people who need to be reunited with their families. I don't want that.Who would want that? I don't want people to go on suffering needlessly, when we can give them somewhere safe to be. But I don't want them to come to Australia in boats." Again endorsed by the National Party in September 2014, this time in the New South Wales seat of Cessnock for the 2015 state election, <mask> withdrew his candidacy in February 2015, citing personal reasons. In 2016 <mask> was endorsed as an Australian Liberty Alliance candidate for the Senate representing New South Wales at the 2016 federal election. The Australian Liberty Alliance is a right wing group that opposes Muslim immigration to Australia. Personal life In <mask>'s 1994 biography, Angry – Scarred for Life, the author Karen Dewey describes his life as "Sexually, physically and mentally abused he broke the brutal family pattern to become a besotted, devoted father of four."<mask> described how "[t]here was physical and emotional violence in the family" and a family friend began sexually abusing him from the age of five. In 1982, prior to one of Rose Tattoo's European tours, <mask> met Lindy Michael. The couple's daughter, Roxanne was born in 1983. <mask> and Michael married in January 1986 and have also had three sons, Galen, Blaine and Liam. By 2002, <mask> and Michael were divorced. <mask> is a single father and lives in the Sydney suburb of Beacon Hill. Although he does not believe in an omniscient god he attends the Baha'i temple regularly, "the spirituality I have given myself over to is the divine."Having seen cancer claim the lives of five of his Rose Tattoo bandmates (Dallas Royall, Peter Wells, Ian Rilen, Lobby Lloyde and Mick Cocks), <mask> has become an advocate for men's health. He appeared in a TV campaign promoting awareness of prostate cancer. On 4 November 2018, <mask>'s son Liam was killed in an attack in a park in Queenscliff, New South Wales. Discography Rose Tattoo Buster Brown Solo albums Singles See also You're Not Alone (Australian Olympians song) Filmography At Last... Bullamakanka: The Motion Picture (1983) - Senator's Aide Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985) - Ironbar Scuff the Sock (1987, TV Movie) - Plasterer Finding Joy (2002) - Kris Quaid Fat Pizza (2003) - Bikie Pizza (2005, TV Series) - Bikie Leader / Tattooist / Captain / Vietnam Vet Swift and Shift Couriers (2008-2011, TV Series) - Aaron 'Agro' Smith Suite For Fleur (2011) Housos vs. Authority (2012) - <mask> Go Back To Where You Came From (2012, TV Series documentary) - Himself - Participant Housos (2011-2013; 2020, TV Series) - Angry Fat Pizza vs. Housos (2014) - Angry Bogan Hunters (2014, TV Series) - Himself - Celebrity Judge Dumb Criminals: The Movie (2015) - <mask> Fat Pizza: Back in Business (2019 - 2021, TV Series) - Angry Further reading Murray Engleheart. Blood, Sweat & Beers- Oz Rock from the Aztecs to Rose Tattoo . Published by Harper Collins Australia. 2010.() Edward DuykerOf the Star and the Key: Mauritius, Mauritians and Australia, Australian Mauritian Research Group, Sylvania, 1988, p. 107. References General Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. Specific External links "Rose Tattoo's <mask>" interview with Richard Fidler of Australian Broadcasting Corporation as an MP3 file. 1947 births Australian people of Mauritian descent Australian male television actors Australian male film actors Australian male singers The Party Boys members Singers from Melbourne Members of the Order of Australia Australian heavy metal singers Living people Rose Tattoo members

Edward Terry Sanford

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<mask> (July 23, 1865 – March 8, 1930) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1923 until his death in 1930. Prior to his nomination to the high court, <mask> served as a United States Assistant Attorney General under President Theodore Roosevelt from 1905 to 1907, and as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee from 1908 to 1923. As of 2021, he is the last sitting district court judge to be elevated directly to the Supreme Court. A graduate of Harvard Law School, <mask> practiced law in his hometown of Knoxville, Tennessee, during the 1890s and the first decade of the 20th century. As Assistant Attorney General, he rose to national prominence as lead prosecutor during the high-profile trial of Joseph Shipp in 1907, which to date is the only criminal trial conducted by the Supreme Court. <mask> is typically viewed as a conservative justice, favoring strict adherence to antitrust laws, and often voted with his mentor, Chief Justice William Howard Taft. <mask> v. New York (1925).This case, which introduced the incorporation doctrine, helped pave the way for many of the Warren Court's decisions expanding civil rights and civil liberties in the 1950s and 1960s. Early life and legal career <mask> was born in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1865, the eldest son of prominent Knoxville businessman <mask><mask> (1831–1902) and Swiss immigrant Emma Chavannes. <mask>'s father, as president or vice president of nearly a dozen banks and corporations, was one of the primary driving forces behind Knoxville's late-19th century industrial boom. His maternal grandfather, Adrian Chavannes, was the leader of a group of Swiss colonists who arrived in Tennessee in the late 1840s and his uncle, Albert Chavannes, was a noted author and sociologist. In 1891, <mask> married Lutie Mallory Woodruff, the daughter of Knoxville hardware magnate W. W. Woodruff. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from the University of Tennessee in 1883, a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University in 1885, a Master of Arts degree from the same institution in 1889, and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1889. He was in private practice in Knoxville from 1890 to 1907, and was a lecturer at the University of Tennessee School of Law from 1898 to 1907.One of <mask>'s earliest appearances before the Supreme Court came as an attorney representing the appellant Knoxville Iron Company, in Knoxville Iron Company v. Harbison (1901). The Court ruled in favor of Harbison and upheld states' right to ban companies from paying employees in scrip rather than cash. Assistant Attorney General <mask> first served in the government as a special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States from 1905 to 1907, and then as Assistant Attorney General in 1907 under President Theodore Roosevelt. United States v. Shipp As an Assistant Attorney General, he was the lead prosecutor in the high-profile trial in United States v. Shipp (1907). This case involved a sheriff, Joseph Shipp, who was convicted of allowing a condemned black prisoner, who was the subject of a United States Supreme Court writ of habeas corpus, to be lynched. <mask>'s conduct of the trial, particularly his exemplary closing argument, are said to be part of a "Great American Trial." It is the only criminal trial conducted before the United States Supreme Court in which the court exercised original jurisdiction (the court typically only hears criminal cases on appeal).It was widely followed in the newspapers. Shipp and several others were later convicted. District court service <mask> was nominated by President Theodore Roosevelt on May 14, 1908, to a joint seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee vacated by Judge Charles Dickens Clark. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 18, 1908, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on February 5, 1923, due to his elevation to the Supreme Court. Supreme Court President Warren Harding nominated <mask> as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States on January 24, 1923, to succeed Mahlon Pitney. <mask> was confirmed by the Senate by a voice vote on January 29, 1923.<mask> took the judicial oath of office on February 19, 1923. He was Circuit Justice for the Fifth Circuit throughout his tenure on the Court. Notable opinions <mask> wrote 130 opinions during his seven years on the Court. His most well-known was the majority opinion in Gitlow v. New York. While upholding a state law banning anarchist literature, the opinion in Gitlow implied that some provisions of the Bill of Rights (here the First Amendment's free speech provisions) apply with equal force to the states via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (commonly called "incorporation"). That had "extraordinary consequences for the nationalization of the Bill of Rights during the era of the Warren Court," which later used similar reasoning to incorporate other amendments and expand civil liberties. Gitlow has been cited as precedent in cases such as Near v. Minnesota (1931), which incorporated the guarantee of freedom of the press, Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which recognized the constitutional right to privacy, and more recently, McDonald v. Chicago (2010), which incorporated the right to bear arms.<mask> authored the majority opinion in Okanogan Indians v. United States, commonly called the "Pocket Veto Case," which upheld the power of the President's "pocket veto." Other noteworthy opinions by him are Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323 (1926), which upheld the right of property sellers to discriminate based on race, Taylor v. Voss, 271 U.S. 176 (1926) and Fiske v. Kansas, 274 U.S. 380 (1927). <mask> voted with the majority in Myers v. United States (1926), which upheld the President's authority to remove executive branch officials without the Senate's consent, and in Ex parte Grossman (1925), which recognized the President's pardoning power to extend to conviction for contempt of court. <mask> concurred with Taft's dissent in Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923). Chief Justice Taft is considered by some to have been <mask>'s mentor. They routinely sided together in decisions and were a part of the Court's conservative "inner club" that regularly met at the Chief Justice's house for libations and conviviality on Sundays. Death <mask> unexpectedly died on March 8, 1930 of uremic poisoning following a dental extraction in Washington, D.C., just a few hours before Chief Justice William Howard Taft, who had retired five weeks earlier.As it was customary for members of the Court to attend the funeral of deceased members, that posed a "logistical nightmare" because of the immediate travel from Knoxville for <mask>'s funeral to Washington for Taft's funeral. As had been the case in their careers, Taft's death overshadowed <mask>'s demise. <mask> is interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Knoxville. Legacy In 1894, <mask> was chosen to deliver the centennial address at his alma mater, the University of Tennessee. The address, which discussed the institution's history, was published the following year as Blount College and the University of Tennessee: An Historical Address. <mask>'s papers are located at various institutions in Tennessee. <mask> was an active member of Civitan International.He is one of six Tennesseans who have served on the Supreme Court. See also Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8) List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office United States Supreme Court cases during the Taft Court Publications <mask>, <mask>. (18 June, 1895) Blount College and the University of Tennessee: An Historical Address at Google books. Notes Further reading External links <mask>. <mask> Papers, University of Tennessee Knoxville Libraries Bibliography, <mask> <mask> at 6th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals. 1865 births 1930 deaths 20th-century American judges American people of Swiss descent Harvard Law School alumni Judges of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee People from Knoxville, Tennessee Tennessee lawyers Tennessee Republicans United States Assistant Attorneys General United States district court judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States United States federal judges appointed by Warren G. Harding

Greg Laurie

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<mask> (born December 10, 1952) is an American author and pastor who serves as the senior pastor of Harvest Christian Fellowship with campuses in Riverside, Orange County and Maui. <mask> came to faith at the age of 17 as the Jesus Movement was exploding in Southern California. He has written a book, “Jesus Revolution,” about his experiences from that great American spiritual awakening. <mask>’s story along with his wife Cathe, will be told in the new film, Jesus Revolution from Kingdom Story Company to be released next year. <mask> holds two honorary doctorates from Biola University and Azusa Pacific University. He serves on the board of directors for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. He also is the Evangelist for Harvest Crusades and is featured on over 1500 radio and TV stations across the nation.<mask> has produced 2 films: Steve McQueen: American Icon and 'A Rush Of Hope. He is working on a third. <mask> is also the author of 70 books, including Hope For Hurting Hearts, Steve McQueen: The Salvation of An American Icon, Johnny Cash: The Redemption Of An American Icon and Billy Graham: The Man I Knew. Life and ministry <mask> was born in Long Beach, California. He was raised by a single mother who had seven marriages, often moving to vastly different locations such as New Jersey and Hawaii. Working as a newspaper delivery man for the Daily Pilot in Los Angeles, CA was <mask>'s first job. <mask> was not raised in the Christian faith or a church environment.In 1970, when <mask> was 17 years old, he became a devout Christian at Newport Harbor High School under the ministry of evangelist Lonnie Frisbee. At the age of 19, under the ministry of Calvary Chapel Pastor Chuck Smith, he was given the opportunity to lead a Bible study of 30 people. The church that formed from this group, Harvest Christian Fellowship, has grown to become one of the largest churches in the United States. In 2013, Harvest Christian Fellowship celebrated its 40th anniversary. The church has another dedicated campus in Irvine as well as a satellite campus in Lahaina, Hawaii. They have a congregation of approximately 5,000 people with a weekend viewing audience for their online service of over 250,000 people. The church also houses more than 80 ministries.Harvest recently merged with Kumulani Chapel in Maui, Hawaii, and that church is now called Harvest Kumulani. <mask> holds two honorary doctorates from Biola University and Azusa Pacific University. He serves on the board of directors for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association He is also a chaplain for the Newport Beach Police Department. In 2013, <mask> served as the Honorary Chairman of the National Day of Prayer Task Force. President Donald Trump selected Pastor <mask> as one of several evangelical church leaders to participate in the National Prayer Service hosted at the Washington National Cathedral following the Presidential Inauguration of 2017. In 2017, <mask> organized a movement entitled "The Year of Good News." Multiple church leaders signed the letter he penned to initiate the movement.One of the paragraphs of the letter reads, "In a time of fake news, distracting news, divisive news, disorderly news, and, sometimes, depressing news, we—as Christians and as leaders—want to recommit ourselves to making sure that the Good News of Jesus cuts through it all. We call upon Christians in America to make 2017 "The Year of Good News." Publishing and media <mask> has written more than 70 books, including The Upside-Down Church (1999, co-authored with David Kopp): this book won a Gold Medallion Book Award in the "Christian ministry" category in 2000. <mask> has written study notes for The New Believer's Bible and The Seeker's Bible. He also wrote the notes for the Start! Bible in the New King James Version, published by Thomas Nelson. Another more recent book is a commentary on the book of Revelation.His autobiographical documentary film Lost Boy: The Next Chapter has won eight awards at international film festivals in the best documentary category. <mask>'s film released in 2013, Hope for Hurting Hearts, includes the stories of Jeremy Camp and Nick Vujicic. The film has been a finalist at 15 different film festivals. <mask> is host of the syndicated radio program A New Beginning, which is broadcast on over 800 radio stations worldwide. A New Beginning is also featured as a Christian podcast available on iTunes. <mask> has appeared on ABC World News Tonight, Fox News, MSNBC, and CNN. He is also a guest commentator at WorldNetDaily and appears regularly in a weekly television program called GregLaurie.tv on the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN).The television program is also featured every week on American Forces Network TV. <mask> is a speaker for public evangelistic events called Harvest Crusades, founded in 1990. They are large-scale evangelistic outreach projects which local churches organize nationally and internationally. Over 5.6 million attendees have participated in Harvest Crusades since they began in 1990. In addition, 1.8 million have reportedly watched the events online. Harvest Crusades have been held in California, Chicago, Seattle, Oregon, Philadelphia, New York, Hawaii, Florida, Texas, North Carolina, New Zealand and Australia. Events have been held at AT&T Stadium in Dallas, TX, Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, CA, Angel Stadium in Anaheim, CA, and Madison Square Garden in New York, NY.In 2017, Harvest Crusades will include Christian musicians and bands such as Phil Wickham, Switchfoot, Chris Tomlin, and TobyMac. In 2012, Harvest Crusades launched Harvest America a nationwide simulcast from one location to about 2,400 venues. In 2016 Harvest America happened at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. A total of 82,000 attended the event. Another 180,000 participated at over 7,000 host locations around the country. Over 400,000 individuals have made public professions of faith at the events since Harvest Crusades began. Personal life <mask> resides in Newport Beach with his wife, Catherine.The couple had two sons, Christopher and Jonathan, as well as 5 grandchildren. On July 24, 2008, Christopher was killed at the scene of a 9 a.m. car accident on the eastbound Riverside Freeway west of Serfas Club Drive in Corona, California. He was 33 years old. In October 2020, <mask> contracted COVID-19. On October 5, 2020, <mask> announced he had tested positive for COVID-19. In a video posted on social media, <mask> said, “I just wish that at a time like this we could not politicize this and show compassion to people that are struggling with this. It's real," the pastor said."It really is a pandemic that's swept our nation and even the world." It is unknown where <mask> contracted the virus, though reports suggest it may have been at a White House event. On October 9, <mask> reported he “was feeling really good” and that he had completed quarantine and was planning on returning to preaching. Publications Johnny Cash: The Redemption of An American Icon. Terrill Marshall,. Washington, DC : Salem Books. 2019. . World Changers: How God Uses Ordinary People to do Extraordinary Things.Larry Libby,. Grand Rapids, Michigan : Baker Books, a division of Baker Publishing Group. 2020. . References External links Harvest.org Harvest Christian Fellowship <mask> bio <mask> - Christian Comics Pioneer Article: Harvest America: Christians Celebrate Changed Lives at History-Making Event Harvest Crusades: New app for nationwide event 1952 births Living people American anti-abortion activists American Protestant ministers and clergy American Christian creationists American Christian writers Anti-same-sex-marriage activists Conservatism in the United States People from Long Beach, California Newport Harbor High School alumni

Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg

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<mask> (26 June 1760 – 25 March 1799) was an Austrian military commander. He achieved the rank of Field Marshal and died at the Battle of Stockach. The third son of a cadet branch of the House of Fürstenberg, at his birth his chances of inheriting the family title of Fürst zu Fürstenberg were slight; he was prepared instead for a military career, and a tutor was hired to teach him the military sciences. He entered the Habsburg military in 1777, at the age of seventeen years, and was a member of the field army in the short War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79). His career progressed steadily during the Habsburg War with the Ottoman Empire. In particular he distinguished himself at Šabac in 1790, when he led his troops in storming the fortress on the Sava river. During the French Revolutionary Wars, he fought with distinction again for the First Coalition, particularly at Ketsch and Frœschwiller, and in 1796 at Emmendingen, Schliengen and Kehl.He was stationed at key points to protect the movements of the Austrian army. With a force of 10,000, he defended the German Rhineland at Kehl, and reversed a bayonet assault by French troops at Bellheim; his troops also overran Speyer without any losses. By the end of the War of the First Coalition, at the age of 35, he had achieved the rank of Field Marshal. During the War of the Second Coalition, he fought in the first two battles of the German campaign, at Ostrach on 21 March 1799, and at Stockach on 25 March 1799. At the latter action while leading a regiment of grenadiers, he was hit by French case shot and knocked off his horse. He died shortly afterward. Childhood and early military training As the third son of a cadet (junior) branch of the Fürstenberg princely family, <mask>s was prepared for a military career.His tutor, Lieutenant Ernst, was in active service in the Habsburg military, and took six-year-old <mask> on maneuvers with him. In this way, he learned as a child the Habsburg military manual, and came into contact with important military men who later furthered his education and career; he also acquired an honorary rank as Kreis-Obristen, or Colonel of the Imperial Circle, by the time he was ten years old. As a youth, in 1776, he met the Habsburg war minister Count Franz Moritz von Lacy and Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon; he was also invited to dine with Emperor Joseph II. He started his service in 1777 as a Fähnrich (ensign) in the Habsburg military organization. He saw his first field service during the War of the Bavarian Succession (1777–78), although he was not involved in any battles. In 1780, at the age of twenty years, he was promoted to captain, and assigned to the 34th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Anton Esterházy, named for Paul II Anton Esterházy, the general of cavalry, field marshal of the Seven Years' War, and ambassador to Britain. While he was assigned to this unit, he participated in the border conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs, 1787–92, and stormed the fortress at Šabac (German: Schabatz) on the Sava River in Serbia on 27 April 1788.For his action at Šabac, he was personally commended by the Emperor; on the following day, he was promoted to major and given command of a grenadier battalion. On 1 January 1790, at Laudon's explicit request, <mask> <mask> was promoted to major general; at the end of June of that year, he received the coveted position of second colonel of the 34th Infantry Regiment Anton Esterhazy, where he served as the executive officer for Antal, Prince Esterházy de Galántha, the 34th Hungarian Regiment's Colonel and Proprietor. This was a customary appointment in which a less prominent officer completed the day-to-day administrative duties of the Colonel and Proprietor, who was usually a noble and was often posted in a different assignment, sometimes a different staff location. <mask> <mask> also received the confraternal Order of Saint Hubert from the Duke of Bavaria and married the "elegant" Princess Elisabeth of Thurn und Taxis (1767–1822), that year. Fight against Revolutionary France While <mask> <mask> fought for the Habsburg cause in Serbia, in France, a coalition of the clergy and the professional and bourgeois class—the First and Third estates—led a call for reform of the French government and the creation of a written constitution. Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed the French Revolution as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. In 1790, Leopold succeeded his brother Joseph as emperor and by 1791, he considered the situation surrounding his sister, Marie Antoinette, and her children, with greater alarm.In August 1791, in consultation with French émigré nobles and Frederick William II of Prussia, he issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, in which they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis XVI and his family. They threatened ambiguous, but quite serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family. The French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution. On 20 April 1792, the French National Convention declared war on Austria. In the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797), France opposed most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire. War of the First Coalition In the early days of the French Revolutionary Wars, <mask> <mask> remained as brigade commander of a small Austrian corps, approximately 10,000 men, under the overall command of Anton, Prince Esterházy. He was stationed in the Breisgau, a Habsburg territory between the Black Forest and the Rhine.This location between the forested mountains and the river included two important bridgeheads across the river which offered access to southwestern Germany, the Swiss Cantons, or north-central Germany. His brigade defended Kehl, a small village immediately across the Rhine from Strasbourg, but most of the action in 1792 occurred further north, in present-day Belgium, near the cities of Speyer and Trier, and at Frankfurt on the Main River. In the second year of the war, Fürstenberg was transferred to the cavalry of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, in the Army of the Upper Rhine, and placed in charge of the advance guard near Speyer, which was still held by the French. On 30 March, he crossed the Rhine by Ketsch at the head of the advance guard, which included 9,000 men. He took the city of Speyer on 1 April, in the absence of the commander of the city, Adam-Philippe de Custine, who was away with most of his troops; those that remained behind simply abandoned the city. On the following day, Fürstenberg occupied the town of Germersheim. His first combat action of the war occurred on 3 April, when Custine's infantry attacked him in a bayonet charge near the villages of Bellheim, Hördt and Leimersheim, and afterward at Landau and Lauterburg.During these attacks, he lost all the ground he had gained in the days before. After these events, he was again transferred, this time to the command of the Regiment Count von Kavanagh, where he continued to distinguish himself during the French counter-offensive of October–November 1793. In the action around Geidertheim, on the Zorn River, he assisted Lieutenant Field Marshal Gabriel Anton, Baron Splény de Miháldy, in repelling a French counter-attack. Shortly afterward, he became very ill and, in December 1793, was sent to the Hagenau to recover. On 22 December, he rejoined Wurmser's Corps for the Battle of Froeschwiller against Lazare Hoche and Charles Pichegru. After the French retreated over the Rhine at Hüningen, near Basel, he directed the construction of its new fortifications. In June 1796, Fürstenberg commanded a division of four infantry battalions, 13 artillery pieces, and the Freikorps (Volunteers) Gyulay and secured the Rhine corridor between Kehl and Rastatt.On 26 June 1796, the French troops of the Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle crossed the Rhine and chased the Swabian Circle's military contingent out of Kehl. In June 1796, Archduke Charles added the contingent to Fürstenberg's command, making him the Swabian's Feldzeugmeister, or General of Infantry. Fürstenberg's troops defended the imperial line at the town of Rastatt until support troops arrived, and they could make an orderly withdrawal into the Upper Danube Valley. The Swabian contingent was demobilized in July, and <mask> returned to the command of Austrian regulars during the Austrian counter-offensive. At the Battle of Emmendingen on 19 October 1796, his leadership was again instrumental in an Austrian victory. General Jean Victor Marie Moreau's Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle sought to retain a foothold on the eastern side of the Rhine, following his retreat from southwestern Germany west of the Black Forest. Fürstenberg held Kenzingen, north of Riegel on the Elz River.<mask> <mask> was ordered to feint against Riegel, to protect the primary Austrian positions at Rust and Kappel. In the Battle of Schliengen (24 October 1796), <mask> commanded the second column of the Austrian force, which included nine battalions of infantry and 30 squadrons of cavalry; with these, he overwhelmed the force of General of Division Gouvion Saint-Cyr, holding his position to prevent the French force from retreating north on the Rhine. While Maximilian Anton <mask>, Count Baillet de Latour, engaged the main Austrian force at Kehl, Archduke Charles entrusted to Lieutenant Field Marshal <mask> the command of the forces besieging Hüningen, which included two divisions with 20 battalions of infantry and 40 squadrons of cavalry. Charles' confidence in his young field marshal was well-placed. On 27 November, Fürstenberg's chief engineer opened and drained the water-filled moat protecting the French fortifications. Fürstenberg offered the commander of the bridgehead, General of Brigade Jean Charles Abbatucci, the opportunity to surrender, which he declined. In the night of 30 November to 1 December, Fürstenberg's force stormed the bridgehead twice, but was twice repulsed.In one of these attacks, the French commander was mortally wounded and died on 3 December. Fürstenberg maintained the siege of Kehl while Archduke Charles engaged the stronger French force to the north of Kehl. After the French capitulation at Kehl (10 January 1797), Fürstenberg received additional forces with which he could end the siege at Hüningen. He ordered the reinforcement of the ring of soldiers surrounding Hüningen and, on 2 February 1797, the Austrians prepared to storm the bridgehead. General of Division Georges Joseph Dufour, the new French commander, pre-empted what would have been a costly attack, by offering to surrender the bridge. On 5 February, Fürstenberg finally took possession of the bridgehead. Francis II, the Holy Roman Emperor, appointed him as Colonel and Proprietor of the 36th Infantry Regiment, which bore his name until his death in battle in 1799.Peace The Coalition forces—Austria, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain, Sardinia, among others—achieved several victories at Verdun, Kaiserslautern, Neerwinden, Mainz, Amberg and Würzburg, but in northern Italy, they could neither lift nor escape the siege at Mantua. The efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces to the border of Habsburg lands. Napoleon dictated a cease-fire at Leoben on 17 April 1797, leading to the formal Treaty of Campo Formio, which went into effect on 17 October 1797. Austria withdrew from the territories the army had fought so hard to acquire, including the strategic river crossings at Hüningen and Kehl, as well as key cities further north. When the war ended, Fürstenberg stayed at the Donaueschingen estate of his cousin, <mask> <mask> zu Fürstenberg. Later in 1797, he traveled to Prague and remained with his family until May 1798,

Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg

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when he received a posting to a new division in Linz. His daughter, Maria Anna, was born after he left, on 17 September 1798.Activities in the Second Coalition Despite the longed-for peace, tensions grew between France and most of the First Coalition allies, either separately or jointly. Ferdinand IV of Naples refused to pay agreed-upon tribute to France, and his subjects followed this refusal with a rebellion. The French invaded Naples and established the Parthenopaean Republic. A republican uprising in the Swiss cantons, encouraged by the French Republic which offered military support, led to the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation and the establishment of the Helvetic Republic. On his way to Egypt in Spring 1798, Napoleon had stopped on the Island of Malta and removed the Hospitallers from their possessions. This angered Paul, Tsar of Russia, who was the honorary head of the Order. The ongoing French occupation of Malta angered the British, who dedicated themselves to ejecting the French garrison at Valletta.The French Directory was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians, and the British actually discussed this possibility. As winter broke on 1 March 1799, General Jean Baptiste Jourdan and his 25,000-man Army of the Danube crossed the Rhine at Kehl. The Army of the Danube met little resistance as it advanced through the Black Forest and eventually took a flanking position on the north shore of Lake Constance. Instructed to block the Austrians from access to the Swiss alpine passes, Jourdan planned to isolate the armies of the Coalition in Germany from allies in northern Italy, and prevent them from assisting one another. His was a preemptive strike. By crossing the Rhine in early March, Jourdan acted before Archduke Charles' army could be reinforced by Austria's Russian allies, who had agreed to send 60,000 seasoned soldiers and their more-seasoned commander, Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov.Furthermore, if the French held the interior passes in Switzerland, they could not only prevent the Austrians from transferring troops between northern Italy and southwestern Germany, but could use the routes to move their own forces between the two theaters. Battle of Ostrach At the outbreak of hostilities in March 1799, <mask> <mask>ürstenberg was with his troops in Bavarian territory, just north of the free and Imperial city of Augsburg. When news reached the Austrian camp that the French had crossed the Rhine, Charles ordered the imperial army to advance west. Fürstenberg moved his troops toward Augsburg, crossing the Lech River. The French advanced guard arrived in Ostrach on 8–9 March, and over the next week skirmished with the Austrian forward posts, while the rest of the French army arrived. Jourdan disposed his 25,000 troops along a line from Salem Abbey and Lake Constance to the Danube river, centered in Ostrach. He established his command headquarters at the imperial city of Pfullendorf, overlooking the entire Ostrach valley.Jourdan was expecting Dominique Vandamme's troops to arrive in time to support his far north flank near the river, but Vandamme had gone to Stuttgart to investigate a rumored presence of Austrian troops there and had not rejoined the main army. Consequently, the French left flank, under command of Gouvion Saint-Cyr, was thinly manned. Jourdan thought he had more time, expecting Charles would need still three or four days to move his troops across the Lech, and march to Ostrach, but by the middle of Holy Week in 1799, more than a third of Charles' army, 48,000 mixed troops, was positioned in a formation parallel to Jourdan's, and his 72,000 remaining troops were arrayed with the left wing at Kempten, the center near Memmingen, and the right flank extended to Ulm. By 21 March, the French and Austrian outposts overlapped, and skirmishing intensified. Charles had divided his force into four columns. Fürstenberg covered the northern flank of the Archduke's main force. Fürstenberg's force pushed the French out of Davidsweiler, and then advanced on Ruppersweiler and Einhard, 5 kilometers (3 mi) to the northwest of Ostrach.Saint-Cyr did not have the manpower to defend the position, and the entire line fell back to Ostrach, with Fürstenberg's troops pressuring their withdrawal. Fürstenberg's persistent pressure on the French left flank was instrumental in the collapse of the northern part of the French line. After their success in driving the French back from Ostrach, and then from the heights of Pfullendorf, the Austrian forces continued to press the French back to Stockach, and then another five miles or so to Engen. Death at the Battle of Stockach (1799) On the morning of what they suspected would be the general engagement, <mask> <mask> sought out the field chaplain, and requested the sacraments because, as he told his aide, anything can happen during a battle. Although Ostrach had been a hard-fought battle, at Engen and Stockach, the Austrian and French forces were far more concentrated—more men in a smaller space—than they had been at Ostrach, where the French forces in particular had been stretched thinly on a long line from Lake Constance to north of the Danube. At Stockach, furthermore, Jourdan had all his troops under his direct control, with the possible exception of Dominique Vandamme, who was maneuvering his small force of cavalry and light infantry into position to attempt a flanking action on the far right Austrian flank. In the course of the battle, Jourdan's forces were supposed to engage in simultaneous attacks on the left, center and right of the Austrian line.On the French right, Souham's and Ferino's Corps met with strong resistance and were stopped; on the French left, Lefebvre's troops charged with such force that the Austrians were pushed back. Having stopped Souham's and Ferino's assault, Charles had troops available to counter Lefebvre's force. At that point, Vandamme's men moved into action. Because Souham's assault at the center had been stalled, Charles still had enough men to turn part of his force to fight this new threat, but the Austrians were hard pressed and the action furious. At one point, Charles attempted to lead his eight battalions of Hungarian grenadiers into action, to the dismay of the old soldiers. <mask> reportedly said that while he lived, he would not leave this post (at the head of the grenadiers) and the Archduke should not dismount and fight. As <mask> led the Hungarian grenadiers into the battle, he was cut down by a canister and case shot employed by the French.Although he was carried alive off the field, he died almost immediately. Charles ultimately did lead his grenadiers into battle, and reportedly his personal bravery rallied his troops to push back the French. After the battle, someone removed Fürstenberg's wedding ring and returned it to his wife in Prague, with news of his death; <mask> was buried at the battlefield cemetery in Stockach, and his cousin erected a small monument there, but in 1857, his body was moved to the family cemetery, Maria Hof at Neudingen, near Donaueschingen. Family Upon the death of Prosper Ferdinand, Count Fürstenberg, in the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1704 the Fürstenberg inheritance was divided between the count's two youngest sons, Joseph Wilhelm Ernst and Wilhelm Egon; the eldest son was an ecclesiastic. The family of Fürstenberg was raised to princely status 2 February 1716, with the elevation of Joseph Wilhelm Ernst, as the first Prince (Fürst) of Fürstenberg (German: Fürst zu Fürstenberg). The first prince had three sons, Joseph Wenzel Johann Nepomuk (1728–1783), <mask> Egon (1729–1787), and Prosper Maria, who died in infancy. The title passed through the line of the first son, Joseph Wenzel Johann Nepomuk (as second prince), to his son Joseph Maria Benedikt <mask> (third prince, who died in 1796) and then to another son of the second prince, <mask> <mask> (fourth prince).The last son of Joseph Wilhelm Ernst died in 1803 without male issue. Consequently, the title passed to the male line of first prince's second son. This son, <mask> Egon, had died in 1787. <mask> Egon's oldest son, Joseph Maria Wenzel (16 August 1754 – 14 July 1759), died as a small child. The second son, Philipp Nerius Maria (Prague, 21 October 1755 – 5 June 1790), married in 1779 to his first cousin, Josepha Johanna Benedikta von Fürstenberg (sister of the third and fourth princes), at Donaueschingen. Only one of their sons survived childhood, but died at the age of 15 years. The other children of this second son were all daughters, and thus not eligible to inherit the title Prince of Fürstenberg.Consequently, the title devolved to the agnatic male descendants of <mask> zu Fürstenberg. In 1803, two of <mask> <mask>ürstenberg's children were still living. <mask>, as the surviving son, inherited the title Prince of Fürstenberg; he and his eldest sister lived into adulthood and produced families. Children of <mask> zu Fürstenberg and Elizabeth, Princess of Thurn und Taxis, were: Marie Leopoldine (Prague, 4 September 1791 – Kupferzell, 10 January 1844); married at Heiligenberg, 20 May 1813 to Charles Albert III, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (Vienna, 29 February 1776 – Bad Mergentheim, 15 June 1843) Maria Josepha (9 September 1792) Antonie (28 October 1794 – 1 October 1799) <mask> II (Prague, 28 October 1796 – Bad Ischl 22 October 1854), succeeded his cousin, Joachim, as the fifth Fürst zu Fürstenberg on 17 May 1804. He married on 19 April 1818, to Amalie Christine Karoline, of Baden (Karlsruhe, 26 January 1795 – Karlsruhe, 14 September 1869). Maria Anna, 17 September 1798 – 18 July 1799 References Footnotes Sources Blanning, Timothy. The French Revolutionary Wars, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, .Chisholm, Hugh. "Fürstenberg". The Encyclopædia Britannica; a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. Cambridge, England, New York: At the University Press, 1910–11. Cust, Edward (Sir). Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century, compiled from the most authentic histories of the period. London: Mitchell's military library, 1857–1860.Ebert, Jens-Florian. "Feldmarschall-Leutnant Fürst zu Fürstenberg." Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815. Napoleon Online: Portal zu Epoch. Markus Stein, editor. Mannheim, Germany. 14 February 2010 version.Accessed 5 February 2010. Herold, Stephen. The Austrian Army in 1812. In: Le Societé Napoléonienne. Accessed 31 December 2009. Münch, Ernst Hermann Joseph; Carl Borromäus Alois Fickler. Geschichte des Hauses und Landes Fürstenberg: aus Urkunden und den besten Quellen.Aachen: Mayer, 1847. Phipps, Ramsey Weston. The Armies of the First French Republic, volume 5: "The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797–799," Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1939, pp. 49–50. Rickard, J. Battle of Emmendingen, 19 October 1796. History of War.Peter D. Antill, Tristan Dugdale-Pointon and J. Rickard, editors. February 2009 update. Accessed 7 October 2009. Smith, Digby. "Fürstenberg". Leonard Kudrna and Digby Smith, compilers. A biographical dictionary of all Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.Napoleon Series. Robert Burnham, editor in chief. January 2008 version. Accessed 7 October 2009. External links Marek, Miroslav. House of Fürstenberg: <mask> (F3). Version 2008.Accessed 20 January 2010. 1760 births 1799 deaths Military personnel from Prague <mask>s Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars killed in battle Field marshals of Austria Military personnel killed in action Generals of the Holy Roman

Alfred Bastien

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<mask> (16 September 1873, in Ixelles – 7 June 1955, in Uccle) was a Belgian artist, academic, and soldier. He attended the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Ghent, where he studied with Jean Delvin. He then enrolled in the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, where he studied with Jean-François Portaels. He won the Prix Godecharle there in 1897. He traveled to Paris, where he enrolled in the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He was in Paris when hostilities broke out in what would become the First World War. War Artist In July/August 1918, Lieutenant <mask> was attached as a war artist to the Canadian 22nd Battalion.Some of the work he created in this period is part of the Beaverbrook Collection of War Art at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa.In the Belgian Army, after serving in the 'Garde Civique' like many other Belgians, Bastien fled to Great Britain after the fall of Antwerp in October 1914 and despite his age (43) volunteered for the Belgian Army. He was eventually transferred to the 'Section Artistique' in Nieuwpoort along with many of his pre-war artist friends and acquaintances. From 1915 onwards, he made many drawings and sketches of the situation on and behind the Belgian lines on the Yser river. The British war-time magazine 'the Illustrated War News', among others, regularly published his work, quite often in distinctive and semi-panoramic, multi-color two-page spreads. In 1917, on personal request by Lord Beaverbrook who owned several of Bastien's pre-war paintings, he was seconded to the Canadian Army until September 1918, during which time he produced many works of art specifically related to the Canadian war experience. After the war, <mask> painted a grand Panorama of the Yser Front in 19th century tradition, a project which he had been planning since 1914 and which, according to his own telling, had been suggested to him by King Albert in 1914. During his war-time service in the Belgian Army, Bastien made many sketches, drawings and photos which were later either incorporated into the Panorama itself or were useful studies in technique and effects.The 'Panorama de l'Yser' painting itself measured 115 meters in length and 14 meters in height and was initially exhibited in Brussels. In the mid 1920s, a permanent building was constructed in Ostend, Belgium to house the Panorama along with a multitude of props and decor. The intention of moving the Panorama to Ostend was to capture a share of British war-tourism, since most British coming to visit relatives' war graves arrived by steamer in Ostend before proceeding to the area of the Ypres Salient. The Panorama opened at Ostend in 1926. Financially the Panorama was great success, both for Bastien who received a tremendous fee for the painting, for the consortium of businessmen and banks which provided funds and capital and for the city of Ostend which provided real estate and a newly constructed building to house the Panorama. The initial investment was repaid many times over, from entrance fees and from (by modern standards) modest merchandising of postcards and prints. To give a relative idea of the finances involved, the actual cost of the painting materials (oil paint, linnen, brushes etc.)was estimated at around 40 000 BF, the cost to construct the new building at Ostend was 550 000 BF and Bastien's fee itself was set at 350 000 BF. Entrance fees for customers was 3 BF. While on exhibition in Brussels until 1925 it is estimated that more than 800 000 customers visited the Panorama, amongst them many of the crowned heads of Europe, presidents and foreign emperors alike, all to great acclaim by the news-media. In completing a work of such dimensions it is obvious that Bastien could not do all the painting himself. Several of his war-time friends and fellow artists from the 'Section Artistique' participated in this grand project. The initial sketching in of the broad outline in charcoal of the Panorama took about a week's time to complete, while the actual painting and varnishing took one year's time. The Panorama was set up in a circle, with paying spectators having a viewing place in the center.Careful attention was given to the lighting effects and the placement of objects in the foreground, in order to create a more believable optical illusion. Aside from his most famous 'Panorama de l'Yser', exhibited in Brussels, <mask> also created a smaller sized 'Panorama de la Bataille de la Meuse' in 1937 which showed an amalgam of scenes from the fighting in Namur and the Citadel of Dinant during August 1914. Part of this panorama which depicted the massacre of Belgian civilians in Dinant in August 1914, was deliberately destroyed by German authorities during the 1940–44 occupation. The 'Panorama de l'Yser' was heavily damaged in 1940 during a bombing raid by British aircraft. The museum was closed during the war years and the painting was exposed to all manner of adverse weather conditions. In 1951 the work was moved into the Royal Army Museum in Brussels where a preliminary restoration was undertaken. Afterwards it was exhibited in the Army Museum until 1980.Subsequently, the painting has remained in storage, awaiting further restoration and a definitive destination. Honours 1919 : Grand officer in the Order of Leopold. 1945 : Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium. Career A<mask> served from 1927 to 1945 as Professor of the Class of Painting after Nature ("Peinture d'après Nature", in French) at Brussels'Royal Academy of Fine Arts. He ensured the interim (1932–1933) of the Class of Landscape Painting ("Paysage") after the death of Professor Paul Mathieu, and before his replacement by Frans Smeers (1933–1946). He also held the Directorship of this institution at three occasions: from October 1928 to Januari 1929, from June 1929 to October 1930, and a three-year mandate from September 1935 to September 1938. Among his students was Wu Zuoren (Wu Tso-jen), who would become head of the China Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing.See also Canadian official war artists War artist War art Notes References Mackerras, Colin and Amanda Yorke. (1991). The Cambridge handbook of contemporary China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; ; OCLC 220762013 State, Paul F. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Brussels. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.; OCLC 260107147 External links Over the Top, Neuville-Vitasse, 1918 Canadian Snipers, Beaurain-en artois, 1918 1873 births 1955 deaths People from Ixelles Canadian war artists Belgian war artists 20th-century Belgian painters Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts alumni Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent) alumni

Raghunath Anant Mashelkar

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<mask>, also known as <mask>, (born 1 January 1943) is an Indian Chemical Engineer, born in a village Mashel in Goa and brought up in Maharashtra. He is a former Director General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). He was also the President of Indian National Science Academy (2004-2006), President of Institution of Chemical Engineers (2007) as also the President of Global Research Alliance (2007-2018). He was also first Chairperson of Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng), Foreign associate of US National Academy of Engineering and the US National Academy of Sciences. Life and work <mask> studied at University of Bombay's University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT; now the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai) where he obtained BE degree in chemical engineering in 1966, and PhD degree in 1969. He currently serves as chancellor of the institute.He served as the director general of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - a network of thirty-eight laboratories-for over eleven years. Prior to this, he was Director of National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) for six years. He has been a visiting professor at Harvard University(2007-2012), at University of Delaware (1976, 1988), and at Technical University of Denmark (1982). He has been Sir Louis Matheson Distinguished Professor at Monash University for thirteen years (2007-2019). He has been on the board of directors of several companies such as Reliance Industries Ltd, Tata Motors, Hindustan Unilever, Thermax, Piramal Group, KPIT Technologies, etc. He has been a member of External Research Advisory Board of Microsoft (USA), Advisory Board of VTT (Finland), Corporate Innovation Board of Michelin (France), Advisory Board of National Research Foundation (Singapore), among others. As Director of India's National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) during 1989-1995, Mashelkar gave a new orientation to NCL's research programmes with strong emphasis on globally competitive technologies and international patenting.NCL, which was involved only in import substitution research till then, began licensing its patents to multinational companies. As Director General of CSIR, <mask> led the process of transformation of CSIR. The book 'World Class in India', has ranked CSIR among the top twelve organizations, who have managed the radical change the best in post-liberalised India. The process of CSIR transformation has been heralded as one of the ten most significant achievements of Indian Science and Technology in the twentieth century, by eminent astrophysicist Prof. Jayant Narlikar, in his book, The Scientific Edge. <mask> campaigned strongly with Indian academics, researchers and corporates for strengthening the IPR ecosystem. Under his leadership, CSIR occupied the first position in WIPO's top fifty PCT filler among all the developing nations in 2002. CSIR progressed in US patent filing to an extent that they reached 40% share of the US patents granted to India in 2002.Led by Mashelkar, CSIR successfully fought the battle of revocation of the US patent on wound healing properties of turmeric (USP 5,401,5041) claiming that this was India's traditional knowledge and therefore not novel. <mask> also chaired the Technical Committee, which successfully challenged the revocation of the US patents on Basmati Rice (USP 5,663,484) by RiceTec Company, Texas, (2001). This opened up new paradigms in the protection of traditional knowledge with WIPO bringing in a new internal patent classification system, where sub-groups on traditional knowledge were created for the first time. This led to the creation of India's Traditional Knowledge Digital Library, which helped in prevention of the grant of wrong patents on traditional knowledge. He pioneered the concept of Gandhian Engineering in 2008 (Getting More from Less for More People). His paper with late C.K. Prahalad titled `Innovation’s Holy Grail’ has been considered as a significant contribution to inclusive innovation.His other contributions amplify the concept of More from Less for More. He was on the Engineering and Computer Science jury for the Infosys Prize from 2009 to 2015. National contributions He was a member of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister and also of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet set up by successive governments. He has chaired twelve high powered committees set up to look into diverse issues ranging from national auto fuel policy to overhauling the Indian drug regulatory system & dealing with the menace of spurious drugs. He was appointed by the Government as Assessor for the One-man Inquiry Commission investigating into the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1985–86), and as Chairman of the Committee for investigating the Maharashtra Gas Cracker Complex accident (1990–91). Deeply connected with the innovation movement in India, Dr. <mask> served as the Chairman of India's National Innovation Foundation (2000-2018). He chaired Reliance Innovation Council, KPIT Technologies Innovation Council, Persistent Systems Innovation Council and Marico Foundation's Governing Council.He co-chairs the Maharashtra State Innovation Society. Research <mask> has made contributions in transport phenomena, particularly in thermodynamics of swelling, superswelling and shrinking polymers, modelling of polymerisation reactors, and engineering analysis of Non-Newtonian flows. He won the TWAS Lenovo Science Prize, which is the highest honour given by The World Academy of Science. The citation for the prize given read as “for his seminal contributions in mechanistic analysis, synthesis and applications of novel stimuli responsive polymers.” His prize winning work has been recently highlighted in Current Science, some highlights are as follows: <mask> and co-workers researched on smart hydrogels, which are water swollen crosslinked networks of polymers. They respond to stimuli such as pH, temperature, electric field, etc. and undergo volume phase transition. They have enormous potential as sensors, actuators, soft robots, controlled drug delivery systems, etc.<mask> and co-workers discovered and demonstrated for the first time a class of smart hydrogels that exhibited unique biomimicking functions: thermoresponsive volume phase transitions similar to sea cucumbers, self-organization into core-shell hollow structures similar to coconuts, shape memory as exhibited by living organisms, and metal ion-mediated cementing similar to marine mussels. Besides this, his group also created switching biomimetic hydrogels showing enzyme like activity (gelzymes). Achieving self-healing in permanently cross-linked hydrogels had remained elusive because of the presence of water and irreversible cross-links. <mask> and co-workers demonstrated for the first time that permanently cross-linked hydrogels can be engineered to exhibit self-healing in an aqueous environment. <mask> and co-workers demonstrated for the first time a novel enzyme mimicking hydrogel (gelzyme) in the form of a polymeric chymotrypsin mimic, whose hydrolytic activity could be rapidly, precisely and reversibly triggered on / off by UV light and pH. Unlike the enzyme-based systems, gelzyme offered additional features: greater tailorability; complete reversibility; and stability in hostile environments. Controversy In 2005, the Indian government established a technical expert group on patent laws under the chairmanship of <mask>.Its purpose was to determine whether amendments made in Indian patent law were TRIPS compliant. The committee unanimously concluded that the amendments were not TRIPS compliant. The report generated controversy when editorials published simultaneously in the Times of India and The Hindu alleged parts of the report had been plagiarised. <mask> subsequently withdrew the report due to the alleged plagiarism, admitting to flaws in the report whilst stating, "This is the first time such a thing has happened." He later also explained that the technical flaw was not the alleged lack of attribution but it was citing the attribution at the end of the report than in the body of the report due to the style adopted for the report. The controversy was raised in the Indian Parliament, with demands that the report be "trashed" and the issues be referred to a joint standing committee. However, the government instead referred the report back to the technical expert group to reexamine and correct the inaccuracies.The report was resubmitted after corrections in March 2009 and was accepted by the Government as such. Awards and recognition Dr. <mask> has received several awards and is a member of numerous scientific bodies and committees. So far, 42 universities from around the world have honored him with honorary doctorates, which include Universities of London, Salford, Pretoria, Wisconsin, Swinburne, Monash and Delhi. ETH Presidential Lecture (2007), Zurich. Inaugural BP Innovation Oration, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge (2010). IIFA Ben Gurion Award, Israel (2009) for contributions in Science & Technology Asian Development Bank Eminent Speaker Forum Oration, Manila (2014) P.V. Danckwerts Memorial Lecture, IChemE, London (1994) References Scientists from Goa 1943 births Living people Indian chemical engineers Rheologists University of Mumbai alumni Institute of Chemical Technology alumni Marathi people Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering People from North Goa district Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering 20th-century Indian chemists 20th-century Indian engineers Engineers from Goa Indian fluid dynamicists Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science

Mohammed Hameeduddin

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<mask> (born c. 1973) is a former American politician and the Mayor of Teaneck, New Jersey. He was elected on July 1, 2010, in a 5–2 vote by the non-partisan township council. The son of immigrants from Hyderabad, India, <mask> is the first Muslim-American to be elected mayor in Bergen County, and one of a few Muslims to hold the office of mayor in the United States. On July 1, 2016, <mask> was again elected Mayor of Teaneck by the town council following the death of Mayor Lizette Parker in April. His term of service ended July 1, 2020. Biography Early life and education <mask> was born to an Indian Muslim family from Hyderabad in The Bronx, New York City. He moved to Teaneck, New Jersey, in 1981 with his family.He attended Emerson Elementary School and Benjamin Franklin Middle School in the Teaneck Public Schools before graduating from Teaneck High School. He then attended Rutgers University for two-and-a-half years. He owns and operates the HW Title Agency in nearby Hackensack, New Jersey. Political career The township's deputy mayor, Adam Gussen, an Orthodox Jew, had attended primary school, Teaneck High School and Rutgers University with <mask>. <mask> told the New Jersey Jewish News the pair first met in middle school, in grade six, when they were both sent to their school's principal's office for different infractions. His election sparked media attention to the diversity of Teaneck's population. <mask> had been Teaneck's first Muslim councilmember when he was elected to a four-year term on the Township Council in 2008.On May 8, 2012, <mask> was re-elected as Mayor of Teaneck with 4,374 votes. Scholars and journalists have chosen to quote and comment on <mask>'s term as mayor. During the summer of 2010 the conversion of a building in Manhattan to a mosque triggered controversy for some Americans, because it was less than a mile from the site where the World Trade Center towers had been brought down, with great loss of life, by hijacked airliners piloted by Muslim extremists. On August 16, 2010, Gwen Ifill of the PBS Newshour tried to moderate a discussion between <mask> and Rick Lazio a former member of the US Congress and candidate for Governor of New York, over the "Ground Zero Mosque". The discussion grew acrimonious, very acrimonious by PBS standards, and Ifill felt she should write about how the acrimonious discussion escaped her control to moderate the next day. Australian scholars, comparing how American television and Australian television marked the tenth anniversary of al Qaeda's attack of 9–11, chose to quote <mask>. <mask>'s comment was originally broadcast on the Seven Network as a response to anti-Muslim retaliations: We're Muslim Americans, we're neighbors, we're politicians, we're doctors, we're lawyers.You know we're teachers. We're part of the American fabric. And to single us out and to put out these bills that are unconstitutional, saying you can't practise your religion, and anti-sharia bills and things like that—these Pavlovian triggers that the Islamophobes are very good at putting out there. That's something that our community really, ... I'd say we are hurt by. Tina Susman, reporting in the Los Angeles Times also chose to quote <mask>, in its coverage of the Ground Zero Mosque controversy. She noted how he described how some politicians focussed on Muslims, when "looking for a wedge issue."She also noted the high regard his Jewish colleagues apparently felt for him, quoting Elie Katz, who joked <mask> encouraged him to be a better Jew, when he knew Katz was missing attending synagogue. <mask> was included in a list of prominent Muslim office-holders in "Sons of Abraham: A Candid Conversation about the Issues That Divide and Unite Jews and Muslims". The other six individuals offered as examples were Congressional Representatives or Presidential appointees. In "Uncle Swamy" Vijay Prashad described the struggles individuals of South Asian ethnic heritage have engaged in to be accepted more fully into the mainstream of American life. He praised Teaneck city council for passing a "far-sighted anti-bias resolution" under <mask>'s leadership. In December 2011 CBS News quoted <mask> in a report about a general problem in New Jersey. <mask> told Levon Putney that in 2008 five deputy fire chiefs retired, telling the city they were each owed a substantial payout for unused sick-pay.He said that the officials had been trusted to keep track of their own sick-pay. Teaneck closed this loophole for its own officials. But in 2011 New Jersey Governor Chris Christie called for an end to local officials keeping track of their own sick pay. In March 2013 Hameedudin was chosen to appear in a panel at the Wilson Center, entitled "American Muslim Local Officials: Challenges and Opportunities". <mask> participated as one of three Muslim celebrity judges during the "Crescent Foods Cooking Challenge" at the "Sameer's Eats Halal Food Tour" in July 2013. Four cooking teams were challenged to prepare a halal meal with mystery ingredients. Second tenure as mayor (2016–2020) Incumbent Mayor Lizette Parker unexpectedly died in office on April 24, 2016.Deputy Mayor Elie Katz assumed the role of acting mayor until Parker's permanent successor could be elected by the town council. On July 1, 2016, the Teaneck town council elected <mask> as the new mayor of Teaneck, marking his second tenure as head of the township. He was sworn into office by Jersey City Mayor Steve Fulop later that same day. His term ended July 1, 2020 as he opted to not run for re-election to the council. References 1973 births Living people American Muslims People from the Bronx Mayors of Teaneck, New Jersey New Jersey city council members Rutgers University alumni American mayors of Indian descent American politicians of Indian descent Asian-American people in New Jersey politics

Joe Bevilacqua

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Joseph K<mask> (born January 2, 1959) is an American actor, producer, director, author, dramatist, humorist, cartoonist, and documentarian. Biography Early life <mask> was born on January 2, 1959, in Newark, New Jersey, the son of a policeman, <mask>., and a housewife, the former Joan Kvidahl. <mask> began performing as a child. His family moved to Iselin, New Jersey in 1965. In 1971, he began recording his first audio stories, Willoughby and the Professor, half hour stories, in which he performed all of the voices himself, creating live sound effects, and scoring with 78 RPM records he found in his attic. According to NPR, <mask> sent a 120-minute cassette of his Willoughby stories to voice actor Daws Butler, the voice of Yogi Bear, Quickdraw McGraw, Huckleberry Hound and other Hanna-Barbera and Jay Ward cartoon characters. Butler soon dubbed himself <mask>'s mentor.Author <mask> has written and edited a number of books, including Daws Butler, Characters Actor, the authorized biography of his mentor and the voice of Yogi Bear. He co-authored the script book Uncle Dunkle and Donnie with Daws Butler and edited Butler's Scenes for Actors and Voices workbook. He has also written many liner notes on the history of radio for Radio Spirits releases. Radio career <mask> also worked for WBGO, Jazz 88 in Newark, NJ, and produced documentaries for WNYC, New York Public Radio, on jazz legends including Louis Armstrong, Wynton Marsalis, Count Basie, Woody Herman, Cab Calloway, and Lionel Hampton. His features play on NPR. He is a frequent contributor to National Public Radio, and in 2009, <mask> presented his commentary for Marketplace. about his "green lifestyle".As of June 2014, <mask> had 14 regularly airing radio series, and 34 hours of new radio per month. The Joe Bev Hour The Joe Bev Hour is the umbrella named used by radio stations for all of his productions syndicated worldwide: The Comedy-O-Rama Hour is improvised radio theater, performed by regulars <mask>, Lorie Kellogg, Kenny Savoy, Jim Folly and guest stars Rick Overton, Judy Tenuta, Bob Camp (co-creator of Ren and Stimpy), Shelley Berman, Al Franken (before he was a Senator), Bob Edwards, Julie Newmar and Stuart Pankin. The series had a four-year run on Sirius XM Radio before moving to syndication. The Jazz-O-Rama Hour is a music show hosted by <mask>, featuring 78 RPM and early LP recordings remastered from his own personal collection spanning the 1920s to the 1960s. The Joe Bev Experience is an omnibus of documentaries, interviews, comedy and drama. Cartoon Carnival is an hour of rare and classic cartoon audio, children's records, cartoon music and sound effects, new radio cartoons, interviews and mini-documentaries about the animation. The Joe Bev Audio Theater is an anthology of drama and humor storytelling with full casts, sound effects and music.The Joe Bev Hour Sunday Edition is a rotating lineup which includes The Comedy-O-Rama, The Joe Bev Experience, Cartoon Carnival, and The Joe Bev Audio Theater. Bear Manor Radio In March 2014, BearManor Media appointed <mask> as program director of the new Bear Manor Radio Network. In an announcement dated March 28, 2014, Ben Ohmart, president of Bear Manor Media, the publisher of books about old Hollywood, said, "We are excited to collaborate again with the extraordinarily talented <mask>." The BearManor Radio went on the air streaming 24/7 on April 1, 2014, with six program. On June 1, 2014, the network added four more hour, all produced by <mask>. These are: The Voice Actor Show: Interviews with top voice actors Lorie's Book Nook: Interviews with Bear Manor authors The J-OTR Show: A mix of new and old time radio Fred Frees Favorites: An audio book sampler The Jazz-O-Rama Hour: Early 78 RPM and LP recordings remastered Cartoon Carnival: Interview, music and soundtracks The Lost OTR Show: Recently uncovered old time radio not heard in over 60 years Audio Classics Archive: The top old time radio from the vault of Terry Salomonson What's Cookin' with Chef Steve: Jazz, authors, and recipes Audio books In 2011, <mask> signed a deal with Audible to distribute all of his audiobooks, including radio drama, science fiction, comedy, cartoons, documentary, classic literature, biography, and autobiography. In 2012, <mask> signed a new deal with Blackstone Audio, which has released nearly 100 audio titles by Bevilacqua, for download, CD, retail and libraries.100 more are planned for 2014, many radio theater and comedy. Cartoonist Since the 1970s, <mask> has been cartooning his own characters, starting with Willoughby and the Professor. He has drawn for many of his projects and most recently drew cover art for six new Blackstone Audio titles coming up July 1, 2014, under the collective title A Joe Bev Cartoon. Film and TV <mask>v was also the voice of Unicycler Cat in the North Bay Corp animated television commercials. Stage <mask>'s stage work includes roles in Equus, Bedroom Farce, Applause, Black Comedy, and others plays. He tours regularly as Bud Abbott in A Tribute to Bud & Lou with Bob Greenberg as Lou Costello. <mask> has performed at [The Improv], Caroline's on Broadway, Catch a Rising Star, and the Comic Strip.He has opened for Uncle Floyd, and has worked with Al Franken, Shelley Berman, Lewis Black and Rick Overton. <mask> has also MC'd shows featuring Jerry Seinfeld, Bill Mahr and Gilbert Gottfried. In 1989, funded by The New Jersey Historical Commission and The Monmouth County Historical Society, <mask> produced, directed and starred in A Freneau Sampler, consisting of the poetry, prose and life of Philip Freneau. Awards 2013 – Kean University Distinguished Alumni Award 2012 – New York TANYS Award for Excellence in Ensemble Acting, for his portrayal of Bud Abbott in The Vaudeville in the Catskills show. 2006 – New York Festivals award for All Things Considered, a tribute to <mask>a 2004 – Silver Reel Award from the National Federation of Community Broadcasters for his personal essay, "A Guy Named Joe Bevilacqua Audio". 2001 – New York Festivals award for Lady Bird Johnson: Legacy of a First Lady Filmography Film Television References External links <mask>'s Official Waterlogg Productions Blogg Waterlogg Productions, Waterlogg Design <mask> at IMDb 1959 births Living people American biographers American male voice actors American writers of Italian descent Male actors from Newark, New Jersey American male biographers NPR personalities Writers from Newark, New Jersey American radio producers American radio writers XM Satellite Radio

Paul Babeu

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<mask> (pronounced BAB-you; born February 3, 1969) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who was sheriff of Pinal County, Arizona, from January 1, 2009, to January 1, 2017. He was Pinal County's first Republican sheriff. Babeu ran for Arizona's 4th congressional district in the 2012 elections to the United States House of Representatives but withdrew and came out as gay after a personal controversy. He became the Republican nominee for Arizona's 1st congressional district in the 2016 elections after winning the primary on August 30, 2016. He was defeated in the general election by Democrat Tom O'Halleran. Early life and education <mask> was born on February 3, 1969, in North Adams, Massachusetts, to Raymond and <mask>. <mask> was a longtime employee of the area's electric utility who was also active in local politics.<mask> was the tenth of eleven children born into the family. Babeu has spoken of being molested for several years as a child by at least two Catholic priests, including Richard R. Lavigne. Babeu holds an associate degree in law enforcement from the Arizona Law Enforcement Academy. He also holds a bachelor's degree in history and political science from Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts and a summa cum laude master of public administration from American International College. Early career Massachusetts politics At age 17, while still in high school, Babeu campaigned against a proposed raise for North Adams, Massachusetts, City Council members. The council reduced the pay hike and <mask>, running as an independent, turned his effort into a successful campaign and was elected to City Council at the age of 18. In 1992, Babeu was elected to a four-year term as a Berkshire County, Massachusetts, commissioner.At the end of this term in 1996, <mask> ran for a seat in the Massachusetts Senate based in Berkshire, Hampden, Hampshire, and Franklin. He won the Republican nomination against Peter Abair. He lost in the general election to Democrat Andrea F. Nuciforo, Jr. 55–42%. In 1997, he ran for mayor of North Adams against incumbent Democrat John Barrett III. In the open primary, <mask> ranked first but failed to reach the 50% threshold. He led Barrett by just 145 votes. In the general election, Barrett won re-election and defeated Babeu 53%-47%, a difference of just 353 votes, in an election with an unusually high turnout rate of 75% among registered voters.In 2001, <mask> ran for a rematch against Barrett, but lost again. DeSisto School executive <mask> served as headmaster and later as executive director the DeSisto School in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, a school for troubled youths, from 1999 to 2001. The school closed in 2004, following the death of its founder Michael DeSisto. The school was in a long legal fight with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts over licensing, allegations of child abuse, a Commonwealth-imposed enrollment freeze, and accusations of failing to create a safe environment for its students. Court records show that problems at the school arose years before Babeu took over as headmaster. Babeu stated that he had never been the target of an investigation or lawsuit and "was recognized for helping restore financial stability of the school." Babeu was not named in any allegation during the investigation by the state.National Guard <mask> joined the Massachusetts National Guard as a 21-year-old. He started his service as a private and rose through the ranks to major in the Arizona Army National Guard. During his tenure he served a tour in Iraq and spent 17 months deployed in Arizona as a commander with Operation Jump Start (Southwest Border Mission). From 2006 to 2007, <mask> spent 17 months as commander of Task Force Yuma supervising 700 soldiers, where they supported the United States Border Patrol to achieve operational control and reduce illegal immigration. <mask> retired in September 2010 after 20 years of service. Chandler patrolman In 2002, he moved to Arizona to pursue a law enforcement career as a police officer for the city of Chandler, Arizona. He graduated from the Arizona Law Enforcement Academy as the #1 overall police recruit and was voted by his fellow officers as the class exemplary officer.<mask> was awarded two Life Saving Medals in the performance of his duties as a patrolman in Chandler. Babeu served as the Police Association president for the Chandler Police Department and on the board of directors for the Arizona Police Association. Career as Pinal County Sheriff and runs for higher office <mask> campaigned for the office of Pinal County Sheriff in 2008 and defeated Democratic incumbent Chris Vasquez, 54% to 46%. He was the first Republican sheriff elected in the history of the county (founded in 1875). <mask> was reelected in 2012 with 53.3% of the votes, winning out over Democrat and independent candidates. <mask> is vice president of the Arizona Sheriffs' Association and was named the National Sheriff of the Year in 2011 by the National Sheriffs' Association. Babeu led the third largest sheriff's office in Arizona with 700 full-time employees.<mask> has been an outspoken critic of the federal government on the issue of illegal immigration. According to <mask>'s website, "Pinal County is the number one pass through county in all of America for drug and human smuggling." He reported, "Pinal County contains an estimated 75-100 drug cartel cells and listening posts/observation posts, used to facilitate the illegal transportation of people and narcotics into the United States." Babeu also helped U.S. Senator John McCain and U.S. Senator Jon Kyl draft their "10-Point Border Security Plan". In late 2010, <mask> was asked by Maricopa County sheriff Joe Arpaio to investigate allegations of wrongdoing in Arapaio's department.This 6-month-long detailed search led to the termination of Arpaio's top two deputies. In 2011 and 2012, the Pinal County Sheriff's Office collected $7 million worth of surplus military equipment. Babeau said he intended to balance the department's budget by auctioning the equipment. After an Arizona Republic newspaper report, the Defense Logistics Agency directed Babeu "to retrieve vehicles and other equipment his office distributed to non-police organizations". 2012 congressional election On October 23, 2011, <mask> announced the formation of an exploratory committee to run for U.S. Congress in what would become Arizona's newly redrawn 4th congressional district. He ran against one-term Representative <mask>, who had been elected to the state's 1st congressional district in 2010. The following February, illegal alien Jose Orozco claimed that <mask> and Orozco had been lovers since meeting in 2006 on an online dating site.Orozco claimed that <mask> had known that he was an illegal alien while they were lovers, at odds with <mask>'s views on immigration policy. After the relationship ended, Orozco claims that <mask> threatened Orozco with deportation to guarantee his silence. Orozco claimed his statements are documented in copies of email and SMS correspondence between Orozco and <mask>. A spokesman for Babeu denied the allegations and described them as "sensationalist". The spokesman confirmed that <mask> would continue to run for U.S. Congress. <mask> came out as gay on February 18, 2012, saying that his sexual orientation was the only factual statement from the allegations. <mask> stepped down as co-chair of Mitt Romney's presidential campaign in Arizona, but received the continued support of U.S.Senator John McCain, who called <mask> his friend. <mask> dropped his congressional bid on May 11, 2012; instead he sought re-election as sheriff. He was re-elected by a large margin on November 6, 2012. On August 31, 2012, the Arizona solicitor general exonerated <mask> after an investigation. In a written statement, he wrote "The investigation determined that Babeu did not commit any criminal violations and further concluded that, although Orozco conducted himself in a manner that may constitute a violation of the law, there was no reasonable likelihood of conviction on anything more than a misdemeanor charge. It would be an inappropriate use of already-limited resources to prosecute Orozco for a misdemeanor." 2016 congressional election <mask> ran for Arizona's 1st congressional district in the 2016 elections.The district's incumbent representative, Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick, did not seek re-election as she instead ran for the U.S. Senate. On August 30, 2016, <mask> was declared the winner of the Republican primary. He faced Democrat Tom O'Halleran in the general election. O'Halleran defeated Babeu, receiving 51% of the vote to <mask>'s 44%. Departure from office <mask>'s tenure as sheriff ended on January 1, 2017, after his term expired. Republican Mark Lamb succeeded Babeu as sheriff. References External links <mask> biography at Pinal County Sheriff's Office <mask> for U.S. Congress 1969 births 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American politicians American International College alumni American LGBT military personnel American anti–illegal immigration activists American municipal police officers American school administrators Arizona National Guard personnel Arizona Republicans Arizona sheriffs Candidates in the 1996 United States elections Candidates in the 2012 United States elections Candidates in the 2016 United States elections County commissioners in Massachusetts Gay military personnel Gay politicians Gay police officers Heads of American boarding schools LGBT people from Arizona LGBT people from Massachusetts LGBT politicians from the United States Living people Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts alumni Massachusetts National Guard personnel Massachusetts Republicans Massachusetts city council members National Guard of the United States officers People from North Adams, Massachusetts People from Pinal County, Arizona United States Army personnel of the Iraq War

Rick Leonardi

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<mask> (born August 9, 1957) is an American comics artist who has worked on various series for Marvel Comics and DC Comics, including Cloak and Dagger, The Uncanny X-Men, The New Mutants, Spider-Man 2099, Nightwing, Batgirl, Green Lantern Versus Aliens and Superman. He has worked on feature film tie-in comics such as Star Wars: General Grievous and Superman Returns Prequel #3. Early life <mask> was born August 9, 1957 in Philadelphia, and grew up in Haverhill, Massachusetts. <mask>'s interest in becoming an artist was inspired by the work of Joe Kubert, which he discovered in the second grade when he read Star Spangled War Stories #139 (July 1968). Leonardi commented in a 2017 interview, "Top of page 8 is still one of the best-designed panels I've ever seen." Leonardi graduated from Dartmouth College in 1979, and started drawing for Marvel Comics the following year. Career <mask>'s first published comics artwork appeared in Thor #303 (Jan. 1981).He collaborated with writer Bill Mantlo on two limited series: The Vision and the Scarlet Witch (Nov. 1982–Feb. 1983) and Cloak and Dagger (Oct. 1983–Jan. 1984). <mask>'s works in the 1980s include various fill-in issues of The Uncanny X-Men and The New Mutants. He is credited, along with fellow illustrator Mike Zeck, of designing the black-and-white costume to which Spider-Man switched during the 1984 Secret Wars miniseries, and later wore for a time. According to writer Peter David, the costume began as a design by Zeck that Leonardi embellished. The plot that developed as a result of Spider-Man's acquisition of the costume led to the creation of the Spider-Man villain known as Venom although in a 2007 Comic Book Resources story, fan Randy Schueller claims to have devised a version of a black costume for Spider-Man in a story idea that he was paid for.Leonardi and writer Tom DeFalco created the Rose in The Amazing Spider-Man #253 (June 1984). For DC Comics, Leonardi was one of the artists on Batman #400 (Oct. 1986) and he drew the Batgirl story in Secret Origins vol. 2 #20 (Nov. 1987). Back at Marvel, Chris Claremont and Leonardi introduced the fictional country of Genosha in Uncanny X-Men #235 (Oct. 1988). From 1992 to 1994, <mask> was the regular penciler for the first 25 issues of Spider-Man 2099 with writer Peter David. Leonardi later launched the Fantastic Four 2099 series with Karl Kesel. Leonardi drew the 2000 intercompany crossover miniseries Green Lantern Versus Aliens.He drew one of the tie-in one-shots for the Sentry limited series in 2001. His subsequent series work includes Nightwing, on which he was the regular penciler for issues #71-84 from 2002 to 2003 and Batgirl, of which he drew issues #45–52 from 2003 to 2004. Subsequent miniseries he drew include Star Wars: General Grievous in 2005, and the 2006 movie tie-in, Superman Returns Prequel #3. He followed up that with other superhero titles such as Superman #665 and #668 (2007), JLA: Classified #43 (November 2007), Witchblade #112 (January 2008), and the 2008 miniseries DC Universe: Decisions. Leonardi drew the Vigilante series that debuted from DC in December 2008. Leonardi and inker Ande Parks are the illustrators on the 2019 Batman Beyond arc written by Dan Jurgens which debuted with issue #31 in April 2019. Although Leonardi had worked on Batman before, this assignment is his first time working on the future-based Batman Beyond, whose concept is similar to Spider-Man 2099, which Leonardi co-created.Bibliography Dark Horse Comics Dark Horse Comics #1–2 (1992) Green Lantern Versus Aliens #1–4 (2000) Star Wars #8, 10 (1999) Star Wars: Darth Vader and the Lost Command #1–5 (2011) Star Wars: General Grievous #1–4 (2005) Star Wars Tales #3, 9 (2000–2001) DC Comics Adam Strange Special #1 (2008) Astro City vol. 3 #44 (2017) Batgirl #45–47, 49–50, 52, 54 (2003–2004) Batman #400 (1986) Batman Beyond vol. 6 #31–36 (2019) Birds of Prey #39–41 (2002) Booster Gold vol. 2 #47 (2011) Booster Gold / The Flintstones Special #1 (2017) Convergence Batgirl #1–2 (2015) Convergence Batman: Shadow of the Bat #2 (2015) DC Universe: Decisions #1, 3 (2008) Fables #113 (2012) The Flintstones #7 (2017) Green Lantern/Huckleberry Hound Special #1 (2018) JLA: Classified #42–46 (2007–2008) Justice League Giant #1 (2018) Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 5 #47 (2008) Legion Worlds #4 (2001) New Teen Titans vol. 2 #22 (1986) Nightwing #57, 59, 71–75, 78–81, 83–84 (2001–2003) Nightwing: Our Worlds at War #1 (2001) Sandman Special #1 (2017) Scooby Apocalypse #17 (2017) Secret Origins vol. 2 #20 (Batgirl) (1987) Showcase '96 #7 (1996) Sovereign Seven Annual #2 (1996) Suicide Squad vol.3 #23 (2013) Supergirl vol. 5 #27 (2008) Superman #665, 668–670, 712 (2007–2011) Superman Returns Prequel #3 (2006) Vigilante vol. 2 #1–4, 7–10, 12 (2009–2010) Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe #14 (1986) Who's Who: Update '87 #1 (1987) Event Comics Painkiller Jane #1–5 (1997) Painkiller Jane/Hellboy #1 (1998) Marvel Comics The Amazing Spider-Man # 228, 253–254, 279, 282 (1982–1986) Cable/Machine Man '98 #1 (1998) Classic X-Men #37 (1989) Cloak and Dagger #1–4 (1983) Cloak and Dagger vol. 2 #1–4, 6 (1985–1986) Cloak and Dagger vol. 3 #12–16 (1990–1991) Daredevil #248–249, 277 (1987–1990) Excalibur #19 (1990) Excalibur: Air Apparent #1 (1992) Excalibur: XX Crossing #1 (1992) Fantastic Four 2099 #1 (1996) Generation X #24 (1997) Giant-Size X-Men #4 (2005) Impossible Man #2 (1991) The Incredible Hulk Annual #10 (1981) Marvel Comics Presents #10–17 (Colossus); #101–106 (Ghost Rider/Doctor Strange) (1989–1992) Marvel Fanfare #14, 19 (1984–1985) Marvel Holiday Special #4–5 (1995–1997) New Mutants #38, 52–53, 78 (1986–1989) New Thunderbolts #96–97 (2006) Phoenix Resurrection: Revelations #1 (1995) The Rampaging Hulk vol. 2 #1–3, 5–6 (1998–1999) Sentry/Spider-Man #1 (2001) Sleepwalker #4 (1991) The Spectacular Spider-Man # 52, 71 (1981–1982) Spider-Man #17 (1991) Spider-Man 2099 #1–8, 10–13, 15–17, 19–20, 22–25 (1992–1994) Spider-Man/Spider-Man 2099 #1 (1996) Tales of the Marvel Universe #1 (1997) Thor #303, 309 (1981) Uncanny X-Men #201, 212, 228, 231, 235, 237, 252 (1986–1989) The Vision and the Scarlet Witch #1–4 (1982–1983) Warlock and the Infinity Watch #3–4 (1992) X-Man #31 (1997) X-Men '99 Annual #1 (1999) X-Men: True Friends #1–3 (1999) New Paradigm Studios Watson and Holmes #1 (2013) References External links Rick Leonardi at Mike's Amazing World of Comics Rick Leonardi at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators 1957 births 20th-century American artists 21st-century American artists American comics artists Artists from Philadelphia Dartmouth College alumni DC Comics people Living people Marvel Comics people People from Haverhill, Massachusetts

James Watt (loyalist)

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<mask> also known as Tonto (born 21 September 1952) is a former Northern Irish loyalist who was the top bomb maker for the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) in the mid-1970s. In 1978, <mask> was convicted and given nine separate life sentences for murder and attempted murder. These included bombings which killed a ten-year-old boy and two teenagers in two attacks carried out in April 1977 as a part of a UVF bombing campaign against republicans. Following his release from prison in 1989 he left the organisation and in 1995 became a preacher having embraced Born-again Christianity while serving his sentence. Ulster Volunteer Force <mask> was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland on 21 September 1952 and grew up in a Protestant family in Benview Park off the loyalist Ballysillan Road in North Belfast. His father worked as a park ranger at the Bone Hill playing fields. Employed as a fitter having left school to earn his apprenticeship in the trade, <mask> joined the loyalist paramilitary organisation, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) in 1973 because, in his words, "the IRA were blowing up my city".He later told police that it had been "the right thing to do"; His role in the UVF Belfast Brigade was that of a bomb maker; his skills in that field ensured that by 1976 he was much in demand for operations that required the use of explosives. The UVF and the other loyalist paramilitary organisations lacked the expertise as regards bombmaking and therefore lagged considerably behind the IRA; nevertheless <mask> achieved a reputation within the ranks as the UVF's top bomb maker. He was better known by his nickname "Tonto" taken from the Lone Ranger's American Indian companion. Notable bombing attacks In April 1977 he was recruited by members of the Shankill Butchers gang who beginning in late 1975 had carried out a series of cut-throat killings against Catholic civilians operating out of the Brown Bear pub on the Shankill Road. Although their leader Lenny Murphy was imprisoned by this time, the group continued to perpetrate killings acting under Murphy's instructions which he issued during prison visits by his close associates known as Messrs "A" and "B". The Butchers gang were part of the UVF Brown Bear platoon, however their murderous activities were not authorised by the UVF Brigade Staff (Belfast leadership). Departing from their usual modus operandi Messrs "A" and "B" wished to attack a large number of Republicans directly in their Falls Road stronghold by planting a bomb during the traditional Republican Easter Rising commemoration parade.For this they needed the sanction of the Brigade Staff who gave it only on the condition that the bomb would only take out members of the IRA. The Butchers also required the services of <mask> to assemble the bomb. Before his arrest and imprisonment, Murphy had refused to use <mask> preferring to act independent of the Brigade Staff. After a reconnaissance of the Falls Road area with Norman Waugh, Benjamin Edwards and two other Butchers' gang members specifically chosen to plant the device, <mask> decided that a security barrier composed of cement-filled beer kegs outside a bakery on Beechmount Avenue in the Lower Falls area would be the ideal spot for hiding the bomb. He constructed the five-pound bomb with sticks of gelignite inside a beer keg which was then transported by the gang to Beechmount Avenue at 3.00 am on Easter Sunday 10 April. The bomb was placed with the other beer kegs that made up the security barrier. The bomb primed by <mask> beforehand and planted by the Shankill Butchers exploded shortly the following afternoon at 2.47 pm just as the Official Sinn Féin Commemoration parade began.The explosion killed one boy, Kevin McMenamin (10) and injured five people, one of whom had a leg blown off. Ten days later another UVF bomb assembled by <mask> was planted to go off beside the funeral cortege of IRA man Trevor McKibbin in Etna Drive, Ardoyne. Two teenaged Catholic boys Sean Campbell (19) and Sean McBride (18) were killed in the no-warning explosion. They were both civilians. The blast was so powerful that its force left one of the victims decapitated. It later emerged that before the Troubles broke out in 1969, <mask> had played football with Campbell's older brothers at the Bone Hill playing fields. The following month the UVF again used <mask>'s expertise to make a bomb which detonated in Crumlin Road outside Mountainview petrol station.The attack was to punish the station's owner, who had defied a joint UVF and Ulster Defence Association (UDA) order to close during the 1977 Ulster Workers Strike. John Geddis, an off-duty Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) Corporal was killed as he drove past. Imprisonment and release <mask> was arrested and questioned by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC); The investigation team was headed by CID detective Alan Simpson. <mask> admitted his guilt to a number of killings and at his trial held at Belfast Crown Court in September 1978, he received nine separate life sentences for murder and attempted murder. He did not however receive a recommended sentence as his lawyers had asked that each murder be presented before the court in individual hearings resulting in nine separate sentences. During his time in prison he studied with the Open University eventually obtaining a first class degree in maths. He remarked that, "The OU made learning enjoyable".He was released in 1989. In 1995 he became a preacher after having embraced Born-again Christianity whilst serving his sentence. In 2007, the sister of Sean Campbell expressed a wish to meet <mask>. Psychologist Geoffrey Beattie, who as a youth had been in a local gang with <mask>, was interviewed by radio and television personality Stephen Nolan for his 2011 televised documentary on the Shankill Butchers. Beattie suggested that <mask> had not been a particularly vicious person, adding that he had known young men who were far more vicious and "much harder" than <mask>. The documentary erroneously claimed <mask> was an integral part of the Shankill Butchers gang. References Ulster Volunteer Force members 1952 births Living people Paramilitaries from Belfast

Víctor Valdés

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<mask> (; born 14 January 1982) is a Spanish football coach and former professional player, who played as a goalkeeper. <mask> was considered fiercely competitive and demanding, demonstrating great mental strength and concentration to be alert during long spells of ball domination, and was superb at one-on-ones. He spent most of his professional career with Barcelona in La Liga, and is regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in the club's history, having appeared in 535 official games for the club and won 21 major titles, notably six La Liga titles and three UEFA Champions League championships. <mask> also won the Zamora Trophy a record five times. He currently holds the club records as goalkeeper with most appearances in the league and in official competition, breaking Andoni Zubizarreta's records during the 2011–12 season. After leaving Barcelona at the end of his contract in July 2014, he joined Manchester United in January 2015. He played rarely at United, and after a brief loan at Standard Liège, he moved on to Middlesbrough.After being released by Middlesbrough at the end of the 2016–17 season, Valdés retired from professional football. <mask> made his full international debut in 2010 and earned 20 international caps. He was part of the Spain squads which won the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012, and also finished second at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. Early career Born in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, <mask> started his career with FC Barcelona's youth team when he joined from Peña Cinco Copas on 1 July 1992. That September, he moved with his family to Tenerife and had to leave the club, but returned three years later. After returning, he made quick progress through the youth teams. Club career Barcelona Valdés made his first team debut against Legia Warszawa in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League on 14 August 2002.The early part of the 2002–03 season saw <mask> play deputy to Argentine international Roberto Bonano, but the arrival of Radomir Antić as the new manager in January 2003 saw regular first-team opportunities for Valdés. In the 2003–04 season, he emerged as first-choice goalkeeper, and in the 2004–05 season, he played in almost all of Barcelona's matches, helping Barcelona to their first league title in six years. He also won the Zamora Trophy as the best goalkeeper in Spain that season. In the 2005–06 season, <mask> helped Barça to the continental double in Europe. He played a big part in Barça's 2005–06 UEFA Champions League winning campaign and in the final against Arsenal, he denied Thierry Henry twice from point-blank range to help his side win 2–1 at the Stade de France. His efforts saw him singled out for praise from Barcelona manager at that time Frank Rijkaard. The "Zamora" title, however, eluded him, as Valdés came third after Santiago Cañizares and the winner, José Manuel Pinto.On 17 June 2007, in the last match of La Liga, <mask> matched a goalkeeping record held by former Barcelona goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta by starting, and never being substituted, in all 38 matches of the La Liga season. <mask> set the Barcelona club record for not conceding a goal in European competition with a clean sheet against Rangers on 7 November 2007, which saw him re-write the Barça record books after not conceding a goal for 466 minutes. <mask> was beaten twice by Lyon captain Juninho through a 45-yard free kick and a late penalty kick at the Stade de Gerland, ending his streak. In the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, however, Barça failed to win a major trophy. On 3 February 2008, <mask> captained Barcelona for the first time in a 1-0 league win at home against Osasuna. On 1 April 2008, <mask> made his 250th appearance for Barcelona. On 27 May 2009, Barcelona beat Manchester United 2–0 in the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to complete an unprecedented treble of La Liga, Champions League, and Copa del Rey.In the match, <mask> made two saves from attempts by Cristiano Ronaldo in both halves. In the first half, he saved a long-range free kick, and in the second half, he saved the other from Ronaldo, coming from a tight angle following a low cross from Bulgarian striker Dimitar Berbatov. On 16 May 2010, <mask> won his fourth league title as Barcelona clinched a second successive Spanish league title with Pep Guardiola's side, ending the season with 99 points. On 29 August 2011, <mask> played his 410th match with Barcelona and equaled Andoni Zubizarreta's record as Barcelona's goalkeeper with the most appearances. In 2012, <mask> made a goalkeeping error against Real Madrid in the Supercopa de España that culminated in Ángel Di María scoring a decisive goal and narrowing down Barcelona's two-goal advantage. Real Madrid went on to win the Super Cup in the second leg at the Santiago Bernabéu. On 1 May 2013, in a 3–0 Champions League semi-final loss to Bayern Munich at Camp Nou, <mask> made his 100th appearance in the competition, becoming the 17th player to do so.Later that month, <mask> announced that he would not renew his Barcelona contract, which was due to expire at the end of the 2013–14 season. He cited the pressure of representing the club and stated that he had declared his wish to leave early enough for the club to find a replacement. On 26 March 2014, in a 3–0 victory against Celta Vigo, <mask> tore his anterior cruciate ligament in the 22nd minute of the match and was substituted off, and was ruled out for the rest of the season, ending his Barcelona career and ruling him out of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Manchester United In January 2014, prior to the conclusion of his contract with Barcelona, <mask> signed a pre-contract agreement to join Ligue 1 side Monaco at the end of the season; however, <mask>' injury led to Monaco pulling out of the agreement. On 23 October 2014, Manchester United offered <mask> the chance to complete his rehabilitation from a knee injury and to work his way back to fitness with the club. He was offered a contract in January 2015, and on 8 January signed an 18-month deal, with the option of a further year, as backup for compatriot David de Gea. As part of a compensation package for reneging on their deal with Valdés, Monaco agreed to pay the difference between the £150,000 weekly wage he stood to earn with them and the lower salary offered by Manchester United.<mask> played his first match since his knee injury on 26 January, featuring for United's Under-21 team in a 2–1 home win over Liverpool. Before the game, he gave a team talk based on the teachings of his former manager Guardiola. He made his first-team debut on 17 May against Arsenal at Old Trafford, replacing the injured De Gea for the final 16 minutes and conceding an own goal by Tyler Blackett for a 1–1 draw. A week later he made his first start for the team in their last game of the season away to Hull City, keeping a clean sheet in a goalless draw which relegated the opponents. On 15 July 2015, Manchester United manager Louis van Gaal announced that <mask> had been placed on the transfer list after it was claimed he had refused to play in a reserve game. The following month, he was not given a squad number for the upcoming season. A transfer to Turkey's Beşiktaş fell through as personal terms could not be agreed.Despite subsequently being named in Manchester United's Premier League squad, reports confirmed Valdés was only named to conform to Premier League rules and not being offered a way back. Standard Liège On 23 January 2016, Manchester United announced that <mask> would be moving to Belgian club Standard Liège on a six-month loan deal. He made his debut a week later in a 2–0 win at OH Leuven in the Belgian Pro League. On 20 March, <mask> won the 2016 Belgian Cup Final, beating Club Brugge 2–1. His loan spell was cut short on 29 April after the club decided to allow more youth players the opportunity to play in games at the end of the season. Middlesbrough On 7 July 2016, <mask> signed a two-year deal on a free transfer at Premier League newcomers Middlesbrough, managed by compatriot Aitor Karanka. On 13 August 2016, <mask> made his debut in a 1–1 draw against Stoke City.On 22 October 2016, <mask> kept his first clean sheet of the season in a 0–0 draw against Arsenal. The club entered the relegation zone in March 2017 after a 2–0 loss to Stoke City, with Karanka sacked later that month. <mask>, as well as fellow goalkeeper Brad Guzan, left the club on 1 July 2017. Although he had offers from several clubs in Spain to prolong his career, <mask> retired from professional football in August 2017; after remaining without a club for the first half of the 2017–18 season, he later confirmed his official retirement in January 2018. International career On 16 August 2005, <mask> was called up for a friendly game against Uruguay, but did not take the field. After being overlooked by various coaches of the Spanish national side for several years, on 20 May 2010, he was included by Vicente del Bosque in Spain's final 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa as the second-choice goalkeeper behind captain Iker Casillas wearing the number 12 shirt. On 3 June 2010, <mask> earned his first cap, starting in a friendly match between Spain and South Korea at Tivoli-Neu in Innsbruck, Austria. <mask> was part of the Spanish squads that won the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012, despite not playing in either tournament.He was also in the Spanish squad which reached the final of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup in Brazil. His sole appearance in a major tournament came in their last group game, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 win over Nigeria at the Estádio Castelão in Fortaleza. Style of play In his prime, <mask> was considered to be a successful and generally high quality goalkeeper, albeit somewhat inconsistent, and is regarded as one of Barcelona's best ever goalkeepers. An authoritative presence in the area, with good reflexes, handling, positioning, and shot-stopping abilities, he was known for his agility and composure in goal, as well as his ability to produce decisive saves, in particular after not being tested for long stretches of time; however, he was also prone to errors on occasion, in particular in his early career. In addition to his goalkeeping abilities, he was known in particular for his vision, footwork, distribution, control and skill with the ball at his feet, which enabled him to play the ball out on the ground or launch an attack from the back; throughout his career, he also stood out for his intelligence, ability to read the game, and his speed and bravery when coming off his line to claim the ball on the ground in one on one situations, and also excelled at anticipating opponents outside his area who had beaten the offside trap, and often functioned as a sweeper-keeper. Coaching career On 1 June 2018, <mask> returned to football as a manager by acquiring his UEFA Pro Licence alongside compatriots such as Xavi, Raúl and Xabi Alonso. <mask> started coaching amateur side ED Moratalaz's youth ranks, where he achieved two regional titles.On 19 July 2019, <mask> returned to Barcelona to coach its Juvenil A side. His return, however, was short-lived, as he was sacked on 7 October due to a private scandal with La Masia director Patrick Kluivert. Despite dismissal, <mask> returned to the touchline in May 2020, when he was appointed the manager of UA Horta. He left in January 2021 in order to 'focus on Joan Laporta's presidential project' as reported by El Mundo Deportivo. Laporta's idea is to make Valdes part of the new board if he wins the presidential election in March 2021. Personal life <mask> was born to José Manuel <mask> and Águeda Arribas and has two brothers, Ricardo and Álvaro. He married his long-time partner, Colombian model Yolanda Cardona, in June 2017.The couple have two sons, Dylan and Kai, and a daughter, Vera. Career statistics Club Sources: Notes International Honours Club Barcelona La Liga: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13 Copa del Rey: 2008–09, 2011–12 Supercopa de España: 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013 UEFA Champions League: 2005–06, 2008–09, 2010–11 UEFA Super Cup: 2009, 2011 FIFA Club World Cup: 2009, 2011 Standard Liège Belgian Cup: 2015–16 International Spain FIFA World Cup: 2010 UEFA European Championship: 2012 Individual Zamora Trophy: 2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12 La Liga Best Goalkeeper: 2009–10, 2010–11 ESM Team of the Year: 2010–11 FIFA FIFPro World XI 4th team: 2013 Middlesbrough Player of the Month: October 2016 Decorations Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit: 2011 See also List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances References External links National team data at BDFutbol 2010 FIFA World Cup profile 1982 births Living people Spanish footballers Association football goalkeepers FC Barcelona C players FC Barcelona B players FC Barcelona players Manchester United F.C. players Standard Liège players Middlesbrough F.C. players Tercera División players Segunda División B players La Liga players Premier League players Belgian First Division A players UEFA Champions League winning players Spain youth international footballers Spain under-21 international footballers Spain international footballers Catalonia international footballers 2010 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players FIFA World Cup-winning players Footballers from L'Hospitalet de Llobregat UEFA European Championship-winning players Spanish expatriate footballers Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Belgium Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate footballers in Belgium Expatriate footballers in England Spanish football managers FC Barcelona non-playing staff

Eugene Litvinkovich

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<mask> (born 4 November 1982, Zhodino, Belarus) is a singer born in Belarus and popular in Ukraine, author and performer. The finalist of "Ukraine's Got Talent 4" show in 2013 and super-finalist of "X-factor (Ukraine) 3" show at the beginning of 2013 Biography Childhood and youth <mask> was born on 4 November 1982 in Zhodino, Belarusian town in the family of shoe maker <mask> and photographer <mask>. After the early death of his father, his sister Elena was taking care of him. Since he was 7 years old, <mask> studied at school with in-depth study of music and choreography. At the age of 10 he entered the art school and later finished it with honor. At the same time <mask> practiced martial arts (judo and sambo) and became the Candidate for Master of Sport in sambo. After the ninth school grade he entered the college of Art and Restoration, but didn't graduate it and started his activity as private entrepreneur instead.A shop tent with glasses and gloves became his first business experience. After he had earned a certain sum of money, <mask> first established an open air disco club "The Cage", and then organized a night club "Extra", a restaurant "Paradise" and opened a small cafe "At Zheka's" Start of music career While selling glasses and gloves on the market, <mask> also found a half-time job as an audio engineer in local Palace of culture "Rovesnik", where he provided musical accompaniment of rehearsals in the studio of modern song "Silver trill" managed by a voice teacher Nelli Ambartsumian. As <mask> had a talent for singing he was suggested to study singing more professionally. In 2007 <mask> took part in the local festival "Zhodino Spring" and received his first Grand Prix as a winner in category of performers of 16 to 25 years old, and also a color TV set "Gorizont" as a prize. In 2009 he became a finalist of the "New voices of Belarus" competition while taking part in a casting of vocalists to Presidential orchestra and performed the song "Friendship" at "Musical nights in Mir Castle" together with a famous Belarusian singer, one of the competitors of "Eurovision 2013" Alyona Lanskaya. In July, 2009, <mask> became the owner of Grand Prix at X Interregional contest of young performers of modern song in a town of Velizh, Smolensk region, Russia. During 2009-2010 he took part in the project of ONT channel "Musical court".In September, 2011, <mask> became the winner of International Festival "Youth of Russia and Belarus together in XXI century" in Mytishchi in category "The best actor" with another foster child of Zhodino studio of modern song in Palace of culture "Silver trill" Valentina Pavlova. On 24 September 2011 during the concert devoted to the day of the town Zhodino, <mask>h received the highest award of the local Executive Committee, rewarded with the honorary Citation for success in the sphere of culture, which was granted to him by the chairman of Zhodino town Exsecutive Committee Mihail Omelyanchuk and CEO of OJSC "Belaz" Pyotr Parhomchyk. At the beginning of 2012 <mask> passed the casting of the project "Academy of Talents" on the ONT channel, but left the competition after the first Live Show. During next 4 years <mask> had been taking part in castings for the "New Wave" contest in years 2010, 2011 (finalist), 2012 (super-finalist). In 2013 he took part in the casting as the representative of Ukraine. In 2012 he performed at Slavianski Bazaar together with Alyona Lanskaya. Success in Ukraine Ukraine's Got Talent After passing the initial casting to the show Ukraine's Got Talent 4 in Minsk, <mask> was invited to take part in this contest on the Kharkov selection in 2012.For the contest <mask> had chosen the song "Sweet People", which was initially presented by Ukrainian singer Alyosha at «Eurovision 2010». The performance had great success among the audience. The decision of the judges was unanimous and <mask> found himself in the semi-final of the show, where he performed live with the song of Lolita Milyavskaya "Moy Fetish" ("My Fetish"). By the decision of judges <mask> left the show but received the invitation from Ihor Kondratyuk (one of the jury members) to take part in another solely vocal talent-show X-Factor. Still, when the organizers of the show "Ukraine's Got Talent" decided to add one more place in the final, <mask> received this place as the leader of the audience voting. "Katastroficheski" ("Catastriphically"), initially performed by Diana Arbenina, was the contest song that time. By the result of final voting and the decision of the judges <mask> took the 3rd place.X-Factor In October 2012 <mask> took part in the casting of the third season of the Ukrainian show X-Factor. Having performed the Russian version of the song "Milim" ("The Words") of Harel Skaat, <mask> easily passed selection tours and performed in all 11 live broadcasts of the show. Without getting to the nomination for a single time, <mask> became a super-finalist of the show and took the 2nd place according to the audience voting, leaving the victory to a singer from Odessa Aida Nikolaychuk. After the final of the show <mask> took part in the tour in 19 Ukrainian cities together with other competitors (12 January – 3 February 2013). Solo career Znaki Zodiaka (Zodiac Signs) After the end of "X-Factor" show, <mask> signed a 5-year contract with the production center of the STB channel and started working on his first album. On 7 March 2013, during the "Factor of spring" concert devoted to the celebration of the International Women's Day, <mask> presented his first author's song "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs"). <mask> worked actively on writing his new songs, recording his first album "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs"), and also performed a lot in a number of Ukrainian cities.On 14 March 2013, the official site of <mask> was presented by STB channel. On 2 and 3 April 2013, the shooting of musical video for the song "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs") took place. Maxim Litvinov became the director of this work. Musical video was presented on 23 May. On 6 April 2013, a large-scale fan-meeting with <mask> took place. During the meeting <mask> notified everyone about his first solo concert being planned for 31 May. In the second part of April the tickets sale started and after only one week all of them were sold.Eugene together with STB channel decided to hold additional solo concert the same day. The tickets for the additional concert were also sold in several days. Both solo concerts were held in the assembly hall of the National Music Academy of Ukraine named after P. I. Tchaikovsky (Kyiv Conservatory) with the "sold out" notice. During the concert the first singer's album "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs") was also presented. The disc contained the song of the same name as well as two more author's songs "Vot tak-to luchsche" ("This is much better") and "K Tebe" ("To you"), the songs "Mama" (music by L. Shyrin, Y. Vaschuk; lyrics by N. Tambovtseva), and also 4 songs performed during the "X-Factor" show. K Tebe (To You) After the great success of the first solo concerts <mask> announced the preparation of the tour around Ukrainian cities. In August the musical video for the song "K Tebe" ("To you") was shot by a famous music video-maker Alexandr Filatovich.The music video was presented on the main square in Kyiv on the big screen after the flash-mob organized by the director and the singer and supported by <mask>'s fans. The tour "K Tebe" ("To you") ran around 14 largest cities of Ukraine took place within the period of 6 to 21 November 2013. Together with the beginning of the tour the first full-fledged <mask>'s album was released. The disc included 4 songs from the album "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs"): "Mama", "K Tebe" ("To you"), "Vot tak-to luchsche" ("This is much better"), "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs"), as well as new songs most of which were composed by <mask> himself. One song - "Anomalia" ("Anomaly") - was presented on the 16 October 2013 on "M1" Ukrainian music channel. By the results of the work performed during year 2013, <mask> was awarded as "The Breakthrough of the Year" by the TV-show "Unbelievable truth about the stars" by STB channel. National casting for the contest of "Eurovision 2014" On 21 December 2013, <mask> took part in the National Casting for the contest of "Eurovision 2014" from Ukraine with the song "Strelyanaya Ptitsa" ("A Shot Bird").After being selected for the finals of the show, <mask> resulted the 8ths out of 20 participants by the sum of audience and the jury. Zdes' i Seychas ("Here and now") At the beginning of 2014 the song "Mirazhy" ("Mirages") was released. The song was devoted to the tragic events related to Euromaidan in Ukraine. The author of the song was <mask>'s colleague by the "X-factor" show - Mariya Zhytnikova. The work for the new album had been starting. In May 2014 during the finals of the show Ukraine's Got Talent 6 the head song of the album Zses' i Seychas (Here and Now) was presented as well as the other song in Ukrainian "Diydu do mety" ("I will reach the goal"), written by another participant of the X-factor show Arkadiy Voytyuk. The same year Eugene and STB channel broke the contract ahead of time and the singer proceeded with his career on his own.In summer, 2014, <mask> recorded the song "Ohotnitsa" ("The hunter") with the Ukrainian singer Renata Shtifel. In the second part of 2014 the singer toured a lot around Ukraine. On 25 November the second album "Zses' i Seychas" ("Here and Now") was released and the supporting tour was held. The tour included 12 cities of Ukraine. The new album included the new songs that were written by <mask> and other authors, as well as several songs from the first album "K Tebe" ("To You"). Notre Dame de Paris On 28 and 29 March 2015, in the Concert Hall "Ukraine" in Kyiv, the premiere of the concert-sensation of the songs from the musical "Notre Dame de Paris" took place. <mask> performed the part of Clopin, the king of the Court of Miracles.During the concert <mask> performed the following arias: «Les Sans-Papiers», «La Cour des Miracles», "Condamnés" - solo, as well as «Fatalité», «Où Est-Elle?», «Libérés», «L’Attaque De Notre-Dame» - together with other solo singers. Love and peace From 16 April till 27 May 2015, <mask> toured around 20 cities of Ukraine with the concert program "Love and peace". The goal of this tour was to raise positive mood of Ukrainians in the difficult period of war in Donbass. Together with beginning of the tour the 4th disc of <mask> called "Selected" was released. The disc contained 19 best compositions from the singer's repertoire. After his returning from the tour, on 29 May, <mask> was awarded as "The male singer of the year 2014" by the results of Ukrainian contest of public preferences "The Success Favorites". Work and recognition in Belarus At the end of November - beginning of December, 2013, <mask> was invited to perform during the music marathon in the city of Baranovichi.Within this project he performed on the Eve devoted to creative work of Leonid Shirin with the song "Mother", in the concert of the graduates of "The Academy of Talents" show and also received an award "The song of the year 2013". Discography Albums Znaki Zodiaka (Zodiac Signs) (2013) К Tebe (To You)(2013) Zdes' i Seychas (Here and Now) (2014) Selected (2015) Videos References External links Official website Video Youtube Channel of <mask>h 1982 births Living people People from Zhodzina 21st-century Belarusian male singers Got Talent contestants The X Factor contestants 21st-century Ukrainian male singers Ukrainian people of Belarusian descent

G. Aravindan

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<mask> (23 January 1935 – 15 March 1991) was an Indian film director, screenwriter, musician, cartoonist, and painter. He was one of the pioneers of parallel cinema in Malayalam. He was known for his unorthodox way of filmmaking; he changed his cinematic forms consistently and experimented in storytelling without regular narrative styles. He studied at University College, Trivandrum. Before venturing into the film field, he was an established cartoonist. He had also worked with documentaries and theatre. He also occasionally directed music for other filmmakers.The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of Padma Shri in 1990. Biography G<mask> was the son of comedy writer M. N<mask> Nair. <mask> started his professional life as a cartoonist for the journal Mathrubhumi. He established himself as a cartoonist in the early 1960s with his cartoon series Cheriya Manushyarum Valiya Lokavum which dealt with the social encounters of its central characters, Ramu and <mask>ji, mingled with political and social satire. After that series ended in 1973, he drew cartoons for other journals but these were very sporadic. At one point, <mask> diverted his attention to theatre and music. He played a major role in establishing theatre and music clubs Navarangam and Sopanam.He became associated with eminent theatre figure Kavalam Narayana Panicker which accelerated his activities in the field of professional play. They created several plays like Kaali and Avanavan Kadamba. <mask> was working as an officer in revenue board when he got associated with artist Devan, playwright Thikkodiyan and writer Pattathuvila Karunakaran. The early works of <mask> were influenced by the group; for example, the spiritualism factor which can be seen in his early works can be attributed to satirist Sanjayan and mystic paintings of K. C. S. Paniker. The first film directed by <mask>, Uttarayanam (1974), came out as a product from this group; the film was produced by Karunakaran and the story was written by Thikkodiyan. The film, which exposes opportunism and hypocrisy set against the backdrop of the Independence struggle, was inspired by <mask>'s own cartoon series Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum (Small World and Big People). The film is about Ravi, an unemployed young man, who has to face a series of encounters during his search for a job.Ravi reflects on the past struggles of the anti-British freedom fighters he has learned about from his paralyzed father. He eventually meets <mask> Muthalaly, a leader of Quit India movement, but now a corrupt contractor. The film garnered wide critical praise and several awards, including five Kerala State Film Awards upon release. <mask>'s second film Kanchana Sita (1972) was an adaptation of C. N. Sreekantan Nair's play of the same name, which is a reworking of Valmiki's Ramayana. The film is credited with formation of a new stream called independent filmmaking in Malayalam. It interprets a story from the Uttara Kanda of the epic poem, where Rama sends his wife, Sita, to the jungle to satisfy his subjects. Director <mask> interweaves the Samkhya-Yoga philosophical concepts of Prakriti-Purusha bonds throughout the film.The film, told in a feminist perspective, significantly differs from all other adaptations of Ramayana in the characterisation of the central characters, including Rama and Lakshmana. The characters are humanised, contrary to the way divine characters from Indian mythology are usually depicted in visual media. The film was shot in the interior tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh and the roles of the epic heroes are played by Rama Chenchu tribal people (or Koyas), who claim lineage to the mythological Rama. Upper-class Hindu groups accused of Aravindan of blasphemy for casting tribals in the role of Hindu epic heroes but Aravindan never heeded saying that the Rama Chenchus have classical features and are marvellous actors. While Kanchana Sita dealt with mythology, <mask>'s next film Thampu (1978) dealt with realism and told the story of suffering in a circus troupe. It was shot in black and white in a direct documentary mode. <mask> won the award for Best Director at both National Film Awards and Kerala State Film Awards.His 1979 films Kummatty and Esthappan also ran through different streams. Kummatty is a Pied Piper-like figment of Malabar's folklore about a partly mythic and partly real magician called Kummatty (bogeyman) while Esthappan blends together the Biblical story of the deeds of Christ and the way society responded to him, with the life of Esthappan, whose life mystified others. Indefinability of the human mind was the theme of his next film Pokkuveyil (1981). The music for this film was composed by flautist Hariprasad Chaurasia. The legend is that visuals of this film were composed according to musical notations, without any script. The protagonist of the film is a young artist who lives with his father, a radical friend, a sportsman and a music-loving young woman. His world collapses when his father dies, the radical friend leaves him, the sportsman friend gets injured in an accident and has to give up sports and her family takes the woman away to another city.The lead role was played by poet Balachandran Chullikkadu. His next film Chidambaram came after a gap of four years. The 1985 film was an adaptation of a short story by C. V. Sreeraman and was produced by <mask> under the banner Suryakanthi. The film explores various aspects of relations between men and women through the lives of three people living in a cattle farm in the hilly areas on the border of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Themes of guilt and redemption are also dealt with. Unlike earlier films directed by <mask>, Chidambaram featured a cast consisting of many popular actors: Bharath <mask>, Smita Patil, Sreenivasan and Mohandas play the lead roles. In 1986 Oridathu can be seen as a continuation of <mask>'s earlier film Thampu and his cartoon series Cheriya Manushyarum Valiya Lokavum (The Small Man and the Big World).The story is about the problems faced by the people of a hamlet with no electricity, when electric supply finally reaches them. The film reaches a conclusion that life is better without electricity. Though the film is discussing a serious issue, the treatment of it is very simplistic. Humour and intensity characterise the film that is set in the mid-fifties. The film is different from many of <mask>'s earlier works in that it deals with a broad range of characters and lacks a clear-cut linear story. The theme of Oridathu demanded a caricature treatment so Aravindan made it that way. When asked about this deviation, Aravindan stated, "There is an element of caricature in all the characters.A little exaggeration and lot of humour was consciously introduced to make effective the last sequence, which is the explosion. In fact the whole film moves towards the climax — the clash on the day of the festival and the breaking out of the fire." The film is complex in that it has many characters and many incidents and therefore does not have a single motif. Hence, <mask> had to use a number of shots in the film. The usual type of music is also absent. Instead, the sounds of the incidents are used to the maximum. In the film, different characters speak different dialects of Malayalam, for example the villagers speak pure Valluvanadan Malayalam of South Malabar, the overseer uses the Trivandrum Malayalam the fake Doctor uses Travancore Malayalam etc.In this period <mask> did a number of documentaries and short films. He composed music for films like Aaro Oral, Piravi and Ore Thooval Pakshikal. <mask>'s 1989 feature film Unni was an international co-production loosely based on experiences in Kerala of a group of American students, who played themselves. <mask>'s final project Vasthuhara (1991) about refugees in Bengal was based on C. V. Sreeraman's short story in the same name. The film had Mohanlal and Neena <mask> in major roles. <mask> died on 15 March 1991, before the release of Vasthuhara. The cause of death was a heart attack.He was aged just 56 when he died. Kerala Chalachitra Film Society facilitates Aravindan Puraskaram every year in the memory of G<mask> for the best debutant director in Indian languages. Other contributions References External links <mask> (Memoir by Chintha Ravi published in 1991) (in Malayalam) G<mask>—Sahapedia article by V.K. Cherian <mask>—Sahapedia essay by Sasikumar Vasudevan 1935 births 1991 deaths Indian cartoonists Musicians from Kottayam Artists from Kottayam Malayalam film directors Kerala State Film Award winners University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni Indian documentary filmmakers Best Director National Film Award winners Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Painters from Kerala Screenwriters from Kerala 20th-century Indian film directors 20th-century Indian musicians 20th-century Indian painters Film directors from Kerala Malayalam screenwriters Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award 20th-century Indian screenwriters

Killer Mike

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Michael Santiago Render (born April 20, 1975), better known by his stage name <mask>, is an American rapper, actor, and activist. <mask> made his debut on Outkast's 2000 LP Stankonia, and later appeared on their Grammy-winning single "The Whole World" from their greatest hits album Big Boi and Dre Present... Outkast (2001). He has since released five full-length albums as a solo artist. He is the founder of Grind Time Official Records, which he launched through SMC and Fontana Distribution. In December 2008, <mask> signed to fellow Atlanta-based rapper T.I. 's Grand Hustle Records. In 2012, he released R.A.P.Music, produced entirely by American rapper and producer El-P. <mask> and El-P subsequently formed the duo Run the Jewels in 2013; they were signed to Fool's Gold Records and released their self-titled debut in June of that year. <mask> is also known as a social and political activist, focusing on subjects including social inequality, police brutality, and systemic racism. In addition to addressing themes of racism and police brutality in his music, he has also delivered several lectures at colleges and universities, written about social justice topics for publications such as Billboard, and been the subject of interviews regarding police misconduct and race relations. He was a visible and vocal supporter of Bernie Sanders' 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, refusing to support Hillary Clinton after Sanders left the race, and again supporting Sanders in his 2020 presidential campaign. <mask> has appeared in films such as Idlewild, Baby Driver, and ATL. The documentary series Trigger Warning with <mask>, in which he explores issues in the U.S. that affect the black community, premiered on Netflix in January 2019. Early life Michael Render was born in the Adamsville neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, on April 20, 1975, the son of a policeman father and a florist mother.Because his parents were teenagers at the time of his birth, he was partly raised by his grandparents in the Collier Heights neighborhood of Atlanta, and would attend Douglass High School. Career 1995–2005: Early career and career beginnings In 1995, <mask> briefly attended Atlanta's Morehouse College, where he met producers The Beat Bullies and eventually Big Boi of Outkast. His music debut was a feature appearance on OutKast's "Snappin' & Trappin'" from the 2000 album Stankonia, followed by their 2001 single "The Whole World", which won the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. He was featured on several other tracks that year, including "Poppin' Tags" from Jay-Z's The Blueprint 2. In 2003, <mask> released his debut studio album, Monster, while being managed by Dayo Adebiyi and Al Thrash of Own Music. The album's lead single was "Akshon (Yeah! )", which featured OutKast on guest vocals.A remix of "Akshon (Yeah!)" was included on the soundtrack of EA Sports' video game Madden NFL 2004. The album's second single was "A.D.I.D.A.S. ", featuring Big Boi and Sleepy Brown, which peaked at number 60 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It is <mask>'s highest-charting single to date as a lead artist. Following the release of his own material, he appeared on "Flip Flop Rock" and "Bust" on the Speakerboxx half of OutKast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below double album. He also appeared on "Southern Takeover" with Pastor Troy on Chamillionaire's CD The Sound of Revenge.<mask> appeared alongside T.I. on the song "Never Scared" by Bone Crusher in his album AttenCHUN!. It peaked at #26 on the Hot 100, becoming <mask>'s second top 40 hit ("The Whole World" being the first). The song was also used on the Madden NFL 2004 game soundtrack and by the Atlanta Braves for their 2003 season. 2006–2012: Pledge series and R.A.P. Music What was to be his second album, Ghetto Extraordinary, had its release date pushed back several times due to disputes between Big Boi and Sony Records. Originally recorded in 2005, the album was eventually self-released as a mixtape in 2008.<mask>'s second official album, I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind, was released on his own Grind Time Official label in 2006, followed by I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II in 2008. According to an article published in the June 2007 issue of XXL, <mask> addressed why he left the Purple Ribbon roster. He stated that he felt as if Purple Ribbon was the equivalent to the "Clippers," while he wanted to join the "Lakers." T.I. later announced that he and <mask> had been in talks about bringing <mask> to his Grand Hustle imprint on Atlantic, and <mask> confirmed that he had signed in December 2008. He released his fourth official album, PL3DGE, on Grand Hustle in 2011. His fifth album, R.A.P.Music, followed in 2012. In 2013, <mask> announced that he was working to release two albums in 2014, I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind IV and R.A.P. Music II, both of which were to feature production by EL-P. Although neither album was released as planned, 2013 and 2014 did see the release of two Run the Jewels albums, both collaborative efforts between <mask> and EL-P. <mask> also announced in 2013 that his next solo album would be titled Elegant Elephant, a project he described as his "Moby Dick". He did not specify a timeline for its release. 2013–present: Run the Jewels Killer <mask> was introduced to rapper/producer El-P by Cartoon Network executive Jason DeMarco in 2011. The following year, El-P produced <mask>'s album R.A.P.Music and guested on the song "Butane (Champion's Anthem)". That same year, <mask> guested on El-P's album Cancer 4 Cure. When R.A.P. Music and Cancer 4 Cure were released within weeks of each other, the two rappers decided to tour together. The success of the tour eventually led to the decision to record as a duo, which they named Run the Jewels. Run the Jewels released a free eponymous album on June 26, 2013. The next year, on October 28, 2014, Run the Jewels released their second free album, Run the Jewels 2.On September 25, 2015, the duo released a re-recorded version of Run the Jewels 2 made entirely with cat sounds, titled Meow the Jewels. A third album, Run the Jewels 3, was released on December 24, 2016. Their fourth album, RTJ4, was released on June 3, 2020. Other ventures Acting <mask> has been featured in the films 20 Funerals, Idlewild (2006), and ATL (2006). He has also performed as a voice actor, playing a rapper/actor-turned-U.S. President named Taqu'il in the Adult Swim cartoon Frisky Dingo from 2006 to 2008. <mask> guest-voiced a Boost Mobile phone in an episode of the same name of Adult Swim's Aqua Teen Hunger Force. He appeared twice on an Adult Swim surreal comedy series The Eric Andre Show, once in 2012, where he acted as a hype man for a female opera singer, and again in 2014, where he performed a rap battle with Action Bronson while the two were forced to walk on treadmills.Graffitis SWAG Barbershop <mask> and his wife, Shana, opened a barbershop in Atlanta on November 1, 2011. The two acquired and reworked a barbershop and named it "Graffitis SWAG" (Shave, Wash, And Groom). He had waited nine years before choosing to open the barbershop, after having an early business manager advise him against the plan. It took his wife advising him to do it now while he had the time and money to pursue his lifelong dream. He eventually plans to open 150 shops across the United States over time, predominantly in cities with large black communities. The barbershop is decorated with artwork on the walls honoring historic black leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr. <mask> said that he hopes to "lift up men in the community who are out of work and help move them toward sustainable, lifelong careers" and give his employees "opportunity for real economic elevation". As of 2012, the shop employed six barbers, with plans to add four to six more licensed barbers to the team.<mask> also said that he hoped to pursue his own barber license in the winter of 2012. The enterprise has been successful and the shop has become a gathering place for the community, in addition to hosting events such as a season premiere for The Boondocks and serving as the setting for several music videos. A second location in Tampa, Florida was planned for 2014. Greenwood bank In October 2020, <mask>, Bounce TV founder Ryan Glover, and former Atlanta mayor Andrew Young founded Greenwood, an online bank targeting "Black and Latinx communities and anyone else who wants to support Black-owned businesses." According to Glover "tens of thousands" of people were on its waitlist for accounts within a day, and on January 26 Greenwood reported 500,000 people were waiting for accounts. The bank was originally expected to open in January 2021, but delayed its opening first to July, and then to the end of 2021, due to "unanticipated high demand". Activism <mask> is an outspoken social activist focusing on subjects including social equality, police brutality, and systemic racism.His views are reflected in his music, as well as in interviews with the media. As a publicly viewed figure, <mask> feels it is his responsibility to represent African-Americans: "I feel I have to be politically active and I have to be a credit to my race." He has been vocal on the subject of police misconduct, his father being a former police officer. His anti-brutality sentiment can be found on the song "Reagan" from his album R.A.P. Music, and the song "Early" on Run the Jewels 2. In response to the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown controversy in Ferguson, Missouri, <mask> said: In an op-ed published in Billboard magazine, <mask> stated that "there is no reason that <mask> and also Eric Garner are dead today—except bad policing, excessive force, and the hunt-and-capture-prey mentality many thrill-seeking cops have adapted". <mask> and El-P performed at The Ready Room in St. Louis, Missouri on November 24, 2014, the same night that the Grand Jury verdict was announced stating that Darren Wilson would not be charged with a crime in the shooting of Michael Brown.<mask> opened the set, which began about two hours after the announcement was made, with a heartfelt speech. Fan-shot footage of the speech later went viral. <mask>, in an op-ed, defended rap lyrics and says that they should be defended as freedom of speech. Commenting on the 2015 Baltimore uprising related to the death of Freddie Gray, <mask> noted that he understood the frustrations leading to violent demonstrations, but encouraged protesters to use their energy to organize for lasting change. In a Billboard op-ed, <mask> stated: He made similar points in an interview with the Harvard Political Review: "Baltimore is an opportunity for us to do something different. As society, there's a real opportunity to organize there, and if we do not take full advantage of the opportunity to organize, then the riots truly meant nothing." <mask> has given lectures about race relations in the United States at several American universities, including Northwestern University, New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Political involvement In June 2015, <mask> briefly ran as a write-in candidate to become the representative for Georgia's 55th district in the Georgia House of Representatives. Despite encouraging voters to write in his real name, Michael Render, any votes he received would not have been considered valid due to his failure to previously register as an official candidate in the election. He said his purpose in running was to raise awareness of the special election, and to demonstrate that political outsiders can and should run against established politicians. <mask> announced his support of Democratic U.S. presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in June 2015 after Sanders announced his intention to restore the Voting Rights Act of 1965. After introducing Sanders at a rally held in Atlanta November 23, 2015, <mask> spent time recording an interview with the presidential candidate at <mask>'s barbershop. <mask> released his interview with Sanders as a six-part video series the following month. In the following months, he remained an active and vocal supporter of Sanders, delivering speeches at rallies, voicing support in televised interviews and on social media, and traveling with the campaign.Sanders introduced Run the Jewels before their appearance at the 2016 Coachella music festival. In February 2016, <mask> received criticism during his activism for Sanders for quoting American anti-racism and LGBT advocate Jane Elliott regarding Hillary Clinton, which was criticized as misogynistic and mistakenly attributed as being his original phrasing online and in the press. Following Sanders' exit from the race, <mask> refused to support Clinton, due to her pro-war record. <mask> has been an advocate for investment in black-owned banks; in July 2016 he called for people to transfer their money to black-owned Atlanta bank Citizens Trust, stating, "We don't have to burn our city down. But what we can do is go to your banks tomorrow. You can go to your bank tomorrow. And you can say, 'Until you as a corporation start to speak on our behalf, I want all my money.And I'm taking all my money to Citizens Trust". In June 2017, at Glastonbury festival, <mask> endorsed Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 UK general election. On March 22, 2018, <mask> Noir defending black gun ownership. He says it had been filmed a week prior to the March for Our Lives yet released the weekend of the protest. He also stated that he told his children that if they participated in the National School Walkout that he would expect them to leave the family home. On March 26, 2018, he posted a video stating that the NRA used his interview out of context, saying he actually supports March for Our Lives while simultaneously advocating for black gun ownership. During this same video he gave his endorsement for gun ownership alternatives, listing the Socialist Rifle Association by name.On May 29, 2020, <mask> spoke during a press conference with Atlanta mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms in response to the murder of George Floyd and the ensuing protests. In 2020, <mask> supported both Raphael Warnock and Jon Ossoff in the 2020–2021 United States Senate special election in Georgia, both of whom won. Personal life <mask> married his wife, Shana, in 2006. He has four children. His nephew, Chance Holloman, signed to play offensive line at Tuskeegee University after graduating from Westlake High School. Discography Studio albums Monster (2003) I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind (2006) I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II (2008) PL3DGE (2011) R.A.P. Music (2012) Filmography Awards Grammy Awards |- |2003 |"The Whole World" (with Outkast) |Best Rap Performance By a Duo or Group | |- |} Billboard Awards In 2020, <mask> was the recipient of the first ever Billboard Change Maker Award, created to recognize an artist or group that speaks truth to power through their music and celebrity.References Further reading External links 1975 births 21st-century American rappers African-American male rappers African-American songwriters Alternative hip hop musicians American gun rights activists Articles containing video clips Atlantic Records artists Dungeon Family members Grammy Award winners for rap music Hip hop activists Living people Morehouse College alumni Political music artists Rappers from Atlanta Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state) Southern hip hop musicians Run the Jewels members Purple Ribbon All-Stars members

Benedetta Carlini

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<mask> (20 January 1590 – 7 August 1661) was a Catholic mystic and lesbian nun who lived in counter-reformation Italy. As abbess of the Convent of the Mother of God, at Pescia, she had a relationship with one of her nuns, Sister Bartolemea. These came to the attention of the counter-reformation Papacy, determined to subordinate potentially troublesome mystics if they showed any signs of independent or heretical spirituality. Although they paid three to four visits to the nunnery, it was not until they interrogated Sister Bartolemea that they found that <mask> and Bartolemea had engaged in sexual relations. Bartolomea gave testimony that Benedetta engaged in frottage with her while possessed by the spirit of a male demon known as Splenditello. Benedetta was stripped of her rank and imprisoned. Early life <mask> was born on 20 January 1590 (St. Sebastian night), in a remote mountain village which was located at the Apennines, 45 miles northwest from Florence.Her father was Giuliano, a rich and devout man who owned his house and several other properties in Vellano and a small farm nearby. Her mother was Midea <mask> (born Midea d'Antonio Pieri), a sister of the parish priest. Benedetta was an only child in her middle-class Italian family and Giuliano provided his will that after his own and his wife's death his house should be turned into an oratory dedicated to the Mother of God. Midea's labour was very difficult, painful and dangerous both for her and her daughter, both of whom survived. Giuliano had decided to name the girl Benedetta — blessed — and dedicate her to God's service. Soon after her birth, her family retired to her father's farm in the mountains where she was nursed by her mother and not a wet nurse. Benedetta's father educated her himself.That was unusual for Renaissance Italian society, in which most girls took lessons from their mothers and were not very literate. Her education and upbringing were religious. At the age of five, she knew the litany of the saints and other prayers by heart. Under her father's tutelage, Benedetta would take the Rosary and recite the litany several times a day. At the age of six, Benedetta learned to read and knew some Latin. Her mother instructed Benedetta to recite five Pater Nosters and eight Ave Marias every day. It seems that Midea was directing Benedetta toward supernatural female guides — the Virgin Mary, a statue of whom had been acquired especially for Benedetta, and St. Catherine of Siena, whose mystical marriage with Christ was celebrated as a feast day at their home.One day a black dog tried to drag Benedetta away, but her screams frightened him. By the time her mother came, the dog had disappeared. Benedetta and her parents intepreted this incident as the work of a devil disguised as an animal. On another day, when Benedetta was standing on a small porch of her house singing her Lauds to the Virgin Mary, she suddenly heard a nightingale imitating her song. She commanded the bird to stop singing as she did not wish to be accompanied. The nightingale stopped and only resumed when Benedetta allowed it. Over the next two years, this nightingale sang in any hour of day or night according to Benedetta wishes.In European folk culture and literature, the nightingale was a symbol of carnal love or the sensual side of life. One spring day of 1599, Giuliano decided to fulfill the vow made at the birth of his daughter and bring Benedetta to a group of religious women in Pescia. As father and daughter set off on the road, the nightingale once more appeared and began to follow them. About a mile from Vellano, <mask> turned to that bird and said: ″Goodbye nightingale, I am going to Pescia and leaving you.″ The nightingale flew off, and villagers never heard him again. Convent Benedetta joined a group of unmarried women who wanted to lead an ascetic life; it was not a regularly enclosed convent and they were not even full-fledged nuns. Firstly it was a retreat in a private house where women led a communal life engaged in prayer, spiritual exercises and making raw silk. This community had been formed nine years earlier (i.e.in 1590) by Piera Pagni, the widow of a prominent Pesciatine. One of her kinsmen, Antonio Pagni, founded an independent religious congregation for men in 1588. He had obtained a degree in canon law at the University of Pisa; he was joined by Father Paolo Ricordati and several other priests and laymen. Because of their reputation for saintliness, local people soon began to call them Theatine fathers. But they called themselves Fathers of the Holy Annunciation, and they were not members of the Theatine Order of Clerics Regular founded in 1524 by St. Cajetan Thiene. Fathers of the Holy Annunciation agreed to back a female community founded by Piera Pagni and provide spiritual direction to the women in it. Paolo Ricordati was their father confessor.Thus, local people began to call Piera Pagni and her subordinates "Theatines" too although the Theatine Order of Clerics Regular was a male religious order. In 1599 in Pescia were three official monasteries: San Michele (founded in the 12th century), Santa Chiara (founded in the 1490s) and recently formed Santa Maria Nuova. However, due to the rapid growth of Pescia, the Valdinievole province and the religious revival, there was not enough space for all who wanted to become nuns or monks. Many girls were refused entrance to these institutions and had no place to go. Convents required novices to pay an expensive subscription. ″Brides of Christ″, like brides of laymen, were accepted only with dowries. Dowries of wellborn Prescia brides amounted to 1500 scudi, and place in a prestigious female convent like Santa Chiara cost around 400 scudi when a skilled worker earned not more than 55 or 60 scudi a year.A semi-monastic community founded by Piera Pagni required only about 160 scudi, which Benedetta's parents were able to pay. In the last half of the sixteenth century, many religious communities like this appeared, offering an alternative to many women who could not or did not want to join already established convents. Some of the most devout and successful female religious orders, the Ursulines among others, started from such modest origins. Women with strong religious vocations often preferred such groups to well-established convents. These convents were often considered to be corrupt because many nuns had not joined them by choice; they had been sent there by relatives or driven by a hopeless situation. Also, the life of discarded daughters of aristocratic families in the convents was in many ways indistinguishable from the life of the upper classes on the outside. A community that Benedetta joined had adopted the so-called Rule of Saint Augustine.Originally it was a letter that Augustine of Hippo addressed to a group of nuns, led by his sister, who were experiencing difficulties in the governance of their convent. This Rule does not regulate in detail all aspects of the monastic life. It provides a set of spiritual counsels within which more specific rules could be accommodated by individual communities. It touched on such topics as the need to lead a communal life with no private property, the observance of prayers, the mortification of the flesh through fasts, the need for modest dress, and so on. This was accepted by many female convents and quasi-monastic communities. For the members of these groups, the Fathers of the Holy Annunciation created a hierarchy of authority. "They have among themselves a female superior under whom they govern themselves, a teacher of the novices, and other customary offices as if they were full-fledged nuns".As soon as her father left her in a community house, nine-year-old <mask> kneeled in front of the statue of the Madonna and said ″My most sweet Mother, I have left my carnal mother for you, I beg you to take me as your daughter.″ Not long after this, Benedetta prayed there again, and this statue fell over. As young novice, she was frightened but thought this was a miracle, showing that the Mother of God wanted to kiss her. Whereas before Benedetta had accepted miracles as being in the nature of things, now she was astounded and awed by this action of the Virgin, which testified to the mighty power of God. Benedetta's first years in this Catholic retreat were unremarkable. Twenty years later, other community members remembered that she was always very obedient and exemplary in all her actions, took communion twice a week and never did anything worthy of rebuke. If anything supernatural was happening to her during that time, only Benedetta herself knew about it. In 1610, the community of Benedetta acquired a farm in the commune of Fucecchio for 1750 scudi and became quite economically successful and self-sufficient.It appears from the available sources that the group's annual revenues came to 300 scudi, of which half came from the silk work done by its members and the rest from their dowries and from this farm and others. Thus, the following year they received permission from Rome to organize a general chapter and accept new girls. After that, the community started constructing a new convent building, which was completed in October 1613. In April 1618, the nuns asked the secular authorities for permission to enlarge the convent enough to accommodate up to thirty sisters (at that moment, there were eighteen of them, but they were confident of continuing growth). The project they proposed would cost 4000 scudi, part of which was for dismantling a section of the city wall to make way for the building. Despite the difficulties, the construction was approved and began soon. Visions and Spiritual Experience In 1614, just before the Pescia Theatines received permission to build their convent, Benedetta, now a young woman of twenty-three, reported to her mother superior and father confessor about her supernatural visions.The first had occurred one morning while she was praying. Suddenly she felt herself to be in a beautiful garden with many fruits and flowers. In the centre was a fountain with scented water, and next to it was an angel, holding a signboard with gold letters: ″Whosoever wants to take water from this fountain, let him purge his cup or not come nearer.″ Because she did not understand the meaning of this inscription, she asked the angel. He explained, ″If you want to know God, lift all earthly desires from your heart.″ On hearing these words, Benedetta felt a strong urge to take leave of the world, but, instead, the vision ceased, and with great inner wrenching, she returned to the normal world of the senses. Afterwards, she felt great happiness and a stronger desire than ever to be good. In the next visions, one time she saw a man dressed in great splendour who saved her from wild lions, scorpions and boars and said he was Jesus and the animals were demons. Another time a young boy appeared and told her to climb the Mount of Perfection, which was very difficult and, the boy said, would never be able without a true guide who is her father confessor.Some of <mask>'s visions had occurred in the presence of witnesses who had observed that during prayer she had gone into a trance-like state in which she gesticulated and made incomprehensible sounds. During these episodes, her altered state of consciousness had made it impossible for her companions to receive answers to their questions about what was happening to her. Particularly visual forms of mental prayer were widespread spiritual practice in pre-modern Europe. Visualization of people, places and events in the life of the Holy Family was recommended in prayers manuals by Luis de Granada, St. Charles Borromeo and others which Benedetta occasionally read. Benedetta's own reactions to her visions were mixed. At the time, there was less concern as to whether a "vision" was a product of imagination or mental illness; more concerning were whether these messages were diabolical or divine in origin. And father confessor Paolo Ricordati initially told her to disbelieve anything she saw as not to give the devil grounds on which to work his tricks, to try to repress the onset of visions and to ″pray to God that He send her travails instead of ecstasies and revelations, since it seemed to her that this would be safer against the deceits of the devil.″ Benedetta did as he said.She could keep herself from having visions, but she had great difficulty in receiving some sort of travail. Only in 1615, her prayers were answered, and she began to experience such intense pains over her entire body that she was paralyzed by them. The physicians could neither diagnose it nor determine what to do. None of the remedies eased Benedetta's pain. She thought that this mysterious illness was the sign of divine favour that Paolo Ricordati had asked for. She expected recognition of others for being the recipient of extraordinary grace and was to be sadly disappointed. Nothing had really changed, and for two years, Benedetta suffered quietly in the obscurity of monastic communal life consisted of prayer, fasts and manual work.In 1617 her visions resumed. But instead of encounters with Jesus and angels, Benedetta now was pursued at night by handsome young men who wanted to kill her and who beat her all over with iron chains, swords, sticks, and other weapons. And she experienced excruciating physical pain. Also, these men urged her to come with them and leave the Theatines, telling her by persevering in her monastic life she would only make herself ill without being certain of the salvation of her soul. One of them even asked Benedetta to be his bride, and when she refused, he tried to take her with brute force. The attacks took place several times a week and lasted for six to eight hours. One night she didn't endure and called other nuns for help.After that, her superiors assigned her a young companion, Bartolomea Crivelli, to help her in her battles with the devil. Bartolomea was to share Benedetta's cell and to keep an eye on her at all times. If at this point the confessor and the mother superior had any further concerns about the validity of Benedetta's claims, they did not voice them. Instead, the convent was now seen as being graced by the presence of a mystic whose body was the battleground between supernatural forces. The confessor and mother superior became extremely solicitous of her welfare and, because of her weakened condition, excused her from participation in many of the daily routines of the community. In 1618 construction of a new monastery building was coming to a close. The resettlement to new convent building was a solemn procession.<mask> walked in an ecstatic trance, seeing the angels of Pescia paying homage to her and scattering flowers along her path as if she were the image of St. Dorothy, the patron saint of Pescia, which being paraded in its annual procession through town. Once they arrived at the gates of the convent, the Madonna greeted her and gave her companion two guardian angels. No one other than <mask> could see the flowers and angels, but many citizens saw her in that unusual state. Abbess with Stigmata Three months after the resettlement, on the second Friday of Lent, <mask> received the stigmata. By her own words, these appeared between two and three at night when she was in bed. She saw a crucifix and bright rays from wounds of Christ to her head, hands, feet and side of the chest. These rays caused tremendous pain, but then Benedetta felt such contentment in her heart that she had never experienced before.Bartolomea Crivelli was near, and she was the first to see the signs on <mask>'s body. Also, she saw that <mask> arranged herself in the form of the Cross and became as red as a glowing ember and heard that <mask> said, "My Lord, there are others who are better than me, I don't deserve this since I am a sinner." Then <mask> asked Bartolomea to lift her by the arm because she couldn't do it by herself. And Bartolomea saw red marks like small rosettes on Benedetta's hands, feet, and side, and also a deep red band around her head, but it was bloodless. The stigmata were the first material evidence of supernatural phenomena that happened with Benedetta. Her heavenly

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grace had been quickly recognized, and sometime between February and May 1619, the nuns' community elected her to be their abbess. During the Lenten season of that year, Ricordati was regularly visiting the convent to hear Benedetta give sermons to the other nuns while they purified themselves with their whips as part of their penance.As she talked to them, she was always in a trance and spoke, not as herself, but as an angel who persuaded the nuns to lead a better life. This angel usually ended the sermons by praising <mask>, chosen above all others to receive the signs of God's grace. Had Benedetta not been in an altered state of consciousness, Paolo Ricordati would not have allowed her to give sermons because ″it is shameful for a woman″ to speak in a Christian church, even for an abbess. But if a woman had been favoured with the gift of prophecy of other divine gifts, she could be an exception. Heart Exchange and Splenditello Angel On March 21, 1619, Paolo Ricordati summoned Benedetta and told her: ″Today is the day of St. Benedict, your saint's day, go in ecstasy at your pleasure, I give you permission.″ It was an experiment to examine if her visions would come on command. That evening, during compline, Benedetta fell into a trance. Then at night, Benedetta experienced a new miracle that she had never had before.She saw Christ looking like a handsome young man with long hair and a long red robe. He was accompanied by St. Catherine of Siena and other figures. <mask> turned to Bartolomea, saying: ″I don't know if it is the devil's work; pray to God for me. If it is the devil's work, I will make the sign of the cross on my heart, and he will disappear.″ The young man explained that he was Jesus and had come to Benedetta to take her heart. She laughed, ″What would you do, my Jesus! You have come to take my heart, but I don't want to do it without the permission of my Spiritual Father.″ The young man reminded her that the confessor had said she could do anything that was God's will without any reservations. Benedetta supported that Jesus had taken her heart and returned three days after to put another heart in her body.By his miraculous power, it was possible to live so long without a heart. Bartolomea later said that when she was helping Benedetta with her blankets, she came up to her and felt her chest around where her heart should be, and felt a void. To maintain Benedetta's physical purity, Jesus ordered her not to eat meat, eggs, and milk products and not to drink anything but water. To maintain her spiritual purity, he assigned her a guardian angel, Splenditello, to point out her falling when she did something wrong. This angel appeared as a beautiful boy dressed in a white robe crowned by a wreath of flowers. In his hand, he held a green wand, about two feet long, on one side of which were flowers, and on the other thorns. The flowers were for when she did things that were pleasing to Jesus, the thorns were to punish her when she did not.And she felt pain if she did something wrong, because Splenditello touched her with the thorny side of a wand. Receiving corporal punishment from an angel and such intensive purification of the body was very unusual for Catholic nuns and saints. Once settled in their new quarters, the Theatines began the final round of administrative procedures to become a regular convent. In 1619, they asked Pope Paul V to grant them complete enclosure. When the papal officials who handled such petitions received the request, they asked the provost of Pescia to send in a report about them. Marriage with Christ On 20 May 1619, Jesus appeared to Benedetta in vision and announced that he wanted to marry her in a solemn ceremony a week later. He issued detailed instructions on the decoration for the chapel.The upper part of the altar should be covered with light blue cloth, the right side with red cloth and the other two sides in green. The floor also should be covered: images of Christ and Madonna, flowers of all sorts and colours, three chairs and 12 pillows must be there. All nuns in the house would be at the ceremony with lighted candles and then this Jesus will say them through Benedetta's lips what to do and where to go. Benedetta doubted was this genuine Jesus or some diabolic illusion and hesitated to tell Father Ricordati all the details of her vision, but three days later she revealed it. She wondered about the public nature of the event, and the work it required because Jesus didn't usually reveal himself in such a public fashion. But Ricordati unexpectedly let her proceed and other nuns had already started to decorate the convent because, in one of her recent ecstasies, Benedetta had spoken of the impending marriage and possibly couldn't remember this in the normal state of conscience. Because the community did not have a whole set of things needed for a solemn mystical marriage ceremony, they sent a servant off to borrow the altar cloth from several people outside the convent.They asked some of the religious institutions in the vicinity to contribute candles and solicited the pillows and flowers from various other quarters. The candles were sent by the Fathers of Holy Annunciation, by the convent of Santa Maria Nuova and by people of the mountain country. Baskets of flowers arrived from everywhere. The tree chairs came from the Prior of Pescia. Nuns had received so many gifts that they didn't know what to do with all of them. Word of what was happening spread and many people wanted to participate, but no one, not even Father Ricordati, was allowed by the provost to enter the convent during the preparation or the ceremony itself. On the morning of Holy Trinity (27 May 1619), Benedetta heard an inner voice telling her that she should dress the two novices as angels.She quickly wrote a note to Father Ricordati to obtain his permission. This done, she and the others went to Choir, where she picked up a basket of flowers, scattered its content throughout and then lit the candles, giving one to each. Benedetta instructed nuns to get on their knees and to do as she told. Taking up the crucifix, she began to intone Veni Creator Spiritus as she led a procession out of the choir, onto the garden, and then back around the choir where all of them sang various hymns and the litanies to the Virgin. After scattering incense and bowing several times in the direction of the altar, Benedetta knelt and resumed singing by herself. Her voice was scarcely audible and her words could not be made out. Then Benedetta had a new vision of Jesus, so bright and beautiful she could hardly look at him.And he said: ″Rejoice, today I will marry you.″ Next came the Madonna with a retinue of angels and saints. Benedetta replied that she did not want to consent, as she was not sure whether he was Jesus or the devil. ″I am not the devil, but your Jesus,″ he answered, ″give me your hand because I want to put the ring on you.″ Benedetta said: ″But Jesus, I am not worthy.″ The Madonna then took her right hand, and Jesus placed the ring on her finger. Benedetta kissed the ring. Jesus told her that no one else would see the ring but her. Then this supernatural man, invisible for all but Benedetta, made a whole sermon and represented her as his bride and servant, who is the greatest that he has in the world, and told all to obey her. Benedetta spoke in a tone that seemed to the other nuns more beautiful than her usual voice.After this sermon, <mask> had returned to her normal senses and began to leave the choir, almost as if nothing had happened. Along the way, she stopped to chat with the wife of the Vicar who, in defiance of provost's orders, had come to the convent to witness the wedding. Some other participants of the event were in doubt about this possible wonder. No one other than <mask> had seen Jesus, the Madonna, the saints or the ring. They knew that St. Catherine's marriage with Christ had left no visible evidence too, but the desire for publicity was unusual for a true mystic and seemed suspicious, especially if other people there didn't see any supernatural person or objects. <mask>'s contemporaries were well aware that because women were denied a place in the social and public discourse of their age, they thought to make their voices heard in other ways. Having religious visions was one way women could have their voices heard.For example, Maria de la Visitación, the nun from Lisbon, also had the stigmata and became one of the most influential European women of the 1580s, consulted by rulers and high church officials, before she was discovered to be a fraud.It’s been suggested that such could be the case with Benedetta. The First Investigation Not only the nuns of the Congregation of the Mother of God were concerned about Benedetta's religious experience, but also the leading ecclesiastical official in the town - provost of Pescia Stefano Cecchi, and Pescian secular authorities. Speaking through Benedetta, Jesus had said extravagant words of praise for her and the threat for damnation for those who did not believe in her. And he said that the fate of the townspeople was in Benedetta's hands. Such behaviour was not characteristic of holy people, whose messages from the divine contained praises of the Lord rather than themselves and who gained followers by their character and deportment rather than by threats. As the wedding preparations had already demonstrated, despite the provost's feeble efforts to curb any publicity about the affair, many people had become interested in Benedetta's mystical powers. Citizens not well-informed about religion were very inclined to believe in the unproven miracles.And the situation might get out of control of ecclesiastical and secular authorities. So provost Stefano Cecchi ordered all those who had witnessed the mystical marriage of <mask> and Christ to talk no further about this with outsiders. On 28 May 1619, the day after this ceremony, he came to examine Benedetta himself. <mask> was relieved of her duties as abbess until further notice, and Felice di Giovanni Guerrini came to this duties. Firstly Stefano Cecchi had examined the stigmata of <mask> <mask> since they were the only visible signs of miraculous intervention. Christ had said during Benedetta's sermon of the previous day that the wounds on her body would be open and larger in appearance than before. The provost, therefore, looked at her hands, feet, and side, where he could see bits of dried blood about the size of a small coin.When they were washed with warm water, each revealed a small opening from which drops of fresh blood trickled out. When the blood was dried with a towel, more came out. On <mask>'s head were many bloody marks, which also bled into the towel when washed with warm water. The stigmata, which day ago had been nothing more than small red marks, had changed just as Christ predicted. Then the provost asked Benedetta to recount how wounds came to be on her body. She told about five rays from the crucifixion in her vision during Lent and about that she felt pain not all time: "On Sundays, they seem to be numb; on Mondays and Tuesdays I have almost no pain; and all the other days I have great pain, especially on Fridays." After the first visit of the provost, Benedetta went into the trance and wrote two letters: to Ricordati and Cecchi.But after the trance, she could remember only former, in which she asked her father confessor for permission to write directly to the provost or meet with him. Ricordati denied her request because if Christ wanted to communicate with the provost, he would find other means for doing so. But then Ricordati forwarded to Cecchi the letter that <mask> had written to himself. <mask> did not know about this, and when Cecchi came again on 7 June 1619 and asked her what she wanted to tell him, she seemed nonplussed and had nothing to say. The provost had examined Benedetta's stigmata again and saw a few changes. The wound on the right hand did not bleed when washed and dried with a towel. The puncture marks on the head were also dried and looked partly healed.The provost was perplexed, but there was nothing to be done, and the visit came to an end. Then he had been visited and examined <mask> fourteen times between late May and early September. On June 14, the observation of stigmata revealed that some of the wounds that had almost healed the week before were now bleeding again. The provost ordered <mask> to cut her hair and wash her head to make the wounds more visible. <mask> was allowed to leave the room briefly to rearrange and close her garments before returning for further questioning. Suddenly she run back in, holding her hands to her head. "Jesus, what is this?"she exclaimed as blood gushed down her face and onto the floor. The visitors managed to staunch the blood with towels. But the examination had to be cut because <mask> was in too much pain to continue. But this was not the end of the investigation, just a postponement. On June 1619, <mask> revealed to Father Ricordati that she had again seen Jesus in a vision. This time he was an angry and vengeful Christ with an unsheathed sword ready to strike. And he threatened to punish the people of Pescia with the plague for their grievous sins while no one was willing to ask for mercy.<mask> offered to pray for his mercy herself and to be the instrument of the town's salvation by spending her time in Purgatory until the day of judgment. Christ's anger seemed to be appeased by her words. He told her to continue to love him always and to arrange for processions to placate him. Ricordati gave her permission to organize a procession with an image of Christ at the head. On July 23, Cecchi met with Felice di Giovanni Guerrini, Bartolomea Crivelli and with another nun, Margherita d'Iptolito Ricordati, a relative to Paolo Ricordati. Their testimonies did not result in any major new revelations. The main obstacle to officially sanctioned public recognition was the absence of a ring on Benedetta's finger.Other nuns were unable to see it because she always covered up that hand. But Margherita Ricordati said that she saw a yellow band with a cross that didn't look like a ring. When <mask> was called to the examination room, she had an ordinary, inexpensive gold ring on the fourth finger of her right hand. On the top side of a ring, there were five points the size of ordinary pinheads. A point in the middle was dark red. The ecclesiastical examiners were eager to probe further, but Benedetta was feeling too ill to answer. Finally, the provost of Pescia Stefano Checchi and other investigators had concluded that Benedetta's visions were genuine visions and neither dreams nor fantasies, and their religious content conformed to church dogma and practice.So <mask> had been recognized as a true visionary. The provost must have written favourably since in July of 1620, he and the Vicar of Pescia made one last visit to the convent to conclude the enclosure. On July 28, Pope issued the bull that made this female religious community a fully enclosed convent. According to the nuns' wishes, it was called the Congregation of the Mother of God and would be under the protection of St. Catherine of Siena. No longer would they have to go outside their convent to hear Mass, but more importantly, as nuns, their vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience would become solemn vows. Any nun wishing to leave the convent could be constrained to stay by her superiors and by the secular authorities. Similarly, any laypersons trying to enter the convent without permission could also be punished.After a convent was granted full enclosure, <mask> was reinstated as abbess. Resurrection There is little information available about the next several years of <mask>'s life. It seems that she managed successfully her abbess' duties. When the nuns were cloistered and could not leave the convent area even for a short time, a board of outside administrators had been established in the fall of 1620 to aid <mask> with some of her tasks. Members of the board helped to manage the convent's properties and to market its silk and agricultural products. Benedetta's father, Guiliano, died between November 1620 and March

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1621. Soon after that, when Benedetta went into her trances, one of her guardian angels, Tesauriello Fiorito, began to prophesize her imminent death.He would urge the nuns to treat their abbess with greater tenderness than before because her days on earth were numbered. And only after her death would they realize her true value because there was no one else in the convent as fit to be their abbess as she. After this vision, Benedetta herself began to speak about her death and even had her grave opened and readied for the day when it would be needed. On the day of Annunciation (25 of March 1621), the nuns witnessed Benedetta's death and called Paolo Ricordati. He arrived immediately and commanded Benedetta in a loud voice to return to the living, which, to everyone's astonishment, had the desired effect. When Benedetta revived, she told the assembled that she had seen angels and demons, Purgatory and Paradise, her father and several other deceased people. The Second Investigation Sometime between August 1622 and March 1623, Alfonso Giglioli, a newly appointed papal nuncio in Florence, decided to re-investigate Benedetta's case and sent several of his officials.These investigators were more sceptical than previous. Unlike the Theatine nuns, Paolo Ricordati, or Stefano Cecchi, they had nothing to gain from <mask>'s claims. The doubts of the investigators about the reported miracles and visions were strengthened by their interpretation of <mask>'s character. Her mystical experiences contained immodest and lascivious language. Her so-called angels bore peculiar names - Splenditello, Tesauriello Fiorito, Virtudioello, and Radicello. These sounded more like the names of evil spirits than of heavenly creatures. Investigators did not find in Carlini charity, humility, patience, obedience, modesty, and other virtues to the eminent and heroic degree which usually accompany the true spirit of God.She lacked the extraordinary personal virtues that would make her a role model for other good Christians. New investigators found contradictions in Benedetta's visions. For example, in one of them, the Virgin had asked her to obtain permission from Father Ricordati to have a guardian angel but, before this request, such an angel had already appeared in her early visions. It was obvious to all that God neither lied nor was ever contrary to himself. And even Benedetta's visible stigmata could be not the marks of Christ but of the devil because these appeared not during the fervor of prayer, in the harshness of the wilderness, or during a long period of solitude, but when she lying softly in bed where the enemy of God resides. Further doubts were cast on the divinity of Benedetta's mystical exchange of hearts with Christ and marriage with him, regarding Benedetta's need for help from Bartolomea to complete this wonder. And the solemn public ceremony of marriage with Christ seemed too suspicious.Investigators believed that Christ might need the publicity of it only for a demonstration of a miracle to the people. But none were seen until two months later, when a rather shabby looking ring, not nearly as beautiful and brilliant as one <mask> had described, appeared on her right hand. Also, investigators discovered that <mask> likely had a hereditary demonic obsession. Both her parents had allegedly been possessed for some time. Despite the seeming aversion to the meat and milk products, <mask> was secretly fetching salami and Cremonese style mortadella to where she could eat them undisturbed. But one time, another nun saw it. This was like Benedetta's father behavior when he "too was assailed by spirits".Testimonies of other nuns made it clear that some of Benedetta's supernatural phenomena were falsifications. Two nuns spied on Benedetta through the hole in her study door and more than twenty times saw her renewing her wounds with a large needle. Another nun had seen her put her blood on a statue of Christ, which Benedetta then claimed began to bleed in honour of her sanctity. Other witnesses saw that she had made the star herself with some gold foil and fixed it on her forehead with red wax. And Benedetta said that Christ kissed her forehead and left a gold star. When she spoke as an angel in one of her ecstasies, that the Theatines could learn from her how to flagellate themselves with true spiritual fervour. The nun, who had been standing nearby, noticed that Benedetta didn't strike herself even once, and that to make it seem as though she had she smeared the whip with blood from her wounds in her hand.Three nuns also reported that she sometimes ran barefoot through the convent as if her feet were healed, and one heard her exclaim as she jumped down from a small table, "Whoever saw me jump down would say that there's nothing wrong with my feet." Bartolomea gave more testimonies. She eventually found a small brass box containing dilutes saffron in <mask>'s desk. This saffron and Benedetta's blood probably had been used to paint the ring. But the most shocking confession was about the lesbian relationships between Bartolomea and Benedetta. As investigators reported, "This sister Benedetta, then, for two continuous years, at least three times a week, in the evening after disrobing and going to bed would wait for her companion to disrobe, and pretending to need her, would call. When Bartolomea would come over, Benedetta would grab her by the arm and throw her by force on the bed.Embracing her, she would put her under herself and kissing her as if she was a man, she would speak words of love to her. And she would stir on top of her so much that both of them corrupted themselves. And thus by force she held her sometimes one, sometimes two, and sometimes thee hours". And "<mask> would tell her that neither she nor <mask> were sinning because it was the Angel Splenditello and not she that did these things. And she spoke always with the voice which Splenditello always spoke through Benedetta. . . ." <mask> refused to admit that she had engaged in sexual acts and claimed she could not remember what she did when Splenditello spoke and acted through her. The investigators were not prepared for such things because in Italy and Europe in the 17th century were very few documented cases of sexual relationships between women, and much more cases of heterosexual fornication between a nun and her male lover and cases of male homosexuality. Yet that two women should seek sexual gratification with each other was virtually inconceivable despite such cases had been described in the legal commentaries of Antonio Gomez, Gregorio Lopez and Prospero Farinacci, which had been printed and widely circulated throughout Italy in the previous decades.The second investigation had been completed on November 5, 1623, when the clerics submitted their "Last Report" to the nuncio. Then they saw no traces of the stigmata and the ring on Benedetta's body. And when she was asked about angels, visions, apparitions, revelation and ecstasies, Benedetta answered that she no longer saw any of them. She was not an abbess anymore and lived the life of an obedient nun under the care of a new abbess. The investigators concluded that "all the things that were done in her or by her, not only those which are deemed sinful, but also the other deeds which were held to be supernatural and miraculous were done without her consent or her will, since they were done while she was out of her senses by the work of the devil." Also, they concluded that the ineptness of Paolo Ricordati was a crucial factor in allowing the situation to continue as long as it did. While the ecclesiastical investigators who wrote the last report on Benedetta seemed disposed toward leniency and emphasized her lack of consent and will, the final judgement need not necessarily absolve her from guilt.It would be up to the nuncio to determine in which direction the sentence and punishment would go. Later life and death Judith C. Brown could not find any information about the nuncio's decision and further Benedetta's life, except a fragment of diary of a nun, whose name has not come down to us. On August 7, 1661, this nun wrote in her dairy: "<mask> <mask> died at age 71 of fever and colic pains after eighteen days of illness. She died in penitence, having spent thirty-five years in prison." The words in the diary suggest that Benedetta was not imprisoned until 1626, three years after the second investigation. Perhaps the bureaucracy was simply slow. Perhaps authorities had decided not to punish her if she repents and never repeats such claims and deeds, but Benedetta would not or could not live as an ordinary obedient nun.Perhaps secular or ecclesiastical authorities once had recognized <mask> <mask> as a threat to the established order because she remained popular among the laity and decided to shut her within the walls of the convent. The official decision about <mask>'s imprisonment has not survived. We can suppose that the conditions of Benedetta's imprisonment were harsh. Ecclesiastical authorities had adopted Constitution by St. Teresa, who stated that sins of the flesh are the gravest of nuns' faults. And the punishment for these sins must be solitary confinement for life. Guilty sister "shell in no case, even though she repent and implore mercy and pardon, be received back into the community, save if some reasonable cause supervene and on the recommendation and advice of the visitor". Other nuns, except wardens, must not speak with punished one or send her anything under pain of suffering the same penalty.A sister in prison should have her veil and scapular taken away. She should be let out only to hear mass and to follow the other nuns to the place where they disciplined themselves with their whips. On those days, she might be allowed to eat on the floor of the refectory, near the door so that the others might step over her as they left the room. Several times a week, she should receive only bread and water for sustenance. Word of the death of <mask> <mask> spread quickly outside the convent walls. People of Pescia did not forget her even forty years after the events that brought her notoriety and thirty-five years of strong social isolation. Perhaps the reason was that her prophetic warnings to those who refused to believe in her had finally come to pass and in 1631 the plague did indeed strike Pescia.And many people had never really believed in the officials' efforts to discredit her miracles. A crowd gathered near the convent's gate. People wanted to see and touch <mask>'s body or even take some of it with them like the relics of a saint. But the nuns barred the doors of the church to avoid any uproar and tumult until the burial. They brought dead <mask> into the church as they do with the other nuns and dressed her with the black veil and habit worn by the others. Very little information about the later life of Bartolomea Crivelli has come down to us. An unknown nun on 18 September 1660 wrote in the diary: "Sister Bartolomea [blank] died [today?]; when Sister <mask> <mask> was engaged in those deceits note in this book on page [blank], she was her companion and was always with her. And because of this she experienced many difficulties. . . . In temporal affairs she worked as hard as she could and in spiritual affairs she was very devoted and totally given over to holy prayer." Possibly, Bartolomea had been recognized as an innocent victim of deception and coercion and had not been punished by ecclesiastical or secular authorities. She may have been stigmatized for a time by the other nuns and may have had to endure occasional reminders of her misdeeds, but she appears to have spent her time as an ordinary nun. Alternative interpretations of Carlini E. Ann Matter, a feminist religious scholar, has an alternative perspective on the case of <mask> <mask>, and wrote about it in the Journal of Homosexuality in 1990. She compared and contrasted two autobiographical accounts from <mask> <mask> and another 17th-century Italian Catholic mystic, Maria Domitilla Galluzzi of Pavia.<mask> and Galluzi were both self-designated visionaries and highly regarded by their religious and secular communities, but each was subject to suspicion and close scrutiny by church hierarchy. <mask> <mask>'s trial records related the aforementioned series of sexual contacts with Bartolomea, while Maria Domitilla Galluzzi seems to have had no sexual experiences within her own mystical framework. Matter's article questioned whether scholars might have succumbed to the temptation to simply transpose the sexual self-understanding of figures in their own historical context to past historical environments. "Lesbian nun" might be viewed as too simplistic a description, and alongside Maria Galluzzi, <mask> <mask>'s sexuality "might be viewed as organised around an elaborate organic connection between the spiritual and the sensual." However, it might be noted that Matter has written extensively on Galluzzi in other contexts, and Brown's study of <mask> occurs in greater depth than that of her counterpart. More recently, Brian Levack has analysed the <mask> case and others in the context of his work on demonic possession and exorcism in the Baroque era of 17th and 18th century Europe. He notes that the case in question was anomalous, as according to <mask>'s account, she was possessed by an angelic entity, Splenditello, when she made love to Sister Bartolomea.Levack departs from the above authors in placing the event in philosophical and historical context, noting the rise of nominalism within 17th and 18th century Catholic thought, which attributed greater scope for agency and supernatural activity from demonic entities than had previously been the case. Such signs were described as convulsions, pain, loss of bodily function (and other symptoms that one might describe as apparent epilepsy from this description), levitation, trance experiences, mystical visions, blasphemy, abuse of sacred objects and vomiting of particular objects as well as immoral actions and gestures and exhibitionism. Levack argues that this provided the female subjects of exorcist rituals with the chance to engage in relative social and sexual agency compared to gender role expectations of social passivity. Possession was a form of dramaturgy and religious theatre, Levack argues, as was demonology. According to Levack, then, <mask> and other recorded instances of Baroque possession were engaged as active participants within a social ritual and theatrical performance that reflected contemporary Baroque religious culture. Judith C. Brown chronicled her life in Immodest Acts (1986), which discussed the events that led to her significance for historians of women's spirituality and lesbianism, while Brian Levack has recently explained the events described as a form of religious theatre and dramaturgy which permitted women greater social and sexual agency than Baroque Catholic religious passivity usually permitted. Canadian playwright and director Rosemary Rowe has written a play about her affair with Sister Bartolomea, <mask> <mask>: Lesbian Nun of Renaissance Italy.In film Paul Verhoeven has directed a biographical film about <mask> <mask> called Benedetta released in 2021. She is portrayed by Virginie Efira. Notes References Bibliography Brian Levack: The Devil Within: Exorcism and Possession in the Christian West: New Haven: Yale University Press: 2013: E. Ann Matter: "Discourses of Desire: Sexuality and Christian Women's Visionary Narratives" in Journal of Homosexuality: 18/89(1989–1990): 119 - 132 Rosemary Rowe: <mask> <mask>: Lesbian Nun of Renaissance Italy. Independently published (English & Italian): 2019: Vanda (playwright): 'Vile Affections: Based on the True Story of Benedetta Carlini', 2006: (First produced at the New York International Fringe Festival, August, 2006. Recently translated into German.) see www.vandaplaywright.com 1590 births 1661 deaths 17th-century Christian mystics 17th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns Lesbians LGBT Roman Catholics LGBT people from Italy LGBT history in Italy People from Pescia Roman Catholic mystics 17th-century LGBT people Italian Christian

Jay Clayton (attorney)

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Walter Joseph "<mask><mask> (born July 11, 1966) is an American attorney who served as the chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from May 4, 2017 until December 23, 2020. He was nominated for the position by President Donald Trump. Early life and education <mask> was born at Fort Eustis in Newport News, Virginia. He grew up near Hershey, Pennsylvania, where his father worked for the local chocolate company, and Wallingford, Pennsylvania. <mask> graduated from Strath Haven High School in 1984. After attending Lafayette College, where he was a member of the soccer team, <mask> transferred to the University of Pennsylvania where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree in 1988, and received the Thouron Award for post-graduate study in the United Kingdom. He received a Bachelor of Arts (promoted to a Master of Arts, per tradition) in economics from King's College, Cambridge in 1990.He then attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School where he graduated cum laude and Order of the Coif in 1993 with a Juris Doctor degree. During college and graduate school, <mask> was a member of the Ocean City Beach Patrol and Penn Law rugby team, an intern with the U.S. Attorney's Office in Philadelphia and U.S. Representative Curt Weldon, and an employee of United Engineers and Constructors. Career From 1993 to 1995, <mask> clerked for Judge Marvin Katz of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. After being a summer associate at the firm in the summer of 1992, <mask> joined Sullivan & Cromwell full-time in October 1995 and became a partner in January 2001. At Sullivan & Cromwell, <mask> was a member of the firm's management committee and co-managing partner of the firm's General Practice Group. He specialized in mergers and acquisitions transactions and capital markets offerings and represented prominent Wall Street firms, including Goldman Sachs. He served as an adviser to numerous companies regarding issues related to the SEC, Federal Reserve, Department of Justice, and other agencies.He has also helped multiple corporations raise money through initial public offerings, including Alibaba Group, Ally Financial, Och-Ziff Capital Management, Oaktree Capital Management, Blackhawk Network Holdings, and Moelis & Company. During the financial crisis of 2007–2008, <mask> advised Bear Stearns in its fire sale to JPMorgan Chase in 2007, Barclays Capital in the purchase of Lehman Brothers' assets following their bankruptcy, and Goldman Sachs in connection with the investment by Berkshire Hathaway. <mask> disclosed to the U.S. Office of Government Ethics that his other corporate clients had included TeliaSonera AB, Ally Financial, Deutsche Bank, UBS, Volkswagen, SoftBank Group, The Weinstein Company, Pershing Square Capital Management, and Valeant Pharmaceuticals. <mask>'s individual clients included Ocwen's former head William Erbey, Paul Tudor Jones, former Attorney General of Ireland Peter Southerland, CDW founder Michael Krasny and LinkedIn founder Reid Hoffman. <mask> earned $7.6 million in 2016 from his firm and has a family wealth of at least $50 million. A substantial portion of his holdings were in mutual funds of the Vanguard Group. His investments also included private funds managed by Apollo Global Management, Bain Capital, J.C.Flowers & Co., and Richard C. Perry but he divested these investments upon confirmation. SEC chair Nomination and confirmation On January 4, 2017, President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate <mask> to be SEC Chairman, and he was nominated on Inauguration Day, January 20, 2017. <mask>'s nomination was endorsed by Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. U.S. Senator Catherine Cortez Masto, a Democrat representing Nevada, expressed concern that <mask> represented Swedish firm TeliaSonera in a proposed venture that would combine Russian telecommunications companies MegaFon and Altimo. <mask> is not thought to have any ties to the Russian companies. On April 4, 2017, the Senate Banking Committee voted 15–8 to take <mask>'s nomination to the full Senate, with three Democrats voting in favor of <mask>. On May 2, 2017, the U.S. Senate voted 61–37 to confirm <mask> as Chairman of the SEC.Votes cast in favor of <mask>'s confirmation included nine Democrats and one Independent alongside 51 Republican votes. On May 4, 2017, <mask> was sworn in, marking the official beginning of his role as Chairman. Tenure In connection with the nomination of <mask> in January, President Trump said in a statement that "[w]e need to undo many regulations which have stifled investment in American businesses, and restore oversight of the financial industry in a way that does not harm American workers." Upon <mask>'s swearing-in, the SEC consisted of <mask>; Michael Piwowar, who was serving as acting Chairman; and Kara Stein. Subsequently, Hester Peirce and Robert J. Jackson Jr. joined the commission. In 2018, Piwowar and Stein stepped down, and Elad Roisman and Allison Lee joined the Commission in 2018 and 2019 respectively. <mask> has expressed concern about the decline in the number of U.S. public companies and also has been outspoken on securities law issues related to distributed ledger technology, cryptocurrencies and initial coin offerings.Some predicted that he will look to encourage initial public offerings (IPOs) of companies and streamline the capital formation process by reducing the regulatory framework that applies to public companies in the United States. Under <mask>'s tenure as chairman of the SEC, the SEC charged the fewest number of insider trading cases since the Reagan administration. In November 2020, <mask> stated his intention to resign at the end of the year, although his term would expire at the end of June 2021, <mask> resigned on December 23, 2020. One of his final actions before resigning was to sue Ripple Labs challenging the legality of trading cryptocurrency XRP as an unregistered security. Southern District of New York On June 19, 2020, Attorney General Bill Barr announced that President Trump would nominate <mask> to replace Geoffrey Berman as United States attorney for the Southern District of New York. <mask> was criticized for his role in the removal of Geoffrey Berman at a U.S. House hearing. <mask> said it was entirely his idea to become the U.S. Attorney for SDNY.He said he wanted the position because he had a "strong desire to continue in public service," and return to his New York-based family. After SEC In February 2021, Apollo Global Management appointed <mask> to the newly created role of lead independent director on its board. <mask> also rejoined Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, where he was a partner before entering government, to become senior policy adviser and counsel. Professional memberships and activities <mask> is a member of the American Bar Association, served as an Adjunct Professor at University of Pennsylvania Law School beginning in 2009, and was Chairman of the New York City Bar Committee on International Business Transactions beginning in 2010. Prior to his confirmation, <mask> served on the Executive Committee of the Metropolitan Golf Association. Personal life <mask>'s wife Gretchen, whom he started dating while they attended the same Pennsylvania high school, worked at Goldman Sachs. At one point a small amount of her retirement assets (less than $1,001) was invested in an account managed by Omega Advisors.<mask>'s wife resigned from her job prior to his confirmation. References External links Alumni of King's College, Cambridge American lawyers Law clerks Living people Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Securities (finance) University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni Place of birth missing (living people) Sullivan & Cromwell partners 1966 births Finance law scholars Scholars of securities law University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty Trump administration personnel

Thomas Löfkvist

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<mask> (born 4 April 1984) is a Swedish former professional road bicycle racer who last rode for the UCI Professional Continental team . Since 2015 <mask> is general manager of Swedish professional cycling team Team Tre Berg–PostNord. He became the youngest Swedish professional road bicycle racer when he started his professional bicycling career in at the age of 19 in 2004. <mask> was a good time trialist with solid climbing abilities, winning the Monte Paschi Eroica in 2009 with a powerful attack during the steep final kilometer ascent. He has previously used, both within and outside of the cycling world, the surname spelling 'Lövkvist'. Beginning with the cycling season of 2010 he is using his legal surname Löfkvist throughout. Career Early years As a junior, Löfkvist was the European mountain bike champion.Aged 19 he won the Individual Time Trial and the Overall Classification of the prestigious Circuit des Ardennes. Löfkvist also finished sixth and wore the leader's jersey in the 2003 Tour de l'Avenir. Following these results he turned professional for the French team in 2004. Française des Jeux Löfkvist's first professional season turned out to be a very successful one. The week after turning 20 he won the last stage of Circuit de la Sarthe with a 171 km breakaway, covering 150 alone after getting rid of Christophe Moreau. The stage win also gave him the Overall Classification, drawing comparisons with Tour de France winners Bernard Hinault and Greg LeMond, who also won the race at the age of 20. Löfkvist finished 10 seconds ahead of Franck Bouyer, who four days later earned his revenge by beating Löfkvist in the French semi-classic Paris–Camembert.Later in the season he also won the Swedish National time trial championships and participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics. In the 2004 Tour de l'Avenir he won the last stage and finished second overall on the same time of the winner, Sylvain Calzati. <mask> began the 2005 season with a 12th place in the Paris–Nice. He made his debut in the Tour de France as the youngest rider at the age of 21. He also finished 4th in the Tour de Pologne and 14th in the Deutschland Tour. He was later named the Swedish Cyclist of the Year. In 2006 he became the Swedish National Road Race champion and was once again the youngest rider of the Tour de France.In 2007 he finished second in the Critérium International after winning the concluding Time Trial. He also competed in the Tour de France and later finished second in the 14th stage of the Vuelta a España, the best stage result for a Swede in Vuelta a España since 1982. At the age of 23 he had finished his second Grand Tour of the season and the fourth of his career. <mask> was the UCI ProTour rider with most competition days (84) in 2007 and he only abandoned in the last stage of Paris–Nice. He covered the third most competition kilometers in the ProTour. Team Columbia <mask> joined the for the 2008 season, later known as Team Columbia. Löfkvist won the best young rider classification and finished third in the Tirreno–Adriatico.His improvement in stage races became clear after he finished fifth in the Tour de Suisse, ahead of his team leader Kim Kirchen. <mask> also took the white jersey from Romain Feillu in the first time trial of the 2008 Tour de France. Löfkvist then finished impressively 12th at the World Championships. In 2009 he finished 5th at the Tour of California behind Levi Leipheimer and then won the Monte Paschi Eroica, his first win in two years. He also finished fourth in the Tirreno–Adriatico and later wore the pink jersey as leader of the general classification at the 2009 Giro d'Italia. Team Sky On 10 September 2009, Löfkvist was presented as a rider for the newly established British , where he has chosen to spell his name 'Löfkvist'. Team Sky officials have said that the name appears as 'Löfkvist' on the rider's passport, and he previously has used that spelling in the Olympic games.In July 2010, <mask> finished 17th in the Tour de France (20 minutes, 46 seconds behind winner Alberto Contador), the highest placed Team Sky rider. <mask> led Team Sky at the 2010 Vuelta a España, but the team withdrew from after Stage 7 following the death of soigneur Txema González. In the absence of Bradley Wiggins, <mask> led Team Sky at the 2011 Giro d'Italia, where he finished 21st overall. <mask> left at the end of the 2012 season, and joined the new team for the 2013 season. In August 2014, <mask> announced his retirement at the end of the 2014 season, as he was diagnosed with chronic fatigue. In November 2014 <mask> was announced as general manager of the new Swedish squad Team Tre Berg-Bianchi ahead of the 2015 cycling season.

Wesley Bell

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<mask> is a St. Louis area attorney, former public defender, former municipal prosecutor and judge, former municipal prosecutor and former city council member for Ferguson, Missouri. Currently <mask> holds the office of Prosecuting Attorney for St. Louis County, Missouri. In a major upset, he soundly defeated long-time yet controversial county prosecutor Bob McCulloch in the August 2018 Democratic primary election. <mask> became the first black county prosecuting attorney in St. Louis County history when he took office in January 2019. Early life <mask> was raised in North St. Louis County, Missouri. He is the son of a police officer father and civil servant mother. <mask> is a graduate of Hazelwood East High School, Lindenwood University, and University of Missouri School of Law.Career After graduating from law school <mask> worked as a St. Louis County public defender. He later joined the faculty of Florissant Valley Community College as a professor in the criminology department. Additionally, he also was appointed to be a municipal court judge in Velda City and municipal prosecutor in Riverview. While working as a municipal judge in Velda City, <mask> was sued by Arch City Defenders, a local nonprofit, for running an illegal bail system. In 2015 during the Ferguson Protests he was elected to the city council with strong support from some activists. During his time on the council he helped to implement the consent decree to reform the city’s criminal justice system through both police and court reform. Running for the county prosecutor race on a platform of community based policing, assigning special prosecutors in homicides by police, pledging to never seek the death penalty, reforming cash bail/bond and never using it for low-level offenses, expanding diversion programs and the county’s drug courts, and promoting equitable due process, he received significant support from local and national activists and advocacy groups.Prosecutor-Elect In December 2018, a month before <mask> took office, the St. Louis County Prosecuting Attorney Office attorneys and investigators voted to join the St. Louis Police Officers Association (SLPOA) a chapter of the Fraternal Order of Police which represents police officers in a neighboring jurisdiction. This decision elicited immediate criticism, including accusations of a conflict of interest. Concerns were raised both locally and nationally, and by the Ethical Society of Police (ESOP), which is composed of, predominantly black, active and retired law enforcement officers. However, at least some of the employees’ concerns seemed to be justified after <mask> terminated three veteran prosecutors within hours of beginning his term. These terminated employees were later paid $170,000 by St. Louis County to settle their wrongful termination claims. County Prosecutor <mask> Plan On January 8, 2019 <mask> released details of his “Bell Plan.” This plan prioritized working to reduce the St. Louis County jail population to give more resources to combating violent crime. Marijuana Decriminalization In his first hours in office, <mask> ordered his assistant prosecutors not to prosecute marijuana cases under 100 grams without evidence of distribution of the drug.However, he will still prosecute marijuana cases where the person possessing the marijuana is armed with a weapon. They will also not seek warrants on cases which solely involve the possession of marijuana. Child Support Additionally, during his first days in office <mask> elected to stop prosecuting criminal child support cases. This led to concerns that he was allowing non-supporting parents to evade their financial obligations to their children. <mask> responded that he was trying to ensure that people would not face criminal charges for being unable to pay and that such charges made it harder for debtors to pay their child support. <mask> also stated that he was bringing St. Louis County into line with the rest of the State of Missouri. At the same time it emerged that Tim Swope, Bell’s Director of Operations, owed nearly $19,000.00 in back child support himself.Death Penalty Bell campaigned on a platform of opposition to the death penalty. In November 2018, prior to <mask> taking office, Thomas Bruce, a resident of Jefferson County, Missouri, allegedly entered Catholic Supply, a religious goods store in west St. Louis County and ordered three women there to perform deviant sexual acts on him. According to the charges, when one of the women refused to do so he shot her in the head, killing her. There was a major public outcry for <mask> seek the death penalty for Bruce, but <mask> refused, keeping his campaign promise. Former St. Louis police chief Tim Fitch has urged <mask> to turn the case over to federal prosecutors so that they can seek the death penalty. However, the family of the victim supported <mask>’s decision not to seek the death penalty. Officer-Involved Shootings In April 2019, police with the city of Ladue, a St. Louis municipality, were called to a disturbance at a local grocery store.The disturbance allegedly involved a woman shoplifting and fighting with store employees. The Ladue police officer, a white female, confronted the alleged shoplifter, a black female, and the woman fought with the officer and ran from her. The police officer then shot her, claiming she intended to use her taser instead. <mask>, reversing the trend over the past several years, charged the police officer with felony assault in the second degree. However, in another case in August 2019, at the St. Louis Galleria Mall, a man named Terry Tillman was shot and killed after being chased by a police officer. According to police, Tillman was carrying a pistol with an extended magazine inside the mall, a no gun zone. Police also said that a shopper alerted a police officer who went to stop Tillman.When approached, Tillman took off and the officer chased him. During this chase several other police officers joined the pursuit which took Tillman and officers onto an adjacent parking lot. At some point Tillman was shot after police said he allegedly made a threatening movement in their direction. However, activists in St. Louis later claimed the police planted the gun on Tillman after shooting him and that shooting Tillman was an extreme overreaction on the part of police. <mask> was one of the first people at the scene and promised a transparent investigation. However, after nearly a year and a half, in December 2020, <mask> announced he would not charge the officer. <mask> blamed the delay on being unable to obtain video due to the COVID-19 pandemic.However, a police report released by <mask>’s office indicated that <mask>’s office had the video on November 29, 2019. Controversies Reopening the Michael Brown Shooting Case After his win against incumbent Bob McCulloch, many of his supporters, including Howard University law professor Justin Hansford, called on <mask> to reopen the investigation into the death of Michael Brown. While <mask> initially promised to address the issue before his inauguration, it took him nearly 18 months to do so. <mask> ultimately found, like his predecessor Bob McCulloch and the Obama DOJ, that there was no probable cause to charge Darren Wilson with murder or manslaughter. This decision was met with anger from his supporters and Michael Brown's family who accused <mask> of conducting an incomplete investigation. The St. Louis Post Dispatch, a local paper of record, was also critical of <mask> for his apparent disappointment expressed at a press conference, in not being able to indict Wilson. Sex Discrimination Lawsuit On October 29, 2020 one of Bell's assistant prosecutors filed a lawsuit under Missouri's Human Rights Act claiming that <mask> had fired her and forced out five other female attorneys in favor of male employees.The lawsuit further alleged that <mask> had created a hostile work environment for female attorneys at the office. <mask> responded by claiming that the prosecutor's attorney was irresponsibly and unethically attempting to litigate his case in the media. Allegations of Politically-Motivated Prosecutions In October 2019, <mask> charged Dawan Ferguson with two counts of statutory rape and two counts of statutory sodomy and child molestation. The allegations stem from the disappearance of Ferguson’s son Christian in 2003. Ferguson’s public defender filed a motion to dismiss the case, arguing that the case was politically-motivated. She cited Ferguson’s ex-wife working for <mask>’s campaign for prosecutor and donating money to <mask> as proof of this assertion. Use of Government Resources <mask> has also been criticized for his use of government resources while in office.In June 2019, KSDK, a local news outlet, reported that <mask> had amassed nearly $800 in parking tickets for parking in no-parking zones and in front of fire hydrants outside of his office, despite the fact that he was provided with a parking space. <mask>’s chief of staff, Sam Alton, responded that it was "too tedious" to cross the street to the parking garage. <mask> later paid off the parking tickets using his own money. In August 2019, it emerged that <mask> had hired a former campaign worker as a paid intern with the office. In that position she earned more than many of the career staff employees and legal interns. While <mask> refused to be interviewed about the subject, his office responded that she was responsible for community engagement projects. The intern was also observed accompanying <mask> to many social and community events.In October 2019, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch conducted an investigation into <mask>’s expenditures during the first ten months in office. The investigation uncovered that <mask> had spent over $30,000 in government funds on travel and food during his first ten months in office. This included an $816 dinner at an expensive Miami steakhouse and a $300 meal at a Lake of the Ozarks steakhouse. In addition to food and travel, the Post-Dispatch determined that <mask> had spent over $8,000 of taxpayer dollars on new office furniture, blinds, and an espresso machine for his office. Furthermore, the Post-Dispatch also reported on <mask>’s efforts to hide details of his spending, such as omitting thousands of dollars of charges from requested records, charging the Post to provide requested documents, reimbursing expenditures only after records requests for those expenditures were made, and being nonresponsive to sunshine requests. This was criticized as inconsistent with <mask>’s campaign promises to be a transparent administration. Under pressure from his supporters, <mask> ultimately apologized for this scandal and vowed to spend taxpayer money more appropriately in the future.See also Larry Krasner Kimberly Gardner References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Lindenwood University alumni University of Missouri School of Law alumni Lawyers from St. Louis Missouri Democrats Missouri lawyers Politicians from St. Louis Public defenders Shooting of Michael Brown Politicians from St. Louis County, Missouri American prosecutors

Frank Moulaert

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<mask> is Professor of Spatial Planning at the Department of Architecture, Urban Design and Regional Planning at Catholic University of Leuven. He is Director of the Urban and Regional Planning Research Group and chairs the Leuven Space and Society Research Centre at the University. He is also a Visiting Professor at the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University. <mask> has initiated a number of research and development projects on social innovation in territorial development. He has extensively published on the subjects related to globalisation, Institutionalism, territorial innovation, social economy, social polarisation, social exclusion, integrated area development, regional development, European governance, and socioeconomic networking. Other areas of his interest include evolutionary theory and the ecology of nature parks. He is fluent in 6 European languages and have published a number of works in Dutch, English, French, German, Italian and Spanish language.Most of his recent works reflect a growing focus on urban development as well as the institutional dynamics of social innovation and social exclusion implying the need to include the cultural dynamics, artistic activities, and social economy organizations and associations into the social policy and planning arena. Recent activities Coordinates European Spatial Development Planning Network Coordinates European Module in Spatial Development Planning (EMSDP) Coordinator for SOCIALPOLIS – Social Platform on Cities and Social Cohesion (2008-2010) in the area of urban development and cohesion, under FP7 (SOCIAL POLIS) Coordinator for Research Area [O] Economy, Society and Territory, European Association for Evolutionary and Political Economy (EAEPE) Biography <mask> graduated in Business Administration from the Universitaire Faculteiten Sint-Ignatius, Antwerp, Belgium in 1971. Subsequently, he studied for Masters in Economics at the Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium (in 1974) and then in 1977 in Regional Science from University of Pennsylvania, Department of Regional Science. In 1979, he received PhD in Regional Science at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U.S. He is married to Greet Debucquoy and has three children Pieter, Stijn, and Elke. When he is not travelling, he settles in his house in the small West Flanders' town of Kortrijk. Academic career From time to time, between 1974 until 1983, <mask> was engaged as Research and teaching assistant in regional economics, Centrum voor Economische Studiën at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.In between, he also worked as Research and teaching assistant for Regional Science Department at University of Pennsylvania, and Peace Science Department. He was Associate Professor at Limburgse Economische Hogeschool, Diepenbeek. At University of Lille I (USTL) In 1987 he moved to Faculty of Economics and Sociology, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, France as Associate Professor in Economics and remained Professor of Economics between 1994-2002. His other capacities at University of Lille I include: Prime d'encadrement et de recherché; Habilitation à diriger les recherches; Coordinator for ERASMUS Intensive Programmes "Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing: a Metropolitan Region in the Central Periphery of the European Community"; Faculty coordinator for the ERASMUS networks "Spatial Development" and "Social-scientific Study of Technical Change and Innovation in a European Context"; Head of International Ph.D programme in Regional Development Planning; Vice-dean for International Relations; Head of the Bachelor's Programme in Industrial Economics; Head of the Master's Programme in Industrial and Labour Economics, and Regional Development Planning. Positions held Associate Director of Johns Hopkins University Center for Urban and Regional Development, at Universite of Lille I (1984–87). Scientific advisor of the Ministry of Science in Belgium in 1989-90. Coordinated the international conference "Cities, Enterprises and Society on the Eve of the 21st Century" in Lille, March 1994.Curator, Bruges European Capital of Culture 2002, "Poverty, Culture and Urban Renaissance." Held three Marie Curie fellowships (1996, 1998, 2002). At Newcastle University (2002–2007) Between 2002 and 2007, he remained Professor of European Planning and Development at the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. He also led the research themes on Regeneration, Social Innovation and Inclusion at Global Urban Research Unit. Additionally, he held the positions of: Chair in European Planning and Development; Coordinator of Postgraduate Certificate in European Spatial Development Planning; Coordinator of Departmental ERASMUS exchanges; At K.U.Leuven Since 2007, he has been working at the Faculty of Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium. He chairs the Leuven Space and Society Research Centre and is head of the Research Group on Urban and Regional Planning at the Department of Architecture, Urban Design and Regional Planning. He also coordinates the European Spatial Development Planning network.European social science research <mask> is an active figure in European Research Networking in social sciences. He is credited for having conducted 15% of all research projects in Social-science and Humanities for three European Commission Framework Projects (FP4, FP5, and FP6) combined. Among the many successful social science projects coordinated and steered by <mask>, some include: Urban regeneration and social Polarisation in the City – URSPIC (1997–1999). Valorising Linkages between Private Consulting and Public Research and the Role of Universities – VALICORES (2001–2004) Social Innovation, Governance and Community Building – SINGOCOM (2001-2004) Development Models and Logics for Socioeconomic Organization in Space, an FP6 STReP with a consortium of 9 international institutions, DEMOLOGOS, (2004–07). Growing Inequality and Social Innovation: Alternative Knowledge and Practice in Overcoming Social Exclusion in Europe. A Coordination Action under European Commission Framework-6 (FP6), KATARSIS (2006–09). Leverhulme Trust Fellowship 2006–07 in Social Innovation strategy for scientific research and human development.Social Platform on Cities and Social Cohesion in the area of urban development and cohesion, under FP7, SOCIALPOLIS (2008-2010). Selected publications Edited books <mask>, F., Swyngedouw, E. and A. Rodriguez The Globalized City: Economic Restructing and Social Polarization in European Cities. Oxford University Press, 2003, Globalization and Integrated Area Development in European Cities. Oxford University Press, 2000, (Hardcover), 2002 (Paperback). MacCallum, D., <mask>, F., Hillier, J. and S. Vicari Social Innovation and Territorial Development, Ashgate Publishing, 2009. <mask>, F. and Vicari, S. (in Italian), Rigenerare la Città. Pratiche di innovazione sociale nelle città europee, Il Mulino, 2009.<mask>, F., Swyngedouw, E., Martinelli, F. and S. Gonzalez, Can Neighbourhoods Save the City? : Community Development and Social Innovation, Routledge, 2010, Oosterlynck, S., van den Broek, J., Albrechts, L., <mask>, F. and A. Verhetsel, Bridging the Gap between Planning and Implementation: Turning Transformative Visions into Strategic Projects, Routledge. 2010, Special edited issues of journals (with Flavia Martinelli and Erik Swyngedouw) Social Innovation and Local Development. Special issue of Urban Studies, vol. 42, issue 11, October 2005. (with Flavia Martinelli and Erik Swyngedouw) Social innovation and Governance in European Cities: between path dependency and radical innovation. Special issue of European Urban and Research Studies, 2006.(with Abdel Hamdouch and Jacques Nussbaumer) Valorizing Linkages between Research Institutes in Europe. Special issue of The European Journal of Social Science Research, 2006. (with Serena Vicari) Ri-Generare la Citta. Pratiche di innovazione sociale nelle citta europee. Milano: Il Mulino. 2006. (in Italian) (with Jacques Nussbaumer) La logique sociale du developpement territorial.Projet soumis aux Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. 2006. (in French) Articles in refereed journals Institutional Economics and Planning Theory: A Partnership between Ostriches? Planning Theory, 4(1): 21–32, 2005. see the abstract/article (with Farid Sekia) Territorial Innovation Models: a Critical Survey. Regional Studies, 37(3):289–302, 2003. see the abstract/article (with Jean Hillier and Jacques Nussbaumer) Three essays on the nature of social innovation in territorial development, Geographie, Economie, Societes, 6(2): 129–152, 2004. (in French). see the abstract/article (with Jacques Nussbaumer) The Social region.Beyond the learning economy. European Urban and Regional Studies, 12(1): 45–64, 2005. see the abstract/article (with Oana Ailenei) Social economy, Third Sector and Solidarity Relations: A Conceptual Synthesis from History to Present. Urban Studies, 42(11): 2037–2053, 2005. see the abstract/article (with Jacques Nussbaumer) Defining the Social Economy and its Governance at the Neighbourhood Level: a Methodological Reflection. Urban Studies, 42 (11): 2071–2088, 2005. see the abstract/article (with Flavia Martinelli, Erik Swyngedouw and Sara Gonzalez) Towards Alternative Model(s) of Local Innovation. Urban Studies, 42 (11): 1969–1990, 2005. see the abstract/article (with Kathy Cabaret), Planning, Networks and Power Relations: is Democratic Planning Under Capitalism Possible? Planning Theory, 5(1), 51–70, 2006. see the abstract/article Chapters in books (with J. Nussbaumer), « Die Ökonomie der europäischen Großstadt », The economy of the large European city. The social nature of articulated productivity, in Siebel W.(ed.) Die Europaïsche Stadt. Berlin, Suhrkamp (in German), 2003. (with J. Nussbaumer), Regional Production and Reproduction : The social region, in S. Kesting, (ed.) Tagungsband der 10. Iiso-Fachtagung, Série « Institutionelle und Sozial-Ökonomie », Peter Lang Verlag, 2005 (with J. Nussbaumer) Beyond the learning region: the dialectics of innovation and culture in territorial development" in: R. Kloosterman and R. Boschma eds. Learning from Clusters.A Critical Assessment from an Economic-Geographical Perspective. Dordrecht, Springer, 2005. See also EAEPE ESDP-Network Social exclusion Social innovation External links Address at European Journalism Centre <mask>, Personal Website Profile at KU Leuven website Expert details at ESPRID Regional economists Academics of Newcastle University Flemish academics KU Leuven alumni University of Pennsylvania alumni University of Lille Nord de France faculty Living people 1951 births

Bauyrjan Baibek

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<mask> (born 19 March 1974) is a Kazakh politician who served as the äkim of Almaty from 9 August 2015 to 28 June 2019. Along party lines. <mask> was the First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan from 29 June 2019 to 2 February 2022 and previously from 17 January 2013 to 8 August 2015. Early life and education <mask> was born in the city of Alma-Ata (present-day Almaty) in 1974. After graduating from the Kulyash Bayseitova Musical School in Almaty with honors in piano, he entered the Kurmangazy Conservatory in 1992. From 1994 to 1998, he studied in Germany under the Bolashak Scholarship. In 1995, <mask> earned a degree in German Language from the Goethe-Institut’s annual program in Bremen.He then graduated from the Lübeck Academy of Music with a specialty as a teacher in 1998. In 2002, <mask> graduated in absentee from the University of Central Asia in Almaty with a degree in international economics. In 2010, he defended his thesis on "The institutionalization of the state protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan", earning doctoral degree in political science. Early career From 1999 to 2002, <mask> worked as a referent, attaché of the Consulate General of Kazakhstan in Frankfurt and the third secretary of Economic missions of Kazakhstan in Germany in the city of Berlin. From 2002 to 2003, he served as an expert in the Central Systems Research of the Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan. From 2004 to 2006, <mask> was the chief inspector of the Protocol of the President of Kazakhstan. In 2006, he became the chief of the Protocol of the President and worked in this position until August 2009, when he became the deputy head of the Presidential Administration.First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan (2013–2015, 2019–2022) On 17 January 2013, <mask> was appointed as the First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan. In 2014, under <mask>, an anti-corruption program of the Nur Otan was developed and adopted for 2015 to 2025. In March 2015, the party initiated a number of projects dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Victory Day. In the framework of the project “Ардагерлерді ардақтайық” (“Taking Care of the Older Generation”), a complete data was restored on 531 Heroes of the Soviet Union and more than 124 full cavaliers of the Order of Glory. With the assistance of the Nur Otan, the cycle “Қазақстандық қаһармандар” (“Heroic annals of Kazakhstanis”) started. Hundred videos in Kazakh and Russian languages about Kazakh World War II veterans were shown on the Astana channel. On 28 June 2019, <mask> was reappointed again as the First Deputy Chairman.He served the post until 2 February 2022 when he stepped down shortly after President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev became the new party leader. In his Facebook page, <mask> cited the reason for his resignation was due to the Nur Otan requiring "new tasks that require fresh approaches and views." In his statement, he gave remarks about his work in the party which were contributing to strengthening Kazakhstan's independence, thanking former President and party leader Nazarbayev and incumbent President Tokayev for trust and support, as well as the party's apparatus staff and members. Following <mask>'s dismissal, the post of the First Deputy Chairman was abolished and replaced by the executive secretary for the party, who became Ashat Oralov. Äkim of Almaty (2015–2019) Transportation Tram closure On 31 October 2015, tram traffic was closed in Almaty due to the results of the inspection, which revealed numerous irregularities and inconsistencies: there were gaps of up to 50 mm at all assembly joints, rail wear was up to 2–2.5 cm, wooden sleepers were rotten. Due to the condition of the tram tracks, wheel sets of wagons were heavily worn out. In 2014, there were 20 facts of the derailment of cars.Up until September 2015, there were 43 derailments. In 2017, the dismantling of tram tracks began. Onai System On 11 January 2016, the public transport system "Onai" was introduced, which was non-cash fare system. The system deduced unaccounted cash from the shadow turnover. In September 2016, the cash payment of Almaty residents for a month amounted to 256 million tenge, with cards to only 0.8 billion tenge. In September 2017, the monthly cash income was 91 million tenge, and through the Onai card, 1.5 billion tenge. 800 million tenge were withdrawn from the shadow turnover in one month.Upgrades Under the leadership of <mask>, public transport was updated by 80%, almost 1300 new buses were purchased. In January 2016, 70% of the state-owned company “Almatyelektrotrans” was transferred to a private investor Green Bus Company LLP for 5 years in trust without the right to subsequent redemption. Bus rapid transit In September 2018, the first BRT line in the country was launched on Timiryazev Street, at peak hours, the speed of buses along the line was 3 times higher than cars. Already in the first 10 days of operation, passenger flow increased by 40% from 100,000 to 140,000 people. Speed limit After speed reduction on Al-Farabi Avenue from 80 to 60 km, the number of accidents decreased by 2.7 times. On the one-sided Kurmangazy street, the number of accidents decreased by 41%, and on Shevchenko street was 4 times. Urban policies For several years, work was underway to reconstruct the central streets of the city for pedestrians.One of the main objects of change was Panfilov Street, which became a pedestrian street from Zhibek Zholy Street to Qabanbai Batyr Street. Under Baibek, more than 600 streets and almost 1,600 courtyards of Almaty were repaired, where modern children's and sports grounds, surveillance cameras, and courtyard lighting appeared. 30% of street lighting was converted to energy-saving LED lighting. 300 km of irrigation ditches and 2000 km of engineering networks were also repaired and built. Almost 3000 illegal kiosks were demolished in the city. Baubek announced the City Without Fences program, in which 150 km of fences were dismantled. Many organizations planted bushes and trees as a replacement.In October 2015, the building of the former General Plan on Jeltoqsan Street was demolished. Members of the Defend Almaty initiative group gathered near the building, claiming that work was being carried out illegally, but the city planning council issued all the necessary permits. In October 2015, with the approval of the Town Planning Council, the Alatau Cinema building, built in 1960, was demolished for the construction of McDonald's. Social media users organized a flash mob against the demolition of the building. In response to the controversies, <mask> stated that for 20 years the cinema was empty, and it did not represent historical value, since it was made of alucobond. A project for preventive monitoring of mudflow hazard was developed. Seismic amplification of 65% of educational facilities and 53% of healthcare was carried out.To protect against mudflows, the Mynjylky Dam was reconstructed, 9 of the most breakthrough moraine lakes were emptied. 9 rivers canals were reconstructed. Protective structures strengthened the slopes at HES-1 - BAO and Medeu - Shymbulak. For the first time in the city, the “Participation Budget” project was implemented where a part of the city budget is distributed by the citizens themselves. Social objects In a few years, 11 schools and more than 540 public and private kindergartens were opened, and 12 hospitals and clinics were commissioned. Within the framework of the project “Baityt Obybasy”, the payment for kindergartens was halved, and a large number of private kindergartens were opened. As a result of this work, more than 20 thousand children were enrolled in kindergartens.From 2015, Almaty schools, colleges, hospitals and KSK began to publish their reports on financial activities. In February 2019, a simplified mortgage lending program was launched for large families. While Baibek was akim, many medical centers were sold into private ownership. The privatization plan of these and other facilities in the country was previously approved by the Decree of the Government of Kazakhstan from 30 December 2015 No. 1141 “On some issues of privatization for 2016-2020”. Criticism In May 2017, environmental activists of the “Defend Almaty” and “Defend Kokkailau” groups gave the Akim a gift-installation “Death of Almaty”, which, according to the authors of the present, symbolizes the concern of the townspeople about the activities of the city akim. That same month, the appeal of a public figure Denis Krivosheev to Baibek was published.References Living people 1974 births Mayors of Almaty

John Glines

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<mask> (October 11, 1933 – August 8, 2018) was an American playwright and theater producer. He won a Tony Award and multiple Drama Desk Awards during his producing career. Playwright and producer Born in Santa Maria, California, <mask> graduated from Yale in 1955 with a BA in drama. As a writer in children’s television, he worked for seven years on Captain Kangaroo and for four years on Sesame Street. His play In The Desert Of My Soul was anthologized in Best Short Plays Of 1976. His musical Gulp!, written with Stephen Greco and Robin Jones, had a lengthy off-off-Broadway run in 1977. His plays written for, and originally produced by The Glines, the non-profit organization for gay arts which he co-founded in 1976 with Barry Laine and Jerry Tobin, include On Tina Tuna Walk, In Her Own Words (A Biography of Jane Chambers), Men Of Manhattan (also made into a film directed by Anthony Marsellis), Chicken Delight, Body And Soul Murder In Disguise, Key West, and Heavenly Days.His last play, Butterflies And Tigers, based on stories of the Chinese people during the Cultural Revolution, had an extended run in New York City in 1998. It catered to lesbian and gay male playwrights Jane Chambers, Robert Patrick, Doric Wilson, and Harvey Fierstein. Other recognizable actors and prestigious writers (across all gender identities and sexual identities) who in later years worked with <mask> were Matthew Broderick, Jean Smart, Charles Busch, Allen Ginsberg, Lou Liberatore, Jonathan Hadary, Armistead Maupin, Pat Bond, Felice Picano, Ned Rorem, Vito Russo, Robin Tyler, Audre Lorde, Edmund White, Dan Lauria, James Purdy, <mask>, Fisher Stevens, and Jack Wrangler. In 1985 he told Playbill, “Nine years ago, [gay] playwrights and actors didn’t use their own names; a gay play meant something pornographic. I thought by using my own name, it would be a forerunner — it would force others to do the same.” When “Torch Song” won Best Play just two years after public health recognition of the AIDS crisis, <mask> said on the national telecast, “This is a stupendous and miraculous moment, and I would like to accept this in memory of Jane Chambers and Billy Blackwell and in honor of all my brothers and sisters.” After thanking Fierstein and others in the company, <mask> concluded, “And lastly but most importantly to the one person who believed and followed the dream from the very beginning who never said, ‘You’re crazy and it can’t be done,’ I refer to my partner and my lover, Lawrence Lane.” Writing last year in The New York Times, Stuart Emmrich said he and his partner, Barry, “were shocked. It was the first time either of us had seen a real-life gay man openly acknowledge a romantic relationship on network TV, much less on an awards program.” The Times did not cover Glines’ historic speech in its next day coverage, but did quote Natalia Makarova who won for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for “On Your Toes” thanking her husband “who didn’t help much but wasn’t in the way.” And the newspaper noted that Tommy Tune, who won two Tonys for “On Your Toes,” wore “a bright pink shirt and pink bow tie” and thanked his sister. Philip Crosby, managing director of the Richmond Triangle Players, an LGBTQ theater group now in its 25th year in Virginia, wrote, “He enabled all the LGBTQ theaters across the country to have the courage to produce the works we do.” Glines won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award in 1983 as producer of Torch Song Trilogy.In his acceptance speech for the Tony, he was the first person ever to acknowledge his same-sex lover on a major awards show. He won the Drama Desk Award and a Tony nomination in 1985 as producer of As Is, and won the Drama Desk Award in 1994 for Whoop-Dee-Doo! Activism In 1987, <mask> founded Stamp Out AIDS to raise a million dollars to fight the HIV and AIDS epidemic by selling stamps that people could use like CEaster Seals. He enlisted the participation of Helen Hayes, Pearl Bailey, Vivian Blaine, Ellen Greene, Richard Dreyfuss, and Estelle Getty. In 1992, <mask> was a founding board member of Broadway Cares/ Equity Fights AIDS, whose longtime executive director, Tom Viola, wrote on Facebook, “<mask> will always be a part of our legacy.” Concurrently with his theatre work, <mask> was a founding trustee of Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, which grew out of Stamp Out AIDS, the non-profit organization he founded in 1985 as a result of his work on As Is. <mask> was honored by numerous organizations, including the Empire State Pride Agenda (Artistic Vision Award), Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) (Oscar Wilde Award), the Allied Gay and Lesbian Association of Los Angeles, and Off-Off-Broadway Review (Lifetime Achievement Award). Chaowarat Chiewvej married <mask> in 2014.<mask> died from complications from surgery and emphysema at the age of 84 on August 8, 2018 at his home in Bangkok, Thailand. (Gay City News, August 22, 2018) References External links FROM LYCEUM’S STAGE, A DISCUSSION ON AIDS The New York Times, October 13, 1985. <mask> papers, 1971-1998, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts THEATER: 'CARLA'S SONG,' A DRAMA ABOUT CHILD ABUSE Stephen Holden, The New York Times, July 30, 1984. Review/Theater; Arrivederci Papa, Farce In Drag Stephen Holden, The New York Times, June 29, 1989. The Demonstration (a scene from Men of Manhattan) Actors Theatre of Louisville, 1991 Glines Hopes NY Audiences Will Start Chasing His Butterflies David Lefkowitz, Playbill On-Line, 12 June 1998. Adjunct Theatre League Ex-Voters Retain Legal Counsel Playbill On-Line, 26 October 1999. Old Plays Are Gold Francine L. Trevens, On the Purple Circuit, June 17, 2003.Memorial Foundation for the Arts, Honorary Board Members Reviews Written by <mask> Amazon.com Personal photo galleries 1933 births 2018 deaths 20th-century American dramatists and playwrights Tony Award winners People from Santa Maria, California Yale University alumni LGBT dramatists and playwrights LGBT people from California American gay writers

Pope Urban II

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<mask> (;  – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for initiating the Crusades. <mask> was a native of France, and was a descendant of a noble family from the French commune of Châtillon-sur-Marne. Reims was the nearby cathedral school where he began his studies in 1050. Before his papacy, <mask> was the grand prior of Cluny and bishop of Ostia. As pope, he dealt with Antipope <mask>, infighting of various Christian nations, and the Muslim incursions into Europe. In 1095 he started preaching the First Crusade (1095–99).He promised forgiveness and pardon for all of the past sins of those who would fight to reclaim the holy land from Muslims and free the eastern churches. This pardon would also apply to those that would fight the Muslims in Spain. While the First Crusade resulted in the liberation of Jerusalem from the Fatimids, Pope <mask> II died before he could receive this news. He also set up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church. He was beatified by <mask> <mask> on 14 July 1881. Bishop of Ostia <mask>, baptized Eudes (Odo), was born to a family of Châtillon-sur-Marne. He was prior of the abbey of Cluny, later Pope <mask> named him cardinal-bishop of Ostia .He was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the Gregorian reforms, especially as legate in the Holy Roman Empire in 1084. He was among the three whom <mask> nominated as papabile (possible successors). Desiderius, the abbot of Monte Cassino, was chosen to follow Gregory in 1085 but, after his short reign as <mask>, Odo was elected by acclamation at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina in March 1088. Papacy Struggle for authority From the outset, <mask> had to reckon with the presence of Guibert, the former bishop of Ravenna who held Rome as the antipope "<mask>". Gregory had repeatedly clashed with the emperor Henry IV over papal authority. Despite the Walk to Canossa, Gregory had backed the rebel Duke of Swabia and again excommunicated the emperor. Henry finally took Rome in 1084 and installed <mask> in his place.<mask> took up the policies of Pope Gregory VII and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. Usually kept away from Rome, <mask> toured northern Italy and France. A series of well-attended synods held in Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony, lay investitures, clerical marriages (partly via the cullagium tax), and the emperor and his antipope. He facilitated the marriage of Matilda, countess of Tuscany, with Welf II, duke of Bavaria. He supported the rebellion of Prince Conrad against his father and bestowed the office of groom on Conrad at Cremona in 1095. While there, he helped arrange the marriage between Conrad and Maximilla, the daughter of Count Roger of Sicily, which occurred later that year at Pisa; her large dowry helped finance Conrad's continued campaigns. The Empress Adelaide was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband, Henry IV.He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of Anselm, negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with King <mask> of England and finally receiving England's support against the Imperial pope in Rome. <mask> maintained vigorous support for his predecessors' reforms, however, and did not shy from supporting Anselm when the new archbishop of Canterbury fled England. Likewise, despite the importance of French support for his cause, he upheld his legate Hugh of Die's excommunication of King Philip over his doubly bigamous marriage with Bertrade de Montfort, wife of the Count of Anjou. (The ban was repeatedly lifted and reimposed as the king promised to forswear her and then repeatedly returned to her. A public penance in 1104 ended the controversy, although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Philip instead of Louis.) First Crusade <mask> II's movement took its first public shape at the Council of Piacenza, where, in March 1095, <mask> II received an ambassador from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos asking for help against the Muslim Seljuk Turks who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine Anatolia. The Council of Clermont met, attended by numerous Italian, Burgundian, and French bishops.All of the sessions except the final one took place either in the cathedral of Clermont or in the suburban church of Notre-Dame-du- Port. Though the Council was primarily focused on reforms within the church hierarchy, <mask> II gave a speech on 27 November 1095 at the conclusion of the Council to a broader audience. The speech was made outside in the open air to accommodate the vast crowd that had come to hear him. <mask>'s sermon proved highly effective, as he summoned the attending nobility and the people to wrest the Holy Land, and the eastern churches generally, from the control of the Seljuk Turks. This was the speech that triggered the Crusades. There exists no exact transcription of the speech that <mask> delivered at the Council of Clermont. The five extant versions of the speech were written down some time later, and they differ widely from one another.All versions of the speech except that by Fulcher of Chartres were probably influenced by the chronicle account of the First Crusade called the Gesta Francorum (written c. 1101), which includes a version of it. Fulcher of Chartres was present at the Council, though he did not start writing his history of the crusade, including a version of the speech until c. 1101. Robert the Monk may have been present, but his version dates from about 1106. The five versions of <mask>'s speech likely reflect much more clearly what later authors thought <mask> II should have said to launch the First Crusade than what <mask> actually did say. As a better means of evaluating <mask>'s true motives in calling for a crusade to the Holy Lands, there are four extant letters written by Pope <mask> himself: one to the Flemish (dated December 1095); one to the Bolognese (dated September 1096); one to Vallombrosa (dated October 1096); and one to the counts of Catalonia (dated either 1089 or 1096–1099). However, whereas the three former letters were concerned with rallying popular support for the Crusades, and establishing the objectives, his letters to the Catalonian lords instead beseech them to continue the fight against the Moors, assuring them that doing so would offer the same divine rewards as a conflict against the Seljuks. It is <mask>'s own letters, rather than the paraphrased versions of his speech at Clermont, that reveal his actual thinking about crusading.Nevertheless, the versions of the speech have had a great influence on popular conceptions and misconceptions about the Crusades, so it is worth comparing the five composed speeches to <mask>'s actual words. Fulcher of Chartres has <mask> saying that the Lord and Christ beseech and command the christians to fight and reclaim their land. The chronicler Robert the Monk put this into the mouth of <mask> II: ... this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulchre; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves ... God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the Kingdom of Heaven.Robert continued: When <mask> had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!". When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them.' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God.When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!" Within Fulcher of Chartres account of pope <mask>’s speech there was a promise of remission of sins for whoever took part in the crusade.All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. It is disputed whether the famous slogan "God wills it" or "It is the will of God" (deus vult in Latin, Dieu le veut in French) in fact was established as a rallying cry during the Council. While Robert the Monk says so, it is also possible that the slogan was created as a catchy propaganda motto afterwards. <mask> II's own letter to the Flemish confirms that he granted "remission of all their sins" to those undertaking the enterprise to liberate the eastern churches.One notable contrast with the speeches recorded by Robert the Monk, Guibert of Nogent, and Baldric of Dol is the lesser emphasis on Jerusalem itself, which <mask> only once mentions as his own focus of concern. In the letter to the Flemish he writes, "they [the Turks] have seized the Holy City of Christ, embellished by his passion and resurrection, and blasphemy to say—have sold her and her churches into abominable slavery." In the letters to Bologna and Vallombrosa he refers to the crusaders' desire to set out for Jerusalem rather than to his own desire that Jerusalem be freed from Muslim rule. It was believed that originally that <mask> wanted to send a relatively small force to aid the Byzantines, however after meeting with two prominent members of the crusades Adhemar of Puy and Raymond of Saint-Guilles, <mask> decided to rally a much larger force to retake Jerusalem. <mask> II refers to liberating the church as a whole or the eastern churches generally rather than to reconquering Jerusalem itself. The phrases used are "churches of God in the eastern region" and "the eastern churches" (to the Flemish), "liberation of the Church" (to Bologna), "liberating Christianity [Lat. Christianitatis]" (to Vallombrosa), and "the Asian church" (to the Catalan counts).Coincidentally or not, Fulcher of Chartres's version of <mask>'s speech makes no explicit reference to Jerusalem. Rather it more generally refers to aiding the crusaders' Christian "brothers of the eastern shore," and to their loss of Asia Minor to the Turks. It is still disputed what Pope <mask>'s motives were as evidenced by the different speeches that were recorded, all of which differ from each other. Some historians believe that <mask> wished for the reunification of the eastern and western churches, a rift that was caused by the Great Schism of 1054. Others believe that <mask> saw this as an opportunity to gain legitimacy as the pope as at the time he was contending with the antipope Clement III. A third theory is that <mask> felt threatened by the Muslim incursions into Europe and saw the crusades as a way to unite the christian world into a unified defense against them. The most important effect of the First Crusade for <mask> himself was the removal of <mask> from Rome in 1097 by one of the French armies.His restoration there was supported by Matilda of Tuscany. <mask> died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was Pope Paschal II. Spain <mask> also gave support to the crusades in Spain against the Moors there. Pope <mask> was concerned that the focus on the east and Jerusalem would neglect the fight in Spain. He saw the fight in the east and in Spain as part of the same crusade so he would offer the same remission of sin for those that fought in Spain and discouraged those that wished to travel east from Spain. Sicily <mask> received vital support in his conflict with the Byzantine Empire, Romans and the Holy Roman Empire from the Norman of Campania and Sicily. In return he granted Roger I the freedom to appoint bishops as a right of ("lay investiture"), to collect Church revenues before forwarding to the papacy, and the right to sit in judgment on ecclesiastical questions.Roger I virtually became a legate of the Pope within Sicily. In 1098 these were extraordinary prerogatives that Popes were withholding from temporal sovereigns elsewhere in Europe and that later led to bitter confrontations with Roger's Hohenstaufen heirs. Veneration <mask> was beatified in 1881 by <mask> <mask> with his feast day on 29 July. See also House of Châtillon House of Natoli Beauvais Cathedral Milo of Nanteuil Concordat of Worms Gregorian Reforms Investiture Controversy Cardinals created by <mask> II Footnotes References Bibliography Crozet, R. (1937). "Le voyage d'Urbain II et ses arrangements avec le clergé de France (1095-1096)" : Revue historique 179 (1937) 271-310. Gossman, Francis Joseph (1960. <mask> II and Canon Law (The Catholic University of America Canon Law Studies 403) Washington 1960.Somerville, Robert (1970). "The French Councils of Pope <mask> II: Some Basic Considérations," Annuarium historiae conciliorum 2 (1970) 56-65. External links Five versions of his speech for the First Crusade from Medieval Sourcebook. Medieval Lands Project on Eudes de Châtillon, Bishop of Ostia, Pope <mask> II, the son of Milon the seigneur of Châtillon in the 11th century <mask>'s call for the 1095 crusade Publications about <mask> II in the OPAC of the Regesta Imperii Gabriele, M. (11 December 2012). The Last Carolingian Exegete: Pope <mask> II, the Weight of Tradition, and Christian Reconquest. Retrieved 24 November 2017. 1030s births 1099 deaths 11th-century French people House of Châtillon People from Marne (department) Cluniacs Cardinal-bishops of Ostia Christians of the First Crusade Diplomats of the Holy See French popes Benedictine popes Christian critics of Islam 11th-century popes Beatified popes French beatified people Benedictine beatified people Popes Cardinals created by Pope Gregory VII Crusades Beatifications by Pope <mask>

Jean-François Gillet

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Jean-<mask> (born 31 May 1979) is a Belgian professional football coach and a former goalkeeper. He works as a goalkeeping coach at Standard Liège. At international level, he was a member of the Belgian squad that took part at UEFA Euro 2016. Club career Standard Liège and Monza He began his professional career in the youth system of Standard Liège and was called up to the first team at the age of just 17. In 1996, he made his debut in Belgian First Division and the following season he took to the field on another two occasions. In the summer of 1999, at the age of twenty, he moved outright to Monza, then in Serie B. As a starter, he disputed 33 games.Bari and Treviso After playing four games in August with Monza, in the final days of the transfer market he accepted a move to Bari in Serie A, who paid 5 million lire. His first season in the top flight, despite 20 appearances and some stand-out performances in goal, was marred by a prosecution for doping. After the match Bari-Reggina on 21 January, in fact, he became the first player in Italy to be indicted for testing positive for Nandrolone and was forced by the sports court to serve a four-month disqualification. Over the next ten years he played 317 games for Bari in Serie A and Serie B, with the exception of a short loan with Treviso in 2003–04, due to some disagreements with the then coach Marco Tardelli. On 13 March 2008 he renewed his contract with the Galletti until 2011. In 2007 Antonio Conte arrived at Bari, and <mask> adapted his role in the team and was employed as a sweeper keeper. The team triumphed in Serie B, returning to the top flight after a seven-year absence.In 2009–10, his performances were confirmed again at the highest level, only conceding seven goals in the first 12 rounds; with the defensive pairing of Andrea Ranocchia and Leonardo Bonucci, they were among the teams in Europe with the fewest goals conceded. On 18 March 2010 he renewed with Bari until 2014, and on 12 September 2010 against Napoli, he officially became Bari's most-capped player after reaching 319 appearances for the jersey of the pugliesi, overcoming Bari legend Giovanni Loseto. For this reason, the mayor of Bari gave the Belgian goalkeeper the keys of the city as a sign of attachment to the club and the city. <mask> remained a formidable goalkeeper: saving two penalties from Francesco Totti, during the two matches between Bari and Roma, and one from Robert Acquafresca of Cagliari. At the end of the season, however, Bari were once again relegated to Serie B. Bologna In 2011, after Bari's relegation to Serie B, <mask> expressed his desire to finish his career in Serie A and was transferred to Bologna in a deal worth €1.4 million. At his farewell press conference, <mask> tearfully bid farewell to his adopted home in Bari and their fans. In his first season at Bologna, <mask> immediately showed his goalkeeping abilities and was quickly taken to by the Bologna faithful.His 29 league appearances in goal helped Bologna finish 9th in the 2011–12 Serie A season, the club's best finish in a decade. Torino On 5 July 2012 <mask> transferred to Torino for €1.7 million, with whom he signed a contract for three years. At Torino he was reunited with former coach Giampiero Ventura from Bari, making his debut on 26 August against Siena in a scoreless draw. He played 37 matches for the Granata in the 2012–13 season. However, on 6 June 2013, in the aftermath of the Bari match-fixing scandal, he was indicted for sporting fraud and on 16 July was suspended for three years and seven months due to his role in the matches Bari-Treviso on 11 May 2008; and Salernitana-Bari on 23 May 2009. On 24 January 2014 the TNAS reduced the disqualification to 13 months (five of which he had already served). <mask> returned on 17 August 2014 in a triangular friendly in Mondovì against Bra and Virtus Mondovi.On 22 August he was recalled by Ventura for the Europa League playoff round against RNK Split. On 18 September <mask> played his first game as a starter for Torino since his suspension against the Belgian team Club Brugge, which ended 0–0 thanks to his heroic parries. Catania On 30 January 2015, he transferred to Catania, on a contract until 2017. Loan to Mechelen On 4 October 2015, <mask> saved three penalties for Mechelen in a league game against Anderlecht. Standard Liège On 17 March 2018 he played as Standard Liège beat Genk 1–0 in extra time to win the 2018 Belgian Cup Final and qualify for the UEFA Europa League. International career In August 2009, at the age of 30, after a strong performance against Inter Milan for Bari, he was called up to the Belgian senior team in view of qualification for the 2010 World Cup against Spain and Armenia. He debuted 5 September 2009 in Spain, parrying a David Villa penalty, before conceding 5 goals.He conceded 2 goals in the next game, which saw the Belgian team defeated in Armenia by 2 to 1. On 14 November, he kept a clean sheet in a friendly against Hungary and again against Qatar. Style of play Considered to be a talented goalkeeper in his youth, <mask> was nicknamed "the cat from Liège”, a reference to his birth–place and quick reflexes, which allowed him to compensate for his relatively modest stature for a goalkeeper of ; however, his size is also thought by some pundits to have limited his performances occasionally. Match fixing allegations On 16 July 2013, <mask> received a forty-three-month ban from football following his role in suspected match fixing during his time at Bari. On appeal this ban was reduced to 13 months, with return scheduled for August 2014. Honours Standard Liège Belgian Cup: 2017–18 References External links Belgian footballers Belgium youth international footballers Belgium under-21 international footballers Belgium international footballers S.S.C. Bari players Bologna F.C.1909 players A.C.D. Treviso players Torino F.C. players 1979 births Belgian First Division A players Serie A players Serie B players Living people Belgian expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in Italy Association football goalkeepers A.C. Monza players Standard Liège players K.V. Mechelen players Walloon people Walloon sportspeople UEFA Euro 2016 players

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<mask> (; ; 9 October 1906 – 20 December 2001) was a Senegalese poet, politician and cultural theorist who, for two decades, served as the first president of Senegal (1960–80). Ideologically an African socialist, he was the major theoretician of Négritude. <mask> was also the founder of the Senegalese Democratic Bloc party. <mask> was the first African elected as a member of the Académie française. He won the 1985 International Nonino Prize in Italy. He is regarded by many as one of the most important African intellectuals of the 20th century. Early years: 1906–28 <mask> was born on 9 October 1906 in the city of Joal, some 110 kilometres south of Dakar, capital of Senegal.His father, Basile Diogoye <mask> (pronounced: Basile Jogoy <mask>), was a businessman and merchant belonging to the bourgeois Serer people. Basile Senghor was said to be a wealthy person and owned thousands of cattle and vast lands, some of which were given to him by his cousin the king of Sine. Gnilane Ndiémé Bakhoum (1861–1948), Senghor's mother, the third wife of his father, a Muslim with Fula origin who belonged to the Tabor tribe, was born near Djilor to a Christian family. She gave birth to six children, including two sons. Senghor's birth certificate states that he was born on 9 October 1906; however, there is a discrepancy with his certificate of baptism, which states it occurred on 9 August 1906. His Serer middle name Sédar comes from the Serer language, meaning "one that shall not be humiliated" or "the one you cannot humiliate". His surname Senghor is a combination of the Serer words Sène (a Serer surname and the name of the Supreme Deity in Serer religion called Rog Sene) and gor or ghor, the etymology of which is kor in the Serer language, meaning male or man.Tukura Badiar <mask>, the prince of Sine and a figure from whom Léopold <mask> <mask> has been reported to trace descent, was a Serer noble. At the age of eight, Senghor began his studies in Senegal in the Ngasobil boarding-school of the Fathers of the Holy Spirit. In 1922 he entered a seminary in Dakar. After being told the religious life was not for him, he attended a secular institution. By then, he was already passionate about French literature. He won distinctions in French, Latin, Greek and Algebra. With his Baccalaureate completed, he was awarded a scholarship to continue his studies in France."Sixteen years of wandering": 1928–1944 In 1928 Senghor sailed from Senegal for France, beginning, in his words, "sixteen years of wandering." Starting his post-secondary studies at the Sorbonne, he quit and went on to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand to finish his prep course for entrance to the École Normale Supérieure, a grande école. Paul Cary, Henri Queffélec, Robert Verdier and Georges Pompidou were also studying at this elite institution. After failing the entrance exam, Senghor prepared for his grammar Agrégation. He was granted his agrégation in 1935 after a failed first attempt. Academic career Senghor graduated from the University of Paris, where he received the Agrégation in French Grammar. Subsequently, he was designated professor at the universities of Tours and Paris, where he taught during the period 1935–45.Senghor started his teaching years at the lycée René-Descartes in Tours; he also taught at the lycée Marcelin-Berthelot in Saint-Maur-des-Fosses near Paris. He also studied linguistics taught by Lilias Homburger at the École pratique des hautes études. He studied with prominent social scientists such as Marcel Cohen, Marcel Mauss and Paul Rivet (director of the Institut d'ethnologie de Paris). Senghor, along with other intellectuals of the African diaspora who had come to study in the colonial capital, coined the term and conceived the notion of "négritude", which was a response to the racism still prevalent in France. It turned the racial slur nègre into a positively connoted celebration of African culture and character. The idea of négritude informed not only Senghor's cultural criticism and literary work, but also became a guiding principle for his political thought in his career as a statesman. Military service In 1939, Senghor was enrolled as a French army enlisted man (2e Classe) with the rank of private within the 59th Colonial Infantry division in spite of his higher education and of his 1932 acquisition of the French Citizenship.A year later in 1940, during the German invasion of France, he was taken prisoner by the Germans in la Charité-sur-Loire. He was interned in different camps, and finally at Front Stalag 230, in Poitiers. Front Stalag 230 was reserved for colonial troops captured during the war. German soldiers wanted to execute him and the others the same day they were captured, but they escaped this fate by yelling Vive la France, vive l'Afrique noire! ("Long live France, long live Black Africa!") A French officer told the soldiers that executing the African prisoners would dishonour the Aryan race and the German Army. In total, Senghor spent two years in different prison camps, where he spent most of his time writing poems.In 1942 he was released for medical reasons. He resumed his teaching career while remaining involved in the resistance during the Nazi occupation. Political career: 1945–1982 Colonial France Once the war was over, Senghor was selected as Dean of the Linguistics Department with the École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer, a position he would hold until Senegal's independence in 1960. While travelling on a research trip for his poetry, he met the local socialist leader, Lamine Guèye, who suggested that Senghor run for election as a member of the Assemblée nationale française. Senghor accepted and became député for the riding of Sénégal-Mauritanie, when colonies were granted the right to be represented by elected individuals. They took different positions when the train conductors on the Dakar-Niger line went on strike. Guèye voted against the strike, arguing the movement would paralyse the colony, while Senghor supported the workers, which gained him great support among Senegalese.Political changes In 1947, <mask> left the African Division of the French Section of the Workers International (SFIO), which had given enormous financial support to the social movement. With Mamadou Dia, he founded the Bloc démocratique sénégalais (1948). They won the legislative elections of 1951, and Guèye lost his seat. Senghor was involved in the negotiations and drafting of the Fourth Republic's constitution. Re-elected deputy in 1951 as an independent overseas member, <mask> was appointed state secretary to the council's president in Edgar Faure's government from 1 March 1955 to 1 February 1956. He became mayor of the city of Thiès, Senegal in November 1956 and then advisory minister in the Michel Debré's government from 23 July 1959 to 19 May 1961. He was also a member of the commission responsible for drafting the Fifth Republic's constitution, general councillor for Senegal, member of the Grand Conseil de l'Afrique Occidentale Francaise and member for the parliamentary assembly of the European Council.In 1964 Senghor published the first volume of a series of five, titled Liberté. The book contains a variety of speeches, essays and prefaces. Senegal Senghor supported federalism for newly independent African states, a type of "French Commonwealth", while retaining a degree of French involvement: Since federalism was not favoured by the African countries, he decided to form, along with Modibo Keita, the Mali Federation with former French Sudan (present-day Mali). Senghor was president of the Federal Assembly until its failure in 1960. Afterwards, Senghor became the first President of the Republic of Senegal, elected on 5 September 1960. He is the author of the Senegalese national anthem. The prime minister, Mamadou Dia, was in charge of executing Senegal's long-term development plan, while Senghor was in charge of foreign relations.The two men quickly disagreed. In December 1962, Mamadou Dia was arrested under suspicion of fomenting a coup d'état. He was held in prison for 12 years. Following this, Senghor created a presidential regime. On 22 March 1967, Senghor survived an assassination attempt. The suspect, Moustapha Lô, pointed his pistol towards the President after he had participated in the sermon of Tabaski, but the gun did not fire. Lô was sentenced to death for treason and executed on 15 June 1967, even though it remained unclear if he had actually wanted to kill Senghor.Following an announcement at the beginning of December 1980, <mask> resigned his position at the end of the year, before the end of his fifth term. Abdou Diouf replaced him as the head of the country. Under his presidency, Senegal adopted a multi-party system (limited to three: socialist, communist and liberal). He created a performing education system. Despite the end of official colonialism, the value of Senegalese currency continued to be fixed by France, the language of learning remained French, and Senghor ruled the country with French political advisors. Francophonie He supported the creation of la Francophonie and was elected vice-president of the High Council of the Francophonie. In 1982, he was one of the founders of the Association France and developing countries whose objectives were to bring attention to the problems of developing countries, in the wake of the changes affecting the latter.Académie française: 1983–2001 He was elected a member of the Académie française on 2 June 1983, at the 16th seat where he succeeded Antoine de Lévis Mirepoix. He was the first African to sit at the Académie. The entrance ceremony in his honour took place on 29 March 1984, in presence of French President François Mitterrand. This was considered a further step towards greater openness in the Académie, after the previous election of a woman, Marguerite Yourcenar. In 1993, the last and fifth book of the Liberté series was published: Liberté 5: le dialogue des cultures. Personal life and death Senghor's first marriage was to Ginette Éboué (1 March 1923 – 1992), daughter of Félix Éboué. They married on 9 September 1946 and divorced in 1955.They had two sons, Francis in 1947 and Guy in 1948. His second wife, Colette Hubert [fr] (20 November 1925 – 18 November 2019), who was from France, became Senegal's first First Lady upon independence in 1960. Senghor had three sons between his two marriages. Senghor spent the last years of his life with his wife in Verson, near the city of Caen in Normandy, where he died on 20 December 2001. His funeral was held on 29 December 2001 in Dakar. Officials attending the ceremony included Raymond Forni, president of the Assemblée nationale and Charles Josselin, state secretary for the minister of foreign affairs, in charge of the Francophonie. Jacques Chirac (who said, upon hearing of Senghor's death: "Poetry has lost one of its masters, Senegal a statesman, Africa a visionary and France a friend") and Lionel Jospin, respectively president of the French Republic and the prime minister, did not attend.Their failure to attend Senghor's funeral made waves as it was deemed a lack of acknowledgement for what the politician had been in his life. The analogy was made with the Senegalese Tirailleurs who, after having contributed to the liberation of France, had to wait more than forty years to receive an equal pension (in terms of buying power) to their

Léopold Sédar Senghor

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French counterparts. The scholar Érik Orsenna wrote in the newspaper Le Monde an editorial entitled "J'ai honte" (I am ashamed). Legacy Although a socialist, Senghor avoided the Marxist and anti-Western ideology that had become popular in post-colonial Africa, favouring the maintenance of close ties with France and the western world. Senghor's tenure as president was characterised by the development of African socialism, which was created as an indigenous alternative to Marxism, drawing heavily from the négritude philosophy. In developing this, he was assisted by Ousmane Tanor Dieng. On 31 December 1980, he retired in favour of his prime minister, Abdou Diouf.Politically, Senghor's stamp can also be identified today. With regards to Senegal in particular, his willful abdication of power to his successor, Abdou Diouf, led to Diouf's peaceful leave from office as well. Senegal's special relationship to France and economic legacy are more highly contested, but Senghor's impact on democracy remains nonetheless. Senghor managed to retain his identity as both a poet and a politician even throughout his busy careers as both, living by his philosophy of achieving equilibrium between competing forces. Whether it was France and Africa, poetics and politics, or other disparate parts of his identity, Senghor balanced the two. Literarily, Senghor's influence on political thought and poetic form are wide reaching even through to our modern day. Senghor's poetry endures as the “record of an individual sensibility at a particular moment in history,” capturing the spirit of the Négritude movement at its peak, but also marks a definitive place in literary history.Senghor's thoughts were exceedingly radical for this time, arguing that Africans could only progress if they developed a culture distinct and separate from the colonial powers that oppressed them, pushing against popular thought at the time. Senghor was deeply influenced by poets from the US like Langston Hughes, and his work in turn resonates among today's young US population despite the generations that have passed. Seat number 16 of the Académie was vacant after the Senegalese poet's death. He was ultimately replaced by another former president, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Honours and awards Senghor received several honours in the course of his life. He was made Grand-Croix of the Légion d'honneur, Grand-Croix of the l'Ordre national du Mérite, commander of arts and letters. He also received academic palms and the Grand-Croix of the l'Ordre du lion du Sénégal.His war exploits earned him the medal of Reconnaissance Franco-alliée 1939–1945 and the combattant cross 1939–1945. He was named honorary doctor of thirty-seven universities. Senghor received the Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire on 14 October 1971. On 13 November 1978, he was created a Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic of Spain. Members of the order at the rank of knight and above enjoy personal nobility and have the privilege of adding a golden heraldic mantle to their coats of arms. Those at the rank of the Collar also receive the official style "His or Her Most Excellent Lord". The same year, Senghor received an honoris causa from the University of Salamanca.In 1983 he was awarded the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize by the University of Tübingen." The French Language International University in Alexandria was officially open in 1990 and was named after him. In 1994 he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the African Studies Association; however, there was controversy about whether he met the standard of contributing "a lifetime record of outstanding scholarship in African studies and service to the Africanist community." Michael Mbabuike, president of the New York African Studies Association (NYASA), said that the award also honours those who have worked "to make the world a better place for mankind." The airport of Dakar was renamed Aéroport International Léopold Sédar Senghor in 1996, on his 90th birthday. The Passerelle Solférino in Paris was renamed after him in 2006, on the centenary of his birth. Acknowledgement Member of the Académie française Member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques Member of the Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste Member of the Royal Academy of Morocco Honorary Fellow of the Sahitya Akademi Honorary degrees Paris-Sorbonne University Harvard University Yale University University of Oxford Université catholique de Louvain Université de Montréal Université Laval Goethe University Frankfurt University of Vienna University of Salzburg Paris Descartes University University of Bordeaux University of Strasbourg Nancy 2 University University of Padua University of Salamanca University of Évora Federal University of Bahia Summary of Orders received Senegalese national honours Foreign honours Poetry His poetry was widely acclaimed, and in 1978 he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.His poem "A l'appel de la race de Saba", published in 1936, was inspired by the entry of Italian troops in Addis Ababa. In 1948, Senghor compiled and edited a volume of Francophone poetry called Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache for which Jean-Paul Sartre wrote an introduction, entitled "Orphée Noir" (Black Orpheus). For his epitaph was a poem he had written, namely: Quand je serai mort, mes amis, couchez-moi sous Joal-l'Ombreuse. Sur la colline au bord du Mamanguedy, près l'oreille du sanctuaire des Serpents. Mais entre le Lion couchez-moi et l'aïeule Tening-Ndyae. Quand je serai mort mes amis, couchez-moi sous Joal-la-Portugaise. Des pierres du Fort vous ferez ma tombe, et les canons garderont le silence.Deux lauriers roses-blanc et rose-embaumeront la Signare. When I'm dead, my friends, place me below Shadowy Joal, On the hill, by the bank of the Mamanguedy, near the ear of Serpents' Sanctuary. But place me between the Lion and ancestral Tening-Ndyae. When I'm dead, my friends, place me beneath Portuguese Joal. Of stones from the Fort build my tomb, and cannons will keep quiet. Two oleanders – white and pink – will perfume the Signare. Négritude With Aimé Césaire and Léon Damas, Senghor created the concept of Négritude, an important intellectual movement that sought to assert and to valorise what they believed to be distinctive African characteristics, values, and aesthetics.One of these African characteristics that Senghor theorised was asserted when he wrote "the Negro has reactions that are more lived, in the sense that they are more direct and concrete expressions of the sensation and of the stimulus, and so of the object itself with all its original qualities and power." This was a reaction against the too strong dominance of French culture in the colonies, and against the perception that Africa did not have culture developed enough to stand alongside that of Europe. In that respect négritude owes significantly to the pioneering work of Leo Frobenius. Building upon historical research identifying ancient Egypt with black Africa, Senghor argued that sub-Saharan Africa and Europe are in fact part of the same cultural continuum, reaching from Egypt to classical Greece, through Rome to the European colonial powers of the modern age. Négritude was by no means—as it has in many quarters been perceived—an anti-white racism, but rather emphasised the importance of dialogue and exchange among different cultures (e.g., European, African, Arab, etc.). A related concept later developed in Mobutu's Zaire is that of authenticité or Authenticity. Décalage In colloquial French, the term décalage is used to describe jetlag, lag or a general discrepancy between two things.However, Senghor uses the term to describe the unevenness in the African Diaspora. The complete phrase he uses is "Il s'agit, en réalité, d'un simple décalage—dans le temps et dans l'espace", meaning that between Black Africans and African Americans there exists an inconsistency, both temporally and spatially. The time element points to the advancing or delaying of a schedule or agenda, while the space aspects designates the displacing and shifting of an object. The term points to a "a bias that refuses to pass over when one crosses the water". He asks, how can we expect any sort of solidarity or intimacy from two populations that diverged over 500 years ago? Works of Senghor Prière aux masques (c. 1935 – published in collected works during the 1940s). Chants d'ombre (1945) Hosties noires (1948) Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache (1948) La Belle Histoire de Leuk-le-Lièvre (1953) Éthiopiques (1956) Nocturnes (1961).(English tr. by Clive Wake and John O. Reed, Nocturnes, London: Heinemann Educational, 1969. African Writers Series 71) Nation et voie africaine du socialisme (1961) Pierre Teilhard de Chardin et la politique africaine (1962) Poèmes (1964). Lettres de d'hivernage (1973) Élégies majeures (1979) La Poésie de l'action: conversation avec Mohamed Aziza (1980) Ce que je crois (1988) See also Serer people List of Senegalese writers References Further reading Armand Guibert & Seghers Nimrod (2006), Léopold <mask> Senghor, Paris (1961 edition by Armand Guibert). Sources from this article were taken from the equivalent French article :fr:Léopold Sédar Senghor. External links Biography and guide to collected works: African Studies Centre, Leiden Histoire des Signares de Gorée du 17ie au 19ie siécle. Poèmes de Léopold Sédar Senghor Biographie par l'Assemblée nationale Biographie par l'Academie française President Dia by William Mbaye (2012, english version) – Youtube – Political documentary – 1957 to 1963 in Senegal (55') Sangonet Préface par Léopold Sédar Senghor à l'ouvrage collectif sur Le Nouvel Ordre Économique Mondiale édité par Hans Köchler (1980) (facsimilé) Semaine spéciale Senghor à l'occasion du centenaire de sa naissance Texte sur le site de Sudlangues Mamadou Cissé, "De l'assimilation à l'appropriation: essai de glottopolitique senghorienne» Page on the French National Assembly website « Racisme?Non, mais Alliance Spirituelle » 1906 births 2001 deaths People from Thiès Region People of French West Africa Senegalese Roman Catholics Serer presidents Presidents of Senegal French Section of the Workers' International politicians Senegalese Democratic Bloc politicians Government ministers of France Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1945) Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946) Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic Senegalese pan-Africanists Senegalese politicians Catholic socialists Senegalese Christian socialists National anthem writers Senegalese poets 20th-century male writers Prince des poètes Prix Guillaume Apollinaire winners Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath laureates Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni Members of the Académie Française French Army officers French Army personnel of World War II French prisoners of war in World War II French Resistance members Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Socialist

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<mask> (February 28, 1888 – April 5, 1918) was a German immigrant who was lynched in the United States during World War I as a result of anti-German sentiment. He had worked as a baker in southern Illinois and then as a laborer in a coal mine, settling in Collinsville, a center of mining. At a time of rising anti-German sentiment, he was rejected for membership in the Maryville, Illinois local of the United Mine Workers of America. Afterward he angered area mine workers by posting copies of his letter around town that complained of his rejection and criticized the local president. A mob of 200-300 men forced Prager from his home in Collinsville, making him walk barefoot and wrapped in an American flag along Main Street, where they beat and harassed him. The police took him into custody, but the mob gained control again, taking him from the Collinsville City Hall and accusing Mayor John H. Siegel of being pro-German. Failing to find tar in order to tar and feather Prager, as the workers had done to other victims, leaders of the mob used a rope and hanged him to death at a prominent bluff outside town.Eleven men were tried for Prager's murder but all were acquitted. Rumors were that Prager held socialist beliefs, which were considered suspect at the time. Men in the mob claimed he was planning to blow up the coal mine, but there was no evidence against him and he had not been charged with any crime. Biography <mask> <mask> was born in Dresden, Germany on February 28, 1888. He emigrated to the United States in 1905, at the age of 17. First working as an itinerant baker, he was sentenced to a year in an Indiana reformatory for theft. When the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, Prager was living in St. Louis, Missouri.Prager showed strong patriotism for his adopted country. He took out his first citizenship papers the day after Wilson's war speech on April 2, in order to start the naturalization process. He registered for the draft and tried to enlist in the US Navy. (Aliens were promised citizenship if they successfully served in the armed forces.) Prager continuously displayed an American flag from his window. When his St. Louis landlord objected, Prager reported him to the police. Prager was rejected by the Navy due to medical reasons.After moving briefly to other towns in Missouri and Illinois, he landed in nearby Collinsville in southern Illinois in the late summer of 1917. He first took a job baking for an Italian baker named Lorenzo Bruno. In early 1918, Prager learned of the high wartime wages that miners were earning and began working in a laborer's position at the Donk Brothers Coal and Coke Co. Mine #2 in nearby Maryville. But Prager was rejected for permanent membership as a mine worker in United Mine Workers of America Local 1802, perhaps due to his argumentative personality or suspected socialist beliefs. Background: Labor issues in Collinsville Coal mining was the lifeblood of Collinsville in 1918, with seven mines in production in or around the city. More than half the city's male working population was employed at the mines.The work also drew itinerant miners who had no familial anchors to the community. Many of the miners in this period were immigrants or had at least one parent who was an immigrant, and most were from European nations. The United Mine Workers of America (UMW) had five locals in the Collinsville area, and the miners dominated the community. Radical elements in the UMW unions caused a number of wildcat strike actions at Collinsville area coal mines in the summer and fall of 1917. Almost concurrently with the wildcat strikes, a unionization strike at the St. Louis Lead Smelting and Refining plant (Lead Works) in Collinsville energized many of the coal miners and other union members in the community. The strike turned violent at times. In an unusual twist, Collinsville police officers and Madison County Sheriff's deputies, mostly former miners themselves, sided with the striking workers from the Lead Works and the coal miners who supported unionization.Industry owners hired strikebreakers, who were harassed by both union men and law enforcement officers on local streets and in streetcars. The strike at the Lead Works resulted in social tensions similar to those that had preceded the East St. Louis Race Riots earlier in 1917. Owners had hired black workers to break strikes in that community. In Collinsville, ethnic white workers objected to the use of "imported" workers, and many of the workers hired to fill the non-union jobs at the Lead Works were black. The wildcat coal mine strikes and unionization strike at St. Louis Louis Smelting and Refining resulted in radicalizing many Collinsville coal miners. They became empowered by the lack of official resistance to their actions in 1917-1918 by community leaders or local law enforcement. Background: Wartime patriotism and paranoia The federal Committee on Public Information (CPI) sought to gain support for U.S. entry into the Great War, which had raged in Europe since 1914.Many Americans had a largely isolationist viewpoint and believed they did not need to get involved in Europe's problems. At the same time, anarchists and socialists had largely opposed US entry into the war, in order to focus on solving domestic problems such as labor injustices and economic inequities. The CPI's campaign reached the newspapers and also produced buttons and posters to support the war effort, trying to raise patriotic support. The CPI also controlled the release of news and photographs of the war to newspapers and magazines. Meanwhile, Congress had passed the Espionage Act of 1917, which criminalized actions that might interfere with the military or even military recruitment, such as making statements which could discourage potential soldiers from registering for the draft or enlisting. The Espionage Act also prohibited mailing of any materials which might harm the government's war efforts. This act was used broadly by the government to suppress anarchist and socialist activists, whom they opposed.There had been considerable labor and social unrest preceding US entry into the war. Locally, many residents of Collinsville attended patriotic events, such as the June 5, 1917 National Draft Registration Day, or the March 27, 1918 organizing meeting of the Collinsville Neighborhood Committee of the Illinois State Council of Defense. Many immigrants and their descendants were eager to prove their loyalty to the United States. A number of Collinsville men had enlisted, while many more were drafted to report for military service starting in September 1917. But the city residents failed to meet Liberty Bond sales quotas for both bond drives in 1917. In November 1917, Leighton Evatt died from pneumonia in France, the first fatality of the war from Collinsville. Nearly every club or organization in Collinsville conducted regular fundraising to support the soldiers or the military effort.The Red Cross became the leading war support organization locally, and would have nearly 4000 members by war's end. Though some residents complained about fuel and food conservation measures, most Collinsville people complied with the guidelines, not wanting to have their loyalty considered suspect. Government propaganda urged residents to be on constant alert for enemy spies. The war raised the unease of native-born Americans about the numerous immigrants in the country. "Every German or Austrian in the United States, unless known by years of association to be absolutely loyal, should be treated as a potential spy," the Collinsville Advertiser newspaper reported on December 29, 1917. Because Germany was opposed to Great Britain and France, nationally ethnic Germans in the United States, having previously been perhaps the most-respected immigrant groups, increasingly faced anti-German sentiment. Examples of anti-German sentiment were street names being changed and German-language classes dropped in many communities.Groups ranging from the All-Allied Anti-German League to the Boy Spies of America reported any activity they thought suspicious. In the coal fields of southern Illinois, miners administered extralegal justice against real and perceived enemies: in a kind of charivari, they tarred and feathered some men, and drove others out of town through mob harassment. A Lutheran minister from a Collinsville-area church was forced to leave the community because he reportedly would not renounce his German citizenship. Throughout the nation, harassment of German immigrants and those of German descent peaked during early 1918. Lynching of <mask> <mask> Prager's application to join UMW Local 1802 was rejected on April 3, 1918. After the union meeting that evening, miners paraded Prager near saloons in Maryville, then warned him to leave that town. Prager was angered to have been rejected by Local 1802 and losing his job.The next morning, he wrote a letter to the Maryville miners, complaining that he had been treated unfairly by Local 1802 President James Fornero. "I have been a union man all times and never once a scab [strikebreaker]," Prager said. He denied accusations that he was a German sympathizer. He wrote, "I am heart and soul for the good old USA. I am of German birth, of which accident I cannot help." On the afternoon of April 4 he posted copies of this letter near the Maryville mine and nearby saloons. Leaving work at the end of the day, the Maryville miners were enraged to see copies of Prager's letter.A contingent of about six Maryville men went to Prager's Collinsville home in the 200 block of Vandalia Street, bringing along dozens of men who had been drinking in a nearby saloon. The men arrived at Prager's door about 9:45 p.m. and ordered him to leave town. Soon the group told Prager to come out first and kiss the flag to show his patriotism. Prager was told to remove his shoes; wrapped in the flag and barefoot, he was paraded along Main Street in Collinsville past numerous saloons where miners and other working men were drinking. Many joined the mob, which now numbered about 300. At approximately 10 p.m., three Collinsville policemen took Prager from the mob at Main and Seminary streets, and put him into the jail for his safety, in the basement of City Hall, three blocks away. The mob reassembled on Main Street; several hundred men marched behind a US flag, singing "The Star Spangled Banner" (a popular song that was not designated as the national anthem until 1931).They stopped at the front steps of City Hall. Mayor John H. Siegel and a few others tried to calm the mob and urged the men to let federal authorities deal with Prager. Siegel said if the man was a German spy, federal investigators might gain important information. Attacking Siegel and other officials for German ancestry, the mob accused them of being pro-German, too. During the time the mob was in front of City Hall, there had reportedly been an ineffective attempt by police officers to take Prager away. Unable to find a way to leave the building secretly, they removed Prager from the locked cell and hid him among sewer tiles in the basement. At about the same time, the mayor was told that Prager had been taken from the building by federal authorities, and he announced that to the mob.But many in the mob asked to search the building themselves. Believing Prager had been taken away, Mayor Siegel agreed. In this search, two members of the mob located Prager and took him back to the remnants of the mob, which had moved back to Main Street. Lynching The mob forced Prager to walk west on Main Street and the St. Louis Road, beating and harassing him. He had to sing patriotic songs and kiss the flag. When the mob arrived at the top of Bluff Hill, on the St. Louis Road overlooking St. Louis, some men took a car to get tar from a nearby streetcar stop. They intended to tar and feather Prager, as they had other targets of their wrath.But the men returned, not having been able to find any tar. Joe Reigel (also of German ancestry), 28, one of the two men to find Prager at city hall, had taken a leading role since then. He found a length of manila rope in one of the cars, and announced that Prager should hang. Other men were initially reluctant, but no one spoke out in the crowd. Prager was allowed to write a last note to his parents in Dresden, Germany: He was hanged in front of a mob of 100 to 200 people, mostly men, at about 12:30 am on April 5, 1918. Investigation Prager's death was first investigated by Madison County Coroner Roy Lowe. His Coroner's Jury interviewed dozens of witnesses and on April 11 charged five men with murder.They were: Joe Riegel, 28; Wesley Beaver, 26; Richard Dukes, 22; William Brockmeier, 41; and Enid Elmore, 21. Riegel gave a remarkably candid confession to the Coroner's Jury about his role in the night's events. He also gave a full account to a reporter from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. A grand jury for Madison County, Illinois, was convened to hear testimony in the case. On April 25 they indicted the five men previously charged, and seven others for the murder of Prager. Additional suspects included: Charles Cranmer, 20; James DeMatties, 18; Frank Flannery, 19; Calvin Gilmore, 44; John Hallworth, 43; and Cecil Larremore, 17. The twelfth man to be indicted, George Davis, was never further identified, or located.He was not prosecuted. The grand jury also indicted four Collinsville police officers for omission of duty and nonfeasance, for their failure to protect Prager from the mob. He had not been charged with any crime when taken into custody. Trial and reaction The trial began on May 13, 1918. More than 700 prospective jurors were reviewed by attorneys during the next two weeks to choose the 12 men who would serve. The judge refused to let the defense counsel try to demonstrate that Prager was disloyal. The case for the defendants was based on three principal claims: no one could say who did what, half the defendants claimed they had not been at the murder, and the rest claimed they had been bystanders.This defense was used by Joe Riegel, who had previously confessed his part in the affair. In its concluding statements, the defense argued that Prager's lynching was justified by "unwritten law", which does not allow unpatriotic talk. After five days of statements and testimony, the case went to the jury on June 1, 1918. After deliberating 10 minutes, the jury found all the defendants to be innocent. One juryman reportedly shouted, "Well, I guess nobody can say we aren't loyal now". The prosecuting attorney dropped charges against the four policemen and George Davis, the defendant who had never been found. A week after the trial, editor and publisher J.O.Monroe wrote an editorial in the Collinsville Herald, saying, "Outside of a few persons who may still harbor Germanic inclinations, the whole city is glad that the eleven men indicted for the hanging of <mask>. Prager were acquitted." And further, "the community is well convinced that he was disloyal.... The city does not miss him. The lesson of his death has had a wholesome effect on the Germanists of Collinsville and the rest of the nation." A New York Times editorial said, "The new unwritten law appears to be that any group of men may execute justice, or what they consider justice, in any case growing out of the war." The Chicago Daily Tribune editorialized: “The lynching of Prager was reprehensible enough in itself, but the effort to excuse it as an act of ‘popular justice’ is worse.” The St. Louis Star noted that men were acquitted of lynching while American troops fought for democracy abroad: “We must save our own soul as a nation. We cannot let ourselves go in such a way as was done in the Prager outrage and hold up our heads as civilized people.We are battling for right and humanity and should exhibit those qualities ourselves or be open to the charge of hypocrisy. We cannot successfully battle the Hun if we are to become the Hun ourselves.” See also Anti-German sentiment Lynching of Olli Kinkkonen Footnotes Further reading Donald R. Hickey, "The Prager Affair: A Study in Wartime Hysteria," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol. 62, no. 2 (Summer 1969), pp. 117–134. In JSTOR E.A. Schwartz, "The Lynching of <mask>, the United Mine Workers, and the Problems of Patriotism in 1918," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol.95, no. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 414–437. In JSTOR Carl R. Weinberg, Labor, Loyalty, and Rebellion: Southwestern Illinois Coal Miners and World War I. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005. Peter Stehman, Patriotic Murder: A World War I Hate Crime for Uncle Sam. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, 2018. Erik Kirschbaum, Burning Beethoven: The Eradication of German Culture in the United States during World War I.New York, NY: Berlinica, 2015. External links 1918 Lynching of <mask>, Collection of contemporary newspaper accounts by Stephen Davies, Dept of History, VIU Lynching of <mask>, SIUE 1888 births 1918 deaths German emigrants to the United States People from Collinsville, Illinois American coal miners Anti-German sentiment in the United States People murdered in Illinois Lynching deaths in Illinois People from Dresden

Aristide Cavaillé-Coll

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<mask>-Coll (; 4 February 1811 – 13 October 1899) was a French organ builder. He has the reputation of being the most distinguished organ builder of the 19th century. He pioneered innovations in the art and science of organ building that permeated throughout the profession and influenced the course of organ building, composing and improvising through the early 20th century. As the author of scientific journal articles about the organ construction details, he published the results of his research and experiments. He was the inventor of the symphonic organ being able to follow smooth and immediate dynamic changes like a symphonic orchestra. This goal was reached by: a) invention of harmonic flue and reed stops, such as the flûte harmonique, trompette harmonique, clairon harmonique, b) invention of divided windchest with 2-3 different wind pressure sections, c) creation of groups of stops (jeux d'anches and jeux de fonds) allowing for fast dynamics changes without taking hands out of the keyboards by the organist, d) organ specification planning on the base of 'orchestral quartet". His most famous organs were built in Paris in Saint-Denis Basilica (1841), Église de la Madeleine, Sainte-Clotilde Basilica (1859), Saint-Sulpice church (his largest instrument; behind the classical façade), Notre-Dame Cathedral (behind the classical façade), baron Albert de L'Espée's residence in Biarritz (moved finally to the Sacré-Cœur Basilica), and many others.After Cavaillé-Coll's death, Charles Mutin maintained the business into the beginning of the 20th century. The organ reform movement in the 20th century sought to return organ building to a more Baroque style; but since the 1980s, Cavaillé-Coll's designs have come back into fashion. Life Born in Montpellier, France, to Dominique, one in a line of organ builders, he showed early talent in mechanical innovation. He exhibited an outstanding fine art when designing and building his famous instruments. There is a before and an after Cavaillé-Coll. His organs are "symphonic organs": that is, they can reproduce the sounds of other instruments and combine them as well. His largest and greatest organ is in Saint-Sulpice, Paris.Featuring 100 stops and five manuals, this magnificent instrument, which unlike many others remains practically unaltered, is a candidate to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Cavaillé-Coll was also well known for his financial problems - he focused mostly on the organ building art, leaving finance less attention. The art of his handcrafted instruments, unparalleled at that time, was not enough to ensure his firm's survival. It was taken over in 1898, shortly before his death, by Charles Mutin, who continued in the organ business, but by World War II the firm had almost disappeared. Cavaillé-Coll died in Paris on 13 October 1899 and is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery. Organ building innovations Cavaillé-Coll is responsible for many innovations that revolutionized organ building, performance and composition. Instead of the Positif, Cavaillé-Coll placed the Grand-Orgue manual as the lowest manual, and included couplers that allowed the entire tonal resources of the organ to be played from the Grand-Orgue.He refined the English swell box by devising a spring-loaded (later balanced) pedal with which the organist could operate the swell shutters, thus increasing the organ's potential for expression. He adjusted pipemaking and voicing techniques, thus creating a whole family of harmonic stops (flutes, trompettes, clairons) and stops imitating orchestral instruments such as the bassoon, the oboe and the english horn. He popularized the harmonic flute stop, which, together with the montre (principals), the gambe (strings) and the bourdon (flutes), formed the fonds (foundations) of the organ. He designed the "orchestral quartet" which referred to orchestral four colours of sound - principals, flutes, strings and reeds. He introduced divided windchests which were controlled by ventils. These allowed the use of higher wind pressures and for each manual's anches (reed stops) to be added or subtracted as a group by means of a pedal. Higher wind pressures allowed the organ to include many more stops of 8' (unison) pitch in every division, so complete fonds as well as reed choruses could be placed in every division, designed to be superimposed on top of one another.Sometimes he placed the treble part of the compass on a higher pressure than the bass, to emphasize melody lines and counteract the natural tendency of small pipes (especially reeds) to be softer. For a mechanical tracker action and its couplers to operate under these higher wind pressures, pneumatic assistance provided by the Barker lever was required, which Cavaillé-Coll included in his larger instruments. This device made it possible to couple all the manuals together and play on the full organ without expending a great deal of effort. He also invented an ingenious pneumatic combination action system for his five-manual organ at Église Saint-Sulpice, Paris. All these innovations allowed a seamless crescendo from pianissimo all the way to fortissimo, something never before possible on the organ. His organ at the Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris (proclaimed a basilica by Pope Leo XIII in 1897) was one of the first to be built with several of these new features. Consequently, it influenced César Franck, who was the titular organist there.The organ works of Franck have inspired generations of organist-composers who came after him. It is worth to underline that Cavaillé-Coll's concept of symphonic organ was developed during his whole professional career inspired by influenced organists his times. Legacy Marcel Dupré stated once that "composing for an orchestra is quite different from composing for an organ... with exception of Master Cavaillé-Coll's symphonic organs: in that case one has to observe an extreme attention when writing for such kind of majestic instruments." Almost a century beforehand, César Franck had ecstatically said of the rather modest Cavaillé-Coll instrument at l'Église St.-Jean-St.-François in Paris with words that summed up everything the builder was trying to do: "Mon nouvel orgue ? C'est un orchestre !" ("My new organ? It's an orchestra!").Franck later became organist of a much larger Cavaillé-Coll organ at Ste. Clotilde in Paris. In 1878 Franck was featured recitalist on the four-manual Cavaillé-Coll organ at the Palais du Trocadéro in the Trocadéro area of Paris; this organ was subsequently rebuilt by V. & F. Gonzalez in 1939 and reinstalled in the Palais de Chaillot which replaced the Palais de Trocadéro, then rebuilt in 1975 by Danion-Gonzalez and relocated to the Auditorium Maurice Ravel in Lyon. Franck's Trois Pièces were premiered on the Trocadéro organ. Film A documentary film titled The Genius of Cavaillé-Coll was released in 2012 by Fugue State Films to mark both the 200th anniversary of Cavaillé-Coll's birth in 2011 and the 150th anniversary of his organ at St Sulpice. It won the DVD Documentary Award of the BBC Music Awards 2014. The organ of St. Ouen de Rouen is believed to be completely unmodified in any way (save for normal maintenance) since its completion, and is frequently recorded as an example of "pure" Cavaillé-Coll sound.In Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark: Jesus Church (1890) In Russia Moscow, Russia: Bolshoi Hall of Moscow Conservatory, Russia (installed by Charles Mutin) In Latin America In Venezuela Caracas: Iglesia de la Parroquia San Francisco. Used for regular service. Caracas: Iglesia de la Parroquia Altagracia (Inoperative) Caracas: Iglesia de la Parroquia Santa Teresa. Used for regular service. Caracas: Iglesia de la Parroquia San José (In a delicate situation) Caracas: Parroquia La Encarnación del Valle. After several decades of silence, it's been played regularly since in 2011. Argentina was a strong demander of pipe organs in the first decades of XXth century, in such degree that the company installed a branch in Buenos Aires city at that time, with two shops: one located in street Estados Unidos number 3199, the other one in street 24 de Noviembre number 884.Lujan, Basilica de Lujan Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento (1912) Capilla del Colegio "La Salle" (1926) Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (ca. 1920) Basílica del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (ca. 1906) Basílica de San Nicolás de Bari (órgano principal) Basílica de San Nicolás de Bari (órgano de la cripta) Capilla de la "Casa de la empleada" Parroquia de "Nuestra Señora del Valle" Parroquia de "San Martín de Tours" (ca. 1910) Parroquia de "San Cristobal" Catedral de San Isidro (1906) Parroquia de "Nuestra Señora de Aránzazu" (San Fernando) (1907) Parroquia de "San Francisco Solano" (Bella Vista) (1906) In Costa Rica Parroquia Inmaculada Concepción (Heredia) (ca. 1904) Parroquia Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (San José) (ca. 1906) In Japan Fuji, Japan: Haus Sonnenschein Asteroid Cavaillé-Coll's name was given to an asteroid: 5184 Cavaillé-Coll. Further reading Bicknell, Stephen.Cavaillé-Coll's Four Fonds Cavaillé-Coll, Cécile (1929). <mask> Cavaillé-Coll: Ses Origines, Sa Vie, Ses Oeuvres. Paris: Fischbacher. Douglass, Fenner (1999). Cavaillé-Coll and the French Romantic Tradition. New Haven: Yale University Press. Huybens, Giblert (1985).Cavaillé-Coll: Liste des travaux exécutés/Werkverzeichnis. Lauffen/Neckar: Orgelbau-Fachverlag Rensch. . References External links Association Aristide Cavaille-Coll French government Ministry of Culture: Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, Organ Builder Writings of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll 1811 births 1899 deaths French pipe organ builders Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery Musical instrument manufacturing companies of France

Stephen R Lankton

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<mask><mask>, MSW, DAHB (born 29 May 1947) is a psychotherapist, consultant, and trainer. He is the current Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (2005–2025). He is a recipient of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis' "Lifetime Achievement Award" and “Irving Sector Award for Advancement of the Field of Hypnosis”. as well as the Milton H. Erickson Foundation “Lifetime Achievement Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Psychotherapy.” <mask> is a Diplomate and Past-President of the American Hypnosis Board for Clinical Social Work and a Fellow and former Approved Consultant of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. He has been a Fellow and Approved Supervisor of the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy and Diplomate of the American Psychotherapy Association. He served as a Faculty Associate at Arizona State University, undergraduate school and Graduate School of Social Work (2004-2013). He was an Appointee to the Arizona State Board of Behavior Health Examiners Social Work Credentialing Committee (2008–2015) and was the Chair of the Arizona State Board of Behavioral Health Examiners (2012-2015).A psychotherapist in private practice in Phoenix, Arizona, Lankton conducts training workshops and keynote addresses internationally. He continues to train as a teaching faculty of the Milton H. Erickson Foundation, Inc.’s Intensive Workshops, Congresses, and conferences. Biography <mask> was born in Lansing, Michigan where he attended public schools, and lived in the rural area outside of the city. His father was a life-long employee of General Motor, Fisher Body Division and his mother was an accomplished seamstress and a homemaker. He also had one sister, Jo Ann, who was instrumental in guiding him to higher educational goals. He lived in Michigan until 1980 and relocated to Pensacola, Florida until 2001. He now lives in Phoenix, Arizona with his wife Julie, and his grown children and grandchildren work and live out of state.Training Background Originally majoring in mathematics and electrical engineering, he become intensely interested in psychology and psychotherapy due to the combination of his part-time employment and an inspiring professor of an undergraduate psychology class. Switching majors, he received a Baccalaureate from Michigan State University in 1972 with a major in Social Science and four minors in Psychology, Anthropology, Linguistics, and History. He also acquired a secondary school teaching certificate. During this period, he worked part-time jobs as a youth outreach worker, a residential boy's camp counselor for pre-adjudicated juveniles, and participated as a volunteer in (at the time) the country's second-only suicide prevention center, the Listening Ear, in East Lansing, Michigan (1969-1972). He eventually became a center coordinator and authored, published, and distributed a city-wide guide to all community mental and public health resources. The training received during these jobs and extra-curricular largely shaped the direction of his later professional career. He attended the University of Michigan, School of Social Work (1972-1974) where he studied with a simultaneous emphasis on both psychodynamic theory and behavior modification and received a Master's degree in Social Work (1974).He concurrently participated weekly in an intensive post-graduate training program in Gestalt Therapy and Transactional Analysis (T.A.) at the Huron Valley Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1971-1976). The training program famously provided a wide range of exposure to family therapies, body therapies, and communication-oriented therapies. He achieved a Clinical Membership in T.A. in 1975. During this period, he published papers on Transactional Analysis, and Bioenergetics. Following graduate school, Lankton accepted employment at Family Services and Children's Aid in Jackson, Michigan (1974-1979) and obtained independent practice licenses in both Marriage and Family Therapy and Clinical Social Work.He concurrently consulted to the Crittenden Home, and organized and conducted a day-treatment center for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia at the Community Mental Health Center in Jackson and conducted on-going therapy training groups wherein he invited specialists, including John Grinder, Ph.D., to teach topics such as NLP. During this time period he met Gregory Bateson, M.D., and Milton Erickson, M.D. Training with Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Investigating how family communication and socialization is similar to hypnosis, he consulted with Gregory Bateson. Bateson pointed <mask> to seek training with Milton H. Erickson, M.D. This resulted in quarterly weeklong trips from Michigan to Phoenix to study with Erickson from mid-1975 to 1979. <mask> returned to Ann Arbor regularly after periodic visits with Dr. Erickson encouraging and inspiring many of the professionals in the Huron Valley Institute training program to also travel to Phoenix and train with Erickson.Such a large number of therapists continued to do so over the next few years that a memorial service for Dr. Erickson, attended by his son Lance, was held in Ann Arbor, in the week after Erickson's death in 1980. <mask>'s effort to promote, explain, and interpret Erickson's approach to hypnosis and therapy at the highest academic levels resulted in the inclusion of chapters in several well received scholarly publications. These include his chapters in the Oxford Handbook of Hypnosis; The Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis; and Handbook of Family Therapy Volume II; Social Workers’ Desk Reference; and The Handbook of Innovative Therapy; and several others. <mask> was the founding Editor of the Ericksonian Monographs series of books from 1985 to 1995. His major publications include Practical Magic; The Answer Within; Enchantment and Intervention In Family Therapy; and Assembling Ericksonian Therapy; Tools of Intention, and others. Simultaneous work with corporations He served as a behavior science expert in corporate consulting projects that have included the IRS, Xerox, American Express, New York State Tax and Finance, NY Welfare Department, Nortel, and other fortune 500 companies (1993-2000). He co-authored the Xerox 1998's Document Engineering Methodology that promoted a behaviorally driven interface-management/document-centered information engineering approach to enhance corporate profitability, accuracy, accountability, and efficiency.Publications Lankton published many books and papers. Below is a selection of books. 2008. Tools of intention: Strategies that inspire change. Crown House Publications. . 2008/1983. The answer within: A clinical framework of Ericksonian hypnotherapy. With <mask>.Crown House Publications. . 2007/1986. Enchantment and intervention in family therapy: Using metaphors in family therapy. With <mask>. Crown Press. . 2004. Assembling Ericksonian therapy: The collected papers of <mask>. Zeig-Tucker. . 2003/1980. Practical magic: A translation of basic neuro linguistic programming into clinical psychotherapy (Rev.Edition). Crown House. . 1989. Tales of enchantment. With <mask>. Taylor & Francis / Brunner-Routledge. . 1988. A children's book to overcome Fears: The blammo - surprise book!. Brunner Mazel. . 2017.Hypnotic Induction: Perspectives, Strategies, and Concerns. With V. K. Kumar. (Editors). Routledge. 1994. Ericksonian monographs: Number 10. Difficult contexts for therapy.With J. K. Zeig (Editors). Brunner Mazel. . 1993. Ericksonian monographs: Number 9. Essence of single session success. With K. Erickson (Editors). Brunner Mazel. . 2017/1991. Views on Ericksonian brief therapy, process and action: Number 8.With S. Gilligan & J. Zeig (Editors). Brunner Mazel. (hard); 978-1-138-00957-8. 1990. Ericksonian monographs: Number 7. Broader implications of Ericksonian therapy. (Editor).Brunner Mazel. . 2014/1989. Ericksonian monographs: Number 6. Extrapolations: Demonstrations of Ericksonian therapy. With J. Zeig (Editors) Brunner Mazel. . 1989. Ericksonian monographs: Number 5. Ericksonian hypnosis: Application, preparation, and research. Brunner Mazel.  . 1988.Developing Ericksonian psychotherapy: State of the arts. The proceedings of the third international congress on Ericksonian psychotherapy. With J. Zeig (Editors). Brunner Mazel. . 2017/1988. Ericksonian monographs: Number 4. Research comparisons and medical applications. With J. Zeig (Editors).Brunner Mazel. (hard); 978-1-138-00458-0 (paper). 1988. Ericksonian monographs: Number 3. Special treatment populations. With J. Zeig (Editors). Brunner Mazel.  . 1987.Ericksonian monographs: Number 2. Central themes and underlying principles. (Editor). Brunner Mazel.  . 1985. Ericksonian monographs: Number 1. Elements and dimensions of an Ericksonian approach. (Editor).Brunner Mazel. . Footnotes Living people American psychotherapists 1947 births

Sacha Guitry

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Alexandre-Pierre Georges "<mask><mask> (; 21 February 188524 July 1957) was a French stage actor, film actor, director, screenwriter, and playwright of the boulevard theatre. He was the son of a leading French actor, <mask>, and followed his father into the theatrical profession. He became known for his stage performances, particularly in boulevardier roles. He was also a prolific playwright, writing 115 plays throughout his career. He was married five times, always to rising actresses whose careers he furthered. Probably his best-known wife was Yvonne Printemps to whom he was married between 1919 and 1932. <mask>'s plays range from historical dramas to contemporary light comedies.Some have musical scores, by composers including André Messager and Reynaldo Hahn. When silent films became popular <mask> avoided them, finding the lack of spoken dialogue fatal to dramatic impact. From the 1930s to the end of his life he enthusiastically embraced the cinema, making as many as five films in a single year. The later years of <mask>'s career were overshadowed by accusations of collaborating with the occupying Germans after the capitulation of France in the Second World War. The charges were dismissed, but <mask>, a strongly patriotic man, was disillusioned by the vilification by some of his compatriots. By the time of his death, his popular esteem had been restored to the extent that 12,000 people filed past his coffin before his burial in Paris. Life and career Early years <mask> was born at No 12 Nevsky Prospect, Saint Petersburg, Russia, the third son of the French actors <mask> and his wife Marie-Louise-Renée née Delmas de Pont-Jest (1858–1902).The couple had eloped, in the face of family disapproval, and were married at St Martin in the Fields, London, in 1882. They then moved to the then Russian capital, where Lucien ran the French theatre company, the Théâtre Michel, from 1882 to 1891. The marriage was brief. <mask> senior was a persistent adulterer, and his wife instituted divorce proceedings in 1888. Two of their sons died in infancy (one in 1883 and the other in 1887); the other surviving son, Jean (1884–1920) became an actor and journalist. The family's Russian nurse habitually shortened Alexandre-Pierre's name to the Russian diminutive "<mask>", by which he was known all his life. The young <mask> made his stage debut in his father's company at the age of five.<mask>, considered the most distinguished actor in France since Coquelin, was immensely successful, both critically and commercially. When he returned to Paris he lived in a flat in a prestigious spot, overlooking the Place Vendôme and the Rue de la Paix. The young <mask> lived there, and for his schooling he was first sent to the well-known Lycée Janson de Sailly in the fashionable Sixteenth arrondissement. He did not stay long there, and went to a succession of other schools, both secular and religious, before abandoning formal education at the age of sixteen. After giving up school <mask> embarked on a career as a playwright with a little musical piece called Le Page, with a score by Ludo Ratz, premiered at the Théâtre des Mathurins on 15 April 1902. Eighteen months later he joined his father's company at the Théâtre de la Renaissance. At first he appeared under the stage name "Lorcey"; the pseudonym deceived no-one, as the press immediately announced the debutant's real identity.His first role was in L'Escalier, by Maurice Donnay in November 1904. He fell out with his father over what the latter saw as <mask>'s lack of professionalism. In the aftermath of their quarrel they neither saw nor spoke to one another. A member of <mask>'s company was a young actress, Charlotte-Augustine-Hortense Lejeune, whose stage name was Charlotte Lysès (1877–1956). In April 1905, she and <mask> set up home together in the rue d'Anjou (now the rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré). For her he wrote his play, Le KWTZ, premiered in December 1905 at the Théâtre des Capucins. In the same month he had his first substantial hit with Nono at the Mathurins.When the leading man in <mask>'s 1906 play Chez les Zoaques fell ill the author took over, and in the words of a critic, "proved to be his own definitive interpreter". The pattern of his career was set: he remained an actor-author, and later manager, for the rest of his life. Rise to prominence For the next five years, <mask>'s plays were, at best, moderate successes, but he then had five consecutive hits with Le Veilleur de nuit (1911), Un Beau mariage (1912), Le Prise de Berg-op-Zoom (1912), La Pèlerine écossaise (1912), and Les Deux converts (1914), the last of which was staged by the Comédie-Française. In 1915, <mask> made his first cinema film, Ceux de chez nous ("Those of our home"), a short patriotic piece that celebrated great French men and women of the day, including Sarah Bernhardt, Anatole France, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Auguste Rodin, Edmond Rostand and Camille Saint-Saëns. He was not greatly attracted by the medium of silent film, regarding dialogue as the essence of drama; he did not make a full-length film until 1935. In 1915, he met the young singer Yvonne Printemps, with whom he began an affair that led Charlotte to leave him and obtain a divorce. <mask> started to write leading roles for Printemps some musical and others straight comedies.With Printemps <mask> was reconciled with his father in 1918. Lucien appeared in many productions with his son and Printemps, including Mon Père avait raison and Comment on ecrit l'histoire. They played together not only in Paris, but in the West End of London. All three appeared at the Aldwych Theatre in a four-week season in 1920. Sir John Gielgud wrote that Printemps and her husband "returned … many times to delight London in various pieces artfully contrived by him to show them both off to the best possible advantage." <mask> developed a charming, witty stage persona, often appearing in period-dress light comedies, for instance his 1925 pastiche Mozart, about the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on a visit to Paris. To compose the score he approached André Messager, with whom he had successfully collaborated in 1923 on a show for Printemps, L'amour masqué.Messager was unavailable and recommended the composer Reynaldo Hahn, who accepted the commission. The resulting production took some liberties with historical accuracy, but it proved highly popular. Printemps, in a breeches role, played and sang the young Mozart, with <mask> as the composer's patron, Baron Grimm. Gielgud recalled, "She seemed ravishingly youthful and touching in her powdered wig, black knee breeches and buckled shoes, while <mask> hovered over her with avuncular authority, not attempting to try to sing himself, but contributing a kind of flowing, rhythmic accompaniment with his speeches, delivered in a deep caressing voice." After playing successfully at the Théâtre Edouard VII, the company presented the piece for a three-week season in London in June and July 1926. After the London production, <mask> and Printemps took the piece to Broadway, Boston and Montreal in late 1926 and early 1927. They returned to the US and Canada in 1929.In 1931, <mask> was awarded the Legion of Honour, and the following year he marked thirty years on the stage with a banquet, with dishes named after some of his greatest successes. Later in 1932, his marriage to Printemps broke up. He took a six-month break from the theatre, returning in April 1933 in Châteaux en Espagne, which co-starred his new protégée, Jacqueline Delubac, whom he married on his fiftieth birthday. During the 1930s, he turned his attention once more to the cinema, as writer, director and star, while not neglecting his theatrical career. Sheridan Morley comments that in 1936 alone <mask> made five films and also wrote five plays. Among the latter was his hundredth play, Le Mot de Cambronne. Later years In 1938, <mask> wrote a one-act play, Dieu sauve le roi, to mark the state visit to Paris of George VI; the play was given in front of the king and queen at the Elysée Palace.When President Lebrun made a reciprocal visit to London the following year, <mask> wrote a short comedy in English, You're Telling Me, in which the author and Sir Seymour Hicks starred at a command performance and for a limited run after it. As the war approached, <mask> managed to do something which would be of far greater significance. On 16 August 1939, when visiting London, <mask> smuggled over a replica Enigma machine supplied by the Biuro Szyfrow and bound for Bletchley Park. His next play, Un Monde fou was his last to feature Delubac, who, in Morley's phrase, "could no longer bear living with a jealous workaholic". Within months of her leaving him, he married for a fourth time; his new wife was Geneviève de Séréville, who had been in the cast of his London play. <mask>'s career was affected by the Nazi occupation of France. He continued to work both on stage and in the cinema under the Nazis.Although this gave him the opportunity to help many of his compatriots, it also brought accusations of collaborating with the enemy. He conceived his book and associated film, De 1429 à 1942 ou De Jeanne d'Arc à Philippe Pétain ("1429 to 1942, or Joan of Arc to Philippe Pétain") as a tribute to France's past glories, but many saw it as honouring the collaborationist president of Vichy France, Marshal Pétain. In 1944, <mask>'s fourth wife left him. In 1942, <mask> was named on a list of French collaborators with Germany to be killed during the war, or tried after it. On the liberation of France, <mask> was among the first arrested, by a self-appointed militia. He was interned in a detention camp at Drancy, and suffered ill-effects on his health that necessitated his transfer to a Paris nursing home. He was completely cleared of all accusations of collaboration, but the experience left him disillusioned.In 1947, <mask> married for the fifth and final time; he was sixty-two and his bride, Lana Marconi, was twenty-eight. He was permitted to resume working in the theatre in 1948, when he returned to the Paris stage with Le Diable boiteux. For the London season in 1953, celebrating the coronation of Elizabeth II, <mask> starred at the Winter Garden in Ecoutez bien, messieurs, a comedy in which he played a voluble Frenchman reduced to baffled silence by an even more voluble Englishwoman, played (in English) by Heather Thatcher. Later in the same year he made his last stage appearance in Paris in Palsambleu. He continued to make films until 1957, when he suffered a disabling disease of the nervous system. <mask> died in Paris at the age of seventy-two. Twelve thousand people filed past his coffin, and he was buried, like his father, in the Cimetière de Montmartre, Paris.Legacy and reputation Critical re-assessment has been prompted by reissues of <mask>'s films. In 2011, an auction of <mask> memorabilia, including manuscripts, drawings, paintings and photographs, was held at the Drouot-Richelieu in Paris; with more than eight hundred items, it was considered the most important collection of material relating to <mask> since the playwright's death. In an obituary, The Manchester Guardian commented: Selected filmography Film adaptations The Lover of Camille, directed by Harry Beaumont (USA, 1924, based on the play Deburau) Sleeping Partners, directed by Seymour Hicks (UK, 1930, based on the play Let's Make a Dream) Black and White, directed by Marc Allégret and Robert Florey (France, 1931, based on the play Le Blanc et le Noir) Notes and references Notes References Sources See also Plays and films of <mask> <mask> External links Les gens du cinéma "The French Charmer You Don't Know Yet" Dave Kehr, New York Times, 30 July 2010 Literature on <mask> <mask> 1885 births 1957 deaths French male film actors French male silent film actors French male stage actors French film directors French male screenwriters 20th-century French screenwriters 20th-century French dramatists and playwrights Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur French opera librettists Burials at Montmartre Cemetery Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France People from Saint Petersburg 20th-century French male actors 20th-century French male writers

Nicholas Calabrese

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<mask><mask> (born November 30, 1942) is an American former mob hitman, best known for being the first made man ever to testify against the Chicago Outfit. His testimony and cooperation with federal prosecutors helped result in the 2007 murder convictions of mobsters Joseph Lombardo, James Marcello and his brother, Frank Calabrese Sr. Early life and work outside of the Chicago Outfit Calabrese was born the son of James and Sophie Calabrese, growing up near the intersection of Grand and Ogden Avenues on Chicago's Near West Side. As a boy, Calabrese worked at a newsstand at the corner of Grand Avenue and State Street, in downtown Chicago, where some of his brothers had worked as well. Calabrese graduated from Steinmetz High School in Chicago. Calabrese served in Vietnam in the United States Navy from 1965 until 1967, working as a radioman and having top-secret clearance on the USS Bainbridge. Calabrese also had worked as an ironworker on the John Hancock Center construction project in Chicago, as a Teamster working for trade show contractor United Exposition at Chicago's McCormick Place and as a Cook County security officer at the courthouse in Maywood, Illinois from 1977 until 1989.In the 1970s, Calabrese and two partners operated a restaurant and lounge in Hoffman Estates, Illinois for a couple of years, and also worked for a private detective agency. Chicago Outfit career From 1978 until 1992, Calabrese helped his brother, noted Chicago Outfit made man Frank Calabrese, Sr., run a lucrative loan-sharking racket, serving as his brother's top assistant. Frank and Nick reported to Angelo J. "The Hook" LaPietra, the caporegime of The 26th Street Crew, who ran operations out of the Old Neighborhood Italian American Club. Calabrese also has admitted in court to taking part in 14 murders ordered by LaPietra, including the "hits" on Michael Albergo and John Fecarotta, from 1970 until 1986, as part of Calabrese's time in the mob. The "juice loan" business charged interest rates on loans of as much as 10 percent per week. On July 28, 1995, the federal government indicted <mask>rese and nine other organized crime figures with using threats, violence and intimidation to enforce the loan sharking racket from 1978 until 1992.The other defendants were <mask>, Sr., <mask>, Jr., <mask>, Robert Dinella, Philip J. Fiore, Terry Scalise, Kevin Kudulis, Louis Bombacino and Philip Tolomeo. Calabrese eventually was found guilty of racketeering. On August 27, 1997, Calabrese, who at that time was residing in Norridge, Illinois, was sentenced by United States District Judge James F. Holderman to 70 months in federal prison. At his sentencing, <mask> apologized to Holderman, saying, "I caused a lot of problems for a lot of people." Family Secrets investigation and conviction On February 21, 2003, Chicago Tribune columnist John Kass broke the story that Calabrese was talking to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and noted that Calabrese had disappeared from the federal prison in Milan, Michigan, and that Calabrese's federal prison records had disappeared altogether, leading Kass to believe that Calabrese had entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program. FBI agents also had spread out across the country with search warrants, collecting DNA evidence, hair cuttings and oral swabs from many reputed Chicago Outfit members. On April 25, 2005, federal prosecutors indicted 12 Chicago Outfit figures—including Calabrese—and two former police officers on charges of murder, illegal gambling, and loan sharking.Dubbed "Operation Family Secrets," the probe that led up to the indictments had relied heavily on Calabrese's cooperation. Newspapers reported that Calabrese had been confronted with DNA evidence implicating him in the 1986 mob hit of mob enforcer John Fecarotta, prompting Calabrese to cooperate with law enforcement in the probe. After various plea agreements and the deaths of two defendants, ultimately five other defendants—Joseph Lombardo, James Marcello, <mask>, Sr., Paul Schiro and Anthony Doyle—went to trial. Calabrese formally entered a plea of guilty to murder and racketeering on May 18, 2007. On July 16, 2007, <mask> took the witness stand and admitted to committing murders with Marcello, Schiro and his brother Frank Calabrese, Sr. <mask>rese admitted to having committed a total of 14 murders, and as part of his deal for cooperating, federal prosecutors agreed not to prosecute him for any of the 14 murders, thus sparing him the sentence of life in prison that he could have received had he been convicted of even one murder. Prosecutors also agreed to recommend a sentence of less than life in prison. While on the stand, Calabrese stated that his association with the Chicago Outfit dated to May 1970, and that he began cooperating with the government in January 2002, after federal investigators confronted him with a bloody glove containing his DNA that he had inadvertently dropped at the scene of the Fecarotta slaying.Calabrese also acknowledged that he had been joined in the Fecarotta murder by his brother <mask>, Sr., and now-deceased mobster John Monteleone. Calabrese also provided details on the infamous slayings of Chicago Outfit member Anthony Spilotro and Outfit associate Michael Spilotro, in 1986, in which Calabrese said he was one of a large number of mobsters who participated. The Spilotro murders were depicted—with many details changed—in the 1995 Martin Scorsese directed movie, Casino. Calabrese admitted that he initially had lied to the FBI after he began cooperating, initially concealing Marcello's role in the Spilotros' killing because Marcello had been paying Calabrese's wife $4,000 a month while Calabrese was in prison. In 2007, Lombardo, Marcello, Schiro and <mask>, Sr., all were convicted on murder and racketeering charges, while Doyle was convicted on racketeering charges. In February 2009, Lombardo, Marcello and <mask>, Sr. all were sentenced to life in prison. At Marcello's sentencing hearing in February 2009; Patrick Spilotro, brother of Michael and Anthony, gave a victim impact statement in which he stated he had personally encouraged Calabrese to begin cooperating with the government.Sentencing On March 26, 2009, Nick Calabrese was sentenced by United States District Judge James Zagel to 12 years and four months in prison. Upon sentencing Calabrese, Zagel told him, "I think what you did does make amends by allowing penalties to be paid for the murders of others and for allowing families to know how and why their [loved ones] died." Calabrese had said, "I can't go back and undo what I done... I stand before you a different man, a changed man." Zagel doubts Calabrese will ever truly be free. No matter how long he lives or in what protected place it will be, Calabrese will always have to look over his shoulder. Zagel said, "The organization whose existence you testified to will not forgive or relent in their pursuit of you."References 1942 births Living people 20th-century criminals American gangsters of Italian descent American people convicted of murder United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War Military personnel from Illinois Chicago Outfit mobsters People convicted of murder by the United States federal government People convicted of racketeering People from Norridge, Illinois Federal Bureau of Investigation informants People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program

Köprülü Mehmed Pasha

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<mask> (, ; or Qyprilliu, also called <mask>shá Rojniku; 1575, Roshnik,– 31 October 1661, Edirne) was the founder of the Köprülü political dynasty of the Ottoman Empire, a family of viziers, warriors, and statesmen who dominated the administration of the Ottoman Empire during the last half of the 17th century, an era known as the Köprülü era. He helped rebuild the power of the empire by rooting out corruption and reorganizing the Ottoman army. As he introduced these changes, Köprülü also expanded the borders of the empire, defeating the Cossacks, the Hungarians, and most impressively, the Venetians. Köprülü's effectiveness was matched by his reputation. He founded the city of Köprülü (now Veles, North Macedonia) in Rumelia. Biography Early life He was born in the village of Rudnik in the Sanjak of Berat, Albania to Albanian parents. He entered the sultan's service as a devşirme youth and was trained in the palace school.<mask> began as a kitchen boy in the imperial kitchen before transferring to the imperial treasury and then the offices of the palace chamberlain. Other officials reportedly found it difficult to work with Köprülü, and he was transferred to the sipahi (cavalry) corps in the provinces. Rise through the imperial service He was first stationed in the town of Köprü in northern Turkey, which was later named Vezirköprü in his honour. He quickly rose in rank, keeping the name Köprülü, meaning from Köprü. Köprülü's former mentor, Hüsrev <mask>, rose in the imperial service and promoted Köprülü to increasingly important offices. When Hüsrev was assassinated, however, <mask> built up his own following. He eventually held important offices as head of the market police in Constantinople, supervisor of the Imperial Arsenal, chief of the Sipahi corps (mirahor), and head of the corps armorers.<mask> managed to attach himself to powerful men and somehow survived their falls without being destroyed himself. <mask> continued to hold important offices. He eventually rose to the rank of pasha and was appointed the beylerbey (provincial governor) of the Trebizond Eyalet in 1644. <mask> <mask>'s early rise was facilitated by his participation in patronage networks with other Albanians in the Ottoman administration. His main patron was the Albanian Grand Vizier Kemankeş Kara Mustafa <mask> who secured Köprülü <mask>'s appointment as mirahor. Later he was to rule the provinces of Eğri in 1647, of Karaman in 1648, and of Anatolia in 1650. He served as vizier of the divan for one week in 1652 before being dismissed due to the constant power struggle within the palace.Over the years, Köprülü had cultivated many friendships at the sultan's court, especially with the Queen Mother Turhan Hatice Sultan , mother of the minor sultan <mask> IV. In 1656, the political situation in Ottoman Empire was critical. The war in Crete against the Venetians was still continuing. The Ottoman Navy under Kapudan <mask> (grand admiral) Kenan <mask>, in May 1656, was defeated by the Venetian and Maltese navy at the Battle of Dardanelles (1656) and the Venetian navy continued the blockade of the Çanakkale Straits cutting the Ottoman army in Crete from Constantinople, the state capital. There was a political plot to unseat the reigning Sultan <mask> IV led by important viziers including the Grand Mufti (Şeyhülislam) Hocazade Mesut Efendi. This plot was discovered, and the plotters were executed or exiled. The Mother Sultana Turhan Hatice conducted consultations and the most favored candidate for the post of Grand Vizier came out as the old and retired but experienced <mask> <mask> <mask>.<mask> Efendi, the chief of scribes, and the chief architect convinced the sultan that only Köprülü <mask> <mask> could avert disaster. Grand Vizier <mask> was called to Istanbul, where he accepted the position of Grand Vizier on 14 September 1656. As a condition of his acceptance, Köprülü demanded that the sultan decree only what <mask> approved, allow him to make all the appointments and dismissals, and refuse to hear or accept any malicious stories that might be spread about him. He was given extraordinary powers and political rule without interference, even from the highest authority of the Sultan. Of course, he gave reports on governance to Turhan Sultan, Valide Sultan (mother of Sultan Muhammad) and in many administrative matters her supported him. Thus, historians saw her and him as the mainstay of the Ottoman state. <mask> had acquired the reputation of being an honest and able administrator, but he was 80 years old when he assumed office.As the Grand Vizier, his first task was to advise Sultan <mask> IV to conduct a life of hunts and traveling around the Balkans and to reside in the old capital of Edirne, thus stopping his direct political involvement in the management of the state. On 4 January 1657, the household cavalry Sipahi troops in Constantinople started a rebellion and this was cruelly suppressed by Köprülü <mask> <mask> with the help of Janissary troops. The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople was proven to be in treasonous contacts with the enemies of Ottoman state and Köprülü <mask> <mask> approved of his execution. Rivals and unfriendly religious leaders were banished or executed. The support of the Janissaries was obtained once he was secure in his office. Köprülü centralized power in the empire, reviving traditional Ottoman methods of governing. He ordered those who were suspected of abusing their positions or who proved to be corrupt to be removed or executed.Those who failed at their tasks were punished severely, and unsuccessful military commanders often paid the supreme price. When Grand Admiral Topal <mask> <mask> failed to break the Venetian blockade of the Dardanelles on 17 July 1657, <mask> executed him and his principal officers on the spot. When rivals complained to <mask> IV about the Grand Vizier's methods, <mask> resigned, complaining that the Sultan had violated their agreement. <mask> immediately asked <mask> to return as Grand Vizier, because his methods showed such success at restoring Ottoman power. War with Venice Since the resurgence of the Republic of Venice was the immediate crisis that had prompted <mask>'s appointment as grand vizier, it was important that he demonstrate his effectiveness as a leader against the Venetians. He started on a military expeditions against the Venetian blockade of Dardanelles Straits. The Ottoman navy had a victory against Venice in the Battle of the Dardanelles on 19 July 1657.This allowed Ottomans to regain some of the Aegean islands, including Bozcaada and Limni (15 November) and to open the sea-supply routes to the Ottoman Army still conducting the sieges of Crete. War with Transylvania and the Habsburgs In 1658 he conducted a successful campaign in Transylvania. In Transylvania, Prince George II Rákóczi renounced his erstwhile allegiance to the sultan. He attempted to make his state into a major power, allying himself with other Protestant princes in an attempt to conquer Hungary and Poland. While Rákóczi invaded Poland in 1657, however, Köprülü sent the Crimean Tatars to attack Transylvania. They forced Rákóczi to retreat from Poland, but he refused to resume his obedience to the sultan. In response, in 1658, <mask> himself led a large Ottoman army into Transylvania.This force defeated Rákóczi and forced him to flee to Habsburg lands. War with Habsburgs continued, but Ottoman control over Transylvania was confirmed in a temporary peace. He also annexed Yanova (Jenö) on 1 August 1660 and Várad on 27 August. Revolt of Abaza <mask> <mask> <mask>'s campaign against Transylvania was cut short by the large-scale revolt of several eastern provincial governors under the leadership of Abaza <mask>, then the governor of Aleppo. The rebels opposed <mask> <mask>'s violent purges of the military and demanded that he be killed. However, Sultan <mask> IV remained steadfast in his support for Köprülü and dispatched an army against the rebels under the command of Murtaza <mask>, who was then guarding the Safavid frontier. Despite assembling a force of 30,000 men and defeating Murtaza <mask> in battle, the harsh winter and fading morale eventually forced the rebels to capitulate.Abaza Hasan's revolt was finally brought to an end in February 1659 with the assassination of all the rebel commanders in Aleppo, despite promises that they would be spared. Ayazmakapi Fire In July 1660 there was a big fire in Istanbul (the Ayazmakapi Fire) causing great damage to persons and buildings, leading later to a food scarcity and plague. Köprülü <mask> <mask> became personally involved in the reconstruction affairs. The honesty and integrity in conducting state affairs by <mask> <mask> <mask> is shown by an episode in this task. The burnt-out Jewish quarters from the Ayazmakapi Fire were decided to be compulsorily purchased by the state. Death and legacy Despite Köprülü's advanced age, he continued to display energy until the end of his life. When he fell mortally ill in 1661, the sultan came to his bedside.Köprülü convinced him to appoint his son, Köprülü Fazıl <mask>, as the next grand vizier. He also allegedly advised the sultan never to take advice from a woman, never to appoint a minister who was too wealthy, to always keep the treasury full, and to always keep the army on the move. Köprülü died on 31 October 1661. He left behind a well-tuned administrative machine, having restored to the Ottoman Empire its reputation for military aggressiveness and its former prestige and power internally and externally. Köprülü <mask>'s victories in Transylvania would push the Ottoman border closer to Austria. Family While stationed in Köprü in Anatolia, he married Ayşe Hatun (Hanım), daughter of Yusuf Ağa, a notable originally from Kayacık, a village of Havza in Amasya. Yusuf Ağa was a voyvoda (tax-farmer) who built a bridge in Kadegra, that thus became Köprü, from which the family name of <mask> (who was originally stationed there, and where he was sanjak-bey) was taken.Together they had a number of children, the best known of whom being <mask>e Fazıl <mask>. See also Köprülü era Köprülü family List of Ottoman Grand Viziers References N. Sakaoğlu (1999), Bu Mülkün Sultanları, İstanbul: Oğlak. Bibliography External links 1575 births 1661 deaths People from Berat Mehmet <mask> 17th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire Albanian Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire Albanian Pashas Albanians of the Ottoman Empire 16th-century Albanian people 17th-century Albanian people Cretan War (1645–1669)

Giorgio Vanni

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<mask> (Milan, Italy 19 August 1963) is an Italian songwriter and guitarist. Biography 1963-1995: Early beginnings, the album Tomato and Grande Cuore <mask> was born in Milan on 19 August 1963, and grew up in San Giuliano Milanese. He approaches to the music very early thanks to his parents which were music lovers. In 1976, when he was 13, he starts his first band called Luti's Band. Two years later he gets in touch with reggae music thanks to Bob Marley's Babylon by Bus. In 1980, he starts his first professional pop-rock group called Tomato with Paolo Costa and Claudio D'Onofrio. Two years later they be noticed by the Italian producer Roberto Colombo.In 1983 Tomato makes the record The Island of the Sun sung by <mask> with the pseudonym of Iudy. In 1984 Tomato works with Miguel Bosé on his album Bandido and with Den Harrow, Taffy and Ivan, too. Next year he releases his first single: Tam Tam with the collaboration of Mike Ogletree, Simple Minds' ex drummer. In 1987 <mask> writes the music of Lay Down on Me of XXX Miguel Bosé's album. The band has to wait another 4 years to find a record company that could give an opportunity in his music that is a mix of English pop, American black music and Italian melodies. In 1991, after <mask> and the band work with a lot of artists like Mango, Eugenio Finardi, Cristiano De André, Roberto Vecchioni, Pierangelo Bertoli and Tazenda, he releases his first album also called Tomato produced by Mauro Paoluzzi and Angelo Carrara. In 1992 <mask> and the band participate in the most important Italian national music competition, Sanremo Music Festival in the newcomer category with the song Sai cosa sento per te.However Tomato doesn't get to final. After Sanremo Music Festival, Tomato breaks up. In 1994 <mask> releases his first solo album called Grande Cuore. 1996-1998: Career breakthrough: Max Longhi and Alessandra Valeri Manera An important step of artist's life is the meeting of the musician Max Longhi. In 1996 they begin to work together on TV music programs (like Generazione X on Italia 1. )and jingles. They take care of the arrangements of many advertising campaigns like Always Coca Cola which <mask> sings the jingles but, also Dietorelle, Q8 and Brooklyn.In 1998 <mask> and Max write Buone verità for Laura Pausini's album La mia risposta. The song was also translate in Spanish with the title of Una gran verdad. During <mask> and Max Longhi's story there's the leader of the children and teenagers Mediaset television Alessandra Valeri Manera. She's the most important person in <mask>'s story because was the turning point of his career. In 1998 <mask> and Max begin to write Italian cartoon openings for Alessandra Valeri Manera who loves their dance style. Also, Max proposes <mask> to sing the lyrics of their music. The first cartoon song by Max and <mask> is Superman releases on Cristina D'Avena's album Fivelandia 16.1999-2008: Pokémon, Dragon Ball, Cartuno and television music career In 1999 they write Pokémon and Dragon Ball sung by the artist, for the homonymous television series. The Japanese cartoons become a national phenomenons very soon in Italy so as well the Italian openings. They'll become two of the iconic songs of the artist's discography and story. Thanks again to Alessandra Valeri Manera, <mask> meets for the first time the Italian singer Cristina D'Avena who is the most iconic name and voice of Italian cartoon openings. This is another important moment. <mask> and Max write for her Imbarchiamoci per un grande viaggio, the first of a long series of songs. During that year they write Hello Sandybell, Mille emozioni tra le pagine del destino per Marie Yvonne and Una giungla di avventure per Kimba.In 2000, Mediaset bought the second season of Pokémon and Dragon Ball and two new songs are composed for the occasion: Pokémon: Oltre i cieli dell'avventura and What's my destiny Dragon Ball. The latter become more iconic of his previous one. In that year in addition to be his composer, <mask> does his first duet with Cristina D'Avena in Rossana, composed by Franco Fasano, arranged by Max Longhi and written by Alessandra Valeri Manera. Given the success of dance music, RTI Music produces various remix album, the most famous of them is Cartuno, the first of series of four. In 2002 <mask> and Max Longhi found LoVa Music, record company where the name is made by the first two letters of Max and <mask>'s surname. In 2003 during the writing of TV openings and music, they compose Super Lover - I need you tonight sung by Japanese group W-inds. In Japan this song was very successful and became platinum record.Since 2001 to 2003 <mask> and Max write a number of Cristina D'Avena's 2000-evergreen songs like All'arrembaggio!, Hamtaro piccoli criceti, grandi avventure, Ma che magie Doremì and Doraemon. During next years the artist's career goes hand in hand with Mediaset's decision on the children and teenagers television. Since 2004 to 2008 <mask> write and release over fifty openings sung by him, like He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, Zoids, Keroro and Io credo in me, and Cristina, like Mirmo and Hamtaro but, also in duet, like Gadget e i Gadgettini, Pokémon Advanced and Zip e Zap. Other <mask>'s evergreen song are Yu-Gi-Oh!, Detective Conan, L'incredibile Hulk, Maledetti scarafaggi and many other. 2009-2013: Lives, Project - I cartoni di Italia1 and Time Machine - Da Goldrake a Goku Since 2009, thanks to the comics conventions, <mask> begins to do lives all over Italy. The first one was at Lucca Comics & Games. During the years the artist said that he couldn't imagine to perform live himself and that the music wrote for an audience of children, one day it would still have been loved.During this year he and Max write Blue Dragon sung by him and Cristina and Yu-Gi-Oh Duel Runner, and also sings Io credo in me (second version). At the end of 2010 release his first cartoon album Giorgio Vanni Project - I cartoni di Italia1. Previously all of his songs were published on Cristina D'Avena's album and compilation. In 2011 he writes Beyblade Metal a song that coincides with a long period of break of purchase of new cartoons by Mediaset that ends in 2015. During this break <mask> and Max focus on the production of a new album and on 4 July 2012, Time Machine - Da Goldrake a Goku was released. This is a cover album which pays homage to the songs and the artists of the past, like Massimo Dorati, Enzo Draghi and Cristina D'Avena. The tracklist begin with the 80's and ends coming back to 2000 with a What's My Destiny Dragon Ball and Go West mash-up.These two song were very similar, so the artist decided to mash-up. 2014-2015: Super Hits - Il meglio del meglio del meglio and cartoon openings returns On 27 May 2014, Super Hits - Il meglio del meglio del meglio was released. This is the most important <mask>'s best of because brings together mostly of <mask>'s solo production since 1998 to 2014 and new songs like Hover Champs! and Conan, il detective più famoso. In 2015, after four years, he comes back to RTI writing the Italian opening of Lupin III - L'avventura italiana called Lupin, un ladro in vacanza. This song is a duet with the Italian rapper Moreno and for this reason was opened a very strong debate on the various social networks, also leading to the creation of petitions to change the theme, bringing an unprecedented case for a cartoon opening. In November 2015, three of <mask>'s songs (Principesse gemelle, Doraemon, All'arrembaggio!)written for Cristina are released on vinyl on the Cristina D'Avena LP Picture disc. Also Rossana was released again. Some changes are brought into the lives: changes of the live tracklist with songs that were less played and sung (like Occhi di gatto and Lucky Luke) and new cover songs like acoustic version of Capitan Harlock and Piccoli problemi di cuore. About changes, <mask> and Max bring a DJ set of their song (previously remixed in Cartuno compilation). 2016-2019: YouTube and Toon Tunz In 2016 brings a new turning point into LoVa music's story thanks to the helps of social, YouTube in particular. On 1 August the artist releases a music video for the song Pokémon Go (composed with Max Longhi and written by Alessandra Valeri Manera) during the worldwide success of the homonymous game. The song was released also on digital stores.At the end of the year, Mediaset buys Dragon Ball Super asking for a new Italian opening to LoVa music duo but cause to different directives by TOEI Animation, the Italian song isn't used as Italian opening. However the song is released on the same day of the Italian aired of Dragon Super (23 December) on artist's YouTube channel. The official name is Dragon Ball Super Kame Hame Ha. After five years the artist with Max Longhi and Alessandra Valeri Manera compose a new song for Cristina D'Avena, Noi Puffi siam così released on 16 March 2017. Also the artist takes part in the Ninni Carucci's benefic project to raise money to build a music school for Amatrice after the earthquake of 24 August 2016, singing with various cartoons music artists a new song called Alza gli occhi e vai. On 21 July <mask> releases Sole e Luna a reggaeton song dedicated to the anime Pokémon: Sun and Moon like an unofficial opening and on 24 November a new version of Time Machine - Da Goldrake a Goku with the new name of Time Machine Reloaded - Da Goldrake a Goku. During this part of his career, <mask> often works with various Italian Youtuber who bring him to new music productions and to its image promotion.So he sings Santa Claus Is Coming to Town for a prank video of TheShow, Bruco Gianluco written and composed by the cartoonist and Youtuber Sio and various parodies with . In 2018 he works on Dj Matrix & Matt Joe's album Musica da giostra - Volume 5 singing a new dance song called Supereroi. Also he writes and composes new openings theme for different television networks; two new songs for Mediaset, Lupin ladro full-time and Rubami ancora il cuore for Lupin the Third Part 5. Also he sings Energia ardente and Limit Break the Italian versions of Cardfight!! Vanguard: Asia Circuit Japanese opening and ending themes. For the first time in his career he composes and sings a cartoon opening theme, Gormiti the Legend is Back for the Italian network television RAI. In 2019 he works again with Dj Matrix & Matt Joe on their album Musica da giostra - Volume 6 with a new song called Onda dopo onda.Since January 2019, <mask> reveals that he and Max Longhi are working on a new album. Meanwhile, the single Dragon Ball Super Kame Hame Ha is released in a limited special edition on 45th vinyl. This released was a no-profit initiative to raise profit to the Italian web radio RadioAnimati which the artist has often worked. On 18 April 2019 through his social channel, the artist reveals the name of the new album: Toon Tunz. The name is a pun on the word cartoon and Tunz Tunz (an easy way to refer to LoVa music cause its dance sound). With these album a lot of the song written and sung since 2016-2019 are published for the first time on CD. Discography Before <mask>'s meeting with Alessandra Valeri Manera and Max Longhi, the artist composed a lot of song for various Italian and foreign artist and for himself and jingle too.Since 1993 to the present he and Max Longhi wrote music for Mediaset, cartoon openings in particular since the end of ninenties, for himself, Cristina D'Avena and others RTI's artist. Tomato Grande cuore <mask> Project - I cartoni di Italia1 Time Machine - Da Goldrake a Goku Super Hits - Il meglio del meglio del meglio Time Machine Reloaded - Da Goldrake a Goku Toon Tunz Videography <mask>'s videography are made of music video recorded in the ninenties for Grande cuore and the new ones recorded since 2016 and published on YouTube. References Children's musicians Reggae singers Pop rock singers Italian pop singers 1963 births Italian male singers Italian television personalities Italian singer-songwriters Anime singers Living people

Todd Carty

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<mask> (born <mask>; 31 August 1963) is an English-Irish actor and director who has grown up on television screens in a variety of roles. His stage appearances have ranged from pantomime to serious drama, and he has worked on radio plays, voiceovers, commercials, narrations and films. He is best known for TV roles as Tucker Jenkins in Grange Hill and Tucker's Luck, Mark Fowler in EastEnders, and PC Gabriel Kent in The Bill. Early life <mask> was born in London as <mask> to Irish parents: he is a dual citizen of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. He grew up in Kilburn, West Hampstead and Harrow on the Hill, London. He has two sisters named Billie Joe and Bobby Sue, who respectively work as a lawyer and a teacher. Carty was educated at the Phildene Stage School, a co-educational independent school in Chiswick in West London.Career Early career <mask>'s first television appearance in the UK was in an advertisement for Woolworths at the age of four. He also had other advertising and Public Information Film roles, including one with Doctor Who actor Jon Pertwee for the "Green Cross Code". <mask> made his first stage appearance at the New London Theatre, Drury Lane, London, as the young Lionel in Lionel Bart's autobiographical musical Lionel! ; however, his career in his youth was mostly defined by his television role as Tucker Jenkins in the BBC children's drama Grange Hill (1978–1982) and the spin-off series Tucker's Luck (1983–1985). During the 1970s and 1980s, <mask> also appeared in Z-Cars (1976), Our Mutual Friend, Drummer, and Headmaster, all for the BBC; and, for German TV, Focus on Britain and The Idle Bunch. His film work included Please Sir! (1971) and Professor Popper's Problem (1974).In 1983, he landed the role of Oswyn in the fantasy film Krull opposite Ken Marshall, Lysette Anthony, Liam Neeson, and Alun Armstrong, among others. EastEnders and The Bill Carty took over the role of original character Mark Fowler in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders in 1990, following the death of the original actor, David Scarboro. <mask> played the role for 13 years, becoming one of the longest-running male cast members. In July 2002, the BBC announced Mark Fowler was being written out of the serial, a mutual decision between the producers and <mask>. Executive producer Louise Berridge said <mask> had made a "fantastic contribution" to the soap and Mark had been a "pivotal figure", but the character had finally run its course: "<mask> and I have discussed this at some length and agreed that it was time for Mark to hang up his leather jacket for the last time. We will all miss <mask>, who is one of our best-loved actors, and wish him every success in the future." <mask> made his final appearance as Mark in February 2003, riding out of the Square on his motorbike.The character subsequently died off screen in 2004. After leaving EastEnders in 2003, <mask> went on to play PC Gabriel Kent, in ITV's The Bill from 2003 to 2005. <mask> has since revealed he broke his EastEnders contract a year earlier than planned to take on this new role. In 2019, <mask> shared his memories of playing Gabriel in an interview for The Bill Podcast. Other television and film appearances <mask> starred as Randy Candy in the film The Candy Show (1989). While still in EastEnders in 1997, <mask> appeared with former EastEnders co-star Nick Berry in the Victorian period adventure film The Black Velvet Band, a Spaghetti Western-style drama. <mask> was the subject of a This Is Your Life tribute in 2000.Guests included Wendy Richard, Norman Wisdom, Nick Berry, his girlfriend Dina Clarkin, sons <mask> and <mask>, and his father-in-law, actor Tony Clarkin. After leaving The Bill in 2005, <mask> returned to the big screen as the aristocrat Harvey Van Bollingbroke in the film Treasure of Albion (2006). <mask> acted in The School that Roared (2009) as the eccentric Mr Haig, and was also the second-unit director. He appeared as Mr Keller in the 2010 film Blame. <mask> has guest-starred as Ray Hallam in the Christmas special of the TV series Heartbeat, and in BBC's Holby City, as villain Cameron Cooke. In 2008, he guest-starred in BBC's Doctors, playing the part of Kev Blake. In 2003, <mask> reprised the role of Tucker Jenkins in Grange Hill, as the uncle of one of the pupils, Patrick "Togger" Johnson.He appeared in just this one episode, but he was brought back once again to film for Grange Hill's final series, broadcast in 2008 – a one-off special episode to celebrate the 30th birthday of the long-running BBC show. <mask> appeared as Tucker in the final televised episode of Grange Hill, screened on Monday 15 September 2008 on BBC One. <mask> was a guest on the BBC One show I'd Do Anything, in May 2008, with Cameron Mackintosh, helping to choose one of the selected boys to play Oliver Twist for the new West End production of Oliver!. <mask> and his elder son, James, filmed together in a factual television series for Channel 5, Dangerous Adventures For Boys, based on the book written by Conn and Hal Iggulden, The Dangerous Book for Boys. <mask>, aged 11 at the time of broadcast, became the youngest person to drive a steam train across the North York Moors 18-mile line from Grosmont, North Yorkshire to Pickering, built in the 1830s. In June 2014, <mask> was a contestant on Celebrity MasterChef. <mask> appeared as Mike in the film Silver Birches in 2017.Dancing on Ice <mask> appeared in the fourth series of the UK version of Dancing on Ice, which began on 10 January 2009. <mask> partnered professional skater Susie Lipanova and was heavily criticised by the judging panel for his apparent lack of skating ability. In the weeks he and Lipanova competed, they finished bottom of the leaderboard for their first week, 9.5 for their next appearance in week three, and 7.5 and 8.5 for weeks four and five respectively. During the routine in week three, <mask> lost control on the ice so badly that he ended up stumbling into the off-stage area, disappearing from public view, leaving Lipanova to complete the routine alone, returning just in time to complete his routine to the Beatles song Help. The public vote carried the couple through to the next round and was described as one of the funniest moments ever captured on television. He was finally eliminated in the 5th round. He also competed with Alexandra Schauman in the ninth and final series of Dancing on Ice until it returned in 2018, which was an "All-Stars" series.Radio, presenting and stage <mask>'s radio work includes such dramas as Les Misérables; The Three Loves of Ida Bliss, We Are Happy, Wavelength, Midweek, Jellybones, The London Particulars, Bringing Eddie Home, and The Chocolate Frigate. Narration work includes Paddington Green, the story of the New York City Subway's Guardian Angels' Scene in New York, The Fame Game, Driving Mum Crazy, Snapshot-Eddie Kidd, The Jungle Creatures, and many more. In 1989, <mask> reprised the role of Tucker in the musical stage version of the television series Grange Hill: Grange Hill: Tucker's Return, at the Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. Between 2007 and 2008, he toured the UK in The Business of Murder as Police Detective Hallett. <mask> and Wendy Richard (who played his screen mother Pauline in EastEnders) presented "50 Greatest Families" on Sky One in March 2008. Carty also appeared in a BBC Radio 4 Play of the day "Bringing Eddie Home" by John Peacock, based on a true story of the fight by East End couple Edna and Jack Wallace to get their son's body brought home from Aden, and the ensuing fight for the rights of British Service service personnel. <mask> played the role of the younger Jack Wallace and the play also included other ex-EastEnders actors Bill Treacher, Tilly Vosburgh, Edna Doré and Joe Absolom <mask> starred as Patsy, from May 2010, to 2015, in the Monty Python touring production of Spamalot.Pantomimes <mask> has played Ali Baba in the BBC Christmas pantomime Aladdin, and starred as Buttons in Cinderella at the Gatehouse Theatre Stafford from 14 December 1993 to 2 January 1994. He later starred with Barbara Windsor as the captain's mate in Dick Whittington at the Orchard Theatre, Dartford. He appeared as "King Rat" with Basil Brush in the pantomime Dick Whittington at the Wycombe Swan Theatre between 2005 and 2006. He reprised the role of King Rat in a new version of Dick Whittington, at the Capitol Theatre, Horsham, which ran from 13 December 2007 to 6 January 2008. In December 2008, <mask> starred as the evil Ferdinand Fleshcreep (The Giant's Evil Assistant) in Jack and the Beanstalk at the Queen's Theatre in Barnstaple. The show ran from 12 December 2008 to 4 January 2009. <mask> starred as Buttons in Cinderella at the Pavilion Theatre Worthing from 10 December 2009 to 3 January 2010.In December 2014, he appeared in the Chatham Theatre pantomime production of Aladdin, (with Twist and Pulse, produced by Jordan Productions). <mask> again played Flashcreep in Jack and the Beanstalk, in a production at the Newark Palace Theatre in Newark-on-Trent (7 – 31 December 2016). Played Captain Hook in Peter Pan at Watersmeet theatre in Rickmansworth from December 2019 to January 2020. Directing and producing <mask> and his partner, actress/writer and film producer Dina Clarkin, have set up a film production company, Swordfish Productions. In July 2007 <mask> made his debut as director of several episodes of the BBC's daytime soap opera, Doctors. <mask> directed his first feature film, The Perfect Burger (2010), made with the Co-operative British Youth Film Academy, set in the Leicestershire town of Hinckley. The film was mainly shot at the Hinckley campus of North Warwickshire and Hinckley College.Personal life <mask> lives in Muswell Hill, North London. He has been in a relationship since 1990 with his childhood sweetheart and business partner, actress/writer and film producer Dina Clarkin – the daughter of Irish actor Tony Clarkin. The couple have known each other since childhood through their parents, and have two sons, James and Thomas. In an interview with the Daily Mirror, <mask> explained how he first met Clarkin when she was a 5-year-old child actress and he a 14-year-old, through their parents. <mask> describes Dina as his soul mate. Filmography References External links 1963 births 20th-century English male actors 20th-century Irish male actors 21st-century English male actors 21st-century Irish male actors English male child actors English male film actors English male soap opera actors Irish male child actors Irish male film actors Irish male soap opera actors Irish male television actors Living people People from Kilburn, London People from Harrow, London Male actors from London

Mikhail Natarevich

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<mask> (; September 29, 1907 in Vitebsk, Russian Empire – February 23, 1979 in Leningrad, USSR) was a Soviet, Russian painter who lived and worked in Leningrad; he was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists, and was regarded as one of the brightest representatives of the Leningrad School of Painting. Biography <mask> was born September 29, 1907, in Vitebsk, a small Belarusian town, has gone down in the history of the 20th-century art world with Chagall and Malevich. <mask> started his artistic education in Vitebsk at the art school of Yehuda Pen, whose students included Marc Chagall, Osip Zadkine and Lazar Lissitzky. In 1934 <mask> came to Leningrad and joined the painting department of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. He studied with Semion Abugov, Alexander Savinov and <mask>. In 1940 <mask> graduated from Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Boris Ioganson personal art studio. His graduation work was a historical painting named Kotovsky, dedicated to the legendary hero of the Civil War in Russia.From 1941 to 1945 <mask> served in the Great Patriotic War as a member of the Red Army. Since 1941 <mask> has participated in Art Exhibitions. He painted portraits, genre and historical paintings, landscapes, worked in oil and tempera painting. Solo Exhibitions by <mask> were in Leningrad (1981) and Saint Petersburg (2008). <mask> was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists since 1946. <mask> <mask> died on February 23, 1979 in Leningrad in his seventy-second year. Paintings by <mask> reside in the State Russian Museum and in art museums and private collections in Russia, China, Israel, the US, England, Japan, and throughout the world.See also Leningrad School of Painting List of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists Saint Petersburg Union of Artists List of 20th-century Russian painters References Principal exhibitions 1951 (Leningrad): Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1951, with Piotr Alberti, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Piotr Belousov, Piotr Buchkin, Rudolf Frentz, Nikolai Galakhov, Vladimir Gorb, Tatiana Kopnina, Nikolai Kostrov, Anna Kostrova, Alexander Lubimov, Evsey Moiseenko, <mask>, Yuri Neprintsev, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Sergei Osipov, Alexander Pushnin, Ivan Savenko, Gleb Savinov, Alexander Samokhvalov, Vladimir Seleznev, Alexander Shmidt, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Nikolai Timkov, Leonid Tkachenko, <mask>, Yuri Tulin, Igor Veselkin, Nina Veselova, Rostislav Vovkushevsky, Vecheslav Zagonek, and other important Leningrad artists. 1957 (Leningrad): 1917 – 1957. 1957 (Moscow): All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution, with Vsevolod Bazhenov, Nikolai Baskakov, Irina Baldina, Piotr Belousov, Piotr Buchkin, Zlata Bizova, Nikolai Galakhov, Elena Gorokhova, Alexei Eriomin, Engels Kozlov, Maya Kopitseva, Boris Korneev, Boris Lavrenko, Oleg Lomakin, Nikita Medovikov, Evsey Moiseenko, <mask>, Samuil Nevelshtein, Yuri Neprintsev, Dmitry Oboznenko, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Nikolai Pozdneev, Alexander Pushnin, Ivan Savenko, Gleb Savinov, Alexander Samokhvalov, Alexander Semionov, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Victor Teterin, Nikolai Timkov, Mikhail Trufanov, Yuri Tulin, Ivan Varichev, Piotr Vasiliev, Nina Veselova, Vecheslav Zagonek, Sergei Zakharov, Maria Zubreeva, and other important Leningrad artists. 1962 (Leningrad): The Fall Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962, with Piotr Alberti, Evgenia Antipova, Taisia Afonina, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Nikolai Galakhov, Yuri Belov, Vladimir Gorb, Abram Grushko, Alexei Eremin, Boris Lavrenko, Ivan Lavsky, Valeria Larina, Oleg Lomakin, Gavriil Malish, Evsey Moiseenko, Nikolai Mukho, Piotr Nazarov, Vera Nazina, Mikhail Natarevich, Dmitry Oboznenko, Lev Orekhov, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Sergei Osipov, Nikolai Pozdneev, Galina Rumiantseva, Gleb Savinov, Alexander Semionov, Arseny Semionov, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Alexander Sokolov, Alexander Tatarenko, Victor Teterin, Nikolai Timkov, Mikhail Trufanov, Yuri Tulin, Ivan Varichev, Anatoli Vasiliev, Valery Vatenin, Rostislav Vovkushevsky, Vecheslav Zagonek, and other important Leningrad artists. 1968 (Leningrad): The Fall Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1968, with Piotr Alberti, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Sergei Frolov, Nikolai Galakhov, Tatiana Gorb, Vladimir Gorb, Mikhail Kaneev, Mikhail Kozell, Engels Kozlov, Elena Kostenko, Nikolai Kostrov, Anna Kostrova, Gevork Kotiantz, Vladimir Krantz, Ivan Lavsky, Dmitry Maevsky, Gavriil Malish, Nikolai Mukho, Mikhail Natarevich, Sergei Osipov, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Lev Orekhov, Victor Otiev, Maria Rudnitskaya, Ivan Savenko, Vladimir Sakson, Alexander Semionov, Arseny Semionov, Boris Shamanov, Alexander Shmidt, Elena Skuin, Alexander Stolbov, German Tatarinov, Mikhail Trufanov, Yuri Tulin, Ivan Varichev, Anatoli Vasiliev, Rostislav Vovkushevsky, Lazar Yazgur, Vecheslav Zagonek, Sergei Zakharov, Ruben Zakharian, and other important Leningrad artists. 1981 (Leningrad): Exhibition of works by Mikhail Natarevich in the Leningrad Union of Artists. 1994 (Pont-Audemer): Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siecle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Petersbourg, with Abram Grushko, Vasily Golubev, Elena Kostenko, Maya Kopitseva, Gevork Kotiantz, Marina Kozlovskaya, Valeria Larina, Boris Lavrenko, Valentina Monakhova, Mikhail Natarevich, Ivan Savenko, Vladimir Sakson, Arseny Semionov, Alexander Shmidt, Elena Skuin, Nikolai Timkov, Yuri Tulin, Vitaly Tulenev, Ivan Varichev, Igor Veselkin, and other important Leningrad artists.1996 (Saint Petersburg): Paintings of 1940-1990s. The Leningrad School, with Piotr Alberti, Taisia Afonina, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Irina Baldina, Veniamin Borisov, Vladimir Chekalov, Evgeny Chuprun, Nikolai Galakhov, Tatiana Gorb, Abram Grushko, Alexei Eriomin, <mask>, <mask>, Maya Kopitseva, Marina Kozlovskaya, Alexander Koroviakov, Vladimir Krantz, Boris Lavrenko, Ivan Lavsky, Piotr Litvinsky, Dmitry Maevsky, Valentina Monakhova, <mask>, Anatoli Nenartovich, Samuil Nevelshtein, Lev Orekhov, Sergei Osipov, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Victor Otiev, Nikolai Pozdneev, Evgeny Pozdniakov, Lev Russov, Galina Rumiantseva, Kapitolina Rumiantseva, Alexander Samokhvalov, Alexander Semionov, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, German Tatarinov, Nikolai Timkov, <mask>, Leonid Tkachenko, Anatoli Vasiliev, Igor Veselkin, Rostislav Vovkushevsky, Ruben Zakharian, and other important Leningrad artists. 2008 (Saint Petersburg): Exhibition of works by <mask> in State Russian Museum. Bibliography Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1947. Exhibition Catalogue. – Leningrad: Leningrad Union of Soviet Artists, 1948. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1951.Exhibition catalogue. -Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1951. -p. 15. 1917 – 1957. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1957. Exhibition Catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1958.– p. 22. Travelling Exhibition of Leningrad artists. Catalogue. – Murmansk: Leningrad Union of Artists, 1957. All-Union Art Exhibition of 1957 dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. – Moscow: Soviet artist, 1957.– p. 52. All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to 40th Anniversary of Komsomol. Catalogue. – Moscow: Ministry of Culture of USSR, 1958. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1963.– p. 13. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1960. Exhibition catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1961. – p. 28. Soviet Russia republic exhibition of 1960. Exhibition catalogue.– Moscow: Ministry of culture of Russian Federation, 1960. – p. 57. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1961. Exhibition catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1964. – p. 28. Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1962.Exhibition Catalogue. – Leningrad: : Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1962. – p. 19. The Leningrad Fine Arts Exhibition. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1965. – p. 36. The Fall Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1968.Catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1971. – p. 12. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Victory in Great Patriotic war. Catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. – p. 8.Our Contemporary Exhibition catalogue of works by Leningrad artists of 1971. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1972. – p. 16. Art works by Russian Federation Artists grants to Museums and Culture Institutions (1963–1971). Official Catalogue. – Moscow: Russian Federation Union of Artists, 1972. – p. 73.Our Contemporary The Third Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1973. Catalogue. -Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1974. – p. 10. Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 3.1941 – 1947. – Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1973. – pp. 11, 225, 334, 342. Our Contemporary regional exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1975. Catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980.– p. 20. The Portrait of Contemporary the Fifth Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1976. Catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1983. – p. 16. The Fine Arts of Leningrad. Exhibition catalogue.– Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1976. – p. 24. Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists dedicated to the 60th Anniversary of October Revolution. Catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. – p. 17. Directory of members of the Union of Artists of USSR.Volume 2. – Moscow: Soviet artist, 1979. – p. 110. Exhibitions of Soviet art. Directory. Volume 5. 1954 – 1958.– Moscow: Soviet Artist, 1981. – pp. 27, 121, 341, 376, 386, 420, 534, 567, 571. Directory of members of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation.- Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980. – p. 83. <mask>. Painting.Exhibition catalogue. – Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1982. Les Paintres du Bonheur. Auction Catalogue. – Paris: Drouot Richelieu, 8 Novembre 1993. – p. 15. The Leningrad Artists.Paintings of 1950-1980s. Exhibition catalogue. – Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg Union of Artists, 1994. – p. 5. Painting from the life, by Leningrad artists. Exhibition catalogue. – Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1994.– p. 5. Saint-Pétersbourg – Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. – Pont-Audemer: 1994. – p. 74. Paintings from the life of 1940 – 1980 by Leningrad artists. Exhibition Catalogue.– Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial Museum, 1994. – p. 4. The Lyrics in the works of artists of the war generation. Painting, drawings. Exhibition catalogue. – Saint Petersburg: Nikolai Nekrasov Memorial museum, 1995. – p. 4.Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. – London: Izomar 1998. , . Link of Times: 1932 – 1997. Artists – Members of Saint – Petersburg Union of Artists of Russia. Exhibition catalogue. – Saint Petersburg: Manezh Central Exhibition Hall, 1997.– p. 294. Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. – Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 19, 20, 395, 385, 387–399, 401, 404, 405, 444. , .Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 – 2005. – Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007. p. 66. . <mask>. – Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Publishing, 2009. – 144 p. 1907 births 1979 deaths Soviet military personnel of World War II 20th-century Russian painters Russian male painters Soviet painters Leningrad School artists People from Saint Petersburg Members of the Leningrad Union of Artists Socialist realism artists Painters from Saint Petersburg Repin Institute of Arts alumni

May Sinclair

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<mask> was the pseudonym of Mary Amelia St. Clair (24 August 1863 – 14 November 1946), a popular British writer who wrote about two dozen novels, short stories and poetry. She was an active suffragist, and member of the Woman Writers' Suffrage League. She once dressed up as a demure, rebel Jane Austen for a suffrage fundraising event. <mask> was also a significant critic in the area of modernist poetry and prose, and she is attributed with first using the term 'stream of consciousness' in a literary context, when reviewing the first volumes of Dorothy Richardson's novel sequence Pilgrimage (1915–1967), in The Egoist, April 1918. Early life <mask> was born in Rock Ferry, Cheshire. Her mother, <mask>, was strict and religious; her father, <mask>, was a Liverpool shipowner, who went bankrupt, became an alcoholic, and died when <mask> was still a child. The family moved to Ilford on the edge of London.After one year of education at Cheltenham Ladies College, <mask> was obliged to look after her brothers, as four of the five, all older than her, were suffering from a fatal congenital heart disease. Career From 1896 <mask> wrote professionally to support herself and her mother, who died in 1901. An active feminist, <mask> treated a number of themes relating to the position of women and marriage. Her works sold well in the United States. <mask>'s suffrage activities were remembered by Sylvia Pankhurst. Photographs (as "Mary Sinlair" show her around the WSPU offices in Kensington. In 1912 the Women Writers' Suffrage League published her ideas on feminism.Here she de-bunked theories put forward by Sir Almroth Wright that the suffragists were powered by their sexual frustration because of the shortage of men. She said that suffrage and the class struggle were similar aspirations and the working woman should not be in competition with the ambitions of the male working class. Around 1913, she was a founding supporter of the Medico-Psychological Clinic in London which was run by Dr Jessie Murray. <mask> became interested in psychoanalytic thought, and introduced matter related to Sigmund Freud's teaching in her novels. In 1914, she volunteered to join the Munro Ambulance Corps, a charitable organization (which included Lady Dorothie Feilding, Elsie Knocker and Mairi Chisholm) that aided wounded Belgian soldiers on the Western Front in Flanders. She was sent home after only a few weeks at the front; she wrote about the experience in both prose and poetry. Her 1913 novel The Combined Maze, the story of a London clerk and the two women he loves, was highly praised by critics, including George Orwell, while Agatha Christie considered it one of the greatest English novels of its time.She wrote early criticism on Imagism and the poet H. D. (1915 in The Egoist); she was on social terms with H. D. (Hilda Doolittle), Richard Aldington and Ezra Pound at the time. She also reviewed in a positive light the poetry of T. S. Eliot (1917 in the Little Review) and the fiction of Dorothy Richardson (1918 in The Egoist). Some aspects of <mask>'s subsequent novels have been traced as influenced by modernist techniques, particularly in the autobiographical Mary Olivier: A Life (1919). She was included in the 1925 Contact Collection of Contemporary Writers. <mask> wrote two volumes of supernatural fiction, Uncanny Stories (1923) and The Intercessor and Other Stories (1931). E. F. Bleiler called <mask> "an underrated writer" and described Uncanny Stories as "excellent". Gary Crawford has stated <mask>'s contribution to the supernatural fiction genre, "small as it is, is notable".Jacques Barzun included <mask> among a list of supernatural fiction writers that "one should make a point of seeking out". Brian Stableford has stated that <mask>'s "supernatural tales are written with uncommon delicacy and precision, and they are among the most effective examples of their fugitive kind." Andrew Smith has described Uncanny Stories as "an important contribution to the ghost story". From the late 1920s she was suffering from the early signs of Parkinson's disease, and ceased writing. She settled with a companion in Buckinghamshire in 1932. She is buried at St John-at-Hampstead's churchyard, London. Philosophy <mask> also wrote non-fiction based on studies of philosophy, particularly idealism.She defended a form of idealistic monism in her book A Defence of Idealism (1917). <mask> was interested in parapsychology and spiritualism, she was a member of the Society for Psychical Research from 1914. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. pp. 101–143. External links The homepage of the May Sinclair Society An essay on <mask>, Dorothy Richardson, and 'Stream of Consciousness' A 2001 essay by Leigh Wilson (University of Westminster), from The Literary Encyclopedia The Cellar-House of Pervyse (1917) at Internet Archive We Brought Succour to Belgium (1914) at 'A Nurse at the War' May <mask> and the First World War (Part 1) (1999) at National Humanities Center May Sinclair and the First World War (Part 2) (1999) at National Humanities Center May Sinclair papers Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania 1863 births 1946 deaths British women in World War I British women short story writers English short story writers English feminists English spiritualists English women poets Idealists Ghost story writers Modernist women writers Parapsychologists People from Birkenhead

William MacKendree

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<mask> is an American artist. He was born in Augusta, Georgia in 1948. He studied Philosophy and Visual Arts at Georgia State University in Atlanta. Following the completion of his university degrees, he left the U.S. to live and work in Greece between 1975 and 1982. Biography His time in Greece was shared between Thessaloniki and the island of Paros. There were many trips of discovery throughout Greece and the Balkan Peninsula, as well as Turkey, North Africa, and the Mediterranean world. The encounters with Archaic Greek sculpture and Minoan Painting left deep impressions, above all for their provocative simplicity and essence of line.The potential for the figurative within the context of the dominant minimalist visual culture of contemporary art may well have germinated from the initial visual shocks of this imagery. Here was an art that embodied both graphic dynamism and the impulse to vital forms and themes. His six years in Greece provided a relatively isolated cocoon for research and experimental trial-and-error ; moving steadily closer to a way to flesh out his first personal, near-archaic, works. It was soon after his arrival in Paris that he made the group of paintings that constituted his first gallery exhibition, in 1984. In the aftermath there appeared articles on these works in art magazines such as ‘Eighty’, Opus International, Flash Art, and Art in America. He was invited to participate in the international survey of contemporary art ‘Anniottanta’ at the Museum of Modern art of Bologna in 1985. That same year, he received the Prix de Peinture at the Salon International d’Art Contemporain in Montrouge, and his work was acquired by the Musée Nationale d’Art Moderne et Contemporaine, the Centre Pompidou, in Paris.Exhibitions in Vienna, Innsbruck, and Rome were held in 1986, and he also began a long-running collaboration with Michael Woolworth publications, creating numerous prints and artist’s books in the intervening years. Other collaborations and commissions have subsequently become an integral facet of his visual production. Mural projects were realized for the Reims Urban Transport headquarters (1998), for the City of Paris (2000), La Grande Arche de la Défense (1991), as well as for private companies in France. The Centre Regional d’Art Contemporain of Toulouse presented the first large institutional survey of his work in 1990. Since then there have followed regular intervals of exhibitions in galleries throughout Europe. 6, January/February 1985 'Les Signes Secrets de William MacKendree', Henri-Francois Debailleux; Café Crème Magazine No. 6, Hiver 1986 'La Part Irréductible', Robert Hoang Haî; Kanal Magazine No.33-34, Octobre/Novembre 1987 '<mask>', Jean-Luc Chalumeau; Opus International, Automne 1987 'L'Objet Ex-Situ', Laurence Cabidoche; le Journal de Toulouse, 22/11/1990 'MacKendree se sent tou choses', Henri-Francois Debailleux; Liberation journal, 24/11/1990 'Het dromendagboek van kunschilder <mask>, Max Borka; De Morgen journal, Brussels, 27/02/1991 'Mythologies de l'Enfance', Philippe Carteron; le Nouvel Observateur No.

Buddy Dyer

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John Hugh "<mask>" <mask> (born August 7, 1958) is an American politician who is the 32nd Mayor of Orlando. First elected in 2003, he is Orlando's longest serving mayor. He is a member of the Florida Democratic Party. Previously he represented Orlando in the Florida State Senate for ten years, including three years when he was the Senate Democratic leader. Early life and education <mask> was born in 1958 in Orlando. He grew up in nearby Kissimmee, graduating from Osceola High School. He began his political career after serving as an attorney and lawyer following his graduations from Brown University and the University of Florida College of Law.Florida Senate (1992–2002) <mask>'s first run for political office was for Kissimmee City Council, which he lost. In 1992 for Florida's State Senate district 14, which consisted of Orlando and Sanford, Florida. <mask> had two Democratic primary opponents, Candice "Candy" Crawford (sister of former Florida Agriculture Commissioner Bob Crawford and political pundit Craig Crawford) and Tim Adams, a local business owner. <mask> won the primary, but failed to get the 50% needed to avoid a runoff. <mask> received 44% of the vote, while Crawford received 39%. Adams received 17% and was eliminated. The runoff between <mask> and Crawford was concentrated in Orlando's African-American communities.<mask> received the support of many of the local churches as well as the endorsement of Tim Adams and Dotti Wynn (loser of the district's Republican primary), while Crawford relied on State Representative Alzo Reddick. <mask> won the runoff 54% to 44%. He continued on to the general election where he faced Republican Steve DeMino which he won with 56% of the vote. He was subsequently re-elected in 1996 and 2000, serving a total of ten years in the State Senate, where he was State Senate Democratic leader for three years. In 2002 he ran for the office of state attorney general, losing to then-Republican (later Democrat) Charlie Crist. Mayor of Orlando (2003–present) Elections <mask> was elected the 32nd mayor of Orlando on February 25, 2003, in a special election after the previous mayor, Glenda Hood, was appointed Florida's Secretary of State. He was re-elected in 2004 in a regular election, narrowly avoiding a runoff with challenger Ken Mulvaney.He won re-election again on January 29, 2008, receiving 61% of the vote over challenger Mulvaney. <mask> was once again re-elected mayor in November 2015 with 62.5% of the vote for his fourth full term in office. Actions in office In his years as mayor of Orlando, <mask> claims progress in realizing his vision for Orlando as a "world-class city." According to his re-election campaign materials, he led Orlando out of a financial crisis and made public safety a top priority. He attracted state-of-the-art health care facilities and created a regional medical area at Lake Nona, and has worked to improve all of the city's neighborhoods. During his term, Orlando has had three consecutive years of employment growth and a 2.2 percent decline in unemployment. <mask> advocated a new performing arts center for Orlando and a new arena for the Orlando Magic.He worked with then-Orange County Mayor Rich Crotty to get approval for using 1.1 billion of the county's Tourist Development Tax money, collected as a surcharge on hotel rooms, to fund construction of a new arena, a new performing arts center and large-scale renovations of the Citrus Bowl. The measure received final approvals on both the city and county levels in August 2007. Later that month, local hotelier Harris Rosen launched a drive to get initiatives on the ballot to allow citizens to vote on whether they wanted public money spent on these projects. Mayor <mask> has attracted criticism from homeless advocates due to his support for an Orlando ordinance (passed in July 2006) that requires permits for "large group feedings" in downtown parks. The Orlando group of Food Not Bombs sued <mask> and the City of Orlando over the ordinance in federal court. The court ruled in September 2008 that the ordinance was unconstitutional because it violated the group's First Amendment rights, and the city has appealed this ruling to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.Many critics of <mask>'s support of the ban on "large group feedings" claim <mask> backs the ban to appease the wealthy residents of the Lake Eola neighborhood. He is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition. <mask> was one of nine mayors who established July 15 as Social Media Giving Day in 2013, encouraging citizens to support charities via social media. In 2017, he declared July 5 as Impact Wrestling Day in the city of Orlando after joining Orlando nightclub shooting survivor Tony Marrero at an Impact event. Suspension and reinstatement Following the 2004 election, Mulvaney alleged election fraud by <mask>. An investigation into the matter by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement led a grand jury to bring charges against the mayor, his campaign manager, and an election consultant for allegedly paying someone to gather absentee ballots in Orlando's African American community. Such payments are illegal under Florida law.In March 2005, <mask> was suspended by Governor Jeb Bush in accordance with the Florida Constitution. In April 2005, the charges were dismissed and he was reinstated as mayor. Personal life <mask> and his wife Karen Caudill got married in 1989. Together they have two sons: Trey, who graduated from American University in 2012, and Drew. <mask> filed for divorce with his wife Karen on September 1, 2017, the divorce document stated the marriage was "irretrievably broken". <mask> married his girlfriend, Susie Pinson Galloway Shields, in 2021, they had been dating for some time and were a couple during his 2019 campaign. Shields is his second marriage.Distinctions The Orlando Sentinel named <mask> "The most powerful person in Central Florida" for 2008. References External links Official Biography of <mask> |- |- |- Mayors of Orlando, Florida Florida state senators 1958 births Living people Florida Democrats People from Kissimmee, Florida 20th-century American politicians 21st-century American politicians 2012 United States presidential electors Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni Brown University alumni

Moses Harris

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<mask> (15 April 1730 – 1787) was an English entomologist and engraver. Life and work <mask> was encouraged in entomology from a young age by his uncle, a member of the Society of the Aurelians. In 1762 he became secretary of a second Society of Aurelians. He was a skilled artist, displaying some of his insect drawings at the Royal Academy in 1785. He drew and engraved illustrations for books including Dru Drury's Illustrations of Natural History (3 volumes, 1770–1782) and John Coakley Lettsom's The Naturalist's and Traveller's Companion (1772). Colour theory In "The Natural System of Colours" published in 1766, <mask> discussed the multitude of colours that can be created using three "grand or principle" colours: red, yellow and blue. As a naturalist and an engraver, <mask> focussed on the relationships between colours and how they are coded and created.He explained how three colours can be íntermixed, tinted and shaded to create 660 colours "materially, or by the painters art". <mask> referred to red, yellow and blue as "Primitives" and attempted to link these to Isaac Newton's colour theory by making reference to colours "seen in the rainbow refracted by the prism". "The Natural System of Colours" features two illustrations and the first of these is <mask>' 'Prismatic' colour wheel which features red, yellow and blue as the key principle colours. These colours sit at the centre of the colour wheel surrounded by variations of 'Mediate' colours, orange, green and purple. The second illustration in "The Natural System of Colours" is <mask>' 'Compound' colour wheel which features orange, green and purple at the centre surrounded by variations of tertiary colours between each of the 'Mediate' colours. <mask> conflated the creation of colour using pigments with the creation and appearance of colour in respect to light-waves in two ways. Firstly, in his attempt to deal with black and white.He suggested that the admixture of opposing colours create "a dirty unmeaning colour" and he contended that the admixture of red, blue and yellow "in equal force and in the strongest powers which by violently opposing each other and in very unequal contest are all three continually defeated, causing a total confusion and obscurity in darkness", thereby suggesting that these three colours create black. In reference to this claim, the centres of each colour wheel feature three overlaid colours (red, yellow and blue, and orange, green and purple) outlined in black (as a result of the engraving process used to create the illustration) thereby causing a blackish effect but on closer inspection, the central segment of each colour wheel appears a dark, murky brown. In reference to white, <mask> suggested that white represented a "total privation or absence of colour". In addition, <mask> suggested that his 'Prismatic' colour wheel reflected the colours "shown in the prism" while the colours depicted in the 'Compound' colour wheel "admits of all colours in nature, not found in the prismatic part". The Natural System of Colours was published again in 1811, this time edited by Thomas Martyn and dedicated to the second President of the Royal Academy, Benjamin West. In 1963, a reproduction of "The Natural System of Colours" was privately printed and distributed by the Whitney Library of Design, New York. The reproduction came about when Faber Birren acquired a copy of <mask>' original book and arranged to have it faithfully reproduced.Birren supervised the reproduction and ensured that the engravings of the two colour wheels matched those in <mask>' original book. Entomology <mask> published his The Aurelian or natural history of English insects in 1766. In 1780 he followed this up with the first scientific descriptions of several Odonata including the banded demoiselle, Calopteryx splendens, and was the first English artist to make illustrations of dragonflies accurate enough to be identified to species. Reviewing his artwork, the odonatologists Albert Orr and Matti Hämäläinen comment that his drawing of a 'large brown' (Aeshna grandis, top left of image) was "superb", while the "perfectly natural colours of the eyes indicate that <mask> had examined living individuals of these aeshnids and either coloured the printed copper plates himself or supervised the colourists." However, they consider the larva on the same plate far less good, "a very stiff dorso-lateral view of an aeshnid larva with mask extended. No attempt has been made to depict the eyes, antennae or hinge on the mask or labial palps, all inconceivable omissions for an artist of <mask>' talent had he actually examined a specimen", and they suggest he copied it from August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof. In 1778, <mask> discovered the Muscina levida [assimilis] species of fly.Two years later, he followed with a discovery of the Muscina prolapsa species of fly. Works Written by <mask> Natural System of Colours (1766) The Aurelian or natural history of English insects (1766, 2nd edn 1775) The English Lepidoptera, or, the Aurelian's Pocket Companion (1775) An Exposition of English Insects Including the Several Classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, & Diptera, or Bees, Flies, & Libellulae (1776[-80]) Illustrated by <mask> Copper plates for Dru Drury's Illustrations of Natural History 44 watercolour drawings on life-cycle of British Lepidoptera for a projected edition of the Aurelian (Natural History Museum) Compound and Prismatic Colour Wheels (Royal Academy) Family <mask> was survived by his wife, and a son, <mask> (1767–1832), a watercolour painter. See also Dragonfly References External links Special collections Short account four plates. Section 45:"Object Studies: Hand-Colored Engraving"The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-Century Europe See also Section 3, "Number, Order, Form" and the glossary entry. Exhibition on <mask> at Brighton 2013. <mask>, <mask> (1778) The Aurelian. Several high-resolution images from this book can be found here 1840 edition English entomologists 1730 births 1788 deaths English engravers

Bajkam

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Abū <mask>ākānī (), referred to as Bajkam, Badjkam or Bachkam (from Bäčkäm, a Persian and Turkish word meaning a horse- or yak-tail), was a Turkish military commander and official of the Abbasid Caliphate. A former ghulam of the Ziyarid dynasty, <mask> entered Abbasid service following the assassination of the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij in 935. During his five-year tenure at the Caliphate's court at Baghdad, he was granted the title of amir al-umara, consolidating his dominance over the caliphs al-Radi and al-Muttaqi and giving him absolute power over their domains. Bajkam was challenged throughout his rule by various opponents, including his predecessor as amir al-umara, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, the Basra-based Baridis, and the Buyid dynasty of Iran, but he succeeded in retaining control until his death. He was murdered by a party of Kurds during a hunting excursion in 941, shortly after the accession of al-Muttaqi as Caliph. Bajkam was known both for his firm rule and for his patronage of Baghdad intellectuals, who respected and in some cases befriended him. His death led to a void in central power, resulting in a brief period of instability and fighting in Baghdad.Early military career and service under Ibn Ra'iq Details of Bajkam's early life are unknown. He was a Turk, and began his career as one of the ghilman (military slaves, usually of Turkish origin) of a vizier to the Daylamite warlord Makan ibn Kaki in northern Iran. His master then made a gift of his ghilman, including Bajkam, to Makan. The latter took care of the young Bajkam's training and education, something for which the latter showed his gratitude by adopting his patron's name as his nisba (surname). After Makan was defeated by Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty, who came to control Daylam, Jibal and Tabaristan, he entered Mardavij's service, along with many others among Makan's ghilman. Mardavij mistreated his ghilman, who consequently murdered him at Isfahan in January 935, an act in which Bajkam may have been complicit. After Mardavij's death, most of the ghilman in Ziyarid service dispersed.Bajkam and his fellow officer Tuzun assumed the leadership of a large group and, after first offering their services to the new governor of Jibal, Hasan ibn Harun, proceeded to the Abbasid court at Baghdad. At first, their offers were rejected by the court, where the Caliph's Hujjariya bodyguards jealously guarded their prerogatives, but the ghilman were eventually taken into the service of Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, governor of Basra and Wasit in southern Iraq. Now known as Bajkam Ra'iqi, Bajkam created a large military force under his command consisting of his own followers as well as additional Turks and Daylamites summoned from Jibal. In early November 936, the Caliph al-Radi () bestowed the newly created title of amir al-umara ("commander of commanders") on Ibn Ra'iq, who was effectively granted absolute control over the Caliphate. This provoked the reaction of various provincial governors as well as that of powerful interest groups in Baghdad itself, such as the caliphal bodyguards. Against them, Ibn Ra'iq employed Bajkam and his Turkish supporters. With their aid, he managed to neutralize the Hujariyya and Saji guard units, after which, in February 937, Bajkam was rewarded with the posts of sahib al-shurta (chief of police) and governor of the eastern provinces.Far more difficult and protracted was the war against the ambitious governor of Ahwaz, Abu Abdallah al-Baridi, who aimed to supplant Ibn Ra'iq. Al-Baridi's family was of Basran origin, and had served the Abbasids in various roles as officials before managing to assert a weak hold over Khuzistan. Ibn Ra'iq himself was defeated and forced to leave Basra to the Baridis, but <mask> saved the situation by scoring two major victories, despite being outnumbered, that allowed him to take possession of Khuzistan. The hard-pressed al-Baridi now turned to his powerful neighbour, the Buyid ruler of Fars, Ali ibn Buya, for help. Ali's brother Ahmad soon took over Khuzistan, and Ibn Ra'iq was forced to offer possession of the province as an independent domain if Bajkam would recover it. Bajkam however was repulsed by the Buyid forces, and fell back to Wasit. Ignoring Ibn Ra'iq's orders to retake Khuzistan, Bajkam remained at Wasit, and began plotting to depose Ibn Ra'iq himself.To this end, Bajkam began seeking allies: he offered the governorship of Wasit to the Baridis, and through the former vizier Ibn Muqla, who wished to avenge himself on Ibn Ra'iq for his own downfall and confiscation of his property, gained the covert support of Caliph al-Radi himself. In September 938, Bajkam led his troops from Wasit to Baghdad. Ibn Ra'iq tried without success to impede his advance by destroying the great dams of the Nahrawan Canal and flooding the plain, but Bajkam's army entered the Abbasid capital without opposition, and al-Radi immediately transferred Ibn Ra'iq's title of amir al-umara to Bajkam. Amir al-umara Despite the continued relegation of al-Radi to a ceremonial role, the relationship between the Caliph and Bajkam was strong, with al-Radi praising Bajkam for his harsh discipline and referring to the latter as his "protégé". Al-Radi was appreciative of Bajkam's respect for his position as Caliph, and promised his support for the amir al-umara. In October–November 938, Bajkam and the Caliph campaigned against the influential Hamdanid emir of Mosul, Hasan ibn Abdallah, who had taken advantage of the turmoil in Iraq to cease forwarding his province's revenue to Baghdad. Although Bajkam's army captured Mosul, Hasan fled before him to the remotest corners of his domain, where Bajkam's forces pursued him in vain.In the meantime, the local population resented the presence of the caliphal troops and launched guerilla warfare against them, while Ibn Ra'iq used <mask>'s absence to take control of Baghdad at the head of a Carmathian force. These developments forced <mask> to negotiate with his rivals: the Hamdanids were restored in their province in exchange for the payment of the tax arrears, and Ibn Ra'iq was bought off with the governorship of the provinces of Tariq al-Furat, Diyar Mudar, Qinnasrin and al-'Awasim, which were also claimed by the Ikhshidids of Egypt. This arrangement allowed <mask> and the Caliph to return to Baghdad in February 939. <mask>, having consolidated his control over Baghdad, now turned to face the threat posed by the Buyids. To this end, he strengthened his ties with the Baridis of Basra, by handing over Wasit, as previously agreed, appointing Abu Abdallah al-Baridi as vizier of the Abbasid court (although the latter remained at Wasit and did not visit Baghdad), and, finally, by marrying himself to one of al-Baridi's daughters. Neither side really trusted the other—<mask> is said to have remarked of his father-in-law, an inveterate intriguer, that his "turban covered the head not of a man but of a devil"—but the deal allowed a fragile peace to prevail in Iraq. <mask>'s success against the Buyids was mixed: Wasit was saved from Buyid attack, and the Baridis led a successful campaign in Susiana, but an expedition into Jibal was crushed by the third Buyid brother, Hasan.The alliance with the Baridis quickly soured, however, as al-Baridi still maintained his ambition of replacing <mask>, and Bajkam was aware of this. In late August 940, Bajkam removed al-Baridi from the vizierate and launched an attack on Wasit, which the Baridis abandoned without resistance. In the meantime, the Baghdad was in turmoil as religious violence had become commonplace, with fanatical members of the Hanbali school imposing their tenets on the general populace. In December 940, al-Radi died. <mask> remained at Wasit, but sent his secretary to Baghdad to convene a council of Abbasid aristocrats, who selected al-Muttaqi (), al-Radi's brother, as Caliph. Bajkam also sent a slave named Takinak to the deceased Caliph's palace, the Dar al-Sultan, to procure various items, including the valuable al-Yatimah pearl. He also obtained three female slaves from al-Radi's palace, whose singing he remembered from his earlier visits to the Caliph.Among al-Muttaqi's first actions as Caliph was the confirmation of <mask> as amir al-umara. Despite al-Muttaqi's gesture of support, <mask> still faced opposition among the semi-autonomous provincial governors, including al-Baridi. Death and ensuing anarchy <mask> opened a campaign against al-Baridi in early spring 941. His lieutenants were at first defeated by the Baridis, whereupon <mask> himself left Wasit to take the field. On his way to join his army, however, he was informed that his generals had achieved a major victory over the Baridis, and decided to return to Wasit. On 21 April 941, while travelling, he took part in a hunting excursion, during which he and his party encountered a band of Kurdish brigands. During a brief skirmish, <mask> was slain when one of the Kurds stabbed him in the back with his lance.<mask>'s unexpected death created a power vacuum in Baghdad, with disagreements between Daylamite and Turkish forces prompting the former to join the defeated al-Baridi. With their assistance, he marched on Wasit and Baghdad, capturing them, but was soon forced to flee due to the disorder that followed his usurpation of power. A Daylamite chief named Kurankij replaced him as de facto ruler of Baghdad, but he imposed tyrannical rule, and al-Muttaqi appealed to the former amir al-umara Ibn Ra'iq for assistance. Ibn Ra'iq soon retook control of Baghdad, but political turmoil did not cease with his re-installation as amir al-umara. Once again, al-Baridi captured the city, and Ibn Ra'iq fled with the Caliph to Mosul, from where the Hamdanid rulers launched a successful attempt to restore them. The Hamdanid emir Hasan, after ordering the assassination of Ibn Ra'iq, was made amir al-umara and given the laqab of Nasir al-Dawla ("Defender of the Dynasty"). In 943, the Hamdanids were forced to retreat to Mosul when Tuzun, one of <mask>'s officers, seized power with military support; the following year, Tuzun captured, blinded, and deposed al-Muttaqi, assuming the role of amir al-umara.The Caliph's brother, al-Mustakfi (r. 944–946), was appointed as his successor. The competition for control of the Caliph ended in 945, when the Buyid Ahmad took over the position of amir al-umara with the title of Mu'izz al-Dawla. This began the period of undisputed Buyid control over Baghdad and Iraq, which lasted until the Seljuk conquest in the 1050s. Character Despite his slave origin, <mask> was educated in Arabic (although he reportedly did not speak it for fear of making mistakes), respected by intellectuals and was known to seek the company of such men as al-Suli and the physician Sinan ibn Thabit. It is in their writings that glimpses of his character survive. According to the researcher Marius Canard, Bajkam was "covetous of power and money, he did not hesitate to resort to dissimulation and ruse, corruption and torture to attain his ends; he was at times cruel, though his bravery was legendary, and was more upright in character than Ibn Ra'iq". Bajkam was also solicitous for the welfare of his subjects, and especially the inhabitants of Wasit cherished his memory.See also Al-Mustakfi Muhammad ibn Ra'iq Azjur al-Turki Wasif al-Turki Ashinas Bugha al-Kabir Bugha al-Sharabi Tuzun (amir al-umara) Muzahim ibn Khaqan Itakh Utamish Salih ibn Wasif Ahmad ibn Tulun References Sources 941 deaths 10th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate 10th-century Turkic people Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate Ghilman 10th-century rulers in Asia Year of birth unknown Ziyarid generals Slaves of the Abbasid Caliphate

Abraham Olano

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<mask> (born 22 January 1970 in Anoeta, Gipuzkoa) is a Spanish retired professional road racing cyclist, who raced between 1992 and 2002. He won the World Road Championship in 1995, and the World Time Trial Championship in 1998, becoming the first and so far only male cyclist to win both. He also achieved distinction in Grand Tours: he won Vuelta a España in 1998 and was second in 1995, made it twice to the final podium at Giro d'Italia (third in 1996 and second in 2001), and placed three times in the top-ten at Tour de France, with the fourth place in 1997 as his personal best. In total he won six stages in the Vuelta and one in the Tour, all of them time trials. <mask> was also double Spanish Champion in both road (1994) and time trial (1994 and 1998), olympic silver medalist in time trial in Atlanta 1996 and winner of several shorter stage races, like Tour of Romandie in 1996 and Criterium International and Tirreno-Adriatico in 2000. Amateur career <mask> started racing 11 years old at the Oria Cycling school, and already at junior level he won several races. Later, <mask> went to track racing.He became Spanish Champion in pursuit (together with Etxegoyen, Pérez and Juárez), in the 1 km with standing start and in sprint. In road racing, he started as an amateur for Kaiku and AVSA. He was specialized in sprinting. Professional career In 1992, <mask> started his professional career at CHCS. This team shortly after disbanded, and he moved to Lotus. With Lotus, <mask> won his first professional race, the Gran Premio de Villafranca de Ordizia in Gipuzkoa. In 1993, <mask> switched to CLAS Cajastur, which was later merged with Mapei.Here, he started to win important races, such as the Vuelta a Asturias and the Spanish National Road Race Championships, both in road race and time trial. In 1995, <mask> won three stages in the Vuelta a España, finishing second in overall classification to Laurent Jalabert. Later in the year <mask> was a vital part of a hugely successful Spanish team at the World Cycling Championship in Colombia. In the time trial, <mask> took silver, finishing second to Miguel Indurain. In the Road race, the top two positions was reversed, with <mask> taking the Championship and Indurain silver. The route for the road race was one of the hardest courses ever for a World Championship, and Olano showed his stamina by riding the last kilometer solo with a flat tyre. <mask> established his abilities in stage races in 1996; he won the Tour de Romandie, finished third in the Giro d'Italia (leading the race at the second to last day), and finished ninth in the Tour de France.He also won the silver medal in the time trial at the 1996 Olympic Games, losing out to Miguel Indurain by a margin of only 12 seconds. <mask> finished fourth in the 1997 Tour de France, taking 1 stage win - a long time trial in Disneyland, ahead of the eventual Tour winner Jan Ullrich. In 1998, <mask> Escartin and Roberto Heras as well as fellow all-rounders Laurent Jalabert and Alex Zülle, all at the height of their careers. Despite the victory, <mask> was reportedly not happy with the support from the Banesto team and management. Banestos own mountain specialist José Maria Jimenez took 4 stage wins, on several occasions leaving Olano alone on the climbs, and even taking the Yellow Jersey from his team captain. Olano won back the jersey on the second time trial, but the events and subsequent media speculation soured his relationship with Banesto, and he decided for a switch to the ONCE team for the following season. <mask> finished 1998 in style, winning the World Championship Time Trial in Valkenburg, ahead of compatriot Melcior Mauri.<mask> is the only male rider of the modern era to win the world Championship in both the Road race (1995) and the time trial (1998). In 1999, <mask> was back to defend the Vuelta title. In the prologue, severe rains put the late starters (including most of the GC contenders) at a big disadvantage, but <mask> nevertheless managed to take 2nd place. In the stage 7 time trial, <mask> won with a clear margin to main challenger Jan Ullrich, taking the top spot on the GC and the Yellow Jersey. <mask> defended his lead through several mountain stages, but a crash on the stage to Alto de Angliru cost him a broken rib, and he was eventually forced to abandon the race. In 2000, <mask> made a shift in focusing on shorter stage races, and won Tirreno-Adriatico and Criterium International, among others. He would make his last mark at the grand Tours with a 2nd place in the 2001 Giro d'Italia.He retired from racing in 2002. On account of results early in his career, a Basque background and some physical similarities, <mask> was seen by many supporters as the successor to five-times Tour de France winner Miguel Indurain. The comparison would haunt Olano for all of his career, as he went on to have a career that was very successful by almost any other standard. <mask> was one of the very best time trialists of his generation, and a rider with enormous stamina. However, he was a reluctant climber, and a tendency to lose valuable time to the specialists on the steepest and highest climbs, would keep his number of Grand Tour Wins to 1. Doping revelations <mask> is one of the people responsible for designing stages for the Vuelta a España. He was fired from this position after a report from the French senate revealed that he had delivered a suspicious sample during the 1998 Tour de France, indicating use of EPO.The International Olympic Committee also refused to give the bronze medal to him, since Lance Armstrong had been doping like him. Later life In November 2006 <mask> ran the San Sebastian marathon in a time of 2:39:19. In October 2015, he took over as new national coach for Gabon, with the task of building the national team "from scratch".

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Devanand Noel "<mask>" <mask> (born 21 December 1975) is an Australian politician and former public servant and diplomat. He is a member of the Liberal Party and was elected to the House of Representatives at the 2019 federal election, representing the New South Wales seat of Wentworth. He previously served as head of the International Division of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2010–2012) and as Ambassador to Israel (2013–2017). His appointment to the latter post, at the age of 37, made him one of Australia's youngest ambassadors and the second Australian ambassador of Indian heritage. Early life and education <mask> was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1975. His father is a Trinidadian of Indian heritage and his mother was from Sydney. His family moved to Turramurra in Sydney, in 1979.<mask>'s mother died of breast cancer, and he was raised by his father. <mask> attended secondary school at Turramurra High School in Sydney. He matriculated in 1993 with the highest possible Tertiary Entrance Rank of 100. <mask> studied a Bachelor of Arts at Cambridge University between 1994 and 1997. He initially studied natural sciences but transferred to law in 1995 (his second year) and graduated in law with first class honours. He then returned to Sydney and studied medicine at Sydney Medical School. Following a year of studying medicine, he began working as a public servant for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and completed a master's degree in International Relations through Deakin University.Career Government sector <mask> began working for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade in 1999 and held posts both in Australia and overseas. From 2004 to 2006 he served as the legal adviser to Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer and was then appointed to the Australian Embassy in Washington from 2006 until 2009. <mask> held appointments at the Australian High Commission to Papua New Guinea in Port Moresby, and as a senior civilian adviser with the Peace Monitoring Group on Bougainville. From 2010 to 2012 <mask> was the head of the International Division in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. He advised the Prime Minister Julia Gillard during G-20 summits (including as the Prime Minister's sous-sherpa) and East Asia summits and was involved in international diplomatic events which occurred in Australia including the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in October 2011 and during US President Barack Obama's visit to Australia in November 2011. <mask> served as the Assistant Secretary, responsible for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade's Africa Branch between 2012 and 2013. In November 2012, <mask> led a visit to Abuja, Nigeria and participated in talks with the Nigerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Security Adviser as well as with officials from the Economic Community of West African States.<mask> was appointed the Ambassador to Israel by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Bob Carr, on 16 May 2013 replacing Andrea Faulkner. <mask> presented his credentials to Israeli President Shimon Peres on 8 August 2013. While in Israel, <mask> and his wife Rachel visited casualties of the Syrian civil war in the Ziv Medical Center in Zefat. This visit made him the first international representative to visit casualties of the war. In May 2014 <mask> caused a diplomatic incident by meeting with the Israeli Housing and Construction Minister, Uri Ariel, in Israeli government offices located in occupied East Jerusalem, resulting in a formal complaint from the chief Palestinian UN negotiator to Julie Bishop, the then Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, that the meeting may be deemed as "aiding and abetting … illegal Israeli policies". Australia rejected these complaints, saying the meeting did not alter its position regarding the status of Jerusalem and the need to resolve this through direct negotiations. In April 2017, Julie Bishop announced that Chris Cannan would succeed <mask> as Ambassador to Israel in mid-2017.Cannan began his appointment as Ambassador on 19 June 2017. Private sector <mask> was chairman of Shekel Brainweigh Ltd, an Israeli technology company. He was reported to be helping a number of other Israeli technology companies to enter the Australian market. Federal politics <mask> is a member of the Moderate/Modern Liberal faction of the Liberal Party. Following the August 2018 resignation of former prime minister Malcolm Turnbull, <mask> was selected as the Liberal Party candidate for the resulting Wentworth by-election. In response to criticism from John Hewson, <mask> has stated that the Liberal Party has a "good record" on climate change, and is "doing enough" to meet the Paris Agreement. Independent candidate Kerryn Phelps won the by-election, but <mask> was pre-selected again to run as the Liberal candidate for Wentworth at the 2019 Australian federal election, and won the seat from Phelps.After his preselection as the candidate for Wentworth, <mask> apologised for an opinion piece published the previous June in The Sydney Morning Herald where he argued that school infrastructure was underused and teachers worked only three-quarters the hours of a full-time job. On 26 September 2018, <mask>'s campaign team was accused by other candidates in the Wentworth by-election of removing their campaign posters and replacing them with <mask>'s posters. On International Women’s Day 2021, <mask> was criticised for handing out flowers to women while the Morrison Government faced ongoing scrutiny over how it had handled allegations of rape and sexual misconduct by government ministers and staffers. The gesture was seen by some as “failing to read the room”, and was held up as evidence of the government being out of touch on women’s rights issues. On 10 February 2022, <mask> crossed the floor with four other Liberal MPs to include protection for transgender students in the government's modifications to the Sex Discrimination Act. Personal life <mask> is married to Rachel Lord, a lawyer and diplomat with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. They have three daughters.In January 2020, former Labor MP Melissa Parke sued <mask> for defamation over an April 2019 tweet in which he accused her of anti-semitism and "trafficking in conspiracy theories". He made the comment after she had withdrawn from the 2019 federal election when her comments about Israel and Palestine were publicized. In October 2020, the Federal Court dismissed Parke's defamation action against <mask>, but ruled that <mask>'s earlier settlement offer should take effect, where each party would have to pay their own costs. Following this, <mask> reiterated his comment on Parke, and stated that it was "a victory for free speech". References Ambassadors of Australia to Israel Alumni of the University of Cambridge Sydney Medical School alumni Deakin University alumni 1975 births Living people Canadian emigrants to Australia Australian people of Indian descent Members of the Australian House of Representatives Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wentworth Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia Australian people of Trinidad and Tobago descent

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<mask> (born November 7, 1979), is an American professional wrestler and promoter. During his early years as a professional wrestler, he founded the Southern California promotion Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) with five other wrestlers, where he held the PWG World and PWG World Tag Team Championships. He later appeared on the independent circuit, wrestling for promotions such as Ring of Honor, Wrestling Society X, Major League Wrestling and DDT Pro-Wrestling (where he held the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship 43 times). <mask> also wrestled for the TV series Lucha Underground, Impact Wrestling and the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), becoming NWA World Tag Team Champion with Karl Anderson in the latter. In NWA Championship Wrestling from Hollywood, <mask> served as head booker, and he was the promoter of Bar Wrestling. He was known for using his penis as part of his moves, most notably, the YouPorn-Plex. During the Speaking Out movement in June 2020, Meehan was accused by several women of sexual misconduct and he was subsequently released from Impact Wrestling.He has denied the accusations and filed lawsuits against some of his accusers and Impact Wrestling. Professional wrestling career Training and early years (2000–2006) Meehan is the youngest of three brothers and he remembers watching WrestleMania 2, when Jake Roberts used his snake. His favourite wrestlers were Hulk Hogan, Ricky Steamboat and the British Bulldogs. However, he didn't watch wrestling until the 1990s, because his school friends were fans. When WWF came to Anaheim, a man gave them tickets to an independent show. After watching the show, he decided to train. Meehan started his professional wrestling training in February 2000 with Jesse Hernandez's Empire Wrestling Federation in San Bernardino, CA under Bobby Bradley.During this time, <mask> (billed as <mask>) was part of a gothic stable, teaming with fellow trainees Sid Shadow and Stitches. He then went on to Rick Bassman's Ultimate Pro Wrestling in 2001 in Huntington Beach, CA and later El Segundo, CA where he trained under Tom Howard and Brian Kendrick to whom he credits with most of his training. He returned to training in 2004 at the Inoki Dojo in Santa Monica, CA under Bryan Danielson. During his early years, <mask> became a regular at many southern California promotions including EWF and UPW where he trained, as well as Revolution Pro Wrestling where he had his first matches against Super Dragon and also competed against Mike Quackenbush and had his first inter-gender matches with Sara Del Rey. His first national exposure came when he was brought into Gary Yap's EPIC Pro Wrestling where he has matches against Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) alum The Messiah, Frankie Kazarian and Brian Kendrick on high profiled cards featuring names like Sabu, New Jack, Vampiro, Christopher Daniels, Samoa Joe and Bryan Danielson. After training at the Inoki Dojo, <mask> received his first television exposure from NJPW-USA Toukon Fighting Spirit. Although mostly used as an enhancement talent, he was able to get exposure by competing in matches against Bryan Danielson with CM Punk on commentary.On May 19, 2006, he competed in The Best of American Super Juniors Tournament, however losing to Roderick Strong in the first round. Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (2003–2015) <mask> is one of the six founders of SoCal promotion Pro Wrestling Guerrilla, collectively known as the "PWG Six". PWG was formed when the founders grew tired of arguing with promoters, feeling they knew more about the inner workings of professional wrestling and could therefore promote and book shows more effectively. Meehan said that they went in with low expectations, never exceeding more than one show but if enough money was attained, the production of a second show would be the goal. He began in PWG as part of the X-Foundation with Funky Billy Kim and "The Professional" Scott Lost. They teamed together at PWG's first show, losing to the team of Adam Pearce, Hardcore Kidd, and Al Katrazz. <mask> then took part in the Bad Ass Mother 3000 tournament to determine the first PWG Champion.<mask> made it to the finals, but lost to Frankie Kazarian. <mask> then teamed with Scott Lost in the Tango & Cash Invitational tournament for the PWG Tag Team Championship. They made it to the semi-finals, but lost to Super Dragon and American Dragon. <mask> and Lost won the titles at the next show by defeating inaugural champions Homicide and B-Boy, but lost them in their first defense against Quicksilver and Chris Bosh. <mask> continued teaming with the X-Foundation, and regained the tag team titles with Scott Lost on June 19, 2004, at Rocktoberfest. Problems began within the X-Foundation, leading to a ladder match between <mask> and Scott Lost for the titles. Scott Lost won the match and chose Chris Bosh as his new partner.At Use Your Illusion 4, <mask> lost a 60 Minute Iron Man match to Super Dragon. After a brief absence, <mask> began teaming with Scott Lost and Chris Bosh, leading to uncertainty over his actions. He would then set out to prove that he is the best technical wrestler. He challenged and defeated wrestlers known for their great technical skills, such as Alex Shelley, Claudio Castagnoli, Rocky Romero, and Chris Hero. Though he won the matches, <mask> had to cheat and use help from Lost or Bosh to win, since he would usually be outwrestled each match. On December 3, 2005, at Chanukah Chaos (The C's Are Silent), <mask> beat Kevin Steen for the PWG Championship after Super Dragon, who was feuding with the Champion, gave Steen two Psycho Drivers. He made his first defense at CZW's Cage of Death 7 against El Generico.<mask> began defeating a number of wrestlers using some under handed tactic or a sheer stroke of luck on his behalf. It was around this time that <mask> changed his appearance to resemble Tom Selleck from Magnum, P.I., which included a big moustache. He even changed his finisher name from the Duff Drop to the Moustache Ride. Some of the wrestlers he has defeated include Chris Kanyon, Human Tornado, Chris Bosh, A.J. Styles, Emil Sitoci, Jonny Storm, Kevin Steen, Chris Sabin, Super Dragon, Necro Butcher, Frankie Kazarian, Davey Richards, and B-Boy. <mask> became at the time the longest reigning champion, and made the title a World title in the process by defending it in Europe. He went on to form a stable known as The Dynasty, consisting of himself, Scorpio Sky, Scott Lost, and Chris Bosh.The four screwed the then PWG World Tag Team Champs Super Dragon and Davey Richards, ending their dominant reign as tag champs. <mask> would proceed to give Super Dragon a Mustache Ride through two tables, putting him on the shelf. After holding the PWG title for a little over a year, winning usually due to cheating and interference, <mask> lost the title to Human Tornado in a Guerrilla Warfare match on January 13, 2007, at Based on a True Story. On January 27, 2008, <mask> and Scott Lost were awarded the PWG World Tag Team Championship after the titles were stripped off Super Dragon and Davey Richards. They eventually lost the belts to El Generico and Kevin Steen on March 21 at 1.21 Gigawatts. During the summer of 2009, <mask> attempted to stop Chris Hero's reign as the PWG World Champion in order to retain his record as the longest reigning PWG World Champion in history, but after he failed to regain the title in two separate title matches, Hero broke <mask>'s record on August 17, 2009. Shortly afterwards <mask> turned face and on September 5, entered the 2010 Battle of Los Angeles, defeating Chuck Taylor in his first round match.The following night <mask> defeated Austin Aries and Claudio Castagnoli to advance to the finals, where he defeated Chris Hero to win the 2010 Battle of Los Angeles. After his win, <mask> dubbed himself "The Hollywood Submission Machine" and adopted a new submission finishing maneuver, the End Scene. When Davey Richards was after the tournament stripped of the PWG World Championship, <mask> and the three other Battle of Los Angeles semi-finalists, Brandon Gatson, Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli, were placed in a four-way match to determine a new champion. On October 9, 2010, at The Curse of Guerrilla Island, <mask> failed in his attempt to regain the PWG World Championship, when he was defeated by Claudio Castagnoli. <mask> received a one–on–one shot at the PWG World Championship on April 9, 2011, but was again defeated by Castagnoli. Afterwards, <mask> Sky and on August 20, the two defeated the RockNES Monsters (Johnny Goodtime and Johnny Yuma) to become the number one contenders to the PWG World Tag Team Championship. On September 10, <mask> and Sky failed to capture the PWG World Tag Team Championship from The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson).After signing a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), <mask> Sky. Following his release from TNA, <mask> returned to PWG at the promotion's tenth anniversary event on August 9, 2013, teaming with Peter Avalon and <mask> in a six-person opener, where they were defeated by B-Boy, Candice LeRae and Willie Mack. On August 30, <mask> entered the 2013 Battle of Los Angeles, but was eliminated from the tournament in his first round match by Drake Younger. The following day, <mask> formed the Best Friends stable with Chuck Taylor and Trent? as the three defeated B-Boy, Tommaso Ciampa and Willie Mack in a six-man tag team match. <mask> also formed a partnership with Candice LeRae, which led to the two unsuccessfully challenging The Young Bucks for the PWG World Tag Team Championship on October 19. On July 27, 2014, <mask> and LeRae defeated The Young Bucks in a Guerrilla Warfare match to become the new PWG World Tag Team Champions.They lost the title to Monster Mafia (Ethan Page and Josh Alexander) on May 22, 2015, in the opening round of the 2015 DDT4. WWE appearances (2005, 2011, 2013) <mask> has appeared in several matches as enhancement talent for the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), competing against Rosey, Sylvan, The Gymini, Mark Henry, John Morrison, Super Crazy and two times against Big Show. On August 14, 2011, <mask> made an appearance at SummerSlam, portraying a fan during a match between Mark Henry and Sheamus. Two days later, <mask> wrestled a dark match at the SmackDown tapings in Bakersfield, California, losing to Bo Rotunda. Wrestling Society X (2006–2007) Wrestling Society X (WSX) was a short-lived professional wrestling-based television series produced in 2006 by Big Vision Entertainment. The weekly television series formerly aired on MTV, MTV2, MTV Tr3s, and over a dozen other MTV outlets throughout the world. WSXtra, an extra program featuring WSX matches and interviews not broadcast on television, was available on the promotion's MTV website and Video on Demand.<mask> was featured in a team with Disco Machine and together they formed That 70's Team. The duo instantly became cult favorites of the fans of the show. <mask> is most noted for his applying of baby oil, use of his inhaler and getting his wrestling trunks pulled down revealing his thong underwear all while in the ring during the show. The team is featured on episode 2 against Team Dragon Gate (Masato Yoshino and Genki Horiguchi), on episode 3 against D.I.F.H. (Jimmy Jacobs and Tyler Black), on episode 4 against Ruckus and Babi Slymm, on episode 6 against D.I.F.H. (Jimmy Jacobs and Tyler Black), on episode 8 against Trailer Park Boys (Nate Webb and Josh Raymond) and Quicksilver & Matt Classic and on episode 9 against D.I.F.H. (Jimmy Jacobs and Tyler Black).National Wrestling Alliance (2006–2012) In 2006, <mask> began regularly working for David Marquez's NWA brand, teaming with Karl Anderson to form The Real American Heroes. <mask> and Anderson entered into the Copa de Lucha tournament for the NWA in Las Vegas, Nevada representing America and reaching the finals before losing to the Mexico team of Los Luchas which began a feud between the two teams that lasted nearly two years. The return match in Las Vegas at the Fiesta Lucha event was a Flag Match that saw <mask> and Anderson align themselves with Adam Pearce and his manager C. Edward Vander Pyle. The Real American Heroes and Los Luchas faced off in Cage Matches, First Blood Matches and more at events in Phoenix, Arizona, Hammond, Indiana, Kissimmee, Florida and throughout Texas and California. At times, The Real American Heroes incited near riots from the crowds, most notably in Las Vegas, NV and in Houston, TX. On July 7, 2007, <mask> and Anderson defeated the teams of Billy Kidman and Sean Waltman and Sicodelico, Jr. and Incognito to become the first post-TNA-era NWA World Tag Team Champions. After several attempts, Los Luchas captured the titles away from <mask> and Anderson on February 10, 2008, in Las Vegas.Soon after losing the titles, Anderson began working full-time for New Japan Pro-Wrestling and <mask> went on as a singles competitor in the NWA. He has had multiple shots at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship facing off against the likes of Blue Demon, Jr., Adam Pearce and Colt Cabana only to fall short each time. In 2010, he was a part of the launch of NWA Championship Wrestling from Hollywood and heavily featured with standout matches against TJ Perkins and Scorpio Sky. In early 2011, he took over booking for the TV show which lasted until August when he had a falling out and left the company. He returned to the company in late 2011. In 2012, <mask> seemingly rejoined the tag team ranks in the NWA by forming an alliance with Johnny Goodtime. Independent circuit (2008–2020) <mask> is a well traveled veteran of the independent scene and along with those mentioned above, he has also made multiple appearances for such promotions as Revolution Pro Wrestling (Rev Pro), All Pro Wrestling (APW), Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA-MS), Chikara, Anarchy Championship Wrestling (ACW), Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW), Full Impact Pro (FIP), Mach One Wrestling (M1W), International Wrestling Cartel (IWC), Juggalo Championship Wrestling (JCW), Pro Wrestling Bushido and more.In 2008, <mask> became an instructor at Rick Bassman's Ultimate University, the wrestling school for Ultimate Pro Wrestling (UPW). <mask> was brought in as an assistant trainer on the CMT television series Hulk Hogan's Celebrity Championship Wrestling. In 2009, he became a trainer at Mach One Wrestling's Wrestling 101. <mask> has also become a staple at Lucha Va Voom, a hybrid variety show of wrestling, burlesque dancing and comedy based out of Los

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Angeles. In addition to their regular Los Angeles shows, he has toured the country with the company including Chicago, New York, Boston, Baltimore, Seattle among other stops. <mask> plays a variation of his "Magnum" character but uses Rupert Holmes' "Escape (The Piña Colada Song)" as his entrance music and smokes cigarettes during matches and applies baby oil to his body before he competes. In 2011, <mask> was featured as a trainer on RuPaul's Drag Race Season 4, Episode 2.In October 2011, Meehan took part in the first season tapings of Wrestling Retribution Project (WRP), where he performed as Chase Walker, with actress Trish LaFache as his valet. Meehan traveled to India in late 2011 and early 2012 to take part in Ring Ka King, which was created by Jeff Jarrett and backed by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, where Dave Lagana (both worked in CWFH and ROH) worked. In the promotion he performed as <mask>, often teaming with Tony Broadway. On July 28, 2012, <mask> participated in a Vendetta Pro Wrestling event in Lompoc, California, participating in the main event for the vacant Vendetta Pro Heavyweight title, losing to Chavo Guerrero, Jr. On December 7, 2012, he lost the EWF Heavyweight Championship to Brandon Gaston. On July 21, 2013, <mask> returned to Championship Wrestling from Hollywood (now, outside NWA) as the CWFH International Television Championship (also MAV Television Championship). On November 3, 2013, <mask> defeated Drake Younger to retain the title. <mask> lost the title against <mask> on May 11, 2014.However, he regained the title at Red Carpet Rumble on June 15, 2014. on June 14, 2014, at House of Hardcore 6, <mask> defeated Tommasco Ciampa. On June 21, 2015, <mask> traveled to Australia, where he competed in an 8-man tournament for the Queensland Wrestling Alliance to crown the QWA Global Champion, which <mask> won. On September 19, 2015, <mask> made his Japanese debut for the DDT Pro-Wrestling promotion, defeating Tomomitsu Matsunaga. During his tour of DDT, <mask> took part in a comedy spot, where he used his penis to overpower Danshoku Dino. Video of the spot went viral and led to <mask> being featured on the New York Daily News, Rolling Stone and Vice, while also getting him a sponsorship deal with YouPorn Sports. <mask> returned to DDT in May 2016, winning the comedic Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship, which he then took on an extended tour of the United States, losing and winning it multiple times over the following months. When <mask> returned to Japan in August 2016, he was a 22-time Ironman Heavymetalweight Champion.He has since won the title multiple times, including once on March 20, 2017, at Judgement 2017: DDT 20th Anniversary. In March 2017, <mask> brought the title back to the United States for a tour. <mask> founded his own promotion, Bar Wrestling, in 2017. On April 5, 2019, <mask> hosted a WrestleCon-branded show called <mask>'s Penis Party. On November 10, 2019, <mask> won the vacant Kansas Wrestling Revolution Championship by defeating King Money in the main event of "Wrestleversary" The promotion's one year anniversary show. During the match <mask> flipped 7 people (One Percent members, King Money, Merrick McMichaels, Havoc, The Outlaw, Prince Mahalli, Colt Killbane, and Trixie) using his signature move "The Dick Flip". Ring of Honor (2009–2010) In April 2009, <mask> appeared in several ROH Video Wires, promoting his debut.<mask> made his official debut as a part of The Embassy on May 9, teaming with Jimmy Rave and Claudio Castagnoli to defeat Brent Albright, Colt Cabana and Erick Stevens. He made his first appearance on Ring of Honor Wrestling television on September 18, losing to Cabana. <mask> would then go on to defeat Roderick Strong in his second match on ROH on HDNet, with help from Prince Nana. He would go on to feud with Colt Cabana and on several occasions join fellow Embassy member Claudio Castagnoli battling against his rival Brent Albright. <mask> would eventually begin a rivalry with Necro Butcher including a No Disqualification match on November 6, 2009. During his feud with Necro Butcher, Erick Stevens would turn heel and join The Embassy and <mask> and Stevens would be frequently featured as a team in tag team matches. The <mask> and Stevens duo faced teams such as Briscoe Brothers and Player Uno and Player Dos but their most prolific matches came against the team of Necro Butcher and Eddie Kingston including a Street Fight at the 8th anniversary show on February 13, 2010.Impact Wrestling (2012–2013, 2019–2020) After Ring Ka King, his friend Dave Lagana presented him to Al Snow and Bruce Prichard, who decided to use him in Gut Check. On May 24, 2012, <mask> made an appearance on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's (TNA) Impact Wrestling television program, losing to Austin Aries in a Gut Check Challenge. The following week, the Gut Check judges decided not to sign <mask> to a TNA contract based on his performance. Before the match, Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff told him that they like him and he want to use him in the future. He was a heel in the promo and insulted Taz, who was upset due to his attitude. <mask> returned to TNA on the June 28 episode of Impact Wrestling, interrupting Taeler Hendrix's Gut Check evaluation, before being escorted out of the arena. On the July 3 edition of Vendetta Pro Wrestling's "Vendetta Pro Radio", <mask> was a guest host, when he was confronted live on air by TNA Gut Check judge Taz.<mask> made his next appearance on July 26, punching Gut Check judge Al Snow during another Gut Check Challenge match. <mask> again appeared on the August 30 episode of Impact Wrestling, confronting Snow with a megaphone and throwing a drink in his face, before being chased out of the building. <mask> and Snow had another confrontation the following week, which ended with Snow slapping <mask>. On the October 4 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> met Snow in the ring and received an apology for the slap, before signing what he thought was a TNA contract. Snow then revealed that <mask> had actually signed a contract for a match between the two at Bound for Glory. On October 14 at Bound for Glory, <mask> defeated Snow, following interference from Matt Morgan, to earn a TNA contract. On the October 25 episode of Impact Wrestling, <mask> and Morgan entered the ring, after Rob Van Dam had successfully defended the TNA X Division Championship against Zema Ion, with Morgan hitting him with the Carbon Footprint, after which <mask> posed with his title belt.The following week, <mask> defeated Van Dam in a non-title match with help from Morgan. On November 11 at Turning Point, <mask> unsuccessfully challenged Van Dam for the X Division Championship. On December 9 at Final Resolution, <mask> and Morgan unsuccessfully challenged Chavo Guerrero, Jr. and Hernandez for the TNA World Tag Team Championship, after losing to them via disqualification. <mask> and Morgan challenged Guerrero and Hernandez again on January 13, 2013, at Genesis, but were again unsuccessful in winning their titles. After not being seen for several weeks, <mask> returned on March 10 at Lockdown, losing to Joseph Park in a singles match. On July 3, 2013, <mask> was released from his contract, along with several other TNA talents including Crimson, Madison Rayne and Christian York. On October 21, 2019, <mask> re-signed with the company after appearing in the Bound for Gold gauntlet match at Bound for Glory.During the following months, he started a stable with Rob Van Dam and Keira Forbes called Cancel Culture, changing his ring name to Joseph P <mask>. On June 22, 2020, it was announced that <mask>'s contract with Impact was terminated following sexual assault allegations against him. Lucha Underground (2015–2019) On December 14, 2015, it was announced that <mask> signed with Lucha Underground and would appear on the show's second season. His character was introduced as an undercover Los Angeles police officer, and the new partner of fellow undercover officer Cortez Castro (although their cover will be that they are enemies). He lost his debut match on the February 17, 2016 episode of Lucha Underground against Cage. On the May 25 episode of Lucha Underground, <mask> defeated Mascarita Sagrada. During the third season, <mask> allied himself with Dario Cuerto, revealing Castro is a cop.They started a feud, ending in a Police match with an Aztec Medallion on the line. During season 4, <mask> turned face and worked with Ivelisse and Sonny Kiss. He was released on March 26, 2019. Comeback attempt (2021) In March 2021, a poster for an event called Wrestling 4 Women Charity circulated online featuring <mask> and several other wrestlers. It was subsequently revealed that Ryan's Bar Wrestling was involved with promoting the event. All Elite Wrestling (AEW) promoter Tony Khan stated that he would not allow AEW talent to appear if <mask> was involved. A Twitter account for the event stated that FITE TV would be airing the show, however the organization said on Twitter that they were not carrying the event.It subsequently issued an apology, cancelled the event and deleted the account. <mask> denied that he was "trying to come back to wrestling" and said he had been asked to "wrestle a good friend as a way to go out and gain some closure". Professional wrestling style and persona <mask> uses the "YouPorn Plex" as a signature move, a crotch flip with theatrics. The move, also known as the penis flip, sees the opponent grab <mask>'s crotch before <mask> supposedly uses his penis to flip them over. <mask> stated on episodes 251 of the Dude Soup podcast that his persona's look is inspired by 1980s characters such as Magnum P.I. Personal life In February 2016, Meehan got engaged to his girlfriend, fellow wrestler Laura James, after proposing to her during their intergender match at Finest City Wrestling in San Diego. The couple married in November 2016.Meehan and James separated in October 2018, before filing for divorce in June 2019. Class action lawsuit against Lucha Underground On February 6, 2019, it was reported that <mask> Vélez, Thunder Rosa and El Hijo del Fantasma (King Cuerno) had collectively filed a class-action lawsuit in California against the El Rey Network and the Baba-G production company behind Lucha Underground. The group claimed that their Lucha Underground contracts were not legal under California law, unfairly restricting their ability to work in their chosen profession. On March 28, 2019, it was reported that the lawsuit was settled with the plaintiffs released from Lucha Underground. Allegations of sexual misconduct In June 2020, several women accused Meehan of sexual assault and harassment. After initial accusations surfaced, Meehan posted a lengthy message on his Twitter account, apologizing for invading people’s personal space. After that message was posted, a number of women posted on Twitter allegations of misconduct.Wrestlers <mask> and <mask> (former roommate of Meehan), who previously worked for Meehan at Bar Wrestling, have spoken against Meehan. Bar Wrestling's venue, Bootleg Theater, ended their relationship with the company due to the allegations. Several people told the SoCal Uncensored website the promotion has ceased operations. On June 23, 2020, Impact Wrestling announced they terminated his contract as a result of the allegations. He was also edited out of every episode of Being the Elite in which he appeared. Meehan addressed the allegations in an hour-long video posted on July 18, 2020. He has denied nearly every accusation against him, showing messages between himself and the women which he says shows evidence to dispute the claims made.On September 24, Meehan filed a multi-million dollar lawsuit against three of his accusers for defamation, in which he has stated he has lost upwards of $20,000 a month. The lawsuit includes loss of followers on social media, loss of revenue from various projects, merchandise, wrestling, and various other revenue streams; and multi-million dollar monetary relief. The lawsuit also states that Meehan wants defamatory statements retracted and or deleted. He filed another lawsuit in October, suing Impact Wrestling for $10 million for allegedly breaching his contract for firing him after the allegations were made against him. Meehan won a default judgment against one of his accusers on January 20, 2021, but a judge dismissed the lawsuit involving all three accusers without prejudice in February due to lack service, meaning Meehan retains the right to file against them again. However, Meehan dropped some of the lawsuits and stated that the only lawsuit he intends to pursue is the one against Impact. On March 8, 2021 in a statement released to SoCal Uncensored, Meehan stated for the past eight months, he has been attending weekly Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous meetings both in-person and on Zoom for his addictions of intrigue and validation and the emotional high he gets from pursuing women.Filmography Championships and accomplishments Alternative Wrestling Show AWS Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Scott Lost Attack! Pro Wrestling Attack! 120 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2018 SoCalUncensored.com Southern California Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Scott Lost Southern California Match of the Year (2004) vs. Super Dragon, October 23, 2004 Southern California Wrestler of the Year (2006) Queensland Wrestling Alliance QWA Global Championship (1 time) West Coast Wrestling Company ACW Open World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) West Coast Wrestling Connection WCWC Legacy Championship (1 time) World Class Wrestling Alliance WCWA California Championship (1 time) WCWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Scott Lost World Power Wrestling WPW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time) WPW Hardcore Championship (1 time) WPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Scott Lost World Series Wrestling WSW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Concrete Davidson WrestleCircus WC Sideshow Championship (4 times) Kansas Wrestling Revolution KWR Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Wrestling Alliance WWA Hardcore Championship (1 time) References External links Impact Wrestling profile Wrestling Retribution Project profile 1979 births American male professional wrestlers American television writers Living people Male television writers Professional wrestlers from California Sportspeople from Los Angeles Professional wrestling trainers Professional wrestling announcers Professional wrestling promoters Professional wrestling writers TNA Gut Check

Michael Howard (Luciferian)

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<mask> (1948–2015) was an English practitioner of Luciferian witchcraft and a prolific author on esoteric topics. From 1976 until his death he was the editor of The Cauldron magazine. Born in London, <mask> developed an interest in supernatural subjects through fiction literature, later exploring Tibetan Buddhism after a near death experience. He proceeded to study at an agricultural college in Somerset, learning about the local folklore from an elderly farm worker, in particular folk beliefs about magic and witchcraft. He advanced his knowledge of esoteric subjects through reading books by prominent occult authors like Aleister Crowley and Helena Blavatsky, and in 1964 joined the fledgling Witchcraft Research Association, becoming particularly interested in the articles in its newsletter that were authored by the witch Robert Cochrane. Returning to the London area, in 1967 he developed a friendship with the Luciferian ceremonial magician Madeline Montalban, joining her Order of the Morning Star. In 1969 he was initiated into Gardnerian Wicca, joining a coven of its practitioners, and in the early 1970s became a member of Christine Hartley's Co-Masonic lodge in West London.In 1975, <mask> published his first book, Candle Magic, which was followed the next year by the beginning of The Cauldron. From 1977, the magazine became the vehicle for Bill Liddell's controversial articles about the nineteenth century cunning man George Pickingill, and it would also serve as a platform for articles by a wide range of esotericists. In 1999, <mask> was contacted by Andrew Chumbley, and in 1999 he joined Chumbley's "traditional witchcraft" order, the Cultus Sabbati. The Pagan studies scholar Ethan Doyle White described <mask> as a "prominent figure in the British Craft movement", while Hutton characterised him as "the most open-minded of Pagan editors". Biography Early life <mask> was born in London in 1948. In his early teenage years, he developed an interest in Western esotericism, occultism, and the paranormal, primarily through the fictional stories of writers like Dennis Wheatley, M. R. James, Algernon Blackwood, C. S. Lewis, H. Rider Haggard, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Sax Rohmer, Arthur Machen, Robert E<mask>, and H. P. Lovecraft. Aged fourteen, he underwent an emergency operation and an associated near death experience, subsequently embarking on a study of spirituality, in particular through books on Tibetan Buddhism by authors like Lobsang Rampa.He was intrigued by the prospect of magical practices continuing in Britain after reading a March 1963 article in the Daily Sketch detailing a "Black Magic Rite" alleged to have taken place near to the village of Clophill in Bedfordshire. Shortly after, he watched a television interview with the prominent Wiccan Gerald Gardner, whose arguments against a hostile Christian clergyman impressed <mask>. He went on to study at an agricultural college in Somerset, as part of which he was assigned to a work placement on a smallholding between Wincanton and Castle Cary which was run by two elderly spinster sisters. An elderly man who sometimes worked on the farm recounted to <mask> various aspects of local folklore, including a belief in witchcraft. The old man informed him that the spinsters nailed rowan twigs above the doors to their barn and cowshed on May Eve and Halloween in order to ward off fairies and "black witches", also telling him that there were solitary female "witches" living on the border between Devon and Somerset who used magic to either curse or cure ailments. Following his graduation, <mask> gained employment on a farm in Gloucestershire, and on his day off each week he travelled to Gloucester or Cheltenham. In the latter was a second-hand bookstore where he purchased a number of books on esoteric subjects, including John Symonds' biography of the occultist Aleister Crowley, The Great Beast, Crowley's own Magick in Theory and Practice, Robert Graves' The White Goddess, Dion Fortune's The Sea Priestess and Moon Magic, Margaret Murray's The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, Montague Summers' Witchcraft and Black Magic, James Frazer's The Golden Bough, and Helena Blavatsky's The Secret Doctrine and Isis Unveiled.It was also while working for this farm that he met a local cunning man, who also worked as a hedge layer and fence-repairer. This man taught <mask> more about folk magic, and hinted that there were groups of folk magicians active in the Cotswolds who were involved in a tradition that was separate from Gardner's Wicca. After a short time in Gloucestershire, <mask> moved to Middlesex to be closer to his mother, who was terminally ill. Here he was employed as a gardener at Stanmore, although he later left this position in order to become an office worker. In coming years he would work in various managerial and executive positions for EMI, Sotheby's, and Her Majesty's Customs and Excise. The Order of the Morning Star and Wicca In 1964 he joined the short-lived Witchcraft Research Association, and through reading its newsletter, Pentagram, he discovered the writings of the Witch Robert Cochrane. Although <mask> claimed that he was "never totally convinced" of Cochrane's claim to have come from a hereditary tradition of witches stretching back generations, he added that Cochrane's writings "had a lasting influence on my progress through the Craft".Searching for an occult organisation in which to involve himself, he visited the headquarters of the Society of the Inner Light in Hampstead, although being nineteen at the time he was deemed too young to join. In 1967, <mask> wrote to the Luciferian ceremonial magician and astrologer Madeline Montalban after reading one of her articles in Prediction magazine; she invited him to visit her at her home. The two became friends, with Montalban believing that she could see the "Mark of Cain" in his aura. She invited him to become a student of the ONS, which he duly did. Although his parents disapproved of his interest in magic, over the coming year he spent much of his time with her, and in 1968 they went on what she called a "magical mystery tour" to the West Country, visiting Stonehenge, Boscastle and Tintagel. In 1969, he was initiated into Gardnerian Wicca, something Montalban disapproved of, and their friendship subsequently "hit a stormy period" with the pair going "[their] own ways for several years." <mask>'s Gardnerian initiator had also been involved in The Regency, a group founded by members of Cochrane's Clan of Tubal Cain after Cochrane's death in 1966.The Wiccan group that <mask> was part of merged the Gardnerian structure with additional elements borrowed from ceremonial magic, the Regency, and Cochrane's practices. This coven corresponded with an American, Jessie Bell, and initiated her into the tradition by proxy, sending her a copy of their own variant of the Gardnerian Book of Shadows. Claiming that the Goddess had commanded her to do so, she published the work as Lady Sheba's Book of Shadows, much to the coven's disapproval. During the 1970s he befriended Christine Hartley, a longstanding member of the Society of the Inner Light, and he accompanied her to Mass performed by the Liberal Catholic Church. At her invitation, he joined her Co-Masonic lodge in West London, which had an Ancient Egypt theme. He also enquired about joining the West London-based Ancient Order of the Pyramid and the Sphinx, a ceremonial magic group which was run by Tamara Bourkon, but declined membership when it was revealed that he would have to adopt vegetarianism, celibacy, and teetotalism. Publications and The Cauldron At Montalban's recommendation, <mask> began writing on esoteric subjects, with his first publication being an article on elementals which appeared in Prediction in 1971.He continued to write articles and book reviews for the magazine for thiry years, until his friend, Jo Logan, retired as its editor. In 1975 his first book, Candle Burning: Its Occult Significance, was published by Thorsons. The publisher had initially proposed a book on this subject to W. G. "Ernest" Butler, a friend of Hartley's, but he did not feel capable of the task, instead suggesting <mask>'s name to them. In 1974, he and a female friend had established an esoteric magazine titled Spectrum. It ran for ten issues before folding after his co-editor found the project too difficult due to pre-existing work commitments. In 1976 <mask> then established The Cauldron, a magazine catering for modern Pagan Witches, after the idea was suggested to him in a conversation with the Gardnerian Madge Worthington. After The Wiccan, it was only the second British outlet to do so, and gave space to practitioners of traditions other than the Gardnerian Wicca which dominated The Wiccan.100 copies of the first issue were produced on a second-hand roneo duplicator which <mask> had purchased from the redundancy payment given to him by EMI. 25 copies were placed in the Atlantis Bookshop while the rest were sent to Spectrum subscribers to complete their outstanding subscriptions. Over the coming forty years, The Cauldron published articles by a range of individuals associated with the study or practice of magic, including Ronald Hutton, Caroline Tully, Philip Heselton, Geraldine Beskin, Sorita d'Este, Rae Beth, Gareth Knight, Evan John Jones, and Nigel Pennick. In 1977 <mask> was contacted by E. W. Liddell, who was then publishing controversial articles on the Essex cunning man George Pickingill in The Wiccan. Liddell ceased writing for The Wiccan and began producing articles for The Cauldron instead. <mask> also published a number of articles on the subject of Luciferianism within The Cauldron, using the pseudonym of 'Frater Ashtan'. Many of these were published in a collected form as The Pillars of Tubal Cain, brought out by Capall Bann in 2000.In 1992, <mask> was contacted by Andrew Chumbley, who sent him a copy of his work, Azoetia: A Grimoire of the Sabbatic Craft, to review for The Cauldron. This resulted in a correspondence that lasted for several years before <mask> met with Chumbley and his wife. Chumbley invited <mask> to join his occult order, the Cultus Sabbati, with <mask> doing so in 1999. <mask> moved to Wales, where he lived for two decades. A Jacobite, he was a member of the Royal Stuart Society. In 2015, he died of complications surrounding renal failure while in Devon, surrounded by friends and family. The news was announced by Xoanon and on The Cauldron website, while it was also announced that the magazine itself would be discontinued.Luciferianism The religious studies scholar Fredrik Gregorius believed that <mask>'s work "blurred" the boundary between Luciferianism and Wicca. Many of these books had been published by Capall Bann, a small esoteric publishing company primarily associated with Pagan topics. References Footnotes Bibliography 1948 births 2015 deaths English occult writers English occultists English Luciferians Esotericists

Frank Beaurepaire

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Sir Francis "<mask><mask> (13 May 1891 – 29 May 1956) was an Australian distance freestyle swimmer from the 1900s to the 1920s, who won three silver and three bronze medals, from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. He was also a decorated politician and businessman, serving for ten years in the Victorian Legislative Council and as Lord Mayor of Melbourne and building a multimillion-dollar tyre business empire, Beaurepaires and Olympic Tyres. Early life Beaurepaire was born to Francis Edmund de Beaurepaire, a cable tram conductor, and Mary Edith Inman. Growing up in Melbourne, Beaurepaire was educated at Albert Park State School and Wesley College. He had his first swimming lesson at the age of four, when his father dropped him into the sea water baths at South Melbourne with a rope tied around his waist. He often practised in the sea, close to where effluent was ejected into Port Phillip Bay. Later, when he had earned more money, he paid tuppence (2d.= two pence) to enter the now demolished Stubbs' South Melbourne Baths to train. His career was nearly ended when he was hospitalized for 12 months with rheumatic fever. However, encouraged by his schoolteacher and South Melbourne barber Tommy Horlock, who later became his coach, Beaurepaire fought off the ailment and resumed training with the Albert Park State School Swimming Club. Swimming career In 1906, a few months before his 15th birthday, Beaurepaire won the and freestyle at the Victorian championships. In 1908, he captured the , 880 yd and mile freestyle events at the Australian Championships to claim a spot in the 1908 Summer Olympics team. On arrival in London with Horlock, he found that no arrangements had been made to pick them up, so they were forced to live with 16 pounds between them for a month, before officials became aware of their plight. Beaurepaire trained in London for three months before the Games.Unable to afford admission to swimming pools, He was forced to train at Highgate Ponds, at temperatures of 10 °C. After a event in the River Thames prior to the Olympics he was numbed by the cold to such an extent that he collapsed and needed to be pulled from the water to avoid drowning. Later he won the British Championship at Bradford, defeating Henry Taylor of Lancashire, and then proceeded to win the event at Nottingham. Arriving at the Olympics, the competitors were confronted with a pool dug into the athletics track, with no filtration or chlorination, effectively being a muddy pond. Beaurepaire had caught influenza and finished in second and third in the 400 m and 1500 m freestyle respectively, both events being won by Taylor. He was eliminated in the heats of the 100 m freestyle. He also finished fourth in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay.After the Olympics, Beaurepaire again raced Taylor over and one mile (1.6 km) in Britain, winning the latter, in which some 20,000 spectators attended. Returning to Australia, he broke the world record at the Melbourne City Baths. He reappeared prominently in 1910 when he won more than a dozen state and national titles, breaking the world freestyle record in the process. His tour of the United Kingdom and continental Europe later that year resulted in world records in the 200 m, 300 m, , 400 m, 500 m and , three of which were achieved in one race. He later swept all of the British championships from up to one mile (1.6 km). He competed in 41 first-class and championship races in four months, winning all of them. In 1911, after his long return by sea to Australia, he suffered his first defeat in three years and was forced to abandon the freestyle event at the Australian Championships mid-race.Due to exhaustion, he took a break from competitive swimming to become a swimming instructor, earning 3 pounds 10 shillings (£3/10/-) a week with the Victorian Department of Education as a physical education instructor. He was barred from Olympic competition by the International Swimming Federation, which ruled him to be a professional, although he was not earning money for swimming. This ruled him out of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, where the Australian 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team won gold. The decision to bar him was reversed in 1914. He joined the Australian Defence Force as an infantryman, but was invalided and joined the YMCA services, and served in Egypt, England and France before being hospitalized in 1917 with trench fever and gassing, and being returned to Australia. In February 1920, he won the Victorian championships, and soon after broke the 1000 m world record and qualified for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. With swimming held in a near-freezing open-water canal, Beaurepaire abandoned the 400 m freestyle mid-race due to illness, but managed to claim a bronze in the 1500 m freestyle.He combined with William Herald, Ivan Stedman and Henry Hay to claim the silver medal in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay, some 21 s behind the American squad. His sister Lily also competed as part of the swimming and diving team, becoming the first brother-sister combination to represent Australia at the Summer Olympics. Back in Australia and later in Hawaii that year, he broke the and one mile (1.6 km) records, and twice broke the 1000 m and 1500 m records. He was named as the captain of the swimming team for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. He was eliminated in the heats of the 400 m freestyle, but at the age of 34 he claimed bronze in the 1500 m freestyle, behind fellow Australian Boy Charlton and Sweden's Arne Borg. He won a silver medal in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay alongside Charlton, Ernest Henry and Moss Christie. His last competitive appearance was his victory at Kew, Victoria in the State Championships in March 1928, which he won at 37 years of age.In all he set 15 world records over a span of 13 years, winning 79 Victorian titles, 11 British titles and a record 34 Australian titles. It was not until 2000 that Susie O'Neill broke his Australian record. He attended the 1932 Summer Olympics as a swimming official and judge. Beaurepaires In 1922, he was awarded the Royal Humane Society Gold Medal and 550 pounds, a significant sum in that era, after assisting another lifesaver, Jack Chalmers in rescuing a shark attack victim at Coogee, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney. He used this to start Beaurepaires, a tyres, wheels, batteries business, which had assets worth more than 8 million pounds at his death. The business now has over 230 stores in Australia. Local, state and federal politics From 1940 to 1942, Beaurepaire was the Lord Mayor of Melbourne.He was knighted in the King's Birthday Honours of 1942. He was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council in 1942, serving until 1952. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Senate for the United Australia Party in the 1943 federal election. In 1948 he was part of a delegation that went to London to lobby at the 1948 Summer Olympics for Melbourne to host the 1956 Summer Olympics. In 1949 Melbourne won the hosting rights and Beaurepaire was again re-elected as Lord Mayor. He hoped that he could preside over the Games. However, he died of a heart attack in the barber's chair at the Hotel Windsor, just seven months before the Games.His son, Ian Francis <mask>, was also a Lord Mayor of Melbourne. See also List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men) The "Pioneer Exhibition Game" in London (1916) World record progression 200 metres freestyle Footnotes References Radio National Interview with daughter-in-law Beryl Beaurepaire Pioneer Exhibition Game Australian Football: in aid of British and French Red Cross Societies: 3rd Australian Division v. Australian Training Units at Queen's Club, West Kensington, on Saturday, October 28th, 1916, at 3pm, Wightman & Co., (London), 1919. External links Sir <mask> (AUS) – Honor Swimmer profile at International Swimming Hall of Fame 1891 births 1956 deaths Swimmers from Melbourne Australian sportsperson-politicians Australian male freestyle swimmers Olympic swimmers of Australia Olympic bronze medalists in swimming Olympic swimmers of Australasia Olympic silver medalists for Australia Olympic bronze medalists for Australia Olympic silver medalists for Australasia Olympic bronze medalists for Australasia Swimmers at the 1908 Summer Olympics Participants in "Pioneer Exhibition Game" (London, 28 October 1916) Swimmers at the 1920 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics World record setters in swimming Mayors and Lord Mayors of Melbourne Australian Knights Bachelor Australian politicians awarded knighthoods Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria Members of the Victorian Legislative Council People educated at Wesley College (Victoria) Australian people of French descent Olympic silver medalists in swimming 20th-century Australian politicians 20th-century Australian businesspeople

Peter Beauvais

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<mask> (September 9, 1916, Weißenstadt, Germany – December 17, 1986, Baden-Baden, Germany) was a German television film director and scriptwriter. As a director for three decades, he helped pioneer and significantly influenced the development of German television. <mask> was the son of a factory owner of Jewish origin. He attended the Municipal Liebig High School in Frankfurt am Main, where he studied drama, until 1935. In 1936, under the Nazi regime, he was forced to emigrate to the United States on account of his Jewish background. There he worked as an actor on Broadway. Beauvais returned to Germany in 1945 or 1946 with the United States Army, for whom worked as an interpreter, including for the Nuremberg Trials, and as a theatre officer.In 1950 <mask> became an actor at the theatre in Hanover, then worked as an actor and trainee director at Werner Finck's Kabarett Die Mausefalle (Mousetrap Cabaret) in Stuttgart, and acted in American films produced in Germany. His first television direction work was in 1954, for Südwestfunk (Southwest Radio). In 1958–1960 he directed two theatrical films for UFA. He then moved back to television for good, directing more than 100 television films and episodes from 1960 to 1986. From 1962 to 1967, collaborating with the writer Horst Lommer, Beauvais directed a popular series of films for NDR. Over the course of his career, Beauvais created a prolific and wide-ranging body of work including comedies, satires, crime films, dramas, and science fiction films. Beauvais adapted for television literary works by writers including Arthur Schnitzler, Anton Chekhov, and Joseph Roth, and directed Eugene O'Neill's Trauer muss Elektra tragen (Mourning Becomes Electra), starring <mask>i.He also adapted and filmed works by contemporary writers including Siegfried Lenz, Karin Struck, Adolf Muschg, and Martin Walser, and original teleplays by writers including <mask>, Daniel Christoff, and Horst Lommer. Beauvais was also an opera director, in Germany and on international stages. Awards Beauvais won two Adolf Grimme Prizes with gold (a prestigious award sometimes called "Germany's Golden Globes"): In 1973 for Im Reservat (In The Reserve) and in 1974 for Sechs Wochen im Leben der Brüder G. (Six Weeks in the Life of the Brothers G.), He also won a posthumous Grimme Prize (with gold) in 1988 for Sommer in Lesmona (Summer in Lesmona) (shared with Reinhard Baumgart, Katja Riemann, and Herbert Grönemeyer), and a Bambi Award, in 1968, for Zug der Zeit (The Locomotive of Time). Personal life Beauvais was married four times, to the actress Ilsemarie Schnering, the singer and actress Karin Hübner (with whom he had a daughter, Dana), the actress Sabine Sinjen (1963 to 1984), and the photographer and later producer <mask>. <mask> survived him and actually completed his last film Wie kommt das Salz ins Meer? (Why is the Sea Salty? ), as <mask> died during production.Filmography Film 1958: 1959: Television 1955: Der selige Christopher Bohn — (based on The Late Christopher Bean) 1955: Das Ostergeschenk (short) — (based on The Christmas Tie by William Saroyan) 1955: Zwischen den Zügen — (based on Still Life) 1955: Die falschen Nasen — (based on Les Faux Nez by Jean-Paul Sartre) 1955: Drei Jungen – Ein Mädchen — (based on a play by Roger Ferdinand) 1956: Kolibri – Eine Magazingeschichte — (based on a play by Norman Hudis) 1956: Die Fahrt ins Blaue — (based on La belle aventure by Gaston Arman de Caillavet, Robert de Flers and Étienne Rey) 1956: Regen und Wind — (based on The Wind and the Rain by Merton Hodge) 1956: Schatten in der 3. — (based on a novel by Brigitte Schwaiger) References Further reading External links 1916 births 1986 deaths People from Weißenstadt People from the Kingdom of Bavaria Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States Mass media people from Bavaria

Edmund Montgomery

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<mask> (March 19, 1835 – April 17, 1911) was a Scottish-American philosopher, scientist and physician. He was the husband of German-American sculptor Elisabet Ney Early life <mask> was born on the 19th of March, 1835, in Edinburgh, Scotland. His parentage is unknown, but the Elisabet Ney Museum relates the possibility that he was the son of Isabella Davidson (or <mask>) and a prominent Scottish jurist, Duncan McNeill, 1st Baron Colonsay. He and his mother lived in Paris and Frankfurt, supplemented by a trust fund for him. By the time he entered his teens, he began to be interested in the philosophical works of Arthur Schopenhauer. While still living in Frankfurt and only 13 years old, he participated in the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. Education In 1852, <mask> studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg, where he did lab work under Robert Bunsen and came under the influence of Christian Kapp, Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach and Jacob Moleschott.He later attended lectures by Johannes Peter Müller at the University of Berlin during his 1855–1856 enrollment. While studying in Bonn 1856–1857, he attended influential lectures of Hermann von Helmholtz. Medical practice <mask> received his MD degree from the University of Würzburg on February 18, 1858. <mask> interned at Prague and Vienna. He served his residency at the German Hospital, Dalston (London) and Bermondsay Dispensary. While doing biological research, he became Curator of the St Thomas' Hospital and Demonstrator of Morbid Anatomy. He was elected to the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1862.After being diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1863, <mask> left the Royal College of Physicians of London and established medical practices on the resort island of Madeira (1863–1865), in Menton (1866) on the French Riviera, and also in Rome (1867) and Munich (1868), while continuing to do his research. A life annuity allowed him to retire from medical practice in 1869, and devote the rest of his life to philosophy, scientific research, and writing. Medicine <mask>'s work in medicine included the study of cell theory. Philosophy <mask>'s study of philosophy complemented his work as a physical scientist. He saw life as the ability of certain chemical compounds to resist damage. He commented on conceptions of knowledge and self in over sixty journal articles and five books. He was an advocate of humanitarianism and a "religion of life," focusing on the idea that man must not ignore the potential of his own yet-to-be-completed evolutionary process.The two most significant papers written by <mask> were his Refutation of Kant From the Standpoint of the Empirical (1870) and The Revelation of Present Experience (1910). In the former, <mask> convincingly refutes Immanuel Kant's a priori, the lynchpin of Kant's system, and in the latter, he insists that all knowledge (no exceptions) is based on the evidence provided by the senses. <mask> was an advocate of non-Darwinian evolution and organicism. He was also cited as a defender of vitalism. He authored The Vitality and Organization of Protoplasm (1904) and Philosophical Problems in the Light of Vital Organization. He has been described as a pioneer of organicism. Personal life While a student at the University of Heidelberg in 1853, <mask> began a courtship with sculptor Elisabet Ney, who was visiting friends in the city.They were married at the British consulate in Madeira on November 7, 1863. <mask> was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1863. By 1870, the Franco-Prussian War had begun. In the autumn of that year, Ney became pregnant with their first child. <mask> received a letter from his friend, Baron Carl Vicco Otto Friedrich Constantin von Stralendorff of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, who had moved to Thomasville, Georgia with his new wife, Margaret Elizabeth Russell of Boston, Massachusetts, declaring the location "Earth's paradise." On January 14, 1871, Ney and <mask>, accompanied by their housekeeper, Cenci, emigrated to Georgia, to a colony promoted as a resort for consumptives. Their first son, Arthur (1871–1873) was born there, and second son, Lorne (1872–1913), was born in Red Wing, Minnesota, during one of their travels.Baron and Baroness von Stralendorff returned to Wismar, Germany, where he died on July 1, 1872. In 1873, Ney traveled alone to Texas. With the help of German Consul Julius Runge in Galveston, Ney was shown Liendo Plantation near Hempstead in Waller County. On March 4, 1873, <mask> and the rest of the family arrived, and he purchased it. While he tended to his research, Ney ran it for the next twenty years. Their son, Arthur, died of diphtheria in 1873. <mask> was involved in an advisory capacity in the founding of Prairie View A&M, originally called Prairie View Normal School.<mask> became a naturalized United States citizen, and thereafter became active in local politics and events. He served two terms as Waller County Road Commissioner and oversaw the building of an iron bridge across the Brazos River. In 1903, he was elected president of the Texas Academy of Science. Death <mask> died on April 17, 1911 after suffering a number of strokes and is buried next to Ney at Liendo. Published works and/or papers housed at Southern Methodist University An Address to the People… (date unknown) The Corngrowers of Tomorrow (date unknown) The Epistemological Task (date unknown) Fichte (date unknown) The Groundwork of Ethics (date unknown) Ethics (date unknown) Concerning Psycho-Parallelism (date unknown) Stereometrie (1851) On the Formation of the So-Called Cells in Animal Bodies (1867) Die Kant’sche Erkenntniss Lehre Widerlegt Vom Standpunkt Der Empirie (Munchen: Verlag con C. Ackermann) (1870) Die Kant’sche Erkenntnisslehre widerlegt vom Standpunkt der Empirie (1871) The Elementary Functions and the Primitive Organization of Protoplasm (St. Thomas’s Hospital Reports IX) (1879) The Dependence of Quality of Specific Energies (Mind, Vol. V) (1880) The Unity of Organic Individual (Mind) (1880) Zur Lehre von der Muskelcontraktion (Pfluger’s Archive fur Physiologie) (1881) The Substantiality of Life (Mind) (1881) Are We Cell Aggregates? (Mind') (1882) Causation and Its Organic Condition (Mind, Vol.VI ) (1882) Hunger (The Index) (December 25, 1884) The Object of Knowledge (Mind) (1885) Transcendentalism and Evolution (The Index) (March 26, 1885) Space and Touch (Mind) (1885) Our Personality (The Index) (April 2, 1885) Uber das Protoplasma Einiger Elemeentarorganismen (Jenaishe Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft) (1885) Mental Activity (Mind) (1889) True Democracy (New Occasions) (June, 1893) The Psychological Significance of Dreams (Religio-Philosophical Journal) (September 30, 1893) To be Alive, What is it? (Monist) (1895) The Integration of Mind (Mind) (1895) Are We Conscious Automata? (Proceedings of the Texas Academy of Science) (1897) Molecular Theories of Organic Reproduction (Proceedings of the Texas Academy of Science) (1897) The Vitality and Organization of Protoplasm (Austin, Texas: Gammel-Statesman Publishing Company) (1904) 'Neovitalism (Proceedings of the Texas Academy of Science) (1904) Anent Psychophysical Parallelism, (American Journal of Psychology) (April, 1905) Philosophical Problems in the Light of Vital Organization (1907) The Revelation of Present Experience (1908) The Revolution of Present Experience (Boston: Sherman, French & Company) (1910) Letters to Religio-Philosophical Journal, The Open Court; The New Ideal; The Conservator; and the Hempstead News, (1887–1911) References Additional sources External links Biography at the Elisabet Ney Museum site 1835 births 1911 deaths 19th-century British philosophers 19th-century Scottish medical doctors Non-Darwinian evolution Philosophers from Edinburgh People from Waller County, Texas Physicians from Frankfurt Scottish emigrants to the United States People from Hempstead, Texas Vitalists Heidelberg University alumni

Albert Wilhelm Anton Brandon-Cremer

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<mask> (1871 - 1959), was a key player in the history of the New Zealand and Australian theatre industry from 1896 to the mid-1950s. From his start as an actor in Auckland to his heyday in the early 1900s as a company manager and owner, he toured virtually every town in Australasia with the Brandon-Cremer Players. Brandon-Cremer has the distinction of a record 54 weeks of non-stop stage production in 1917. He also produced at least two early silent films. His directorial debut was the first silent movie travelogue ever shot in Tasmania in 1927. His daughter, Gertrude Brandon-Cremer, was a child star of the stage during the first 20 years of the 20th century and his son, Ernest Gustav Brandon-Cremer, was a well-known adventurer and documentary film maker. The family name generated thousands of newspaper articles over the course of <mask>'s life.In Adelaide, 1952, Brandon-Cremer was once introduced in an interview by Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio with "its really, um… rather difficult to think of any theatre movement in Australia, in the total history of the Australian theatre, without thinking of you". Early life <mask> <mask>-Cremer was born on 7 November 1871 in Newry, County Down, Ireland, to parents Gustav Caesar <mask> Cremer and Saretta Frances Brandon. <mask> was the fifth child in a family of eight brothers and one sister. The model Victorian Brandon-Cremer parents instilled a tradition of music and literature in their children, many of whom would go on to perform on stage with various skills and talents. At age 15, <mask> was indentured to the New Zealand Shipping Company and made several trips from the UK to New Zealand and sailed around the world during the following years. New Zealand At the age of 19, <mask> departed England for a new life in New Zealand aboard the SS Rangatiki on 22 August 1891, arriving in Wellington, New Zealand, on 22 December 1891. By early 1892, he was working as a farmhand at the Frimley Sheep Station, outside Wellington.His acting career began shortly after, while working with the Vivian Theatrical Co., then the Duncan Theatrical Co., before joining the Cowan & Amy Vaughan Amazon Co.—all in quick succession. The first mention of <mask> working in New Zealand was for the Amy Vaughn Company in July 1892. On 7 January 1893, while touring New Zealand, in the small booming gold mining town of Kumara on New Zealand's South Island, <mask> married Annie Beaton, stage name Annie Wyniard, an opera singer. The couple registered the births of three children - Dorothy Saretta, born 1893; Ernest Gustav, 1895; and Leonore Frances, 1896. During this time <mask> was managing the Frances Ross Dramatic Company. In August 1897 <mask> left for London to find work. London news clippings from February to June 1898 show that <mask> was on stage in London.<mask> returned to New Zealand in September 1898; in the same year he began touring there with the Robert Henry Theatrical Company. The Brandon-Cremer Players Touring Company In 1900 the family moved to Australia, with <mask> travelling back and forth to New Zealand during that year for work. By this time <mask> had already met Isora ‘Dolly’ Grey (an actress, stage name - Kathleen ‘Nora’ Arnold), a member of his new acting troupe, the ‘A. Brandon-Cremer Dramatic Company’. Albert's Company toured Australia for years to come and visited towns across both Australia and New Zealand. <mask> and Isora would marry and produce two children who would both go on to successful careers on stage and early television in Australia. The first: Kathleen Gertrude 'Gertie' Dora Barbara Cremer in 1902.The second: Mollie Stella Sadie Mascot Cremer in 1907. Over the next 20 years <mask> and Isora would have great success leasing theatres and running a repertory company across Australia and New Zealand. His work intertwined with such greats as J.C. Williamson as Isora, <mask>'s wife described in an interview covering this period. One of <mask>'s greatest successes was a 54-week production run in 1917 while leasing the Kings Theatre (now Mercury Theatre, Auckland), New Zealand, a record at the time. Tasmania at Work and Play By 1927, <mask> was in Hobart, Tasmania, making a silent film entitled, ‘Tasmania at Work and Play’, starring his daughter Mollie as the central character. The short silent travelogue features scenes with Mollie as a tourist playing ‘Mollie from the Mainland’. The film has survived and is retained by Tasmanian State archives.The film was credited as the first such movie shot in Tasmania. The cinematographer was Bert Cross from Sydney who worked at Cinesound with <mask>'s son, Ernest. In 1929, <mask> made another short silent film entitled, ‘Nursery Rhymes’, shot by his son Ernest on Bronte Beach, which was shown across Australia. This movie has been lost. Cinematographer Arthur Higgins was also attached. That same year, <mask>'s first wife, Annie Cremer (née Beaton), died, age 61, of kidney and liver failure, an illness she suffered with for many years. Annie was buried in an unmarked common grave at the Melbourne General Cemetery, central Melbourne.A Return to the UK By 1931, <mask> had returned to London once again to find work in the Theatre. <mask> was mentioned several times in the book 'The London Stage 1930-1939'. One entry notes stage-managing the play, 'Bed Rock' at the Apollo Theatre, Shaftsbury Avenue, London, in early 1931, the play survived only 12 performances. Some of the many other plays he was involved with were: 'The Fatal Wedding', 'Old Bill' with Sir Seymour Hicks, 'Sweet Nell of Old Drury' and 'Tons of Money' with Nellie Stewart. Also a run with a play entitled 'The Man They Could Not Hang'. While in the UK, Isora, Gertrude and Mollie would join him and start new lives in London. The End of an Era In late 1949, <mask>, travelling alone, returned to Australia from his 19-year stay in London.In his final years, <mask> continued to act in such plays as ‘Charlie’s Aunt’, 'A Worm's Eye View', 'One Wild Oat', and 'Seagulls Over Sorrento' with the Australian actor Gordon Chater. His work was also mentioned in a series of notices in the Brisbane Courier Mail between 3 and 25 January 1952. <mask> was credited as working with Australian actor Bill Hodge in 'A Worms Eye View' in 1955, this was one of <mask>'s last known plays. <mask> was mentioned in several books covering the histories of the Australian/British Stage. One book entitled 'When Vaudeville Was King', as well in the book, 'Family of Brothers'. Another mention in 'The London Stage 1890-1959' and in 'Her Majesty's Pleasure' <mask>. A. Brandon-Cremer died on 11 July 1959. His wife, Isora, had died the year before.<mask> and Isora were laid to rest in the Fawkner Crematorium and Memorial Park, Hadfield, Victoria (North Melbourne), with no markers. References Australian theatre managers and producers Australian male stage actors 1871 births 1959 deaths People from Newry New Zealand male stage actors British emigrants to New Zealand

Kei Igawa

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is a Japanese left-handed pitcher. He played for the Hanshin Tigers and Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He led all pitchers in the Central League for strikeouts in , and 2006. He also played in the 2006 Major League Baseball Japan All-Star Series. Although he has not announced his retirement, <mask> does not belong to any professional team. Professional career Hanshin Tigers (1998–2006) He was the number two draft choice of the Hanshin Tigers in . After a couple of years in the Hanshin minor league system, <mask> entered the starting rotation in .In his first full season as a starter, <mask> went 9-13 for the last-placed Tigers, but finished with a Central League second-best 2.67 ERA, behind only Chunichi's Shigeki Noguchi. In 2002, Hanshin improved to fourth, and <mask>'s record was 14-9. He finished third in ERA (2.49), trailing Masumi Kuwata and Kenshin Kawakami. He also led the Central League with 206 strikeouts. In , the Tigers won the Central League pennant. <mask> made a great contribution with his brilliant performance. He pitched very well and finished with a 20–5 record, a 2.80 ERA, and was third with 179 strikeouts.He was named to the Best Nine, won the MVP in the Central League and also won the Eiji Sawamura Award, the Japanese equivalent of the MLB Cy Young Award. <mask> saw a decline in performance in 2004 and . In 2004, despite leading the league at 228 strikeouts, he went 14-11 with a 3.73 ERA. In 2005, <mask> went 13-9 with a 3.86 ERA, fifth among his team's starters in ERA, and was briefly exiled to the minors. He was only tied for fifth in strikeouts (down significantly to 145) and 10th in ERA, but was still third in the circuit in victories. While still a productive hurler, <mask> became a target of enthusiastic fan criticism due to his inability to perform at his prior level. New York Yankees (2007–2011) 2007 In 2006, <mask> announced his intention to play in North America.On November 16, 2006, <mask> was posted by the Hanshin Tigers. On November 29, 2006, it was announced that the New York Yankees were the highest bidders at $26,000,194, with the last three digits representing his strikeout total for the 2006 season. He signed a five-year, $20 million contract on December 27, 2006. On January 8, , <mask> was officially announced at a Yankee Stadium press conference. On April 7, 2007, he made his major league debut, allowing seven earned runs in five innings, but received a "no decision" because of Alex Rodriguez's walk-off grand slam. <mask> later earned wins in relief appearances against the Cleveland Indians and Boston Red Sox. <mask> came to prominence in a game on April 28, in which starting pitcher Jeff Karstens left in the first inning after suffering a broken leg on a liner back to the mound.<mask> came in from the bullpen and pitched six innings of scoreless relief, allowing only two hits and striking out six batters before enjoying a standing ovation on his way to the dugout. He was the winning pitcher in the Yankees' 3-1 victory over their rival Boston Red Sox. However, the Yankees later saw flaws in his mechanics and, on May 7, optioned him to the Florida State League's Tampa Yankees to work with Nardi Contreras and Billy Connors. <mask> apparently made progress in mechanics and location at Tampa, and was subsequently called up to pitch for the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes Barre Yankees. <mask> made his return start against the San Francisco Giants on June 22, 2007, allowing two earned runs in 4.2 innings. On July 27, 2007, <mask> was demoted to Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. He was claimed on waivers by the San Diego Padres in August 2007, but the Yankees pulled him back without making a trade.<mask> returned to the Yankees in September 2007 when rosters expanded. 2008–2009 After failing to make the team out of spring training, <mask> started the year with Scranton/Wilkes Barre. He was called up to replace Ian Kennedy, In <mask>'s first MLB start of the 2008 season, he gave up eleven hits and six runs in three innings. He was promoted again in June for one appearance before being optioned back to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre the next day. On July 26, 2008, <mask> cleared waivers and was removed from the 40-man roster. In 2009, <mask> was invited to Spring training as a non-roster invitee, the only Yankee with a guaranteed contract in that position. On March 23, 2009, the Yankees reassigned <mask> to minor league camp.With the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees, <mask> posted a 10–8 record with a 4.15 ERA, with 105 strikeouts. The 10 wins, 105 strikeouts, and the 4.15 ERA were team bests for the 2009 year. On July 27, 2009, <mask> set a Scranton/Wilkes-Barre franchise record for most career wins, with a 2-1 victory over the Columbus Clippers. During the 2008 and 2009 seasons, Yankee General Manager Brian Cashman twice attempted to sell <mask> to a Japanese team, but <mask> refused to return to Japan both times. 2010–2011 In 2010, <mask> was invited to spring training as a non-roster invitee. However, on March 13, <mask> was once again cut and sent to AAA. In 2011, <mask> played most of the season for the Yankees' AA affiliate, the Trenton Thunder, but did pitch four games in AAA for the Scranton/Wilkes Barre Yankees where he went 1-0 with a 2.78 ERA.<mask> had stated that he preferred to stay in the United States to play in MLB after his contract with the Yankees expired. He became a free agent after the 2011 season. Orix Buffaloes (2012–2014) The Orix Buffaloes of NPB signed <mask> to a two-year contract worth ¥200M prior to the 2012 season. Injuries were a problem for <mask> in his return to Japan, he made only 29 starts from 2012 to 2014. Pitching style <mask>'s fastball will usually stay in the 87-90 mph range, but he is able to reach back and throw harder when in need of a strikeout (tops out at 93 mph). <mask> also throws a changeup, which hovers in the 78-81 mph range, and a slider, which he uses primarily against left-handed batters. His changeup has a tendency to be belt-high and in the middle of the plate.This pitch drew a lot of swings and misses in Japan, but it did not have the same success in America. <mask> was known to possess above-average control in Japan, but has a very poor track record of control at the Major League level. <mask> is also known for his unique follow-through, in which he throws his left leg into the air and return his pitching arm to a high position. Since he does not do this with his off-speed pitches as often as his fastballs, it might become easier for batters to distinguish whether a pitch is off-speed or not. His record during day games in Japan was 4-5, 7.09 ERA. Considering the fact that <mask> pitches exceptionally better in night games, he wears sunglasses during day games to make the game environment closer to that of a night game. Personal life In February 2007, <mask> announced on his Japanese blog that he had married recently.His wife and children visit New York for a couple months per year. <mask> enjoys playing shogi. In January 2007, the Japanese Shogi Association appointed <mask> as the "shogi goodwill ambassador" to popularize shogi outside Japan, and presented the diploma of the first grade and the letter of the commission of authority to him. <mask> is a great soccer fan, but he joined the baseball club because there was no soccer club in his junior high school. Originally, he was a fan of the Kashima Antlers, which is based near his hometown of Ibaraki, but he became a Gamba Osaka fan after joining the Hanshin Tigers. Awards in Japan 3-time All-Star (2001–2003) 2002 Strikeouts champion of the year 2003 Eiji Sawamura Award, Best Nine, Wins and ERA champion of the Central League, Central League MVP 2004 Strikeouts champion of the year 2006 Strikeouts champion of the Central League References External links Official Website Sports Illustrated interview Japanese league stats and info of <mask> Igawa 1979 births Hanshin Tigers players Japanese expatriate baseball players in the United States Living people New York Yankees players Nippon Professional Baseball MVP Award winners Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball players from Japan Orix Buffaloes players Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players Baseball people from Ibaraki Prefecture Tampa Yankees players

Constantin Herold

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<mask> (4 February 1912 – 28 August 1984) was a Romanian multi-sport athlete that practiced through his career 14 sports. He was mostly known for his activity in basketball, where he was a player and coach. On 17 June 2005, he received post-mortem the Honorary Citizen of Moreni title. Early life <mask> was born in Moreni from a family of six children. He had an attraction for sport while being a pre-school child, playing football at the M.A.T.I.L.U.S. sports association. At the age of 10, he won a children athletics competition in Moreni, being first at all five disciplines (shot put, long jump, high jump, sprint run and long-distance running).Later he moved in Ploiești at the "Saints Peter and Pavel" High School where he continued exercising athletics and football, also starting to participate at gymnastics disciplines. In 1926 he moved to Brașov where he attended the Ioan Meșotă and Andrei Șaguna National Colleges where he continued to develop his multi-sport abilities, winning school inter-class decathlon competitions. In 1931, he became a student at the National University of Physical Education and Sport (ANEFS). Basketball career <mask> <mask> played his first basketball game in 1934 for his college team ANEFS at the first ever National University Championship in a 4–27 loss against the University of Law School Bucharest team. Later he played for Telefon Club București who in 1950 merged with CFR București, forming Locomotiva PTT București, where <mask> was a player-coach, managing to win the 1951 Romanian League title. He also played 24 games for the national team, including appearances at EuroBasket 1947 where the team finished on the 10th position with Herold having a 6.6 average points per game scored. In 1952 he transferred to new founded club CCA București where he played until 1953 after which he retired from playing and became the team's coach.He coached CCA București from 1954 until 1968, winning 10 Romanian League titles (7 consecutive) and reaching the semi-finals of the 1960–61 FIBA European Champions Cup. He worked through the years with players like Andrei Folbert, Mihai Nedef, Liviu Naghy, Emil Niculescu, Alexandru Fodor, Florin Burada, Armand Novacek, Mihai Erdogh, Mihai Dimancea, Ioan Testiban, Theodor Nedelea, Ion Cimpoiaș and Valeriu Gheorghe, who nicknamed him "Uncle", the press nicknamed the team "The uncle and his nephews" or "The golden CCA". Herold coached the national team at EuroBasket 1959 (8th place) and EuroBasket 1961 (7th place). Multi-sports activity During his years as a student at ANEFS, <mask> <mask> got a job as a sports instructor at Telefon Club București, where together with other colleagues from the firm he founded the volleyball, basketball and handball teams of the club. <mask> played football as a goalkeeper at junior level alongside Iuliu Bodola at B.M.T.E. Brașov. He made his debut in an official match for the senior team at the age of 15 in a 2–1 loss against Colțea Brașov.He later played for Astra Brașov as a midfielder and forward, continuing his career at Telefon Club București, helping them promote from the lower leagues of Romanian football to the second division, being the team's top-goalscorer during the process. He retired from football in 1937. In his first year as student at ANEFS he broke the national junior records in the 110 metres hurdles, triple jump and pole vault disciplines at the National University Championships from Timișoara. In 1933 he became national champion at 110 metres hurdles, a performance repeated in 1934, when he also won the national decathlon title, establishing national records that would last until 1948. He retired from athletics after he represented Romania at the 1937 Balkan Championship at 110 metres hurdles, where he finished second. <mask> <mask> played handball in 11 for the national team, being part of Romania's squad at the 1937 World Cup from Magdeburg, Germany. In 1946, he won as player, captain and coach of Romania's national volleyball team the Balkan Championship, played in Bucharest.He played volleyball until the age of 43 at I.C.F.S. In 1954, <mask> <mask> received the title of "emeritus master of sports" for his multi-sport activity and in 1966 he received the title of "emeritus coach" for teaching and forming generations of players. <mask> <mask> practiced and competed in a total of 14 sports disciplines: Athletics – school, junior, university and national champion in several events, national junior record breaker (110 metres hurdles, pole, triple jump), national champion in seniors (110 metres hurdles in 1933 and 1934), national decathlon champion (1934), record holder for 14 years in decathlon, member of the national team Football – player at B.M.T.E. Brașov, Astra Brașov and Telefon Club București (from the establishment of the club until it reached the second division) Handball in 11 – member of the national team and participant at the 1937 World Cup from Germany Volleyball – player and captain of the national team Basketball – player and captain of the national team Shooting sports – the third place at the national rifle championships, with the performance of 391 points out of 400 possible Alpine skiing – champion in the military patrol competition Rowing – participant in the city championships of Bucharest as part of the Telefon Club București team Water polo – goalkeeper at Telefon Club București in the city championship Table tennis – trade union champion of the Capital in the mixed doubles event from 1946, together with Mariana Bunescu Tennis – played in the second category championship and qualifiers of Bucharest for the C.C.A. and Justice team Rugby – player at Telefon Club București Fencing – university champion of Bucharest at foil and sabre in 1934 Gymnastics – member of the model team of ANEFS at the demonstrations from the student camp organized on the occasion of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. References 1912 births 1984 deaths Romanian men's basketball players Romanian basketball coaches Romanian footballers Liga II players Romanian men's volleyball players Romanian volleyball coaches Romanian male handball players Romanian male hurdlers Romanian male sport shooters Romanian male rowers Romanian male water polo players Romanian male table tennis players Romanian male tennis players Romanian rugby union players Romanian male alpine skiers Romanian male foil fencers Romanian male sabre fencers Romanian male artistic gymnasts People from Moreni Romanian decathletes Andrei Șaguna National College (Brașov) alumni Association footballers not categorized by position

Bruce Castor

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<mask>. (born October 24, 1961) is an American lawyer and retired Republican politician from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. He was appointed as the first Solicitor General of Pennsylvania in March 2016, and also first deputy attorney general the following July. <mask> became acting attorney general less than a month later. He led for the defense of the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump along with American lawyer David Schoen. Statewide profile After serving stints beginning in 1981 with, respectively, the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office, the Northampton County (PA) District Attorney's Office, as an LBJ Congressional Scholar (Washington, DC) and defending Federal prisoners at FCI-Alderson (WV), <mask> began his professional career as an assistant district attorney in 1985 before becoming district attorney of Montgomery County from 2000 to 2008. He next took a seat on the Montgomery County Board of Commissioners, an elected position he held until January 4, 2016, when he was succeeded by Joe Gale. <mask> was defeated for re-election as Montgomery County's District Attorney in November 2015.<mask> completed a nearly three-year term as a special assistant district attorney of Centre County, Pennsylvania on December 31, 2017, followed by an appointment as a special assistant district attorney of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania on January 6, 2018. On March 29, 2016, Pennsylvania Attorney General Kathleen Kane announced <mask>'s appointment (back-dated to March 21, when he actually took office) to the newly created position of Solicitor General of Pennsylvania. While he operated freely as the de facto Attorney General and was widely recognized as such, <mask> formally became the state's Acting Attorney General, replacing Kane, who resigned on August 17, 2016, following a conviction of a third degree felony perjury charge and several related misdemeanors. Governor Tom Wolf later nominated <mask> to fulfill the remaining balance of Kane's term which expired in January 2017. Castor is the cousin of <mask>, who represented Trump during his first impeachment. Career Montgomery County District Attorney After serving in the office since 1985, <mask> was twice elected district attorney for Montgomery County, in which he is a lifelong resident, assuming office in January 2000. After his second term ended, he was succeeded by Risa Vetri Ferman.When she sought (and won) election as judge in November 2015, <mask> sought to return to that office, but lost to Ferman's first assistant, Kevin Steele, who ran an 11th-hour campaign contending Castor should have charged entertainer Bill Cosby in 2005. Castor countered that Steele could have arrested Cosby himself in the intervening years if he believed credible evidence existed to do so. A week before the election, Andrea Constand, who had accused Cosby of sexual assault in Montgomery County, sued <mask>, claiming he defamed her by intimating she was not credible. The Washington Post said that this suit contributed to <mask>'s defeat. In November 2017, <mask> sued Constand and her lawyers for defamation, charging that the lawsuit and its timing were retaliatory and ruined his political career. In 2017, Cosby stood trial, but the trial ended in a hung jury with jurors unable to agree on Cosby's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, as Castor had predicted in 2005 would happen if he had elected to charge Cosby. However at Cosby's retrial he was convicted on all three counts and he was sentenced to serve 3 to 10 years in prison.After two years of time served the Pennsylvania Supreme Court overturned the sentence, ruling that Castor's pledge to not prosecute Cosby was binding on all other prosecutors. Notable cases Bill Cosby – Castor declined to prosecute Cosby for sexual assault in 2005 after he found "insufficient, credible and admissible evidence exists upon which any charge against Mr. Cosby could be sustained beyond a reasonable doubt". In November 2014 and through the November 2015 election, <mask>'s decision was heavily criticized, especially when other women came forward to accuse Cosby. Castor, however, assessed that none of these women known to him at the time would have been allowed to testify, making them legally irrelevant to the question of whether Castor should have arrested Cosby. On December 30, 2015, with the statute of limitations about to expire, Cosby was charged with felony sexual assault. At a preliminary hearing on February 2, 2016, Castor testified that he made a promise to never prosecute Cosby for the incident, but Judge Steven T. O'Neill ruled that the promise was not legally binding on the current district attorney, and ordered that the criminal case proceed. O'Neill further found that only <mask>’s word and no other evidence supported his contention and that the deal had never been memorialized in writing, and Castor was ultimately not a credible witness.O'Neill's ruling was reversed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court on June 30, 2021, which held that Castor's non-prosecution pledge was in fact binding on Cosby's prosecutor; this ruling resulted in the overturning of Cosby's conviction and his release from prison. Dillon Cossey – Planned a Columbine-style attack on a local high school. Cossey was convicted in juvenile court. John Eichinger – The most prolific arrested serial killer documented in Montgomery County history. Eichinger murdered three young women and a small child. Two of the women had rejected his sexual advances and the other woman and child were witnesses. Eichinger received three death sentences and one sentence of life in prison.The case formed the basis for the production of a demo video for a proposed television show based on <mask>'s career called "Probable Cause," written and produced in 2007 by then Times Herald reporter Keith Phucas in Norristown, Pennsylvania. Caleb Fairley – Fairley sexually assaulted and murdered a mother and her child in his parents' shop, earning a double life sentence. The case was the first time DNA evidence was used to convict a killer in Montgomery County. The Fairley case formed the basis for the book Vampire Trap by Katherine Ramsland. <mask> is featured on the episode of Forensic Files ("Shopping Spree") devoted to the case. <mask> – Godschalk was convicted of rape in 1987 (before Castor was elected) and was freed in 2002 after DNA tests cast doubt on his guilt. Castor had fought against DNA testing, arguing that Godschalk did not have the legal right to it.Godschalk filed a lawsuit against the county, which was settled for approximately $1 million. In 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in a similar case that convicts did not have a constitutional right to DNA testing. Craig Rabinowitz – Rabinowitz murdered his wife, Stefanie Newman, for the life insurance money to pay debts arising from a pyramid scheme, and to leave him free to pursue his obsession with a stripper. The case was front-page news for months and became the subject of multiple television programs and a book by Ken Englade called Everybody's Best Friend. He pleaded guilty to first degree murder and is serving a life sentence. Rafael Robb – Robb, a University of Pennsylvania professor of Game Theory, was accused of murdering his wife in a rage. Pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter and was sentenced to 5–10 years in prison, a sentence many believe was too lenient, with Castor arguing for a 20-year prison term.Guy Sileo – Sileo murdered his business partner in the General Wayne Inn, serving a life sentence for first degree murder. A highly circumstantial case, the "General Wayne Inn murder" has been the subject of numerous television portrayals. Attorney General race <mask> ran for the GOP nomination for Pennsylvania Attorney General in 2004 against Republican Tom Corbett. Furious that he had lost endorsements of the southeastern GOP chairmen, Castor attacked Corbett and the county chairmen with allegations of backroom deals with Bob Asher, the state's national GOP committeeman. <mask> and Asher had feuded for several years due to Asher's prior felony convictions for perjury, bribery, racketeering, and conspiracy in 1986 in the context of a political corruption scandal which also involved the State Treasurer, R. Budd Dwyer, leading to Dwyer's committing suicide at a press conference before his sentencing. Asher had been state GOP Chair during the scandal and was convicted for participating in the bribery of Dwyer. Asher's criminal past, connected to a political bribery scheme while he was the Republican state chair, became a subject of the campaign for the state's top law enforcement post.Castor was unable to produce proof of any conspiracy against him and ran without the party endorsement in all but two counties, his home base in Montgomery County and Monroe County. <mask> lost 52.8% to 47.2%, despite winning overwhelmingly the same southeastern counties whose chairmen had repudiated him, and his home in Montgomery County, where he took nearly 82.5% of the vote. Private practice When his term as district attorney expired in January 2008, Castor took a position at the litigation firm of Elliott, Greenleaf & Siedzikowski in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania as a shareholder and director. One of his notable clients was professional basketball player Marko Jaric of the Memphis Grizzlies, who was accused of sexual assault in Philadelphia. Jaric was not charged in the case. In 2009, Castor represented Mark Sargent, who was investigated (but not charged) for patronizing a brothel while he served as dean of the Villanova University School of Law. In 2010, Castor represented his former boss, attorney Michael D. Marino, whose nephew accidentally shot and killed a man while hunting.Marino, a former Montgomery County D.A., was present when the shooting occurred, despite knowing that his nephew was prohibited from owning and using firearms, owing to a felony conviction. Marino was not charged in the case. On July 1, 2013, Castor joined the law firm of Rogers & Associates (subsequently renamed Rogers Castor) as a civil-litigation lawyer in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, with former Lower Merion Commissioner and former Republican state senate nominee, Lance Rogers. Castor and Rogers Castor, renamed as Rogers Counsel, parted ways on December 31, 2020, and Castor joined the personal injury law firm of van der Veen, O'Neill, Hartshorn, and Levin. In 2017, Castor led the investigation into the Death of Tim Piazza at Pennsylvania State University. Montgomery County commissioner In 2007, Castor challenged incumbent County Commissioner Tom Ellis, a one-time friend who had chaired Castor's campaigns in 1999 and 2003 but endorsed Corbett in 2004. Early in the campaign, Castor commissioned a poll showing that Ellis, who had been hobbled by negative press surrounding alleged domestic violence incidents, would lose in a general election.Ellis released his own poll to try to refute <mask>'s charges that he was unelectable. In a six candidate field, <mask> won the party endorsement on the first ballot, but his preferred running mate, former State Representative Melissa Murphy Weber, was narrowly defeated by incumbent Jim Matthews on the second ballot. Initially, Castor was reluctant to run with Matthews saying he believed Matthews was "untrustworthy." However, amid widespread pressure that he would be splitting the party, <mask> relented and ran with Matthews against former Democratic Congressman Joe Hoeffel and incumbent commissioner Ruth Damsker in the general election. During the campaign, some of Castor's earlier criticism of Matthews was raised by the Democrats, including financial support to Matthews from Bob Asher. Over Castor's objections who would not accept funds from a convicted felon, Matthews set up a separate campaign account from the Matthews/Castor account in order to collect contributions from Asher. On election day, Castor won, taking first place in the general election setting an electoral record at the time for the position.His running mate placed third, giving the GOP control of the commission. This was the first time in at least 140 years that a Republican failed to capture both the first and the second spot. Castor and Matthews served with Hoeffel, who finished second. It was immediately a rocky relationship with all Castor's earlier predictions about Matthews being "untrustworthy" coming true. Matthews and Hoeffel sided against Castor shutting him out of setting county policy. Castor responded by repeatedly making allegations of corruption against his fellow commissioners charging mismanagement of county finances, the hiring of unqualified people, and in the conduct of county business. A subsequent grand jury report found questionable behavior on Hoeffel's part for his participation in discussing county business at private breakfast meetings held with Matthews and senior aides–an alleged violation of state "sunshine" laws.However, unlike Matthews, who was later arrested for allegedly perjuring himself while testifying to the grand jury, Hoeffel was never charged with criminal wrongdoing. Nevertheless, Matthews and Hoeffel were unable to achieve endorsement for re-election and dropped out of the race, while GOP voters easily re-nominated Castor who was thus vindicated in his allegations of government corruption and mismanagement by Hoeffel and Matthews. On November 8, 2011, St. Rep. Josh Shapiro, Whitemarsh Twp. Supervisor Leslie Richards, and Castor were elected, marking the first time in county history Democrats controlled two of the three seats on the Board of Commissioners. Shapiro was elected chairman unanimously on nomination from Castor. All three members of the commission later noted the improved level of civility and functionality on the board, with Castor expressing pride in working with Shapiro and Richards whom he considered "honest." The relationship amongst the three commissioners later prompted one columnist of The Philadelphia Inquirer to note that she owed Castor an apology for considering his complaints about the prior county administration "sour grapes".On November 3, 2015, Castor was defeated in his effort to return to the district attorney's post and Joe Gale was elected to succeed Castor as county commissioner. Upon retiring from county service after 30 years on January 4, 2016, Castor began practicing law full-time as a trial lawyer. Solicitor general and acting attorney general On March 21, 2016, Castor took the oath of office as the first Solicitor General of Pennsylvania. Being summoned to her Scranton office by Pennsylvania Attorney General Kathleen G. Kane on March 4, 2016, without explanation, Castor met General Kane expecting her to request him to represent her in a private capacity. Instead, Kane offered him the newly created position of Solicitor General of Pennsylvania (later merged into the job of first deputy attorney general), and Castor accepted. The move was necessitated because the Attorney General had her license to practice law suspended by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Castor was supposedly subordinate to Kane in all matters except for making legal decisions on behalf of Pennsylvania, though most observers considered him the de facto attorney general, a fact later confirmed upon Kane's resignation.In practice, Castor operated as a bridge between Kane and the remainder of the office of attorney general, in addition to being the final word on legal matters, in order to make the executive portion of the office function properly. However, following Democrat Kathleen Kane's sudden resignation, Republican <mask> was sworn in as Acting Attorney General of Pennsylvania, no longer simply de facto attorney general, though later that week Democratic Governor Tom Wolf nominated Democratic Inspector General <mask> to serve the remainder of Kane's term. The Pennsylvania Senate confirmed the nomination quickly. After <mask> assumed the office of Acting Attorney General, he was the subject of criticism, and on August 30, 2016, <mask> succeeded <mask> as attorney general. <mask> resigned from the office of attorney general on September 9, 2016, reverting to first deputy attorney general and, finally, solicitor general. Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump On January 31, 2021, Castor was appointed to take the lead for Donald J. Trump's defense team for his 2021 impeachment trial, alongside criminal law practitioner David Schoen. Castor's opening arguments on February 9, 2021, were widely reported to be confusing and rambling.Trump was reportedly "furious" about <mask>'s "rambling, almost somnambulant defense." Texas Republican U.S. Senator John Cornyn commented, "The president's lawyer just rambled on and on" and "I've seen a lot of lawyers and a lot of arguments, and that was not one of the finest I've seen." <mask> for his part suggested the former President did not criticize his performance. "Far from it," he said. References External links Montgomery County Commissioners |- |- 1961 births 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American lawyers American prosecutors Chestnut Hill Academy alumni County commissioners in Pennsylvania County district attorneys in Pennsylvania Lafayette College alumni Living people Montgomery County Commissioners (Pennsylvania) Solicitors General of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Attorneys General Pennsylvania lawyers Pennsylvania Republicans People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni Second impeachment of Donald Trump

Werner Heisenberg

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<mask> () (Würzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire; 5 December 1901 – Munich, Bavaria, Germany; 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, his matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. He is known for the uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. <mask> was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics". <mask> also made contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. He was a principal scientist in the German nuclear weapons program during World War II.He was also instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957. Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon thereafter was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958. He then became director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics from 1960 to 1970. <mask> was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Early life and education Early years <mask> <mask> was born in Würzburg, Germany, to Kaspar Ernst August <mask>, and his wife, Annie Wecklein. His father was a secondary school teacher of classical languages who became Germany's only ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) of medieval and modern Greek studies in the university system.<mask> was raised and lived as a Lutheran Christian. In his late teenage years, <mask> read Plato's Timaeus while hiking in the Bavarian Alps. He recounted philosophical conversations with his fellow students and teachers about understanding the atom while receiving his scientific training in Munich, Göttingen and Copenhagen. <mask> later stated that "My mind was formed by studying philosophy, Plato and that sort of thing". and that "Modern physics has definitely decided in favor of Plato. In fact the smallest units of matter are not physical objects in the ordinary sense; they are forms, ideas which can be expressed unambiguously only in mathematical language". In 1919 <mask> arrived in Munich as a member of the Freikorps to fight the Bavarian Soviet Republic established a year earlier.Five decades later he recalled those days as youthful fun, like "playing cops and robbers and so on; it was nothing serious at all;" his duties were restricted to "seizing bicycles or typewriters from 'red' administrative buildings", and guarding suspected "red" prisoners. University studies From 1920 to 1923, he studied physics and mathematics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien and at the Georg-August University of Göttingen with Max Born and James Franck and mathematics with David Hilbert. He received his doctorate in 1923 at Munich under Sommerfeld. At Göttingen, under Born, he completed his habilitation in 1924 with a Habilitationsschrift (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous Zeeman effect. In June 1922, Sommerfeld took <mask> to Göttingen to attend the Bohr Festival, because Sommerfeld had a sincere interest in his students and knew of <mask>'s interest in Niels Bohr's theories on atomic physics. At the event, Bohr was a guest lecturer and gave a series of comprehensive lectures on quantum atomic physics and <mask> met Bohr for the first time, which had a lasting effect on him. <mask>'s doctoral thesis, the topic of which was suggested by Sommerfeld, was on turbulence; the thesis discussed both the stability of laminar flow and the nature of turbulent flow.The problem of stability was investigated by the use of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, a fourth order linear differential equation for small disturbances from laminar flow. He briefly returned to this topic after World War II. In his youth he was a member and Scoutleader of the Neupfadfinder, a German Scout association and part of the German Youth Movement. In August 1923 Robert Honsell and <mask> organized a trip to Finland with a Scout group of this association from Munich. Personal life <mask> enjoyed classical music and was an accomplished pianist. His interest in music led to meeting his future wife. In January 1937, <mask> met Elisabeth Schumacher (1914–1998) at a private music recital.Elisabeth was the daughter of a well-known Berlin economics professor, and her brother was the economist E. F. Schumacher, author of Small Is Beautiful. <mask> married her on 29 April. Fraternal twins Maria and Wolfgang were born in January 1938, whereupon Wolfgang Pauli congratulated <mask> on his "pair creation"—a word play on a process from elementary particle physics, pair production. They had five more children over the next 12 years: Barbara, Christine, Jochen, Martin and Verena. In 1936 he bought a summer home for his family in Urfeld am Walchensee, in southern Germany. Academic career Göttingen, Copenhagen and Leipzig From 1924 to 1927, <mask> was a Privatdozent at Göttingen, meaning he was qualified to teach and examine independently, without having a chair. From 17 September 1924 to 1 May 1925, under an International Education Board Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, <mask> went to do research with Niels Bohr, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen.His seminal paper, "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen" ("Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations"), was published in September 1925. He returned to Göttingen and, with Max Born and Pascual Jordan over a period of about six months, developed the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. On 1 May 1926, <mask> began his appointment as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr in Copenhagen. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that <mask> developed his uncertainty principle, while working on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. On 23 February, <mask> wrote a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he first described his new principle. In his paper on the principle, <mask> used the word "Ungenauigkeit" (imprecision), not uncertainty, to describe it. In 1927, <mask> was appointed ordentlicher Professor (professor ordinarius) of theoretical physics and head of the department of physics at the University of Leipzig; he gave his inaugural lecture there on 1 February 1928.In his first paper published from Leipzig, <mask> used the Pauli exclusion principle to solve the mystery of ferromagnetism. During <mask>'s tenure at Leipzig, the high quality of the doctoral students and post-graduate and research associates who studied and worked with him is clear from the acclaim many later earned. At various times they included Erich Bagge, Felix Bloch, Ugo Fano, Siegfried Flügge, William Vermillion Houston, Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, Rudolf Peierls, George Placzek, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Fritz Sauter, John C. Slater, Edward Teller, John Hasbrouck van Vleck, Victor Frederick Weisskopf, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Gregor Wentzel, and Clarence Zener. In early 1929, <mask> and Pauli submitted the first of two papers laying the foundation for relativistic quantum field theory. Also in 1929, <mask> went on a lecture tour of China, Japan, India, and the United States. In the spring of 1929, he was a visiting lecturer at the University of Chicago, where he lectured on quantum mechanics. In 1928, the British mathematical physicist Paul Dirac had derived his relativistic wave equation of quantum mechanics, which implied the existence of positive electrons, later to be named positrons.In 1932, from a cloud chamber photograph of cosmic rays, the American physicist Carl David Anderson identified a track as having been made by a positron. In mid-1933, <mask> presented his theory of the positron. His thinking on Dirac's theory and further development of the theory were set forth in two papers. The first, "Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des Positrons" ("Remarks on Dirac's theory of the positron") was published in 1934, and the second, "Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons" ("Consequences of Dirac's Theory of the Positron"), was published in 1936. In these papers <mask> was the first to reinterpret the Dirac equation as a "classical" field equation for any point particle of spin ħ/2, itself subject to quantization conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreting it as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing electrons, <mask> put matter on the same footing as electromagnetism: as being described by relativistic quantum field equations which allowed the possibility of particle creation and destruction. (Hermann Weyl had already described this in a 1929 letter to Albert Einstein.)Matrix mechanics and the Nobel Prize <mask>'s paper establishing quantum mechanics has puzzled physicists and historians. His methods assume that the reader is familiar with Kramers-<mask> transition probability calculations. The main new idea, non-commuting matrices, is justified only by a rejection of unobservable quantities. It introduces the non-commutative multiplication of matrices by physical reasoning, based on the correspondence principle, despite the fact that <mask> was not then familiar with the mathematical theory of matrices. The path leading to these results has been reconstructed in MacKinnon, 1977, and the detailed calculations are worked out in Aitchison et al. In Copenhagen, <mask> and Hans Kramers collaborated on a paper on dispersion, or the scattering from atoms of radiation whose wavelength is larger than the atoms. They showed that the successful formula Kramers had developed earlier could not be based on Bohr orbits, because the transition frequencies are based on level spacings which are not constant.The frequencies which occur in the Fourier transform of sharp classical orbits, by contrast, are equally spaced. But these results could be explained by a semi-classical virtual state model: the incoming radiation excites the valence, or outer, electron to a virtual state from which it decays. In a subsequent paper <mask>–Sommerfeld model to explain the outstanding problem of the anomalous Zeeman effect, led <mask> to use the virtual oscillator model to try to calculate spectral frequencies. The method proved too difficult to immediately apply to realistic problems, so <mask> turned to a simpler example, the anharmonic oscillator. The dipole oscillator consists of a simple harmonic oscillator, which is thought of as a charged particle on a spring, perturbed by an external force, like an external charge. The motion of the oscillating charge can be expressed as a Fourier series in the frequency of the oscillator.<mask> solved for the quantum behavior by two different methods. First, he treated the system with the virtual oscillator method, calculating the transitions between the levels that would be produced by the external source. He then solved the same problem by treating the anharmonic potential term as a perturbation to the harmonic oscillator and using the perturbation methods that he and Born had developed. Both methods led to the same results for the first and the very complicated second order correction terms. This suggested that behind the very complicated calculations lay a consistent scheme. So <mask> set out to formulate these results without any explicit dependence on the virtual oscillator model. To do this, he replaced the Fourier expansions for the spatial coordinates by matrices, matrices which corresponded to the transition coefficients in the virtual oscillator method.He justified this replacement by an appeal to Bohr's correspondence principle and the Pauli doctrine that quantum mechanics must be limited to observables. On 9 July, <mask> gave Born this paper to review and submit for publication. When Born read the paper, he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices, which he had learned from his study under Jakob Rosanes at Breslau University. Born, with the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan, began immediately to make the transcription and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; the paper was received for publication just 60 days after <mask>'s paper. A follow-on paper was submitted for publication before the end of the year by all three authors. Up until this time, matrices were seldom used by physicists; they were considered to belong to the realm of pure mathematics. Gustav Mie had used them in a paper on electrodynamics in 1912 and Born had used them in his work on the lattice theory of crystals in 1921.While matrices were used in these cases, the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics. In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated <mask>, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It was at that time that it was announced <mask> had won the Prize for 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen". Interpretation of quantum theory The development of quantum mechanics, and the apparent contradictory implications in regard to what is "real" had profound philosophical implications, including what scientific observations truly mean. In contrast to Albert Einstein and Louis de Broglie, who were realists who believed that particles had an objectively true momentum and position at all times (even if both could not be measured), <mask> was an anti-realist, arguing that direct knowledge of what is "real" was beyond the scope of science. Writing in his book The Physicist's Conception of Nature, <mask> argued that ultimately we only can speak of the knowledge (numbers in tables) which describe something about particles but we can never have any "true" access to the particles themselves:We can no longer speak of the behaviour of the particle independently of the process of observation. As a final consequence, the natural laws formulated mathematically in quantum theory no longer deal with the elementary particles themselves but with our knowledge of them.Nor is it any longer possible to ask whether or not these particles exist in space and time objectively ... When we speak of the picture of nature in the exact science of our age, we do not mean a picture of nature so much as a picture of our relationships with nature. ...Science no longer confronts nature as an objective observer, but sees itself as an actor in this interplay between man and nature. The scientific method of analysing, explaining and classifying has become conscious of its limitations, which arise out of the fact that by its intervention science alters and refashions the object of investigation. In other words, method and object can no longer be separated. SS investigation Shortly after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, <mask> submitted the first of three papers on his neutron-proton model of the nucleus. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, <mask> was attacked in the press as a "White Jew" (i.e.an Aryan who acts like a Jew). Supporters of Deutsche Physik, or German Physics (also known as Aryan Physics), launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and <mask>. From the early 1930s onward, the anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics movement Deutsche Physik had concerned itself with quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over scholarly ability, even though its two most prominent supporters were the Nobel Laureates in Physics

Werner Heisenberg

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Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark. There had been many failed attempts to have <mask> appointed as professor at a number of German universities. His attempt to be appointed as successor to Arnold Sommerfeld failed because of opposition by the Deutsche Physik movement. On 1 April 1935, the eminent theoretical physicist Sommerfeld, <mask>'s doctoral advisor at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, achieved emeritus status.However, Sommerfeld stayed in his chair during the selection process for his successor, which took until 1 December 1939. The process was lengthy due to academic and political differences between the Munich Faculty's selection and that of the Reich Education Ministry and the supporters of Deutsche Physik. In 1935, the Munich Faculty drew up a list of candidates to replace Sommerfeld as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and head of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich. The three candidates had all been former students of Sommerfeld: <mask>, who had received the Nobel Prize in Physics; Peter Debye, who had received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936; and Richard Becker. The Munich Faculty was firmly behind these candidates, with <mask> as their first choice. However, supporters of Deutsche Physik and elements in the REM had their own list of candidates, and the battle dragged on for over four years. During this time, <mask> came under vicious attack by the Deutsche Physik supporters.One attack was published in "The Black Corps", the newspaper of the SS, headed by Heinrich Himmler. In this, Heisenberg was called a "White Jew" who should be made to "disappear".<ref>{{harvnb|Hentschel|Hentschel|1996|pp=152–157 Document #55 'White Jews' in Science (15 July 1937)}}</ref> These attacks were taken seriously, as Jews were violently attacked and incarcerated. <mask> fought back with an editorial and a letter to Himmler, in an attempt to resolve the matter and regain his honour. At one point, <mask>'s mother visited Himmler's mother. The two women knew each other, as <mask>'s maternal grandfather and Himmler's father were rectors and members of a Bavarian hiking club. Eventually, Himmler settled the <mask> affair by sending two letters, one to SS Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich and one to Heisenberg, both on 21 July 1938. In the letter to Heydrich, Himmler said Germany could not afford to lose or silence Heisenberg, as he would be useful for teaching a generation of scientists.To <mask>, Himmler said the letter came on recommendation of his family and he cautioned <mask> to make a distinction between professional physics research results and the personal and political attitudes of the involved scientists. Wilhelm Müller replaced Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Müller was not a theoretical physicist, had not published in a physics journal, and was not a member of the German Physical Society. His appointment was considered a travesty and detrimental to educating theoretical physicists. The three investigators who led the SS investigation of <mask> had training in physics. Indeed, <mask> had participated in the doctoral examination of one of them at the Universität Leipzig. The most influential of the three was Johannes Juilfs.During their investigation, they became supporters of <mask> as well as his position against the ideological policies of the Deutsche Physik movement in theoretical physics and academia. German nuclear weapons program Pre-war work on physics In mid-1936, <mask>, W. (1937) Theoretische Untersuchungen zur Ultrastrahlung, Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. Volume 18, 50, as cited by <mask>, W. (1938) Der Durchgang sehr energiereicher Korpuskeln durch den Atomkern, Nuovo Cimento Volume 15, 31–34; Verh.Dtsch. Phys. Ges. Volume 19, 2, as cited by appeared in the next two years. In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to The Natural Sciences reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons and Otto Hahn concluded a bursting of the uranium nucleus; simultaneously, Hahn communicated these results to his friend Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to the Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted Hahn's and Strassmann's results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.In June 1939, <mask> traveled to the United States in June and July, visiting Samuel Abraham Goudsmit at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, <mask> refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. He did not see Goudsmit again until six years later, when Goudsmit was the chief scientific advisor to the American Operation Alsos at the close of World War II. Membership in the Uranverein The German nuclear weapons program, known as Uranverein, was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began. The Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) had squeezed the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council) out of the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Ministry of Education) and started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices. The project had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by Kurt Diebner, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin.The invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Flügge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included <mask>, Klaus Clusius, Robert Döpel and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. The Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) in Berlin-Dahlem, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced. During the period when Diebner administered the KWIP under the HWA program, considerable personal and professional animosity developed between Diebner and <mask>'s inner circle, which included Karl Wirtz and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. At a scientific conference on 26–28 February 1942 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, called by the Army Weapons Office, <mask> presented a lecture to Reichs officials on energy acquisition from nuclear fission. The lecture, entitled "Die theoretischen Grundlagen für die Energiegewinning aus der Uranspaltung" ("The theoretical basis for energy generation from uranium fission") was, as <mask> confessed after the Second World War in a letter to Samuel Goudsmit, "adapted to the intellectual level of a Reichs Minister". <mask> lectured on the enormous energy potential of nuclear fission, stating that 250 million electron volts could be released through the fission of an atomic nucleus.<mask> stressed that pure U-235 had to be obtained to achieve a chain reaction. He explored various ways of obtaining isotope in its pure form, including uranium enrichment and an alternative layered method of normal uranium and a moderator in a machine. This machine, he noted, could be used in practical ways to fuel vehicles, ships and submarines. <mask> stressed the importance of the Army Weapons Office's financial and material support for this scientific endeavour. A second scientific conference followed. Lectures were heard on problems of modern physics with decisive importance for the national defense and economy. The conference was attended by Bernhard Rust, the Reichs Minister of Science, Education and National Culture.At the conference Reichs Minister Rust decided to take the nuclear project away from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The Reichs Research Council was to take on the project. In April 1942 the army returned the Physics Institute to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, naming <mask> as Director at the Institute. With this appointment at the KWIP, <mask> obtained his first professorship. Peter Debye was still director of the institute, but had gone on leave to the United States after he had refused to become a German citizen when the HWA took administrative control of the KWIP. <mask> still also had his department of physics at the University of Leipzig where work had been done for the Uranverein by Robert Döpel and his wife Klara Döpel. On 4 June 1942, <mask> was summoned to report to Albert Speer, Germany's Minister of Armaments, on the prospects for converting the Uranverein's research toward developing nuclear weapons.During the meeting, <mask> told Speer that a bomb could not be built before 1945, because it would require significant monetary resources and number of personnel.Prof. <mask> <mask> (I662) . Stanford.edu After the Uranverein project was placed under the leadership of the Reichs Research Council, it focused on nuclear power production and thus maintained its kriegswichtig (importance for the war) status; funding therefore continued from the military. The nuclear power project was broken down into the following main areas: uranium and heavy water production, uranium isotope separation and the Uranmaschine (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). The project was then essentially split up between a number of institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. ; see the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entries for the HWA and the RFR in Appendix B. Also see p. 372 and footnote #50 on p. 372.The point in 1942, when the army relinquished its control of the German nuclear weapons program, was the zenith of the project relative to the number of personnel. About 70 scientists worked for the program, with about 40 devoting more than half their time to nuclear fission research. After 1942, the number of scientists working on applied nuclear fission diminished dramatically. Many of the scientists not working with the main institutes stopped working on nuclear fission and devoted their efforts to more pressing war-related work. In September 1942, <mask> submitted his first paper of a three-part series on the scattering matrix, or S-matrix, in elementary particle physics. The first two papers were published in 1943 as cited in and the third in 1944. The S-matrix described only the states of incident particles in a collision process, the states of those emerging from the collision, and stable bound states; there would be no reference to the intervening states.This was the same precedent as he followed in 1925 in what turned out to be the foundation of the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics through only the use of observables. In February 1943, <mask> was appointed to the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (today, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). In April, his election to the Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences) was approved. That same month, he moved his family to their retreat in Urfeld as Allied bombing increased in Berlin. In the summer, he dispatched the first of his staff at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, for the same reasons. From 18–26 October, he travelled to German-occupied Netherlands. In December 1943, <mask> visited German-occupied Poland.From 24 January to 4 February 1944, <mask> travelled to occupied Copenhagen, after the German army confiscated Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics. He made a short return trip in April. In December, <mask> lectured in neutral Switzerland. The United States Office of Strategic Services sent agent Moe Berg to attend the lecture carrying a pistol, with orders to shoot <mask> if his lecture indicated that Germany was close to completing an atomic bomb. In January 1945, <mask>, with most of the rest of his staff, moved from the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik to the facilities in the Black Forest. Post-Second World War 1945: Alsos Mission The Alsos Mission was an Allied effort to determine if the Germans had an atomic bomb program and to exploit German atomic related facilities, research, material resources, and scientific personnel for the benefit of the US. Personnel on this operation generally swept into areas which had just come under control of the Allied military forces, but sometimes they operated in areas still under control by German forces.Pash, Boris T. (1969) The Alsos Mission.Award. pp. 219–241. Berlin had been a location of many German scientific research facilities. To limit casualties and loss of equipment, many of these facilities were dispersed to other locations in the latter years of the war. The Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) had been bombed so it had mostly been moved in 1943 and 1944 to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, which eventually became included in the French occupation zone. This allowed the American task force of the Alsos Mission to take into custody a large number of German scientists associated with nuclear research.On 30 March, the Alsos Mission reached Heidelberg, where important scientists were captured including Walther Bothe, Richard Kuhn, Philipp Lenard, and Wolfgang Gertner. Their interrogation revealed that Otto Hahn was at his laboratory in Tailfingen, while <mask> and Max von Laue were at Heisenberg's laboratory in Hechingen, and that the experimental natural uranium reactor that <mask>'s team had built in Berlin had been moved to Haigerloch. Thereafter, the main focus of the Alsos Mission was on these nuclear facilities in the Württemberg area. <mask> was smuggled out from Urfeld, on 3 May 1945, in an alpine operation in territory still under control by elite German forces. He was taken to Heidelberg, where, on 5 May, he met Goudsmit for the first time since the Ann Arbor visit in 1939. Germany surrendered just two days later. <mask> would not see his family again for eight months, as he was moved across France and Belgium and flown to England on 3 July 1945.1945: Reaction to Hiroshima Nine of the prominent German scientists who published reports in Nuclear Physics Research Reports as members of the Uranverein were captured by Operation Alsos and incarcerated in England under Operation Epsilon. Ten German scientists, including <mask>, were held at Farm Hall in England. The facility had been a safe house of the British foreign intelligence MI6. During their detention, their conversations were recorded. Conversations thought to be of intelligence value were transcribed and translated into English. The transcripts were released in 1992. On 6 August 1945, the scientists at Farm Hall learned from media reports that the USA had dropped an atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan.At first, there was disbelief that a bomb had been built and dropped. In the weeks that followed, the German scientists discussed how the USA might have built the bomb. The Farm Hall transcripts reveal that <mask>, along with other physicists interned at Farm Hall including Otto Hahn and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, were glad the Allies had won World War II. <mask> told other scientists that he had never contemplated a bomb, only an atomic pile to produce energy. The morality of creating a bomb for the Nazis was also discussed. Only a few of the scientists expressed genuine horror at the prospect of nuclear weapons, and <mask> himself was cautious in discussing the matter. On the failure of the German nuclear weapons program to build an atomic bomb, <mask> remarked, "We wouldn't have had the moral courage to recommend to the Government in the spring of 1942 that they should employ 120,000 men just for building the thing up."Post-war research career Executive positions at German research institutions On 3 January 1946, the ten Operation Epsilon detainees were transported to Alswede in Germany. <mask> settled in Göttingen, which was in the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany. <mask> immediately began to promote scientific research in Germany. Following the Kaiser Wilhelm Society's obliteration by the Allied Control Council and the establishment of the Max Planck Society in the British zone, <mask> became the director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics. Max von Laue was appointed vice director, while Karl Wirtz, Carl

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Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Ludwig Biermann joined to help <mask> establish the institute. Heinz Billing joined in 1950 to promote the development of electronic computing. The core research focus of the institute was cosmic radiation.The institute held a colloquium every Saturday morning. <mask> together with was instrumental in the establishment of the Forschungsrat (research council). <mask> envisaged for this council to promote the dialogue between the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany and the scientific community based in Germany. <mask> was appointed president of the Forschungsrat. In 1951, the organization was fused with the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Association of German Science) and that same year renamed the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation). Following the merger, <mask> was appointed to the presidium. In 1958, the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik was moved to Munich, expanded, and renamed Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und Astrophysik (MPIFA).In the interim, <mask> and the astrophysicist Ludwig Biermann were co-directors of MPIFA. <mask> also became an ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. <mask> was the sole director of MPIFA from 1960 to 1970. <mask> resigned his directorship of the MPIFA on 31 December 1970. Promotion of international scientific cooperation In 1951, <mask> agreed to become the scientific representative of the Federal Republic of Germany at the UNESCO conference, with the aim of establishing a European laboratory for nuclear physics. <mask>'s aim was to build a large particle accelerator, drawing on the resources and technical skills of scientists across the Western Bloc. On 1 July 1953 <mask> signed the convention that established CERN on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany.Although he was asked to become CERN's founding scientific director, he declined. Instead, he was appointed chair of CERN's science policy committee and went on to determine the scientific program at CERN. In December 1953, <mask> became the president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. During his tenure as president 550 Humboldt scholars from 78 nations received scientific research grants. <mask> resigned as president shortly before his death. Research interests In 1946, the German scientist Heinz Pose, head of Laboratory V in Obninsk, wrote a letter to <mask> inviting him to work in the USSR. The letter lauded the working conditions in the USSR and the available resources, as well as the favorable attitude of the Soviets towards German scientists.A courier hand delivered the recruitment letter, dated 18 July 1946, to <mask>; <mask> politely declined. In 1947, <mask> presented lectures in Cambridge, Edinburgh and Bristol. <mask> contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon of superconductivity with a paper in 1947 and two papers in 1948, cited in one of them with Max von Laue. In the period shortly after World War II, <mask> briefly returned to the subject of his doctoral thesis, turbulence. Three papers were published in 1948 as cited in and one in 1950., as cited in In the post-war period <mask> continued his interests in cosmic-ray showers with considerations on multiple production of mesons. He published three papers as cited in in 1949, two as cited in in 1952, and one in 1955. In late 1955 to early 1956, <mask>ord Lectures at St Andrews University, in Scotland, on the intellectual history of physics.The lectures were later published as Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science. During 1956 and 1957, <mask> was the chairman of the Arbeitskreis Kernphysik (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the Fachkommission II "Forschung und Nachwuchs" (Commission II "Research and Growth") of the Deutsche Atomkommission (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: Walther Bothe, Hans Kopfermann (vice-chairman), Fritz Bopp, Wolfgang Gentner, Otto Haxel, Willibald Jentschke, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Josef Mattauch, Wolfgang Riezler, Wilhelm Walcher and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Wolfgang Paul was also a member of the group during 1957. In 1957, <mask> was a signatory of the Göttinger Manifest, taking a public stand against the Federal Republic of Germany arming itself with nuclear weapons. <mask>, like Pascual Jordan, thought politicians would ignore this statement by nuclear scientists. But <mask> believed that the Göttinger Manifest would "influence public opinion" which politicians would have to take into account.He wrote to Walther Gerlach: "We will probably have to keep coming back to this question in public for a long time because of the danger that public opinion will slacken." In 1961 <mask> signed the Memorandum of Tübingen alongside a group of scientists who had been brought together by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Ludwig Raiser. A public discussion between scientists and politicians ensued. As prominent politicians, authors and socialites joined the debate on nuclear weapons, the signatories of the memorandum took a stand against "the full-time intellectual nonconformists". From 1957 onwards, <mask> was interested in plasma physics and the process of nuclear fusion. He also collaborated with the International Institute of Atomic Physics in Geneva. He was a member of the Institute's scientific policy committee, and for several years was the Committee's chair.He was one of the eight signatories of the Memorandum of Tübingen which called for the recognition of the Oder–Neiße line as the official border between Germany and Poland and spoke against a possible nuclear armament of West Germany. In 1973, <mask> gave a lecture at Harvard University on the historical development of the concepts of quantum theory. On 24 March 1973 <mask> gave a speech before the Catholic Academy of Bavaria, accepting the Romano Guardini Prize. An English translation of his speech was published under the title "Scientific and Religious Truth", a quotation from which appears in a later section of this article. Philosophy and worldview <mask> admired Eastern philosophy and saw parallels between it and quantum mechanics, describing himself as in "complete agreement" with the book The Tao of Physics. <mask> even went as far to state that after conversations with Rabindranath Tagore about Indian philosophy "some of the ideas that seemed so crazy suddenly made much more sense". Regarding the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, <mask> disliked Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus but he liked "very much the later ideas of Wittgenstein and his philosophy about language."<mask>, a devout Christian,Marganau, Henry (1985). "Why am I a Christian". Truth Journal, Vol. I wrote: "We can console ourselves that the good Lord God would know the position of the [subatomic] particles, thus He would let the causality principle continue to have validity," in his last letter to Albert Einstein. Einstein continued to maintain that quantum physics must be incomplete because it implies that the universe is indeterminate at a fundamental level. In lectures given in the 1950s and later published as Physics and Philosophy, <mask> contended that scientific advances were leading to cultural conflicts. He stated that modern physics is "part of a general historical process that tends toward a unification and a widening of our present world".When <mask> accepted the in 1974, he gave a speech, which he later published under the title Scientific and Religious Truth. He mused: Autobiography and death <mask>'s son, <mask>, became a neurobiologist at the University of Würzburg, while his son Jochen <mask> became a physics professor at the University of New Hampshire. In his late sixties, <mask> penned his autobiography for the mass market. In 1969 the book was published in Germany, in early 1971 it was published in English and in the years thereafter in a string of other languages. <mask> had initiated the project in 1966, when his public lectures increasingly turned to the subjects of philosophy and religion. <mask> had sent the manuscript for a textbook on the unified field theory to the Hirzel Verlag and John Wiley & Sons for publication. This manuscript, he wrote to one of his publishers, was the preparatory work for his autobiography.He structured his autobiography in themes, covering: 1) The goal of exact science, 2) The problematic of language in atomic physics, 3) Abstraction in mathematics and science, 4) The divisibility of matter or Kant's antinomy, 5) The basic symmetry and its substantiation, and 6) Science and religion. <mask> wrote his memoirs as a chain of conversations, covering the course of his life. The book became a popular success, but was regarded as troublesome by historians of science. In the preface <mask> wrote that he had abridged historical events, to make them more concise. At the time of publication it was reviewed by Paul Forman in the journal Science with the comment "Now here is a memoir in the form of rationally reconstructed dialogue. And the dialogue as Galileo well knew, is itself a most insidious literary device: lively, entertaining, and especially suited for insinuating opinions while yet evading responsibility for them." Few scientific memoirs had been published, but Konrad Lorenz and Adolf Portmann had penned popular books that conveyed scholarship to a wide audience.<mask> worked on his autobiography and published it with the Piper Verlag in Munich. <mask> initially proposed the title Gespräche im Umkreis der Atomphysik (Conversations on atomic physics). The autobiography was published eventually under the title Der Teil und das Ganze (The part and the whole). The 1971 English translation was published under the title Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations. <mask> died of kidney cancer at his home, on 1 February 1976. The next evening, his colleagues and friends walked in remembrance from the Institute of Physics to his home, lit a candle and placed it in front of his door. <mask> is buried in Munich Waldfriedhof.In 1980 his widow, <mask>, published The Political Life of an Apolitical Person (de, Das politische Leben eines Unpolitischen). In it she characterized <mask> as "first and foremost, a spontaneous person, thereafter a brilliant scientist, next a highly talented artist, and only in the fourth place, from a sense of duty, homo politicus." Honors and awards <mask> was awarded a number of honors: Honorary doctorates from the University of Brussels, the Technological University of Karlsruhe, and Eötvös Loránd University. Bavarian Order of Merit Romano Guardini Prize Grand Cross for Federal Service with Star Knight of the Order of Merit (Civil Class) Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1955 Member of the Academies of Sciences of Göttingen, Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia, Sweden, Romania, Norway, Spain, The Netherlands (1939), Rome (Pontifical), the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Halle), the Accademia dei Lincei (Rome), and the American Academy of Sciences. 1932 – Nobel Prize in Physics "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen". 1933 – Max-Planck-Medaille of the Deutsche Physikalische GesellschaftResearch reports on nuclear physics The following reports were published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), an internal publication of the German Uranverein. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies.The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics. [English translation in: ] This is the first paper in the famous trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. The paper was received on 27 September 1925. [English translation in: ] This is the second paper in the famous trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. The paper was received on 16 November 1925.[English translation in: ] This is the third paper in the famous trilogy which launched the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. The author was cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 21 June 1934. The authors were cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 22 December 1935. A translation of this paper has been done by W. Korolevski and H. Kleinert: arXiv:physics/0605038v1. The substance of this article was presented by <mask> in a lecture at Harvard University.Published books (full text of 1958 version) In popular culture <mask>'s surname is used as the primary alias for Walter White, the lead character in AMC's crime drama series Breaking Bad throughout White's transformation from a high-school chemistry teacher into a meth cook and a drug kingpin. In the spin-off prequel series Better Call Saul, a character named <mask> directs the construction of the meth lab belonging to antagonist Gus Fring that Walt cooks in for much of Breaking Bad. <mask> was the target of an assassination by spy Moe Berg in the film The Catcher Was a Spy, based on real events. <mask> is credited with building the atomic bomb used by the Axis in the Amazon Prime TV series adaptation of the novel The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick. Atomic bombs in this universe are referred to as Heisenberg Devices. Daniel Craig portrayed Heisenberg in the 2002 film Copenhagen, an adaptation of Michael Frayn's play of that name. Heisenberg is the namesake of Resident Evil Village secondary antagonist <mask>.<mask>'s research on ferromagnetism served as inspiration for the character's magnetic abilities. See also List of things named after <mask> List of German inventors and discoverers The Physical Principles of the Quantum TheoryReferences Footnotes Citations Bibliography See also The author was cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 21 June 1934. The authors were cited as being at Leipzig. The paper was received on 22 December 1935. A translation of this paper has been done by W. Korolevski and H. Kleinert: arXiv:physics/0605038v1. [This book is a collection of 121 primary German documents relating to physics under National Socialism.The documents have been translated and annotated, and there is a lengthy introduction to put them into perspective.] External links Annotated Bibliography for <mask> from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues MacTutor Biography: <mask> Heisenberg Heisenberg/Uncertainty biographical exhibit by American Institute of Physics. Key Participants: <mask> Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History'' Nobelprize.org biography <mask>nberg: Atomic Physics Mentorees 1901 births 1976 deaths Scientists from Würzburg Foreign Members of the Royal Society German Lutherans German mountain climbers German Nobel laureates Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Humboldt University of Berlin faculty Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni Max Planck Society people Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Nobel laureates in Physics 20th-century German physicists Nuclear program of Nazi Germany People from the Kingdom of Bavaria Philosophers of science Quantum physicists Fluid dynamicists Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) Scouting and Guiding in Germany Theoretical physicists University of Göttingen faculty Leipzig University faculty Burials at Munich Waldfriedhof Winners of the Max Planck Medal Niels Bohr International Gold Medal recipients Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences Operation Epsilon People associated with CERN Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin Recipients of the Matteucci

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<mask> (born 22 February 1979) is a footballer who plays for North Leigh as a striker. A journeyman, he has played for 40 different clubs, being transferred 43 times over a 20-year career. He has played in the English Football League for Oxford United, Bristol Rovers and Mansfield Town and is a former Dominica international. In September 2020 he signed for his 40th club, joining Beaconsfield Town from St. Albans City. Early life <mask> was born in Harrow, and raised in Harlesden, London. He and his mother moved to Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, when he was 17. He played football for local clubs Risborough Rangers, Aylesbury United and Thame United before, in 2001, he was convicted of dangerous driving while disqualified and sentenced to a year's imprisonment.He served six months before being released from Woodhill Prison. Club career <mask> joined Oxford United on an initial trial basis in February 2002 and impressed suitably to be handed a Football League debut, as a 78th-minute substitute for Dave Savage, in the club's final game of the season: a 2–1 home defeat to Darlington on 20 April 2002. Retained by the club, the following season he attracted much media attention when, having scored the winner in Oxford United's televised FA Cup Second Round clash with Swindon Town, he was captured naked live on television joyously celebrating the U's draw with the club, Arsenal, he supported as a boy. The club would go on to lose the tie, at Highbury, 2–0 with <mask> appearing as a 54th-minute substitute. Despite the attention, his manager Ian Atkins felt that he failed to progress in the second half of the season and he was transfer listed at the season's end. On 31 July 2003 he agreed to join Woking on loan, the deal seeing him sign for one month with immediate recall, then two further months with the option of making the move permanent. He was recalled from the loan on 15 September 2003, and earned a recall to the first team.On 27 August 2004 he joined Gravesend & Northfleet on a month's loan, before being recalled from his loan period on 24 September 2004 to enable him to sign for Forest Green Rovers on a free transfer. <mask> left Forest Green Rovers for Woking on 3 December 2004, the latter paying a nominal fee for his services. He remained at Woking until the end of the 2004–05 season, scoring 3 times in 23 league matches. He made 10 league and cup appearances for Second Division side Bristol Rovers between May and September 2005. After brief spells at Worthing and Stevenage Borough, he signed for Yeading in January 2006. He remained with the club until January 2007 but played only a handful of matches for the club. <mask> then spent six months at Havant & Waterlooville and another six months at Weymouth.<mask> spent a brief spell with Maidenhead United before joining Mansfield Town in January 2008 on a three-month contract. He was released on 2 May 2008 and joined Wrexham the following month. His spell at Wrexham was a successful one, scoring 15 goals in 42 appearances in the 2008–09 season. After having his contract with Wrexham terminated by mutual consent, he joined Crawley Town on 24 May 2009. He joined Rushden & Diamonds on loan on 12 November. However, he limped off on his debut after 17 minutes. He did well at Nene Park, and in the last game of his original loan deal he scored twice against Barrow, prompting manager Justin Edinburgh to keep him till the end of the season.He joined Gainsborough Trinity in June 2010, but in October moved on to Conference National club Darlington on loan until January 2011, with the intention of the deal then being made permanent. The deal fell through, so <mask> returned to Gainsborough at the end of the loan. Released by Gainsborough, he played once for former club Weymouth, as a substitute in a 2–1 win at Hemel Hempstead Town, then returned to the Conference with Hayes & Yeading United. Released by Hayes & Yeading at his own request in March, he rejoined Maidenhead United the following day. After spending the first half of the 2011–12 season with Brackley Town, <mask> joined Lincoln City on 31 January 2012. In June 2012 he agreed a deal to rejoin his former Rushden & Diamonds manager Justin Edinburgh at Newport County. In November 2012 he joined Whitehawk on loan until his contract with Newport County expired on 1 January 2013.He then returned to Brackley Town, making his second debut at the turn of the year against Droylsden on 5 January 2013. By the end of the season he had scored 7 goals in 24 Conference North appearances, including the play-offs. He left Brackley at the end of the season and signed for Hendon in July 2013. In February 2014, <mask> joined Margate, before later playing for Lowestoft Town, his 30th team. <mask>' next club was Wealdstone, whom he joined in December 2014. He scored 18 goals for the club in 57 league matches. On 3 June 2016, Staines Town announced that <mask> had put pen to paper for them.On 13 October 2016, Oxford City manager Justin Merritt completed the signing of <mask>. Caretaker boss since December, Mark Jones, released <mask> at the end of the season after being appointed the permanent manager, and he subsequently joined local rivals Banbury United. During his time at United <mask> became the first ever Banbury player to score 6 league goals in his first 6 games, breaking a 50-year-old record previously held by United's all-time top goalscorer Tony Jacques. In December 2017 he moved to fellow Southern League Premier Division side Chesham United. He switched to Farnborough of the newly formed Southern Football League Premier South ahead of the 2018–19 season. On 15 September 2018 he returned to league rivals Chesham United for the 7th round of the season, as they were struggling at the bottom of the table. On 24 December 2019 he joined St Albans City.In the summer of 2020 he joined Southern Premier Division side Beaconsfield Town. In October 2021, he transferred to North Leigh. International career <mask> represented Dominica in a 2010 World Cup qualifier against Barbados in March 2008, which Dominica lost 1–0. <mask> played up front with his cousin Richard Pacquette in this match. References External links 1979 births Living people Footballers from Harrow, London English footballers Dominica footballers Dominica international footballers Association football forwards Aylesbury United F.C. players Thame United F.C. players Oxford United F.C.players Woking F.C. players Ebbsfleet United F.C. players Forest Green Rovers F.C. players Bristol Rovers F.C. players Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players Lewes F.C. players Worthing F.C.players Stevenage F.C. players Eastleigh F.C. players Yeading F.C. players Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players Weymouth F.C. players Maidenhead United F.C. players Mansfield Town F.C.players Wrexham A.F.C. players Crawley Town F.C. players Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players Darlington F.C. players Hayes & Yeading United F.C. players Lincoln City F.C.players Newport County A.F.C. players Whitehawk F.C. players English Football League players Isthmian League players Southern Football League players National League (English football) players English people of Dominica descent Lowestoft Town F.C. players Margate F.C. players Hendon F.C. players Brackley Town F.C. players Wealdstone F.C.players Staines Town F.C. players Farnborough F.C. players Oxford City F.C. players Banbury United F.C. players Chesham United F.C. players Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. players St Albans City F.C.players Beaconsfield Town F.C. players North Leigh F.C. players

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Roger Kynard "<mask>" <mask> (July 15, 1947 – May 31, 2019) was an American musician and singer-songwriter. He was a founding member and the leader of the 13th Floor Elevators and a pioneer of the psychedelic rock genre. Biography <mask> was born in Dallas, Texas, to Roger and <mask>, and had four younger brothers. The nickname "<mask>", a contraction of his first and middle names, was given to him by his parents. His father, an architect and civil engineer, was stern and disapproving of Erickson's countercultural attitudes, once forcibly cutting his son's hair rather than allow him to grow it out Beatles-style. His mother was an amateur artist and opera singer, and encouraged Erickson's musical talent by taking guitar lessons herself so she could teach him. Erickson was interested in music from his youth, playing piano from age five and taking up guitar at 10.He attended school in Austin and dropped out of Travis High School in 1965, one month before graduating, rather than cut his hair to conform to the school dress code. Erickson wrote his first songs, "You're Gonna Miss Me" and "We Sell Soul", at age 15, and started a band with neighborhood friends which would evolve into his first notable group, the Spades. The Spades scored a regional hit with "We Sell Soul"; the song is included as an unlisted bonus track on <mask>'s 1995 album All That May Do My Rhyme and was adapted as "Don't Fall Down" by the 13th Floor Elevators for their debut album. The Spades' original version of "You're Gonna Miss Me", later a hit for the 13th Floor Elevators, was featured on the compilation album The Best of Pebbles Volume 1. The 13th Floor Elevators In late 1965, at age 18, <mask> co-founded the 13th Floor Elevators. He and bandmate Tommy Hall were the main songwriters. Early in her career, singer Janis Joplin considered joining the Elevators, but Family Dog's Chet Helms persuaded her to go to San Francisco instead, where she found major fame.The band released their debut album The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators in 1966. It contained the band's only charting single, <mask>'s "You're Gonna Miss Me". A stinging breakup song, the single was a major hit on local charts in the U.S. southwest and appeared at lower positions on national singles charts as well. Critic Mark Deming writes that "If <mask> <mask> had vanished from the face of the earth after The 13th Floor Elevators released their epochal debut single, "You're Gonna Miss Me", in early 1966, in all likelihood he'd still be regarded as a legend among garage rock fanatics for his primal vocal wailing and feral harmonica work." In 1967, the band followed up with Easter Everywhere, perhaps the band's most focused effort, featuring "Slip Inside This House", and a noted cover of Bob Dylan's "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue". The album Live was released in 1968 by the band's record label, International Artists, with little to no input from the band. It featured audience applause dubbed over studio recordings of cover versions, alternate takes, and older material.Bull of the Woods (1969) was the 13th Floor Elevators' final album on which they worked as a group and was largely the work of Stacy Sutherland. Erickson—due to health and legal problems—and Tommy Hall were only involved with a few tracks, including "Livin' On" and "May the Circle Remain Unbroken". Mental illness and legal problems In 1968, while performing at HemisFair, Erickson began speaking gibberish. He was soon diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and sent to a Houston psychiatric hospital, where he involuntarily received electroconvulsive therapy. The Elevators were vocal proponents of marijuana and psychedelic drug use, and were subject to extra attention from law enforcement agencies. In 1969, Erickson was arrested for possession of a single marijuana joint in Austin. Facing a potential ten-year incarceration, Erickson pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity to avoid prison.He was first sent to the Austin State Hospital. After several escapes, he was sent to the Rusk State Hospital in Rusk, Texas, where he was subjected to more electroconvulsive therapy and Thorazine treatments, ultimately remaining in custody until 1972. During his time at Rusk, he continued writing songs and poetry. Family and friends managed to smuggle out some of these poems and, in 1972, self published the book Openers, intending to use the proceeds to hire a lawyer. (Various sources claim approximately 1,000 copies of Openers were printed; how many copies were actually sold remains unknown.) Six tracks from the 1999 Erickson collection Never Say Goodbye were also recorded during his time at Rusk. Alien years In 1974, after having been released from the state hospital, Erickson formed a new band which he called "Bleib Alien", Bleib being an anagram of Bible and/or German for "remain", and "Alien" being a pun on the German word allein ("alone") – the phrase in German, therefore, being "remain alone".His new band exchanged the psychedelic sounds of The 13th Floor Elevators for a more hard rock sound that featured lyrics on old horror film and science fiction themes. "Two Headed Dog (Red Temple Prayer)" (produced by The Sir Douglas Quintet's Doug Sahm and inspired by Vladimir Demikhov's 1950s head transplant experiments) was released as a single. The new band was renamed <mask> <mask> and the Aliens. In 1979, after playing with the Reversible Cords on May Day at Raul's, Erickson recorded 15 new songs with producer Stu Cook, former bass player of Creedence Clearwater Revival. These efforts were released in two "overlapping" LPs – <mask> <mask> and the Aliens (CBS UK, 1980) and The Evil One (415 Records, 1981). Cook played bass on two tracks, "Sputnik" and "Bloody Hammer". Roky performed with The Nervebreakers as his backup band at The Palladium in Dallas in July 1979.A recording was issued on the French label New Rose and was recently re-issued elsewhere. The Austin-based band the Explosives served as Roky's most frequent back-up band during the early Raul's era, between 1978 and the early 1980s. Billed as <mask> <mask> and the Explosives, they were regulars at Raul's, the Continental Club, and other Austin venues. It was this incarnation that contributed two live tracks to the first Live at Raul's LP, released in 1980, with other Raul's top bands: The Skunks, Terminal Mind, The Next, Standing Waves, and The Explosives (without <mask> Erickson). The <mask> Erickson tracks ("Red Temple Prayer" and "Don't Shake Me Lucifer") were not included on the initial release for contractual reasons, but were included on a later release. In 1982, Erickson asserted that a Martian had inhabited his body. He came to feel that, due to his being alien, human beings were attacking him psychically.A concerned friend enlisted a Notary Public to witness an official statement by Erickson that he was an alien; he hoped by declaring so publicly he would be in line with any "international laws" he might have been breaking. Erickson claimed the attacks then indeed stopped. Creative decline and renewed interest Beginning in the 1980s, Erickson developed a years-long obsession with the mail, often spending hours poring over random junk mail he received and writing to solicitors and celebrities (dead or living). He was arrested in 1989 on charges of mail theft for gathering up mail from the mailboxes of neighbors who had moved; Erickson collected the mail and taped it to the walls of his bedroom. The charges were dropped when Erickson insisted that he had never opened any of the mail. In 1984 an observational documentary was produced in Austin for Swedish television, entitled Demon Angel: A Day and Night with <mask> Erickson. It featured Erickson in plugged and unplugged performances, solo and with local musician/producer Mike Alvarez on additional guitar, in an underground creek beneath the Congress Street Bridge on Halloween.Alvarez later released the film on VHS, updating it with interviews of some of <mask>'s friends and relatives; it was toured to several cities including Pittsburgh, where the screening was followed by a set of Erickson covers by Alvarez and others, as well as a performance by the Mount McKinleys with guest vocalist <mask>y's brother). A soundtrack of the film also was issued on CD, receiving positive reviews. Several live albums of his older material have been released since the mid-1980s, and in 1990 Sire Records/Warner Bros. Records released a tribute album, Where The Pyramid Meets The Eye: A Tribute to <mask> <mask>, produced by WB executive Bill Bentley. It featured versions of Erickson's songs performed by The Jesus and Mary Chain, R.E.M., ZZ Top, Poi Dog Pondering, Julian Cope, Butthole Surfers, Bongwater, John Wesley Harding, Doug Sahm, and Primal Scream, among others. According to the liner notes, the title of the album came from a remark Erickson made to a friend who asked him to define psychedelic music, to which Erickson reportedly replied "It's where the pyramid meets the eye, man", an apparent reference to the Eye of Providence and the Great Seal of the United States. Return to music and later life In 1995, Erickson released All That May Do My Rhyme on Butthole Surfers drummer King Coffey's label Trance Syndicate Records. Produced by Texas Tornados bassist Speedy Sparks, Austin recording legend Stuart Sullivan, and Texas Music Office director Casey Monahan, the release coincided with the publication of Openers II, a complete collection of <mask>'s lyrics.Published by Henry Rollins's 2.13.61 Publications, it was compiled and edited by Monahan with assistance from Rollins and Erickson's youngest brother <mask>, a classical tuba player. Sumner was granted legal custody of <mask> in 2001, and established a legal trust to aid his brother. As a result, <mask> received some of the most effective medical and legal aid of his life, the latter useful in helping sort out the complicated tangle of contracts that had reduced royalty payments to all but nothing for his recorded works. He also started taking medication to better manage his schizophrenia. A documentary film on the life of <mask> Erickson titled You're Gonna Miss Me was made by director Keven McAlester and screened at the 2005 SXSW film festival. In September of the same year, Erickson performed his first full-length concert in 20 years at the annual Austin City Limits Music Festival with The Explosives with special guest and longtime associate Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top. In the December 30, 2005, issue of the Austin Chronicle, an alternative weekly newspaper in Austin, Texas, Margaret Moser chronicled Erickson's recovery, saying Erickson had weaned himself off his medication, played at 11 gigs in Austin that year, obtained a driver's license, bought a car (a Volvo), and voted.In 2007, <mask>y continued to play in Europe, performing for the first time in Finland at Ruisrock festival. According to the article in Helsingin Sanomat June 8, 2007, the performance was widely considered the highlight of the festival day. On September 8, 2008, Scottish post-rock band Mogwai released the Batcat EP. Erickson is featured on one of the tracks, "Devil Rides". Erickson performed alongside Austin-based indie rock band Okkervil River at the Austin Music Awards in 2008 and then again at the 2009 South by Southwest music festival. Erickson returned to the stage in 2008 to perform songs from the 13th Floor Elevators catalog that had not been performed in decades with fellow Austinites The Black Angels as his backing band.After months of practices and time recording in an Austin studio, they performed a show in Dallas followed by a West Coast tour. The Black Angels played a regular set and then backed Erickson as his rhythm section, playing 13th Floor Elevators songs as well as songs from Erickson's solo albums. On April 20, 2010, Erickson released True Love Cast Out All Evil, his first album of new material in 14 years. Okkervil River serves as Erickson's backing band on the album. In March 2012 Erickson toured New Zealand and Australia for the first time headlining Golden Plains Festival in Meredith as well as playing sold-out side shows in Sydney and Melbourne. On May 10, 2015, he performed with the reunited 13th Floor Elevators at Levitation (formerly Austin Psych Fest, the event was renamed "Levitation" after the song of the same title). The band consisted of original band members <mask>, Tommy Hall, John Ike Walton, and Ronnie Leatherman, joined by Roky's son Jegar <mask> on harmonica, Roky's lead guitarist Eli Southard, and rhythm guitarist Fred Mitchim.<mask> died in Austin on May 31, 2019. His death was made public through a Facebook post by his brother Mikel, who wrote, "My brother <mask> passed away peaceably today. Please allow us time." To date, no cause of death has been announced. Discography Bermuda/The Interpreter (1977 Rhino Records RNOR-003) Don't Slander Me (1986, Pink Dust Records) Gremlins Have Pictures (1986, Pink Dust Records) Casting the Runes (1987, Five Hours Back) Holiday Inn Tapes (1987, Fan Club) Click Your Fingers Applauding The Play (1988, New Rose Records) Openers (1988, Five Hours Back) Live at the Ritz 1987 (1988, Fan Club) Live Dallas 1979 (1992, Fan Club) All That May Do My Rhyme (1995, Trance Syndicate) Demon Angel: A Day and a Night with <mask> Erickson (1995, Triple X Records) Roky Erickson and Evilhook Wildlife (1995, Sympathy for the Record Industry) Never Say Goodbye (1999, Emperor Jones) Don't Knock the Rok! (2004, Norton Records) I Have Always Been Here Before (2005, Shout! Factory, 2 cd anthology) Halloween (2008, Norton Records) True Love Cast Out All Evil (2010, ANTI- Records) <mask> <mask> and the Aliens <mask> <mask> <mask> and the Resurrectionists Beauty and the Beast (1993, Sympathy for the Record Industry) Tribute albums Where The Pyramid Meets The Eye: A Tribute to <mask> Erickson (1990, Sire Records/Warner Bros. Records) We're Gonna Miss You: A Tribute to Roky Erickson (2020, Third Eye Stimuli Records) May the Circle Remain Unbroken: A Tribute to Roky Erickson (2021, Light in the Attic Records) Filmography Demon Angel: A Day and Night with Roky Erickson (1984, Swedish television, documentary; 1999, VHS version, Amsterdamned Records) You're Gonna Miss Me (2007, Palm Pictures, documentary) Legacy and influence Author Jonathan Lethem titled his 2007 novel You Don't Love Me Yet in honor of two (otherwise unconnected) songs of the same title by Erickson and The Vulgar Boatmen.Lethem called <mask>'s song "irresistible" and "one of those incredibly versatile songs." The X-Files episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space" features a character named "<mask> Crikenson", in homage to Erickson. Crikenson, like the original <mask>, believes himself to be an alien abductee. A plotline in an episode of 1990s sitcom The John Larroquette Show revolved around a sighting of reclusive novelist Thomas Pynchon. Pynchon himself did not appear, but agreed to allow his name to be used on the condition that it was specifically mentioned that Pynchon was seen wearing a T-shirt showing a picture of Erickson. According to the Los Angeles Times, this spurred an increase in sales of Erickson's albums. The album It's Spooky by Daniel Johnston and Jad Fair features the song "I Met Roky Erickson", named after an encounter Johnston had with the artist.The song "White Faces" was covered by the Dutch occult rock band The Devil's Blood on their 2008 EP album Come Reap The song "If You Have Ghosts" was covered by the Swedish heavy metal band Ghost on their EP album If You Have Ghost, leading to the title track becoming a common catchphrase and meme among Ghost fans. See also Music of Austin Outsider music References General sources Eye Mind: The Saga of <mask> <mask> and The 13th Floor Elevators, The Pioneers of Psychedelic Sound by Paul Drummond; foreword by Julian Cope (Process Media, December 2007), External links A Long, Strange Trip - Texas Monthly article Austin Chronicle article (12/05) Roky Erickson FAQ Roky Erickson / 13th Floor Elevators Extensive Discography Thirteenth Floor Elevators Discography [ <mask> Erickson on AllMusic.com] Review of You're Gonna Miss Me soundtrack November 2008 interview with L.A. Record 1947 births 2019 deaths American rock guitarists American male guitarists American rock singers American rock songwriters Musicians from Dallas Outsider musicians Musicians from Austin, Texas People with schizophrenia Protopunk musicians Psychedelic rock musicians Sympathy for the Record Industry artists Trance Syndicate artists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male musicians Restless Records artists American male singer-songwriters Anti- (record label) artists

Bettis Garside

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<mask> 葛思德 (November 22, 1894 – August 1, 1989), better known as B.A<mask>, was an educator, author, and executive administrator for several U.S. charities related to China. Early life B.A<mask> was born in Stringtown, Oklahoma and spent most of his early life in the state, receiving his bachelor's degree from the University of Oklahoma. After serving in the U.S. Navy during the First World War, <mask> briefly served as the principal of Stringtown High School, before completing a master's degree at Columbia University in 1922. Life in China In 1922, B.A<mask> became an education missionary in China under the direction of the Presbyterian Church.He studied the Chinese for one year, then accepted a post as a professor of professor of education at Cheeloo University in Jinan, Shandong province. He served in that role until 1926. From 1927 to 1932, <mask> served as secretary of the China Union Universities office in New York City. In his first year, <mask> assisted eleven Christian colleges in China reopen after they had shut due to political turmoil within the Kuomintang (KMT). Earlier that year, Communist influence in the KMT created conditions leading to closing of several of these schools. Chinese relief efforts In October 1932, a new organization, the Associated Boards for Christian Colleges of China (ABCCC) was formed to coordinate fundraising efforts in the United States for the Protestant Christian colleges operating in China. The organization was renamed the United Board for Christian Colleges in China after the Second World War.B.A<mask> served as executive secretary of the new organization, a position he held until 1941. At the ABCCC, <mask> led efforts to promote and raise money to support these colleges, which in the 1932–1933 academic year had combined enrollments of 5,400 students and endowments of US$12 million. In 1935, <mask> received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from College of the Ozarks. Second World War At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, eleven of the twelve member institutions of ABCCC were caught in the war zone, and most were forced to evacuate their campuses to western China. B.A<mask> joined the movement in the United States to raise awareness of the war and encourage other Americans to boycott Japanese goods.<mask> directed fundraising efforts for the evacuated Christian colleges, which by 1940 had grown to 13 colleges and enrolled over 7700 Chinese students. $250,000 U.S. dollars were raised by the end of that year. Many of these students and their professors were themselves evacuees from the war, and they would be destitute and unable to continue their education without financial support from the west. In March 1941, the ABCCC became joined the United China Relief (UCR), a new organization which raised money for several charities operating in China. Other organizations joining United China Relief were the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China (ABMAC), the China Emergency Relief Committee, the American Committee for Chinese War Orphans, the Church Committee for China Relief, the American Committee for Chinese Industrial Cooperatives (also known as INDUSCO), the China Aid Council, and the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC). The new board for this organization included Pearl Buck, William Bullitt, Henry Luce, Robert Sproul, Wendell Willkie, John D. Rockefeller III, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., David O. Selznick, and Thomas Lamont. Eleanor Roosevelt served as honorary chairman.This board appointed <mask> as the executive director, and he set out to raise the money needed to help the refugees from the war. United China Relief was the largest humanitarian effort in the United States to aid the Chinese people up to that time. The organization, which was renamed United Service to China (USC) after the Second World War, raised over US$50 million in donations over ten years. <mask>'s skill in fundraising was shown by the receipt of over $500,000 by June 1941, a mere three months after the launch of the original campaign seeking $5,000,000. Cold War In 1951, B.A<mask> was appointed as the executive director of the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China (ABMAC), and remained in that post until his retirement in 1979. In the 1950s, while still serving at ABMAC, <mask> also served as the executive director of the organization Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, which provided financial and immigration assistance to refugees of the Chinese Communist Revolution.In 1959, <mask> and Lowell Thomas organized the American Emergency Committee for Tibetan Refugees, in response to refugee crisis during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. <mask> served on this committee until 1970. <mask> was a member of the China Lobby and actively supported the Nationalist China, serving on the Committee for Free China and One Million Against Admission of Communist China to the UN. <mask> received the Order of Brilliant Star and the Order of Auspicious Clouds from the Republic of China on Taiwan. Published works <mask> wrote two books, both non-fiction. The first, published in 1948, was One Increasing Purpose: The Life of Henry Winters Luce, a biography of <mask>'s mentor and friend Henry W. Luce. Henry W. Luce was another education missionary at the Christian colleges in China, and father of the publisher Henry R. Luce, founder of Time magazine.The second was his memoirs, titled Within the Four Seas, which was published in 1985. Personal life On September 21, 1921, <mask> married Margaret Cameron. They later had one daughter, Jean. <mask>'s wife died in 1981. References Additional Sources 1894 births 1989 deaths People from Atoka County, Oklahoma 20th-century American biographers 20th-century American educators 20th-century American memoirists Presbyterian missionaries in China University of Oklahoma alumni University of the Ozarks alumni American Presbyterian missionaries American expatriates in China Columbia University alumni

Paweł Strzelecki

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Sir <mask> (; 24 June 17976 October 1873), also known as <mask> and Sir <mask>, was a Polish explorer, geologist, humanitarian, environmentalist, nobleman, scientist, businessman and philanthropist who in 1845 also became a British subject. He is noted for his contributions to the exploration of Australia, particularly the Snowy Mountains and Tasmania, and for climbing and naming the highest – – mountain on the continent, Mount Kosciuszko. Early years Strzelecki was born in 1797, in Głuszyna (Glausche) near Poznań (Posen), in the Polish territory occupied by the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the third child of <mask> and Anna née Raczyńska, both from Polish nobility (szlachta), who leased the Głuszyna estate at the time. In Australia, Strzelecki was referred to as Count though there is no proof that he actually approved or used such a title himself. As Poznań was then under Prussian control, Strzelecki was a Prussian citizen. He left school without matriculating, then served briefly in the Prussian Army in the 6th Regiment of Thuringian Uhlans, at the time known as the Polish Regiment because the majority of the staff were Poles.<mask> submitted his resignation due to the strict Prussian discipline that he did not approve of. There are some suggestions that he deserted the Regiment but in the official history of the Regiment the name <mask> does not appear. Not long after, he became a tutor at a manor of local nobility. He fell in love with his young student, a girl of 15, Aleksandryn (Adyna) Turno, but was rejected as a suitor by her father, Adam Turno. There are stories that <mask> attempted unsuccessfully to elope with Adyna, but biographers find this unlikely. Adyna and <mask> exchanged letters over 40 years but they never married. Provided with funds by his family, Strzelecki travelled in Austria and Italy.He eventually came under the notice of the Polish Prince Franciszek Sapieha who placed him in charge of his large estate in the Russian-occupied part of Poland. <mask> was then about 26 years of age and carried out his duties very successfully. Some years later the prince died, and a dispute arose between his son and heir, Eustace, and <mask>. Eustace refused to pay Strzelecki the prince's bequest – a huge sum of money and a considerable estate – accusing him of bad faith and prevarication. After four years the dispute was settled. <mask> left Poland about 1829 and stayed some time in France, from where he travelled to Africa. He had no formal training in geology, a science then in its infancy in England, but was probably, like his English contemporaries, self taught.On 8 June 1834, he sailed from Liverpool to New York. He travelled widely in North America, analysing soil, examining minerals (tradition claims he discovered copper in Canada), and visiting farms to study soil conservation and to analyse the gluten content of wheat. In South America in 1836 he visited the most important mineral areas and he went up the west coast from Chile to California. During this time he became a strong opponent of the slave trade. He went to Cuba, Tahiti and the South Sea Islands, and came to New Zealand probably about the beginning of 1839. Australia He arrived at Sydney on 25 April 1839. He visited the estate of his friend James Macarthur at Camden.He wrote about meeting the German vintners that the Macarthurs had brought to Australia from the Rheingau region. He wrote: "I had gone with my host to look at the farm, the fields, and the vineyard, — contiguous to which last stood in a row six neat cottages, surrounded with kitchen gardens, and inhabited by six families of German vine-dressers, who emigrated two years ago to New South Wales, either driven there by necessity, or seduced by the hope of finding, beyond the sea, fortune, peace, and happiness, – perhaps justice and liberty. The German salutation which I gave to the group that stood nearest, was like some signal-bell, which instantly set the whole colony in motion. Fathers, mothers, and children came running from all sides to see, to salute, and to talk to the gentleman who came from Germany. They took me for their fellow-countryman, and were happy, questioning me about Germany, the Rhine, and their native town. I was far from undeceiving them." His main interest was the mineralogy of Australia.In September he discovered gold and silver near Wellington (NSW) and in the Vale of Clwyd, in the vicinity of Hartley. He collected there numerous samples of Australian gold, which were sent to the eminent geologist Sir Roderick Murchison of London, and also to Berlin, but the Governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, fearing unrest among 45,000 convicts, stifled the news about the discovery. Later in 1839 <mask> set out on an expedition into the Australian Alps and explored the Snowy Mountains with James Macarthur, James Riley and two Aboriginal guides: Charlie Tarra and Jackey. In 1840 he climbed the highest peak on mainland Australia and named it Mount Kosciuszko, to honour Tadeusz Kościuszko, one of the national heroes of Poland and a hero of the American Revolutionary War. On Victorian maps (but never on New South Wales maps) the name Mount Kosciusko was erroneously connected to the neighbouring peak, at present known as Mount Townsend and causing later many confusions, including the recent incorrect information on swapping the names of the mountains. From there Strzelecki explored Gippsland which he named after the governor. After passing the La Trobe River it was found necessary to abandon the horses and all the specimens that had been collected and try to reach Western Port.For 22 days they were on the edge of starvation and were ultimately saved by the knowledge and hunting ability of their guide Charlie, who caught native animals for them to eat. The party, practically exhausted, arrived at Western Port on 12 May 1840 and reached Melbourne on 28 May. The <mask> Ranges are named in his honour. From 1840 to 1842, based in Launceston, Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land), <mask> explored nearly every part of the island, usually on foot with three men and two pack horses. His friends, the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir John Franklin, and his wife, Lady Jane, afforded him every help in his scientific endeavours. <mask> left Tasmania on 29 September 1842 by steamer and arrived in Sydney on 2 October. He was collecting specimens in northern New South Wales towards the end of that year, and on 22 April 1843, he left Sydney after having travelled through New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, examining the geology along the way.He went to England after visiting China, the East Indies and Egypt. In 1845 he published his Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. The book gained the praise of Charles Darwin and other scientists and was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. It was an unsurpassed source of knowledge on Australia for at least forty-five years. He also published the first map of Gippsland and its description which helped to open up this fertile part of Victoria. He produced the first large geological map of Eastern Australia and Tasmania. In 1845 he became a naturalised British subject.Philanthropy During the autumn and winter of 1846–47 the disaster of the great famine came to Ireland. In January 1847, a group of English banking leaders combined to raise funds for famine relief via a private charity named the “British Relief Association” and entrusted <mask> to dispense them (£500,000). <mask> was appointed the main agent of the Association to superintend the distribution of supplies in County Sligo, County Mayo and County Donegal. In order to alleviate the critical situation of famished Irish families and especially children, <mask> developed a visionary and exceptionally effective mode of assistance: feeding starving children directly through the schools. He extended daily food rations to schoolchildren across the most famine-stricken western part of Ireland, while also distributing clothing and promoting basic hygiene. At its peak in 1848, around 200,000 children from all denominations were being fed through the efforts of the B.R.A., many of whom would have otherwise perished from hunger and disease. Despite suffering from the effects of typhoid fever he contracted in Ireland, <mask> dedicated himself tirelessly to hunger relief.His commitment was widely recognized and praised by his contemporaries. In recognition of his services, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in November 1848. Strzelecki helped impoverished Irish families to seek new lives in Australia. He was, for many years, an active member of Family Colonisation Loan Society, originated by Caroline Chisholm and in 1854 was its chairman, fulfilling his duties with great zeal. He was also an esteemed member of Lord Herbert's Emigration Committee and of the Duke of Wellington's Emigration Committee. He was, additionally, a member of the Crimean Army Fund Committee. At the end of the Crimean campaign he accompanied Lord Lyons on a visit to Sevastopol.<mask> was also associated with Florence Nightingale and helped her in facilitating the publication of a series of her articles. He died of liver cancer in London in 1873 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. In 1997 his remains were transferred to the crypt of merit at the Church of St. Adalbert in his hometown of Poznań, Poland. Awards and honours <mask> was made a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded its Gold Medal for "exploration in the south eastern portion of Australia". The Society still displays his huge geological map of New South Wales and Tasmania for public viewing. He was also appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society, having gained widespread recognition as an explorer and philanthropist. He was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford, appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1849, and appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1869.In 1983 he was honoured on a postage stamp depicting his portrait issued by Australia Post. Named after him In Australia Strzelecki Ranges, Victoria, in which is located the township of Strzelecki. The Strzelecki railway line ran through the ranges to the township. Mount Strzelecki, Northern Territory Strzelecki Peak, Flinders Island Strzelecki Creek, South Australia Strzelecki Highway, Victoria Strzelecki Track, South Australia Strzelecki Desert, east of Lake Eyre in South Australia Strzelecki Scenic Lookout, Newcastle, New South Wales In Canada Strzelecki Harbour Writing Physical Description of New South Wales. Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections and Diagrams, and Figures of the Organic Remains (London, 1845). See also Poles in the United Kingdom Notes References Sources Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki. Reflections of his life by Lech Paszkowski, Australian Scholarly Publishing, 1997, Kosciusko The Mountain in History by Alan E.J.Andrews Tabletop Press, Canberra 1991, Paul Edmund <mask> and His Team. Achieving Together by Ernestyna Skurjat-Kozek & Lukasz Swiatek, FKPP, Sydney 2009, Sir Paul E<mask>: A Polish Count's Explorations in 19th Century Australia by Marian Kaluski, A E Press, Melbourne, 1985, External links Mt Kosciuszko Inc. an organisation of Polish emigrants, was established in Perth, Western Australia, in 2002 to raise public interest in the early history of Mount Kosciuszko and Strzelecki's cultural contributions. <mask> <mask>, Prominent Poles Polish explorers 19th-century Polish geologists Polish geographers Explorers of Australia Australian geologists Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society Polish nobility Companions of the Order of the Bath Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1797 births 1873 deaths People from the Province of Posen Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery Polish emigrants to Australia People from Poznań

David Winters (choreographer)

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<mask> (April 5, 1939 – April 23, 2019) was an English-American actor, dancer, choreographer, producer, distributor, director and screenwriter. At a young age, he acted in film and television projects such as Lux Video Theatre; Naked City; Mister Peepers; Rock, Rock, Rock; and Roogie's Bump. He received some attention in Broadway musicals for his roles in West Side Story (1957) and Gypsy (1959). In the film adaptation of West Side Story (1961) he was one of the few to be re-cast. It became the highest grossing motion picture of that year, and won 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture. <mask> became a dance choreographer. On films, he choreographed several projects with Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret starting with Viva Las Vegas (1964).Other dance choreography credits include T.A.M.I. Show (1964), Send Me No Flowers (1964), Billie (1965), A Star Is Born (1976), etc. On television, he was frequently seen with his troupe on a variety of shows choreographing popular dances of the 1960s. At the Emmy Awards, for the television special Movin' with Nancy (1967), his choreography was nominated in the category Special Classification of Individual Achievements. In the 1970s, <mask> produced and directed television specials including Raquel! (1970), Once Upon a Wheel (1971), Timex All-Star Swing Festival (1972), etc. In films, he directed Alice Cooper: Welcome to My Nightmare (1976), The Last Horror Film (1982), Thrashin (1986), etc.From the 1980s to the 1990s, <mask> ran Action International Pictures where he would produce, distribute and sometime direct action oriented films. From the 2000s to his death in 2019, <mask> continued to produce and direct. Early life <mask> was born <mask> in London, England, the son of Jewish parents Sadie and Samuel Weizer. His family relocated to the United States in 1953. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1956. <mask> was interested in dancing at an early age. Career Early 1950s-1967: Early roles, stage musicals, and dance choreography At age 12, <mask> was shining shoes to pay for dance classes afraid his mother would not approve.She eventually caught him and made a deal to make him stop: if he did his bar mitzvah, she would bring him to dance classes. That same year, <mask> was spotted by a talent agent while dancing in a Manhattan restaurant. From this point he began acting and dancing on television. By the age of 14 he had worked with Jackie Gleason, Martha Raye, Mindy Carson, Sarah Churchill, Wally Cox, George Jessel, Ella Raines, Paul Douglas, and Perry Como. He also was heard on radio plays with Donald Cook and Joseph Cotten. It led him to act in over 15 television shows during a span of 10 years, including Lux Video Theatre, Naked City, The Red Buttons Show, Mister Peepers, etc. In 1954, <mask> acted in the film Roogie's Bump.That year he performed in the first Broadway revival of On Your Toes, directed by George Abbott and choreographed by George Balanchine. It opened on October 11, 1954 at the 46th Street Theatre, where it ran for 64 performances. On November 23 of that year he acted in another Broadway play called Sandhog. In 1956 he acted in Rock, Rock, Rock!. In 1957, he acted in Shinbone Alley. The Broadway production opened on April 13, 1957 at The Broadway Theatre and closed on May 25, 1957 after 49 performances. Later that year, he played the role of Baby John in the original Broadway production of West Side Story.Conceived, directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins, it ran for 732 performances before going on tour. The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical. On May 21, 1959, he starred as Yonkers in the original production of Gypsy. The show was produced by <mask> and directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins Critic Frank Rich has referred to it as one of the more influential stagings of a musical in American theatrical history. The original production received eight Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical. It closed on March 25, 1961 after 702 performances and two previews. In 1960, he acted in the Broadway musical One More River.In 1961, he appeared as A-Rab in the movie version of West Side Story directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. He and Carole D'Andrea, Jay Norman, Tommy Abbott, William Bramley and Tony Mordente were the only actors to have been cast in both the original Broadway show and the motion picture. The film was the highest grossing motion picture of that year, going on to win 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture. During that time and moving forward to 1967, he acted regularly on television, he was seen in 77 Sunset Strip, Perry Mason, The Dick Powell Show, and more. In 1964, he choreographed George Sidney's Viva Las Vegas starring Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret. Ann-Margret, who was his student at the time, recommended him for the job. That year <mask> choreographed Norman Jewison's Send Me No Flowers, Don Weis' Pajama Party, and Steve Binder's T.A.M.I.Show. He also had a role in the film The New Intern. On September 21, the variety show Shindig! premiered where <mask> served as a choreographer. In 1965, he choreographed two musicals starring Elvis Presley: Boris Sagal's Girl Happy and Norman Taurog's Tickle Me. He also choreographed two Ann-Margret films: Bus Riley's Back in Town and Kitten with a Whip. Another choreographer credit was Don Weis' Billie.That year, he started to perform on television with his troupe, named the <mask> Ball television special Lucy in London. Also that year he acted in The Crazy-Quilt by John Korty, and The <mask> Dancers also appeared in the television special MJ's. Finally he choreographed two more Ann-Margret films Boris Sagal's Made in Paris, and George Sidney's The Swinger. In 1967, <mask> directed two episodes of the television show The Monkees. He choreographed Elvis Presley in Easy Come, Easy Go.With the <mask> Dancers, he appeared on the television special Go. That year, he was an associate director for the Broadway play Of Love Remembered, directed by Burgess Meredith. Also in 1967, for his choreography on the Nancy Sinatra television special Movin' with Nancy, he received an Emmy nomination in the category Special Classification of Individual Achievements. 1968 to 1986: Subsequent choreography, producing and directing In 1968, he co-founded the production company Winters/Rosen which specialized in television specials. He choreographed and directed The Ann-Margret Show. That year, separately from <mask>/Rosen, he choreographed and performed with his troupe on the television special Monte Carlo: C'est La Rose, hosted by Princess Grace Kelly. In 1969, <mask> directed and choreographed Ann-Margret: From Hollywood with Love (for which <mask> received an Emmy nomination for dance choreography).Also that year, he produced and choreographed The Spring Thing. On April 26, 1970 CBS released Raquel Welch's first television special Raquel!, <mask> produced, directed and choreographed. On the day of the premiere, the show received a 51% share on the National ARB Ratings and an overnight New York Nielsen Rating of 58% share. In 1971, he produced and directed Once Upon a Wheel, a documentary on auto racing. It is hosted and narrated by actor Paul Newman. That same year, he was an executive producer for The 5th Dimension's television special The 5th Dimension Traveling Sunshine Show. In 1972, he produced, directed and choreographed the television special The Special London Bridge Special, starring Tom Jones, and Jennifer O'Neill.That year, he produced Timex All-Star Swing Festival (which won the Peabody Award and a Christopher Award for <mask> as its producer), a live concert with performances by jazz musicians Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Dave Brubeck, Benny Goodman, Gene Krupa, etc. In 1973, he directed, choreographed and produced the television movie Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, starring Kirk Douglas. At the Emmy Awards it was nominated for outstanding achievement in makeup, costume design, and music direction. In 1975, <mask> directed the Alice Cooper concert film Alice Cooper: Welcome to My Nightmare. That same year, he produced the comedy Linda Lovelace for President. In 1976, he choreographed Frank Pierson's A Star Is Born, starring Barbra Streisand. The following year he choreographed credits 22 episodes of TV show Donny & Mary.That year he also served as a creative consultant on Don Taylor's The Island of Dr. Moreau. In 1978, he choreographed Steve Binder's Star Wars Holiday Special. In 1979 <mask> directed the tennis sport comedy Racquet, starring Bert Convy. That same year, he choreographed Mark L. Lester's Roller Boogie. Also in 1979, Diana Ross In Concert premiered on television, <mask> conceived and directed the stage production. In 1980. <mask> directed and choreographed the stage show Goosebumps.In 1981, he choreographed and was creative consultant for the Diana Ross television special Diana. In 1982, he produced, directed, wrote, and co-starred in the horror comedy The Last Horror Film, starring Joe Spinell and Caroline Munro. It played in film festivals. At the Sitges Film Festival it was part of their official selection, and won best cinematography. At the Saturn Awards the film was nominated for Best International film and Mary Spinell was nominated for best supporting actress. In 1984 he directed the documentary That Was Rock, hosted by Chuck Berry, and a television adaptation of Steadfast Tin Soldier. Also that year he worked as an artistic adviser on the film Blame it on the Night.In 1985, he directed Girls of Rock & Roll. In 1986, <mask> directed the sports film Thrashin, starring Josh Brolin, and Pamela Gidley. Set in Los Angeles, it's about Cory (Brolin), a teenage competitive skateboarder, and his romance with Chrissy (Gidley). With a notable soundtrack, the film maintains a following. Prior to the casting of Brolin, <mask> wanted Johnny Depp to play Cory. That same year, directed the action film Mission Kill, with Robert Ginty. 1987 to 2019: Later works In 1987, <mask> opened the production company, Action International Pictures.He hired director <mask>. Prior, with whom he would work regularly moving forward. That year they released Deadly Prey, Aerobicide, and Mankillers. In 1988, he directed the action film Rage to Kill starring James Ryan. That year also saw the release of Space Mutiny. <mask> was assigned to produce and direct the science fiction film He had to drop out at an early stage of filming due to the death of a close relative, and most of the film was eventually directed by Neal Sundstrom. Both were un-happy with the final product, and <mask> attempted to have his name replaced with a fictional one, but due to his contract he was unable to do so.The film gained a cult status and was subject for a successful episode of the TV Show Mystery Science Theater 3000. That year, <mask> produced Dead End City, Death Chase, Night Wars, and Phoenix The Warrior. In 1989, the action film Code Name Vengeance was released, with <mask> directing and producing. Robert Ginty played the lead. <mask> would go on to produce The Bounty Hunter (1989), Order of Eagle (1989), Future Force (1989), Time Burst - The Final Alliance (1989), Deadly Reactor (1989), Hell on the Battleground (1989), Jungle Assault (1989), The Revenger (1990), Fatal Skies (1990), Future Zone (1990), Deadly Dancer (1990), Operation Warzone (1990), Rapid Fire (1990), The Shooters (1990), The Final Sanction (1990), Lock 'n' Load (1990), Born Killer (1990), Invasion Force (1990), Firehead (1991), Dark Rider (1991), Raw Nerve (1991), Maximum Breakout (1991), Cop-Out (1991), Presumed Guilty (1991), The Last Ride (1991), White Fury (1991), Center of the Web (1992), Armed for Action (1992), Blood on the Badge (1992), and Double Threat (1993). In 1993, AIP was re-branded as West Side Studios with the intent to take a mainstream direction. Under that banner, he produced Night Trap (1993), Raw Justice (1994), The Dangerous (1995), and Codename: Silencer (1995).In 1999, <mask> produced Rhythm & Blues. In 2002, he produced, directed, and co-starred the comedy film Welcome 2 Ibiza, which won the Bangkok Film Festival Audience Award. In 2003, he produced the horror film Devil's Harvest. In 2005, he produced period filmThe King Maker. In 2006, <mask> acted in Kevin Connor's mini-series Blackbeard. In 2012, <mask> acted in the art house film, Teddy Bear. In 2015, Dancin': It's On!, a dance film, premiered which <mask> directed.For this project, he said he reconnected with his original passion for dancing. The film stars winners and runners-up of the tv shows, So You Think You Can Dance, and Dancing with the Stars, with Witney Carson as its lead. In 2018, <mask> released his memoir Tough Guys Do Dance. Death <mask> died on 23 April 2019 at the age of 80, from congestive heart failure. Personal life Friends with rock singer Alice Cooper upon directing the Welcome to My Nightmare Tour in the mid 1970s, he hired ballerina Sheryl Goddard who became Cooper's wife. <mask> lived with Linda Lovelace as her boyfriend following her divorce from her first husband. Their relationship lasted until 1976.She credited him for bringing culture in her life. <mask> was married at least three times. He had a brother, a daughter, two sons, a stepson, and a granddaughter. Filmography Awards and nominations References External links 1939 births 2019 deaths American male child actors American choreographers American male dancers American male film actors Jewish American male actors American film directors American film producers American male screenwriters American male television actors American television directors American television producers Burials at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery English male child actors English choreographers English male dancers English male film actors English film directors English film producers English male musical theatre actors English male screenwriters English male television actors English television directors English television producers English-language film directors English emigrants to the United States English Jews Male actors from London 20th-century English businesspeople 21st-century American Jews

Paul Tergat

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<mask> (born 17 June 1969) is a Kenyan former professional long distance runner. He became the first Kenyan man to set the world record in the marathon in 2003, with a time of 2:04:55, and is regarded as one of the most accomplished long-distance runners of all time. Runnerworld called him the "Most comprehensive runner of all time". Towards the end of his career he concentrated exclusively on the marathon. Tergat set several world records and won many titles on the track, in cross country, and on the road. He lives and trains in Eldoret. Early life <mask> was born on 17 June 1969 in Riwo, Baringo District, in Kenya's Rift Valley Province.He attended Riwo Primary school and later joined Kapkawa Boys High School. Unlike many athletes, Tergat realised his talent after graduating high school. Career Tergat won five straight IAAF World Cross Country Championships titles, 1995 to 1999, which was a record. Says Tergat, "Cross country is what I always liked most. It was my world, my passion. Before the IAAF introduced the short course in 1998, all the world class athletes from 1500 m to the marathon were in the same race." He won the Lisbon Half Marathon in 2000, setting a new course record and personal best of 59:06.He won the race again in 2005 with a time of 59:10. Tergat's achievements also include 5 victories in the traditional Saint Silvester Road Race, the most important event in Latin American street racing. He holds the record for the present 15 km distance, which he established in 1995. His performances in the Saint Silvester race have earned him celebrity status in Brazil. He has had an intense rivalry with his friend Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia. In the Olympic Games 10,000m finals of both 1996 Atlanta Olympics and 2000 Sydney Olympics, he was defeated by Gebrselassie by slim margins. In 2000, the margin of victory was only nine hundredths of a second.Tergat finished second to Gebrselassie in the 1997 and 1999 World Championships in Athletics at 10,000 m, and finished third in the 1995 version of that race, behind Gebrselassie and Moroccan Khalid Skah. On the track, Tergat broke Gebrselassie's 10,000-metre world record on 22 August 1997 in Brussels with a time 26:27.85 minutes. The record was broken again by Gebrselassie in 1998 (time 26:22:75), but <mask>'s time remains a Kenyan record (as of 2014). On the road, Tergat broke the half marathon world record on 4 April 1998 in Milan by running in 59:17 minutes. (Tergat had run 58:51 minutes at the Stramilano half marathon in 1996, but a misplaced cone made the course slightly too short and no record was allowed.) The previous record, 59:47 minutes was set by Moses Tanui in 1993. <mask>'s world record was broken in 2005 by Samuel Wanjiru, another Kenyan.When Tergat raced Gebrselassie in the London Marathon in 2002, it was <mask> who beat Gebrselassie; Tergat was in second place behind then world record holder Khalid Khannouchi. The three runners raced again in the 2007 version with <mask> being the only one of them to finish. He became an IOC member at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires in September 2013. Marathon career <mask> finished second in his first three marathons: London Marathon in 2001 and 2002 and Chicago Marathon in 2001. He continued marathoning by two fourth places: Chicago 2002 and London 2003. He set the marathon world record of 2:04:55, on 28 September 2003 at the Berlin Marathon. That is an average pace of 0:02:57 per kilometre (20.3 km/h) or 0:04:46 per mile (12.6 MPH).In his world record race, Tergat badly abraded his foot. He later said it felt like the sole of his shoe fell off. He also took a momentary wrong turn near the finish. Tergat's countryman Sammy Korir, who was a pacesetter for the race, nearly caught up to him. Korir took second place in 2:04:56, then the second-fastest marathon performance in history. <mask>'s world record was broken in 2007 by Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia. <mask>'s time remained the Kenyan record until 2009, when winner Duncan Kibet and 2nd placed James Kwambai both timed 2:04:27 at the Rotterdam Marathon Tergat won the New York City Marathon 6 November 2005, in a thrilling sprint finish through New York's Central Park, prevailing over defending champion Hendrick Ramaala 2:09:29.90 to 2:09:30.22.That year, Tergat inaugurated the Baringo Half Marathon, setting up the professional race on a course near his home town. A week prior to the London Marathon on 23 April 2006, Tergat pulled a calf muscle. Calling the injury "cruel," he was forced to withdraw from the star-studded race, which would have featured a long-awaited showdown with Haile Gebrselassie. The race was won by Felix Limo of Kenya. Marílson Gomes dos Santos won the 2006 New York City Marathon; Tergat finished third. Gomes made a move at mile 19 and Tergat did not respond, saying "I'll be honest, I didn't know exactly who he was." Tergat steadily closed the gap over the final five miles.<mask> finished sixth (2:08:06) at the 2007 London Marathon in April 2007. The entry list was competitive, including Ethiopian legend Haile Gebrselassie, who dropped out just past the 30-K mark. Kenya's Martin Lel won the race in a time of 2:07.42, after a dramatic, gutsy finish. On 30 September 2007 Ethiopian long distance runner Haile Gebrselassie broke <mask>'s record marathon time of 2:04.55, finishing the Berlin Marathon in 2:04:26. Moments after finishing the race, Gebrselassie apologised to his friend <mask> for breaking the record, during a congratulatory phone call. Gebrselassie later explained "I am sorry – this record belonged to <mask>t," Gebrselassie told a news conference when asked about the phone call. "<mask> is my friend."He expressed a desire to compete in 2008 Olympics, but was not selected to represent Kenya. He finished 4th in the New York Marathon later that year. In 2009, he won the Lake Biwa Marathon in Japan, timing 2:10:22. In October 2009, he was the guest of honour at the relaunch of the Belgrade Race Through History. Although he never won the competition in the late 1990s, he was the only competitor to run in all of the first four editions and never finished outside of the top three. He stated his desire to close his career at the race and praised the way it promoted Serbia's cultural heritage. He was named by New York Road Runners as the recipient of the 2010 Abebe Bikila Award in recognition of his long-distance achievements, becoming the first Kenyan male winner.In his acceptance he said "The history of marathon running is incomplete without the solid and indelible mark of the late Abebe Bikila's contribution, and I am so proud to be associated [with this]". International competitions 1995 Gold medal, 1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships Bronze medal, 1995 World Championships in Athletics 10,000 m 1996 Silver medal, 1996 Summer Olympics 10,000 m Gold medal, 1996 IAAF World Cross Country Championships 1997 Gold medal, 1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships Silver medal, 1997 World Championships in Athletics 10,000 m 1998 Gold medal, 1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships Gold medal, IAAF World Half Marathon Championships 1999 Gold medal, 1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships Silver medal, 1999 World Championships in Athletics 10,000 m Gold medal, IAAF World Half Marathon Championships 2000 Bronze medal, 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships Silver medal, 2000 Summer Olympics 10,000 m Gold medal, IAAF World Half Marathon Championships 2004 10th, 2004 Summer Olympics Marathon Personal bests "+" indicates mark set en route during a longer race "a" indicates course slightly downhill Other activities In January 2004 Tergat was named a UN World Food Programme (WFP) "Ambassador Against Hunger". When he was a child, <mask>t's family was too poor to send him to school with food. According to Tergat, he would not have gotten a full education were it not for the World Food Program, which provided lunch at his school. Tergat set up the Paul Tergat Foundation in 2005. It is meant to help disadvantaged Kenyan sportspeople. He runs a Sports Marketing and PR company known as Fine Touch Communications (organises the annual Sportsman of the Year Awards in Kenya in conjunction with Safaricom, a leading mobile telephony provider in Kenya.He's also considering launching a clothing line under the name "Tergat" in the coming months. Like many other Kenyan athletes, Tergat is enlisted to Armed Forces. He is based at the Moi Air Base in Nairobi. As of April 2015, Tergat was linked with the role of leading a new interim committee to oversee Athletics Kenya (AK) after rumours surfaced that the Sports Cabinet Secretary, Hassan Wario, would soon dissolve AK. References External links Marathoninfo profile Rosa & Associati profile <mask>t Versus Haile Gebrselassie – www.paul-tergat.net 1969 births Living people People from Baringo County Kalenjin people Kenyan male long-distance runners Kenyan male marathon runners Olympic athletes of Kenya Olympic silver medalists for Kenya Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics World record setters in athletics (track and field) World Athletics Championships athletes for Kenya World Athletics Championships medalists World Athletics Cross Country Championships winners New York City Marathon male winners International Olympic Committee members Morans of the Order of the Burning Spear World Athletics Half Marathon Championships winners Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics Berlin Marathon male winners Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field) Ambassadors of supra-national bodies World Food Programme people Kenyan male cross country runners Recipients of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races Best Marathon Runner Award

Sandra Nurmsalu

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<mask> (born 6 December 1988) is an Estonian singer, songwriter, and violinist. Recognized within Estonia for her genre-bending style, Nurmsalu has garnered success as both the lead singer of Urban Symphony and as a solo artist. Nurmsalu rose to prominence in Estonia during her participation in the 2007 edition of the Eesti Televisioon (ETV) talent competition Kaks takti ette. While competing on the show, she formed the band Urban Symphony, of which she became the lead singer from 2007 to 2010. With Urban Symphony, Nurmsalu won Eesti Laul 2009 and represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow with the song "Rändajad", placing sixth. After Eurovision, Nurmsalu competed in Eesti Laul twice more as a soloist: in 2014 and 2019, placing as a finalist both times. Early life and education Nurmsalu was born on 6 December 1988 in Alavere, a small village in Harju County.She began experimenting with music as a student at a music school in Kose, where she learned how to play the violin. In her youth, Nurmsalu sang with the Kose-based children's folk group Pillipiigad for seven years, and then later the folk group Virre for three years. As a teenager, she was a member of the Estonian three-piece girl group Pink Tank. Nurmsalu attended Georg Ots Music School in Tallinn, graduating in 2008. Career 2007–2008: Kaks takti ette and formation of Urban Symphony Nurmsalu began her professional solo career in 2007, competing in the Eesti Televisioon (ETV) singing competition Kaks takti ette. During a special week of the competition where contestants were told their performances must be as part of an ensemble, Nurmsalu formed the group Urban Symphony with other stringed instrument musicians from her music school. The group's performance of "Hungry" by Kosheen blended classical crossover with electronic music; this sound became associated with Urban Symphony and Nurmsalu for the rest of their careers.Nurmsalu ultimately placed fourth in Kaks takti ette. Following the competition, Nurmsalu was signed by Estonian songwriter and record producer Sven Lõhmus to his record label Moonwalk Records. 2009–2011: Further success, Eurovision, and hiatus After signing to Moonwalk shortly after Kaks takti ette, Nurmsalu and Lõhmus decided that she would continue performing with Urban Symphony instead of pursuing a solo career. In December 2008, Urban Symphony was revealed to be taking part in the debut edition of Eesti Laul, the newly created program to select the Estonian representative in the Eurovision Song Contest. Their entry in the competition, "Rändajad", also served as their debut single as a group and was released on 5 January 2009; the song was written and produced by Lõhmus. Urban Symphony competed in the final of Eesti Laul 2009 on 7 March 2009, where they were ranked first by the professional jury and second by the Estonian public. As one of the top two total vote-getters, they advanced to the superfinal with Traffic.In the superfinal, Urban Symphony and "Rändajad" received over 82% of the votes cast, winning the competition and holding the record for the biggest win margin in Eesti Laul history. As the winners of Eesti Laul, Urban Symphony received the right to represent Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow, with "Rändajad". They competed in the second semi-final on 14 May 2009, placing third and qualifying to the final; this was the first time Estonia had qualified to the finals since the introduction of the semi-finals in 2004, and remains their best placement in the semi-finals of all-time. They later performed in the finals on 16 May, where they placed sixth with 129 points; this was the best result for Estonia since their third place finish at the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, and continues to be their best result since then as of . After Eurovision, "Rändajad" became a successful single internationally; it reached the top ten in Estonia, Finland, and Greece, the top twenty in Sweden, and also charted in Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Later that year, Nurmsalu was invited to perform as a special guest during season three of Eesti otsib superstaari, the Estonian version of Idols, performing "Rändajad" with eventual winner Ott Lepland during celebrity duets week; Lepland would later go on to represent Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, placing sixth in the final as well. Urban Symphony released two other singles in their career, "Päikese poole" and "Skorpion"; both of which peaked in the top ten in Estonia.In 2010, Urban Symphony announced that they would be disbanding. The announcement was due to Nurmsalu wishing to prioritize motherhood, while the group's other members wished to continue their studies and pursue other interests. 2012–present: Solo career After a two-year hiatus in order to prioritize raising her child, Nurmsalu returned to music in 2012. She performed guest vocals on the single "Sel teel" by Estonian musician Sinine; the song went on to become a top ten hit in Estonia, and also received airplay in France and Germany. Nurmsalu later began performing traditional Estonian folk songs at various musical events and festivals throughout Estonia. In October 2012, Nurmsalu went on tour alongside several other Estonian musicians to celebrate 100 years of Estonian film and music, performing concerts at venues in Tallinn, Pärnu, and Tartu. Later that year, Nurmsalu announced the Rändajad concert tour.The tour played at several small venues in Harju County, where Nurmsalu was raised, including her hometown of Alavere. In December 2012, to coincide with her return to the music industry, Nurmsalu formed her own record label Muusikalind to promote her music. In 2013, Nurmsalu performed at the Estonian musical concert Öölaulupidu Järjepidevus where she debuted her first original single since returning to music, "Väike Eestimaa". On 26 September 2013, "Väike Eestimaa" was officially released by Moonwalk Studios and included an announcement that Nurmsalu was working on a new album with her former producer Lõhmus. In December 2013, Nurmsalu was announced as one of the semi-finalists in Eesti Laul 2014 with the song "Kui tuuled pöörduvad", written by Lõhmus. This marked her first return to the competition since winning its inaugural edition in 2009 with Urban Symphony. Nurmsalu advanced from the second semi-final on 21 February 2014, to the final, held in Tallinn on 1 March.In the final, Nurmsalu placed third with the Estonian public, but second-to-last with the professional juries, placing fifth overall and not advancing to the superfinal. Nurmsalu's placement was considered a shock, as many expected her to win the competition. Despite not winning, "Kui tuuled pöörduvad" became a top five single in Estonia and Nurmsalu's highest-charting hit since "Rändajad". After Eesti Laul, she planned to release the single "Mängurõõm" in early-2015, but the song was never released after Nurmsalu left Moonwalk Records and cut ties with her former producer Lõhmus. After leaving Moonwalk, Nurmsalu went on another hiatus from the music industry. She returned to music in 2017, releasing the singles "Jäälilled" and "Kevad on alati alles". She also developed a new working relationship with Estonian producer Priit Pajusaar."Jäälilled" was written by Nurmsalu's partner Tarmo Kask, while "Kevad on alati alles" was written by Estonian poet Aapo Ilves; the music for both songs was composed by Nurmsalu, Pajusaar, and Pille Piir. Nurmsalu returned to Eesti Laul once more, being announced as one of the semi-finalists for its 2019 edition in November 2018 with the song "Soovide puu"; the song became the first entry Nurmsalu had written, cowriting it with Pajusaar and Ilves. Nurmsalu qualified from the first semi-final on 31 January 2019 as a second-round qualifier; she did not receive high enough scores from the professional jury or Estonian public in the initial round, but was one of two entries saved by the public as a first semi-final wildcard. She then advanced to the final on 16 February, where she placed eighth in the competition. Personal life Nurmsalu has been in a relationship with professional poker player Tarmo Kask since 2004. Kask is additionally a former physical education teacher, has composed songs for Nurmsalu and other musicians, and ran for leader of the Estonian Free Party. Nurmsalu and Kask have three daughters and one son.Outside of music, Nurmsalu is an animal rights activist who advocates for the prevention of animal abuse and abandonment. Discography Urban Symphony Solo References External links 1988 births 21st-century Estonian women singers 21st-century violinists Eesti Laul winners Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Estonia Estonian pop singers Estonian violinists Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009 Living people People from Anija Parish

Julius Peppers

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<mask> (born January 18, 1980) is a former American football defensive end. He played college football at North Carolina, where he was recognized as a unanimous All-American, and was drafted by the Carolina Panthers second overall in the 2002 NFL Draft, and also played for the Chicago Bears from through and the Green Bay Packers from to . After rejoining the Panthers for the 2017 season, he retired in 2019. <mask> was named to the Pro Bowl nine times, and both the first and second All-Pro teams three times each. In his rookie season, he was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year in , where he recorded 12 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, and an interception, all while playing in only 12 games. He was named to the 2000s and NFL 2010s All-Decade Teams. Early years <mask> was born in Wilson, North Carolina, and raised in nearby Bailey.He attended Bailey Elementary School, Southern Nash Middle School, and finally Southern Nash Senior High School where he played football for Coach Ray Davis. By the time he was a senior at Southern Nash High School, Peppers had grown to , . When Peppers arrived at Southern Nash his Freshman year Davis felt that Peppers would be an asset on the gridiron for the Firebirds, despite the fact that Peppers had never played football before. Davis's gamble would pay off. During his high school career, Peppers played running back and defensive lineman, finished his career with 3,501 rushing yards and 46 touchdowns, and was one of the most dangerous defensive linemen in the state. He also lettered in basketball and was voted all-conference as a power forward for four consecutive years. In 1998, Southern Nash won the state championship in track for the first time in the school's history.Peppers contributed as a sprinter, winning the state championship in the 4×400 meter team relay (3:23.10 minutes) and finishing second as a triple jumper (14.05 meters). He was also rumored to have cleared 2.03 meters in the high jump. During his senior year (1997–98), he was named to the Parade magazine high school All-America team in football as an all-purpose talent and was also named Male Athlete of the Year by the North Carolina High School Athletic Association. In 2005, Peppers was named by the Rocky Mount Telegram newspaper as one of the 50 Greatest Athletes from the Twin County (Nash and Edgecombe) area. College career <mask> attended the University of North Carolina, where he played defensive end for the North Carolina Tar Heels football team from 1998 to 2001. As a true freshman in 1998, he was redshirted. Peppers led the nation with 15 quarterback sacks during his sophomore season (2000), and earned first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and second-team All-American honors.Following his junior season in 2001, he was a first-team All-ACC selection and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. He also won the Chuck Bednarik Award as the nation's top defensive player and the Lombardi Award as the best collegiate lineman and the Bill Willis Trophy as the nation's best defensive lineman. In the three seasons at North Carolina, Peppers started 33 of the 34 games in which he played. He is currently ranked second all-time in UNC history with 30.5 sacks. He accumulated 53 stops behind the line of scrimmage, 167 tackles, 5 interceptions, 2 fumble recoveries, 5 forced fumbles, 13 passes deflected, and 42 quarterback pressures (hurries) and returned 2 interceptions and 1 fumble recovery for touchdowns. Basketball While at the University of North Carolina, Peppers was also a walk-on member of the men's basketball team. The North Carolina football coach, Carl Torbush, said he could play football and then be a walk-on for Bill Guthridge on the North Carolina men's basketball team.He was a reserve on the 1999–2000 Tar Heels team that made it to the Final Four. Peppers was also a reserve on the 2000–01 men's basketball team. In the NCAA Tournament, Peppers scored 21 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in a loss to Penn State in the second round. After the season, Peppers decided to focus solely on football and did not play basketball in his final season. Awards and honors Sporting News Freshman All-American (1999) First-team All-ACC (2000) Second-team Associated Press All-American (2000) Second-team Football News All-American (2000) Division I-A sacks leader (2000) First-team All-ACC (2001) Consensus All-American (2001) Chuck Bednarik Award (2001) Bill Willis Trophy (2001) Lombardi Award (2001) Professional career Peppers was a highly regarded prospect coming into the 2002 NFL draft earning comparisons to Hall of Famer Lawrence Taylor for his ability to dominate a football game. Peppers would end up being selected number 2 overall in the 2002 NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers behind number 1 overall pick, quarterback David Carr. Carolina Panthers 2002 season On September 8, 2002 against the Baltimore Ravens, Peppers played in his first career NFL game, in which he made an impact by deflecting a pass by Ravens quarterback Chris Redman that was intercepted by linebacker Dan Morgan, who proceeded to race 22 yards down field with under two minutes remaining in the game to preserve the victory; the Panthers won the game by a score of 10–7.In <mask>' second career NFL game, which came on September 15, 2002 against the Detroit Lions, he lived up to his billing with three sacks and a forced fumble for Carolina. Peppers also had five tackles including one for a loss, and a deflected pass. <mask>, the second overall pick in the draft, got his first NFL sack early in the first quarter. He got another a few minutes later, and registered his third on the final play of the first half when he drilled Lions quarterback Mike McMahon from behind, knocking the ball loose and leaving McMahon motionless on the ground for several moments. The game ended up being a 31–7 rout of the Lions. Later that season, in a 14–13 loss against the Dallas Cowboys in week 6, Peppers produced three tackles, three sacks, one forced fumble, one pass defensed, and an interception of Cowboys quarterback Quincy Carter that he returned 21 yards, before lateralling the ball to linebacker Mark Fields, who gained an additional 30 yards. <mask>' second three-sack outing of the year tied the NFL rookie record for three-sack games in a season, set by Leslie O'Neal of the San Diego Chargers in 1986.<mask> during his rookie season also helped the Panthers boast the only defensive unit since the NFL merger in 1970 to improve from last in the league in total defense to second in one season. Peppers would finish his rookie season with 28 solo tackles, 7 assisted tackles, 12 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, 1 interception, 5 passes defensed, and 3 stuffs. For his efforts Peppers would earn the NFL Rookie of the Month Award in October 2002 and the 2002 Associated Press NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Award. With four games remaining in the season, Peppers was suspended for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy for taking a banned dietary supplement. Peppers would go on to say that he was given a dietary supplement by a friend to help him fight off fatigue. The pills contained an ephedra substance that was banned by the NFL. Peppers said it was an honest mistake on his part and that he would be more cautious in the future.2003 season In Peppers second season, he was part of a defensive line that also included Brentson Buckner, Kris Jenkins, and Mike Rucker. Together, the unit would be a key cog that would help the Panthers reach the Super Bowl. Peppers would finish the season with 37 solo tackles, 7 assisted tackles, 7 sacks, three forced fumbles, 3 passes defensed, 4 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. In the wild card round playoff game against the Dallas Cowboys, Peppers would make a couple of extraordinary highlight reel plays. In the first quarter, Peppers would chase down Cowboys Receiver Joey Galloway who was one of the fastest players in NFL history, and run him out of bounds after a 28-yard gain. And then later in the fourth quarter as the Cowboys were trying to mount a comeback, Peppers would intercept Dallas Quarterback Quincy Carter and return it 34 yards to the Cowboys 11 yard line. Peppers recorded 1 tackle, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed in the game.The Panthers won the game 29–10. In the divisional round against the St. Louis Rams, <mask> would again have a dominant performance by recording a sack, 2 passes defensed, and 4 tackles, one of which came on a shuffle pass in the second quarter to running back Marshall Faulk. The game would go into double overtime, as the Panthers defeated the Rams 29–23. The next week in the NFC Championship game against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> would record 2 tackles in helping to lead a dominant defensive performance for the Panthers as they held the Eagles to just 3 points. Panthers would win by a score of 14–3. The Panthers reached the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history and matched up against the New England Patriots, the game would be an instant classic as both teams went back and forth throughout the game. Peppers would record 2 tackles and pressure New England QB Tom Brady all throughout the game.On the first defensive snap of the game for the Panthers, Peppers stormed into the Patriots backfield with a speed rush from his left Defensive End spot pressuring and hitting Tom Brady right as Brady released the ball for a completion to WR Deion Branch. Two plays later on the Pats opening drive Peppers was cut blocked by Patriots Offensive Tackle Tom Ashworth, but Peppers recovered quickly and nearly deflected the pass as it whizzed by. On the very next play Peppers again ripped into the Patriots backfield along with blitzing Panthers linebacker Dan Morgan hurrying Tom Brady into a rushed throw for an incompletion, and then again on the following play Peppers man handled Tom Ashworth with a hump move made famous by former great Defensive End Reggie White, as Peppers tossed Ashworth to the side like a rag doll, leaped into the air with both arms up and hit Tom Brady altering his hurried throw for an incompletion. The Patriots missed a field goal on their opening drive. On the next Patriots possession Peppers helped force a three and out by pushing Pats Running Back Kevin Faulk to the ground, who was assigned to block him on the third down play, and then leaped into the air to alter Brady's pass as it was completed short of the first down marker. On a play towards the end of the first half with 32 seconds remaining on the clock, Peppers exploded off the line of scrimmage exhibiting great speed and power, rushing against a double team, and drove both the tackle and guard back towards Brady narrowly missing out on a sack, as Brady just did side step him. On the Panthers first defensive snap of the second half, Peppers shrugged aside the New England Tight End Christian Fauria to tackle Running Back Antowain Smith after a gain of just one yard.On the Patriots second possession of the second half, on third down and 5, Peppers bull rushed Ashworth right at Brady and nicked Brady on the helmet with his left hand just after Brady released the ball, the pass was completed for a first down. After the play sports commentator Phil Simms commented that Peppers "was a star waiting to happen." On the same drive, second down and 6, on a running play by the Patriots Peppers tossed Ashworth to the ground as he was in good position defending against the run, the tackle was made by the Panthers defense for a short gain. In a play early in the fourth quarter, Peppers dropped into coverage and made a tackle on Receiver Troy Brown. On a third and goal play in the fourth quarter with 7:48 remaining on the clock, Patriots leading 21-16, Peppers bull rushed Ashworth and pushed him to the ground, as Peppers was closing in on Brady fellow Defensive End Al Wallace got to Brady sooner and forced Brady into a hurried throw that was intercepted by Cornerback Reggie Howard. On the first play of the next Patriots possession, Peppers dominated Ashworth yet again, bull rushing him back into Tom Brady nearly getting a sack on the play, as he and fellow Panthers Defensive End Mike Rucker hurried Brady into a quick throw which he completed for a 1 yard gain. On the Patriots final drive of the game near the end of the fourth quarter, on the Pats first snap Peppers used an outside speed rush to get around Ashworth and hit Tom Brady knocking him to the ground just as he released the hurried throw for an incompletion.<mask> was double team blocked for the remainder of the Patriots final possession. Peppers was a highly disruptive force all throughout Super Bowl XXXVIII. With 1:08 remaining in the game, and the score tied 29-29, the Patriots were given a short field when Panthers kicker John Kasay kicked the ball out of bounds on the kickoff, giving the Patriots the ball at their own 40 yard line with just over a minute left and three timeouts to use. Brady got the Patriots down the field into field goal range, and Pats kicker Adam Vinatieri kicked a 41 yard field goal through the uprights with 4 seconds remaining for the victory. It was a crushing defeat for Peppers and the Panthers but they fought hard until the final whistle. The Patriots went on to win their 2nd Super Bowl title in 3 years. <mask> and Donovan McNabb were the only people to ever play in both the NCAA men's basketball Final Four and the NFL's Super Bowl.2004 season On October 10, 2004 versus the Denver Broncos, on third-and-3, he was fooled on the play at first but recovered in time to push Broncos quarterback Jake Plummer out of bounds on a bootleg after a 2-yard gain. Then on fourth-and-1, he intercepted Plummer's pass and ran it back 97 yards which was an NFL record for a defensive lineman. Peppers would record 4 tackles, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed in a losing effort to the Broncos by a score of 17–20. In a game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 12, Peppers produced one of the NFL's most dominant performances of the season by blocking a 26-yard field goal attempt, recording a 46-yard interception return for a touchdown, which was Peppers first career touchdown scored and was the first interception returned for a touchdown by a defensive lineman in Carolina Panthers history. Also recorded 1 pass defensed, 1 sack and 4 tackles including one stop in which he chased down Bucs running back Michael Pittman from behind on a 68-yard screen pass in the second quarter. The Panthers would defeat the Bucs 21–14. Peppers would also make a memorable play in Week 15 against the Atlanta Falcons, which was a Saturday night game held on December 18, 2004, Peppers would grab a fumble in midair by Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick and race 60 yards the other way for a Panthers touchdown.Peppers also harassed and chased Michael Vick all over the field during the game as he recorded 3 tackles one being for a loss of yards, 1 pass defensed and the 60 yard fumble recovery for a touchdown. Peppers would also line up as a wide receiver in the red zone towards the end of the second quarter, and catch a pass just outside the end zone, that if thrown more accurately by Panthers quarterback Jake Delhomme would have resulted in a touchdown catch for Peppers. It was a hard-fought game with the Falcons but the Panthers would lose in the end by a score of 34–31. <mask> would also set an NFL record by recording 143 total interception return yards which is the most ever recorded in a single season by a defensive lineman. He also had a combined 203 interception and fumble return yards which is the most ever by a defensive lineman in a single

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season since the NFL merger in 1970. <mask> would finish the season with 52 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 11 sacks, 4 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, 2 interceptions, 9 passes defensed, 4 stuffs, 1 blocked kick, and 2 defensive touchdowns. For his accomplishments <mask> was named to his first NFL Pro Bowl while also earning a spot on the NFL's All Pro First-Team.<mask> would also be named the NFC Defensive Player of the Month in November 2004 and finished fourth overall in the voting by the Associated Press for the AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award. He would also be named the NFC Defensive player of the Year by the Kansas City Committee, as well as the NFL Alumni Defensive Lineman of the Year. 2005 season Peppers broke a bone in his right hand in the sixth game of the season against the Lions, but would return to the game with a cast and help the Panthers get a win 21–20. He would play the next few games with a cast on his hand. Peppers would record two impressive 3 sack games during the season, one against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 9, in which addition to his 3 sacks, Peppers also recorded 5 tackles. His other 3 sack effort came against the Dallas Cowboys in Week 16, in this game Peppers also recorded 8 tackles, 1 pass defensed, and 1 blocked kick. Peppers was an absolute menace and was all over the field for the Panthers defense, but despite Peppers efforts, the Panthers would lose the game 20–24.For the season Peppers recorded 38 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 10.5 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, 6 passes defensed, 5 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. <mask> would make his second Pro Bowl for his efforts. In the wild card round of the playoffs, Peppers was part of defensive effort that held scoreless the New York Giants offense that ranked third in the NFL in points per game. The Giants managed just 132 yards total offense. Panthers became the first team to register a shutout on the road in the playoffs since 1980 when the Los Angeles Rams posted a 9-0 victory at Tampa Bay (1/5/80) in the 1979 NFC Championship. Carolina shutout was third in team history. Panthers coach John Fox had Carolina prepared for everything New York attempted, rattling Eli Manning into four turnovers and sacking him 4 times, pressuring him throughout the game en route to a 23-0 victory.Peppers contributed 2 tackles, 1 sack, and 1 pass defensed. In the divisional round against the Chicago Bears, Peppers hurt his shoulder while driving Bears running back Thomas Jones out of bounds near the goal line in the fourth quarter. Peppers went to the locker room after the play, then returned to the bench but not the game. Peppers recorded 3 tackles and helped the Panthers get the win 29-21. In the NFC Championship Game, against the Seattle Seahawks Peppers would play well with a hurt shoulder and record 6 tackles 1 being for a loss of yards, but the Panthers would lose the game 34–14, and miss out on a chance to play in the Super Bowl. 2006 season <mask> would again record two three-sack games during the season, his first against the Minnesota Vikings in Week 2, in which he recorded 8 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 stuff, 1 pass defensed, and 1 blocked kick. In week 3 against the Cleveland Browns, <mask>, who was playing with a sore ankle, would be a nightmare all game long for QB Charlie Frye and the Browns offensive line.Throughout the game Peppers would record 5 tackles one being for a loss of yards, a sack, forced fumble, fumble recovery on the same play, 5 other QB hits and a pass defensed in which Peppers made an extremely athletic play. Browns fullback Lawrence Vickers took a handoff right but pulled up to pass the ball, Peppers, playing left end, read the play before it began to develop, sprinted downfield and tipped the ball away from tight end Kellen Winslow II. Peppers dominant play helped the Panthers defeat the Browns 20-12. In Week 6 against the Baltimore Ravens, Peppers became the Panthers' all-time sacks leader after registering 2 sacks during the game. Peppers also had 8 tackles and a forced fumble in yet another game that Peppers looked like the most dominant defensive player in the NFL. . In Week 10 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Peppers recorded 4 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 pass defensed, and one fumble recovery in helping to defeat the Buccaneers 24–10. Peppers was so dominant in the game that ESPN Monday Night Football analyst Joe Theismann compared him to Lawrence Taylor, whom Joe had played against while he was a Quarterback for the Washington Redskins, and Taylor a Linebacker for the New York Giants.Taylor ended Theismann's career when he broke his right leg during a Monday Night Football game in 1985. Peppers earned the NFC Defensive Player of the Month Award for the month of October 2006, his second such award. Peppers finished the season with 49 solo tackles, 9 assisted tackles, 13 sacks, 3 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries, 6 passes defensed, 7 stuffs, and 2 blocked kicks. For his efforts, <mask> earned a trip to his third consecutive Pro Bowl and was also named NFL First-Team All Pro for the second time in his career. 2007 season Following Panthers safety Mike Minter's retirement after the 2006 season, <mask> was named as the Panthers defensive captain. Peppers had a down season in 2007 after only recording 30 solo tackles, 8 assisted tackles, 2.5 sacks, 3 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries, 1 interception, 5 passes defensed, 1 stuff, and 2 blocked kicks. Before the season started, Peppers suffered from an undisclosed illness and lost weight, which is assumed to have played a part in his down season.<mask> also missed the final two games of the season with a sprained MCL in his right knee. 2008 season The 2008 season was a bounce back year for <mask> who reverted to his usual dominant self after recording a career-high 14.5 sacks. Peppers would change from left defensive end to right defensive end before the season, which was the position he played in college at the University of North Carolina. <mask>’ best performance of the season came against the Oakland Raiders in Week 10, a game in which he recorded 7 tackles, 3 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, and 1 pass defensed, Peppers moved all along the defensive line and dominated against the Raiders, leading the Panthers to a 17–6 victory. He would earn his second NFC Defensive Player of the Week Award after his performance. Peppers finished the season with 40 solo tackles, 11 assisted tackles, 14.5 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, 5 passes defensed, 4 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. After the season, <mask> earned a spot on the NFC Pro Bowl team, which was the fourth of his career.He also earned Second-Team All Pro honors. The Panthers made the playoffs after the 2008 NFL regular season but lost in the divisional round to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 33–13. On January 16, 2009, ESPN reported that <mask> told ESPN's Chris Mortensen he did not intend to re-sign a long-term deal with the Panthers and would like to explore options with another team, specifically one with a 3-4 defensive formation. He also expressed the desire or willingness to convert from a defensive end to an outside linebacker. Peppers said he would request a trade if franchise tagged. However, despite his request, the Panthers would place the Franchise tag on him on February 19. 2009 season The 2009 season ended <mask>' first stint with the Panthers.Peppers began the season well by recording 5 tackles, 1 sack, 1 forced fumble, 1 pass defensed, and 1 blocked kick in a Week 1, 38–10 loss against the Philadelphia Eagles. But Peppers went without a sack during the next two games against the Atlanta Falcons and Dallas Cowboys, both losses as the Panthers started the season 0–3, causing Panthers linebacker Jon Beason to question Peppers' intensity on a radio show in Charlotte, North Carolina. Beason would later admit that he was wrong about saying this about Peppers and said he thought that <mask> would go down as one of the best players to ever play in the NFL. Peppers bounced back in Week 5 of the 2009 season against the Washington Redskins by recording 5 tackles, 2 sacks, and along with the help of Panthers linebacker Thomas Davis, tackled Redskins Running Back Clinton Portis in the end zone for a safety. Peppers helped the Panthers to their first win of the season defeating Washington 20–17. In Week 8, in a 34–21 win against the Arizona Cardinals, Peppers recorded 2 tackles, 1 sack, 1 forced fumble, 1 interception for a 13-yard touchdown, and 1 pass defensed earning him his third NFC Defensive Player of the Week Award. In Week 9, in a 30–20 loss against the New Orleans Saints, Peppers broke his right hand, but continued to play with a cast on his hand over the next few games.In Week 15 against the Minnesota Vikings, <mask> played one of his best games of his career, although only recording 1 tackle, 1 sack, and 1 pass defensed, Peppers also had 5 quarterback hurries and was all over the field, causing sports writer Peter King to say that Peppers looked like Lawrence Taylor and Deacon Jones rolled into one dominant force. Peppers played so well he caused Vikings Pro Bowl left tackle Bryant McKinnie to be benched by Vikings head coach Brad Childress. Peppers' effectiveness not only prompted Childress to switch tackles, but to also consider making a quarterback change, which Vikings quarterback Brett Favre strongly resisted. Childress said he wanted to protect Favre, who he said was getting his rear end kicked and was taking a beating. In Week 17, which came on January 3, 2010, in a 23–10 win against the New Orleans Saints played at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina, <mask> played in his final game as a member of the Carolina Panthers during his first stint with the team. Peppers recorded 3 tackles, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed. The interception Peppers recorded was, at the time, thought to be the final play of his Panthers career, but Peppers would eventually return to his home state team before the 2017 NFL season.<mask> finished the season with 36 solo tackles, 6 assisted tackles, 10.5 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, 2 interceptions, 5 passes defensed, 3 stuffs, 1 blocked kick, and 1 defensive touchdown. Peppers was voted to his fifth Pro Bowl and also earned Second-Team All Pro honors. On February 22, 2010, Adam Schefter reported that the Panthers would not place the franchise tag on Peppers, leaving him an unrestricted free agent, free to pursue a contract with another team. Chicago Bears 2010 season On March 5, 2010, the Chicago Bears signed <mask> to a six-year contract worth $91.5 million, with $42 million guaranteed in the first three years. Peppers made an immediate impact in Week 1 vs. the Detroit Lions by sacking quarterback Matthew Stafford and forcing a fumble with 29 seconds to go in the first half. The hit Peppers put on Stafford knocked him out for the remainder of the game. In Week 3 against the Packers on Monday Night Football, Peppers recorded just two tackles, but was a thorn in the side of the Packers offensive line and Quarterback Aaron Rodgers all game long, forcing multiple false start and holding penalties, and hurrying Rodgers in the pocket all game long.Peppers also blocked a field goal that ultimately would prove to be the difference in the game as the Bears went on to defeat the Packers by 3 points by a score of 20–17. In Week 5, <mask> went back to his home state to play against his former team, the Carolina Panthers, a game in which he and the Bears won by a score of 23–6. His biggest play of the game was when he tipped a Jimmy Clausen pass and proceeded to intercept it, by diving underneath the ball, after the play, Peppers proceeded to hush the booing crowd by raising his index finger to his lips. Peppers finished the game with 4 tackles, 1 interception, and 1 pass defensed. In Week 11 against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> recorded his first three-sack performance as a member of the Chicago Bears, he finished the game with 6 tackles, 3 sacks, and 1 pass deflection that was intercepted. He earned the fourth NFC Defensive Player of the Week Award of his career for his efforts. <mask> would also win the NFC Defensive Player of the Month Award for November 2010 making it the third time in his career he earned the award.<mask> finished the season with 43 solo tackles, 11 assisted tackles, 8 sacks, 3 forced fumbles, 2 interceptions, 9 passes defensed, 5 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. His impact was most felt with regards to putting pressure on opposing quarterbacks, redirecting running plays, or assisting on the tackle. <mask> was voted to his sixth Pro Bowl and was named to his third, First-Team All Pro team. <mask> also finished fourth in voting for the NFL's 2010 AP Defensive Player of the Year Award, which was won by Pittsburgh Steelers safety Troy Polamalu. In Peppers first year as a Bear, he helped them make the playoffs for the first time since the 2006 season, and helped the Bears secure a victory over the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round by a score of 35–24. Peppers and the Bears came within one game of reaching the Super Bowl, but ultimately lost to the Green Bay Packers in the NFC championship game 21–14. In his 2010 All-Pro Team column, sportswriter Peter King wrote: 2011 season <mask> improved on his 2010 season in 2011 starting all 16 games and leading the Bears defense with 11 sacks despite facing constant double teams, and also playing much of the season with a sprained MCL in his left knee that he injured in Week 5 against the Detroit Lions.But Peppers was still able to record 33 solo tackles, 4 assisted tackles, 11 sacks, 3 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries, 4 passes defensed, 6 stuffs, and 2 blocked kicks. Peppers was awarded his fourth career NFC Defensive player of the month award for November as he collected 6 tackles, 4 sacks, and 3 pass breakups. In Week 17 facing the Vikings, Peppers was awarded a .5 sack by the league, that he originally split with fellow Bears defensive lineman Matt Toeaina, giving him his 100th career sack making him the twenty eighth player in NFL history to achieve that milestone. For his efforts <mask> was elected to the Pro Bowl which was the seventh of his career. 2012 season During the 2012 season, <mask> played with plantar fasciitis, though he was able to record 11.5 sacks on the season, becoming the first Bears player to record ten sacks or more in back-to-back years since Rosevelt Colvin, and the first Bear to record at least 11 sacks in two consecutive seasons since Richard Dent. Peppers also recovered a career-high four fumbles, which tied for the league lead. In Week 16, in a 28–13 win against the Arizona Cardinals, Peppers recorded 5 tackles, 3 sacks, 1 stuff, 1 forced fumble, and 1 pass defensed making it the ninth time in his career that he had recorded at least three sacks in a game, for his efforts Peppers earned his fifth career NFC Defensive Player of the Week Award.<mask> finished the season with 32 solo tackles, 7 assisted tackles, 11.5 sacks, 1 forced fumble, 4 fumble recoveries, 2 passes defensed, 3 stuffs, and 1 blocked kick. He was named to the 2013 Pro Bowl, his fifth consecutive, and eighth of his career, and was also selected to the NFL's 2012 All-Pro Second Team. Peppers also received the Bears Brian Piccolo Award given annually to the player that best exemplifies the courage, loyalty, teamwork, dedication and sense of humor of the late Bears running back Brian Piccolo. On June 5, 2013 Profootballtalk.com named <mask> to their Carolina Panthers Mount Rushmore as one of the teams most significant players in franchise history.

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On July 31, 2013 EA Tiburon revealed that Peppers was named to their "Madden NFL All-25 Team." 2013 season During the Chicago Bears 2013 training camp, Peppers said after one of the Bears practices that he felt 25 years old, and that he wanted to win the first Deacon Jones Award, which was to be given to the player that led the league in sacks. In Week 3 of the 2013 NFL season in a game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Peppers returned a fumble recovery 42 yards for a Bears touchdown with under four minutes remaining in the game to help seal a Bears victory by a score of 40–23.It was the second fumble recovery <mask> had returned for a touchdown in his career, as well as his fourth touchdown scored. In the Bears Week 11 game against the Baltimore Ravens, Peppers recorded a career-high 11 tackles as well as two sacks and two more tackles for loss in helping the Bears defeat the Ravens in overtime by a score of 23–20. Peppers finished the season with 31 solo tackles, 14 assisted tackles, seven sacks, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, one interception, three passes defensed, two stuffs, and one defensive touchdown. On March 11, 2014, <mask> was released by the Chicago Bears after attempts to trade him were unsuccessful. Green Bay Packers 2014 season Peppers signed a three-year deal with the Green Bay Packers on March 15, 2014. The deal was worth $30 million with $8.5 million in first year, and $7.5 million guaranteed. In Week 3 of the 2014 NFL season, Peppers recorded his first sack as a Green Bay Packer and also recorded his 40th career forced fumble and 15th career fumble recovery on the same play.It happened in a losing effort against the Detroit Lions by a score of 19–7. In Week 5 of the 2014 NFL season <mask> recorded his tenth career interception and raced across the field and down the sideline 49 yards to score the fifth touchdown of his career. In doing so, Peppers became the first player in NFL history to record at least 100 sacks and 10 interceptions, he also recorded 3 assisted tackles 1 being for a loss of yards, a pass defensed, and a half-sack in helping the Packers defeat the Minnesota Vikings by a score of 42–10. For his efforts against the Vikings, <mask> was named the NFC defensive player of the week for the sixth time in his career, making him along with Chris Doleman the only two players to win the award with three different teams. Peppers also became the first player since sacks became an official statistic in 1982 to record at least a half-sack and an interception-return touchdown in three different games. Peppers recorded 4 tackles, 2 passes defensed, and a sack, forced fumble, and fumble recovery on the same play against Bears quarterback Jay Cutler. The Packers blew out <mask>' former team by a score of 55–14.In Week 11, Peppers recorded 2 tackles and his 11th career interception which he returned 52 yards for a touchdown, becoming the first player in NFL history to record at least 100 sacks and 4 interception-return touchdowns. It was Peppers sixth career touchdown scored including both interceptions and fumble recoveries returned. The Packers defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 53–20. Peppers finished the season with 29 solo tackles, 15 assisted tackles, 7 sacks, 4 forced fumbles, 3 fumble recoveries, 2 interceptions, 2 defensive touchdowns, 11 passes defensed, and 4 stuffs. Peppers also ranked first among all linebackers and defensive linemen in the NFL with 101 interception return yards. In the Divisional playoff game against the Dallas Cowboys, Peppers would have a dominant performance by leading the Packers in tackles on the day with 6, sacking Dallas quarterback Tony Romo and forcing a fumble on the third play of the game, then drew a holding penalty, and later forced a fumble of running back DeMarco Murray in the third quarter that the Packers recovered and prevented what looked like a clear run to the end zone for Murray. It was yet another game changing play made by Peppers, who has made plays such as this all throughout his outstanding career, and has been one of the biggest playmakers in NFL history as a game wrecking dominant defensive force, the likes of which the NFL hasn't seen since the days of Lawrence Taylor and Reggie White.The Packers went on to defeat the Cowboys 26–21. The Packers would advance to play the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Championship Game. <mask> would put on another dominant playoff performance by recording 5 tackles, 1.5 sacks, 3 quarterback hits, and put much pressure on Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson throughout the game, but ultimately the Packers would fall short in overtime by a score of 28–22. 2015 season <mask> started his fourteenth NFL season off with a bang against his former team, the Chicago Bears. Peppers recorded 6 tackles and 1.5 sacks on the day and in doing so passed former Kansas City Chiefs great Derrick Thomas for fifteenth most sacks in NFL history, as well as helping the Packers defeat the Bears by a score of 31–23. In Week 15 against the Oakland Raiders, Peppers recorded 4 tackles and 2.5 sacks which moved him past fellow North Carolina alumni and former New York Giants legendary linebacker Lawrence Taylor into tenth place on the all-time NFL sacks list, giving him 135 career sacks. The Packers beat the Raiders by a score of 30–20.Peppers finished the season with 25 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 10.5 sacks, and 2 stuffs. He was also selected to his ninth career Pro Bowl. Peppers helped the Packers reach the playoffs and win their wild card round playoff game against the Washington Redskins by a score of 35–18, he had several quarterback pressures and 2 tackles in the game. In the next round against the Arizona Cardinals, Peppers would record several more quarterback pressures and a sack, but the Packers would go on to lose the game in overtime 26–20. 2016 season Before the season started, the top three living NFL sack leaders of all time, Bruce Smith, Kevin Greene, and Chris Doleman all said that <mask> should be a Hall of Famer once he retires. In Week 13, Peppers sacked Texans quarterback Brock Osweiler, moving into the top five on the NFL's all-time sack list with 142.5, passing former New York Giants Hall of Fame Defensive End Michael Strahan for fifth place. Peppers finished the game with 5 tackles and 1 sack, helping the Packers defeat the Texans by a score of 21–13.In Week 15 against his former team the Chicago Bears, Peppers recorded 4 tackles, a sack, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery on the first play of the second half to help the Packers win by a score of 30–27. Peppers finished the season with 15 solo tackles, 8 assisted tackles, 7.5 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, 3 passes defensed, and 1 stuff. In the NFC wild card playoff round against the New York Giants, Peppers sacked Giants quarterback Eli Manning in the first half on a third down play to force a Giants punt. Peppers also ended another Giants drive on third down when he batted a pass that was nearly intercepted, and another on a later play by hitting Eli Manning just as he released the pass, causing an incompletion. Peppers finished the game with 3 tackles, 1 sack, 2 quarterback hits, and 2 passes defended helping the Packers beat the Giants by a score of 38–13 and advance to the divisional playoff round against the Dallas Cowboys. Peppers helped beat the Cowboys the following week 34–31, but the Packers lost a week later to the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC championship game 44–21. Carolina Panthers (second stint) 2017 season On March 10, 2017, Peppers signed a one-year contract to return to the Carolina Panthers.Peppers stated that while he was away from his home state of North Carolina and his home state team, and team that drafted him, the Carolina Panthers, he realized how much he missed the place saying "home is where the heart is." He also said he always wanted to return to the Panthers and repair the relationships with the team and fans and give them another chance to see him wear the Panthers uniform once again. Peppers was given the jersey #90, which was the same number he wore for the first eight years of his career while playing for the Carolina Panthers. In week 1 of the 2017 NFL season, and Peppers first game back as a member of the Panthers, Peppers recorded a half sack and 2 QB hits in helping the Panthers beat the 49ers by a score of 23-3. In week 2 and in Peppers homecoming game in Charlotte, North Carolina at Bank of America Stadium, Peppers would be the last player to be introduced to the crowd as he came out of the tunnel to a huge standing ovation, excited to be back playing for his home state team, and team that drafted him with the second pick in the 2002 NFL draft. It had been nearly eight years since the Panthers legend had suited up for his home state team in Charlotte, and he was ready to put on a show for the home crowd, and the 37 year old future Hall of Famer did just that, having a great performance by recoding 6 tackles and 2 sacks in helping to shut down the Buffalo Bills running game, and helping to harass Bills QB Tyrod Taylor all game long. It was a special day for North Carolina's prodigal son as he helped the Panthers defeat the Bills by a score of 9-3.After the game Peppers would go on to say that this defense is the best he's ever been a part of. In week 4, Peppers helped the Panthers defeat the New England Patriots 33-30. Peppers had another dominant performance recording 4 tackles, 2 sacks, 3 QB hits, and nearly had another sack and forced fumble right before halftime as he helped to disrupt Patriots quarterback Tom Brady, (who suffered an ac joint sprain in his left shoulder on one of Peppers sacks, but was able to finish the game) and the New England offense throughout the game, despite playing through a right shoulder injury of his own that he had in a brace. For his efforts, Peppers was named the NFC Defensive Player of The Week for the seventh time in his storied career. In Week 5, Peppers recorded a sack of Lions quarterback Matthew Stafford and also had a big 4th down tackle for a 4-yard loss which resulted in a turnover on downs. The Panthers would defeat the Lions by a score of 27–24. In Week 6 against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> recorded his 150th career sack, making him the fifth player in NFL history to achieve that milestone.He also forced a fumble on the same play, which gave him 48 career forced fumbles and tied him for second most all time with former Defensive End John Abraham. However, the Panthers lost 28–23. In Week 8 win against Tampa Bay, Peppers recorded his 151st sack, moving him past Chris Doleman for fourth most all-time. Peppers also recorded his 49th career forced fumble on the same play, which moved him into sole possession of second place on the all-time forced fumbles list. The sack also gave Peppers 7.5 sacks for the season, tying him with Bruce Smith for the most seasons with at least 7 sacks (15). In Week 15 against the Green Bay Packers, Peppers recorded a half sack late in the fourth quarter on a fourth down play against quarterback Aaron Rodgers, helping the Panthers ultimately win 31–24. The half sack gave Peppers 10 sacks on the season and 10 total seasons with double digit sacks, becoming only the fourth player in NFL history to achieve that milestone.Peppers also became only the third player in NFL history at age 37 or older to record at least 10 sacks in a season. Peppers finished the season with 21 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 11 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries, and 3 stuffs. Peppers helped the Panthers make the playoffs, and they faced off against the New Orleans Saints in the wild card round. Peppers would record 2 tackles in the game including a huge tackle for loss on third down with 2:27 remaining in the fourth quarter. The Saints would go for it on fourth down and Saints' quarterback Drew Brees would throw an interception thereby giving the Panthers offense one more chance to win the game, but the Panthers offense was unable to score, causing the Panthers to lose by a score of 31–26. 2018 season On March 14, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension with the Panthers. In week 6 against the Washington Redskins, Peppers recorded a sack and a forced fumble which gave him 50 forced fumbles for his career.<mask> is only the second player in NFL history to record at least 50 forced fumbles, the first being Robert Mathis. The Panthers would lose the game though 17-23. In week 7 against the Eagles, <mask> recorded a sack and forced fumble on fourth down late in the fourth quarter to seal the victory for the Panthers by a score of 21-17. In week 17 against the New Orleans Saints, in what would be his last NFL game, <mask> would have yet another dominant performance, one of many in his Hall of Fame worthy career. Peppers recorded 4 solo tackles, 1 sack, 2 other tackles for loss, and 1 pass defensed as he looked to be all over the field in helping to defeat the Saints by a score of 33-14. <mask> finished the season with 14 solo tackles, 8 assisted tackles, 5 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, 1 fumble recovery, 6 passes defensed, and 3 stuffs. After a 17-year career in the NFL, <mask> announced his retirement on February 1, 2019.<mask> finished his legendary NFL career with 716 total tackles and 159.5 sacks (fourth most all-time - trailing only Bruce Smith (200), Reggie White (198) and Kevin Greene (160). He sacked 77 different quarterbacks, tied with Hall of Famer Reggie White for the most since sacks became official in 1982. Peppers recorded at least one sack against 30 of the NFL’s 32 franchises. The exceptions were the Bengals (three games against) and the Colts (four games against). He also had 51 forced fumbles (second most all-time) 21 fumble recoveries, 11 interceptions, 82 passes defensed, 6 defensive touchdowns scored (four interceptions returned, and two fumble recoveries) 60 stuffs, and 13 blocked kicks (second most all-time). He played in 266 of a possible 272 games in his career - the sixth most games played by a defensive player in NFL history. Post-playing career On May 8, 2019, <mask> was hired as a special assistant of business operations with the Carolina Panthers.Personal life In February 2009, Peppers donated $500,000 to a scholarship program that supports black students at his alma mater of North Carolina. His donation would go to the Light on the Hill Society Scholarship, a tribute to UNC's earliest black graduates which helps alumni and friends support black freshmen who show the potential for academic excellence at UNC and after they graduate. References External links North Carolina Tar Heels bio Carolina Panthers bio Chicago Bears bio Green Bay Packers bio 1980 births Living people African-American basketball players African-American players of American football All-American college football players American football defensive ends American sportspeople in doping cases Basketball players at the 2000 NCAA Division I Men's Final Four Basketball players from Charlotte, North Carolina Carolina Panthers players Chicago Bears players Doping cases in American football Green Bay Packers players National Conference Pro Bowl players National Football League Defensive Rookie of the Year Award winners North Carolina Tar Heels football players North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players People from Nash County, North Carolina People from Wilson, North Carolina Players of American football from Charlotte, North Carolina Unconferenced Pro Bowl players American men's basketball players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people 100 Sacks

Richard K. Diran

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<mask><mask> (born November 3, 1949) is an American adventurer and gemologist who has also been a painter, trader in gemstones, restaurateur, and art dealer. He is best known as the author and photographer of the book The Vanishing Tribes of Burma, which was published in 1997. Biography <mask> is the son of Edward K. and <mask> of San Mateo, California. He graduated from San Mateo High School in 1968. <mask> was in the first graduating class of the California Institute of the Arts in 1972. He moved to Japan where he earned a Black Belt in karate in 1974, after which he returned to California, where he graduated from the Gemological Institute of America in 1978 Later <mask> and his Japanese wife, Junko, owned the Fuki-ya Japanese Restaurant in the Japan Center (San Francisco) (1978–1989). An article in The Goldsmith magazine claimed that it was the first Robatayaki restaurant in the United States.Jerry Hopkins and Andy McCoy have mentioned <mask> in their published books. Both remember him as part of the business and social scene in Bangkok in the early 1980s. <mask>, who first visited Burma in 1980 as a buyer of gemstones, traveled throughout Myanmar and Cambodia for more than two decades, exploring the art, the then still rarely-visited temples, and visiting still remote tribal peoples as he took photographs and acquired antiquities and gems. Antiquities repatriation In 1994 <mask> relinquished his claim to an 11th-century Buddha statue from Pagan that he purchased in Thailand for $18,000 and brought to the United States in 1990; no criminal action was pursued against him. <mask> had scheduled the statue to be auctioned by Sotheby's in October 1991, expecting to begin bids between $15,000 and $25,000. In 1994, The United States initiated an interpleader proceeding, a civil proceeding, joining Diran and Myanmar as parties to determine the rightful owner of the statue. The sandstone Buddha, which had been stolen from a pagoda near Bagan in 1989 along with three other artifacts, "is widely regarded by scholars as an integral part of Myanmar's Buddhist heritage", and according to Jack Daulton, the attorney representing Myanmar, "was of the utmost rarity, a national treasure".After being confiscated by the FBI, the statue was secured at Northern Illinois University (NIU) during the times of unrest in Burma, until 2012 at which point it was moved to Paris for a few weeks en route to being repatriated and stored in the National Museum of Myanmar by November of that year. <mask>'s attorney has insisted that <mask> had been forthcoming throughout the process, having "declared it through U.S. Customs" when transporting it to the United States, and relinquishing his claim to the statue at a substantial financial loss when its ownership was challenged by the FBI and the government of Myanmar. Daulton counters that there are many clear indications that the statue was not obtained legitimately, including the fact that "It's an extremely rare piece of sculpture, and an object like this has not appeared on the market for years." A publication from NIU on the repatriation of historical artifacts stated that the case "set a legal precedent in the United States for litigation related to the international transport of antiquities." Photography:The Vanishing Tribes of Burma <mask>'s photographs of the tribal peoples of Myanmay have been published as a book and also displayed as a traveling exhibition. <mask> took the photos in the book over a period of 17 years. Asiaweek described the book as, "the most comprehensive visual record of Myanmar's many ethnic groups".<mask>'s book explores Burma's "cultural diversity," portraying not only the better-described tribal groups, such as the Jinghpaw, the Karen and the Shan, but also lesser-known peoples including the Thet people, (a Rakhine people), the Bre, the Laytoo Chin and the Lahta. Sarah Dudley of the University of Leicester understands <mask>'s work as salvage ethnography, capturing images of a physical culture on the brink of disappearing. According to essay reviews inAsiaweek and The Japan Times, <mask>, entering Myanmar via a series of 7-day tourist visas issued in Bangkok, entered areas of the country barred to foreigners by the military regime either by evading or with the connivance of provincial officials and thereby obtained a unique series of images of societies on the brink of replacing traditional dress and locally woven cloth with modern fabrics and styles. Journalist Bertil Lintner took similar risks to enter Myanmar in this period. The exhibition features 70 photographs which, according to <mask>, include people from "at least 40 distinct ethnic groups, documented over more than 25 years and constituting 'the most comprehensive study of Burmese ethnography since [Sir George] Scott more than 100 years ago.'" <mask> has explained that he intended the exhibition to help humanize the many disparate ethnic groups, many of whom have very little knowledge of one another, some of whom have been "linked by the military government to insurgent terrorists". All photos in the exhibition were donated to the National Museum of Myanmar.In 2014 a human rights group in Sweden sponsored an exhibition of <mask>'s photos to draw attention to ethnic conflict in Myanmar. In Security Council resolution number A-SC-01-01 the United Nations, "Strongly suggests that the importance and heritage of various tribe groups of Myanmar are promoted through measures such as ... inviting visitors to the exhibition "The Vanishing Tribes of Burma", on permanent display at Yangon's National Museum showcasing over 70 photographs by <mask><mask>. References External links <mask>’s Website: Diranart The Vanishing Tribes of Burma - filmmaker Lovisa Inserra Weblink Burmese Television report from Kamayut Media 1949 births Writers from San Francisco Living people American expatriates in Thailand American expatriates in Myanmar American expatriates in Cambodia Gemologists

John Butler (musician)

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<mask> (born 1 April 1975), professionally known as <mask>, is an Australian singer, songwriter, and music producer. He is the front man for the <mask> Trio, a roots and jam band that formed in Fremantle, Western Australia, in 1998. The <mask> Trio has recorded five studio albums including three that have reached number one on the Australian charts: Sunrise Over Sea, Grand National and April Uprising. His recordings and live performances have met with critical praise and have garnered awards from the Australian Performing Right Association and Australian Recording Industry Association. <mask> was born in the United States and moved to Australia at an early age. He began playing the guitar at the age of sixteen. In 2002, <mask>, along with several partners, formed their own record label.He is also the co-founder of a grant program that seeks to improve artistic diversity in his home country, Australia, where he resides with his wife and children. Early life and education <mask> <mask> was born on 1 April 1975 to an Australian father, Darryl Wiltshire-<mask>, and an American mother, Barbara (née <mask>). [A] He was named after his paternal grandfather, <mask>-<mask>, a forestry worker who died fighting a bushfire in Nannup. <mask> has British, Bulgarian, and Greek ancestry through his father. His genealogy was investigated on an episode of the SBS Television series Who Do You Think You Are?, which aired on 1 November 2009. The show traced his family history from his deceased grandfather's war diaries through to ancestors in Bulgaria and the events of the 1876 April Uprising. In January 1986, after his parents divorced, <mask>'s father moved the family to Western Australia.They eventually settled in Pinjarra, a small country town, and <mask> attended Pinjarra Primary School and Pinjarra Senior High School. He began playing guitar at the age of sixteen after his grandmother gave him a 1930s dobro belonging to his deceased grandfather. In 1996, he attended Curtin University in Perth and enrolled in an art teaching course, but eventually abandoned his studies to pursue a career in music. Some of his first musical performances were as a busker at the Fremantle Markets. <mask> was also participant in the Western Australian skateboarding scene, and is recognised for his involvement with the internationally renowned "Woolstores" street spot in Fremantle. Career <mask> travelled to Encinitas, California, after high school, where he spent two years with his brother Jim and began his music career in a band called Vitamin. <mask>'s first gig was 9 September 1994 at the Metaphor Cafe in Escondido, California.There Vitamin was written up and reviewed in "Go" magazine they performed all around the San Diego area and played one show in Houston, Texas opening for Dive, who later became Osmant between in 1995. Vitamin recorded two tracks, "Deadhorse" and "Mary Jane" in the Belly Up Studios in Solana Beach, California in 1994. Vitamin bandmate Ozzie Rea fronted Perth funk band, Proton. The two can be found on The Live at Mojo's CD and performed together on New Years Ever Y2K. <mask> was a busker on the streets of Fremantle playing his own compositions. In mid-1996, he released a self-recorded cassette of his instrumentals, Searching for Heritage, which sold 3,000 copies. He played different styles of music including "Indian, Celtic, bluegrass and folk".<mask> had his first paid performance in 1997 at the Seaview Hotel in Fremantle. In 1998, North Fremantle Mojo's club owner Phil Stevens hired <mask> as a regular performer. Stevens became his manager and later his business partner. Vitamin <mask> began his music career in a band called Vitamin, his first paying gig was at the Metaphor Cafe in Escondido, California. Vitamin was written up twice in the Escondido Times-Advocate. Vitamin gigged all over San Diego and played one show in Houston Texas in 1995. Vitamin recorded two tracts "deadhorse" and "Mary Jane" in the Belly Up Studios, Solana Beach California in 1994.Vitamin bandmate Ozzie Rea moved to Australia in 1998 and fronted a Perth Funk band called Proton who shared John <mask> Trio Drummer, Jason McGann (sound engineer mojo's) Proton and the trio can be found on The Live at Mojo's CD and gigged together on New Years Ever Y2K. The members of Vitamin were <mask> (12 string guitar, vocals) Ozzie Rea (vocals) Justin Bancroft (electric guitar) Taria Flower Star (bass) Duck Grossberg (bass) Desiree (congas) Gabe (Djembe) Jim (Harmonica) Hailey Odom (harmonica) John <mask> Trio John Butler Butler was joined by drummer Jason McGann (Mojos sound engineer) and bass player Gavin Shoesmith to form the John <mask> Trio and recorded the <mask> album which was released on Waterfront Records in December 1998. At various times the members of the John <mask> Trio included drummers Michael Barker (2003–2009) and Nicky Bomba, bass players Rory Quirk (2001–2002), Andrew Fry (April 2002 – November 2002), Shannon Birchall (2002–2009) and Byron Luiters. The band's musical style was influenced by Black Sabbath, Fleetwood Mac and Jeff Lang. The band toured throughout Western Australia in 1999. Three The band's second album, Three, was produced by <mask> and Shaun O'Callaghan. It was released and distributed on Waterfront Records in April 2001.It featured the tracks "Take" and "Betterman", which both received radio airplay on the Australian alternative youth radio station Triple J and rated in its annual Hottest 100. The band appeared at the Big Day Out concert series and the Woodford Folk Festival. Sunrise Over Sea The song "Zebra" was released as a single in December 2003 and received mainstream radio airplay and reached the top 30 on the ARIA Charts. It was selected as 'Song of the Year' at the APRA Music Awards of 2004. The album, Sunrise Over Sea, was released in March 2004 and peaked at No. 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was the first independently released and distributed album to debut at No.1 and <mask> received the ARIA 'Best Male Artist' award that same year. Grand National In September 2006, <mask> Trio released a promotional studio diary of the recording progress of their next album, Grand National, which was released in March 2007 and peaked at No. 1. In December 2006, Funky Tonight (EP) was released and included tracks from their live shows, such as "Daniella", "Fire in the Sky", and "Funky Tonight". The band performed at the Melbourne entertainment hub, Federation Square at Easter 2007. The one off performance featured musicians who had collaborated on Grand National, including Vika and Linda Bull, Jex Saarhelart and Nicky Bomba. The performance was telecast on JTV and was released on DVD in November.April Uprising On 21 October, <mask> featured on SBS Television's documentary called Destination Australia – Bridge Between Two Worlds performing to refugee children in a class at Perth's Highgate Primary School. <mask>'s discovery of his Bulgarian ancestor's involvement in the April Uprising provided the title for the trio's next No. 1 album, April Uprising, issued in March 2010. <mask> Carmody/Paul Kelly song "From Little Things Big Things Grow" (with Carmody, Kelly, Missy Higgins and Dan Sultan) at the Kelly tribute concerts staged by Triple J in mid-November 2009, which was released as the 2010 live album Before Too Long. On 19 February 2011, <mask> performed for the first time with his wife Danielle, also known as Mama Kin, under the moniker Brave and the Bird, at the Gimme Shelter event (an annual fundraiser for the homeless) held at the Fremantle Arts Centre. Flesh and Blood The early sessions for the <mask> Trio's sixth studio album commenced in mid-2013, following the band's largest tour of the US. For the first time in the band's lifetime, the members began with a blank songwriting slate, rather than using the initial ideas of <mask> that had been introduced.<mask> gathered with Luiters and Bomba at The Compound in Fremantle, Western Australia, which serves as the band's headquarters and the frontman's artistic space, and co-wrote material for the first time, deviating from the Butler-centric process of the past: "I had always brought the material." After contributing a large portion of work towards the album, Bomba eventually left the Compound space to work on his Melbourne Ska Orchestra project and was replaced by Grant Gerathy. <mask> explained in an interview during the band's US tour: But a lot of these songs on this album I kind of magpied. Magpies are this bird in Australia that takes shiny things from anywhere and builds its nest, and so that's kind of what I do. I'll take a little of my own experience of having some heavy party time with certain friends, and then I'll hear some other stories about addicts or other intense relationships. I'll put them into the mixing pot and make up these characters to explore different possibilities and emotional landscapes. One of the songs on the album, "Wings Are Wide", was written as a dedication to his grandmother, who gave <mask> his grandfather's Dobro guitar that became the foundation for his songwriting.<mask> admitted that "I wasn't at all into roots music or playing the slide or anything when I got it, and it sat under my bed for a long, long time." Released in Australia on 8 February 2014, Flesh and Blood was produced by Jan Skubiszewski and features a vocal duet with Ainslie Wills. Solo On 29

John Butler (musician)

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June 2007, <mask> gave a live solo performance at Twist and Shout Records in Denver, Colorado, which was released in January 2008 as an eight-track EP, One Small Step, with A$1 from each record sold being donated to Oxfam's "Close the Gap" campaign. One Small Step was <mask>'s first official solo release. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2007, <mask> performed "Funky Tonight" in a collaboration with fellow Australian musician Keith Urban. Radio station, Triple J's listeners voted Grand National their favourite album for 2007. "Ocean" garnered <mask> newfound success when recordings of live performances of the song went viral on the internet.<mask> made a cameo appearance in 2009 Australian film, In Her Skin, as a busker. The film's soundtrack featured three songs by the <mask> Trio, "Ocean", "Caroline" and "What You Want". In July 2009, <mask> undertook a solo overseas tour commencing in North America, where he played at the Montreal Jazz Festival, the Rothbury Music Festival in Michigan and The Mile High Music Festival in Denver. In North America he sold out headline shows in Toronto and Los Angeles. In Europe, <mask> played at the Folies Bergère in Paris and London's Union Chapel. He also performed at Cannes, Amsterdam and Antwerp. Upon his return in August, he took part in the Cannot Buy My Soul concert at the Queensland Music Festival.<mask> performed alongside other local musicians (including Paul Kelly, Missy Higgins, Troy Cassar-Daley, Clare Bowditch, Tex Perkins and Bernard Fanning) reinterpreting the catalogue of indigenous Australian musician Kev Carmody. <mask>'s interpretation of the song, "Thou Shalt Not Steal", was included on the compilation album, and later was featured on the iTunes Deluxe album of Grand National. <mask> participated at the Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures located in Northeast Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory. Jarrah In July 2002, Jarrah Records was created by <mask>, members of fellow Western Australian act The Waifs and their common manager, Stevens. Being a partner in a record label allowed <mask> to maximise artistic control of his recordings. Equipment and technique <mask> plays harmonica, didgeridoo, drums, lap-steel, banjo and amplified acoustic guitars and his custom-made, 11-string Maton guitar. <mask> prefers the Maton custom 11-string guitar and often uses a Seymour Duncan SA-6 Mag Mic pick-up with a Marshall Amplification JMP Super Lead Head and a Marshall 4×12 cabinet.He uses a variety of electronic effects including distortion, reverb / delay and wah-wah pedal to achieve his unique sound. <mask> uses long, pointed fiberglass fingernails for finger picking. Political activism <mask> is an advocate of peace, environmental protection, and global harmony. He has supported The Wilderness Society and the Save Ningaloo Reef campaign. In 2005, <mask> and Caruana co-founded the JB Seed grant program – renamed as The Seed in 2010 – to support artistic expression and encourage the "social, cultural and artistic diversity in Australian society". The couple contributed $80,000 to establish the project. Other supporters include Paul Kelly, Correne Wilkie (Manager, The Cat Empire), Paul and Michelle Gilding (Ecoscorp), Maureen Ritchie, Missy Higgins, <mask> (Eleven Music), <mask> (JWM Productions), Sebastian Chase (MGM Distribution), Philip Stevens (Jarrah Records), The Waifs and Blue King Brown.<mask> is one of the largest supporters of the "Save The Kimberley" campaign in Australia and performed at the Save the Kimberley concert in Melbourne, Australia's Federation Square in October 2012. On 4 October 2012, <mask> was joined by 150 people during a protest outside the BHP Billiton headquarters in Melbourne; the protest was in response to the corporation's involvement with a proposed James Price Point gas industrial complex in Western Australia's Kimberley region. <mask> performed at another concert in support of the Kimberley cause on 24 February 2013, with Missy Higgins also appearing again, with the event held at The Esplanade in Fremantle, Western Australia. Jarrah Records, the record label that <mask> co-founded with The Waifs and Phil Stevens, worked in partnership with The Wilderness Society to stage the free event that also featured the band Ball Park Music and Bob Brown, former leader of the Australian Greens. A march to protest the proposed gas refinery construction at James Price Point accompanied the free concert and campaign supporters were photographed with banners and placards. In response to the proposed dumping of around of dredged seabed onto the Great Barrier Reef, a legal fighting team was formed by World Wide Fund for Nature-Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS) in late 2013/early 2014. The legal team received further support in April 2014, following the release of the "Sounds for the Reef" musical fundraising project.Produced by Straightup, the digital album features <mask>, in addition to artists such as The Herd, Sietta, Missy Higgins, The Cat Empire, Fat Freddys Drop, The Bamboos (featuring Kylie Auldist) and Resin Dogs. Released on 7 April, the album's 21 songs were sold on the Bandcamp website. <mask> is against Coal Seam Gas (CSG) and gave a free supporting concert at the Bentley protesting the Northern Rivers of New South Wales, Australia, on 20 April 2014. <mask> supports freedom of West Papua on Republic of Indonesia. Personal life <mask> is married to Danielle Caruana, an Australian musician and vocalist who performs under the name of Mama Kin. They have two children, a daughter and a son. After wearing dreadlocks for 13 years, <mask> cut them off in early 2008.In an interview with the Herald Sun newspaper in 2008, <mask> acknowledged that he had been referred to as the "million dollar hippie" in various articles and around his hometown in Australia. The nickname refers to his inclusion on the Business Review Weekly list of the 50 richest entertainers in 2004, with reported earnings of A$2.4 million. Prior to the release of the <mask> Trio's sixth album, Flesh and Blood, <mask> explained: I still care about everything I care about. But I don't know how to write another song about a greedy arsehole ruining the planet. I have done it. I started writing about the damage of war and the environment, but as you drill down deeper, move closer to the core of the heart, there are so many great stories to be had which aren't literally talking about a problem. <mask> also admitted to substance use: "I've never had any big addictions.I feel like I might smoke pot a bit too much, and I've done cigarettes." He affirmed to his audience that he is "normal" and is "going through all the same things" they are, and he asked that he not be placed on a "pedestal". Awards and nominations AIR Awards The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector. |- | AIR Awards of 2012 |Tin Shed Tales | Best Independent Blues and Roots Album | |- APRA Awards The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). The <mask> Trio have won five awards from 21 nominations (see <mask> Trio awards). <mask> has won a further ARIA award for 'Best Male Artist' in 2004 from six nominations in that category. ! Lost to |- || 2001 || Three || Best Male Artist || || Nick Cave - No More Shall We Part |- | |2003 || Living 2001-2002 || Best Male Artist || || Alex Lloyd - "Coming Home" |- || 2004 || Sunrise Over Sea || Best Male Artist || || |- || 2005 || "Somethings Gotta Give" || Best Male Artist || || Ben Lee - Awake Is The New Sleep |- || 2007 || Grand National || Best Male Artist|| || Gotye - Mixed Blood |- || 2010 || April Uprising || Best Male Artist || || Dan Sultan - Get Out While You Can |- Discography With <mask> Trio Studio albums <mask> (1998) Three (2001) Sunrise Over Sea (2004) Grand National (2007) April Uprising (2010) Flesh & Blood (2014) Home (2018) Solo Searching for Heritage (1996) Live At Twist & Shout (2007) One Small Step (2007) Australian release of Live at Twist & Shout Tin Shed Tales (2012) See also Danielle Caruana Notes <li id="noteFoot01a" >^ For full name as <mask> Charles Wiltshire-Butler see Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) search result for songwriter and performer of "Something's Gotta Give".For full name as <mask> <mask> see APRA search result for songwriter and performer of "All My Honey". For date and place of birth see Matera. References General Specific External links Official website JB Seed grants project 1975 births Living people American rock guitarists American male guitarists APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners Australian buskers Australian indie pop musicians Australian indie rock musicians Australian multi-instrumentalists Australian rock guitarists Australian singer-songwriters Banjoists Curtin University alumni Musicians from Torrance, California Musicians from Western Australia People from Fremantle Slide guitarists Singers from California Guitarists from California American emigrants to Australia 21st-century American singers 21st-century Australian singers 21st-century American guitarists 21st-century American male singers Australian male guitarists Australian male

Laurence Hope (artist)

original

<mask> (born 9 March 1927) is an Australian artist from Sydney who is best known for his Lover, Dreamers and Isolates paintings. Early years <mask> was raised in an artistic environment, his parents, Norman and <mask>, were practicing artists who met at Brisbane Technical College in the 1920s. His father ran a successful illustration and printing business and from early age <mask> would undertake commercial artistic assignments for the family business. He had a stable early family life with his parents and older brother Norman, living first in Dee Why and then moving to Seaforth during the depression years. His local primary school in Seaforth brought him into contact with a young Charles Blackman, with whom he was to form a close friendship many years later. <mask> later attended East Sydney Technical College and quickly developed a mature style from an early age leading to success in a number of art awards, most notably the national Sun Youth Art Prize in 1940 for the painting Sydney Orchestra. Australian years In 1944 at the age of 17 <mask> left home and travelled to Brisbane.Penniless, he spent a number of nights sleeping rough before meeting the poet Barrett Reid who took him to stay at his parents, this was the start of a lifelong friendship. A string of temporary jobs followed to help facilitate his art which remained largely concerned with depicting the dispossessed and vulnerable in society. Intellectually <mask> aligned himself with the Barjai Group, a collection of writers and poets led by Barrett Reid, and with members including Barbara Patterson and Charles Osborne. Later, in 1945 along with Pamela Seeman and <mask>, he formed the Miya Studios with the aim of providing exhibition space for young artists with common goals. <mask> exhibited at their annual exhibition during the life of the Studios from 1945-49. During this time he became re-acquainted with Charles Blackman, the two travelled, painted and lived together over a number of years. Blackman credited <mask> with helping him adjust to life as an artist during this time.On a hitchhiking trip with Barrett Reid in 1947 he was introduced to John and Sunday Reed who were to become lifelong supporters of his art. Though them <mask> became acquainted with many of the influential avant-garde in the Melbourne art scene such as Joy Hester, Sidney Nolan, Arthur Boyd and John Perceval. In the late 40s and early 50s <mask> travelled widely around Queensland working in a range of odd jobs and painting vivid jungle, urban and figurative images. During this time he had a number of successful solo exhibitions in Brisbane at the Moreton Gallery and Johnstone Gallery. In 1953, he moved to Melbourne where he met Georges Mora and Mirka Mora and was adopted into their family eventually becoming godfather to their second son William Mora. He appeared in a number of exhibitions at Mirka's studio, including a solo show in 1954. He also helped re-establish the Contemporary Arts Society.During his time in Melbourne he met with a significant network of artists who matched his own ideas of true originality born of imagination, including Danila Vassilieff, John Percival, Arthur Boyd, Jean Langley and Robert Dickerson. In 1962 <mask> collaborated with Perceval and Mirka Mora on murals Aspendale Fricassee and Balzac Fricassee by Ross Crothall and Mike Brown of the Annandale Imitation Realists'. By this time he had moved to painting mainly with oil on board, rather than his earlier work which tended to be watercolour and gouache on paper. This coincided with him increasingly focusing his energies on exploring the isolation and loneliness of the human condition, a subject he had explored since his teenage years and has continued to return to throughout his life. His ‘collective paintings of Lovers, Dreamers and Isolates depict the mood and temperament of individuals concealing more significant emotions’. Later years <mask> moved to England in 1963, after travelling widely across Europe. There he met up with expatriate friends – Charles Blackman, Barbara Blackman, John Perceval, Arthur Boyd and Barry Humphries and exhibited at Clytie Jessop's Kings Road Gallery.During that time he even turned to acting, appearing in the Philippe Mora film Trouble in Melopolis alongside Germaine Greer. For the next five years <mask> continued to travel widely across Europe, Asia and the Americas. These trips influenced his painting which became more ‘dramatic, vivid and colourful’, he began to paint on a larger scale ‘incorporating monuments, temples and even mythological creatures’ from Cambodia and Mayan civilisations. During this time he continued to have a number of major exhibitions including a retrospective at the Holdsworth Galleries in Sydney and the Commonwealth Art Gallery in London. In 1977 his exhibition Opal the Rainbow Gem at the ICA in London featured Cibachrome prints, and acrylic paintings made from them, of the gemstone taken at magnifications of up to x5400 through a microscope. In 1972 he had a son, Danton, by his partner Marna Shapiro. This led to him painting an extensive collection of baby fantasy paintings reflecting this new period in his life.In 1989 he married Wendy Shaw and his painting became more personalised and intimate. In 2002 <mask> had a major retrospective exhibition at the Heide Museum of Modern Art in Melbourne touring to the Sir Hermann Black Gallery at the University of Sydney and the Customs House Gallery, University of Queensland. <mask> is represented in a large number of public and private collections, including the National Gallery of Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, Art Gallery of South Australia, Queensland Art Gallery, Heide Museum of Modern Art and University Art Museum - University of Queensland. References External links Self-portrait with mumps Lovers in bed Night Club - 14/03/2002: <mask> Place of birth missing (living people) Australian painters Living people 1927 births People from Sydney Modern artists