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Institute for Public Sector Transformation IPST - Digital Sustainability Lab DSL 19

Abraham Lincoln

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<mask> (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. <mask> led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. <mask> was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas.<mask> ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the Union. To secure its independence, the new Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and <mask> called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union. <mask>, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised <mask>, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people.His Gettysburg Address appealed to nationalistic, republican, egalitarian, libertarian, and democratic sentiments. <mask> scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland, and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. He engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation, including his order that the Army and Navy liberate, protect, and recruit former slaves. He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country. <mask> managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation.On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. <mask> is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is often ranked as the greatest president in American history. Family and childhood Early life <mask> was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of <mask> and Nancy Hanks <mask>, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of <mask>, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family then migrated west, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. <mask>'s paternal grandparents, his namesake Captain <mask> and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky. The captain was killed in an Indian raid in 1786.His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, <mask>'s father, witnessed the attack. Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s. The heritage of <mask>'s mother Nancy remains unclear, but it is widely assumed that she was the daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, <mask>, and Thomas, who died as infant. <mask> bought or leased farms in Kentucky before losing all but of his land in court disputes over property titles. In 1816, the family moved to Indiana where the land surveys and titles were more reliable.Indiana was a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory, and they settled in an "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. In 1860, <mask> noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties. In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. At various times, he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptists church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery. Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to in Indiana, an area which became the Little Pigeon Creek Community. Mother's death On October 5, 1818, <mask> succumbed to milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, 9-year-old <mask>, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating <mask>. On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. <mask> became close to his stepmother and called her "Mother". <mask> disliked the hard labor associated with farm life. His family even said he was lazy, for all his "reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc.". His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy "physical labor", but loved to read. Education and move to Illinois <mask> was largely self-educated.His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read but probably not to write, at age seven, and in Indiana, where he went to school sporadically due to farm chores, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregate by the age of 15. He persisted as an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his reading included the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. As a teen, <mask> took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21. <mask> was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an ax. He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21. He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as "the Clary's Grove Boys". In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended <mask> family, including <mask>, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County. <mask> then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part due to his father's lack of education. In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, <mask> struck out on his own. He made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six years. <mask> and some friends took goods by flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was first exposed to slavery.In 1865, <mask> was asked how he came to acquire his rhetorical skills. He answered that in the practice of law he frequently came across the word "demonstrate" but had insufficient understanding of the term. So, he left Springfield for his father's home to study until he "could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid [here, referencing Euclid's Elements] at sight." Marriage and children <mask>'s first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New Salem. By 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged. She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever. In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.Late in 1836, <mask> agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied. In 1839, <mask> met Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled at <mask>'s request, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister. While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose."In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near his law office. Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative. <mask> was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The oldest, Robert Todd <mask>, was born in 1843 and was the only child to live to maturity. Edward Baker <mask> (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. <mask>'s third son, "Willie" <mask> was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad<mask>, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.<mask> "was remarkably fond of children" and the <mask>s were not considered to be strict with their own. In fact, <mask>'s law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when <mask> would bring his children to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for <mask> I kept my mouth shut. <mask> did not note what his children were doing or had done." The deaths of their sons, Eddie and Willie, had profound effects on both parents. <mask> suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought to be clinical depression.Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her for a time to an asylum in 1875. Early career and militia service In 1832, <mask> joined with a partner, Denton Offutt, in the purchase of a general store on credit in New Salem. Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and <mask> eventually sold his share. That March he entered politics, running for the Illinois General Assembly, advocating navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a raconteur, but he lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election. <mask> briefly interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War. In his first campaign speech after returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.<mask> finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct. <mask> served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading, and decided to become a lawyer. Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, <mask> borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on his own. He later said of his legal education that "I studied with nobody." Illinois state legislature (1834–1842) <mask>'s second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent. Then followed his four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1836, and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. <mask> emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844 began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man". U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849) True to his record, <mask> professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization. In 1843, <mask> sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term. <mask> not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846 but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line. He was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department. <mask> teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support.Political views On foreign and military policy, <mask> spoke against the Mexican–American War, which he imputed to President James K. Polk's desire for "military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood". He supported the Wilmot Proviso, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico. <mask> emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil". <mask> demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil. The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost <mask> political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty <mask>".<mask> later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers. <mask> had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House. Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election. Taylor won and <mask> hoped in vain to be appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office. The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory as consolation. This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and

Abraham Lincoln

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resumed his law practice. Prairie lawyer In his Springfield practice, <mask> handled "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer".Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years. <mask> handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, <mask> initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him. He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company, a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but it made <mask> the only president to hold a patent. <mask> appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor.From 1853 to 1860, one of his largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad. His legal reputation gave rise to the nickname "Honest Abe". <mask> argued in an 1858 criminal trial, defending William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. The case is famous for <mask>'s use of a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, <mask> produced a Farmers' Almanac showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted. Leading up to his presidential campaign, <mask> elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn "Peachy" Harrison who was a third cousin; Harrison was also the grandson of <mask>'s political opponent, Rev.Peter Cartwright. Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison. <mask> angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible hearsay. <mask> argued that the testimony involved a dying declaration and was not subject to the hearsay rule. Instead of holding <mask> in contempt of court as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal. Republican politics (1854–1860) Emergence as Republican leader The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue. In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, <mask> highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to "both extremes" on the slavery issue.As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the resulting spread of slavery, but Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May 1854. <mask> did not comment on the act until months later in his "Peoria Speech" in October 1854. <mask> then declared his opposition to slavery which he repeated en route to the presidency. He said the Kansas Act had a "declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself.I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world ..." <mask>'s attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life. Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting on the demise of his party, <mask> wrote in 1855, "I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist...I do no more than oppose the extension of slavery." The new Republican Party was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party, and combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members, <mask> resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists. <mask> held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist Know Nothing movement. In 1854, <mask> was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his seat. The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath, <mask> sought election to the United States Senate.At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature. After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. <mask> instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. <mask>'s decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, Joel Aldrich Matteson. 1856 campaign Violent political confrontations in Kansas continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. As the 1856 elections approached, <mask> joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which formally established the Illinois Republican Party.The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state. <mask> gave the final speech of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union. At the June 1856 Republican National Convention, though <mask> received support to run as vice president, John C. Frémont and William Dayton comprised the ticket, which <mask> supported throughout Illinois. The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State James Buchanan and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan prevailed, while Republican William Henry Bissell won election as Governor of Illinois, and <mask> became a leading Republican in Illinois. Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise. After Scott was returned to the slave state he petitioned a federal court for his freedom.His petition was denied in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in the decision wrote that blacks were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution. While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North. <mask> denounced it as the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power. He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal "in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". <mask> debates and Cooper Union speech In 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and <mask> hoped to defeat him. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and <mask>'s 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state. Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and <mask> won the nomination with little opposition. <mask> accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal. After his nomination he delivered his House Divided Speech, with the biblical reference Mark 3:25, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided.It will become all one thing, or all the other." The speech created a stark image of the danger of disunion. The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select <mask> or Douglas. When informed of <mask>'s nomination, Douglas stated, "[<mask>] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won." The Senate campaign featured seven debates between <mask> and Douglas. These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands. The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically.<mask> warned that Douglas’ "Slave Power" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that all men are created equal. Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, that local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery and accused <mask> of having joined the abolitionists. <mask>'s argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery. Douglas's argument was more legal, claiming that <mask> was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision. Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. <mask>'s articulation of the issues gave him a national political presence. In May 1859, <mask> purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratically but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support.In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned <mask> as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Simon Cameron. While <mask> was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek office. In January 1860, <mask> told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination if offered, and in the following months' several local papers endorsed his candidacy. Over the coming months, <mask> was tireless, making nearly fifty speeches along the campaign trail. By the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party. However, despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States, he was less appreciated in the east. Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of <mask>'s compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited <mask> to give a speech at Cooper Union, in which he argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected any "groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong". Many in the audience thought he appeared awkward and even ugly. But <mask> demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought him into contention. Journalist Noah Brooks reported, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience." Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a "superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery". In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, <mask> said, "The taste is in my mouth a little."1860 presidential election On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. <mask>'s followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and <mask> received his first endorsement. Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), <mask>'s supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate". In 1860, <mask> described himself: "I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes." Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of <mask> by his campaign. At times he was presented as the plain-talking "Rail Splitter" and at other times he was "Honest Abe", unpolished but trustworthy. On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, <mask> won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase.A former Democrat, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, was nominated for vice president to balance the ticket. <mask>'s success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff. Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support. <mask>'s managers had focused on this delegation while honoring <mask>'s dictate to "Make no contracts that will bind me". As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with <mask> that the North was the aggrieved party. Throughout the 1850s, <mask> had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession. When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. <mask> and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South. Prior to the Republican convention, the <mask> campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties. People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against <mask> and rallied supporters for <mask>. As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, <mask> gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on <mask>'s life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty.The goal was to demonstrate the power of "free labor", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts. The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed <mask>'s life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies. Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him. In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to

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deal with the influx of attention. He also hired John George Nicolay as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency. On November 6, 1860, <mask> was elected the 16th president. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West.No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War. <mask> received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon. His victory in the electoral college was decisive: <mask> had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents. Presidency (1861–1865) Secession and inauguration The South was outraged by <mask>'s election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed. Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America, and adopted a constitution. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal.President Buchanan and President-elect <mask> refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional president on February 9, 1861. Attempts at compromise followed but <mask> and the Republicans rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories. <mask> said, "I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right." <mask> tacitly supported the Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when <mask> took office. That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed. A few weeks before the war, <mask> sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.En route to his inauguration, <mask> addressed crowds and legislatures across the North. He gave a particularly emotional farewell address upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive. The president-elect evaded suspected assassins in Baltimore. On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard. <mask> directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states: <mask> cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating "One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute." The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: "We are not enemies, but friends.We must not be enemies ... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, <mask> and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated. In his second inaugural address, <mask> looked back on the situation at the time and said: "Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came." Civil War Major Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and <mask>'s order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war.On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight. Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated <mask> made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion. William Tecumseh Sherman talked to <mask> during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war. Donald concludes that, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that." On April 15, <mask> called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states.This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of Richmond as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral. The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line to defend the nation. As States sent Union regiments south, on April 19, Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains. Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting local Maryland officials.<mask> suspended the writ of habeas corpus where needed for the security of troops trying to reach Washington. John Merryman, one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus. In June Taney, ruling only for the lower circuit court in ex parte Merryman, issued the writ which he felt could only be suspended by Congress. <mask> persisted with the policy of suspension in select areas. Union military strategy <mask> took executive control of the war and shaped the Union military strategy. He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as commander-in-chief by exercising unprecedented authority. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers.<mask> gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions. <mask> also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict. It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized <mask> for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. On August 6, 1861, <mask> signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery.In August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels. <mask> canceled the illegal proclamation as politically motivated and lacking military necessity. As a result, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000. Internationally, <mask> wanted to forestall foreign military aid to the Confederacy. He relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward while working closely with Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman Charles Sumner. In the 1861 Trent Affair which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the Trent, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. <mask> ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats.Biographer James G. Randall dissected <mask>'s successful techniques: <mask> painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, <mask> replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton. Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000. Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction. He worked more often and more closely with <mask> than any other senior official. "Stanton and <mask> virtually conducted the war together", say Thomas and Hyman.<mask>'s war strategy embraced two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory. Twice a week, <mask> met with his cabinet in the afternoon. Occasionally Mary prevailed on him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard. For his edification <mask> relied upon a book by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck entitled Elements of Military Art and Science; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini. <mask> began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River. <mask> saw the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory. General McClellan After the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement, <mask> appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief.McClellan then took months to plan his Virginia Peninsula Campaign. McClellan's slow progress frustrated <mask>, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on <mask>'s reservation of troops for the capitol. In 1862, <mask> removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction. He elevated Henry Halleck in July and appointed John Pope as head of the new Army of Virginia. Pope satisfied <mask>'s desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thus protecting Washington from counterattack. But Pope was then soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, <mask> restored him to command of all forces around Washington. Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam. That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated <mask>'s Emancipation Proclamation in January. McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General Don Carlos Buell likewise refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. <mask> replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and after the 1862 midterm elections he replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. The appointments were both politically neutral and adroit on <mask>'s part. Burnside, against presidential advice, launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December.Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so <mask> replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker. In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of habeas corpus, military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations. In the spring of 1863 <mask> was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston. Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade. Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite <mask>'s demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.Emancipation Proclamation The Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865 delegated the issue to the individual states. <mask> argued that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented. He sought to persuade the states to agree to compensation for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition. <mask> rejected Fremont's two emancipation attempts in August 1861, as well as one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and would upset loyal border states. In June 1862, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory, which <mask> signed. In July, the Confiscation Act of 1862 was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; <mask> approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional. He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise.<mask> at this time reviewed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet. Privately, <mask> concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification; Republican editor Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune agreed. In a letter of August 22, 1862, <mask> said that while he personally wished all men could be free, regardless of that, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union: The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and effective January 1, 1863, affirmed the freedom of slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under such control. <mask>'s comment on signing the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper." He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites. With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south

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liberated three million slaves.Enlisting former slaves became official policy. By the spring of 1863, <mask> was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, <mask> wrote, "The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once". By the end of 1863, at <mask>'s direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley. The Proclamation included <mask>'s earlier plans for colonies for newly freed slaves, though that undertaking ultimately failed. Gettysburg Address (1863) <mask> spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863. In 272 words, and three minutes, <mask> asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal".He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and the future of democracy would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth". Defying his prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history. General Grant Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and in the Vicksburg campaign impressed <mask>. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, <mask> had said, "I can't spare this man. He fights." With Grant in command, <mask> felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops.Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded <mask> to promote Grant to supreme commander. Grant then assumed command of Meade's army. <mask> was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864. He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, <mask> promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since George Washington. Authorization for such a promotion "with the advice and consent of the Senate" was provided by a new bill which <mask> signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1864. Grant in 1864 waged the bloody Overland Campaign, which exacted heavy losses on both sides.When <mask> asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Grant's army moved steadily south. <mask> traveled to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia, to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman. <mask> reacted to Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North. <mask> authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability. He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake. <mask>'s engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general Jubal Early raided Washington, D.C. Legend has it that while <mask> watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future Supreme Court Justice) Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!"As Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group meeting with <mask>, Seward, and others at Hampton Roads. <mask> refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized. On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege. The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and <mask> visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, officially ending the war. Re-election <mask> ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions, along with War Democrats Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson.<mask> used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him. At its convention, the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, <mask> ran under the label of the new Union Party. Grant's bloody stalemates damaged <mask>'s re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. <mask> confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House; <mask> did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The pledge read as follows: The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing" of the party and called the war a "failure"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Meanwhile, <mask> emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support.Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatism. The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for <mask>. The National Union Party was united by <mask>'s support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads. On November 8, <mask> carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers. On March 4, 1865, <mask> delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will.Historian Mark Noll places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial. <mask> said: Reconstruction Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as <mask> and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked <mask> how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, <mask> replied, "Let 'em up easy." <mask> was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one. <mask> led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, who otherwise remained <mask>'s allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, <mask> urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held.His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance. As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored. In Tennessee and Arkansas, <mask> respectively appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors. In Louisiana, <mask> ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery. Democratic opponents accused <mask> of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade–Davis Bill, which <mask> vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.<mask>'s appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who <mask> believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies. After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, <mask> increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole matter" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress. This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. Passage became part of <mask>'s reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865. With ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.<mask> believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. <mask> announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists. Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly how Reconstruction would have proceeded had <mask> lived. Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that: Eric Foner argues that: Native American policy <mask>'s experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather <mask> by Indian assailants, in the presence of his father and uncles. <mask> claimed Indians were antagonistic toward his father, <mask>, and his young family.Although <mask> was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, which was fought in Wisconsin and Illinois in 1832, he saw no significant action. During his presidency, <mask>'s policy toward Indians was driven by politics. He used the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage, making appointments to his loyal followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin. He faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks. On August 17, 1862, the Dakota uprising in Minnesota, supported by the Yankton Indians, killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and deeply alarmed the <mask> administration. Some believed it was a conspiracy by the Confederacy to launch a war on the Northwestern front. <mask> sent General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, to Minnesota as commander of the new Department of the Northwest.<mask> ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the Dakota Uprising. When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, <mask> revoked the policy. Pope fought against the Indians mercilessly, even advocating their extinction. He ordered Indian farms and food supplies be destroyed, and Indian warriors be killed. Aiding Pope, Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley led militiamen and regular troops to defeat the Dakota at Wood Lake. By October 9, Pope considered the uprising to be ended; hostilities ceased on December 26. An unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives, with <mask> effectively acting as the route of appeal.<mask> personally reviewed each of 303 execution warrants for Santee Dakota convicted of killing innocent farmers; he commuted the sentences of all but 39 (one was later reprieved). <mask> sought to be lenient, but still send a message. He also faced significant public pressure, including threats of mob justice should any of the Dakota be spared. Former Governor of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey told <mask>, in 1864, that he would have gotten more presidential election support had he executed all 303 of the Indians. <mask> responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes." Other enactments In the selection and use of his cabinet, <mask> employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency. <mask> commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet.We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services." Goodwin described the group in her biography as a Team of Rivals. <mask> adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating. <mask> vetoed only four bills, including the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh Reconstruction program. The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost.The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869. The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s. There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax. In 1861, <mask> signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs, following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($ in current dollar terms). The Revenue Act of 1862 adopted rates that increased with income.<mask> presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The National Banking Act created the system of national banks. The US issued paper currency for the first time, known as greenbacks—printed in green on the reverse side. In 1862, Congress created the Department of Agriculture. In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. <mask> attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days. <mask> is largely responsible for the Thanksgiving holiday.Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, <mask> declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June 1864, <mask> approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park. Judicial appointments Supreme Court appointments <mask>'s philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known."<mask> made five appointments to the Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. Samuel Freeman Miller supported <mask> in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was <mask>'s campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where <mask> practiced. Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, <mask>'s Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. <mask> believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.Other judicial appointments <mask> appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts but no judges to the United States circuit

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courts during his time in office. States admitted to the Union West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Nevada, which became the third state in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864. Assassination John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. After attending an April 11, 1865 speech in which <mask> promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President. When Booth learned of the <mask>s' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate <mask> and Grant at Ford's Theatre. <mask> and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play. At 10:15 in the evening, Booth entered the back of <mask>'s theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of <mask>'s head, mortally wounding him. <mask>'s guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. After being attended by Doctor Charles Leale and two other doctors, <mask> was taken across the street to Petersen House. After remaining in a coma for eight hours, <mask> died at 7:22 in the morning on April 15. Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages." <mask>'s body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers.President Johnson was sworn in the next morning. Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested for court martial. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge. Funeral and burial The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. The caskets containing <mask>'s body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train. The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands.Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing or in silent grief. Poet Walt Whitman composed "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" to eulogize him, one of four poems he wrote about <mask>. African Americans were especially moved; they had lost 'their Moses'. In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war. Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some <mask> haters celebrated his death. <mask>'s body was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield and now lies within the Lincoln Tomb. Religious and philosophical beliefs As a young man, <mask> was a religious skeptic.He was deeply familiar with the Bible, quoting and praising it. He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others. He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs. Through his entire public career, <mask> had a proneness for quoting Scripture. His three most famous speeches—the House Divided Speech, the Gettysburg Address, and his second inaugural—each contain direct allusions to Providence and quotes from Scripture. In the 1840s, <mask> subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power. With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God.He never joined a church, although he frequently attended First Presbyterian Church with his wife beginning in 1852. In the 1850s, <mask> asserted his belief in "providence" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence. The death of son Willie in February 1862 may have caused him to look toward religion for solace. After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity. He wrote at this time that God "could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun, He could give the final victory to either side any day.Yet the contest proceeds." <mask> did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing those beliefs in major speeches. By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars as the greatest such address in American history, and by <mask> himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least.<mask> explains therein that the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will. <mask>'s frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants. On the day <mask> was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land. Health <mask> is believed to have had depression, smallpox, and malaria. He took blue mass pills, which contained mercury, to treat constipation. It is unknown to what extent he may have suffered from mercury poisoning. Several claims have been made that <mask>'s health was declining before the assassination.These are often based on photographs of <mask> appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting. It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. Legacy Republican values <mask>'s redefinition of republican values has been stressed by historians such as John Patrick Diggins, Harry V. Jaffa, Vernon Burton, Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz. <mask> called the Declaration of Independence—which emphasized freedom and equality for all—the "sheet anchor" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s. He did this at a time when the Constitution, which "tolerated slavery", was the focus of most political discourse. Diggins notes, "<mask> presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech. Instead of focusing on the legality of an argument, he focused on the moral basis of republicanism.His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract. Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state. Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs. As a Whig activist, <mask> was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats. William C. Harris found that <mask>'s "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism." James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concludes that "he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders."Reunification of the states In <mask>'s first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people." The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century. Historical reputation In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are <mask>, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies.Between 1999 and 2011, <mask>, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan have been the top-ranked presidents in eight surveys, according to Gallup. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked <mask> number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington. <mask>'s assassination left him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty. Republicans linked <mask>'s name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered <mask> as a man of outstanding ability. Historians have said he was "a classical liberal" in the 19th-century sense.Allen C. Guelzo states that <mask> was a "classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright", whose portrait <mask> hung in his White House office. Schwartz argues that <mask>'s American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Union nationalism, as envisioned by <mask>, "helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt." In the New Deal era, liberals honored <mask> not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the welfare state. Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of <mask> was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life." During the Great Depression, he argues, <mask> served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful". Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan.Americans asked, "What would <mask> do?" However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II <mask>'s symbolic power has lost relevance, and this "fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness." He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept. In the Cold War years, <mask>'s image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes. By the late 1960s, some African-American intellectuals, led by Lerone Bennett Jr., rejected <mask>'s role as the Great Emancipator. Bennett won wide attention when he called <mask> a white supremacist in 1968. He noted that <mask> used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks.Bennett argued that <mask> opposed social equality, and proposed sending freed slaves to another country. Defenders, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day; and that he was a "moral visionary" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible. The emphasis shifted away from <mask> the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government on emancipation. By the 1970s, <mask> had become a hero to political conservatives, apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage, his acting in terms of Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers. <mask> became a favorite exemplar for liberal intellectuals across the world. Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that <mask>'s image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century. On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that <mask> was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason".In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named <mask> his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies. <mask> has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light. Memory and memorials <mask>'s portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill. His likeness also appears on many postage stamps. While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell. He was the first of five presidents to do so. He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska.The United States Navy is named after <mask>, the second Navy ship to bear his name. <mask> Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital, and is one of the top five visited National Park Service sites in the country. Ford's Theatre, among the top sites in Washington, D.C., is across the street from Petersen House (where he died). Memorials in Springfield, Illinois include <mask> Presidential Library and Museum, <mask>'s home, as well as his tomb. A portrait carving of <mask> appears with those of three other presidents on Mount Rushmore, which receives about 3 million visitors a year. See also Outline of <mask> Grace Bedell <mask> Tower List of civil rights leaders List of photographs of <mask> <mask> (film): 2012 film by Steven Spielberg. Linconia, a proposed colony in Central America named for <mask> Notes References Bibliography Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else, Penguin Press.ISBN 9781984879059 External links Official Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum The Lincoln Presidential Library's ongoing digitization of all documents written by or to <mask> during his lifetime Collected Works of <mask> – complete collected works as edited by Basler et

Alfie Hale

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Alfred "<mask><mask> (born 28 August 1939 in Waterford, Republic of Ireland) is a former Irish footballer and manager who played for several clubs in both the League of Ireland and the English League, most notably, Waterford, Aston Villa, Doncaster Rovers and Cork Celtic. During his career <mask> scored 153 goals in the League of Ireland and a further 66 with English League clubs. As an international, <mask> also played for the Republic of Ireland. After retiring as a player <mask> managed several teams in the League of Ireland, most notably, Cork Celtic, Waterford United and Kilkenny City. In June 2003, <mask> and such other notable Waterford footballers as Davy Walsh, Paddy Coad, Peter Thomas, Jim Beglin and John O'Shea were honoured by the Waterford City Council and presented with a Waterford Crystal vase. Playing career Waterford Hale spent much of his playing and coaching career at Waterford United. His father, three brothers and two uncles had all played for the club in the 1930s.In 1930 the trio even formed an all-<mask> half-back line in a league game at home to Bohemians. At the age of 17 <mask> junior along with Peter Fitzgerald (footballer) made a scoring League of Ireland debut at Kilcohan Park on St Patrick's Day 1957 in a 3–1 win over Bohemians He left Waterford in 1960 but after seven seasons in the English League, he returned in 1966. Then together with Johnny Matthews, he became a central figure in a Waterford team that dominated the League of Ireland. In 1971–72 <mask> was player-manager of the side when they beat Cork Hibernians in dramatic circumstances at Flower Lodge to claim his fifth league title in six seasons. In both 1971–72 and 1972–73 he also finished as joint top goalscorer in the league, scoring 22 and 20 goals respectively. He is also the 7th highest League of Ireland goalscorer of all time with 153 league goals. He was awarded a benefit game in August 1971.He scored twice against AC Omonia in the 1972–73 European Cup. Aston Villa In June 1960, aged 19, <mask> was sold by Waterford United to Aston Villa for a fee of £4,500. However, <mask> failed to establish himself in the Villa first team and went on to make just 7 first team appearances, scoring 2 goals. Despite this <mask> won his first international cap for the Republic of Ireland while at Villa. Doncaster Rovers <mask> signed for Doncaster Rovers in the summer of 1962 and made his debut for the club on 18 August in a 2–0 defeat to Brentford in the Football League Fourth Division. He scored four goals in a single game as he helped Rovers to a record league win when they beat Darlington. In three seasons with Rovers, <mask> made 119 league appearances and scored 42 goals.He also made 7 appearances for Rovers in the League Cup and 9 in the FA Cup, scoring 2 further goals. Republic of Ireland international Between 1962 and 1973, <mask> made 14 appearances and scored 2 goals for the Republic of Ireland national football team. He made his senior international debut on 8 April 1962 in a 3–2 home defeat against Austria. <mask> went on to score twice for the Republic of Ireland, both goals coming in 1968, against Poland and then Austria. He made his last appearance for the Republic of Ireland on 21 October 1973 as a substitute in a 1–0 home win against Poland. Coaching career As a manager <mask> would return to Waterford United for two further spells. During the first of these, between 1982 until 1986, he guided the club to victory in the League of Ireland Cup in 1985 and to the FAI Cup final in 1986.He returned to manage the club again between 1991 and 1993 and helped them achieve promotion from the First Division in 1992. In 2005, he briefly returned to Waterford United once again, this time acting as special advisor. Aside from Waterford, <mask> has also coached several other teams in the League of Ireland. He was appointed player/manager of Thurles Town in May 1981 where he made history by becoming the League of Ireland's oldest ever goalscorer, and also the only player to score in four different League of Ireland decades. As manager of Cobh Ramblers, <mask> gave Roy Keane his debut in 1990. Between 1995 and 1999 he was manager of Kilkenny City and in 1997, with a team which included the likes of his Nephew Richie, Brendan Rea, Paul Cashin and Pascal Keane, he guided them to the First Division title. After leaving Kilkenny, <mask> remained active in junior football working with Waterford Crystal F.C.and Tramore F.C, winning the first league in 50 years with Tramore in 2000–01. Businessman At the same time as managing various League of Ireland clubs, <mask> also established himself as a prominent businessman in the Waterford area. In 1978, he opened a sports shop, currently trading under the name <mask> <mask>'s Intersport and located at Arundal Square. He also owns a chain of pubs including <mask> <mask>'s Bar in Ballybricken and <mask> <mask>'s Sports Bar on Lombard Street. In December 2008, he settled with the Revenue Commissioners for over €100,000. At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season <mask> is tenth in the all-time League of Ireland goalscoring list with 153 league goals. Honours Player Waterford League of Ireland 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73: League of Ireland Shield 1968–69: Top Four Cup 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73: Munster Senior Cup 1965–66, 1966–67: SWAI Personality of the Year 1972–73 Player manager Cork Celtic League of Ireland 1973–74: Manager Waterford League of Ireland Cup 1984–85: Munster Senior Cup 1985–86: Kilkenny City League of Ireland First Division 1996–97: References Who's Who of Aston Villa (2004): Tony Matthews The Boys in Green – The FAI International Story (1997): Sean Ryan External links Honoured by Waterford City Council Career details with Waterford 1939 births Living people Association football inside forwards Republic of Ireland association footballers Republic of Ireland international footballers Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers English Football League players League of Ireland players Aston Villa F.C.players Doncaster Rovers F.C. players Limerick F.C. players Newport County A.F.C. players Waterford F.C. players St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players Waterford F.C. managers Republic of Ireland football managers League of Ireland managers Association footballers from County Waterford Irish businesspeople Cork Celtic F.C.players Cork Hibernians F.C. players League of Ireland XI players

Gene Simmons

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<mask> (born Chaim Witz August 25, 1949) is an Israeli-American musician, singer and songwriter. Also known by his stage persona The Demon, he is the bassist and co-lead singer of Kiss, the rock band he co-founded with Paul Stanley, Ace Frehley and Peter Criss in the early 1970s. Early life <mask> was born as Chaim Witz on August 25, 1949, at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish immigrants from Hungary. His mother, Florence Klein (1925-2018) (née Flóra Kovács), was born in Jánd and survived internment in Nazi concentration camps. She and her brother, Larry Klein, were the only members of the family to survive the Holocaust. His father, Ferenc "Feri" Yehiel Witz (1925-2002), was a carpenter. <mask> spent his early childhood in Tirat Carmel and was raised in a practicing Jewish household.He practiced playing his guitar for hours on end. He has said that his family was "dirt poor," scraping by on rationed bread and milk. At age seven, he began to pick wild fruit and sell it on roadsides together with a friend. At age eight, he immigrated to the United States with his mother and settled in New York City. His father remained in Israel, where he has another son and three daughters. In the United States, <mask> changed his name to <mask>, adopting his mother's maiden name. At age nine, he briefly attended a Jewish religious school, Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, before transferring to a public school.He later attended Richmond College and Sullivan County Community College, both in New York, and chose a stage name in tribute to the rockabilly singer Jumpin' <mask>. Before his musical career began, Klein worked a variety of jobs in the city. A proficient typist, he served as an assistant to an editor of Vogue, and spent several months as a sixth grade instructor on the Upper West Side. The Beatles had a significant influence on <mask>. "There is no way I'd be doing what I do now if it wasn't for the Beatles. I was watching The Ed Sullivan Show and I saw them. Those skinny little boys, kind of androgynous, with long hair like girls.It blew me away that these four boys [from] the middle of nowhere could make that music." Career Kiss <mask> became involved with his first band, Lynx, then renamed the Missing Links, when he was a teenager. Eventually, he disbanded the band to form the Long Island Sounds, the name being a pun on Long Island Sound. While he played in these bands, he worked at odd jobs on the side to make more money, including trading used comic books. <mask> attended Sullivan County Community College in Loch Sheldrake, New York. He joined a new band, Bullfrog Bheer, and the band recorded a demo, "Leeta"; this was later included on the Kiss box set. <mask> formed the rock band Wicked Lester in the early 1970s with Stanley Eisen (now known as Paul Stanley) and recorded one album, which was never released.Dissatisfied with Wicked Lester's sound and look, <mask> and Stanley attempted to fire their band members; they were met with resistance, and they quit Wicked Lester, walking away from their record deal with Epic Records. They decided to form the "ultimate rock band", and started looking for a drummer. <mask> and Stanley found an ad placed by George Peter John Criscuola (known as Peter Criss) who was playing clubs in Brooklyn at the time; they joined and started out as a trio. During this time, Criss and <mask> also appeared on an unreleased album by Captain Sanity together with members from Criss' previous band Chelsea. Paul Frehley (better known as Ace Frehley) responded to an ad they put in The Village Voice for a lead guitar player, and soon joined them. Kiss released their self-titled debut album in February 1974. Stanley took on the role of lead performer on stage, while <mask> became the driving force behind what became an extensive Kiss merchandising franchise.The eye section of his "Demon" makeup with Kiss came from the wing design of comic book character Black Bolt. In 1983, when Kiss's fame was waning, the members took off their trademark make-up and enjoyed a resurgence in popularity that continued into the 1990s. At this time, Peter Criss, the original drummer, was voted out of the band, and a replacement was sought to fill his vacancy. The new drummer was Paul Charles Caravello, who went by the stage name of Eric Carr, and played for Kiss from 1980 until his death in 1991. The band hosted its own fan conventions in 1995, and fan feedback about the original Kiss members reunion influenced the highly successful 1996–1997 Alive Worldwide reunion tour. In 1998, the band released Psycho Circus. Since then, the original line-up has once again dissolved, with Tommy Thayer replacing Ace Frehley on lead guitar and Eric Singer (who performed with Kiss from 1991 through 1996) replacing Peter Criss on drums.Other projects In 1989, <mask> managed the recording side of Liza Minnelli's entry into mainstream pop. On August 15, 2013, <mask>, Paul Stanley and manager Doc McGhee became a part of the ownership group that created the LA Kiss Arena Football League team, which played their home games at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. The team has since folded. He has his own magazine, Gene Simmons Tongue Magazine, his own label, Simmons Records, and animated series, My Dad the Rock Star. Simmons Records has released albums by such bands as Kobra and the Lotus, Silent Rage, Gypsy Rose and House of Lords as well as <mask>'s own solo releases. Film and television <mask> has been involved with such television projects as: My Dad the Rock Star, a cartoon by the Canadian animation company Nelvana, about the mild mannered son of a <mask> Simmons-like rock star Mr. Romance, a show created and hosted by <mask> on the Oxygen cable television channel Rock School, a UK reality show in which <mask> tries to make a rock band out of a group of students of Christ's Hospital School in the first season, and in the second, a group of kids from a comprehensive school in Lowestoft Gene Simmons Family Jewels, a reality show documenting the personal lives of <mask>, his wife, his son and daughter In 1985, <mask> appeared on the TV series Miami Vice in an episode titled "The Prodigal Son".The episode served as the season premiere of the show's second season. <mask> appeared as a psychic working at the Mystic Journey Bookstore in Venice, California on the American hidden camera prank TV series I Get That a Lot. He also guest-starred as himself in the 2014 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode Long Road Home. <mask> performed in the 1984 Michael Crichton thriller Runaway starring Tom Selleck, Cynthia Rhodes and Kirstie Alley as well as the 1987 Gary Sherman action film Wanted: Dead or Alive starring Rutger Hauer. In March 2015, <mask> founded the film production company Erebus Pictures and announced as the first project the Horror-thriller film Armed Response. Playing style <mask> plays bass, and lead vocals are split between <mask> and rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley in most Kiss songs. Some notable songs featuring <mask> singing lead include "Rock and Roll All Nite", "Deuce", "A World Without Heroes", "I Love It Loud", "Calling Dr. Love", "Unholy", "Spit" (second lead vocals), "Boomerang", "You Wanted the Best" (first lead vocals), and "Christine Sixteen", among others.Stage makeup and persona In addition to playing bass, <mask> is known for his long tongue, which he frequently sticks out while performing, and on stage is known for his demonic figure by spitting fire and vomiting stage blood. Personal life <mask> is a science fiction and comic book fan and published several science-fiction fanzines, among them Id, Cosmos (which eventually merged with Stilletto to become Cosmos-Stilletto and then Faun), Tinderbox, Sci-Fi Showcase, Mantis and Adventure. He also contributed to other fanzines, among them BeABohema and Sirruish. By 1977, however, he would write in a letter of comment to Janus, "I haven't been active [in fandom] for about five years". <mask> lives in Los Angeles, California with his wife, Shannon Lee Tweed a Canadian actress and former Playboy Playmate. Although they began dating in 1983, they did not marry until 28 years later. <mask> often joked that he and Tweed were "happily unmarried" for over 20 years.He also often paraphrased Groucho Marx, saying "Marriage is an institution, and I don't want to live in an institution". <mask> and Tweed wed on October 1, 2011 at the Beverly Hills Hotel. They have two children: Nick (born January 22, 1989) and Sophie (born July 7, 1992). He formerly had live-in relationships with Cher and Diana Ross, revealing that he fell in love with Ross while dating Cher. <mask> can speak Hungarian, German, English, Hebrew, and some Japanese. <mask> does not drink alcohol or use drugs. Homecoming visit to Israel In March 2011, <mask> visited his birth country, Israel.He described the trip as a "life changing experience". He talked about how he still feels that he is an Israeli: "I'm Israeli. I'm a stranger in America. I'm an outsider". While there, <mask> met his half-brother Kobi, and triplet half-sisters Drora, Sharon and Ogenia. <mask> announced he has plans to take Kiss to Israel. He has said that he is an ardent supporter of Israel.At a press conference in Israel, he spoke in both Hebrew and English. Political views <mask> was a supporter of the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration. He supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing on his website: "I'm ashamed to be surrounded by people calling themselves liberal who are, in my opinion, spitting on the graves of brave American soldiers who gave their life to fight a war that wasn't theirs... in a country they've never been to... simply to liberate the people therein". In a follow-up, <mask> explained his position and wrote about his love and support for the United States: "I wasn't born here. But I have a love for this country and its people that knows no bounds. I will forever be grateful to America for going into World War II, when it had nothing to gain, in a country that was far away... and rescued my mother from the Nazi German concentration camps. She is alive and I am alive because of America.And, if you have a problem with America, you have a problem with me". During the 2006 Lebanon War between Israel and Lebanon, <mask> sent a televised message of support (in both English and Hebrew) to an Israeli soldier seriously wounded in fighting in Lebanon, calling him his "hero". In 2010, <mask> said he regretted voting for Barack Obama and criticized the 2009 health care reforms. Following Obama's 2011 speech on the Middle East in which the President called on Israel and the Palestinians to

Gene Simmons

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negotiate a settlement "based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps", <mask> told CNBC that Obama was gravely misguided. "If you have never been to the moon, you can't issue policy about the moon. For the president to be sitting in Washington D.C. and saying, 'Go back to your '67 borders in Israel' – how about you live there and try to defend an indefensible border – nine miles (14 km) wide?" <mask> also accused the United Nations of being "the most pathetic body on the face of the earth".During his visit to Israel in 2011, he stated that the artists refusing to perform in Israel for political reasons are "stupid". In an April 2012 interview, <mask> endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for President: "America should be in business and it should be run by a businessman." On November 6, 2015, he attended a Friends of the Israel Defense Forces gala in Beverly Hills, which raised more than $31 million. On November 10, 2021, he stated that people who refused to get the vaccine against COVID-19 "an enemy" and called them "evil". Philanthropy <mask> is a known advocate for ChildFund International's work. He traveled to Zambia during his Gene Simmons Family Jewels show to visit several of his sponsored children, of whom he has more than 140. <mask> said that the trip "[was] a stark reminder that life doesn't treat everyone the same".<mask>'s family received the MEND Humanitarian Award for their philanthropic efforts and support for Mending Kids International at the organization's annual gala on November 9, 2013. The award was presented by Mel Gibson. In his acceptance speech, <mask> spoke of his own difficult childhood in Israel in a bullet-riddled house. He recalled his mother's excitement when they received a CARE box one day. <mask> <mask> has boasted many times about having bedded thousands of women.In 2010, he claimed the tally stood at 5,000 and that he has a Polaroid picture of each liaison, including the hotel key where it took place. A number of years prior, as a guest on TSN's Off the Record with Michael Landsberg, <mask> told fellow guest Thea Andrews he had slept with 4,500 women, to which Andrews replied she was not interested in being 4,501. The show's other guest, Mark Tewksbury, offered himself to <mask> instead, to which <mask> declined. Tewksbury would state in a 2012 interview with the National Post that <mask> shook his head at Tewksbury off-camera. He told Terry Gross: "If you want to welcome me with open arms, I'm afraid you're also going to have to welcome me with open legs", paraphrasing a lyric from the Who's 1981 song "You Better You Bet". Gross replied: "That's a really obnoxious thing to say". At the time, <mask> refused to grant permission to NPR to make the interview available online.However, it appears in print in Gross' book All I Did Was Ask and unauthorized transcripts are available. NPR re-broadcast part of the interview in August 2007. In a 2014 interview with The Huffington Post, <mask> noted he was upset over what he perceived as Gross's "holier-than-thou" attitude, which included mislabeling his band Kiss as "the Kiss". In 2019, Ace Frehley stated that <mask> had attempted to grope his wife, calling <mask> an "asshole and a sex addict". Islam comments in Australia In 2004, during an interview in Melbourne, Australia, while talking about Islamic extremists, <mask> described Islam as a "vile culture", saying that Muslim women had to walk behind their husbands and were not allowed to be educated or to own houses. He said: "They want to come and live right where you live and they think that you're evil." Australia's Muslim of the Year Susan Carland argued that <mask>'s stereotyping of Muslims was inaccurate.<mask> later clarified his comments on his website, saying he had been talking specifically about Muslim extremists. Defamation lawsuit by former girlfriend In 2005, <mask> was sued by a former girlfriend, Georgeann Walsh Ward, who said she had been "defamed" in the VH1 documentary When Kiss Ruled the World and portrayed as an "unchaste woman". A settlement was reached in June 2006. Views on musical piracy In 2007, <mask> openly spoke out against music piracy, and called for file-sharers to be sued. A year later, he threatened further lawsuits, and to withhold new recordings, if file-sharing continued. In 2010, Anonymous staged a DDoS on his website, prompting <mask> to hit back with provocative comments once he was back online, at which point Anonymous staged a second DDoS, taking <mask>'s site down again. In September 2014, <mask> said "The death of rock was not a natural death.Rock did not die of old age. It was murdered." <mask> blames file sharing and that no one values music "enough to pay you for it" for the decline of the rock music scene. Comments on suicide and depression In August 2014, <mask> made comments in an interview with Songfacts.com that seemed to openly encourage people with depression to kill themselves. The comments drew criticism from Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe who had suffered from depression in the past. Following his comments, both Triple M and Winnipeg radio station Power 97 stated that they were pulling all Kiss songs from their lineup in protest. <mask> later clarified his comments and apologized for the incident.Fox and Friends incident On November 16, 2017, <mask> made an appearance on Fox & Friends to promote a new book, but shortly afterward, he burst into a staff meeting uninvited, unbuttoning his shirt and telling jokes. The next day, on November 17, Fox News announced that <mask> was banned for life from their program. Awards and recognition On January 28, 2011, <mask> was in Dallas, Texas to host the Aces & Angels Salute to the Troops charity event. <mask> was presented the key to the city, and a street (<mask> Boulevard) was named for him. <mask> and Tweed also visited the U.S. Army base at Fort Hood to support the troops as a part of the Aces & Angels event. On June 15 of the same year, he was given the key to the city in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 2012, <mask> was awarded the Golden God award by the Revolver magazine.In 2013, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History accepted an autographed Gene Simmons Axe bass into their collection from John Upshaw Downs, Jr. The Smithsonian wrote, in part: "The bass will now be cared for in our permanent collections... We are happy to include the Axe bass as it relates to the impact Mr. <mask> and his band Kiss have had on American culture, especially in the creation of a unique and iconic brand that has been embraced by fans worldwide ... The story of Mr. <mask>' American experience deserves to be preserved. An immigrant and son of a holocaust survivor, he used creative vision and entrepreneurial acumen to make a significant impact for our nation's popular culture, becoming an iconic figure in American music and entertainment." <mask> is an honorary board member of Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools. A&E's <mask> Family Jewels visited a Little Kids Rock classroom and featured the segment on the show. He also decorated a guitar for auction with his son Nick.On December 15, 2014, <mask> was awarded the Golden Medal by the Reial Circle Artístic de Barcelona (Royal Artistic Circle of Barcelona). Filmography Film Television appearances Music video appearances In 1994, <mask> appears as auditioning for the band with actor Al Lewis & comedian Gilbert Gottfried in a music video for "I'll Talk My Way Out Of It" by Howard Stern comedian Stuttering John. In 2007, he appeared alongside other celebrities, as well as regular people, in the music video for "Rockstar" by Nickelback. Video game appearances <mask> is a playable character in Tony Hawk's Underground, unlocked when completing the story mode on Normal difficulty, and also appears with his Kiss bandmates in the Hotter Than Hell level to play one of three songs upon collecting the four K-I-S-S letters. <mask>'s Kiss character, The Demon, is a playable character in Kiss: Psycho Circus: The Nightmare Child. <mask> also has a large role in the 2010 music video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. In addition to narrating the main storyline, voicing the character Demigod of Rock in cutscenes, and doing advertising for the game, the Kiss song "Love Gun" is playable.A Dark-Normal Type Pokémon introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield known as Obstagoon the Blocking Pokémon resembles <mask>'s K.I.S.S. character: The Demon. Discography Studio albums <mask> (1978) Asshole (2004) Box sets Vault (2017) DVDs Speaking in Tongues (2004) Guest appearances Wendy O. Williams – WOW (1984) Producer, played all the bass on the album(credited as "Reginald Van Helsing"), co-wrote five songs "I Love Sex (And Rock and Roll)", "It's My Life", "Thief in the Night", "Legends Never Die" and "Ain't None of Your Business". Bruce Kulick – BK3 (2010) Lead vocals on "Ain't Gonna Die" Engelbert Humperdinck – Engelbert Calling (2014) co-vocals on "Spinning Wheel" Publishing career In 2002, <mask> launched <mask>' Tongue, a men's lifestyle magazine. The magazine lasted five issues before being discontinued. Other ventures In 1976–77, <mask> signed a management and production contract with the band Van Halen. He produced a Van Halen demo tape and attempted to find a record deal for the band with a variety of major record labels.When no deal materialised, he released them from their contract. From 2006 to 2008, <mask> served in a marketing and publicity role with the Indy Racing League. In 2012, <mask> headlined the Rock N Roll All Stars tour which performed in stadiums across South America. The project also featured several other Rock N Roll Hall of Famers including Def Leppard's Joe Elliot, Guns N Roses' Duff McKagan & Matt Sorum and Deep Purple's Glenn Hughes as well as Billy Idol's Steve Stevens, Collective Soul's Ed Rolland, Sebastian Bach, Alice in Chain's Mike Inez and the Cult's Billy Duffy. On March 1, 2012 the line up and the tour was revealed at a news conference hosted by Promoter Gabe Reed at the Roxy theater in Hollywood, CA. <mask> was in attendance and the entire news conference and subsequent tour was featured on Simmons Family Jewels' series finale episodes. In 2012, <mask> partnered with Paul Stanley and three other investors to form the restaurant franchise Rock & Brews.In 2017, <mask> launched "The Vault" which is a compilation of all of his major works selling for $2,000. In 2018, <mask> was named as "Chief Evangelist Officer" of the Canadian cannabis company Invictus MD Strategies. <mask> also holds a large investment stake in the

Charles Fracé

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{{Infobox artist | name = <mask> | image = Cover_of_Nature's_Window.jpg | caption = Nature's Window, a 1992 profile of <mask> and collection of his works. The painting on the cover, titled Fleeting Encounter, was painted in 1988. | birth_name = <mask> | birth_date = | birth_place = Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania | death_date = | death_place = Nashville, Tennessee | nationality = American | field = Wildlife painter | training = Philadelphia Museum School of Art, | movement = Wildlife, realism | works = African Leopard Cub (1978)Snow Leopard (1975)Cougar (1978)Clouded Leopard (1979)Fleeting Encounter (1988)Unrivaled (1994) | patrons = | awards = See below }} <mask> (February 28, 1926 – December 16, 2005) was an American wildlife artist whose work was featured in more than 500 exhibitions, including a solo exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Fracé painted over a hundred paintings from which limited edition prints were produced, which were consistently popular with collectors. Early life, education, and career Born in 1926 in the small town of Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe), in eastern Pennsylvania, Fracé lost his father at a young age, and lived with his mother and grandparents. Fracé began drawing at five and taught himself to paint when he was fifteen. His first painting was a portrait of Jesus, which was followed the next year by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln which was presented to his high school principal, and which remains in the town museum. He also played alto horn and trumpet in the school band, and was in the school soccer and basketball teams.After working at odd jobs for several years before being persuaded to apply for a scholarship to the Philadelphia Museum School of Art. His self-instructed talent earned him the opportunity, and he worked his way through school, including a stint as an extra for the Philadelphia Opera, graduating with honors in 1952. In 1955, Fracé began a professional career as a freelance illustrator in New York City. After struggling to land his first paid artist job, and working for a year for the local office of the Saturday Evening Post, he befriended wildlife photographer Shelly Grossman. After Fracé sought advice from respected wildlife illustrator Al Dorne, who told Fracé, "stick with it", Fracé joined Grossman on an assignment in Weeki Wachi, Florida. There, Fracé found the inspiration to paint his first three wildlife paintings, of a Great Horned Owl, Sparrow Hawk, and Pondicherry Vulture. Fracé continued painting in this genre, and within the next few years he became one of the nation's most sought-after illustrators of wildlife.During this time he began a collaboration with wildlife photographer and preservationist Roger A. Caras. In 1966 Caras published Last Chance on Earth: A Requiem for Wildlife, with illustrations by Fracé. The pair went on to collaborate on twelve more books, the last one being Source of the Thunder: The Biography of a California condor, in 1991. Wildlife painter At the urging of his wife Elke, <mask> took a sabbatical from commercial illustrating in 1972 and began painting for his own enjoyment. He proceeded to paint from memory an American eagle he had observed at Walking Dunes on the coast of Long Island. Unsure that the painting represented how he really felt about wildlife he put the painting into storage in a closet. His wife took the painting to a gallery in Mattituck, New York, seeking a professional opinion and with the urging of the gallery owners left it with them for display.It sold in two hours. In 1973, he left the world of commercial illustration and concentrated on producing wildlife oil paintings. Also that year he started a business relationship with Frame House, a publisher of wildlife prints. His first two limited edition print releases, African Lion and Tiger, sold out shortly after release. In 1974, he relocated Nashville, Tennessee, and embarked on a five-week trip to Africa, where he refined his skill in painting big cats, which became one of the hallmarks of his work. Early in his career, Frace adopted a principle called "the Three A's, in which he demands of himself that his paintings be Artistic, Alive, and Accurate". During the next 20 years over 100 of Fracé's paintings were issued as limited edition prints, making him one of the most successful wildlife artists of all time.By the early 1980s, Fracé was described as "America's premier wildlife artist". A 1981 article described his "stature as a painter of the world's most beautiful animals is virtually unrivaled", and noted that "Fracé never paints an animal he has not seen for himself or touched with his own hand". He was commissioned to paint the official portrait of 9Lives mascot Morris the Cat in 1976, and by the National Retriever Club to paint their 1983 stamp print. In 1982, Fracé was profiled in the book, The Art of <mask> Fracé, and a much more substantial profile, Nature's Window—<mask>, was published in 1992.Wildlife Art News (1995), Vol. 14, Issues 4-7, p. 112. His work was also profiled in magazines including U.S. Art and Wildlife Art News. Fracé's paintings have been highlighted as exemplary of techniques used to capture difficult features such as the dense fur of the grizzly bear, and the feathers of birds in flight.In 1987, Fracé established The Fracé Fund For Wildlife Preservation, a charitable fund supporting wildlife organizations. Their first donations was of trees and foliage plants to Zoo Atlanta. In 1991, he was selected as one of four inaugural members of U.S. Art magazine's "Artists' Hall of Fame", and from November 1992 to May 1993, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. hosted a one-man exhibition of his work, The American Wildlife Image and Charles Fracé, that featured over 36 of his paintings. Selected recognition and awards 1978: Who's Who in American Art - R. R. Bowker Co. 1981: Contemporary Personages Encyclopedia - Academia Italia delle Arti e del Lavaro, Parma, Italy 1982: Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO - Special Award of Merit for Cougar'' References Bibliography External links Fracé Wildlife Art 1926 births 2005 deaths Artists from Pennsylvania Wildlife artists University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni

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<mask> (born 7 August 1958) is an English musician who has been the lead singer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden since 1981. <mask> began his career in music fronting small pub bands in the 1970s while attending school in Sheffield and university in London. In 1979, he joined British new wave heavy metal band Samson, with whom he gained some popularity under the stage name "<mask>" and performed on two studio records. He left Samson in 1981 to join Iron Maiden, replacing Paul Di'Anno, and debuted on their 1982 album The Number of the Beast. During his first tenure in the band, they issued a series of US and UK platinum and gold albums in the 1980s and early 1990s. <mask> quit Iron Maiden in 1993 (being replaced by Blaze Bayley) to pursue his solo career, which saw him experiment with a wide variety of heavy metal and rock styles. He re-joined the band in 1999, along with guitarist Adrian Smith, and has released six subsequent studio albums with the band.Since his return to Iron Maiden, he issued one further solo record in 2005, Tyranny of Souls. His younger cousin, <mask>, is the former lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel, while his son, Austin, fronted the metalcore band Rise to Remain. Outside his career in music, <mask> has pursued a number of other activities. He undertook a career as a commercial pilot for Astraeus Airlines, which led to a number of media-reported ventures such as captaining Iron Maiden's converted charter aeroplane, Ed Force One, during their world tours. Following Astraeus' closure, he created his own aircraft maintenance and pilot training company, Cardiff Aviation, in 2012. <mask> presented his own radio show on BBC Radio 6 Music from 2002 to 2010, and has also hosted television documentaries, authored novels and film scripts, created a beer with Robinsons Brewery and competed at fencing internationally. Early life <mask> <mask> was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire.His mother, Sonia, worked part-time in a shoe shop, and his father, <mask>, was a mechanic in the British Army. His birth hurried the young couple, who were then just teenagers, into marriage. Initially, he was brought up by his grandparents; his grandfather was a coal-face worker at the local colliery, and his grandmother was a housewife. This is referred to in his song "Born In '58" from the album Tattooed Millionaire. <mask> started school at Manton Primary in Worksop while his parents moved away to Sheffield. Soon afterwards, when he was six, he was also despatched to Sheffield, where he attended a primary school in Manor Top. After six months, his parents decided to move him to a small private school called Sharrow Vale Junior.Due to constant moving, <mask> states that this period of his life taught him to be self-reliant as he was unable to make close friends. <mask> has a younger sister, professional showjumper Helena Stormanns, who was born in 1963. He tried to isolate himself from her as much as he could when he was young, supposedly out of spite because she, unlike him, was a planned pregnancy and birth. <mask>'s first musical experience was dancing in his grandparents' front room to Chubby Checker's "The Twist", when he still lived with them in Worksop. The first record <mask> recalls owning was The Beatles single "She Loves You", which he managed to persuade his grandfather to buy him, which made him more interested in music. He tried to play an acoustic guitar belonging to his father, but it blistered his fingers. By the time he moved to Sheffield, <mask>'s parents were earning a good living from buying property, refurbishing it and then selling it for a profit.As a result, much of <mask>'s childhood was spent living on a building site, until his parents bought a boarding house and a bankrupt garage where his father began selling second-hand cars. The income from their business success gave them the opportunity to give <mask>—then 13 years old—a boarding school education and they chose Oundle, a public school in Northamptonshire. <mask> was not opposed to moving away from home because he had not built "any real attachment" to his parents, having been raised by his grandparents in Worksop until he was six. At Oundle, <mask> was picked on and routinely bullied by the older boys of Sidney House, the boarding house that he belonged to, which he described as "like systematic torture" and meant that he became an outsider. His interests at Oundle were often military; he co-founded the school wargames society with Mike Jordan, and he joined the school's cadet force. This gave him access to live ammunition, which he used to create explosions as booby-traps. Oundle was where <mask> became attracted to hard rock and early heavy metal after hearing Deep Purple's "Child in Time" being played in another student's room.As a result, the first album he ever bought was Deep Purple's In Rock, which created his interest in rock and metal music. After In Rock, he went on to buy Black Sabbath's debut, Jethro Tull's Aqualung and Tarkus by Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Every term, a band would play at the school, the first of these which <mask> saw was called Wild Turkey, featuring former Jethro Tull bassist Glenn Cornick. After that, he saw Van der Graaf Generator and Arthur Brown. <mask> initially wanted to play the drums, later obtaining a pair of bongo drums from the music room for practice. He remembers playing "Let It Be" with his friend Mike Jordan, during which <mask> discovered his singing voice while encouraging Jordan to sing the high-notes. Shortly afterwards <mask> was expelled from Oundle for participating in a prank in which he allegedly urinated in the headmaster's dinner.Returning home to Sheffield in 1976, <mask> enrolled at King Edward VII School, at which he joined his first band. He had overheard two other pupils talking about their band and that they needed a singer and so volunteered immediately. They rehearsed in the garage of the drummer's father, and the band were impressed by <mask>'s singing, encouraging him to buy his first microphone. Their first gig took place at the Broadfield Tavern in Sheffield. Originally called "Paradox", the band changed their name on <mask>'s suggestion to "Styx", unaware of the American act with the same name. They made local newspaper headlines when a steel worker was awoken by their performance and tried to smash the band's drum kit. Soon afterwards the band split up.After leaving school with A-levels in English, History, and Economics, <mask> confessed, "I didn't really know what I wanted to do." The first thing he did was join the Territorial Army for six months. Although he enjoyed his time in the TA, <mask> realised that it was not a career choice, and so he applied for a place to read history at Queen Mary College, London. His parents wanted him in the army, but he told them that he wanted to get a degree first, which acted as his "cover story", and immediately began playing in bands. At university, <mask> got involved in the Entertainments Committee: "one day you'd be a roadie for The Jam, the next you'd be putting up the Stonehenge backdrop for Hawkwind or whatever." In 1977, <mask> met Paul "Noddy" White, a multi-instrumentalist who owned a PA and other equipment, with whom <mask>, along with drummer Steve Jones, would form a band together called Speed. According to <mask>, the band was called Speed because of the way in which they played, rather than a reference to drug-taking.In Speed, <mask> began writing his own material after White taught him how to play three chords on the guitar. Although Speed would play several gigs at the Green Man pub in Plumstead, the band did not last long, but it encouraged <mask> to continue to work towards being a musician. <mask> spotted an advertisement in Melody Maker with the caption "Singer wanted for recording project" and replied immediately. He recorded a demo tape and sent it with a note which read: "By the way, if you think the singing's crap, there's some John Cleese stuff recorded on the other side you might find amusing." They liked what they heard and invited <mask> down to the studio to make "Dracula", the first song he would ever record, with a band called "Shots", formed by two brothers, Phil and Doug Siviter. The song would later appear on the second disc of The Best of <mask> compilation. The brothers were impressed with <mask>'s vocal abilities and asked him to join their group.<mask> played pubs with Shots on a regular basis to small audiences. One particular night, <mask> suddenly stopped in the middle of a song and started interviewing a man in the audience, heckling for not paying enough attention. He got such a good response he started doing it every night until it became a regular routine used to catch the audience's attention. <mask> states that this experience taught him how to be a frontman. The next step in <mask>'s career was taken in a pub called the Prince of Wales in Gravesend, Kent, where Shots were playing regularly, when Barry Graham ("Thunderstick") and Paul Samson paid a visit. Impressed with his stage-act, they talked with <mask> afterwards and invited him to be their new singer. <mask> agreed to join their band, Samson, but only once he'd finished taking his History finals two weeks later.Until that point, he had been neglecting his University education. As a result, the university had tried to kick him out for failing his Second Year exams and not paying his accommodation fees, but he was saved because of his role as Entertainments Officer. After writing 6 months' worth of essays in the space of two weeks and some last minute cramming for his exams, <mask> achieved a 2:2. Samson: 1979–1981 After meeting Paul Samson and Barry Purkis at the Prince of Wales, and while still undertaking his final university exams, <mask> joined Samson onstage at Bishop's Stortford to perform one of their songs, "Rock Me Baby", cementing his role as their new lead vocalist. The band had already released their debut album, Survivors, in 1979 on an independent label, two months before <mask> joined. Immediately following the completion of his University work, he met up with the band at Greenwich's Wood Wharf studios to learn the Survivors album. Although the tracks did not suit his vocal style, the band soon wrote the majority of the following Head On album in their earliest rehearsal sessions, some of which were immediately incorporated into their live set.It was during these early rehearsals that the nickname "<mask>" came about, derived from Monty Python's "Bruces sketch". The name became very tiresome as the band's management continually wrote dud cheques, made payable to "<mask> Bruce", as a joke. <mask> later commented that he did not like it but considered it "a sort of stage name" and accepted it. <mask> was dismayed to learn that not all rock performers were "great artists"; he felt that some, such as Samson, were only interested in women, drugs and alcohol, which he was unable to relate to. Although he had smoked joints before, <mask> discovered that it was impossible to communicate with other band members if he was sober, deciding that it was "the price that had to be paid". While fronting the band, <mask> also came across Iron Maiden for the first time, who were supporting Samson at the Music Machine in 1980. As <mask> recalls; "I was watching them, and they were good, really fucking good, and at that moment, I remember thinking, 'I wanna fucking sing for that band.In fact, I'm going to sing for that band! I know I'm going to sing for that band!' ... I just thought, 'This is really me. Not Samson.'" <mask> remained in the band for another year, recording two studio albums with them—Head On and Shock Tactics. However, Samson soon ran into difficulties with their record label, Gem, who went out of business and failed to finance their European tour in support of Iron Maiden.The band were turned over to RCA, which began neglecting the group, and so they promptly fired their management team and the resulting injunction meant that their equipment was reclaimed and they could not be paid for their concert performances. The band's last gig was at Reading Festival, after which <mask> was approached by Iron Maiden's manager, Rod Smallwood, who asked him to audition to be their new lead vocalist. Iron Maiden Beginnings and success: 1981–1985 <mask> went to audition for Iron Maiden at a rehearsal room in Hackney in September 1981 and immediately discovered that this was a much more professional operation than he was used to with Samson. In the practice rooms, the band played through "Prowler", "Sanctuary", "Running Free" and "Remember Tomorrow", before asking <mask> to sing the same songs again in a recording studio, and he was immediately inducted into the group. Iron Maiden had a strict and organised routine that suited the band's writing style, which <mask> described as a "time table". After a few gigs, they began writing new material for their third album, The Number of the Beast, released in 1982. In the wake of Samson's contractual problems, <mask> could not legally be credited on any of the record's songs, having to make, what he called, a "moral contribution", later revealing that he had contributed to "The Prisoner", "Children of the Damned" and "Run to the Hills".In the documentary 12 Wasted Years, manager Rod Smallwood refers to "The Prisoner" as being co-written by <mask> and Adrian Smith. The album was a major success, topping the British charts, and earning platinum status in the UK and the US. Following the release, the band embarked on a supporting tour around the globe. On the following albums, 1983's Piece of Mind and 1984's Powerslave, Steve Harris's song-writing monopoly was pushed aside in favour of other members' ideas, with <mask> contributing to a number of tracks, including the singles "Flight of Icarus" and "2 Minutes to Midnight". Throughout the World Slavery Tour, as part of the new theatrical elements incorporated into the band's

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stage-show, <mask> wore a feathered mask during "Powerslave". This was the band's longest tour to date, during which <mask> considered going home mid-tour, due to the high number of shows. Iron Maiden's management were continually adding dates, until <mask> demanded that they stop or he would leave the group.Growing tensions and departure: 1986–1993 After a six-month break, which <mask> mostly spent practising fencing, Iron Maiden began writing their next album, Somewhere in Time. <mask> was disappointed with the effort as he felt that the band needed a more dramatic stylistic departure from past records to remain relevant, despite its introduction of synthesised bass and guitars. He has no writing credits on the release, as his material, based on his own suggestion that the album should be more acoustic-focused, was rejected by the rest of the band. Steve Harris, on the other hand, stated that his material was rejected because it was not good enough, and that <mask> "was probably more burnt out than anyone at the end of the last tour". After a subsequent tour, Iron Maiden started working on their next studio effort, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son, which featured more progressive rock elements than the band's previous records. Although it became their second release to top the British charts, it was also <mask>'s first album with the band that did not achieve platinum status in the US. Unlike Somewhere in Time, <mask> was much more enthusiastic about this album due to its concept and has several song-writing credits.After the following tour in 1988, the band decided to take a year off. During the next album's writing stage, Adrian Smith left Iron Maiden, and was replaced by Janick Gers. Iron Maiden's eighth studio release, 1990's No Prayer for the Dying, had a raw sound that, according to AllMusic, did not "hold up well" compared to past efforts, as it was recorded in a barn which Steve Harris owned, with a mobile studio owned by the Rolling Stones. The record featured <mask>'s "Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter", originally composed for a film soundtrack, which despite receiving a Golden Raspberry Award for worst original song in 1989, became the band's first and only single to top the UK Singles Chart. By 1992, Harris had converted his barn into a proper studio, and the new album, Fear of the Dark, was recorded there, resulting in a better overall sound than No Prayer for the Dying, although <mask> still claims it had limitations due to its size. After the Fear of the Dark Tour, <mask> decided to leave Iron Maiden to concentrate on his solo career. At that point the band had already booked a following tour in 1993, which <mask> did not enjoy.Throughout the tour, <mask> drew a lot of criticism from his bandmates, with Steve Harris in particular saying, "I really wanted to kill him." According to Harris, <mask> would only perform when the press was there, whereas at other concerts he would only mumble his way through songs. <mask> has since denied the accusations that he was deliberately under-performing, arguing that it was impossible to give a decent performance some nights because of the atmosphere. His last performance with the band on 28 August 1993 was filmed by the BBC at Pinewood Studios and released as a live video the following year, entitled Raising Hell. Return: 1999–present Along with Adrian Smith, <mask> rejoined Iron Maiden in 1999 with Janick Gers remaining in the band, after he was approached by manager Rod Smallwood. Smallwood also spoke to Steve Harris about <mask>'s return, who initially had reservations about the prospect, but soon came round to the idea, deliberating that they knew of his abilities and that it was a case of "better the devil you know". Harris and <mask> agreed to meet at Smallwood's home in Brighton in January 1999 for the first conversation they would have with each other since 1993.Although both men were nervous about the encounter, upon seeing each other the tension immediately dissipated and both agreed that <mask> should return to the group. After embarking on a small tour, the band set about recording Brave New World, their first studio album with <mask> since 1992. <mask> insisted that they find a replacement for the now retired Martin Birch, the band's regular producer, and record in a different studio than the one in which they made No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark, to which Harris agreed. The album was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris with producer Kevin Shirley, after which Iron Maiden undertook a supporting tour culminating with a performance at the Rock in Rio festival before a crowd of 250,000. In 2003 they recorded and released Dance of Death at London's SARM Studios with Kevin Shirley, now the band's new regular producer. After two further stints on the road (Dance of Death World Tour and Eddie Rips Up the World Tour) Iron Maiden returned to SARM in 2006 to record their next studio album, A Matter of Life and Death, and embarked on a supporting tour. In 2008 and 2009, the band set out on the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour, which has since been described as "groundbreaking" for its use of Ed Force One, the band's customised Boeing 757, flown by <mask> himself, and led to the documentary film Iron Maiden: Flight 666, which had a limited cinema release in April 2009.Iron Maiden held another world tour in 2010 and 2011 in support of The Final Frontier, their first album recorded at Compass Point Studios, Nassau, Bahamas since 1986's Somewhere in Time, and which peaked at No. 1 in 28 countries. In September 2014, Iron Maiden began recording their sixteenth studio album, The Book of Souls, at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris. The release features two songs written solely by <mask> for the first time since Powerslave, "If Eternity Should Fail" and "Empire of the Clouds", the former originally penned for a possible solo record. "Empire of the Clouds" is the band's longest ever song, at over 18 minutes in length, and features <mask> on piano for the first time, which is how the song was written. The band toured the album in 2016, during which <mask> once again piloted the band's private plane, Ed Force One (now a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet). Ozzfest incident In 2005, Iron Maiden co-headlined the US festival tour, Ozzfest, with Black Sabbath.Lead singer Ozzy Osbourne's wife, Sharon, encouraged family friends and members of other bands to sabotage Iron Maiden's last performance at Hyundai Pavilion in San Bernardino, California, on 20 August, in an attack which Rod Smallwood criticised as "vile, dangerous, criminal and cowardly", as well as disrespectful to fans who had paid to see the band perform "a full unhindered performance". Osbourne ordered interference with the band's PA, delayed the entrance of Eddie, the band's mascot, and encouraged members of the Osbourne camp to throw eggs, lighters and bottle tops from the front of the audience. According to <mask>, the attack was in response to his "disparaging remarks about reality-TV shows that she took personally", although The Guardian reported that he slated the Osbournes' reality series and accused Ozzy Osbourne of using a teleprompter. <mask> has since denied making comments against Ozzy Osbourne and Black Sabbath, but admitted that he criticised Ozzfest throughout the tour, attacking their "corporate" seating layout and saying, "Most of the bands are there because they paid to be there." Following the concert at San Bernardino, Osbourne released a further statement which accused <mask> of making several anti-American comments, of which Classic Rock stated that "nobody can present any cast-iron evidence". In addition, Osbourne claimed that the flag-waving during "The Trooper" was disrespectful to American troops, at the time fighting alongside the British in Iraq, even though <mask> had always held a Union Flag during the song, being based on the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. It was also reported that Steve Harris had spoken to Ozzy Osbourne in San Bernardino, apologising for <mask>'s comments, which Harris denies, stating that his words had been "twisted".Solo career In early 1989, Zomba asked <mask> to produce a track for the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, providing a budget, a studio, and a producer, Chris Tsangarides. <mask> took up the opportunity and called an old friend of his, former Gillan guitarist, Janick Gers, and, shortly after meeting up, they had "Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter" ready for the studio, then recorded with the assistance of bassist Andy Carr, and drummer Fabio del Rio. "I wrote it in about three minutes", states <mask>, "I don't know where the title 'Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter' came from, but it just popped into my head. I thought, 'Bloody hell, straight out of AC/DC!' And I thought, Nightmare on Elm Street. Yeah, that'll do.' Impressed with the results, Zomba asked <mask> if he was willing to record a whole album as well.With the same line-up and producer, <mask>'s solo debut, Tattooed Millionaire, was written and recorded within two weeks, and released in May 1990, followed by a supporting tour. Later that year, <mask> participated on a re-recording of Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water", as part of the humanitarian effort Rock Aid Armenia. Backed by the band Skin, he produced a cover version of Alice Cooper's "Elected", along with Rowan Atkinson (in character as Mr. Bean), which was used in 1992 for Comic Relief, and five years later, on Bean Soundtrack. For his second solo effort, <mask> received the collaboration of American producer, Keith Olsen, and, while working on the record in LA, decided to leave Iron Maiden. Unhappy with the direction he was taking with Olsen, <mask> began working with Tribe of Gypsies guitarist Roy Z and started the album again from scratch. Balls to Picasso was recorded with Tribe of Gypsies as the backing band, and was released in 1994. That same year, <mask> recorded a cover version of "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" with the band Godspeed for Black Sabbath's tribute album Nativity in Black.Tribe of Gypsies departed to work on their own material and <mask> tracked down another band, including his new writing partner and guitarist, Alex Dickson. While touring with this new outfit in 1994, <mask> performed in Sarajevo, then under siege during the Bosnian War; a documentary film based on the concert, entitled Scream For Me Sarajevo, completed filming in December 2015. After the Balls to Picasso supporting tour finished, he started working on a new studio record, Skunkworks. <mask> decided that Skunkworks would be the title of the band as well, but the record company refused to release the album without his name on the cover. <mask> hired producer Jack Endino, most noted for producing the first Nirvana album. The "Skunkworks" entity ceased to be when the tour ended. "I was devastated by the Skunkworks thing", stated <mask>, "Skunkworks was a record which I tore myself apart to make and nobody seemed to give a shit."After a short period of inactivity, <mask> once again teamed up with Roy Z and Tribe of Gypsies to record his next album, Accident of Birth; "It was actually Roy that dragged me back into some assemblance, because he called up and he said, 'Listen, I've got some stuff and it's like a metal record.' And I wasn't thrilled, I wasn't really sure that I had anything to offer ... Then he played me some backing-tracks he'd done for what was to become Accident of Birth down the phone and I thought 'There is something there.'" Former Iron Maiden guitarist, Adrian Smith, was asked to guest on the record, but remained as a full-time member of <mask>'s solo outfit. The album marked a return to heavy metal for <mask>, with Sputnikmusic remarking, "The album's heavy feel is very satisfying, and definitely fills that void left by Maiden during the 90's." The follow-up, The Chemical Wedding, was a semi-concept album on alchemy, which drew inspiration from William Blake's writings; with some songs, such as "Book of Thel", having the same title as some of his poems, and the cover artwork featuring one of his paintings. The record was even more successful than its predecessor, with Sputnikmusic commenting, "<mask> had shattered all expectations to create an album that might even be better than the previous one." During The Chemical Weddings supporting tour, the live album, Scream for Me Brazil was recorded in São Paulo, after which <mask> and Smith returned to Iron Maiden in February 1999.In 2000, <mask> performed vocals on the song, "Into the Black Hole", for Ayreon's Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator. Later that year, he collaborated with Judas Priest's front-man, Rob Halford, recording, "The One You Love to Hate", for Halford's debut, Resurrection. A compilation, entitled The Best of <mask>, was released in late 2001, including two new songs and a bonus disc of rarities. His latest solo album, Tyranny of Souls was released in May 2005. This time the song-writing was all split between Roy Z and <mask> and many songs were composed by Z sending recordings of riffs to <mask> while he was on tour with Iron Maiden. On 21 June 2005, <mask>'s complete solo discography was re-released, featuring bonus discs with rare and remastered tracks. That same year, <mask> contributed to the song, "Beast in the Light", from Tribuzy's album, Execution, and their subsequent live album.A three-DVD box set, entitled Anthology, was released on 19 June 2006, containing concerts and promo videos from throughout his solo career, as well as an old Samson video, entitled "Biceps of Steel". A fan of the Monty Python comedy troupe, in 2009 <mask> appeared in Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut). He also recorded a new version of the theme song from Monty Python's Life of Brian for the sixth and final episode. In December 2017, <mask> said that he has tentative plans for his next solo album to be "a whole concept album", with the title being If Eternity Should Fail, the same song

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name from Iron Maiden's album The Book of Souls, in which he confirmed that it was originally penned as a solo track, "So if I did do another solo album, which I think I will, I might just stick to my original plan and have that as the title track. I mean, I did write it – it was the first track that I wrote for it. So, yeah, I'd probably still include that song. But it would be… the feel would be slightly different – not very much, though – from the Maiden version."Personal life <mask> married Erica "Jane" Barnett in 1984, and they divorced in 1987. With his second wife, psychotherapist Patrice "Paddy" Bowden, he has three children: sons Austin (born 1990) and Griffin (born 1992), and daughter Kia (born 1994). All three were born in the Chiswick area of London, where <mask> lived for a few decades beginning in 1981. In 2019, it was reported that he and Bowden had separated after almost 30 years of marriage; Bowden died in an accident at her home in May 2020. <mask> currently lives with his girlfriend Leana Dolci in Paris. <mask>'s son Austin was the lead singer in metalcore band Rise to Remain until their break-up in 2015, at which point he formed the alternative metal group As Lions. His other son Griffin, who previously worked as a stage carpenter for Iron Maiden during their tours, was the lead singer of melodic hardcore band SHVPES.<mask>'s cousin, <mask>, was the lead singer of British alternative rock band Catherine Wheel and founded Singer Vehicle Design. In an interview with Sarah Montague for BBC's HARDtalk in 2012, <mask> agreed that he is a conservative and a eurosceptic. <mask> stated in a 2018 interview with French magazine L'Obs that, despite residing mainly in France, he supports Brexit and voted for the UK to leave the EU during the 2016 referendum. In 2021, after the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, <mask> said he was angry that British musicians and performers were restricted from free travel through Europe. In 2015, <mask> underwent seven weeks of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for a cancerous tumour found at the back of his tongue. <mask>'s medical team expected him to make a full recovery as the tumour was discovered in the early stages. On 15 May, <mask> was given the all-clear by his specialists.Honours On 19 July 2011, <mask> was presented with an honorary music doctorate from his alma mater, Queen Mary University of London, in honour of his contribution to the music industry. In 2019, <mask> was made an honorary citizen of Sarajevo and received the city's prestigious Sixth April Award for his efforts in performing under siege in 1994. According to the city's mayor, it was his arrival in Sarajevo that "was one of those moments that made us realize that we will survive, that the city of Sarajevo will survive, that Bosnia and Herzegovina will survive". He is also credited as a producer on the critically acclaimed 2016 documentary Scream for Me Sarajevo, which chronicles this performance and his return to Sarajevo. In 2019, <mask> was also presented with an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy by the University of Helsinki. On 6 January 2020, <mask> was made an Honorary Group Captain of 601 (County of London) Squadron RAF. Other work <mask>'s interests and non-musical activities include writing, broadcasting, fencing (at which he has competed internationally, placing 7th in Great Britain, and has founded a fencing equipment company under the brand name "Duellist"), beer brewing and aviation.Due to the wide variety of <mask>'s pursuits, Intelligent Life named him as a living example of a polymath in 2009. Aviation and entrepreneurship <mask> learned to fly recreationally in Florida in the 1990s and now holds an airline transport pilot's licence. He regularly flew Boeing 757s in his role as captain for the now-defunct British charter airline Astraeus, which, from 16 September 2010, employed him as marketing director. One of his key roles in that position was to promote Astraeus' services by increasing their number of videos, leading to the Civil Aviation Authority releasing a video featuring <mask> on aircraft loading safety in June 2011. Following Astraeus' closure on 21 November 2011, <mask> branched into entrepreneurship when he launched Cardiff Aviation Ltd on 1 May 2012, an aircraft maintenance business based at the Twin Peaks Hangar in St Athan, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. According to The Wall Street Journal, in January 2013 Cardiff Aviation had created 40 jobs and hoped to have over a hundred personnel by the summer of 2013. In June 2013, The Daily Telegraph reported that the business had expanded to between 60 and 70 employees and are in discussions to set up their own airline.In August 2015, Cardiff Aviation signed a deal to provide airline support to Air Djibouti, for whom <mask> piloted their maiden flight the following year, a Boeing 737 from Cardiff to Djibouti. As a result of his ventures in business, he has delivered keynote speeches at events around the globe, including Queen Mary University of London's Innovation Showcase in November 2012, Connect2Business, Stockholm in March 2013, Aviation Week's MRO Europe Conference, London in October 2015 and "Blog Now, Live Forever", Mumbai in October 2015. His role as a pilot has led to some high-profile flights, which include returning a group of British RAF pilots from Afghanistan in 2008, 200 British citizens from Lebanon during the Israel/Hezbollah conflict in 2006, and 180 stranded holiday makers from Egypt following the collapse of XL Airways UK in September 2008. In addition, he flew Rangers F.C. and Liverpool F.C. to away matches in Israel and Italy in 2007 and 2010 respectively. For the 2008–09 "Somewhere Back in Time World Tour", he piloted Iron Maiden's chartered Boeing 757, dubbed "Ed Force One", specially converted to carry the band's equipment between continents, which subsequently led to a documentary film, Iron Maiden: Flight 666.<mask> flew "Ed Force One" again for "The Final Frontier World Tour" in 2011. For the 2016 The Book of Souls World Tour, the band upgraded to a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet, which meant that <mask> had to undertake type conversion to fly the aircraft. In 2014, <mask> purchased a Fokker Dr.I triplane replica G-CDXR and joined the Great War Display Team, which re-enacts First World War air battles at air shows across the UK. Radio and TV <mask> presented <mask>'s Friday Rock Show on BBC radio station 6 Music from 2002 to 2010. In March 2010, the BBC announced that, after over eight years, <mask>'s show was to be axed. His final broadcast was on 28 May 2010, with the regular format abandoned in favour of a personal and musical tribute to the recently deceased Ronnie James Dio. <mask> scorned the BBC executives for the cancellation, playing the Johnny Paycheck version of "Take This Job and Shove It".In addition to his show on 6 Music, <mask> also hosted a series entitled Masters of Rock on BBC Radio 2 from 2003 to 2007. <mask>'s catalogue of 6 Music programmes were acquired in 2014 by TeamRock radio, who began re-broadcasting episodes in December. In 2005, <mask> hosted a 5-part historical TV series about aviation, Flying Heavy Metal, which was shown on the Discovery Channel, and later on Discovery Turbo in the UK. He was a guest on an episode of the Military Channel's The Greatest Ever, where he drove a Russian T-34 tank. In 2006, <mask> presented a documentary for Sky One entitled Inside Spontaneous Human Combustion with <mask>, in which he investigated the phenomenon by enlisting the help of several experts and performing various experiments to determine its possible cause. Other television appearances include guesting on quiz shows such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks and the short-lived Space Cadets, as well as the chat show Clarkson, hosted by Jeremy Clarkson. <mask> has also appeared in a BBC series called The Paradise Club, undertaking the role of a musician named Jake Skinner.On 27 July 2012, <mask> spent a day being filmed as a guest star for a season four episode of Ice Pilots NWT, in which he flew a Douglas DC-3 and took part in "touch-and-go drills" in a Douglas DC-4 with Buffalo Airways. Writing During a 1986–1987 Iron Maiden tour, and in the wake of a divorce, <mask> started writing his first book. Inspired by the novels of Tom Sharpe, in addition to Biggles and Penthouse, he created The Adventures of Lord Iffy Boatrace, which Kerrang! describes as "a satirical swipe at fetishism among the upper classes", and whose title character is a "semi-transvestite" British land owner. Following its completion, <mask> approached Sidgwick & Jackson, who, according to <mask>, agreed to publish the book before reading it based on Iron Maiden's album sales alone. Released in 1990 (), the novel sold more than 40,000 copies almost immediately. Due to the high demand, Sidgwick & Jackson asked <mask> to produce a sequel, which became 1992's The Missionary Position (), a satire of televangelism.No further additions to the series have been published, although <mask> did write the first 60 pages to a prequel, set during "Lord Iffy's schooldays", which he "just thought was rubbish and ripped it all up. I didn't think it was funny." <mask> has turned his hand to scriptwriting, co-authoring Chemical Wedding with director Julian Doyle. The film, in which <mask> played a few small cameo roles and composed the soundtrack, was released in 2008 and starred Simon Callow. On 15 October 2015, HarperCollins and Dey Street announced that they would publish <mask>'s memoirs. What Does This Button Do? was released on 19 October 2017.Beer In 2013, Iron Maiden collaborated with Robinsons Brewery in Stockport to create Trooper, a 4.8% cask/4.7% bottled ale whose recipe <mask> formulated with head brewer Martyn Weeks. As of May 2014, the beer has sold 2.5 million pints in 40 countries, making it Robinsons' most successful export. Following Trooper's success, <mask>, a fan of traditional English cask beer, stated that he intends to develop more beers in the future, although new products will be "under the umbrella of Trooper and not Iron Maiden [as] Trooper has taken on a life of its own. People drink it because they like the beer, not because they are Maiden fans." Additional beers have included Trooper Red 'N' Black Porter (5.8 per cent ABV), Trooper Hallowed (6.0 per cent ABV), and a limited edition "666" (at 6.66 per cent ABV). Singing style and stage performance Although <mask> never received formal training, he still possesses a wide vocal range which was trademarked by his quasi-operatic tenor. Along with Ronnie James Dio and Rob Halford, <mask> is one of the pioneers of the operatic vocal style later to be adopted by power metal vocalists and regularly appears near the top in lists of the greatest rock vocalists/front-men of all time.<mask> says that his style was influenced primarily by Arthur Brown, Peter Hammill (Van der Graaf Generator), Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull) and Ian Gillan (Deep Purple). <mask>'s singing varied in the 1990s in the recording of albums such as No Prayer for the Dying, Fear of the Dark and his first solo work Tattooed Millionaire, making use of a much more raspy and unpolished sound, befitting their stripped down style. Since returning to Iron Maiden in 1999, his singing style has returned to much like it was in the 1980s, though his voice has lowered with age. According to a report published in the Daily Mirror, <mask> has an estimated vocal range of 4.25 octaves. His voice led to the nickname "The Air Raid Siren", which Billboard states is "due to the ferocious power of his singing", although <mask> claims it actually originated from a fan complaint. In addition to his vocal ability, <mask> has been described as an energetic stage performer. He considers including the audience "the essence of the Maiden experience" and that his role is to "shrink the venue ... to turn that football stadium into the world's smallest club".To achieve this, <mask> seeks eye contact with audience members and urges them to join in with the phrase "scream for me" (followed by the concert's location). He is critical of performers who do not connect with their fans, particularly those who "[hide] behind the amps" and use an autocue, remarking that "people pay good money and [they] can't even remember the sodding words". Discography Iron Maiden The Number of the Beast (1982) Piece of Mind (1983) Powerslave (1984) Somewhere in Time (1986) Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988) No Prayer for the Dying (1990) Fear of the Dark (1992) Brave New World (2000) Dance of Death (2003) A Matter of Life and Death (2006) The Final Frontier (2010) The Book of Souls (2015) Senjutsu (2021) <mask> Tattooed Millionaire (1990) Balls to Picasso (1994) Skunkworks (1996) Accident of Birth (1997) The Chemical Wedding (1998) Tyranny of Souls (2005) Samson Survivors (1979) Head On (1980) Shock Tactics (1981) Live at Reading 1981 (1990) * <mask> appeared on the album's re-issue only, as the original version was completed before he joined the band. Tours 1990: Tattooed Millionaire Tour 1994–1995: Balls to Picasso Tour 1996: Skunkworks Tour 1997: Accident of Birth Tour 1998–1999: The Chemical Wedding Tour 2002: Airraid over Europe Tour Notes References This video on YouTube External links Bruce Dickinson Wellbeing Network 1958 births People from Worksop Alumni of Queen Mary University of London People educated at Oundle School People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield English heavy metal singers English rock singers Iron Maiden members English tenors English radio DJs English aviators English male fencers Golden Raspberry Award winners Living people Singers with a four-octave vocal range Commercial aviators Samson (band) members EMI Records artists CMC International artists English autobiographers BBC Radio 6 Music presenters 20th-century English male singers 21st-century English male

Bart Mendoza

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<mask> (born September 5, 1962) is an American journalist, musician and songwriter. 1980–1990: Bands, fanzines and festivals <mask> graduated from Muirlands Jr. High School in 1977 and then La Jolla High School in 1980, having played with several bands including Starjammer and the Pedestrians. In 1980 he joined the staff of San Diego music magazine, Kicks, in the credits as working on event listings and their music calendar. From 1981 to 1990, he was frontman and chief songwriter for mod-influenced group Manual Scan. Between 1991 and 2010 he performed with power pop group The Shambles. In 2009 he joined Wendy Bailey & True Stories full-time as guitarist, taking over the frontman role when Bailey took a band sabbatical in early 2012. As a concert promoter he's helped bring many artists to San Diego, particularly from 1985 to 1991 when <mask> co-produced a series of music festivals, New Sounds, featuring Mod and sixties oriented groups from the U.S. and Europe.In 1986, <mask> performed with a one-off band, Boys About Town, at the festival. The band's lineup included <mask> and British musicians Edward Ball of The Times and Television Personalities, Paul Bevoir of The Jetset and Small Town Parade, as well as Simon Smith of the Merton Parkas and Mood Six. The festival ran until 1991, with a final edition in 1999. He also published a fanzine, Sound Affects, which ran to nine issues and wrote for several modzines, including England's In the Crowd. During this time frame <mask> worked for Capitol Records and freelanced for other labels including Chrysalis, Motown, Angel and EMI. He continued to do so through the late 1990s when he began an eight-year stint with Diamond Comics Distributors as assistant manager of the San Diego offices. <mask> was also included as a background character in several comic books including the first issue of Ed Brubaker's early 1990s series, Lowlife, with Brubaker concurrently drawing <mask> and Manual Scan bandmate Kevin Ring for the cover of their album, 79 to 89.1990–1999: Journalism and Blindspot Records <mask> co-founded the indie label Blindspot Records in 1991, with more than two dozen albums to date including releases from Skelpin, Mark Decerbo & Four Eyes, Skid Roper and others. <mask> is producer of the compilation series, Staring at the Sun, with twelve volumes to date. A member of the San Diego Music Foundation Board, <mask> additionally co-produced a series of compilations for the organization. He has also art directed albums for numerous artists including Alicia Previn, The Eddies and Dave Humphries, as well as compilations such as Power Chords, Harmonies and Mistletoe. During this time frame <mask> also penned several items for Revolutionary Comics including an insert to The Beatles Experience #6 (1992) and both issues of the two-issue mini series, Rock 'n' Roll Comics: The Best of the British Invasion, (1993). The latter were both collected in a 2010 trade paperback edition by Bluewater Productions. As a San Diego, California-based journalist he has written for numerous publications, beginning in 1993 with Axcess Magazine and including the local editions of The Reader and San Diego CityBeat, The La Jolla Village News, The Peninsula Beacon and The North Park News as well as The San Diego Union and its weekly arts insert Night & Day.National publications include the second series of Crawdaddy!, while international publications include British Time Out Guides for Southern California and Shindig as well as Spanish rock magazine Ansia De Color. He has also penned liner notes for artists including Phil Angeloff, Ray Brandes, Ryan Ferguson and The Lolas and music compilations such as This is Mod Volume 6, from Cherry Red Records. In 1999 <mask> toured Spain three times, once with former Tell Tale Heart frontman Ray Brandes, once with the group, The Riot Act and once with The Shambles. The tours formed the basis of a lengthy feature by author Paul Williams in the San Diego Reader. A poster from the Riot Act's tour of Spain was used as prominent set decoration in several scenes of the film, Bring it On (2000). 2000–2010: Songwriting and media Since 1999 <mask> has had numerous songs he has written or co-written, covered by artists including: Canada's The Kingpins, "Plan of Action,", Germany's Daniel Hall, "Survive", Spain's Happy Losers, "Blurs Somewhere" and Los Angeles based band, The Andersons "Rain or Shine." Between 2002 and 2006 <mask> co-hosted the XETV television program, Fox Rox, four times.In 2012 he became a guest host on the San Diego Cable television program, So-Cal Showcase. Meanwhile, <mask> has continued to promote and book events in the San Diego area, including the Sounds Like San Diego series, with nine editions to date since 2003. In 2007, <mask> was part of a quartet of musicians who were interviewed at length about John Lennon in the documentary, Why We Listen, by director Carla Sweet. In 2010 <mask> penned the forward to, the Pink Floyd Experience, a comics anthology from Bluewater Productions. 2011–present: Music and journalism On June 12, 2011, <mask> filmed a cameo appearance in a video for Gregory Page's song, "That's You," playing the role of guitarist in the backing combo. <mask> was the subject of a September 2012 cover story in the San Diego Troubadour. In October 2012, <mask> provided the commentary track on the DVD release, There Is Nothing Out There, a documentary about the San Diego music community, directed by Craig Rian.On January 23, 2014 <mask> took part in an all star tribute to music promoter Tim Mays at the Birch North Park Theatre, performing alongside members of The Penetrators, Rocket From The Crypt, Pinback, Skelpin, The Black Heart Procession, No Knife, Uncle Joe's Big Ol' Driver and many others. On April 4, 2014, in a special presentation at the Lafayette Hotel, <mask> was honored along with 40 other prominent San Diego artists, business and community leaders, including El Vez, John Reis, Robin Henkel and Gregory Page. Each had a special banner with their image placed along El Cajon Boulevard. In May 2014, <mask> was interviewed on the TV Talk show, Tonight in San Diego (Episode 12), by host David Vaughn, with True Stories also performing two songs on air. He has since performed on air with the house band, The Mondaze in June 2017. Meanwhile, in June 2014, <mask> appeared on the soundtrack to the Lester Bangs documentary, A Box Full of Rocks, directed by Raul Sandelin, backing Jon Kanis on his track, "It Is and It Isn't" alongside the Shambles. <mask> also a contributed an essay to Timothy Gassen's book, Knights of Fuzz: The New Garage & Psychedelic Music Explosion, released in August 2014.In late 2014 <mask> regrouped Manual Scan for a pair of performances to promote a best of album, All Night Scan, from Cheap Rewards Records and the band's appearance on the Millions Like Us: The Story of the Mod revival box set from Cherry Red Records. During the same time frame Manual Scan recorded a <mask> penned theme song for DJ Tim Pyles, heard at the beginning of his Sunday evening Loudspeaker program on XETRA-FM (91X). In December 2015 Manual Scan was one of the headliners at the annual Purple Weekend Festival in Leon, Spain. Meanwhile, Manual Scan released a 10" vinyl EP, The Pyles Sessions, produced by Alan Sanderson, to coincide with the show. In 2015 the <mask> penned song, "Wouldn't You Like To Be A Bear," by the Shambles, was included in the box set, 40 Years of Bear Family Records, from Germany's Bear Family Records. Following the release of a 7" EP of radio sessions, Radio Daze, on Spanish label Bickerton records, in 2016 he and the band appeared in the music documentary series, Cachitos de Hierro y Cromo - in an episode called, YEAH, YEAH!, broadcast on the Spanish television network RTVE. In 2018 <mask> contributed an essay to the book, The Scooter Chronicles: A Southern California Modyssey, by Shahriar Fouladi, issued by IDW Publishing / Burger Records.Partial discography This is a partial discography of albums <mask> contributes vocals and instrumentation to, or wrote liner notes for.

Austin Healey

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<mask> (born 26 October 1973 in Wallasey (now part of Merseyside, formerly Cheshire), is a former English rugby union player who played as a utility back for Leicester Tigers, and represented both England and the British & Irish Lions. He has 51 England caps and 2 Lions caps. He played for England at scrum half, fly-half, fullback and wing, and was often used as a replacement (or substitute) because of his versatility. He is a famously competitive and "outspoken" character, gaining the nickname "The Leicester Lip". Since retiring he has worked in the media. Early life and education <mask> attended Bidston Avenue Primary School in Claughton, Birkenhead, during his primary years. He passed the entrance exam and attended St Anselm's College, Birkenhead (Edmund Rice Trust) then Leeds Polytechnic.His Youth Rugby was with Birkenhead Park FC where he returned with His Big Tackle Programme in 2009 which featured Park's Junior Colts Rugby career Early career <mask> played for England U21 in 1992 and went on to represent England A and the Barbarians '96 tour of Japan. After spells at Waterloo and Orrell, <mask> initially signed for Leicester as a scrum half, having played at wing and outside centre for Orrell. He made his full England début against Ireland during the 1997 Five Nations tournament, and toured with the British Lions in 1997, making two appearances. He has played in Five/Six Nations tournaments (‘98-'02) and in the 1999 World Cup. In the 1999/00 season he was voted both Leicester Tigers' and Allied Dunbar's Player of the Season. Leicester coach Bob Dwyer switched him to the wing to accommodate Fijian Waisale Serevi at scrum half. <mask> was then selected on the wing for England.After an injury to Tigers' South African fly-half Joel Stransky, and the unsuitability of others such as Pat Howard and Andy Goode to fill the role, <mask> was switched to fly-half. In this position, however, he was unable to make much of an international impression, his sole appearance at fly-half coming in the 2000 tour to South Africa in the first test, after Jonny Wilkinson fell victim to food poisoning. In 2001 he made the break during the Heineken Cup final that resulted in the winning try - <mask> had started the match at scrum half with Andy Goode at 10, but was switched to fly-half in the closing minutes. He also scored the second and decisive try against Munster when Tigers retained the cup the following year. His form for Tigers during the 2001 season, was rewarded with a call up to England's starting line-up during the Six Nations, and selection for the British & Irish Lions squad to tour Australia, where he put in some good performances for the mid-week team but missed out on further caps due to injury. However, for many people the abiding memory of this tour will be the controversy caused by his comments on Wallaby lock Justin Harrison in his column in the Guardian. The comments backfired after Harrison was selected to make his debut for the Third and deciding test of the series, and stole a crucial lineout - sealing the series victory for Australia.There was some suggestion that <mask>'s comments had served as motivation for the Wallabies team. On his return from Australia he played in every game for England until he was rested for the summer 2002 tour to Argentina, showing his versatility by starting at fullback, scrum half, and wing and came on twice as a replacement. He returned to international action appearing as a replacement in all three of the following season's autumn internationals when England recorded a series of victories over Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. <mask> flew out to Australia as injury cover for the victorious 2003 Rugby World Cup, however he was never officially added to the squad after certain players recovered, meaning he was unable to pick up a medal for the success despite flying out to Australia. 2004/2005 season In the 2004/05 season <mask> hit form again, and with the failings of the England backline, there were calls for him to be reinstated to ignite it. England coach Andy Robinson humoured the press that there was a chance of a recall, but it never came. Instead <mask> turned his attention to the 2005 Lions' tour.He was included in the long list, but not the tour party (having not played international rugby for 3 years). He wrote a column for the Guardian on the tour, which included the quote 'Have you heard the latest from the Lions' camp? Clive's sending Andy Robinson to a fancy dress party tonight. He's going as a pumpkin, they're hoping when it gets to midnight he'll turn into a real coach!' 2005/2006 season Tigers finished top of the league. A notable performance for <mask> was Away at Wasps, where he scored in the last minute to steal a draw. However, Wasps hammered Tigers in the final.In the 05/06 season, <mask> was handed club vice-captaincy and regularly captained the team from scrum half and fly half during the international period. He looked back to near his best form and pressed both Harry Ellis and Andy Goode out of their respective regular slots of 9 and 10 at different times throughout the season. Leicester made the premiership final again and were beaten by Sale Sharks, <mask> claims to have thrown his silver medal away in disgust at the end of the game, claiming that he didn't do 'losers medals'. Retirement Following retirement from Leicester Tigers at the end of the 2005/6 season, <mask> planned to start a new career as a banker with Credit Suisse and to also continue working as a BBC analyst. Television appearances <mask> competed in the sixth series of the BBC competition series Strictly Come Dancing with professional dancer Erin Boag. He was eliminated in week 12 of the competition to come 4th overall. He joined Gary Lineker on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?Christmas Special, on 23 December 2008. Together they won £50,000 for their chosen charity - Nicholls Spinal Injury Foundation. <mask> presented The Big Tackle on ITV in March 2009, aimed at promoting and assisting rugby clubs around the country. In January 2009, he obtained his basic coaching qualifications, in order to put him in a better position from which to advise clubs. During the filming, he returned to his roots and visited his former local club, Birkenhead Park. Some of the other teams that he coached on the series included; Bristol Barbarians, Witney Angels RFC, Rosslyn Park, and University of Sussex. He competed on show one of the new series of Beat the Star in April 2009.He won 4/8 games, and ended up with 22 points overall, beating his opponent; Factory Manager, Glenn Clarke, who had 14 points overall. <mask> appeared as one of the team captains for the second series of Hole in the Wall along with ex-EastEnders star Joe Swash. <mask> is the host of the ITV gameshow The Fuse, which began on 13 July 2009. He also appeared on BBC gameshow, Mastermind, on 4 January 2013. His specialist subject was Everton Football Club. Autobiography <mask>'s autobiography, Lions, Tigers and Roses, was published by Oxford University Press in 2001. See also List of top English points scorers and try scorers References External links Leicester profile Lions profile Sporting Heroes profile BBC News <mask> retires BBC News The world according to <mask> Bishop's Stortford Observer - National hero becomes a local hero 1973 births Living people Alumni of Leeds Beckett University Birkenhead Park FC players British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England England international rugby union players English rugby union players Leicester Tigers players Orrell R.U.F.C.players People educated at St. Anselm's College People from Wallasey Rugby union players from Wallasey Rugby union scrum-halves Waterloo R.F.C. players

Tony Singh (chef)

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<mask> , (born 15 May 1971) is a Scottish celebrity chef and restaurateur. He is best known for combining Scottish produce with an arty, eclectic and accessible style of cooking. Born and raised in Leith, Edinburgh, <mask> comes from a second-generation Scottish Sikh family. He studied at Telford College and completed a Youth Training Scheme in Professional Cookery before beginning his career in the restaurant industry. The year he completed his formal training, <mask> started working in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel in 1990, Gravetye Manor in 1992, and The Royal Scotsman train in 1994. Afterwards <mask> worked in the Greywalls Hotel, aboard the Royal Yacht , and at Skibo Castle, before opening his own restaurant in 2001. His menus have featured seasonal and local Scottish ingredients with influences and additions from around the world.He holds the title of Master Chef of Great Britain, is a member of the Academy of Culinary Arts and Craft Guild of Chefs, and was honoured by the Queen in her 2017 New Year Honours List being made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the Food and Drink Industry. Early life <mask> was born in Leith to a second-generation Scottish Sikh family. While he was growing up his father, Baldev "Billy" <mask>, became one of the first Sikh lorry drivers in Scotland, while <mask>'s mother looked after their family home. As a youngster, <mask> shared his home not only with his three siblings (two brothers and one sister) but with his aunts, uncles, grandmother and great grandmother. <mask> was educated at Lorne Street Primary, then Leith Academy Secondary School, before moving on to Telford College at 16 where he earned an OND in Hotel Management. During his time at college, <mask> also enrolled himself in a Youth Training Scheme where he earned an equivalent to City and Guilds 7061 and 7062 qualifications in Professional Cookery. Career After training at Telford College, he worked in fine dining restaurants in Britain, including the Balmoral Hotel, Gravetye Manor, The Royal Scotsman train, Greywalls Hotel, the Royal Yacht , and Skibo Castle.In 2001, aged 30, <mask> became the Chef Patron at "Oloroso"; a roof-top bar and restaurant on Castle Street, Edinburgh. The restaurant was named Restaurant of the Year, Bar of the Year, and Cocktail Bar of the Year. <mask> was also the former owner of "Roti" in 2005; an Indian restaurant in Scotland which he had for four years before selling it. Then in 2009, <mask> opened "Tony's Table"; a modern style bistro, also in Edinburgh, which received a Michelin Bib Gourmand in 2010. After appearing in the TV show The Incredible Spice Men with chef Cyrus Todiwala, <mask> and Todiwala published a recipe book in 2013, and by 2014 <mask> released his own solo book Tasty. In 2015 <mask> ran his own pop-up restaurant for the Edinburgh Festival at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel which featured an eclectic range of foods – including his signature dish haggis pakora. <mask> works with schools and colleges throughout Scotland for staff development and training.<mask> became a resident feature at the Apex Grassmarket Hotel with his "<mask>'s Roadtrip" while also opening another pop-up restaurant under its own name in Glasgow, based in the Alea Casino. Awards and honours <mask> is known for his contemporary Scottish cooking, which combines his love of local Scottish produce with influences and additions from around the world. He is a member of the Royal Academy of Culinary Arts, the Master Chefs of Great Britain, and the Craft Guild of Chefs. He has also received several awards including; the Drambuie Chefs Association Best New Restaurant of the Year, Scottish Chefs Award Scottish Chef of the Year and SLTN Best Restaurant catering in Scotland Chef of the Year. In December 2016, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by the Queen for his services to the Food and Drink Industry. Charity work <mask> has supported and worked closely with the charities Sick Kids Edinburgh, McMillian Cancer Research, the Scottish Blood Transfusion Service, Food Train, Scottish Air Ambulance, Water Aid, St. Columbus Hospice, and the Back Up Trust. In 2015 he was a presenter on RBS – Finding Scotland's Real Heroes, where he visited and spoke about the eventual winners of the Carer of the Year award: East Kilbride & District Dementia Carers Group.Television <mask> first appeared on TV as a competitor in ITV's Chef of the Year in 2000; which he also won. He was also featured on Ready Steady Cook with James Martin in June 2008. Afterwards, <mask> appeared in Series 3 of the BBC's Great British Menu which then lead to his reappearance in Series 5 and 6. In 2013 <mask> partnered with Cyrus Todiwala to present their own cookery show on BBC Two called The Incredible Spice Men. <mask> was later featured in food and personality shows around the UK, including The One Show, The Paul O'Grady Show, Countryfile and Celebrity Mastermind as well as appearing on Radio Scotland, Radio 1, Radio 4 and BBC Radio Asia. In 2015 <mask> and Todiwala paired up again and appeared on the Celebrity edition of the quiz show Pointless. In the same year <mask> then starred as one of the chefs on BBC Two's A Cook Abroad.Here <mask> went to India during Diwali where he presented traditional food in the Punjab and explored his Indian heritage. In September 2018 he appeared on the CBBC documentary Our School (TV series) as a guest head judge for the bake-off. In 2021 <mask> appeared as a special guest on the show Men in Kilts: A Road Trip with Sam and Graham, starring Sam Heughan and Graham McTavish from the show Outlander. On Men in Kilts <mask> prepared a seafood dish for Sam and Graham, with his unique signature fusion of Scottish and Asian flavours. Books (with Cyrus Todiwala) References External links Living people Scottish chefs Scottish people of Indian descent 1971 births Members of the Order of the British Empire

Larry McDonald

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<mask> (April 1, 1935 – September 1, 1983) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Democrat from 1975 until he was killed while a passenger on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by Soviet interceptors. <mask> was active in numerous civic organizations and maintained one of the most conservative voting records in Congress. He was known for his opposition to communism. Remembered as a martyr by American conservatives, he was the chairman of the John Birch Society. Early life and career <mask> was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, in the eastern part of the city that is in DeKalb County. General George S. Patton was a distant relation. As a child, he attended several private and parochial schools before attending a non-denominational high school.He spent two years at high school before graduating in 1951. He studied at Davidson College from 1951 to 1953, studying history. He entered the Emory University School of Medicine at the age of 17, graduating in 1957. He interned at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. He trained as a urologist at the University of Michigan Hospital under Reed M. Nesbit. Following completion in 1966 he returned to Atlanta and entered practice with his father. From 1959 to 1961, he served as a flight surgeon in the United States Navy stationed at the Keflavík naval base in Iceland.<mask> married an Icelandic national, Anna Tryggvadottir, with whom he would eventually have three children: Tryggvi Paul, Callie Grace, and Mary Elizabeth. In Iceland, <mask> asserted to his commanding officer that the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik was doing things advantageous to communists, but was told he did not understand the big picture. After his tour of service he practiced medicine at the McDonald Urology Clinic in Atlanta. He took an increasing interest in politics, reading books on political history and foreign policy. He joined the John Birch Society—a conservative, anti-communist organization — in 1966 or 1967. His passionate preoccupation with politics led to a divorce from his first wife. <mask> made one unsuccessful run for Congress in 1972 before being elected in 1974.In 1975, he married Kathryn Jackson, whom he met while giving a speech in California. <mask> served as a member on the Georgia State Medical Education Board and as chairman from 1969 to 1974. Political career In 1974, <mask> ran for Congress against incumbent John W. Davis in the Democratic primary as a conservative who was opposed to mandatory federal school integration programs. <mask> criticized Davis for being one of only two Georgia congressmen to vote in favor of school busing. He also attacked Davis for receiving thousands of dollars in political donations from out-of-state groups which he said favored mandatory federal programs that used busing to achieve school integration. <mask> won the primary election in a surprise upset and was elected in November 1974 to the 94th United States Congress, serving Georgia's 7th congressional district, which included most of Atlanta's northwestern suburbs (including Marietta), where opposition to school busing was especially high. However, during the general election, J. Quincy Collins Jr., an Air Force prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, running as a Republican, nearly defeated him, despite the poor performance of Republicans nationally that year due to the aftereffects of the Watergate scandal.However, <mask> would never face another contest nearly that close. <mask>, who considered himself a traditional Democrat "cut from the cloth of Jefferson and Jackson", was known for his conservative views, even by Southern Democratic standards of the time. In fact, one scoring method published in the American Journal of Political Science named him the second most conservative member of either chamber of Congress between 1937 and 2002 (behind only Ron Paul). Even though many of <mask>'s constituents had begun splitting their tickets and voting Republican at the federal level as early as the 1960s, the GOP was still well behind the Democrats at the local level, and conservative Democrats like <mask> continued to hold most state and local offices well into the 1990s. The American Conservative Union gave him a perfect score of 100 every year he was in the House of Representatives, except in 1978, when he scored a 95. He also scored "perfect or near perfect ratings" on the congressional scorecards of the National Right to Life Committee, Gun Owners of America, and the American Security Council. <mask> was referred to by The New American as "the leading anti-Communist in Congress".<mask> admired Senator Joseph McCarthy and was a member of the Joseph McCarthy Foundation. He considered communism an international conspiracy. An admirer of Austrian economics and a member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, he advocated tight monetary policy in the late 1970s against stagflation, and advocated returning to the gold standard. <mask> called the welfare state a "disaster" and favored phasing control of the Great Society programs over to the states. He also favored cuts to foreign aid, which he said "you could take a chainsaw to". <mask> co-sponsored a resolution "expressing the sense of the Congress that homosexual acts and the class of individuals who advocate such conduct shall never receive special consideration or a protected status under law". He advocated the use of the non-approved drug laetrile to treat patients in advanced stages of cancer despite medical opinion that such use was quackery.<mask> also opposed the establishment of a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, saying the FBI had evidence that King "was associated with and being manipulated by communists and secret communist agents". A firearms enthusiast and game hunter, <mask> reportedly had "about 200" guns at his official district residence. In 1979, with John Rees and Major General John K. Singlaub, <mask> founded the Western Goals Foundation. According to The Spokesman-Review, it was intended to "blunt subversion, terrorism, and communism" by filling the gap "created by the disbanding of the House Un-American Activities Committee and what [<mask>] considered to be the crippling of the FBI during the 1970s". <mask> became the chairman of the John Birch Society in 1983, succeeding Robert Welch. At the time of his death, Western Goals was being sued by the ACLU for obtaining illegal Los Angeles Police Department Intelligence Files from 1975 that had been ordered destroyed and computerizing them in a database on a $100,000 computer in Long Beach at the house of an attorney connected to the U.S. intelligence community. Many of these files concerned individuals from Ronald Reagan's term as Governor of California, and it was speculated that Western Goals was using these files to blackmail figures in the Reagan Presidential Administration.<mask> opposed the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in his own district because he did not believe the federal government could constitutionally own national parks. <mask> rarely spoke on the House floor, preferring to insert material into the Congressional Record. These insertions typically dealt with foreign policy issues relating to the Soviet Union and domestic issues centered on the growth of non-Soviet and Soviet sponsored leftist subversion. A number of <mask>'s insertions relating to the Socialist Workers Party were collected into a book, Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution, published in 1977. During his time in Congress, <mask> introduced over 150 bills, including legislation to: Repeal the Gun Control Act of 1968. Remove the limitation upon the amount of outside income a Social Security recipient may earn. Award honorary U.S.Citizenship to Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Invite Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to address a joint meeting of Congress. Prohibit Federal funds from being used to finance the purchase of American agricultural commodities by any Communist country. Create a select committee in the House of Representatives to conduct an investigation of human rights abuses in Southeast Asia by Communist forces. Repeal the FCC regulations against editorializing and support of political candidates by noncommercial educational broadcasting stations. Create a House Committee on Internal Security. Impeach UN Ambassador Andrew Young.Limit eligibility for appointment and admission to any United States service academy to men. Direct the Comptroller General of the United States to audit the gold held by the United States annually. Increase the national speed limit to from the then-prevailing national speed limit of . Abolish the Federal Election Commission. Get the U.S. out of the United Nations. Place statues of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver in the Capitol. Death <mask> was invited to South Korea to attend a celebration of the 30th anniversary of the United States–South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty with three fellow members of Congress, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Senator Steve Symms of Idaho, and Representative Carroll Hubbard of Kentucky.Due to bad weather on Sunday, August 28, 1983, <mask>'s flight from Atlanta was diverted to Baltimore and when he finally arrived at JFK Airport in New York, he had missed his connection to South Korea by two or three minutes. <mask> could have boarded a Pan Am Boeing 747 flight to Seoul, but he preferred the lower fares of Korean Air Lines and chose to wait for the next KAL flight two days later. Simultaneously, Hubbard and Helms planned to meet with <mask> to discuss how to join <mask> on the KAL 007 flight. As the delays mounted, instead of joining <mask>, Hubbard at the last minute gave up on the trip, canceled his reservations, and accepted a Kentucky speaking engagement while Helms attempted to join <mask> but was also delayed. <mask> occupied an aisle seat, 02B in the first class section, when KAL 007 took off on August 31 at 12:24 AM local time, on a trip to Anchorage, Alaska for a scheduled stopover seven hours later. The plane remained on the ground for an hour and a half during which it was refueled, reprovisioned, cleaned, and serviced. The passengers were given the option of leaving the aircraft but <mask> remained on the plane, catching up on his sleep.Helms meanwhile had managed to arrive and invited <mask> to move onto his flight, KAL 015, but <mask> did not wish to be disturbed. With a fresh flight crew, KAL 007 took off at 4 AM local time for its scheduled non-stop flight over the Pacific to Seoul's Kimpo International Airport, a nearly flight that would take approximately eight hours. On September 1, 1983, <mask> and the rest of the passengers and crew of KAL 007 were killed when Soviet fighters, under the command of Gen. Anatoly Kornukov, shot down KAL 007 near Moneron Island after the plane entered Soviet airspace. Some families of the victims of the shootdown maintain that there is reason to believe that <mask> and others of Flight 007 survived the shootdown. This viewpoint has received some coverage in the conservative news agency Accuracy in Media and also the New American, the magazine of the John Birch Society. Aftermath After <mask>'s death, a special election was held to fill his seat in the House. Former Governor Lester Maddox stated his intention to run for the seat if <mask>'s widow, <mask>, did not.<mask> did decide to run, but lost to George "Buddy" Darden. Tribute There is a cenotaph placed for him at Crest Lawn Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. On March 18, 1998, the Georgia House of Representatives, "to preserve the memory of the sacrifice and service of this able and outstanding Georgian and recognize his service to the people of his district", named the portion of Interstate 75, which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line in his honor, the <mask> Memorial Highway. Bibliography Articles “Why Does Spotlight Attack the Real Anti-Communists?” Congressional Record, September 9, 1981. Books We Hold These Truths: A Reverent Review of the U.S. Constitution. Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. . Revised edition: Larry McDonald Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1992. . Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution. Introduction by M. Stanton Evans.Foreword by Marx Lewis. Washington, D.C.: ACU Education and Research Institute, 1977. Contributed works “Introduction.” The Rockefeller File, by Gary Allen. Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976. . “China in Africa.” Sino-Soviet Intervention in Africa, by Roger Pearson. Washington, D.C.: Council on American Affairs, 1977. . The Future of the United Nations: A Roundtable Discussion (Audiobook). Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977. .Remarks on the UN, its past and future, and its relations with the United States. Articles by other authors Dorman, Zach. “The Congressman Who Created His Own Deep State. Really.”. Politico, 2 December 2018. See also Boll weevil (politics) John G. Schmitz John Rarick United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99) References External links <mask> on Crossfire in 1983 <mask><mask>, late a representative Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Lawrence Patton <mask> congressional papers, circa 1974-1983 |- 1935 births 1983 deaths 20th-century American politicians 20th-century Methodists American anti-communists American Methodists American urologists American people murdered abroad Davidson College alumni Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Emory University School of Medicine alumni Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats John Birch Society members Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Mass murder victims Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state) Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state) Old Right (United States) Paleoconservatism Politicians from Atlanta United States Navy Medical Corps officers Victims of aircraft shootdowns Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1983 Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union

Ken Gill

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<mask> (30 August 1927 – 23 May 2009) was a British trade union leader. He was the General Secretary of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), from 1974 to 1988, when it merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF). He was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins. A committed Communist, he was elected to the TUC General Council in 1974, and was a prominent figure in the militant industrial relations of the 1970s. From 1981 to 1987 he was a member of the Commission for Racial Equality. Background <mask> was born in Melksham, Wiltshire, in 1927. <mask> was politicised when young, having experienced poverty in his childhood during the Great Depression.He attended a grammar school and was offered officer training during the Second World War, but refused this owing to a political opposition to the officer class. In 1943, aged 15, he became an apprentice draughtsman. During the war his family took in a lodger, a cobbler and communist who convinced the young <mask> of the cause of socialism. In 1945 he was a prominent campaigner for the local Labour candidate, who was elected as the first local Labour MP. In 1949, at the end of his apprenticeship, he moved to London. As a young communist at the height of the Cold War, he travelled to East Germany for the 1951 World Youth Festival, and was briefly arrested while journeying there by the US military police. By his early thirties <mask> had become a director of a successful small engineering firm.Trade union career In 1962 <mask> stood for office in the Draughtsmen's and Allied Technicians' Association (DATA), being elected a regional official. The militancy of his Merseyside and Northern Ireland region saw <mask> leading workers in a series of industrial battles over pay and conditions. As a result of his success in this, he was elected as deputy general secretary of the union in 1968, bringing him back to London. "As former colleagues attest, <mask> was widely respected as a leader, winning people by persuasion rather than using his authority." DATA's successor, the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS), became part of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers (AUEW) in 1971, although it remained quasi-autonomous. During the merger talks MI5 broke into <mask>'s South London home to bug discussions going on there. <mask> became the General Secretary of TASS in 1974, and that same year was the third communist to be elected on to the TUC General Council, with over 7 million votes.With the support of other left-wingers on the Council he helped lead a militant broad left grouping, which played a key role in the ideological and economic battles of the time. He was a leading member of the 'awkward squad' of trade union leaders which made the industrial relations of the nineteen seventies so difficult for successive governments, not least by consistently opposing an enforced incomes policy. He was a leading figure in union opposition to Barbara Castle's contentious 1969 bill on industrial relations, In Place of Strife. From the mid-1970s <mask> used his position on the TUC Council to push for more radical policies in support of equal opportunities. In 1976 he "famously told the TUC Woman's Conference ... that Britain was still a 'socially backward' country," since despite the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act women would still need a 50 per cent pay increase to achieve parity with men. In 1982 he warned against racial prejudice within trade unions, saying that black workers would form their own trade unions if prejudice prevented them from being elected to union posts. <mask> was also an internationalist, pushing within the TUC for more progressive positions internationally.<mask> and his union were among the earliest active supporters of the fight against South Africa's apartheid. On <mask>'s initiative, the union guaranteed the deposit for the 1988 stadium concert that celebrated Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday. When Mandela later visited the UK after his release from Robben Island, he chose the union's conference hall to meet and thank African National Congress exiles and activists. In 1984 <mask> became chairman of the People's Press Printing Society, the cooperative which publishes The Morning Star. <mask>, along with a group of so-called "Tankie" members, was later expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain when the paper's editor refused to follow the new Eurocommunist party line. In 1985/86 <mask> became the only communist ever to become President of the Trades Union Congress, although by then, following the defeat of the 1984 miners' strike, militancy was in retreat. TASS demerged from the AUEW in 1985, and in 1988 merged with ASTMS to form the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF), then Britain's fifth-largest union, with 600,000 members.<mask> was General Secretary of the MSF, 1988–1992, initially jointly with Clive Jenkins. <mask> retired as a full-time trade union official in 1992. "Despite being among the most prominent communists in the country, <mask> always saw himself first of all as a trade unionist." In 1993 he was voted the "Trade Unionists' Trade Unionist" in a survey carried out by The Observer newspaper. "<mask> never fitted the cliché image of a communist. While he could be forceful and committed, he was never dogmatic or unnecessarily aggressive." He believed that the Labour Party was central to radical social change.A lifetime supporter of the Soviet Union, he was expelled from the British Communist Party in 1985, when it broke with Moscow. Retirement After his retirement, <mask> continued campaigning, including against the 2003 Iraq war. He also played a key role in the 1993 founding of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign in the UK, becoming its first chair, only stepping down in 2008. <mask> was also known for his caricatures of fellow trade unionists, and often made on scraps of paper during meetings and conferences. An exhibition of his work was held at Congress House in 2007, and a book of his caricatures was published in April 2009. Books <mask> (Author), John Green and Michal Boncza (Editors), 2009 – Hung, Drawn and Quartered, Artery Publications, . The book is a selection of <mask>'s caricatures.The <mask> Memorial Fund A non-charitable trust was established in 2010 by <mask>'s family and close friends to commemorate <mask>'s life and to continue his life's work. Among its objectives are supporting the Morning Star newspaper, supporting the trade union movement and workers' rights through co-operation with the Institute of Employment Rights and to support solidarity with Cuba, working alongside the Cuba Solidarity Campaign. Trustees included Rodney Bickerstaffe, former general secretary of Unison, the UK's largest public services union. References Further reading Bickerstaffe, Rodney. "<mask>, <mask> [<mask>]" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2013) https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/101722 Mortimer, J. E. A Life on the Left (1998) Thomas, Brian. "'Red Ken' is Dead" (2009) in Melksham and St. Michael's in War and Peace (2014), The Well House Collection, Melksham pp59–60 External links The Ken Gill Memorial Fund 1927 births 2009 deaths British caricaturists Communist Party of Great Britain members Communist Party of Britain members General Secretaries of MSF General Secretaries of the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section People from Melksham British communists Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress

David Carr (American football)

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<mask> (born July 21, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State. <mask> also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. He joined the NFL Network in 2016 as analyst. Early years <mask> attended Valley Oak Elementary School in Fresno, California.He continued on to Clovis Unified's Kastner Intermediate School in Fresno, where he proceeded to break a number of California D-I middle school records as quarterback of the Thunderbirds. After moving to Bakersfield, California, <mask> attended Stockdale High School. College career <mask> began as the starting quarterback at Fresno State during the 2000 and 2001 seasons after redshirting in 1999. While he was quarterback, the Bulldogs went 7-5 and 11-3. In his senior season the team beat Colorado, Oregon State, and Wisconsin, all members of BCS conferences. There was speculation about whether the Bulldogs would qualify for a BCS bid, something then unheard of for a BCS non-automatic qualifying conference team. They climbed to as high as number 8 in the polls, and <mask> was on the cover of Sports Illustrated.During his collegiate career, <mask> completed 565 of 901 passes for 7,849 yards and threw 65 touchdowns versus 22 interceptions. During his senior year, he won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award and was a finalist for the 2001 Heisman Trophy, finishing fifth. On September 1, 2007, the Fresno State Bulldogs retired <mask>'s #8 jersey in his honor. Former Fresno State football player Robbie Rouse (a junior in 2011) was the last player allowed to wear the number. College statistics Professional career Houston Texans With the first overall pick of the 2002 NFL Draft, the Houston Texans, a new expansion team, selected <mask>. His professional career began on a productive note. The Texans played their first regular season game on September 8, 2002, defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 19–10, at Houston's Reliant Stadium.Houston became just the second expansion team to win its first game. However, <mask> was sacked 76 times during that season, which set a league record. He also set the NFL record for fumble recoveries in a single season, recovering 12 of his own. Both records still stand as of 2022. He finished his rookie year of 2002 with 2,592 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions. He also rushed for 282 yards along with 3 rushing touchdowns. The Texans finished 4-12 in their first franchise year.In the 2003 season, <mask> played 12 games (11 starts) with 2,103 passing yards, 9 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. He also rushed for 151 yards with 2 rushing touchdowns and was sacked only 15 times. The Texans finished with a record of 5-11 in 2003. <mask> started all 16 games in 2004 being sacked a league-leading 49 times. He passed for 3,531 yards with 16 touchdowns and 14 interceptions. The Texans finished 7-9 in 2004. The 2005 season began poorly as the Texans were 1-9 in their first 10 games, and plummeted to a 2–14 record to finish the season.Plagued by injuries and an ineffective offensive line that limited both the running and passing games, <mask> still threw for 2,488 yards while being sacked a league-leading 68 times. Despite the drop-off, the Texans exercised an option in <mask>'s contract that extended him for three years. The Texans finished the 2006 season at 6–10. For the season, <mask> posted a completion percentage of 68.9% (a career-high) and tied the single-game NFL record of 22 consecutive pass completions (against the Buffalo Bills). However, new Texans general manager Rick Smith decided to go in a different direction at quarterback. Thus, the Texans acquired Matt Schaub from the Atlanta Falcons and decided to release <mask>, making him a free agent for the first time of his career. He had been sacked a total of 249 times during his tenure in Houston.Carolina Panthers <mask> agreed to terms with the Carolina Panthers on April 6, 2007, signing a two-year, $6.2 million contract. Following an injury to starting quarterback Jake Delhomme, <mask> was named the starter. He played in six games (started four games) and had three touchdowns and five interceptions, with a 53.7 completion percentage and a passer rating of 58.3. <mask> suffered a back injury during the fifth game of the season (a victory vs. the New Orleans Saints) on a sack by Will Smith, and saw limited action during the remainder of the 2007 season, being replaced by Vinny Testaverde and Matt Moore. He was released on February 27, 2008. New York Giants (first stint) On March 12, 2008, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants, reuniting with former Houston offensive coordinator Chris Palmer. Subsequently, the Giants released former backup quarterback Jared Lorenzen.<mask> backed up Eli Manning for two seasons. In the 2009 offseason, <mask> was re-signed to a one-year, $2 million contract on February 9, 2009. In his first two years with the Giants, <mask> saw action in seven games and threw three total touchdown passes. San Francisco 49ers On March 7, 2010, <mask> agreed to terms with the San Francisco 49ers; he served as a back-up to Alex Smith. <mask> was put into the 49ers Week 7 game against his former team the Carolina Panthers after Smith suffered a shoulder injury. <mask> struggled completing only 5 of 13 passes for 67 yards and throwing a crucial interception late in the 4th quarter. He was released by the 49ers on July 28, 2011.New York Giants (second stint) <mask> signed with the New York Giants on July 31, 2011, as the backup quarterback to starter Eli Manning. <mask> received his only Super Bowl ring in the 2011 season after the Giants beat the New England Patriots 21-17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He did not play a single snap during the 2011 regular season. <mask> re-signed with the Giants on March 14, 2012, to an additional one-year contract. He was waived by the Giants on August 31, 2013. <mask>'s status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him being considered a draft bust. In 2011, he was included in Foxsports.com's list of the ten worst No.1 overall picks in NFL Draft history. In 2015, NESN ranked <mask> as the 8th worst No. 1 overall pick in NFL Draft history. He is currently on NFL Network as an analyst. NFL career statistics Coaching career In 2015, <mask> became offensive coordinator at Bakersfield Christian High School, under head coach and younger brother <mask>. Personal life <mask> married high school girlfriend Melody Tipton in March 1999. Together they have six children, three of whom have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, which <mask> also suffers from.His brother, Derek is the starting quarterback for the Las Vegas Raiders. Derek states that <mask> was instrumental to the preparation and training that led up to the 2014 NFL Draft and has helped greatly with training and experience since being drafted by the Raiders. Lon Boyett, his uncle, played in the NFL as a tight end with the 49ers in 1978. See also List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders References External links Fresno State profile 1979 births Living people Players of American football from Bakersfield, California American football quarterbacks Fresno State Bulldogs football players National Football League first overall draft picks Houston Texans players Carolina Panthers players New York Giants players San Francisco 49ers players High school football coaches in California Alliance of American Football announcers

Sue Lowden

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Suzanne "<mask><mask> (; born February 8, 1952) is the former Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and a former Nevada state senator. Lowden is a former businesswoman, television news anchor and kindergarten teacher. Lowden was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2010 United States Senate election in Nevada and the 2014 Nevada Lt. Governor election. A native of National Park, New Jersey raised by a single mother, <mask> is a graduate of American University and Fairleigh Dickinson University. She served as a state senator for Nevada from 1993 to 1997. During her four years in the state legislature, she held the senior leadership position of majority whip.Early life and career Born Suzanne Parkinson Pluskoski, and raised in New Jersey, Lowden graduated in 1970 from Gloucester Catholic High School. At age 16, she became Miss National Park, New Jersey. She accumulated other local and regional titles, including Miss Gloucester County, Miss Cape May County, Miss New Jersey Apple Princess, and Miss Steel Pier in Atlantic City, New Jersey at age 19 in 1971. Lowden was Miss District of Columbia USA in 1971, and a semi-finalist at Miss USA. Changing her name to Suzanne Plummer, in 1973, she was Miss New Jersey on her second try, and was 2nd runner-up for Miss America having won the swimsuit portion. After a six-week USO tour, she completed a BA in education from American University in Washington, D.C., an MA in elementary education from Fairleigh Dickinson University in Rutherford, New Jersey, and was later granted an Honorary AA from then Community College of Southern Nevada. While finishing her degree, Lowden worked two years as a kindergarten teacher in Edgewater, New Jersey.Then, she moved to Los Angeles, California. Sending job applications to TV stations across the country, in 1978 she landed a job with KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, the local CBS affiliate for southern Nevada. She earned numerous awards for her work as a reporter and anchorwoman, such as the Associated Press and United Press International Award for Best Newscast. She became a member of the KLAS Channel 8 Hall of Fame. She left KLAS in 1987. Lowden became an Executive Vice President of Sahara Hotel and Casino, then President of Santa Fe Station. Having a Nevada gaming license, she currently serves as a Member of the Board of Directors and Secretary-Treasurer of Archon Corporation, a gaming and investment company.For her work, <mask> received a Women of Achievement Award from the Las Vegas Chamber of Commerce. According to statements filed with the Senate Office of Public Records, she and her husband have more than $50 million in stock holdings, much of it in Las Vegas gaming companies. State Senate career In 1992, <mask> ran for the Nevada State Senate in Clark County District 3 (map), that usually elects members of the Democratic Party. She defeated longtime incumbent Jack Vergiels, who was then serving as the Nevada Senate Majority Leader. In the Nevada Legislature, <mask> served as the Senate Majority Whip and the Chairman of the Senate Taxation Committee. Her work in office earned her the Guardian of Small Business Award from the Nevada chapter of the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), Senator of the Year Award from the Clark County Republican Party, the Woman of the Year Award from the Republican Women of Las Vegas, and the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 from the Republican Women of Henderson. The Culinary Workers Union representing hotel workers, then the most powerful labor force in Las Vegas, has criticized her for her votes to reform the State Industrial Insurance System and because her casino fought efforts by workers to organize there.She said the union harassed her by picketing her home and threatened her to the point where she had to transfer her children to another school. In 1996, she lost a re-election bid to Democrat Valerie Wiener, while most other incumbents held their seats. In 2007 she became Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and held that position until 2009. 2010 U.S. Senate run On October 1, 2009, <mask> announced her bid for the Republican nomination for US Senate. Her main opponents in the Republican primary were businessman Danny Tarkanian and former State Assemblywoman Sharron Angle. Had <mask> won the Republican primary, she would have run against U.S. Senator Harry Reid, the Senate Majority Leader.She earned endorsements from Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Jeri Thompson, the Susan B. Anthony List, and former Nevada Governor Robert List. Politico named <mask>'s campaign one of "the worst" of 2010 stating "if Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid wins re-election in Nevada, it will likely be thanks to those 14 words spoken by Republican challenger <mask>", referring to <mask>'s statement regarding "bringing a chicken to a doctor." Politico also cited controversy over <mask>'s use of a campaign supporter's RV, and "an inept response to a question about the Civil Rights Act" as reasons. Tarkanian was her closest primary opponent in two surveys conducted as of April 2010, but polling after <mask>'s infamous suggestion that people use the barter system to lower their health care costs showed Angle moving to first place. In general election polling, she once held the largest lead against Reid in aggregate polling conducted as of April 2010. But later May polls showed <mask> losing to Harry Reid by 5 percentage points (42-37). In primary election polling, <mask> held an even greater lead of 18 points over her closest primary opponent in two independent surveys conducted April 2010.Her numbers then declined by more than 20 points. Using data from a poll conducted by Mason-Dixon Polling & Research Inc.. the Las Vegas Review-Journal on May 28, 2010 stated that "Republican <mask> has the best chance of defeating U.S. Sen. Harry Reid". The poll predicted that <mask> would win 42 percent of the vote over Reid's 39 percent with a margin of error "plus or minus 4 percentage points." Sharron Angle went on to defeat <mask> by a margin of 13.98%. 2014 election <mask> confirmed with Nevada political pundit Jon Ralston that she was mulling a run for Nevada Lieutenant Governor in 2014. Ultimately, she lost the primary election to State Senator Mark Hutchison by nearly 18% of the vote. Personal life In 1983, she married <mask>, a Nevada businessman.At the time, he owned the Sahara and Hacienda casinos. They later built the Santa Fe Station casino and remain majority owners of the Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall. He had a boy and girl, and together they had two sons (her youngest died at 17), and have one granddaughter. She and her husband reside in Las Vegas. In 2016, <mask>, son of <mask> was sued by investors of Stoney's Rockin Country for fraud and racketeering. The Stoney' Rockin Country trademark is currently owned by Archon Corporation, which <mask> sits on the board, owns majority of the company stock, and serves an executive position. Appearance in media Lowden had an impromptu appearance on The Tonight Show in 1978 where she was picked out of the audience by guest host Don Rickles who fawned on her as a result of her physical beauty.Rickles was struck by her beauty and joked towards the end of their discussion, "you've got a great a body, I'm not saying that in any kind of sexy way...I want to be with you so bad <mask>!" <mask> was accompanied by two acquaintances one of which was former professional NFL football player Edgar Chandler. References External links <mask> for Senate |- 1952 births Living people American University alumni Candidates in the 2010 United States elections Candidates in the 2014 United States elections Fairleigh Dickinson University alumni Gloucester Catholic High School alumni Miss America 1974 delegates Nevada Republicans Nevada state senators People from the Las Vegas Valley People from National Park, New Jersey People from Wildwood, New Jersey State political party chairs of Nevada Washington, D.C. Republicans Women state legislators in Nevada 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American women politicians 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians Beauty queen-politicians

Giulio Caccini

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<mask> (also <mask>) (8 October 1551 – buried 10 December 1618) was an Italian composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was one of the founders of the genre of opera, and one of the most influential creators of the new Baroque style. He was also the father of the composer <mask> and the singer <mask>. Life Little is known about his early life, but he is thought to have been born in Rome, the son of the carpenter <mask>; he was the older brother of the Florentine sculptor <mask>. In Rome he studied the lute, the viol and the harp, and began to acquire a reputation as a singer. In the 1560s, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was so impressed with his talent that he took the young Caccini to Florence for further study. By 1579, <mask> was singing at the Medici court.He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at various entertainments, including weddings and affairs of state, and took part in the sumptuous intermedi of the time, the elaborate musical, dramatic, visual spectacles which were one of the precursors of opera. Also during this time he took part in the movement of humanists, writers, musicians and scholars of the ancient world who formed the Florentine Camerata, the group which gathered at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi, and which was dedicated to recovering the supposed lost glory of ancient Greek dramatic music. With <mask>'s abilities as a singer, instrumentalist, and composer added to the mix of intellects and talents, the Camerata developed the concept of monody—an emotionally affective solo vocal line, accompanied by relatively simple chordal harmony on one or more instruments—which was a revolutionary departure from the polyphonic practice of the late Renaissance. In the last two decades of the 16th century, <mask> continued his activities as a singer, teacher and composer. His influence as a teacher has perhaps been underestimated, since he trained dozens of musicians to sing in the new style, including the castrato Giovanni Gualberto Magli, who sang in the first production of Monteverdi's first opera Orfeo. <mask> made at least one further trip to Rome, in 1592, as the secretary to Count Bardi. According to his own writings, his music and singing met with an enthusiastic response.However, Rome, the home of Palestrina and the Roman School, was musically conservative, and music following <mask>'s stylistic lead was relatively rare there until after 1600. <mask>'s character seems to have been less than perfectly honorable, as he was frequently motivated by envy and jealousy, not only in his professional life but for personal advancement with the Medici. On one occasion, he informed the Grand Duke Francesco of two lovers in the Medici household— Eleonora, the wife of Pietro de' Medici, who was having an illicit affair with Bernardino Antinori—and his informing led directly to Eleonora's murder by Pietro. His rivalry with both Emilio de' Cavalieri and Jacopo Peri seems to have been intense: he may have been the one who arranged for Cavalieri to be removed from his post as director of festivities for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici in 1600 (an event which caused Cavalieri to leave Florence in fury), and he also seems to have rushed his own opera Euridice into print before Peri's opera on the same subject could be published, while simultaneously ordering his group of singers to have nothing to do with Peri's production. After 1605, <mask> was less influential, though he continued to take part in composition and performance of sacred polychoral music. He died in Florence, and is buried in the church of St. Annunziata. Music and influence The stile recitativo, as the newly created style of monody was called, proved to be popular not only in Florence, but elsewhere in Italy.Florence and Venice were the two most progressive musical centers in Europe at the end of the 16th century, and the combination of musical innovations from each place resulted in the development of what came to be known as the Baroque style. <mask>'s achievement was to create a type of direct musical expression, as easily understood as speech, which later developed into the operatic recitative, and which influenced numerous other stylistic and textural elements in Baroque music. <mask>'s most influential work was a collection of monodies and songs for solo voice and basso continuo, published in 1602, called Le nuove musiche. Although it is often considered the first published collection of monodies, it was actually preceded by the first collection by Domenico Melli published in Venice in March 1602 (stile veneto, in which the new year began on 1 March). In fact, the collection was <mask>'s attempt, evidently successful, to situate himself as the inventor and codifier of monody and basso continuo. Although the collection was not published until July 1602, <mask>'s dedication of the collection to Signor Lorenzo Salviati is dated February 1601, in the stile fiorentino, when the new year began on 25 March. This likely explains why the collection is often dated to 1601.Moreover, he explicitly positions himself as the inventor of the style when describing it in the introduction. He writes: The introduction to this volume is probably the most clearly written description of the performance of monody, what <mask> called affetto cantando (passionate singing), from the time (a detailed discussion of the affetto cantando performance style can be found in Toft, With Passionate Voice, pp. 227–40). <mask>'s preface includes musical examples of ornaments—for example how a specific passage can be ornamented in several different ways, according to the precise emotion that the singer wishes to convey; it also includes effusive praise for the style and amusing disdain for the work of more conservative composers of the period. The introduction is also important in the history of music theory, as it contains the first attempt to describe the figured bass of the basso continuo style of the Seconda pratica. <mask> writes: This passage is often overlooked, because it is brief, and located at the very end of the introduction. It is even indicated by <mask> as a "note"; an aside or addendum to the main purpose.It is important to observe, however, that the first explanation of this practice is in the context of an essay about vocal expression and intelligibility. Indeed, it was largely the aim of textual intelligibility that led to the development of this musical style, and to the music of the common practice period. Works <mask> wrote music for three operas—Euridice (1600), Il rapimento di Cefalo (1600, excerpts published in the first Nuove musiche), and Euridice (1602), though the first two were collaborations with others (mainly Peri for the first Euridice). In addition he wrote the music for one intermedio (Io che dal ciel cader farei la luna) (1589). No music for multiple voices survives, even though the records from Florence indicate he was involved with polychoral music around 1610. He was predominantly a composer of monody and solo song accompanied by a chordal instrument (he himself played harp), and it is in this capacity that he acquired his immense fame. He published two collections of songs and solo madrigals, both titled Le nuove musiche, in 1602 (new style) and 1614 (the latter as Nuove musiche e nuova maniera di scriverle).Most of the madrigals are through-composed and contain little repetition; some of the songs, however, are strophic. Among the most famous and widely disseminated of these is the madrigal Amarilli, mia bella. A setting of Ave Maria written by Russian composer Vladimir Vavilov is often misattributed to Caccini. Recordings Euridice. Scherzi Musicali with Nicolas Achten, conductor. 2009, Ricercar RIC 269 See also Ave Maria (Vavilov) - a popular composition misattributed to Caccini. References Notes Sources Article "Giulio Caccini", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed.Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2001. Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.<mask> <mask>, Le nuove musiche, tr. John Playford and Oliver Strunk, in Source Readings in Music History. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1950. External links 1551 births 1618 deaths People from Tivoli, Lazio Italian opera composers Male opera composers Italian male classical composers Italian Baroque composers Renaissance composers Chitarrone players Italian music theorists 17th-century Italian composers 17th-century male musicians

Woody Abernathy (outfielder)

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Thomas Woodley "<mask>" <mask> (October 16, 1908 – February 11, 1961) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 13 seasons in minor league baseball. Over that time, Abernathy played for multiple teams in multiple leagues including the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928) of the Cotton States League; the Class-B Montgomery Lions (1929–1930) of the Southeastern League; the Class-A Birmingham Barons (1931–1933) of the Southern Association; the Double-A Baltimore Orioles (1934–1937) and the Double-A Buffalo Bisons (1938) of the International League; the Class-A1 Knoxville Smokies (1939) of the Southern Association; and the Double-A Milwaukee Brewers (1940) and the St. Paul Saints (1940) of the American Association. During his career in the minors, Abernathy batted .315 with 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games. For college, Abernathy attended Auburn University, where he played football. During his tenure in the International League, Abernathy ranked in the top-five in home runs hit in all of his four seasons in the league, including leading twice (1934, 1936). Although Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball, his contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies from the Baltimore Orioles in 1935 and spent spring training with the Phillies in 1936. During the 1938 season, while playing with the Buffalo Bisons, Abernathy suffered a fractured skull after being stuck in the head by a pitch and was hospitalized for nearly a month.Abernathy batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Early life Thomas Woodley "<mask>" <mask> was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama, to Thomas H. and Hortence <mask> of Tennessee and Texas, respectively. Thomas H<mask> worked as a meat cutter in Jefferson, Alabama. <mask> attended Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama. While at Auburn, Abernathy was described as a "football star" by the Associated Press; however, he chose to play baseball professionally instead. Professional career Early career Abernathy began his professional career with the Class-D Vicksburg Hill Billies of the Cotton States League in 1928. With the Hill Billies, Abernathy batted .358 with 60 runs, 169 hits, 33 doubles, 16 triples, two home runs and six stolen bases in 123 games played.On the defensive side, Abernathy played 63 games at first base and 57 games in the outfield. He was second in the Cotton States League in triples, third in hits, sixth in doubles and ninth in batting average. In 1929, Abernathy began his tenure with the Class-B Montgomery Lions. With the Lions, he batted .339 with 172 hits, 30 doubles, 13 triples and three home runs in 138 games. <mask> was tied for third in the Southeastern League in triples, fourth in doubles, fifth in hits and tied for seventh in batting average. During the 1930 season, while playing with the Montgomery Lions, Abernathy batted .339 with 172 hits, 22 doubles, 11 triples and four home runs in 136 games played. He finished third in the Southeastern League in hits and fourth in hits.Southern Association In 1931, Abernathy began playing for the Class-A Birmingham Barons of the Southern Association. In 118 games that season, Abernathy batted .311 with 133 hits, 17 doubles, 12 triples and 10 home runs. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 69 games at first base and 40 games in the outfield. Abernathy's play was noted as "some of the finest fielding and hitting in the Dixie Series" by the Associated Press after the Barons won the championship that season. During the 1932 season, with the Barons, Abernathy batted .320 with 91 hits, 12 doubles, six triples and eight home runs in 78 game. In his final season with Birmingham, 1933, Abernathy batted .322 with 186 hits, 35 doubles, 12 doubles and 10 home runs in 150 games. Abernathy played all of his defensive games (112) at first base.Abernathy was fifth in the Southern Association in hits during the 1933 season. International League Abernathy began his tenure in the International League with the Double-A Baltimore Orioles in 1934. Before the season, The Gazette described Abernathy as a "straight away hitter". When the Orioles were playing the Montreal Royals in a double-header in July 1934, Abernathy hit two home runs in each games, giving him four combined home runs in one day. On the season, Abernathy batted .309 with 174 hits, 24 doubles, nine triples and 32 home runs in 151 games played. He led the International League in home runs, tied with Vince Barton. During the 1935 season, still with the Baltimore team, the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball's National League traded for the rights to Abernathy.In exchange, the Orioles received US$15,000 ($ in today's standards) and pitcher Harry Gumbert. Abernathy was to report to the Phillies in 1936 for spring training. At the end of the 1935 season, Abernathy batted .276 with 150 hits, 25 doubles, nine triples and 31 home runs in 149 games played. Abernathy was third in the International League in home runs. In 1935, Abernathy sustained a "severe charley horse", as described by The Milwaukee Journal, while playing with the Philadelphia Phillies during spring training. In April, still with the Phillies, it was noted by the Spartanburg Herald-Journal that Abernathy's stats repeated themselves. For instance, Abernathy batted .339 in 1929 and 1930.After spring training, Abernathy returned to the Orioles as he did not make the final 25-man roster. Abernathy batted .309 with 171 hits, 24 doubles, three triples and 43 home runs in 554 games played with the Orioles in 1936. He led the International League in home runs that season. Abernathy spent his final season with the Orioles in 1937. In 148 games, he batted .284 with 155 hits, 29 doubles, two triples and 21 home runs. Abernathy was tied for fifth in the International League in home runs. After the 1937 season, the Baltimore Orioles sold Abernathy to the Buffalo Bisons, also of the International League.During a game on August 5, 1938, while playing with the Bisons, Abernathy was stuck in the head by a baseball from the opposing pitcher and was sent to St. Joseph Hospital in Syracuse, New York, where he was initially in critical condition. The opposing pitcher who threw the injury-inflicting pitch, Jon Gee of the Syracuse Chiefs, went to the hospital after the game to see Abernathy. Abernathy, whose head was wrapped in bandages, told Gee that he knew he did not throw the pitch at him on purpose. Officially diagnosed with a fractured skull, Abernathy underwent surgery performed by Dr. Brooks McCain and was reportedly in an "improved" condition immediately afterwards. While recovering from his injuries, the Bisons and Chiefs played a benefit game for Abernathy and raised $4,000 ($ in today's standards) to pay his medical bills. On September 3, 1939, Abernathy left the hospital and returned home. During the 1938 season, Abernathy batted .323 with 121 hits, 27 doubles, five triples and 21 home runs.Despite being out of play after his injury in 1938, Abernathy still managed to hit the fourth most home runs in the International League. Later career Abernathy made his return to the Southern Association, a league in which he played with from 1931 to 1933 with the Birmingham Barons, in 1939. With the Double-A Knoxville Smokies that season, who were affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Abernathy batted .332 with 161 hits, 32 doubles, four triples and 16 home runs in 135 games. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 129 games in the outfield and committed six errors in 273 total chances. Abernathy ended the season sixth amongst batters in the Southern Association in home runs. In December 1939, the Smokies traded Abernathy and sent cash considerations to the American Association's St. Paul Saints franchise in exchange for pitcher Sugar Cain and outfielder Bitt McCulloch. During the 1940 season, after playing for the Saints, Abernathy was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers, also of American Association.On the season, between the two American Association teams, Abernathy batted .281 with 142 hits, 35 doubles, four triples and 10 home runs in 135 games. Abernathy finished fifth in the American Association in doubles. After staying out of baseball in 1941, Abernathy attempted to stage a comeback with the Brewers in 1942; however he never made an appearance. Legacy Although Abernathy never played in Major League Baseball during regular season, he did play 13 seasons in the minor leagues. In 1713 career games played, Abernathy batted .315 with a .502 slugging percentage, 1997 hits, 345 doubles, 106 triples and 210 home runs in 1713 games. On the defensive side, Abernathy played 1218 games in the outfield and 244 games at first base. As an outfielder, Abernathy committed 61 errors in 2,600 total chances.He also made 2,439 putouts and 106 assists as an outfielder. <mask>'s fielding percentage in the outfield was .977. At first base, Abernathy finished his career with a .991 fielding percentage; and made 2,316 putouts, 125 assists and 23 errors. His career highs include 42 home runs (1936), 186 hits (1933), 35 doubles (1933, 1940), 16 triples (1928), .358 batting average (1928) and .590 slugging percentage (1936). Accomplishments Pennant winner with the Vicksburg Hill Billies (1928) Pennant winner with the Montgomery Lions (exact year unknown, circa 1929–1930) Dixie Series champion with the Birmingham Barons (1931) Two-time leader of the International League in home runs (1934, 1936) <mask> was born on October 16, 1908, in Athens, Alabama. His mother's name was T. H<mask>. <mask> had a son named <mask> who is still living and resides in Austin, Texas.References General references Inline citations External links Abernathy in Baseball in Baltimore: The First 100 Years, James H. Bready (1998), JHU Press. 1908 births 1961 deaths People from Athens, Alabama Baseball players from Alabama Vicksburg Hill Billies players Montgomery Lions players Birmingham Barons players Baltimore Orioles (IL) players Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players St. Paul Saints (AA) players Auburn Tigers baseball players Auburn Tigers football players Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players

Lou Groza

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<mask> (January 25, 1924 – November 29, 2000), nicknamed "the Toe", was an American professional football player who was a placekicker and offensive tackle while playing his entire career for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL). <mask> was professional football's career kicking and points leader when he retired after the 1967 season. He played in 21 seasons for the Browns, helping the team to win eight league championships in that span. <mask>'s accuracy and strength as a kicker influenced the development of place-kicking as a specialty; he could kick field goals from beyond at a time when attempts from that distance were a rarity. He set numerous records for distance and number of field goals kicked during his career. <mask> grew up in an athletic family in Martins Ferry, Ohio. He enrolled at Ohio State University on a scholarship in 1942, but after just one year in college, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and was sent to serve in World War II.Groza deployed as an army surgical technician in the Pacific theater, where he stayed until returning in 1946 to play for the Browns. Helped by <mask>'s kicking and play at offensive tackle, the Browns won the AAFC championship every year between 1946 and 1949, when the league disbanded and the Browns were absorbed by the more established NFL. Cleveland won the NFL championship in its first year in the league on a last-minute field goal by <mask>. <mask> set NFL records for field goals made in 1950, 1952 and 1953. Sporting News named him the league's Most Valuable Player in 1954, when the Browns won another championship. The team repeated as NFL champions in 1955. <mask> retired briefly after the 1959 season due to a back injury, but returned in 1961.He was part of a 1964 team that won another NFL championship. <mask> retired for good after the 1967 season. Later in life, he ran an insurance business and served as a team ambassador for the Browns. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission named the <mask> Award after him. The award is given annually to the country's best college placekicker. <mask> died in 2000 of a heart attack.Early life Born in eastern Ohio in Martins Ferry, just north and across the Ohio River from Wheeling, West Virginia, <mask>'s parents were immigrants from Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (today in Romania). His Hungarian mother Mary and Romanian father John (Ioan) <mask> owned and ran Groza's Tavern on Main Street. <mask> was the smallest in stature of four boys in an athletic family; his brother Alex became a star basketball player at the University of Kentucky, a member of two national championship teams. <mask> lettered in football, basketball, and baseball at Martins Ferry High School. The Purple Riders won the state basketball championship in 1941, when <mask> was its captain. He was also captain of the baseball team. <mask> learned placekicking from his older brother Frank, and practiced by trying to kick balls over telephone wires when he and his friends played touch football in the street.College career and military service <mask> graduated from high school in 1942 and enrolled on an athletic scholarship at the Ohio State University in Columbus, where he played as a tackle and placekicker on the Buckeyes' freshman team. Groza played in three games and kicked five field goals, including one from away. In 1943, he enlisted in the U.S. Army as World War II intensified. He first went for basic training to Abilene, Texas, and then to the Brooke Army Medical Center at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio. After a stint with the short-lived Army Service Training Program, <mask> was sent with the 96th Infantry Division to serve as a surgical technician in Leyte, Okinawa, and other places in the Pacific theater in 1945. The day he landed in the Philippines, Groza saw a soldier shot in the face. He was stationed in a bank of tents about five miles from the front lines and helped doctors tend to the wounded."I saw a lot of men wounded with severe injuries", he later said. "Lose legs, guts hanging out, stuff like that. It's a tough thing, but you get hardened to it, and you accept it as part of your being there." While he was in the Army, he received a package from Paul Brown, the Ohio State football coach. It contained footballs and a contract for him to sign to play on a team Brown was coaching in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC). He signed the contract in May 1945 and agreed to join the team, called the Cleveland Browns, after the war ended in 1946. <mask> got $500 a month stipend until the end of the war and a $7,500 annual salary.Professional career Following his discharge from military service, <mask> reported to the Browns' training camp in Bowling Green, Ohio. He showed up in army fatigues carrying all his clothes in a duffel bag. There, he joined quarterback Otto Graham, fullback Marion Motley and receivers Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie to form the core of the new team's offense. <mask> was mainly a placekicker in his first two years with the Browns, but he played a big part in the team's early success. In his first season, he set a professional football record for both field goals and extra points. The Browns, meanwhile, advanced to the AAFC championship against the New York Yankees. <mask> sprained his ankle in the game and missed three field goals, but Cleveland won 14–9.Behind a powerful offense led by Graham, Motley and Lavelli, the Browns finished the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 record and made it back to the championship game. <mask>, however, was injured and could only watch as the team won its second championship in a row. Further success followed for the Browns and <mask>, who was nicknamed "The Toe" by a sportswriter for his kicking abilities. <mask> led the league in field goals and the team won all of its games in 1948, recording professional football's first perfect season. As he grew into a star placekicker, <mask> began playing regularly at offensive tackle beginning in 1948. One highlight of that year for Groza was a 53-yard field goal against the AAFC's Brooklyn Dodgers that was then the longest kick in pro football history. With Groza, the Browns could attempt field goals at a range many other teams could not."Anywhere from , he was a weapon", Tommy James, Groza's holder for eight years, later said. Another championship win followed in 1949, but the AAFC dissolved after the season, and the Browns were among three teams absorbed by the more established National Football League (NFL). The war had shortened <mask>'s college career, so he continued to study at Ohio State in the offseason in his early years with the Browns. He graduated with a degree in business in 1949. <mask> married that year, to <mask> Robbins, a girl from Martins Ferry who was working as a model in New York City when they first dated. The Browns' debut in the NFL in the 1950 season was closely watched; while the team dominated the AAFC in its short existence, some sportswriters, NFL owners and coaches considered the league inferior. Cleveland put all doubts to rest in its first game against the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles, winning 35–10.In a game against the Washington Redskins later in the season, <mask> broke a 24-year-old NFL record by kicking his 13th field goal of the season. He also scored the only touchdown of his career in that game on a reception from Graham. The Browns ended the regular season with a 10–2 record in the American Conference, tied with the New York Giants. That forced a playoff against the Giants in which <mask> kicked the winning field goal for the Browns with under a minute to play. The Browns next faced the Los Angeles Rams in the championship game. <mask> came into the game as the NFL's leading kicker, both in terms of points scored and accuracy. He had a success rate of 68.4% in an era when most teams made fewer than half of their attempts.The Rams went ahead early in the game on a touchdown pass from star quarterback Bob Waterfield and a scoring run by Dick Hoerner. But Graham and the Browns came back with four touchdowns, two to receiver Dante Lavelli. As time wound down in the fourth quarter, however, the Rams were ahead 28–27, and Cleveland had a final chance to win the game. Graham drove the offense to the Rams' nine-yard line and set up a <mask> field goal attempt. The 16-yard try sailed through the uprights with 28 seconds left, giving the Browns a 30–28 victory. It was the biggest kick of <mask>'s career. "I never thought I would miss", he said later.After the season, <mask> was named to the first-ever Pro Bowl, the NFL's all-star game. Cleveland again reached the championship game in 1951, but lost this time in a rematch against the Rams. <mask> had a 52-yard field goal in the game, a record for a championship or Super Bowl that stood for 42 years. He was again named to the Pro Bowl after the season. The same scenario was repeated in 1952 and 1953: the Browns reached the championship both years, but lost both times to the Detroit Lions. <mask> was playing with cracked ribs in the 1952 championship loss, and he missed three field goals. <mask> set a record in 1953 when he made 23 field goals and had an 88.5% success rate, a single-season mark that stood for 28 years.He made the Pro Bowl again in 1952 and 1953, and was a first-team All-Pro selection both years. The Browns came back in 1954 to win another championship. That year, <mask> was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player by Sporting News. Cleveland won the championship again in 1955, beating the Rams 38–14. <mask> was named to the Pro Bowl and sportswriters' All-Pro teams in 1954 and 1955. Hurt by Graham's retirement before the season, Cleveland had its first-ever losing season in 1956. <mask>'s kicking continued to be a strength through the ensuing three years: he reached the Pro Bowl in 1957, 1958 and 1959, and tied Sam Baker for league leader in points scored in 1957.Cleveland reached the championship game in 1957 but lost to the Lions. The Browns lost to the New York Giants in a single-elimination playoff in 1958, and failed to reach the postseason in 1959. <mask> sat out after the 1959 season due to a back injury and was presumed to be retired. While his kicking was his most visible contribution to the team, <mask> was also an offensive tackle up until his injury, when Brown replaced him with Dick Schafrath. "<mask> never got all the credit he deserved for his tackle play, probably because his great kicking skills got him more notoriety", Andy Robustelli, a defensive end who played against <mask>, later said. Groza took 1960 off and did some scouting for the team. He also focused on an insurance business he started."I was 36 and I thought I had retired", he said. The following year, however, he came back to the team at the urging of Art Modell, who bought the Browns that year. Not wanting to use a roster spot on a kicking specialist (<mask>'s back injury prevented him from playing on the line), Brown had signed Sam Baker to kick and play halfback. But <mask> was eager to return and Modell insisted. <mask> stayed with the team as a placekicker until 1967, and was on a Browns team that won the 1964 championship. <mask> scored the first points in that game on a third-quarter field goal. He also kicked four kickoffs more than and out of the Baltimore Colts end zone, preventing a return.Cleveland won 27–0. When <mask> retired for good in 1968 after 21 seasons in professional football, he held NFL career records for points scored, field goals made and extra points made. He had 234 field goals, 641 extra points, and 1,349 total points in the NFL. Counting his AAFC years, his career point total was 1,603. He was the last of the original Browns still on the team. <mask>, who was 44 years old when he quit the game, said in his memoir that retiring was "the saddest day of my football life." His top salary was $50,000 in his final year.Later life and death After <mask> retired, he entertained an offer to play for the San Francisco 49ers, but was reluctant to do so because he did not want to move his family and insurance business to the West Coast. He was offered a spot with the Browns as a kicking coach, helping mentor the young Don Cockroft, but he declined. Later in life, he became an ambassador and father figure for the Browns, inviting rookies over for dinner and helping them find apartments. He continued to run a successful insurance business and lived in Berea, Ohio near the Browns' headquarters and training facility. He and his wife Jackie were known as the team's First Family. Modell relocated the Browns to Baltimore in 1995 and renamed the team the Ravens, provoking a wave of anger and disbelief from fans and former players. <mask> was a leading critic of the move, saying it was "like some man walking off with your wife."In 1996, <mask> wrote a memoir titled The Toe: The <mask> Story. The Browns restarted as an expansion team in 1999. <mask> was hobbled in the late 1990s by back and hip surgeries and Parkinson's disease. He suffered a heart attack in 2000 after dinner with his wife at Columbia Hills Country Club in Columbia Station, Ohio. He was taken to a hospital in Middleburg Heights, Ohio, where he died. He was buried in Sunset Memorial Park in North Olmsted, Ohio. <mask> and his wife had three sons and a daughter.Following <mask>'s death, the Browns wore his number 76 on their helmets for the 2001 season. Kicking style While field goals had long been viewed as an important part of football strategy, kicking specialists were a rarity before <mask>'s time. <mask>'s success from distances of and beyond raised the bar for kickers across the league. He set single-season NFL records for accuracy, distance and number of field goals in his first three years in the league, marks that went unbeaten until kicking specialists became a common feature of the game in the early 1970s. <mask>'s kicking was the difference in 15% of the Browns' games during the AAFC years, and teams began to take notice when his field goals made the difference in both the NFL playoffs and the championship game in 1950. "Everybody started to pay attention to field goals when the Browns started to win games with them", Pat Summerall said. <mask> led the NFL in field goals made five times in his career.<mask> was a straight-ahead kicker. He approached the football in a straight line and booted it with the top of his foot, aiming for the middle of the ball. Early in his career, <mask> scraped the ground with his cleats in a straight line to help guide his kicks. Later he put down a piece of one-inch adhesive tape rolled up inside his helmet. The "Lou Groza Rule" in 1950 banned the use of artificial kicking aids, including the tape. The straight-ahead style used by <mask> and other kickers of his era has since been supplanted by soccer-style kicking with the side of the foot. "I don't know why all the kids kick soccer-style", he said in 1997."They kick the ball with the side of their foot, which is supposed to give them better control. I don't know, I never tried it." Legacy <mask> was named to the National Football League 1950s All-Decade Team in 1969 and inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1974. The Browns retired his number 76; he is also in the team's Ring of Honor, a grouping of the best players in the club's history whose names are displayed below upper-deck seats at FirstEnergy Stadium. In 1992, the Palm Beach County Sports Commission established the <mask> Award, given to the best National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) kicker. One of his kicking shoes is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. In 2006, <mask> was inducted into the National High School Hall of Fame for his athletic exploits in baseball, basketball & football at Martins Ferry High School where he earned 12 varsity letters and led the football and basketball teams to State championships.In 1941 as a junior, <mask> led the Martins Ferry High School basketball team to the class A championship. He set a State record for points scored in the four tournament games with 51. In the State semi-final game against Xenia Central, he hit two free throws with no time left on the clock to secure the victory. In the title game, he was high scorer with 18 points. He was named tournament MVP, a member of the All-State Tournament Team, and first team All-Ohio center. In 1941 as a senior, he led the Martins Ferry High School football team to a share of the State championship tying Toledo Libbey 14-14. <mask> started as offensive and defensive tackle as well as being the place kicker.He was selected first team All-Ohio by both the Associated Press and United Press International. During his high school years, he was named Captain of the football, basketball and baseball teams. The city of Berea, Ohio (where <mask> settled down after his retirement), has honored him in numerous ways: The street the Browns training facility is located was renamed 76 <mask> Boulevard In 2012, <mask> Field was built in Berea. The above field is home of the <mask> Football program, serving middle school aged children in suburban Cleveland. In 2016, <mask> was honored with a statue in front of his namesake field. References Bibliography External links The <mask>za Award <mask>za Football website 1924 births 2000 deaths Players of American football from Ohio Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players American football placekickers American football offensive tackles Cleveland Browns players Cleveland Browns (AAFC) players American people of Hungarian descent American people of Romanian descent Ohio State Buckeyes football players People from Martins Ferry, Ohio Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees United States Army personnel of World War II United States Army soldiers National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers

Rodrigo Pérez de Traba

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<mask> (floruit 1111–1158/65), called el Velloso ("the Hairy"), was a Galician magnate who rose to prominence after the coronation of Alfonso VII as co-ruler of León in 1111. He served Alfonso at court in his early years, but was given increased responsibility in Galicia after the death of Alfonso's mother, Queen Urraca (1126). After about 1132 he became increasingly involved in the politics of Portugal, whose invasion of Galicia he supported in 1137. Even after León and Portugal made peace in 1141 <mask> was largely excluded from Leonese politics, with the notable exception of the military campaigns of 1147, until 1152. Thereafter until his death he was the dominant lay figure in Galicia. Political activities Feudal affairs <mask> was a younger son of <mask> and his second wife, Mayor Rodríguez. He is first mentioned in the Historia compostellana in connexion with the coronation of the young Alfonso VII on 17 September 1111 in Compostela.He took part in the ceremonies as the honorary alférez (armiger), alongside his father as steward. In the words of the Historia "the most esteemed count Pedro was royal steward and his son <mask>, as armiger, carried the sword of the king, the shield, and the lance." On 26 September 1119 he was still serving as alférez to Alfonso, then co-ruling with his mother, Queen Urraca. The post of alférez was typically reserved for younger nobleman in anticipation of higher office. In April 1126, after Urraca's death, <mask> travelled with his father and the other magnates of Galicia to Zamora to swear oaths to Alfonso as sole king. In the context of this episode the Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris refers to "the sons of Count Pedro Fróilaz, among whom [was] <mask>, who was later named count by the king." He was raised to the rank of count, the highest rank in the kingdom, on 2 April 1127, for he confirmed a royal donation to the Benedictine monastery at Sahagún that day as Comes dominus Rudericus Petriz in eadem die electus.<mask>'s elevation to comital status probably took place before a gathering of the entire court in León. On 3 August 1132 <mask> and his brother Martín granted a family estate at Palacios to Pedro and Arias Díaz. Among the Galician castles (castra) which the Historia compostellana names <mask> as holding are San Jorge, Traba (from which his family took its name), and a place called Ferraria (today Ferreira, a parish of Coristanco). These three castra are elsewhere called castellis by Alfonso VII in a donation to the Cathedral of Santiago in 1127, where they also appear clumped together. In the charter of donation <mask> is twice named "Count <mask> Traba" (Comes Rudericus de Traua), a name used again in a similar royal donation in 1131. These are the only instances in contemporary documents of <mask> using "Traba" as part of his name. Sometime before 5 December 1135 <mask> was granted the tenencia (fief) of the Limia in Galicia, which he continued to govern down to at least 13 March 1156, possibly until his death.By 31 January 1155 he had also received the important Galician tenencia of Monterroso, where he can be seen ruling as late as 1 June 1157, and probably until his death. In one of Alfonso VII's last donations to the Cathedral of Santiago, in 1155, <mask> styled himself "Count <mask> of Galicia", the last apparent use of the title "Count of Galicia". One document dated 13 February 1147, but corrected to 1148, refers to his holding Salamanca, an important Leonese city, jointly with Ponce Giraldo <mask> Cabrera, but this is the only citation of such a holding. Military affairs <mask> was politically closely aligned with the County of Portugal, which his half-brothers Vermudo and <mask> were de facto ruling through the latter's adulterous liaison with Countess Theresa. He regularly visited their court from 1128 onwards, even after the Battle of São Mamede liquidated his relatives' power. On 28 September 1132 as a reward for loyalty and service he received the vill of Burral from Afonso Henriques, Theresa's son and successor. At least between August 1132 and 26 February 1135 he held the lordship of Porto, and in 1137 he and Gómez Núñez aided the Portuguese when they invaded Galicia.At the time of the invasion the Chronica notes that <mask> "had fortifications in Limia and other commissions from the Emperor." From at least November 1140 until as late as 1 February 1141 he was the dapifer (majordomo) of the new royal household of Portugal after Afonso declared himself king in 1139. In September 1141 Afonso Henriques and Alfonso VII finally came to terms, and both <mask> and Gómez "paid a severe political price as a result." According to the Chronica, they "proved themselves disloyal to their lord, Alfonso. They handed their castles and commissions over to the King of Portugal [who fortified them and returned to his country]. These acts of treason resulted in their own ruin, for indeed they were what most prejudiced these Counts for the rest of their lives." On only seven or eight occasions did <mask> pay a visit to the royal court between September 1141 and March 1152.During this period he continued to visit the Portuguese royal court also. Later, according to the Chronica, in a not unusual display of mercy, Alfonso invited the disgraced count to court and regaled him with gifts of gold and silver as he customarily did his regular courtiers, thus reconciling him to himself. In 1147 <mask> joined the royal army that marched to re-conquer Almería from the Muslims, but like many of the Galicians initially present he left in midsummer after taking part in the Siege of Oreja (at least until 25 July). Ecclesiastical relations Sometime before 12 December 1155, at which time he was briefly governing Bubal, Castella, and Deza, <mask> had married <mask> <mask>, daughter of Fernando Núñez and Mayor, daughter of <mask>ñoz. She was thus a niece of Gómez Núñez. She gave <mask> a daughter, Guiomar, and a son, variously given as Álvar or <mask>. Guiomar married first Fernando Ponce <mask> el Mayor and secondly Diego Ximénez, by whom she was mother of <mask> <mask> Cameros.<mask> was a generous benefactress of the Cistercians in Spain, making donations to their foundations at Armenteira, Ferreira de Pallares, Meira, and Melón. In 1175 she made a donation to San Martiño de Fóra and helped found a convent at Ferreira de Pantón, which she placed in dependency on Meira. While his wife's religious devotion favoured the Cistercians, <mask>'s patronage lay solidly behind the Benedictines and the Praemonstratensians. On 20 December 1127 Alfonso VII donated some churches to the Benedictine monastery of Cines in Galicia "for the love of our most faithful count <mask> <mask>." The surviving charter recording this grant of largesse has been challenged as a forgery by at least one historian, but its authenticity has been defended by another. It contains the date 1133, but the list of witnesses suggests it more probably belongs to 1127. It names <mask> as a count, but he cannot be shown to have attained that rank before late 1128.On 28 October 1155 <mask> confirmed a royal donation of property to the abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos. On 15 December he made donations to the Praemonstratensian monasteries of Retuerta and San Leonardo. According to the Historia compostellana, in 1130 some of <mask>'s knights unlawfully imprisoned Arias Muñiz, the archdeacon of Trastámara in the Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela. When the archbishop Diego Gelmírez threatened to excommunicate <mask>, the count swore on the Gospels that he had no part in his knights' actions, that he would confiscate the fiefs he had bestowed on those knights, and that he would arrest and hand over to the diocese any peasants who had taken part in the outrage. The purpose of the public humiliation imposed by Diego was, according to the Historia, to instill fear in <mask>'s fellow magnates, so that they would not dare commit such acts again. For the remission of his sins, <mask> made a donation to the archdiocese of his castle at Faro. Alfonso VII's gift of the tenencia of the Limia towards 1135 was probably motivated by <mask>'s good relations with Diego.The Historia also describes how Alfonso VII granted the castle of San Jorge and its dependencies to the archdiocese, but allowed <mask> to retain its lordship as a vassal of the archbishop. <mask> also donated to the Cathedral of Braga on 28 October 1133. On 1 March 1143 and again twelve years later, on 20 March 1155, he made donations to the Benedictines of Sobrado dos Monxes, which had been founded by his half-brothers. His last recorded act of piety was a donation to the Benedictine establishment at Toxos Outos on 9 October 1157. According to one source he is last mentioned on 28 August 1158 in a document of the tumbo (cartulary) of the monastery of Castañeda, but another cites a document in the archive of Sobrado dated 24 December 1165, placing his death in early 1166. References Further reading Simon Barton. "Sobre el Conde <mask> ‘el Velloso’."Estudios Mindonienses, 5 (1989), 653–61. Esther Pascua. "South of the Pyrenees: Kings, Magnates and Political Bargaining in Twelfth-century Spain." Journal of Medieval History, 27:2 (2001), 101–20. Bernard F. Reilly. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.People of the Reconquista 12th-century nobility from León and Castile

Johan Gunnar Andersson

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<mask> (3 July 1874 – 29 October 1960) was a Swedish archaeologist, paleontologist and geologist, closely associated with the beginnings of Chinese archaeology in the 1920s. Early life and polar research After studies at Uppsala University, and research in the polar regions, <mask> served as Director of Sweden's National Geological Survey. He participated in the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901 to 1903 (on the ship Antarctic). His work on the Falkland Islands and the Bjørnøya, where he first coined the term solifluction, influenced Walery Łoziński create the concept of periglaciation in 1909. Chinese archaeology In 1914, <mask> (V.K. Ting) and his colleague Wong Wen-hao (Pinyin: Weng Wenhao).During this time, <mask> helped train China's first generation of geologists, and also made numerous discoveries of iron ore and other mining resources, as well as discoveries in geology and paleontology. <mask> paid his first visit to Zhoukoudian in 1918 drawn to an area called "Chicken Bone Hill" by locals who had misidentified the rodent fossils found in abundance there. He returned in 1921 and was led by local quarrymen to Dragon Bone Hill where he identified quartz that was not local to the area. Realising that this may indicate the presence of prehistoric man he set his assistant, Otto Zdansky, to work excavating. Zdansky returned for further excavations in 1923 and a great deal of material was shipped to Uppsala for analysis. Eventually in 1926, on the occasion of a visit by the Swedish Prince to Beijing, <mask> announced the discovery of two human teeth. These were later identified as being the first finds of the Peking Man.In collaboration with Chinese colleagues such as Yuan Fuli and others, he then discovered prehistoric Neolithic remains in central China's Henan Province, along the Yellow River. The remains were named Yangshao culture after the village where they were first excavated, in 1921. This too was a highly important breakthrough, since the prehistory of what is now China had not yet been investigated in scientific archaeological excavations and the Yangshao and other prehistoric cultures were completely unknown (they had never been mentioned in any historical documents, and had never before been recognized and investigated). In the following years, 1923–24, <mask>, in his capacity as a staff member of China's National Geological Survey, conducted archaeological excavations in the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai, again in collaboration with Chinese colleagues, and published numerous books and scientific papers on Chinese archaeology, many in the Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, which he founded and launched in 1929, and where he published his most significant scientific reports on his own work. <mask>'s most well-known book about his time in China is Den gula jordens barn, 1932, translated into several languages, including English (as Children of the Yellow Earth, 1934, reprinted 1973), Japanese, and Korean. For an extensive bibliography of <mask>'s works, and a comprehensive discussion of his and his colleagues' archaeological research in China, see M. Fiskesjö and Chen Xingcan, China before China: <mask> <mask>, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory. Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities [Östasiatiska museet], 2004.In 1926, <mask> founded the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden (in Swedish: Östasiatiska museet), a national museum established to house the Swedish part of the collections from these first-ever scientific archaeological excavations in China. <mask> served as the director of the MFEA until he was succeeded in 1939 by the famous Swedish Sinologist Bernhard Karlgren. Collection Selections of the Swedish portion of the materials is on display at the MFEA in a new permanent exhibit launched 2004. The Chinese part of the Andersson collections, according to a bilateral Sino-Swedish agreement, was returned by him to the Chinese government in seven shipments, 1927–1936. The first shipments were sent by <mask> to Peking, and the last ones to Nanjing, which had become the new capital of China. An exhibit with these objects was mounted at the new National Geological Survey complex in Nanjing, where Andersson saw them in 1937, the last time they were reported seen by anyone. The last documentary evidence of these objects was a 1948 Visitors Guide to the Geological Survey museum in Nanjing, which listed <mask>'s Yangshao artefacts among the exhibits.The objects were long thought to be irretrievably lost in the civil war that followed, until 2002. After major renovations at the Geological Museum of China, the successor to the Geological Survey's museum, staff found three crates of ceramic vessels and fragments while re-organising items in storage. Following contact with the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Östasiatiska Museet) in Stockholm, it was confirmed that these were indeed left from <mask>'s excavations. In 2006, these objects featured in an exhibition at the Geological Museum on the occasion of its 90th anniversary, celebrating the lives and work of Andersson and its other founders. In 2007, the Geological Museum of China published a documentary film (see review and discussion in Fiskesjö 2010). Still, as of 2010, the vast majority of the objects returned to China by Andersson remain lost. This includes a spectacular and unique human-faced ceramic shaman head (see illustration in Fiskesjö and Chen 2004, repeated in Fiskesjö 2010), and numerous spectacular painted ceramic vessels.Even though similar such ceramics have been excavated since <mask>'s time by Chinese archaeologists, these lost collections hold a special interest and value since they derive from the first scientific archaeological excavations in China. It is possible they remain in Nanjing, but despite investigations by several competent parties (<mask>'s sending lists have been copied by the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities to major institutions for cultural heritage and archaeology in China), they have not been relocated, and their whereabouts remains unknown. See also Andersson Island Andersson Nunatak Notes, references and sources Notes and references Sources Fiskesjö, Magnus and Chen Xingcan. China before China: <mask> <mask>, Ding Wenjiang, and the Discovery of China's Prehistory. Stockholm: Östasiatiska museet, 2004. . (With an extensive bibliography of <mask>'s works) Fiskesjö, Magnus. "The Reappearance of Yangshao? Reflections on unmourned artifacts."(Review essay, on the 2007 Chinese documentary 'Cutting through the fog of history: The re-appearance of the Yangshao cultural relics'). In China Heritage Quarterly 23, (September 2010): http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=023_yangshao.inc&issue=023 Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Science across borders: <mask> <mask> and Ding Wenjiang." In: Stevan Harrell, Charles McKhann, Margaret Swain and Denise M. Glover, eds., _Explorers and Scientists in China's Borderlands, 1880-1950_. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011, pp. 240–66. . (In-depth discussion of Ding Wenjiang's and <mask>'s lives and careers as they intersected with each other, with science in China, and in particular the introduction of modern scientific archaeology in China in the early 20th century.) External links Notebooks 1914-1921 by <mask> <mask>, Archive of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, available on Internet Archive.The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm, publishes the annual Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (founded by <mask>), since 1929- 1874 births 1960 deaths Swedish archaeologists 20th-century Swedish geologists Swedish paleontologists Swedish geomorphologists Uppsala University alumni Geological Survey of Sweden personnel Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Swedish expatriates in China

Francis X. Taylor

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<mask> (born 1948) was the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), nominated by President Obama in 2014. In that role, he provided the Secretary, DHS senior leadership, the DHS components, and state, local, tribal and private sector partners with homeland security intelligence and information they need to keep the country safe, secure and resilient. DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis is a member of, and the Department’s liaison to, the U.S. Intelligence Community. <mask> was also a member of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board from 2006 to 2010. He was the former Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security from 2002 to 2005, and the United States Coordinator for Counterterrorism from 2001 to 2002. <mask> is also a retired Air Force Brigadier General with his last military assignment as the Commander of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations from 1996 to 2001. Biography Military career <mask> was educated at the University of Notre Dame, graduating with a B.A.in government and international studies in 1970. <mask> was involved in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps during university and upon graduation, was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force. He became a trainee agent in the U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI), and then attended the U.S. Air Force Special Investigations School in Washington, D.C. From 1970 to 1972, he was a counterintelligence officer at the Middle East, Africa and South Asia Division at AFOSI. From 1972 to 1974, he attended the Air Force Institute of Technology at Notre Dame, receiving an M.A. in government and international studies in 1974. <mask> spent 1974–76 in the Acquisition and Analysis Division of AFOSI's Directorate of Counterintelligence. In April 1976, he became chief of the Counterintelligence Acquisition and Analysis Branch in Ankara.He spent 1977–83 at Bolling AFB, D.C., becoming commander of AFOSI Detachment 411 in September 1977; chief of Resource Career Management Division in AFOSI's Directorate of Personnel in April 1979; and then commander of the Headquarters Squadron Section in October 1980. He then spent fall and winter 1983 at the Armed Forces Staff College. In January 1984, <mask> became deputy director for operations in the Directorate of Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. From July 1987 to July 1988, he studied at the Air War College. In July 1988, he became deputy commander of the 487th Combat Support Group at Comiso Air Station in Comiso. He became commander of AFOSI District 45 at Osan Air Base in July 1990; and then commander of AFOSI Region 2 at Langley Air Force Base in July 1992. He returned to Bolling AFB in August 1994 as director of mission guidance at Headquarters AFOSI.In August 1995, he became director of special investigations in the Office of the Air Force Inspector General. He spent July 1996 through July 1998 as commander of AFOSI at Bolling AFB, D.C., where he was responsible for providing commanders of all Air Force activities independent professional investigative services in fraud, counterintelligence, and major criminal matters. In August 1998, Headquarters AFOSI moved to Andrews AFB, MD, in August 1998. <mask> has received numerous awards and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit, <mask> retired from active duty on July 1, 2001. Effective dates of promotion Post-military career In 2001, President George W. Bush nominated <mask> to be Coordinator for Counterterrorism, and <mask> subsequently held this office from July 13, 2001 until November 15, 2002. In this role, he was responsible for implementing U.S. counterterrorism policy overseas and coordinating the U.S. government response to international terrorist activities. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, he was a key advisor in assisting the President Bush and Secretary of State Colin Powell in forming the international coalition against terrorism and developing aggressive international policy implementation to defeat terrorism.President Bush then nominated <mask> to be Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security and Director of the Office of Foreign Missions, with a rank of Ambassador. <mask> held this office from November 18, 2002 until February 19, 2005. As Assistant Secretary, <mask> oversaw all Department of State security programs that protect all U.S. government employees and buildings overseas from terrorist, criminal or technical attack, and ensure the integrity of classified national security information produced and stored in these facilities. Leading more than 32,500 US, foreign and contractor personnel, he provided security for all U.S. government employees assigned to over 250 U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide. The Ambassador also directed the law enforcement function of the Bureau, wherein Diplomatic Security Service special agents protect the Secretary of State and foreign dignitaries who visit the United States and conduct criminal investigations of violation of U.S. Visa and Immigration statutes. As Director of the Office of Foreign Missions, <mask> regulated the activities of foreign missions in the United States to protect the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States and safeguard the American public from abuses of privileges and immunities by diplomatic and consular officials. <mask> joined the General Electric Company as Vice President and Chief Security Officer on March 7, 2005.He is responsible for overseeing GE’s global security operations and crisis management processes. In 2006, Bush appointed <mask> to the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. On February 12, 2014, President Barack Obama announced his intent to nominate <mask> as the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis for the Department of Homeland Security. <mask> has also received numerous civilian awards and decorations, including the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal and the State Department Distinguished Honor Award. On August 17, 2017, <mask> was named an executive fellow of the Global Policy Initiative in the new Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. <mask> is married to Constance O<mask> and together the couple have three children. See also Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism References External links Biography at U.S. Air Force Biography at U.S. Department of State Biography at U.S. Department of Homeland Security |- 1948 births Living people University of Notre Dame alumni United States Air Force generals United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations United States Assistant Secretaries of State United States Department of Homeland Security United States Department of Homeland Security officials Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States) Recipients of the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Legion of Merit

Andrei Kanchelskis

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<mask> (; ; born 23 January 1969) is a professional football manager and former player. He was most recently the manager of Navbahor Namangan in the Uzbekistan Super League. During his playing career, he won two Premier League titles in England and two Scottish Premier Leagues. <mask> began his career with his hometown team Zirka Kropyvnytskyi in 1986, before transferring to Dynamo Kyiv in the Soviet Top League, and later to rivals Shakhtar Donetsk. He then moved abroad, signing for English club Manchester United, where he helped the team win their first league championship in 26 years. He moved to Everton in 1995 where he spent 18 months, before transferring to Italian club Fiorentina for a record fee for a Soviet-born player. Following an injury-marred spell in Italy, <mask> moved to Scottish club Rangers, where he won a domestic treble in his first season.After falling out of favour, his career became nomadic, playing for Manchester City and Southampton in England, and Saudi club Al Hilal, before playing in Russia for the first time for Saturn Ramenskoye and Krylia Sovetov, where he played his last games before retiring in 2007. <mask> is the only player to have scored in each of the Manchester, Merseyside, and Glasgow derbies. After his playing career had finished, <mask> became the general director of Nosta Novotroitsk in 2008, before moving into club management in 2010, managing Torpedo-ZIL Moscow and Ufa in Russia, and then Latvian team Jūrmala in 2014 for three months. In 2016, <mask> returned to management with Solyaris Moscow, and between 2018 and 2020, he had two spells in charge of Navbahor Namangan in Uzbekistan. Internationally, <mask> represented three different teams. He first played for the Soviet Union in 1989, and scored the nations' last ever goal before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. During 1992, he played for the CIS, a brief association of former Soviet republics, who he represented at UEFA Euro 1992.Following the tournament, he elected to represent Russia rather than Ukraine, the country of his birth. After boycotting the team for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, he returned and played for Russia during Euro 1996, and won his last cap in 1998. Overall, <mask> was capped 59 times, scoring seven goals. In his youth career for the Soviet Union U21 team, he won the European U21 Championship in 1990. Club career Early life and career in the Soviet Union <mask> was born in Kirovohrad in the Soviet Union's Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic to a Lithuanian father, Antanas, and a Ukrainian mother. <mask> started his career with hometown team Zirka Kropyvnytskyi, known at the time as Zirka Kirovograd. In 1988, he was called up to the army, and had the choice of two teams to transfer to - Dynamo Kyiv and Dnipro.Choosing Dynamo, he received a salary of 250 rubles per month, and described his time in the army as a "good school of life". At Dynamo, <mask> was coached by the legendary Valeriy Lobanovskyi, who he believes is the best manager he played for. Lobanovskyi favoured a 4–4–2 formation, a system which focussed on getting the ball to the flanks and crossing into the penalty box, which <mask> describes as an "English style of play". <mask> had decided to become a winger having seen Brazilian Jairzinho playing in his youth. His first goal for Dynamo came on 4 November 1988 at the Republican Stadium, scoring the equalising goal against Dynamo Moscow in a 2–1 victory. <mask> eventually decided to leave Dynamo due to lack of game time, causing upset to his mentor Lobanovskyi, who he admired and respected greatly. He then transferred to Shakhtar Donetsk in 1990, where his salary was increased to 700 rubles per week.Moving to England with Manchester United <mask> signed for Manchester United in a £650,000 deal on 26 March 1991, with United manager Alex Ferguson describing it as a "justifiable risk". Ferguson had discovered <mask> through a VHS tape sent to him by Norwegian agent Rune Hauge, and had been able to personally scout him during a Soviet Union match against Scotland. At the time, <mask> was a rarity in English football, being one of just 11 non-English and Irish players in the First Division of English football. He made his United debut in the penultimate league game of the 1990–91 season, a match which United lost 3–0 to Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, with Ferguson resting several first team players due to their participation in the European Cup Winners' Cup Final. During his time with United, he received help settling in from George Scanlan, employed by the club as an interpreter, who he became close friends with and who later helped write his first autobiography. <mask> came into a United squad who finished the season in 6th position, with Ferguson under increasing pressure to win the league championship. <mask> won the 1991 European Super Cup with United, defeating European Cup winners Red Star Belgrade 1–0.He was a regular member of the United team, playing in 34 out of 42 league games in the 1991–92 season, as United finished second to Leeds United in a title race that they had led for most of the season, before being overhauled during the final few weeks. However, compensation for Kanchelskis and his teammates had come at Wembley Stadium on 12 April 1992 when a 1–0 win over Nottingham Forest gave them their first ever Football League Cup triumph. <mask> scored five league goals that season, finding the net eight times in all competitions. His first United goal was against Sheffield United in a 2–0 league win at Old Trafford on 2 November 1991. On the opening day of the new Premiership season, <mask> was one of just 11 foreign players starting in the league. Though he primarily played on the right wing, such was the fluidity of United's attacking play that Kanchelskis could switch wings and be as effective, as against defending champions Leeds early in the season, with opposite winger Ryan Giggs delivering a ball from the right to Kanchelskis, drifting from the left wing the back past, heading into the goal to score United's first in a 2–0 win. <mask> was a regular in the first half of the season before being replaced for the second half of the season by Lee Sharpe, who returned from a bout of viral meningitis, with Giggs now the favoured choice in Sharpe's previous position on the left flank.Nevertheless, <mask> was a key part of the team who won the first ever Premier League title, scoring three goals in 27 league games appearances, as United's 26-year league title wait came to an end. The 1993–94 season brought more success as United won the Premier League title and the FA Cup, and <mask> was now United's first choice right-winger. 1993–94 was also the first season of squad numbers in the Premier League, and <mask> was issued with the number 14 shirt. <mask> was sent off in the last minute of the League Cup final for deliberate handball; Dean Saunders scored from the resulting penalty, ensuring a 3–1 loss to Aston Villa, a defeat which eventually cost United a domestic treble. <mask> was United's leading goalscorer in the 1994–95 season with 15 goals in 32 games, but missed the final few weeks of the season due to a hernia, and during that time United surrendered the league title to Blackburn and the FA Cup to Everton. United were also without the suspended Eric Cantona (who was banned for eight months after he assaulted a spectator against Crystal Palace in late January), while Andy Cole was cup-tied for the FA Cup games. His highlight of the 1994–95 season came on 10 November 1994, when he scored a hat-trick for United in their 5–0 home win over neighbours City in the Manchester derby.He had also found the net twice against Blackburn Rovers in a crucial match at Ewood Park on 24 October which United won 4–2. <mask> had played 145 times for United and scored 48 goals in the space of four years, but he had fallen out with manager Alex Ferguson earlier in the season and failed to patch up his differences with the manager. He was placed on the transfer list in July 1995 and on his departure, he was eventually replaced on the right-hand side of United's midfield by David Beckham. Leaving United and signing for Everton Bryan Robson made an approach bid to sign <mask> for Middlesbrough when it was announced that United would be selling him, bidding £4.5m in July 1995, while there was also interest from Arsenal. Robson believed his friendship with <mask> could secure the transfer in Middlesbrough's favour. <mask> confirmed that he would be leaving United, blaming Ferguson for his imminent departure. <mask> eventually agreed to join Everton in August, but the transfer was cancelled due to a claim by Shakhtar Donetsk for money.<mask> was subsequently registered with United for European competition, with the belief he could yet remain with the club, but a compromise between United, Everton and Shakhtar was reached, and he signed for Everton after the beginning of the 1995–96 season, in time for a fixture against Southampton. Everton paid a club record £5m fee for <mask>, signing a four-year contract worth £13,000 per week. United manager Ferguson later claimed in his autobiography that he was offered a bung of £40,000 to force through a transfer by Grigory Essaoulenko, the agent of <mask>, who denied the allegations. In 1997, an inquiry into potential transfer irregularities in English football was unable to obtain information regarding Kanchelskis' transfers as the owner of Shakhtar, Akhat Bragin, had been murdered with an explosive device. The Independent later uncovered that Bragin had stolen over £500k in 1991 when Kanchelskis had transferred to United, money which had been deposited into a Swiss bank account by Manchester United, a fact which was only realised by other Shakhtar officials, including Ravil Safiullin, when Kanchelskis transferred to Everton. <mask>, who was contracted to Scottish team Rangers by the time of Ferguson's allegations, denied any involvement, and said Essaoulenko hadn't been his agent since 1991. Having missed the Charity Shield curtain raiser against Blackburn due to the delay of the transfer, he made his debut in the match against Southampton, with Everton winning 2–0, their first win of the season.During his first game against Manchester United, since he left joined Everton, in early September, <mask> suffered a shoulder injury early into the game following a late tackle by Sharpe, and was substituted off after 14 minutes in an eventual 3–2 defeat. He returned to action against Bolton Wanderers a month later, missing two chances to score in a 1–1 draw. He rapidly gained cult status with Everton supporters especially after his two goals against Merseyside rivals Liverpool at Anfield, his first for the club, ensured a 2–1 win, Everton's first triumph at the stadium since 1986. A week later, he put in a Man of the Match performance in a 2–2 draw with Sheffield Wednesday, scoring Everton's first three minutes into injury time in the first half, before assisting the equaliser for Daniel Amokachi. His first season with the club saw him score 16 goals, including 10 goals in the last 10 matches, to cap a season of excellent performances which made him arguably the best right-winger in the country; his 16 goals was the Everton goalscoring joint-record in the Premier League, shared with Tony Cottee, for 20 years until Romelu Lukaku broke the record in 2016. On 24 February 1996, <mask> scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win against Nottingham Forest, which moved them into 7th place for the first time since August, increasing their chances of UEFA Cup qualification. On 16 April, he again scored against Liverpool, this time in a 1–1 draw, a result which hampered Everton's prospects of qualifying for Europe.He scored his second hat-trick in English football during a 5–2 win at Sheffield Wednesday on 27 April, the first Everton player to score hat-trick in any competition for over two years. Everton ultimately missed out on a UEFA Cup, results not going their way on the final weekend of the season. In late January 1998, <mask> was subject to a bid of £6m from Italian club Fiorentina, and Fiorentina director Luciano Luna claimed personal terms had been agreed for a four-year contract. Injury marred spell with Fiorentina Kanchelskis signed a three-year deal with Fiorentina for a fee of 16 billion lira, signing a four-year contract. The transfer fee was the most expensive for a Russian player, and at the time was one of the most expensive transfers in world football. 1,500 Fiorentina fans turned up to watch Kanchelskis' first training session, and though he passed his medical, <mask>' first match was delayed by an ankle injury, Manager Claudio Ranieri declared Kanchelskis "the best in the world", and club owner Vittorio Cecchi Gori said Fiorentina had beat out A.C. Milan, Spanish club Real Madrid, and Dutch club Ajax to sign Kanchelskis. Wearing the number 32 shirt, he made his debut against Hellas Verona on 16 February in a 2–1 defeat.Gori claimed <mask> had been deliberately targeted due to the cost of the transfer. <mask>' early performances were criticised by Italian newspaper la Repubblica, scoring no goals and managing only one shot on goal in his first five appearances. A hard tackle by Roma defender Vincent Candela ended his 1996–97 season prematurely, at which point he had played nine games without scoring. He changed his shirt number to 17 for the 1997–98 season, and his form improved in the opening two matchdays of the Serie A campaign, including scoring his first goal against Bari. During the summer, Ranieri had been replaced by Alberto Malesani, who had faith in the ability of <mask>. However, he suffered an ankle injury after a hard tackle from Internazionale defender Taribo West, punished only with a yellow card. Returning to action after 40 days in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Italy in Moscow, he collided with Gianluca Pagliuca and suffered a fracture in his knee, being sidelined until the end of January in a Coppa Italia match.By the end of the season, he had played 19 appearances in all competitions, scoring two goals, the second of which came on the final day of the season in a 2–0 win against Milan. At the conclusion of the season, Malesani was replaced by Giovanni Trapattoni, who

Andrei Kanchelskis

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didn't see Kanchelskis as being part of his plans. Return to Britain After struggling to make an impact in Italy, he was allowed to leave, and signed for Scottish Premier League team Rangers for a national record of £5.5 million, part of the club's total summer spending by manager Dick Advocaat of £25m. His first goal came for Rangers came in the first-leg of their UEFA Cup qualification second-round match against Greek side PAOK. On 25 April 1999, <mask> scored the second Rangers goal in a 3–1 win against Aberdeen, moving them within three points of the championship. Rangers went on to win a domestic treble of the league, Scottish Cup, and Scottish League Cup, with <mask> coming on as a substitute as they clinched the third trophy against Old Firm rivals Celtic; in the first fixture of the season against Celtic, <mask> had suffered a broken arm. In his second season with the club, he was dropped from the team, but regained his place in the new year and eventually won the 2000 Scottish Cup Final, amidst reports he could be sold.During the summer, he was a transfer target for Spanish club Barcelona, who wanted a replacement for Luís Figo, while Joe Royle, manager of Manchester City, declared his interest in reuniting with <mask>, though he eventually opted to stay with Rangers, saying he was having a "great time" with the club. His relationship with Advocaat eventually broke down, and after a training ground bust-up with teammate Fernando Ricksen, followed by him then refusing to play in a match for the Rangers under-21 team, he emerged as a target for Bradford City and Manchester City in January 2001. He chose to return to Manchester, and made his debut on 31 January, coming on as a half-time substitute for Andy Morrison in a 1–1 draw with Liverpool in the league. He played 11 games for City, scoring once in a 4–2 defeat to Liverpool in the FA Cup. Despite his successful time with United, <mask> says the clubs' supporters regularly remind him he played 11 matches for their arch-rivals. Upon his return to Rangers, he said he was happy to be back and vowed to give his all for the team, but having received little game time and falling behind Russell Latapy in the pecking order, began to consider his future. After his release from Rangers upon the expiration of his contract, he went on trial with Southampton; manager Gordon Strachan said that <mask> had personally phoned him to ask for permission to train with the club.After a successful trial, <mask> signed with Southampton on 30 August, with a contract lasting until the end of the season. Strachan described <mask> as "just too good a player not to have a club", and said Saints players were "learning a lot from him". He made his debut against former club Everton, coming on as a second-half substitution in an eventual 1–0 win. After making only one more appearance, Southampton released him early from his contract in February 2003, and he joined Saudi Arabian team Al Hilal, signing a four-month contract, after rejecting the possibility to move to Sheffield Wednesday on loan. Later career, and retirement His time with Al-Hilal was blighted by a hamstring injury, and he said that though his teammates were skilled, they lacked enthusiasm and passion in matches and training. <mask> played his final game for the club in May 2003, and in July he began training back in England with Brighton & Hove Albion, a club within close proximity to his home in Sussex. He would later reveal he decided to leave Saudi Arabia due to the Riyadh compound bombings.With offers from teams in Japan and the possibility of a return to Al-Hilal, Brighton manager Steve Coppell began talks with <mask> to sign for the club, and after a month of training, he was offered a three-month contract by Brighton, but the move was cancelled when he failed to agree personal terms. Coppell had been excited at the prospect of <mask> training with the club, saying: "when he is on the ball you can just see he is a good player. He's been there, done it played on the highest stage... he's just a top quality player and he seems a good lad". In December 2003, <mask> spoke to Russian media outlet Sport Express of a contract offer from Russian Premier League team Dynamo Moscow. In January 2004, he signed a one-year contract with Dynamo after a trial period with the club. In an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, <mask> said he had turned down big-money offers from Qatar and Saudi Arabia in favour of signing for Dynamo. His stay at Dynamo was short-lived when he was sacked for a "disciplinary offence" on the eve of the 2004 season, with manager Jaroslav Hřebík citing a "lack of professionalism".Kanchleskis denied allegations he had turned up to training drunk, and filed an unlawful termination suit with the dispute resolution chamber. In December, the court ruled in favour of <mask>; though he said he had fought against the dismissal "not for money, but for prestige", he was awarded damages equating to his salary from 8 February to 15 December. Soon after his release from Dynamo, he was training with former international teammate Viktor Onopko at Saturn. At the end of May, Saturn manager Boris Ignatyev confirmed the possibility that <mask> could sign for the club, and in June, <mask> signed a six-month contract with Saturn, with the possibility of a further year. Before making his official debut, he took part in a friendly match against Rubin Kazan. His debut for Saturn wouldn't come for another month, playing in the 14th round of the championship in a 1–1 draw against Amkar Perm. His first two goals for the club came in a 5–1 win against Alania Vladikavkaz.After another year with Saturn and a short spell with Krylia Sovetov, he retired in February 2007, saying "you need to leave at the right time". He scored one goal for Krylia Sovetov, scoring the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Tom Tomsk on 6 May 2006. He played his last competitive game on 25 November. International career Soviet Union and CIS Kanchelskis was part of the Soviet Union U21 team which won the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, scoring a goal in the second leg of the final against Yugoslavia U21. <mask> recalls having "no fear" before the first leg, saying the squad was relaxed and had played with "pleasure". He made his senior debut for the Soviet Union in 1989, coming on as a substitute for Gela Ketashvili in the final minute of a 1–1 draw with Poland. He was capped 23 times for the Soviet Union (including its brief successor, the CIS), scoring three goals.He scored, in November 1991 in Cyprus, the last goal in Soviet national team history. Russia After the dissolution of the Soviet Union <mask> chose to represent Russia, considered the USSR's official successor team by FIFA. Though eligible, he immediately dismissed the chance to play for Lithuania, while he rejected Ukraine due to them not being able to qualify for a tournament until Euro 1996. Having struggled in the qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Russia lost to Greece, and following the match, though he had not played in Athens, <mask> was one of fourteen players to sign a letter sent to Shamil Tarpishchev, calling for the dismissal of manager Pavel Sadyrin and the appointment of Anatoliy Byshovets as the replacement. <mask> was one of five players who refused to be called up to Russia squad for the World Cup, as part of the ongoing player dispute with Sadyrin. Style of play <mask> usually played as a right-winger throughout his career, where he was known for his work-rate, pace, explosive acceleration, powerful shot from range, and eye for goal; however, he was not particularly strong in the air. Moreover, he had the ability to run at defenders, put opponents under pressure, and create space for teammates when dribbling with the ball.In addition to his footballing skills, he also stood out for his professionalism, despite his aggressive playing style. Post-playing career Shortly after his retirement as a player in February 2007, <mask> became the sporting director of First Division team FC Nosta Novotroitsk, with the intended goal of improving the infrastructure of the club. In August 2009, he was in discussion to become a manager for the first time, with Second Division team Torpedo-ZIL Moscow, but in September it was announced he would remain with Nosta. In November, <mask> resigned from his role with Nosta and re-entered negotiations with Torpedo-ZIL. Having failed to gain promotion in the 2010 season, <mask> blamed the club for failing to spent on players, describing the 300,000 ruble expenditure as "frivolous", and announced his intent to resign from his role. On 23 December 2010, he was appointed the first manager of the newly founded football club, FC Ufa, and stated that promotion to the Football National League was the goal of the club. The club's first ever match occurred on 20 April 2011, with Ufa playing against Syzran-2003 in the Russian Cup, and although the match ended in a 0–0 draw, Ufa lost 1–0 in the subsequent penalty shootout.Competing in the Second Division, the club began their first league season on 24 April, with <mask> guiding his team to their first ever win, a 3–1 victory against Tyumen, with striker Konstantin Ionov scoring all three goals. In May 2012, it was announced that <mask> had left Ufa, with the club five points behind league leaders Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk and three matches of the season remaining. In June 2012, <mask> joined the coaching staff at Volga Nizhny Novgorod, where he spent a year before departing in June 2013. Upon his departure, he said he had had a "good experience" with Volga, and he left satisfied with the year spent with the club. On 31 August 2014, <mask> became the manager of the Latvian Higher League club FC Jūrmala. He was the replacement for Bulgarian manager Gosho Petkov, who had gained 8 points from 28 games, and had left them in last place in the league table, but <mask> failed to avoid relegation. During his spell at Jūrmala, members of the playing squad were regularly unpaid due to the poor on-pitch results.<mask> confirmed his departure in January 2015. In January 2016, <mask> was appointed the new manager of third-tier team Solyaris Moscow following the death of the previous coach Sergey Shustikov. He was sacked on 26 April with the team in second place in the league. On 9 October 2018, <mask> was appointed manager of the Uzbekistan Super League team Navbahor Namangan, replacing Ilkhom Muminjonov in the role. He signed a contract until the end of the 2018 season, and hired the experienced Russian coach Aleksei Belenkov as his assistant. He won his first game in charge, with midfielder Azizbek Turgunboev scoring the only goal in a 1–0 win against Buxoro. Navbahor finished third in the league as a result of a 1–0 win against rivals Bunyodkor on 21 November.In June 2019, <mask> resigned from his role, citing the unsatisfactory results which had left the team situated in 4th place in the league, having earned 18 points from 12 games. However, in August, he was re-appointed manager of Navbahor, replacing Dejan Đurđević and signing a three-year contract. In August 2020, <mask> confirmed he had tested positive for COVID-19; Navbahor and <mask> requested for the football authorities to postpone the league due to members of the squad also contracting the virus, but were refused. He was released from hospital on 21 September, and the following week, he said he was still recovering slowly. In October 2020, with the team in 7th place in the league after 18 matches, <mask> left Navbahor for a second time, on this occasion due to being unpaid for four months, and submitted an application to FIFA. In August 2021, FIFA ruled in favour of <mask>, ordering Navbahor to pay $1.6 million plus interest. Personal life <mask> has a son, also named <mask>, who is a supporter of Everton, due to the fondness with which Everton fans remembered his father's short spell with the club.Career statistics Club International Scores and results list the Soviet Union's and Russia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kanchelskis goal. Honours Manchester United Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94 FA Cup: 1993–94 Football League Cup: 1991–92 FA Charity Shield: 1993, 1994 European Super Cup: 1991 Rangers Scottish Premier League: 1998–99, 1999–2000 Scottish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02 Scottish League Cup: 2001–02 Soviet Union U21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1990 Individual Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 1994–95 Premier League Player of the Month: April 1996 References External links <mask>kis Career Profile Kanchelskis: all goals in career <mask>kis at eu-football.info 1969 births Living people Expatriate footballers in England Russian football managers Russian footballers Russia international footballers Soviet footballers Soviet expatriate footballers Soviet expatriate sportspeople in England Soviet Union under-21 international footballers Soviet Union international footballers Dual internationalists (football) Ukrainian people of Lithuanian descent FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players FC Dynamo Kyiv players FC Shakhtar Donetsk players Manchester United F.C. players Everton F.C. players ACF Fiorentina players Rangers F.C. players Manchester City F.C. players Southampton F.C. players Al Hilal SFC players FC Saturn Ramenskoye players FC Krylia Sovetov Samara players Soviet Top League players Premier League players Serie A players Scottish Premier League players Russian Premier League players UEFA Euro 1992 players UEFA Euro 1996 players Russian expatriate footballers Russian expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate footballers in Italy Expatriate footballers in Scotland Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia Russian people of Lithuanian descent Russian people of Ukrainian descent FC Ufa managers Association football wingers Saudi Professional League players Russian expatriate sportspeople in Italy Russian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland Russian expatriate football managers Expatriate football managers in Latvia FC Jūrmala managers Russian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia Russian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia Navbahor Namangan managers Expatriate football managers in Uzbekistan Russian expatriate sportspeople in Uzbekistan FA Cup Final

Bill Morris (bishop)

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<mask> (born 8 October 1943) served as the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Toowoomba in Australia from 1992 to 2011. In May 2011, the Holy See removed <mask> from pastoral care of the diocese, attracting international press coverage. Pastoral career <mask> was born in Brisbane, where he was educated at St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, before studying for the priesthood at Pius XII Provincial Seminary in Banyo. He was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Brisbane in 1969. His parish appointments included Sunnybank, Nambour, Mt Gravatt, Goodna and Surfers Paradise. During 1979 to 1984 he served as secretary to Archbishop Francis Rush in Brisbane and also as Diocesan Director of Vocations. In 1992, <mask> was appointed by Pope John Paul II to head the Toowoomba diocese.His consecration took place at St Patrick's Cathedral on 10 February 1993. He became known for his pastoral leadership and his work with diocesan cases of sexual abuse. In 2009 he dismissed the principal of a Toowoomba Catholic primary school and two Catholic Education officials for failing to report to the police an early complaint from a schoolgirl. There were reports of liturgical unorthodoxy and controversy about his support of the Third Rite of Confession. In 2006 <mask> released a pastoral letter that discussed the declining number of priests in remote parishes like Toowoomba. The letter called for discussion of the ordination of married men and the ordination of women. To call for such a discussion could be interpreted as a challenge to the teaching of Pope John Paul II's apostolic letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, which said that "the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women."The letter also suggested that the Catholic Church might consider recognising "Anglican, Lutheran, and Uniting Church orders". In December 2006, <mask> received a fax requesting that he come to Rome by February 2007 for meetings with three cardinals; Giovanni Battista Re, then head of the Vatican's Congregation for Bishops, William Levada, then head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and Francis Arinze. <mask> did not attend, citing "pastoral reasons", and offered to present himself in May. An apostolic visitation of the diocese was conducted by Charles J. Chaput OFM Cap, Archbishop of Denver during April 2007. Chaput reported to the Congregation for Bishops in May 2007. <mask> says that he has never seen this report. He was given an unsigned document from the Congregation for Bishops indicating 13 separate issues.<mask> then negotiated with several Vatican congregations for several years. Attempts by Vatican administrators to reconcile <mask> with the church's position included several meetings in Rome where, it has been reported, he was asked to resign several times. In December 2008, <mask> wrote to Pope Benedict XVI requesting an audience. He was received by the Pope on 4 June 2009. Later <mask> claimed that he was told that "it is God’s will that you resign". In February 2011 the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia, Giuseppe Lazzarotto, wrote to <mask> requesting his resignation. Removal as diocesan bishop On 1 May 2011, <mask> stated in a letter to parishioners of his diocese that "it has been determined by Pope Benedict XVI that the diocese would be better served by the leadership of a new bishop", but that he felt that he was being denied "natural justice".<mask> announced his early retirement at age 67, stressing the fact that he had not resigned. On 2 May, the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia announced that the Pope had "removed [<mask>] from pastoral care" of his diocese. At this time, <mask> was appointed Bishop Emeritus of Toowoomba. Several hundred people attended two separate vigils for <mask> on 3 May in Toowoomba. On 13 May 2011, the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference (ACBC) issued a statement, stating that they supported Pope Benedict's decision to remove <mask>. In the statement they noted: "it was judged that there were problems of doctrine and discipline, and we regret that these could not be resolved. We are hopeful that Bishop <mask> will continue to serve the Church in other ways in the years ahead".At a meeting of the Permanent Committee of the ACBC on 2 August 2011, a petition was presented from many Catholics of the Diocese of Toowoomba in support of <mask>. In a statement on 11 August the Permanent Committee said that "the reality of our ecclesial structure is that the Conference is not able to resolve the issues that have arisen. Not only do the local Bishops not have access to all the information on which Pope Benedict came to his decision, but what has happened in Toowoomba is a matter between the Holy Father and Bishop <mask>." During an Ad Limina visit in Rome that month, ACBC bishops held discussions regarding the situation in Toowoomba with both Cardinal Marc Ouellet and Cardinal William Levada and among themselves. Archbishop Mark Coleridge said that the talks "went very positively" and "surpassed" their expectations. In a letter from the ACBC, released on 21 October: "What was at stake was the Church’s unity in faith and the ecclesial communion between the Pope and the other Bishops in the College of Bishops ... we express our acceptance of the Holy Father’s exercise of his Petrine ministry ... (and) we return to Australia determined to do whatever we can to heal any wounds of division." <mask> responded to the letter on 24 October 2011, writing: "The statement of the Australian Catholic Bishops contains inaccuracies and errors of fact evidenced by the documentation relating to the issues concerning myself and a number of Vatican Dicasteries.The Statement made by the Australian Bishops invites me to tell my story which I will publish in the foreseeable future." In October 2011, it was reported that several lay Catholics in Toowoomba had expressed concern that <mask> still had a high profile in the diocese, giving a public lecture, in-service talks to teachers and officiating at parish anniversaries. Cardinal George Pell said to CNA "if he is a loyal man of the Church he'll realize that this is totally inappropriate and that won't continue. That is my hope." <mask> gave an address for Women and the Australian Church on 26 March 2013. He spoke about the vital role of lay people in interpreting the Second Vatican Council and "reclaiming its spirit". In June 2014 his book Benedict, Me and the Cardinals Three was published, describing his experience of the dismissal.References Further reading 1943 births Living people People from Brisbane Roman Catholic bishops of Toowoomba

Edie McClurg

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<mask> (born July 23, 1945) is an American actress and comedian. An alumna of The Groundlings, she has played supporting roles in the films Carrie (1976), Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), and Elvira: Mistress of the Dark (1988), and bit parts in Cheech and Chong's Next Movie (1980), Mr. Mom (1983), Back to School (1986), Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987), A River Runs Through It (1992), Natural Born Killers (1994), and Flubber (1997). On television, McClurg regularly performed on The David Letterman Show, before playing Bonnie Brindle in Small Wonder (1985–1987) and Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family (1986–1991). As a one-off character, she has appeared in Alice, Mr. Belvedere, The Golden Girls, Roseanne, Full House, Seinfeld, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Malcolm in the Middle, Hannah Montana, Crashbox and Portlandia. Since 1977, she has also appeared in numerous commercials. As a voice actress, McClurg has played in The Secret of NIMH (1982), The Little Mermaid (1989), A Bug's Life (1998), Cars (2006), Cars 2 (2011), and Wreck-It Ralph (2012), as well as in Snorks (1984–1988), Life with Louie (1995–1998) and Violet Bleakman in Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000–2003).Early life and education <mask> was born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, to Mac, a mailman, and <mask>, an FAA secretary. She has an older brother, Bob, who is also an actor. McClurg attended the University of Missouri–Kansas City in the mid-1960s where she also taught radio for eight years. She earned a master's degree from Syracuse University. At the University of Missouri–Kansas City, McClurg re-entered the entertainment field as a DJ, newswoman, and producer for the NPR affiliate KCUR-FM. There she portrayed John Ehrlichman in Conversation 26 of NPR's national broadcast of the Nixon Tape transcripts. It was at this university that <mask> earned her Doctorate of Philosophy in 2017.<mask>'s onscreen debut was as Helen Shyres in Brian De Palma's 1976 horror film Carrie starring Sissy Spacek. She was a comedy regular on the Tony Orlando and Dawn variety show (1976–1977) and then a cast member of The Kallikaks and The Richard Pryor Show. In 1980, McClurg regularly performed on The David Letterman Show as Mrs. Marv Mendenhall. Having been a member of San Francisco's improv comedy the Pitcshel Players, she moved to Los Angeles and joined the Groundlings troupe. She worked with fellow Groundling player Paul Reubens on his first play The Pee-wee Herman Show, in which she appeared in 1981 as "Hermit Hattie". She also appeared in the 1988 film Elvira: Mistress of the Dark with fellow Groundling player Cassandra Peterson, who appeared as her alter ego Elvira. <mask> has appeared in almost 90 films and 55 television episodes, usually typecast as a middle-aged, somewhat stubborn, and dim-witted Midwesterner.McClurg is known for a number of roles, including Mrs. Burns in A River Runs Through It, Grace in Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Lucille Tarlek on WKRP in Cincinnati, Lynn in She's Having a Baby, Willamae Jones in the television remake of Harper Valley PTA, Mrs. Patty Poole on The Hogan Family (originally "Valerie"), Bonnie Brindle on Small Wonder, Marge Sweetwater in Back to School, the car rental agent in Planes, Trains and Automobiles, Mrs. Violet Bleakman on Clifford the Big Red Dog, and Mrs. Beeker on 7th Heaven. She guest starred as Barri's mother in an episode of Campus Ladies. She portrayed one of the wicked stepsisters in the Faerie Tale Theatre production "Cinderella." McClurg appeared on several game shows, including Match Game, The $25,000 Pyramid, Password Plus, and Super Password. McClurg contributed assorted voices for The Jetsons, The Snorks, Life with Louie, A Bug's Life, Justin and the Knights of Valour, Cars and Cars 2. She voiced Carlotta in The Little Mermaid, Mary in Wreck-It Ralph, Molly in Home on the Range, Miss Right in The Secret of NIMH, the Dragon in the Nightmare Ned video game, Barsa in Kiki's Delivery Service, Fran on Higglytown Heroes, Mrs. Claus in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen, Grandma Taters in The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, Violet Stimpleton in Rocket Power, Bea's mother in Fish Hooks, Winnie Pig in Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation, Bobby's teacher in Bobby's World and Trudi Traveler in an episode of Wander Over Yonder. McClurg portrayed a nurse nicknamed "Angel of Death" in an episode of The Golden Girls.She also appeared in an episode of Hannah Montana as Cindy Merriweather. Continuing her passion for performing improvised comedy, McClurg is a player with Spolin Players. On April 9, 2007, she made an appearance on Thank God You're Here. In 2011, she appeared in an episode of the CBS sitcom Rules of Engagement. In 2020, she made a cameo in the Family Guy episode "Holly Bibble" in a spoof of Ferris Bueller's Day Off. She appeared as 'Grace', personal assistant to [Carter as] Pontius Pilate. Immediately following the delivery of her lines, was the following acknowledgment by Carter/Pontius' character, "Wasn't that cool?That was really her! <mask> <mask>. Thanks Edie!" Filmography Film Television Television film Once Upon a Brothers Grimm ... Esmerelda (1977) (segment: "Hansel and Gretel") Bill: On His Own ... Angela (1983) Crash Course ... Beth Crawford (1988) Dance 'Til Dawn ... Ruth Strull (1988) Menu for Murder ... Patsy Webber (1990) ... Temp Agency Agent (1992) (uncredited role) Inhumanoid ... Dr. Marianne Snow (1996) Murder She Purred: A Mrs. Murphy Mystery (1998) Everything You Want ... Mary Louise Morrison (2005) Lucky ... Miss Doris (Voice) (2019) Additional credits The Paragon of Comedy (1983 – television special) Christmas Everyday (1986 – television special) Tiny Toons Spring Break (1994 – television special) Life with Louie: A Christmas Surprise for Mrs. Stillman ... Ora Anderson (1994 – television short) Escape from Monkey Island ... Miss Rivers (2000 – video game) Stinky Pierre (2003 – television short) Tak 3: The Great Juju Challenge ... Stone Crusher (2005 – video game) Toot & Puddle: I'll Be Home for Christmas (2006 – direct-to video animated film) What's Wrong with Ruth ... Mother (2007 television short animation) The Outlaw Emmett Deemus ... Mary (2008 – short film) Stage Two ... Maggie's Mom (2008 – short film) The Not Goods Anthology: This Is Absolutely Not Good ... Herself (2010 – video short) dated.... <mask> (2011 – video short) Heal Thyself ... Doris Green (2012 – Short film) Curious George Swings Into Spring ... Lydia / Mom / Lady (2013 – video animation) The Gift ... Old Lady (2014 – short film) Eyes Upon Waking ... Nurse Jane (2014 – short film) How to Become an Outlaw (2014) References External links 1951 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century American comedians 21st-century American comedians Living people Actresses from Kansas City, Missouri American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American stand-up comedians American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American women comedians Comedians from Missouri Syracuse University alumni University of Missouri–Kansas City alumni

Ailee

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Amy Lee (born May 30, 1989), known professionally as <mask>, is a Korean-American singer and songwriter based in South Korea. Amassing digital sales success in South Korea, she has released two studio albums, five extended plays, and twenty one singles, six of which charted within the top five of the Gaon Digital Chart. Following a short stint at Muzo Entertainment in New York City, <mask> moved to South Korea in 2010 and signed with YMC Entertainment. She debuted in 2012 with her first single "Heaven", which peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart and earned her Best New Artist Awards at the Melon Music Awards, Golden Disc Awards, Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards, and Seoul Music Awards. She won four consecutive Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Vocal Performance titles from 2013 to 2016, with "U&I", "Singing Got Better", "Mind Your Own Business", and "If You" respectively. Her 2017 single, "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow", recorded for the soundtrack of the television drama series Guardian: The Lonely and Great God (2016), won several awards and was the most digitally successful song of that year, becoming the best-selling record in movies and dramas in the Korean sound record market. Life and career 1989–2011: Early life, career beginnings <mask> was born in Denver, Colorado, on May 30, 1989, and grew up in New Jersey.She attended Palisades Park High School before moving to nearby Leonia. After her Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School graduation, she studied communications at Pace University before dropping out to pursue a career in music. Before her K-pop debut, Ailee was signed under Muzo Entertainment, an independent agency in New York City and New Jersey. Under that label she collaborated with several artists, including Johnnyphlo and Philadelphia-based rapper Decipher. Before moving to South Korea, Ailee created the YouTube channels "mzamyx3" and "aileemusic" to bring attention to her singing on the web. <mask> moved to South Korea in 2010 after she landed a music label audition through her uncle's connections, she sang "Resignation" by Big Mama during the audition, and was recruited for YMC Entertainment on the spot. During her training, YMC featured her in the label's Wheesung song, "They Are Coming", which it released in October 2011.She also sang in Decipher and Jay Park's song "Catch Me If You Can". In September 2011, <mask> and Wheesung were featured on the MBC's Chuseok special episode of Singer and Trainee. <mask> performed "Halo" by Beyoncé to a positive reaction from the audience. Following her performance of "Halo", judge BMK said, "Wherever she goes, she has the potential to be a big star. She definitely has the voice." After the judges had graded all the participants, <mask> was the first-place winner. 2012: Debut and commercial success On February 9, 2012, <mask> released her debut single "Heaven" along with the music video, which featured Gi Kwang of Beast.On the same day, she made her debut stage performance of "Heaven" on M Countdown. Billboard commented, "From her debut single, <mask> proved that she had an ability beyond her years to communicate the deeper experiences one feels in love. In this dedication track, <mask>'s partner protected her and taught her how to love in a harsh world." The success of the single, helped <mask> win her first award at the 2012 Cyworld Digital Music Awards. The single received the Song of the month (February) and Rookie of the month at the award ceremony. On October 16, 2012, <mask> released her debut EP, Invitation, with the title track "I Will Show You". The EP contained a total of six tracks.It was produced by producers such as Kim Do-hoon, Lee Hyun-seung, Park Guen-tae, Duble Sidekick, Wheesung, and featured artists such as Verbal Jint, Swings and Simon Dominic. In 2012, <mask> was awarded the Best New Artist Award at the Seoul Music Awards, Melon Music Awards, Mnet Asian Music Awards, and Golden Disk Awards, as well as the New Female Solo Artist Award at the Gaon Chart Music Awards. She has also received the Mnet America Rising Star Award, a special award presented by Mnet America at the pre-show of 55th Grammy Awards. 2013–2014: Commercial popularity On July 12, 2013, <mask> released her second Ep, titled A's Doll House. The EP's title track, "U&I" topped various music charts within four hours of release. On November 6, 2013, <mask> made her Japanese debut with Japanese-version of "Heaven" and "Starlight" under Warner Music Japan. On January 6, 2014, <mask> released a single titled "Singing Got Better", the single was produced by Wheesung.The song peaked at number one upon released on various music chart. The single has received the Best Vocal Performance at the 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards. On September 25, 2014, <mask> released her third EP, titled Magazine. The EP's title track, "Don't Touch Me" peaked at number one upon released on various music chart. The single has received the Digital Bonsang at the 2015 Golden Disc Awards. 2015–2016: Breakthrough with Vivid After wrapping up her joint Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E in Toronto in March 2015, plans were revealed for <mask> to hold a solo concert three years after her debut. Her first solo concert, titled Fatal Attraction, was held on July 4, 2015 at the Olympic Hall.Ailee was joined on stage several times by different artists, who helped her sing her many duets and collaborations. She sang "Shut Up" with Showry, "Like Nobody Knows" and "Comma 07" with Cheetah, "Wash Away" and "Officially Missing You" with Geeks, "NimA" and "Shower of Tears" with Baechigi, and "Touch My Body" and "Let"s Go Travel" with Shin Bo-ra. <mask>'s first full-length album Vivid was released on September 30, 2015. She won her first trophy for this promotion on October 7, 2015 on Show Champion. <mask> was awarded the Best Female Vocal Award for the third consecutive year at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards, for "Mind Your Own Business". On July 13, 2016, Ailee was confirmed to participate as a judge on Superstar K 2016. On August 23, 2016, Ailee released her single "If You", which subsequently topped the Gaon Weekly Chart for Digital Download.On October 5, 2016, <mask> released her EP A New Empire, along with the music video for "Home" that was officially released on LOEN and YMC Entertainment's official YouTube channel. A New Empire peaked at number 10 on the Gaon Album Chart, and number nine on the US World Albums (Billboard) Chart. On December 2, 2016, <mask> was again awarded with Best Vocal Performance at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards, this time for "If You", a record-breaking fourth consecutive win in the category. 2017–2018: OST success and solo concert tours On January 7, 2017, <mask> released her debut American single "Fall Back" through WestSide Entertainment under the alias A.Leean. She also released the ballad "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow" (첫눈처럼 너에게 가겠다) on the same day as part nine in a series composed of singles for the South Korean cable television series Guardian: The Lonely and Great God. The single topped the Gaon Digital Chart for three consecutive weeks. The single earned <mask> the Best OST Award at the 2017 Korea Cable TV Awards.The soundtrack has also received several accolades, including the best original soundtrack award at the Seoul International Drama Awards, the Mnet Asian Music Awards, the Melon Music Awards, the Seoul Music Awards and the Golden Disc Awards. <mask> previously held two Christmas concerts in Seoul titled Welcome Home at Kyunghee University's Grand Peace Palace on December 24–25, 2016. Due to the success of the concerts, it was announced that <mask> would be holding her first nationwide tour, titled Welcome Home Tour, which started in Daegu on April 1, 2017. On June 25, 2017 in The City Hall at Taipei International Convention Center, <mask> held her first solo concert in Taiwan titled Ailee – Hello Taipei 2017. On November 18 and 19, <mask> held two concerts at the Pechanga Theater in California, selling out a total of 2,600 tickets combined. On March 18, 2018, Ailee performed "I Will Show You" at the closing ceremony of the 2018 Paralympic Winter Games at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. On September 14, 2018, <mask> was chosen as a member of the South Korean cultural delegation, alongside other selected South Korean artists, for the third inter-Korean summit in Pyongyang, North Korea, where she performed her OST "I Will Go to You Like the First Snow".On November 23, 2018, <mask> announced her second nationwide tour, titled I Am: Ailee. 2019–present: Butterfly, continued touring, I'm, Lovin and Amy <mask> released her second studio album, titled Butterfly, on July 2, 2019, with the lead single "Room Shaker". On September 10, 2019, <mask> announced on Instagram that she started a new company named, "Rocket3 Entertainment" after being signed with YMC Entertainment for eight years. On December 13, 2019, <mask> released her first English language single under American label, Sun and Sky Records. The single, entitled "Sweater", was hailed as "a heart-wrenching-yet-soothing ballad" by Billboard. <mask> released her fifth extended play titled I'm on October 6, 2020, with the lead single "When We Were In Love". The music video was released on October 12, 2020 and was directed by Will Kim.On November 8, 2020, Ailee released "Blue Bird", an OST that would be part nine of singles for the South Korean drama Start-Up. On May 7, 2021, <mask> released her sixth extended play titled Lovin', ahead of the release of her third studio album. The extended play includes two lead singles, "Make Up Your Mind" and "Spring Flowers".<ref>{{Cite web|title=에일리, 5월 7일 선공개 앨범 'LOVIN 컴백..봄 감성[공식]|trans-title=Ailee, comeback of the pre-released album 'LOVIN' on May 7..Spring emotion [Official]|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004390281|via=Naver|publisher=Osen|language=ko|author=Seon Mi-kyung|date=April 19, 2021|access-date=April 19, 2021|archive-date=April 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419052802/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004390281|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 22, 2021, Ailee joined new label The L1ve as their first official artist. On October 14, 2021, it was announced that Ailee will be releasing her third studio album Amy on October 27, with the lead single "Don't Teach Me". Awards and nominations Discography Vivid (2015) Butterfly (2019) Amy (2021) I'm Lovin' Amy (2022) Filmography Television drama Television shows Web shows Tours and concerts Welcome Home Tour Welcome Home Tour was the first nationwide tour by Ailee, in support of her fourth extended play A New Empire. The tour visited six cities through 2016 and 2017. Set list Tour dates I AM: Ailee Tour I AM: Ailee Tour was the second nationwide tour by Ailee.The tour visited four cities in South Korea, starting on December 8, 2018. I AM: Re-born Tour I AM: Re-born Tour was the third nationwide tour by Ailee. The first leg of the tour visited seven cities in South Korea, starting on December 7, 2019. Solo concerts Co-headlining tours and concerts 2014: Winter Concert with Eric Benet 2014: Someday Concert with Wheesung 2015: Unite the Mic Tour with Jay Park and San E 2015: Back to School Concert with Wheesung 2016: Come Here! Concert with Yoon Min-soo 2017: Superstage Concert with Brian McKnight and Zion.T 2018: Best of Best Concert in Taipei with Taeyeon and Taemin 2018: Concert'' with Dynamic Duo References External links Official YMC Entertainment website Official Warner Music Japan website 1989 births Living people 21st-century American singers American emigrants to South Korea American women pop singers American women singer-songwriters American musicians of Korean descent American people of South Korean descent American sopranos Japanese-language singers of South Korea Korean-language singers of the United States American K-pop singers Singer-songwriters from New Jersey Pace University alumni People from Leonia, New Jersey Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School alumni Singers from Denver South Korean women pop singers South Korean female idols South Korean sopranos South Korean women singer-songwriters Mnet Asian Music Award winners Warner Music Japan artists Melon Music Award winners 21st-century American women singers 21st-century South Korean singers Singer-songwriters from Colorado

Tommy Miller

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<mask> (born 8 January 1979) is an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He was most recently the manager of National League North club Spennymoor Town. He has previously played for Hartlepool United, Ipswich Town, Sunderland, Preston North End, Sheffield Wednesday, Huddersfield Town, Swindon Town, Bury and FC Halifax Town. Playing career Hartlepool United Born in County Durham, <mask> was in the Ipswich Town youth system as a youngster but was released at 15 and went on to join Hartlepool United, where he signed his first professional deal. After 160 appearances and 41 goals in Division Three, he attracted the interest of several clubs and so left the club in 2001. Before joining Ipswich Town, <mask> was close to joining Norwegian side Brann in order to play in the Champions League Campaign on a three-month loan deal. However, <mask>'s move to Brann was unlikely because FA rules state a player can only join a team outside of Britain for a minimum of three months.Ipswich Town He was signed back to Ipswich on 12 July 2001 by manager George Burley for £750,000. In his first season at Ipswich Town, <mask> only made 8 league appearances and his side was 18th place which resulted relegation to Football League Division One. On 1 November 2001, <mask> made his European cup debut in the UEFA Cup against Swedish side Helsingborgs in a 3–1 win. On 25 November 2001, <mask> made his league debut for the club in 0–0 draw against Middlesbrough after coming on as a substitute on a 75 minutes for Sixto Peralta. The following season, the club did play in the UEFA Cup again due to UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking where <mask> was involved in the First Round against Smederevo and won 2–1 on aggregate. He then spent 4 years at Ipswich, scoring 15 goals in 50 appearances in the 2004–05 season and helping them to an unsuccessful Championship play-off appearance. After his last season, Ipswich Town offered <mask> a new contract on a two years, only for him to rejected as his contract was set to expire which attracted interests from Premier League and Championship clubs.Sunderland He moved to Sunderland in June 2005 on a two-year contract, beating Scottish Giant Celtic and Leeds United who were chasing after him. On 13 August 2005, <mask> made his debut for the club in a 3–1 loss against Charlton Athletic. On 25 September 2005, <mask> scored his first goal in the Premier League and for Sunderland in a 2–0 win over Middlesbrough, giving their first win in the Premier League since 2002. The next game on 1 October 2005, <mask> scored his second goal in a 1–1 draw against West Ham United. It took 7 months for <mask> to score in a 2–1 loss against Portsmouth on 22 April 2006. However he struggled as they returned to the Championship after just one season, finishing bottom with a record low of 15 points. In his first season, <mask> played 29 games in the Premier League and played in the midfield position.He started the first three games of the season under new manager Niall Quinn, but after the appointment of Roy Keane he found himself sidelined and in the pecking order which led him being loaned to Preston North End. On 28 November 2006, <mask> made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City. On 30 December 2006, <mask> played against his parents club in a 1–0 win despite being on loan. On 10 March 2007, <mask> made his last appearance for club in a 2–0 win over Barnsley. He was released at the end of the 2006–07 season as Sunderland were promoted to the Premier League again after one season at the Championship. Return to Ipswich Town After being released, <mask> was linked to Championship sides Stoke, Coventry and Sheffield Wednesday, League One sides Nottingham Forest and Leeds United, and also SPL side Hearts. Also interested was Romanian side Steaua București who want to sign him with reports claiming that he could discuss a move.However, <mask> snub moving to Steaua București in order to stay in England. On 19 July 2007 <mask> started his third spell with Ipswich Town, signing a two-year contract with the Championship club. Ipswich Town were linked signing him last November 2006 on loan but opted to join Preston. On 11 August 2007, <mask> made his second debut for the club in a 4–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday. At the start of the 2007–08 season <mask> failed to score many goals but towards the end of the season he scored 3 in the last 6 and finished his goal tally for the season on 5. <mask> was released by Ipswich on 8 May 2009 along with 7 players. Sheffield Wednesday Upon completing the signing of <mask> for Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws commented, "I have made it clear that we need to add experience to our squad and <mask> certainly fits the bill.He also has the ability to go with that experience and a massive drive to succeed. I am delighted to welcome him to the club". <mask> signed a two-year contract. Previously in December 2001, Sheffield Wednesday made an approach for <mask> but rejected by Ispwich Town as Manager Joe Royle wanted to keep <mask>. On 15 August 2009, <mask> made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Peterborough United. He scored his first goal in a 2–2 draw at Deepdale against Preston North End. Later on the season, Brian Laws left the club after being sacked and went on to take up a Burnley in the Premier League and was succeeded by Alan Irvine.Also, Sheffield Wednesday was relegated on the final game of the season after drawing 2–2 with Crystal Palace. At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, <mask> changed his squad number from 6 to 8. He was named PFA Fans' Player of the Month in League One for October 2010, pipping teammate Nicky Weaver to the award. On 10 May 2011, Sheffield Wednesday released <mask> from his contract. After his release, <mask> hit back on Irvine successor Gary Megson for forcing him out of the club and claims that Megson made <mask> a promise for a new contract but Megson changed his mind. Huddersfield Town <mask> signed a one-year deal with Huddersfield Town on 7 July. Before joining Huddersfield Town, <mask> was linked to join Conference National side Gateshead.He made his Terriers debut as a substitute in the 1–1 draw against Bury at the Galpharm Stadium on 6 August 2011. He scored his first goal for the Terriers in their 2–2 Football League Trophy draw against Bradford City at the Galpharm on 11 October 2011, though he would later miss a penalty in the shootout. His first league goal came in their 2–2 draw against Scunthorpe United at Glanford Park on 25 October 2011. He left the club in June 2012, after not being offered a new contract by the manager, Simon Grayson. Swindon Town On 21 June 2012 <mask> was announced as Swindon Town and Manager Paolo Di Canio's latest signing. <mask> joined the club on a free transfer penning a one-year deal. He adds significant experience to the squad and joined former Terriers teammate Gary Roberts who signed a few days earlier at The County Ground. .Among the clubs interested in signing <mask>, was his former club Hartlepool United and had talks with him since his release. He scored his first goal for Swindon on 21 August 2012 against Crawley Town at the County Ground. On 20 February, following the departure of Paolo Di Canio, Swindon announced that along with Darren Ward, <mask> would be taking temporary charge of the squad for the game against Preston on 23 February. Bury On 19 August 2013 <mask> joined Bury, with Kevin Blackwell saying "<mask> brings a wealth of experience that is needed at this level. He is excellent on the ball and is one of the key players I have been trying to bring to the Club. He had offers at higher levels but he was very impressed with the new set up here at Gigg Lane. He will be a great asset to the Club."<mask> left Bury at the end of the 2013–14 season when his contract expired. Return to Hartlepool At the end of the 2013–14 season, <mask> left Bury to join Hartlepool United under the guide of Colin Cooper. He injured his calf in October 2014 only making one more appearance which was on 28 April 2015, in the 2–1 win against Exeter City which confirmed Hartlepool's Football League status. It was also his 600th career appearance. Coaching career After acting as caretaker manager following the departure of Jason Ainsley, <mask> was announced as the permanent manager of National League North side Spennymoor Town. <mask> was sacked on 5 December 2021 after just seven months in charge, the club sitting 13th in the table. International recognition <mask> was eligible for England and Scotland.After his good form in 2004–05 he was noticed by Scotland manager Berti Vogts, but was unavailable due to injury. This led <mask> to hint that he hoped to get a Scottish call up. <mask> was named in a friendly squad to face Wales in 2004, but missed out due to an ankle injury. Career statistics Honours Huddersfield Town Football League One play-offs: 2012 Individual PFA Team of the Year: 1999–2000 Third Division, 2000–01 Third Division PFA Fans' League One Player of the Month: October 2010 References External links <mask> at spennymoortownfc.co.uk 1979 births Living people Anglo-Scots English people of Scottish descent Association football midfielders English footballers Hartlepool United F.C. players Ipswich Town F.C. players Preston North End F.C. players Sunderland A.F.C.players Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Swindon Town F.C. players Bury F.C. players FC Halifax Town players English Football League players Premier League players Swindon Town F.C. managers Spennymoor Town F.C. managers English football managers

Vano Siradeghyan

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<mask> (; November 13, 1946 – October 15, 2021) was an Armenian politician and writer. He held several high-ranked positions in the 1990s. He served as Minister of Internal Affairs from 1992 and 1996 and as Mayor of Yerevan from 1996 to 1998. After President Levon Ter-Petrosyan's resignation in February 1998, criminal charges were filed against <mask>. He disappeared in April 2000 and was wanted by Interpol until his death in 2021 at the age of 74. Today, <mask> is seen as one of the most influential and controversial figures of post-Soviet Armenia. Early years <mask> was born on November 13, 1946 in the village of Koti in northeastern Armenia, near the Azerbaijani border.From 1966 to 1969, he served in the Soviet Army. He graduated from Yerevan State University in 1974. In 1983 he published his first book titled Kiraki ("Sunday"). Political career In 1988, <mask> became one of the main members of the Karabakh Committee, which demanded that the Soviet authorities transfer the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR. In December 1989, <mask> and other leading members of the Karabakh Committee were arrested, but were freed in May 1990. The Pan-Armenian National Movement was founded by members of the Karabakh Committee the same year. <mask> was appointed the Minister of Interior Affairs in 1992 by President Levon Ter-Petrosyan, a post he held until 1996.According to journalist David Petrosyan, Siradeghyan "controlled part of the local market in oil products, part of the incomes generated from transport junctions, the greater part of the food market, the smaller part of bread production, and the woodwork and timber industry." <mask> was criticized for his harshness against political opposition. In 1994, Ashot Manucharyan, <mask>'s former colleague from the Karabakh Committee, accused him of "subverting democracy and fueling corruption", while another former Karabakh Committee member, Hambartsum Galstyan, claimed <mask> was responsible for 30 politically motivated murders (Galstyan was killed by unknown assailants in December 1994, which was followed by speculation that <mask> had ordered the killing). He also played a key role in the forcible crackdown against Vazgen Manukyan's supporters' protests after the controversial 1996 presidential election. In an interview in January 1999, <mask> admitted that the government had resorted to vote-rigging to secure Ter-Petrosyan's victory without a runoff election and stated that after the crackdown, President Ter-Petrosyan fell into a three-month depression and wanted <mask> and Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan to resign. According to <mask>, "the whole state apparatus was demoralized, paralyzed and no government was formed during [the ensuing] three months." In November 1996, <mask> resigned from his position at the Interior Ministry.On November 14, 1996 he was appointed Mayor of Yerevan by presidential decree. In July 1997, <mask> was elected head of the Pan-Armenian National Movement's executive body. He was a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from 1997 to 1999. Charges and arrests On February 1, 1998, <mask> resigned from his position as Mayor of Yerevan. Two days later, on February 3, 1998, President Levon Ter-Petrosyan resigned as a result of disagreements with "hard-line military leaders" Defence Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Interior and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan over the Nagorno-Karabakh settlement negotiations with Azerbaijan. After Ter-Petrosyan's resignation, <mask> became the leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement. In January 1999, Aghvan Hovsepyan, the Prosecutor General of Armenia, called on the National Assembly of Armenia to strip <mask> of his parliamentary immunity for allegedly ordering the murder of two police officers in January 1994.<mask> was charged with 10 offenses, including arson, murder, attempted murder and conspiracy. Days earlier two dozen armed militiamen were arrested by the National Security Service, headed by former President Serzh Sargsyan at the time. As a response to these actions, <mask> claimed that "they [the authorities, i.e. Robert Kocharyan's administration] want to strengthen their power and strengthen their grip on power in Armenia." Meanwhile, <mask> left Armenia for two weeks. In February the National Assembly voted in favor of depriving him of his parliamentary immunity from prosecution. In February 1999 the Deputy Minister of the Interior and National Security and commander of Armenia's internal troops, General Artsrun Makaryan was shot dead, "prompting speculation that he had been killed to prevent him from giving evidence against <mask>."In March 1999, <mask> was reelected chairman of the Pan-Armenian National Movement. At the 11th PANM congress, <mask> criticized President Kocharyan and his alleged "military-police system". <mask> was arrested on May 3, 1999 at Zvartnots Airport after returning to Armenia from Bulgaria. However, the Office of the Prosecutor General did not submit a request describing accusations against <mask>. On May 7, <mask> was released from custody and continued the election campaign. The parliamentary election in Armenia took place on May 30, 1999. <mask>'s Pan-Armenian National Movement won only 1.2% of the overall vote.However, <mask> was elected from a single-constituency district in Yerevan. Disappearance <mask> left Armenia in early April 2000 after the National Assembly lifted his parliamentary immunity to allow for his criminal prosecution. Armenia's former Foreign Minister Alexander Arzoumanian replaced him as leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement in December 2000. <mask> was deprived of his parliamentary mandate later in November 2001 due to missing more than half of the parliamentary sessions. Following his disappearance, <mask> wrote a number of political articles for the newspaper Haykakan Zhamanak under the pen name Avetis Harutyunyan, which were later published in a collection titled Gyadaneri Zhamanakě. In July 2012, a petition for the return of <mask> was initiated by a social network group. On July 25, 2012, <mask>'s former bodyguard Suren Sirunyan held a press conference.He claimed that he is the last person to see <mask> on April 3, 2000, when Siradeghyan allegedly fled Armenia. In 2012, both Sirunyan and <mask>'s wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, denied reports that <mask> had died in exile. Political commentary On January 26, 1999 in his first interview since resignation in February 1998 Levon Ter-Petrosyan harshly criticized the charges against Siradeghyan. During parliamentary talks on <mask>'s issue, Hovik Abrahamyan, the Speaker of the National Assembly stated "I’m not expecting him; if he wants to come back, let him come, it’s his business." Hayk Babukhanyan, MP from the Republican Party of Armenia, stated in August 2012 that Siradeghyan "should face a trial" and "should carry the responsibility for the crimes he committed." Babukhanyan claimed that if <mask> were to return, Levon Ter-Petrosyan "will run away". <mask>'s supporters credit him with fighting rampant organized crime in Yerevan during his time as minister of internal affairs and praise his written works.Writer Sergey Galoyan stated that <mask> is "one of the best modern writers, [and] a charismatic figure." Galoyan also claimed that "in the 90s <mask> did in Armenia what Benito Mussolini did in 1923, that is, he ‘uprooted mobsters’." Personal life <mask> was married with five children. His wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, is the director of Khnko Aper Children's Library in Yerevan. Death <mask> died on 15 October 2021 at the age of 74. Publications Kiraki (Կիրակի, "Sunday", short stories), Yerevan, 1983 Tsanr luys (Ծանր լույս, "Heavy light", short stories), Yerevan, 1987 Shat chʻhamarvi (Շատ չհամարվի, "Let it not be considered too much"), Yerevan, 1993 Dzeṛkd yet tar tsʻavi vrayitsʻ (Ձեռքդ ետ տար ցավի վրայից, "Take your hand off of pain", Yerevan, 2000 Gyadaneri zhamanakě (Գյադաների ժամանակը, "The Time of Rascals"), Yerevan, 2005 Yerkir Tsʻpahanj (Երկիր Ցպահանջ, "Country on demand"),Yerevan, 2011 References 1946 births 2021 deaths People from Tavush Province Armenian nationalists Armenian writers Armenian male writers Interior Ministers of Armenia Politicians from Yerevan Writers from Yerevan Mayors of places in Armenia Members of the Karabakh Committee

Albio Sires

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<mask><mask> (; born January 26, 1951) is an American businessman and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2006. The district, numbered as the 13th district from 2006 to 2013, includes most of northern and eastern Jersey City, as well as most of Newark's Latino neighborhoods. <mask> is a member of the Democratic Party. On December 19, 2021, it was reported that <mask> will not run for reelection to Congress in 2022. <mask> represented district 33 in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2000 to 2006, serving as Speaker of the New Jersey House from 2002 to 2006. Early life <mask> was born on January 26, 1951, in Bejucal, Cuba. He immigrated to the United States with his family at age 11 with the help of relatives in the U.S.He eventually settled in West New York, New Jersey; he still lives there, in a town that was 78.08% Hispanic according to the 2010 census. He attended Public School 4, where he and his brother were two of only three Latinos in the school. Sires learned English from a teacher who used flashcards and phonetics, and subsequently attended Memorial High School, where he was a star basketball player, whose skills on the court helped him obtain a basketball scholarship to Saint Peter's College. He received a B.A. in 1974 in Spanish and marketing. He received an M.A. in Spanish from Middlebury College in 1985.Early career Teaching and business Sires worked at Memorial High School as a teacher and coach. He is the owner of A.M. Title Agency Inc. New Jersey government Sires first ran for office as the Republican nominee for New Jersey's 14th congressional district. Sires was the first Hispanic mayor of West New York and in 2004 was elected mayor of the year by his fellow mayors. Sires served as the Speaker of the Assembly from 2002 to 2006 and was the first Hispanic person to serve as New Jersey's Assembly Speaker. He was considered a surprise pick for speaker, since he had only served one term in the Assembly before taking the position. It has been reported that he was elected as speaker after Governor-elect Jim McGreevey decided he did not want then Assembly Minority Leader Joseph Doria, a former speaker, to serve as speaker during his governorship.<mask> was an active Democrat in the 1970s and 1980s. He switched to the Republican Party in 1985 and ran for Congress in 1986 against Frank Guarini. <mask> lost that election, 71% to 26%. <mask> left the Republican Party in 1994 and became a registered independent. <mask> rejoined the Democratic Party in 1998. Three years later, he became speaker. During his tenure as speaker, <mask> served as acting governor of New Jersey on several occasions, when McGreevey and Richard Codey left the state.He was the first Hispanic person to serve as an acting governor of New Jersey. As acting governor, <mask> signed several bills into law and performed routine duties of the office. For the 2006–08 legislative session, <mask> was given the largely honorary title of Speaker Emeritus. He is a former chair of the Legislative Services Commission. <mask> stepped down from his seat in the Assembly, and was replaced by Silverio Vega, whom the Democratic district committee chose to replace <mask>. Vega was sworn into office on December 11, 2006. <mask> was the mayor of West New York, New Jersey, from 1995 to 2006.He was succeeded by Vega, who will retain his mayoral seat while he simultaneously serves in the Assembly, joining three fellow Hudson County mayors—Brian Stack of Union City in the Assembly and Nicholas Sacco of North Bergen and Joseph Doria of Bayonne in the New Jersey Senate—who serve as both mayors and in the New Jersey Legislature. For many years, it was common for New Jersey mayors to serve in the legislature; this practice of "double dipping" was abolished in 2006, but who had been in both positions before the February 1, 2008, cutoff date were grandfathered in and could retain both jobs. During the time that Sires served in the Assembly, he was paid $49,000 for his state legislative position and $15,000 annually as mayor. U.S. House of Representatives Tenure <mask> has voted with the Democratic Party 93% of the time since joining Congress. <mask> is a member of the Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus. Mass transit Sires is seen as a "champion of mass transit". He supports federal funding for public transportation projects, believing they will help his constituents.He was an advocate for a $9 billion "federal, state and locally-funded public transit tunnel from New Jersey to New York that broke ground in June 2009." The project was expected to employ thousands of people. In March 2012, <mask> has made affordable housing one of his priorities. Residents of his district pay more for housing—including rent and home prices—than most places in the country. He has supported legislation focused on making housing more affordable.Iran deal Sires opposed the nuclear deal with Iran, saying, "I do not feel the agreement will prevent them from acquiring a nuclear weapon." Nagorno-Karabakh conflict On October 1, 2020, Sires co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against the Armenian-occupied enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh and denounced Turkey’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Committee assignments Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Europe and Eurasia Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere (Chair) Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials Committee on the Budget Caucus memberships Congressional Arts Caucus Congressional Hispanic Caucus Political campaigns 2006 In 2006, 13-year incumbent Democrat Bob Menendez moved to the United States Senate to fill the seat vacated by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. <mask> then entered the race to succeed him. He ran in two Democratic primary elections on June 6, 2006—a special primary for the last two months of Menendez's seventh term, and a regular primary for a full two-year term. In the special primary to fill the remaining two months, <mask> won about 90% of the vote, defeating James Geron. This all but assured Sires of being the next congressman from this heavily Democratic, Latino-majority district.<mask> beat Assemblyman and Perth Amboy Mayor Joseph Vas in a bitter primary with 68% of the vote, winning in Union, Hudson and Essex Counties, while Vas won Middlesex County. No Republican even filed, assuring Sires of a full term. The 13th was so heavily Democratic that any Republican candidate would have faced nearly impossible odds. Sires faced Republican John Guarini—a salesman and second cousin of former Congressman Frank J. Guarini—who was unopposed for the GOP nomination. Vas did not seek the unexpired term seat. After winning the election with 78% of the vote, <mask> was sworn into the House on November 13, 2006, to fill the remainder of Menendez's term. CQPolitics wrote, "Sires’ likely November victories would cap off his ambitions for a House seat, which he first expressed exactly 20 years ago under very different circumstances.He ran that year as the Republican challenger to entrenched incumbent Guarini, but managed only 27 percent of the vote." <mask> is part of a handful of Cuban lawmakers serving in the House, though, other than during the lone term served by Florida's Joe Garcia from 2013 to 2015, he has been the only Democrat. 2010 The New York Times rated the 13th district "solid Democratic" in 2010. <mask> was challenged by Republican nominee Henrietta Dwyer; he defeated her with 74% of the vote. 2012 After New Jersey lost a district in the 2010 census, <mask> ran for reelection in the 8th district, essentially a reconfigured version of the old 13th. In the primary election, he faced 25-year-old candidate Michael J. Shurin, whose campaign largely focused on the legalization of marijuana. Electoral history Awards and honors On October 4, 2013, <mask>'s hometown of West New York, New Jersey, honored him by renaming its Public School No.4 the Albio Sires Elementary School. The school, at 6300 Palisade Avenue, is the elementary school Sires attended as a child. In attendance at the ceremony were West New York Mayor Felix Roque and U.S. Senator Robert Menendez. Personal life Sires and his wife, Adrienne, live in West New York, New Jersey. See also List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress References External links Congressman <mask> <mask> official U.S. House website Campaign website |- |- |- 1951 births 21st-century American politicians American politicians of Cuban descent Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey Cuban emigrants to the United States Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Hispanic and Latino American mayors in New Jersey Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress Hispanic and Latino American politicians Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in New Jersey Living people Mayors of places in New Jersey Members of the New Jersey General Assembly Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey Memorial High School (West New York, New Jersey) alumni Middlebury College alumni New Jersey Democrats New Jersey Republicans People from Bejucal People from West New York, New Jersey People with acquired American citizenship Saint Peter's University alumni Speakers of the New Jersey General Assembly

Jerrold D. Green

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<mask><mask> is the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles, California. He is concurrently a research professor at the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. Previously, he has served as partner and executive vice president for International Operations at Best Associates in Dallas, Texas. He also occupied a number of senior management positions at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, where he was awarded the RAND Medal for Excellence. Among these positions, he served as corporate research manager, director of international programs and development, and director of the Center for Middle East Public Policy. He has also served as a professor of political science at the University of Michigan and the University of Arizona. His work on Middle East policy and politics has appeared in such publications as Comparative Politics, The Harvard Journal of World Affairs, The Huffington Post, the Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Politique Étrangère, the RAND Review, Survival, World Politics, and many others.Early life Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated with a B.A. with Distinction in politics (summa cum laude) from University of Massachusetts at Boston. He has both a M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, where he specialized in Middle East politics. <mask> conducted research in Iran during the period of the Iranian Revolution as a fellow at the Tehran-based Iran Communications and Development Institute. <mask> was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to Cairo University in 1982. <mask> started his academic career as a professor in the Department of Political Science and Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan.He then became a professor of political science and sociology at the University of Arizona, where he served as director for The Center for Middle Eastern Studies. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, has served on numerous study groups focusing on international policy, as well as track II initiatives with Iran and Libya. He has spoken at conferences and other gatherings around the world. Career In 1996, <mask> became the director at the Center for Middle East Public Policy at the RAND Corporation, and then director of international programs and development at RAND. During that time, <mask> authored numerous pieces on issues including NATO policy in the Mediterranean, US-Middle East relations, the security policies of Iran, and democracy and Islam in Afghanistan. <mask> also served as partner and executive vice president for international operations at Best Associates, a privately held merchant banking firm with global operations, and executive vice president for academic affairs for the Whitney International University System and the senior advisory board of Academic Partnerships, both based in Dallas, Texas. <mask> later returned to RAND, where he oversaw an attempt to broaden RAND's Middle East-based policy analysis work.<mask> has lectured on six continents and has been a visiting fellow at the Chinese Academy of Social Science's West Asian Studies Center in Beijing, China; a visiting lecturer at the Havana based Center for African and Middle East Studies, a fellow at the Australian Defence College, and delivered papers at conferences sponsored by the Iranian Institute of International Affairs in Tehran, Iran. <mask> has lived abroad as a Fulbright Fellow in Egypt, three years in Israel, and conducted field research in Iran. He has visited virtually every other Middle Eastern country. Since 2008, <mask> has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles. Advisory roles Dr. <mask> is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the California Club, the Lincoln Club, U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy, the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy and Jobs Tourism Committee, and the USC Center on Public Diplomacy Advisory Board. Dr. <mask> also serves as an International Medical Corps ambassador. He is currently a reserve deputy sheriff with the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department after serving as a specialist reserve officer with the Los Angeles Police Department, where he advised on issues related to terrorism and intelligence.He received a Meritorious Service Award for his work. Dr. <mask> is also currently a technical advisor to Activision Publishing where he consults on the highly successful Call of Duty video game series. Dr. <mask> previously served on the Board of Directors of the California Club, the Advisory Committee of The Asia Society of Southern California, the Advisory board of Whitney International University, the Advisory Board of Academic Partnerships, the Board of Managers of Falcon Waterfree Technologies, and the Board of the Middle East Institute at Columbia University. Dr. <mask> served as a member of the U.S. Secretary of the Navy Advisory Panel for eight years, and was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Award. Other previous roles President and CEO of the Pacific Council In 2008, <mask> became the president and chief executive officer of the Pacific Council on International Policy, located in Los Angeles, California. The Pacific Council is "committed to building the vast potential of the West Coast for impact on global issues, discourse, and policy" through its events, conferences, delegations and task forces. The Pacific Council focuses on four specific initiatives: Global Water Scarcity Project, Global Los Angeles, Mexico Initiative, and the Guantánamo Bay Observer Program.The Pacific Council has hosted events with featured speakers such as former Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, Condoleezza Rice, former President George W. Bush, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, former CIA Director Leon Panetta, General James Mattis, foreign dignitaries, U.S. ambassadors, members of Congress, and foreign policy experts, among others. <mask> has led three U.S. Department of Defense-sponsored delegations to Afghanistan and another to Iraq. He has also led Pacific Council fact-finding delegations to Argentina, Chile, China, Cuba, France, Myanmar, North Korea, Russia, Uzbekistan, and South Sudan. In addition, <mask> served as a member of a joint task force between the Pacific Council and the Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internationales (COMEXI) that looked at the U.S.–Mexican border. He has also represented the Pacific Council as an observer at the legal proceedings being conducted at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, by the U.S. Department of Defense. Recommendations made by the Council's Guantánamo Bay task force were included in the FY2018 Defense Bill by Congressman Adam Schiff (D-CA). In March 2019, <mask> received the 2019 World Trade Week Southern California Stanley T. Olafson Bronze Plaque Award on behalf of the L.A. Area Chamber of Commerce.The award is presented to a member of the community whose dedication and achievements have advanced trade in the Southern California region. Publications Revolution in Iran: The Politics of Countermobilization. Praeger, 1982. "Friends of the Devil: U.S.-Iran Ties Beyond a Nuclear Deal", Huffington Post World, 21 October 2014. "Obama, Take Note: Wireless Revolution is Coming to Myanmar", Huffington Post World, 24 May 2013. "The Ghosts of Abu Ghraib Exorcised?" with William Loomis; Huffington Post, 15 July 2010."La politique américaine et le conflit iraélo-palestinien", Politique Étrangère, July–September 2002. "No Escape", The World Today, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, 2002. "A Memo to the President: Structural Problems in the Middle East", Middle East Insight, November 2000. "The Information Revolution and Political Opposition in the Middle East", Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 1999. "An Atlantic Partnership in the Middle East", with <mask> and F. Steven Larrabee; RAND Review, Spring 1999. "Where Are The Arabs?" Survival, 1998."Gulf Security With the Gulf States?" Harvard Journal of World Affairs: The Journal for International Policy, 1995. "Israel's Right is Wrong", Al Ahram Weekly (Cairo), 9 November 1995. "Conflict, Consensus, and Gulf Security", The Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Winter 1993. "Ideology and Pragmatism in Iranian Foreign Policy", Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Fall 1993. "Iran's Foreign Policy: Between Enmity and Conciliation", Current History January 1993. "Parallel Cities", The New York Times Book Review, 17 November 1991."U.S. AID's Democratic Pluralism Initiative: Pragmatism or Alturism?" Ethics and International Affairs 1991. "The Rationality of Collective Political Action: Germany, Israel, and Peru," – Senior Investigator, Funded by the National Science Foundation – 1987–1991. "Are Arab Politics Still Arab?" World Politics, July 1986. "Terrorism in the Middle East", U.S.A. Today, 11 November 1985. "Countermobilization as a Revolutionary Form", Comparative Politics, January 1984."Qadhafi's Not Always to Blame", Wall Street Journal, 11 May 1984. Social Science Research Council/Joint Committee on the Middle East of the American Council of Learned Societies Research Grant (Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation) – 1983–1984 Awards and honors References External links 1948 births Living people RAND Corporation people University of Southern California faculty Arabic-speaking people University of Massachusetts Boston alumni University of Chicago alumni University of Michigan faculty People from Boston University of Arizona faculty

Doc Gynéco

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<mask> ( is the stage name of Bruno Beausir (; May 10, 1974 in Clichy-sous-Bois), a French hip hop musician. His music is typically characterized as a ragga/rap style, that has found its fan base in France. Early life, family and education Born in Clichy-sous-Bois, France on May 10, 1974, Beausir's mother was of Guadeloupean origin and his father white. In 1990, he moved with his family to Paris, to Porte de la Chapelle, a district to which he would often pay homage in his songs. Career <mask> launched his career at age 19, writing a few tracks for the hardcore rap group Ministère AMER. After this rap group parted, Virgin Records signed him with the intent of converting his demos into an album in Paris. This project partially fell through; <mask> then traveled to Los Angeles to work with American producer Ken Kessie.The result of this work would be Première Consultation, released in April 1996, which received large media praise and huge success both in France and the world. Singles from the album include "Est-ce que ça le fait? ", "Viens voir le docteur", "Dans Ma Rue", "Passements de Jambes", and "Né Ici". In France, the album will sell more than 1 million copies. Two years later on December 1, 1998, his second album, Liaisons Dangereuses, was released. Although the main single "C'est Beau La Vie" was a flop, the album still sold reasonably well. Later in a radio interview, <mask> admitted that he regretted the collaboration he had with politician Bernard Tapie, saying «Je vous le répète, parfois je me goure» ("I'm telling again, sometimes I slip up") .In the spring of 2001, <mask>'s third album Quality Street was released. Guest stars on the album included the Wu-Tang Clan and Gregory Isaac. The album's first single, "Caramel", met little success, although it was also included on Putamayo Grooves, a compilation album. <mask>ynéco's fourth album Solitaire was released in August 2002. It proved to be popular. <mask> received the "Victoires de la Musique" award for Best Hip-hop/Rap Album of the Year. Singles included "Funky Maxime", "Frotti Frotta", and "Flash".'Menu Best-of', a collection of his hit singles since the beginning of his career was released in 2004. During 2006 the album Homme Nature was released. After a musical break, he made a comeback in 2016 with a re-release of his first album, Première consultation, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album's release. In 2018, he released his seventh solo album, 1.000%. Style After the release of his first album, his sexual and provocative lyrics provoked discussion and criticism. However, the album sold 800,000 copies and <mask>co became part of the popularising rap movement of the 1990s. His music, a mix of ragga and rap, addresses controversial subjects like drugs, sex, women, racism, and poverty.For example, one of his biggest hit at the time was “Nirvana,” a pessimistic song in which he promotes the use of drugs: “Je veux me droguer aux aspirines façon Marilyn” (‘I wanna pop pills like Marilyn’). In this song he explains how damaged life is in our society and how it pushes him to use drugs and, eventually to commit suicide: “Je veux atteindre le Nirvana” (‘I want to reach Nirvana”). Like "Nirvana", a lot of his songs are very nostalgic and refer to poverty and the poor living conditions in French social housing estates. The reason for this is that he had actually lived in the such estates since birth. His song "Né ici" ('Born here') expresses the perceived lack of social mobility among those living in the projects . He says: “Ma mère est née là-bas, mon père est né là-bas, moi je suis né ici dans la misère et les cris” ('My mom was born over there, my dad was born over there [in the Caribbean] but I was born here [in a Parisian housing estate] amidst all the poverty and pain'). Hence, one principal role for his work is to underline the issues of contemporary society.Like many French rap artists, his works caused controversy; he was criticized for demeaning the status of women. Not all critics characterized him that way, though; one wrote, "Unjustly attacked for misogyny, he is in fact capable of encapsulating complex poetic emotion into the crude language of a ghetto love song such as 'Ma Salope a Moi' - 'My Slut'." He has also been criticized for promoting drug use, and dealing with other sensitive subjects (such as suicide in his song "Nirvana"). He stands apart, however, for rarely promoting violence in his works, something that had become a trademark for rap artists in France. He was part of a movement that popularized rap in the 1990s, along with groups such as IAM or Suprême NTM and took it to every home. His laid-back attitude, his style, as well as his appreciation, knowledge and involvement with popular or controversial subjects like football, sex or drugs all strongly contributed to his fame, particularly among France's adolescent population. Riding his popularity, his appearance in French television shows became regular, particularly at the start of the new century, using his appearance and style as a catalyst.Even though he appears as a womaniser, he does not promote violence in his videos. He disapproves of the acts of violence that occur in the projects. He says that the young people in the projects should not express themselves through violence because it will not improve their situation. Politics Unlike many French rappers, Beausir's politics are conservative, and he is close to politician Nicolas Sarkozy, showing him his support during his presidential campaign. Despite claiming in 2001 to be close to the Socialist Party, in 2006 he joined the Union for a Popular Movement and announced his support for Sarkozy in a party meeting in Marseille. Other rappers have denounced <mask> as a traitor, not least since his current politics contrast against an earlier stage in his career when he was critical of the French state: “Je kiffe quand les keufs cannent (I get a kick when cops croak it);” “France is a country of cops. There are a hundred on every street corner.To keep order, they get away with murder.” His support of Sarkozy has been controversial: Stomy Bugsy no longer considers Beausir a friend partly because of it, and Beausir was booed off a stage in Geneva in August 2007. Discography Solo albums Première Consultation (1996) Liaisons Dangereuses (1998) Quality Street (2001) Solitaire (2002) Un Homme Nature / Doc Gynéco Enregistre Au Quartier (2006) Peace Maker (2008) 1.000% (2018) Compilations Menu Best Of (2003) Le Doc au pays (2006) Première consultation (20th anniversary edition) (2016) Common albums Secteur Ä Live À L'Olympia (1998) - With Secteur Ä Double Pénétration (2001, Cancelled) - With Stomy Bugsy News, featurings and appearances on compilations 1994 Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco - Autopsie, on the album "95200" of Ministère A.M.E.R. du film Le Boulet Doc Gyneco Feat Stomy Bugsy - BugsDoc 18 sur la mixtape "Explicit Dix-Huit" Doc Gyneco - C'est Non ! (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Doc Gynéco entre les deux tours des élections présidentielles) Lord Kossity Feat <mask>yneco - Gunshot sur l'album de Lord Kossity, "Koss City" 2003 Doc Gyneco Feat Jeff Joseph - Du Spy Dans L'air sur la B.O. du film Taxi 3 Laurent Voulzy Feat Doc Gynéco - Radio Pfff sur l'album Sol En Cirque Doc Gyneco - Taxi enregistré pour la B.O. du film Taxi 3, mais disponible sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of.Doc Gynéco - Trop Belle au naturel. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of Doc Gynéco Feat Stomy Bugsy & MC Janik - Big Up. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of 2004 Doc Gynéco Feat Dimidonkya & Mamido - La Vérité sur la compilation "Dis L'Heure 2 Ragga" Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Le Colis (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Hamed Daye) Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Plan B sur la mixtape de DJ Noise, "Los Angeles Most Wanted Vol.1" 2006 Johnny Hallyday Feat Ministère A.M.E.R. & Doc Gynéco - Le Temps Passe sur l'album de Johnny Hallyday, "Ma vérité" 2007 Doc Gynéco Feat Matinda - La Vie est un Rêve sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent" Doc Gynéco - A Chaque Guerre sa Paix sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent" Doc Gynéco Feat MC Janik & Boulet du groupe 2 Doigts - On ne chante pas pour du fric sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent" References 1974 births Living people People from Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine French rappers Virgin Records artists Guadeloupean musicians French people of Guadeloupean descent

Suella Braverman

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Sue-Ellen Cassiana "<mask>" <mask> (; born 3 April 1980) is a British politician. She was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland in February 2020 and has been the member of parliament (MP) for Fareham since 2015. A member of the Conservative Party, she chaired the European Research Group (ERG) from 19 June 2017 to 9 January 2018. She formerly practised as a barrister. Early and personal life <mask> was born to Christie and Uma Fernandes of Indian origin, who had emigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Kenya and Mauritius. Her mother was a nurse and a councillor in Brent and her father, of Goan-ancestry in South India, worked for a housing association. She was born in Harrow, Greater London, and grew up in Wembley.Braverman attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship, after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge. During her undergraduate studies, she was chair of the Cambridge University Conservative Association. Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she completed a master's degree in European and French law at Pantheon-Sorbonne University. She married Rael <mask> in February 2018 at the House of Commons. Their first child, George, was born on 10 July 2019 and their second child, Gabriella, was born on 7 March 2021. <mask> is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly known as the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) and attends the London Buddhist Centre monthly. She took her oath of office on the Dhammapada.Her mother, Uma Fernandes, was the Conservative candidate in Tottenham in the 2001 general election and in the 2003 Brent East by-election. Legal career <mask> was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 2005. She completed her pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers) and then was based at No5 Chambers in London specialising in commercial litigation, judicial review, immigration and planning law. She was appointed to the Attorney General's C Panel of Counsel in 2010. Political career Conservative candidate At the 2005 general election, <mask> contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz. She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful, and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham. <mask> also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections, being placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list.She missed out, however, as only the first three Conservative candidates were elected. Parliamentary activity <mask> was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262. She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015. She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome. From 2015 to 2017, <mask> was a member of the Education Select Committee and the Education, Skills and the Economy Sub-Committee. Between November 2015 and February 2016, she was a member of the Joint Committee on the Draft Investigatory Powers Bill. <mask> chaired the all-party parliamentary group (APPG) on Financial Education for Young People from September 2016 to May 2017.Working with the charity Young Enterprise and the money-saving expert Martin Lewis, she led the APPG's inquiry into the provision of financial education in schools and launched its report, Financial Education in Schools: Two Years On – Job Done?, which called for better financial education in schools. <mask> was also a commissioner on the Social Market Foundation commission on inequality in education, a cross-party initiative which is examining the causes and effects of inequality in education at primary and secondary levels in England and Wales. <mask> joined the Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme in 2016, graduating from the scheme in 2017. <mask> opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and has chaired meetings with the Trust's executives along with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated. <mask> was a member of the panel of an inquiry, led by the think-tank British Future, to examine how the government can protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK. <mask> campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving. She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg.Following the 2017 general election, <mask> was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the ministers of the Treasury. During the January 2018 reshuffle, <mask> was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union. On 15 November 2018, <mask> resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit Secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which was released the day before. In March 2019, <mask> stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that "[a]s Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism". Journalists present at the event included Dawn Foster who challenged <mask>'s use of the term "cultural Marxism", highlighting its anti-Semitic history and its connection to the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik. <mask> responded, "Yes, I do believe that we are in a fight against cultural Marxism. We have a culture evolving from the far left which is about snuffing out freedom of speech."Her use of the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, an antisemitic conspiracy theory often employed by neo-Nazis and alt-right activists as a means of attacking Jewish people involved in politics, was condemned as hate speech by other MPs, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope Not Hate, among other anti-racist charities. Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought. [...] I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn." After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is "not in any way antisemitic", saying it believed that she did not "intentionally use antisemitic language", while finding that she "is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community" and that they were "sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress". Attorney General In the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, <mask> was appointed as Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government. She is the second female Attorney General and the first Conservative female Attorney General. <mask> was designated as a Minister on Leave on 2 March 2021, shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement.Michael Ellis became Attorney General in an acting capacity. She resumed office on 11 September 2021. Political and legal positions Free schools <mask> is the chair of governors at the Michaela Community School, and supports plans to create a free school in Fareham. She sits on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector. Rights versus responsibilities In a December 2015 op-ed, <mask> wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quotes Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by "the police in the name of crime prevention. They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above their rights of those who are tortured."She closes, Parliamentary sovereignty and international treaties In 2020, as Attorney General, she stated the UK Government's legal position about the possible impact of the UK Internal Market Bill on the Northern Ireland Protocol: See also Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 Notes References External links Official website |- |- 1980 births 21st-century British women politicians Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge Alumni of the Erasmus Programme British people of Goan descent British politicians of Indian descent Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies English Buddhists English Queen's Counsel English people of Indian descent English people of Kenyan descent English people of Mauritian descent Female justice ministers Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies Friends of the Western Buddhist Order Living people UK MPs 2015–2017 UK MPs 2017–2019 UK MPs 2019–present 21st-century English women 21st-century English people Women government ministers in the United Kingdom

Anand Satyanand

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Sir <mask>, (born 22 July 1944) is a former lawyer, judge and ombudsman who served as the 19th Governor-General of New Zealand from 2006 to 2011. Satyanand was chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then chaired the Commonwealth Observation Group of the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 2017. In 2018, the New Zealand Government appointed him to lead the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State care and in the care of Faith-based Institutions, which is scheduled to continue until 2023. In November 2019, at the conclusion of its build-up phase, he is to step down as chair. In August 2019 he was elected to be Chancellor of the University of Waikato for a 4-year term. Early life and family <mask> was born on 22 July 1944 and raised in Auckland to an Indo-Fijian family.His grandparents arrived in Fiji from India in 1911, and his grandfather worked as a government interpreter. His father, Mutyala <mask>, was born in Sigatoka in 1913 and arrived in New Zealand in 1927 to attend high school and later university. His mother Tara Tillak was from Suva, and trained as a Karitane nurse in New Zealand. She married Mutyala <mask> in 1940, after moving to New Zealand. Satyanand attended Sacred Heart College in Auckland, and then undertook the medical intermediate course at the University of Otago in Dunedin. He was not successful in gaining entry to the medical school and later said "in reality I did not do well enough ... (but) ... Looking back over that year, I remembered that one of the things I had really enjoyed was the debating and forum meetings involving students."So instead he turned to law studies, working part-time as a law clerk in Auckland. He worked at Westfield Freezing Works to help fund his studies and developed a friendship with David Lange who also worked there at the same time. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Auckland in 1970. He worked as a lawyer for the next 12 years, some of that with the Crown Solicitor's firm and then as a Partner with the legal firm Shieff Angland. His legal work centred on criminal law and revenue law. He served on the Council of the Auckland District Law Society from 1979 until his appointment as a Judge of the District Court of New Zealand in 1982. During the 1966 general election, Satyanand helped Clive Edwards (later Tongan Deputy Prime Minister) when he stood in Auckland Central for National.Later, in the 1975 general election, <mask> and his wife helped David Lange in his first, unsuccessful attempt at election (for Labour, in the seat of Hobson). In 1995 <mask> was appointed an Ombudsman, and he served two 5-year terms. Between 2005 and his appointment as governor-general he chaired the Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals, reviewed the Banking Ombudsman scheme, and installed the Pecuniary Interests Register and Scheme for Members of Parliament. <mask> has been married to Susan Sharpe since 1970. She was born in Sydney, Australia, in 1947 and moved to New Zealand with her family in 1955. Susan and <mask> have three adult children. <mask>'s daughter Anya is an advocate of gay marriage, being in a civil union with her partner Ange.In 2002, <mask> and his wife were involved in a serious car accident in Dome Valley north of Warkworth, Northland, where an oncoming car crossed the centre line and crashed head-on into their car. Both were injured, and Satyanand suffered serious spinal injury; he broke his C2 and C3 vertebrae, and had to wear a halo traction to keep his head straight. As well as English, Satyanand also speaks some Fijian, Hindi, and Māori. Governor-General of New Zealand In 2006, Satyanand was appointed Governor-General by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the New Zealand government under Prime Minister Helen Clark. He succeeded Dame Silvia Cartwright as governor-general on 23 August 2006. His appointment was welcomed by every parliamentary party leader. He was the first governor-general of Indian descent and the first Roman Catholic governor-general.Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Grand Prior of the Order of St John, received <mask> as governor-general designate on 7 July 2006 and invested him as a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. In May 2007 changes were made to the Queen's Service Order. Under the previous Royal Warrant, the governor-general was ex-officio Principal Companion of the Order but was not a member of the Order. The Royal Warrant now provides for the appointment of the governor-general as a Companion of the Order in their own right. The first bill to which Satyanand granted Royal Assent was the Coroners Bill. Starting on New Year's Day 2009, <mask> issued a "New Year's Message" intended to highlight "issues New Zealanders might consider as they looked to the future". <mask> was the first governor-general not to hold a knighthood before entering office (Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, Governor of New Zealand 1855–1861, was knighted in office).However, following the changes to the New Zealand honours system announced by Prime Minister John Key on 8 March 2009, the Queen approved <mask>'s redesignation from a Principal Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit (PCNZM) to a Knight Grand Companion of that Order (GNZM) on 27 March 2009. On assuming the role of governor-general, Satyanand received the style The Honourable for life; in 2010, he was advanced to the style of The Right Honourable. This style was accorded for life to all future governors-general, prime ministers, chief justices, and Speakers of Parliament. Satyanand completed his term of office as governor-general on 23 August 2011. Finances The New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the Queen's representative, the governor-general, in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen, including travel, security, residences, offices, ceremonial occasions. In the 2010 Budget, the total cost of supporting the governor-general was $3,591,000 for Support Services and Maintenance of the residences, $1,710,000 for Depreciation Expenses on Government Houses, $1,279,000 Remuneration and Travel and an estimated $1,680,000 for Policy Advice and Co-ordination; a total of $7,610,000 and $11 million on capital investment in Government House, Wellington, principally used for its conservation, a total of over $18 million. Fijian coup talks On 30 November 2006, <mask> hosted a meeting between the Prime Minister of Fiji, Laisenia Qarase, and Fiji's military commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, at Government House in Wellington in an attempt to resolve the escalating crisis in Fiji.Although he hosted the meeting, he did not take part in the discussions, which were chaired by New Zealand's then Foreign Minister, Winston Peters. This was the last serious effort by the international community to avert a military coup, which followed on 5 December. Public transport in Auckland At the opening of the new New Lynn Train Station on 25 September 2010, <mask> stated heavy investment in motorways and the decline of public transport after trams were taken off the roads in the 1950s had led to severe congestion to the detriment of both individuals and the economy. Paul Henry controversy On 5 October 2010, TVNZ Breakfast show host Paul Henry questioned whether Satyanand was "even a New Zealander". He then repeated the question, saying of Satyanand's replacement, "Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time ... are we going to go for someone who is more like a New Zealander this time?" Henry attracted criticism from both sides of politics and New Zealand's race relations commissioner Joris de Bres. Henry later apologised, was suspended, and then resigned from TVNZ.Subsequent roles Since returning to private life, <mask> and his wife have remained in Wellington. He was Chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then led the Commonwealth team in observing the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. He maintains active interests in several organisations, including as President of the NZ Institute of International Affairs and as a member of Transparency International's Anti-Corruption Council. He is a Distinguished Fellow at the University of Auckland Law School, visiting on a monthly basis. Susan and <mask> are both active members of the Rotary Club of Wellington; both have been made Paul Harris Fellows, and <mask> received the Rotary International Award of Honour in 2011.

Ellen Broe

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<mask> (1900–1994) was a Danish nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to Denmark and helping to establish educational and training initiatives in Denmark. She helped draft minimum curriculum requirements for nursing students, as well as continuing education guidelines. She was active in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and sought to find ways to bring nursing education to developing areas most in need of trained nursing staff. She received the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961 for her contributions to nursing excellence. Early life <mask> was born on 11 February 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna (née Raahauge) and Peter Johannes Broe. She was the youngest child in the family, which had three daughters. Her father was a pastor at the local prison.She completed her secondary education at Horsens State School in 1916. Then, because she wanted to travel and she saw nursing as a way to do that, Broe enrolled in a student nursing program at Bispebjerg Hospital in 1919, but was rejected by Charlotte Munck, the head of the program, because she was too young. Broe moved to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse and remained until 1921, when she was accepted into the program at Bispebjerg now that she was almost 22, the minimum age for admission. She competed her training in 1924. Career Broe began her career at Otto Møller's Birth Clinic but, encouraged by Munck, she shortly afterwards took a job as a private nurse with an English family who lived in Morocco. She then worked as a private nurse in Paris and later in the Netherlands. In 1930, she studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital, but had to return to Denmark to care for her father who was ailing.She became head of the briefly and then began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center in Copenhagen. In 1933, Broe became the head nurse at Sundby Hospotal, which had just opened in the Copenhagen district of Sundby, serving there until 1938. During her tenure she helped establish a continuing education curriculum for nurses to help reduce infant mortality. The work was influential and allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City during the 1936-1937 term, along with Elisabeth Larsen and <mask> Schrøder. The curriculum also spurred the adoption of legislation in 1937, titled the Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality to establish standards. The National Board of Health created guidelines for teaching nurses at Aarhus University, the leading trainer of nurses until the Danish Nursing School opened in 1938. Simultaneously, Broe became involved with the Danish Nurses Organisation ().Between 1934 and 1935, she served on the Committee for Additional Training and from 1934 to 1950, worked among others on the Building Committee. From 1938, Broe served on DSR's Teaching Committee and was its chair between 1943 and 1946. The committee task was to propose minimum curriculum for nursing students along with basic educational prerequisites. When Broe returned from study in New York in 1938, she was hired as training manager for the new program offered at Aarhus University to train nurses and senior nurses. It was a twelve-year appointment, marked with three sabbaticals. Broe joined the Danish Florence Nightingale Committee and the Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries () in 1940 and increasingly sought international cooperation in developing nursing standards. Between April and May 1945, Broe worked at the Padborg Quarantine Station set up by the Danish Red Cross.The rescue mission was an evacuation of sick prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden to Denmark. After arriving at one of three quarantine stations, the prisoners were bathed, fed, hydrated and given basic medical aid. After a night of stabilization, all evacuees proceed to Sweden where their care continued until Germany‘s unconditional surrender. In 1947, Broe joined the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College again and then at the University of Toronto. She went abroad again to study in 1950 at the University of Chicago. In 1951, Broe was appointed as director of the ICN's Education Department at the Florence Nightingale International Foundation (FNIF) of London. Under her direction, the FNIF prepared reports on the range of nursing education at various levels.She visited numerous countries to study their systems and provided advice to enhance their training of nurses, as well as participating in negotiations with authorities. Her travels led her to Australia, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan and several European countries. She spearheaded planning and led two international conferences in nursing research: the Sèvres, France, conference of 1956 and the New Delhi, India, conference in 1960. The goal of her work was to guide international nursing organizations to enhance training and education, especially in developing nations. Her work was recognized when she was honored with the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961. In 1962, Broe resigned from the ICN and returned to Denmark for a rest. Beginning in 1963, she became a nursing consultant for the Danish Red Cross and led an effort to recruit staff for a Danish hospital which was being built in Zaire.She retired in 1971 and received the Pro Humanitate Medal from the organization. In her retirement, Broe helped found the Senior Association for Nurses, which joined the DSR in 1982. Legacy and death Broe died on 1 September 1994 at the Liobasøstrenes Nursing Home in Copenhagen. In addition to publishing a large number of articles in both Danish and international journals on nursing education and research, Broe wrote a textbook on Nursing History and its development. Publications In addition to numerous contributions to journals and other works, Broe published two books: References Citations Bibliography 1900 births 1994 deaths People from Horsens Women educators Women nurses Danish nurses Danish women writers Danish non-fiction writers Florence Nightingale Medal recipients 20th-century non-fiction writers

George Ogle

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<mask> (14 October 1742 – 10 August 1814) was an Irish Tory politician. Life He was born 14 October 1742, the only child of <mask> (1704–1746). He was brought up at Rossminoge, near Camolin, County Wexford, under the care of one Miller, vicar of the parish, and was imbued through life with strong Protestant feeling. <mask> received his early education at Kilkenny College. He had literary tastes and composing, while at Rossminoge, two songs which are still popular. The earlier, called "Banna's Banks" beginning "Shepherds, I have lost my love", was said to be inspired by Miss Stepney, of Durrow House, Queen's County, afterwards Mrs. Burton Doyne of Wells. The second, "Moll Ashore", was written to celebrate the charms of Mary Moore, whose sister Elizabeth, daughter of William Moore of Tinrahan, County Wexford, subsequently became his wife.Burns, writing to Thomson 7 April 1793, described <mask>'s "Baana`s Banks" as "heavenly" and "certainly Irish"; but it was included in "Songs of Scotland", 1851. A gentleman of wealth and fashion, <mask> appears to have been affluent visitor at Laly Miller's assemblies at Bath, and he contributed to the volume, Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath, published by that lady's admirers in 1775. Some songs by him appear in Crofton Croker's Popular Songs of Ireland and in Samuel Lover's Poems and Ballads, where the fine lyric is assigned to him known as Banish Sorrow. He declined to publish any of his poems himself. In 1768, <mask> was elected to the Irish House of Commons as a member for Wexford County, and he sat for that constituency till 1796. A brilliant speaker, he delighted in 'splendid superlatives and figurative diction, whilst the spirit and energy of his manner corresponded to the glowing warmth of his expressions'. He joined the whig party, and, although in favour of extending to Ireland popular rights and legislative independence, he was opposed to catholic emancipation, and was a staunch upholder of the established church.Before 1778, he was challenged to a duel by Barney Coyle, a whisky distiller and member of the catholic board, on the ground that he had publicly said that "a papist could swallow a false oath as easily as a poached egg". Eight shots were exchanged, but the combatants remained unhurt. <mask> declared that the remark which led to the encounter had been misreported, and he had referred not to "papists", but to "rebels". Shortly afterward he publicly stated that In 1779, he attacked Fox and the opposition in England for not resisting with greater vivacity Lord North's coercive policy in Ireland. Fox wrote to the Duke of Leinster explaining the difficulties of the parliamentary situation at Westminster, and expressed especial regret at <mask>'s dissatisfaction "because I have always heard that he is a very honest man and a good whig". In 1779, <mask> joined the association called the Monks of St. Patrick. In 1782, he became a colonel in the Irish Volunteers, actively supported that movement, and strongly asserted the claim of Ireland to legislative independence.But when the national convention assembled at Dublin under Lord Charlemont's presidency, in November 1783, <mask> is said to have delivered a message purporting to come from Lord Kenmare to the effect that the Catholics of Ireland were satisfied with the privileges they had already obtained and desired no more. Kenmare at once denied that he had authorised the delivery of such a message. According to later accounts, Sir Boyle Roche was responsible for the incident, but the contemporary reports saddle <mask> alone with the responsibility for the ruse. In 1783, <mask> was admitted to the Irish privy council, and in the following year obtained the patent place of registrar of deeds at Dublin, at a salary of £1,300 a year. The step was taken "from some disarrangement of his family affairs, as it is supposed", but his constituents were content, and no difference appeared in his political action. His zeal for wise reform was not diminished, and in April 1786, when the relations of landlords and Protestant clergy to the tenants were under discussion, he described the landlords as "great extortioners". In 1789, he opposed the English government's proposals for a regency.In February 1793, he denounced Hobart's Catholic Relief Bill, and prophesied that the admission of Catholics to political power must lead either to separation or to a legislative union. In 1796, when he became governor of Wexford, he retired from the House of Commons and lived mainly on his estate, Bellevue, in County Wexford. But in the disturbed period of 1798, he consented to reenter parliament as a member for Dublin City. Although he voted against the Act of Union in 1800, he was returned to the united parliament of 1801 as the representative of Dublin City, and finally retired in 1804. He died at Bellevue on 10 August 1814. A statue to his memory, by John Smyth, was placed in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, at a cost of £130. He had no children.Notes Attribution: References Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922, edited by B.M. Walker (Royal Irish Academy 1978) The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), 2nd edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973) Whelan, Kevin. "Politicisation in County Wexford and the Origins of the 1798 Rebellion" in Ireland and the French Revolution, edited by Hugh Gough and David Dickson, 156–178. Dublin: Irish Academy, 1990. External links 1742 births 1814 deaths 18th-century Anglo-Irish people 19th-century Anglo-Irish people People educated at Kilkenny College Irish MPs 1769–1776 Irish MPs 1776–1783 Irish MPs 1783–1790 Irish MPs 1790–1797 Irish MPs 1798–1800 Members of the Privy Council of Ireland Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922) UK MPs 1801–1802 Grand Masters of the Orange Order Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Wexford constituencies Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Dublin constituencies

Robert C. Stebbins

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<mask> (March 31, 1915 – September 23, 2013) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians. His Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966, is still considered the definitive reference of its kind, owing to both the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text. A professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, for over 30 years, he was the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, a 1949 Guggenheim fellow, and author of over 70 scientific articles. His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation, and he performed extensive research on the parietal eye of reptiles. He produced nature films, supported science education in primary grades, and organized conservation efforts that aided in the passing of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act. After retirement he continued to paint, collect field notes, and write books. Stebbins is commemorated in the scientific names of three species: Batrachoseps stebbinsi, the Tehachapi slender salamander; Anniella stebbinsi, a legless lizard; and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi, the endangered Sonora tiger salamander.Early life <mask> was born on March 31, 1915, in Chico, California, to parents <mask> and <mask> (née Beck). His father, born in Wisconsin of English descent, was an instructor at Chico State Normal School who had also published on birds and agriculture, stressing the importance of gardening in education. The oldest of seven children, young <mask> grew up learning about local birds and exploring the wildlife of Northern California. His mother, born in Switzerland and educated at the Normal School, instilled a sense of artistry in <mask>, painting pictures for <mask> and his siblings in her spare time. When Stebbins was seven, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father worked on agricultural curriculum for children and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. Around the age of nine, his family moved to Southern California, living first in Pomona, then in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. Stebbins spent time hiking in the nearby Santa Monica Mountains, exploring the wildlife and amassing a collection of bird and mammal specimens which he prepared and mounted himself.Stebbins attended North Hollywood High School, where his father taught hygiene and agriculture. <mask> graduated in 1933. He discovered his artistic talents around sixteen years old. His early work consisted of cartoons: he drew illustrations on classmates' clothing and contributed cartoons to youth magazines, winning several awards. University and early career (1933–1945) Shortly after graduating high school, Stebbins enrolled in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He initially majored in civil engineering, thinking it a better career option than biology, but became unhappy with the program. Struggling with poor performance and health issues related to congenital heart problems, he took a leave for year and a half.During his time in recuperation, he turned his attention back to natural history, and was persuaded to return to UCLA by <mask>, a biology professor there. Stebbins returned with enthusiasm despite the perceived lack of job security, remarking in 1985: "I was cautious because of the Great Depression, but I was determined to pursue biology even if it meant standing on a corner with a tin cup." He switched his major to zoology and graduated in 1940 with highest honors. After graduating, Stebbins split his time between a summer job as a naturalist at Lassen Volcanic National Park and pursuing graduate school at UCLA. Over the next few years he also obtained teaching credentials in junior college, high school, and elementary education. Stebbins initially planned to study birds, with an eye towards roadrunners, but felt the field of ornithology was too crowded, while herpetology, the study of reptiles and amphibians, offered more opportunities for new research. <mask> became his graduate advisor.The main focus of Stebbins' graduate research was the biology of fringe-toed lizards, a group of sand-dwelling lizards of the American Southwest. For his master's degree (completed in 1942) he studied the anatomical structure of the nasal passages of the lizards, documenting in detail the looped, horseshoe-shaped structure of the nasal passages that functions as a u-trap, preventing sand grains from being inhaled while the lizards lay buried at the sand's surface. His Ph.D dissertation (completed in 1943) further explored the anatomical, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of the lizards. During this time he also published on the behavior of the sidewinder rattlesnake, and, with his father, produced two field guides to birds, providing illustrations to his father's text. Their first book, What Bird is That?, was pressed in the family garage. Stebbins considered his father "a pioneer of sorts in the extensive use of drawings in teaching natural history," a tradition he later strove to continue in his own works. On June 8, 1941, Stebbins married Anna-rose <mask>, who would eventually type the text of all of Stebbins' field guides.Part of their honeymoon was spent camping in the Owens Valley of southeastern California. Career (1945–1978) In 1945 Stebbins was hired an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, and became the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, where he would remain throughout his career. The first faculty member to teach herpetology at Berkeley, he wrote new lab manuals, created the herpetology teaching collection, and co-taught a popular course on vertebrate natural history. Ring species in salamanders Stebbins soon became interested in Ensatina salamanders, which occur from British Columbia to Baja California and are present in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California but absent in the Central Valley. Finding the salamanders in Berkeley very different from the ones he was used to seeing in the mountains of Southern California, he embarked upon a research program examining color differences throughout California. In his resulting monograph, published in 1949, he proposed that the color varieties—many previously regarded as distinct species—were actually various races or subspecies of a single species that in most locations interbreed where two forms co-occur, creating hybrids that partially resemble both forms. However, at the southern edge of the Central Valley, where the Sierra foothill populations come into contact with those of the Coast Range, the populations do not interbreed, instead acting as distinct species.This phenomenon is known as a ring speciation, with different populations representing different stages of speciation, the process by which one species becomes two. Zoologist Arnold Grobman called Stebbins' research "without doubt, the most outstanding study of a genus of American salamanders that has yet appeared." The Ensatina complex has been the focus of research ever since, and is a widely used textbook example of evolutionary processes. Reptilian parietal eye Stebbins' early work with lizards in the southern California desert led to a series of papers from the 1950s through the 1970s exploring the parietal eye of reptiles (also called the "third eye", a tiny light-sensitive organ on the forehead) and the associated pineal gland, both of which are now known to influence circadian rhythms. Aided by a Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship from the National Science Foundation, Stebbins and colleagues found that lizards with the parietal eye surgically removed changed their behavior: they became active much earlier in the day, spent more time in the sun, and remained active much later than control lizards. Further studies over the next few decades focused on the parietal eye of the tuatara, the pineal gland's effects on lizard reproductive behavior, and parietal skull openings in fossil "mammal-like reptiles" such as Lystrosaurus. His work had implications beyond reptile biology: Nobel laureate Julius Axelrod, after reading the work of Stebbins and others, began investigating the pineal gland in mammals, with emphasis on the effect of melatonin on activity cycles.Melatonin has since been found to influence human health. Stebbins was proud of his parietal and pineal work, calling it "possibly the single piece of research which gives me the most satisfaction." Other research, conservation, and field guides In 1949 Stebbins received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to extend his studies throughout the western United States and to collect enough material to begin preparing his first amphibian field manuals. The first of these to appear was Amphibians of Western North America (1951, University of California Press), covering the U.S. and Canada roughly west of the 102nd meridian. Praised for its thoroughness as well as its illustrations, the book "unquestionably provides more information concerning the 51 species ... covered than any preceding it," wrote <mask>. Bogert: "The maps provided for each species and subspecies are on the whole the most detailed and accurate of any thus far published." Stebbins' second herpetological field guide, Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America (1954, McGraw-Hill), was similarly praised. In 1964 Stebbins visited the Galápagos Islands on a research expedition and studied the ecology and behavior of marine iguanas and lava lizards.Also on the expedition was Roger Tory Peterson, who recalled "While the rest of were enjoying high adventure on the more remote islands and sea-girt rocks, he patiently snared 200 frisky lizards with a noose of thread suspended from a rod. He took their cloacal temperatures, marked them with dye, and then dosed them with radioactive iodine, which enabled him to locate the elusive reptiles later with a Geiger counter." In 1966, Stebbins produced what became his best-known book, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (Peterson Field Guides), which Peterson called "a classic ... one of the most beautiful as well as scholarly works in the series". Stebbins was also committed to education and conservation. He made appearances on the TV series Science in Action, traveled to Asia to promote science education, and chaired a U.C. elementary school science project which recommended that science be taught to children as early as six. In conjunction with the Sierra Club he produced two educational films: Nature Next Door (1962) and No Room for Wilderness?(1967). Stebbins co-authored revisions of the widely used textbooks General Zoology (5th ed.,1972; 6th ed., 1979) and Elements of Zoology (4th ed., 1974), books originally written by Tracy Storer and <mask>er. In the late 1960s Stebbins became concerned about the impacts that increasingly popular off-road vehicle (ORV) driving was having on desert ecosystems of southern California—witnessing environmental degradation in some of the same places he had studied during graduate school—and became actively involved in over a decade of conservation efforts. Stebbins and colleagues studied the diversity of organisms in and around ORV areas, communicated research to Bureau of Land Management officials, and petitioned President <mask> to limit all-terrain vehicle use in deserts. Stebbins faced opposition from ORV riders and their lobbyists: American Motorcyclist magazine called him a "staunch abolitionist in the war against motorized vehicles in the desert." Stebbins' efforts eventually helped secure the passing of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 which established the Mojave National Preserve and elevated Joshua Tree and Death Valley from national monuments to more protected national parks. In 1998 Stebbins was recognized in the U.S. Congress by Representative George Miller and the Contra Costa Times as one of 10 environmental leaders deemed "national treasures" for their activism.Other research included field work in Colombia, South Africa, and Australia, and the description of several species: the Jemez Mountains salamander, southern torrent salamander, yellow-eyed ensatina, and the panamint alligator lizard. Two salamanders were named in his honor during his time at Berkeley: the Tehachapi slender salamander (Batrachoseps stebbinsi) and the Sonora tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi). Over his 32 years at Berkeley, Stebbins was the advisor to 29 graduate students, including Wade Fox, Richard G. Zweifel, and R. Bruce Bury. Upon his retirement from UC Berkeley in 1978, Stebbins was awarded the highest faculty honor, the Berkeley Citation. Retirement years (1978–2013) After retiring, Stebbins remained active in painting, conservation, and education, and continued to make natural history observations. He revised his well-known and widely used Field Guide in 1985 and again in 2003. He co-wrote the non-specialist book A Natural History of Amphibians with former student <mask> in 1997, and revised his Field Guide to California Amphibians and Reptiles in 2012, with new contributions by Samuel McGinnis, another former student.In 2009 he produced Connecting With Nature: A Naturalist's Perspective, a book intended to help connect children with nature. He took additional art lessons, broadened his subject matter to include landscapes, African wildlife, portraits, and still lifes, and took up the violin, which he had studied decades earlier. His paintings have been shown and sold in galleries and museums in Berkeley, Palm Springs, and Oregon. Stebbins was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences, which awarded him its highest honor, the Fellows Medal, in 1991. Stebbins died at age 98 at his home in Eugene, Oregon on September 23, 2013, having been in declining health over the previous year. He was survived by his wife and three children. Only one week before his death, he was honored in the scientific name of a newly described species of legless lizard, Anniella stebbinsi.His collected field notes, comprising over 35 bound volumes, are archived in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. The "Stebbins" Stebbins' book A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966 and revised in 1985, 2003, and 2018, has widely been considered "the bible of the field" for American herpetologists. Often referred to simply as "Stebbins", the book has educated and inspired generations of naturalists and herpetologists. On the impact of the guide, professor Samuel Sweet of UC Santa Barbara stated "Before that book, if people went out to look for snakes, it was so they could gather them up to sell to pet shops or just show off to their buddies. What [Stebbins] did was help make a transition to a similar situation as bird watching, where it became OK to just look at the animals and leave them alone." In 2017 the book was ranked #7 in BookFinder.com's "out-of-print and in demand", a list of the most searched for out-of-print titles. In 1966, the Houghton-Mifflin Company first published A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians as part of its Peterson Field Guide series.While including some illustrations from Stebbins' previous books, the high quality of the artwork was immediately recognized, as was the quality and thoroughness of the writing. Biologist David Wake, then of the University of Chicago but later to work with Stebbins at Berkeley, considered the only "serious defect" to be absence of any coverage of snake-bite first aid. Wake also noted that the geographic area covered left a gap ranging from 75 miles to over 400 miles wide when paired with the earlier Peterson Guide to eastern reptiles and amphibians by <mask>t. The second edition, published in 1985, included several changes such as 37 new species, 12 new plates of illustrations, the inclusion of endemic species of the Baja California Peninsula, and new common names chosen to enhance clarity. In his 1986 review, Sweet remarked on the frankness of imperfect knowledge: "For the first time we have a field guide that indicates clearly which taxonomic interpretations are tentative and where distributions and life history features remain poorly known." Concerned about the impact of over-collecting, Stebbins reduced coverage of collecting and keeping animals, and also removed a section on handling venomous snakes. The third edition, published in 2003, included 36 new species and several new paintings.Stebbins considered keeping up-to-date with current scientific literature the most daunting task due to the volume of recent publications. The fourth edition was published posthumously in 2018, with Samuel McGinnis as co-author. It covers 332 species compared to the third edition's 281, a result of taxonomic changes in the preceding 15 years, although only two of the newly included species are illustrated. Books 2nd ed., 1985; 3rd ed., 2003; 4th ed., 2018 Films Nature Next Door. Sierra Club, National Press. Palo Alto, California. (1962) No Room for Wilderness?Lawrence Dawson Productions, San Francisco. (1967) Notes References Further reading External links "Discovering a ring species", Understanding Evolution, University of California Video: Stebbins on Life (2005), at YouTube Photographs by <mask>. Stebbins at CalPhotos, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection Finding Aid to the <mask> C. Stebbins papers at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Collection guide to <mask>. Stebbins illustrations of western reptiles, amphibians and birds, Bancroft Library, U.C. Berkeley 1915 births 2013 deaths 20th-century American zoologists American conservationists American herpetologists American people of English descent American people of Swiss descent Animal artists People from Chico, California Artists from Eugene, Oregon Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area University of California, Berkeley faculty University of California, Los Angeles alumni Activists from Los Angeles North Hollywood High School alumni

Alexander Bullock

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<mask> (March 2, 1816 – January 17, 1882) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman from Massachusetts. First a Whig and then a Republican, he served three terms (1866–69) as the 26th Governor of Massachusetts. He was actively opposed to the expansion of slavery before the American Civil War, playing a major role in the New England Emigrant Aid Society, founded in 1855 to settle the Kansas Territory with abolitionists. He was for many years involved in the insurance industry in Worcester, where he also served one term as mayor. <mask> was educated as a lawyer, and married into the wealthy Hazard family of arms manufacturers, becoming one of the state's wealthiest men. He served in the state legislature during the war, and was active in recruiting for the war effort. He was an advocate of temperance, and of the expansion of railroads in the state.Early years <mask> <mask> was born on March 2, 1816, in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah (Davis) and <mask>. His father was a merchant and farmer who also owned a small mill and was active in local politics. He attended the local schools before going to Leicester Academy. <mask> graduated from Amherst College in 1836 and from Harvard Law School in 1840. He was then admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and joined the law practice of Emory Washburn in Worcester. However, he drifted away from the law, becoming involved in the insurance business as an agent. He eventually joined the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, which had John Davis as its first president.In 1842 <mask> became active in political and public service. He served as a military assistant to John Davis, who was Governor of Massachusetts that year, after which he was frequently referred to as "<mask>". In that year he also became editor of the National Aegis, a Whig newspaper with which he would remain associated for many years. In 1844 <mask> married Elvira Hazard, daughter of Augustus George Hazard of Enfield, Connecticut; they had three children, including explorer <mask> Workman. Elvira's father was owner of a major munitions factory, and upon his death in 1868 the Bullocks inherited a significant fortune, becoming one of the wealthiest families in the state. Massachusetts legislature <mask> was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Whig in 1844, serving until 1848; for two years he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1849 he served in the Massachusetts Senate.In 1854, <mask> became a principal in the New England Emigrant Aid Company, established by Eli Thayer to send anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas Territory after the Kansas-Nebraska Act specified that slavery in the territory was to be determined by popular sovereignty. Worcester politics When Worcester was chartered as a city in 1848, <mask> was elected to serve on its inaugural Common Council. He first ran for mayor of Worcester in 1853, but lost the election. In 1859, he was elected mayor of Worcester, narrowly defeating Republican William W. Rice. During his one-year term he donated his $1,000 salary to the awarding of medals to recognized students in the city's schools. The city authorized the establishment of a public library, and acquired the land for its construction. He did not stand for reelection in 1860.<mask> was elected a member of the Worcester-based American Antiquarian Society in 1855. He served as president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1860 to 1863. Civil War In 1861 <mask> was again elected to the state legislature, serving until 1866. <mask> was elected Speaker of the House in January 1862, serving in that role until 1865 with near-unanimous support. He was energetic in recruitment of troops for the Union Army, and was diligent in the oversight of the state's finances during the conflict. He supported labor reforms, in particular legislation limiting the length of the workday, although such legislation would not be enacted in the state until 1874, when a ten-hour workday was mandated (albeit with significant loopholes). Governor of Massachusetts <mask> received the Republican Party nomination for governor in 1865 after John A. Andrew decided not to stand for reelection.<mask> defeated Civil War General Darius Couch in the general election, and served three consecutive one-year terms. <mask> was a member of an informal group of Republicans known as the "Bird Club" (for its organizer, paper magnate Francis W. Bird), which effectively controlled the state Republican Party organization and dominated the state's elected offices into the 1870s. During his tenure he improved the state's finances, reducing war-related debts. <mask> was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage, although the more conservative legislature never enacted enabling legislation. He also favored state support for railroads, signing bills providing loans totalling $6 million to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad for the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in each of his terms. He was also responsible for hiring Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. to oversee the work on that troubled project. One of the more contentious issues during <mask>'s tenure was the state's alcohol prohibition law, which had been enacted in the 1850s, and which politically divided the otherwise dominant Republicans.Easing of either the law's strict rules or their enforcement was regularly debated in the legislature. <mask>, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach of Andrew before him, enforced the prohibition law more strictly than any other governor of the period. This policy was probably responsible for the declining margins of victory in his three elections. In 1868, legislative proponents of relaxed rules secured passage of a law abolishing the state police, who were tasked with the law's enforcement. <mask> vetoed this bill, pointing out that the state police performed other vital functions. At the same time, a law replacing abolition with a licensing scheme was passed; <mask> allowed this bill to become law without his signature. In 1869, a more conservative legislature restored the previous prohibition statute.<mask> declined to run for reelection in 1868, promoting Henry L. Dawes as his successor. Opposing Dawes for the Republican nomination was George F. Loring, a protégé of Benjamin Franklin Butler. <mask>'s mentor Francis Bird worked behind the scenes to secure the nomination instead for William Claflin, who went on to win the election. Later years After leaving office, <mask> returned to the insurance business, in which he remained until the end of his life. He refused repeated offers to stand for the United States Congress, and in 1879 turned down an offer by President Rutherford B. Hayes of the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom. In early January 1882, he was elected president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, but died quite suddenly in Worcester on January 17, 1882. He was buried in Worcester's Rural Cemetery.See also 83rd Massachusetts General Court (1862) 84th Massachusetts General Court (1863) 85th Massachusetts General Court (1864) 86th Massachusetts General Court (1865) Notes References External links Governors of Massachusetts Amherst College alumni Harvard Law School alumni Massachusetts Whigs 19th-century American politicians Massachusetts lawyers Massachusetts Republicans Mayors of Worcester, Massachusetts Massachusetts state senators Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1816 births 1882 deaths People from Royalston, Massachusetts Burials at Rural Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts) Republican Party state governors of the United States Members of the American Antiquarian Society Americana

Ariana DeBose

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<mask> (; born January 25, 1991) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is the recipient of multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two BAFTA Awards, and two Critics Choice Movie Awards. <mask> made her television debut competing on So You Think You Can Dance. She then made her Broadway debut in the musical Bring It On: The Musical in 2011 and appeared in further Broadway roles in Motown: The Musical in 2013 and Pippin in 2014. She also appeared in the original cast of Hamilton from 2015 to 2016 and as Jane in A Bronx Tale from 2016 to 2017. In 2018, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Donna Summer in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical. <mask> also appeared in the filmed stage recording of Hamilton, which was released in 2020 on Disney+.She played Alyssa Greene in Netflix's The Prom (2020) and Emma in the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon! (2021). In 2021, her role as Anita in Steven Spielberg's musical film West Side Story (2021), an adaptation of the 1961 film of the same name and inspired by the 1957 play of the same name, earned her worldwide recognition and several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for two British Academy Film Awards, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and an Academy Award. Early life <mask> was born on January 25, 1991, in Raleigh, North Carolina. Her mother, <mask>, is an 8th grade teacher. <mask> trained in dance at CC & Co. Dance Complex in Raleigh. <mask> has stated that her father is Puerto Rican and her mother is white, and that she also has African-American and Italian ancestry.Career 2009–2017: Early work <mask> made her television debut in 2009, when she competed on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance, making it into the Top 20. She later appeared on the soap opera One Life to Live and played Inez in the North Carolina Theatre's production of Hairspray before appearing in the role of Nautica in the 2011 Alliance Theatre production of Bring It On. She also appeared in the ensemble of the New York Philharmonic production of Company, which was filmed for television. At the end of 2011, Bring It On embarked on a national tour across the United States. <mask> continued her role into the 2012 Broadway production and understudied the character Danielle. In 2013, <mask> played Mary Wilson in Motown on Broadway, understudying the role of Diana Ross. She later joined the cast of Pippin on Broadway, playing a noble and a player and understudying the role of the Leading Player, which she ended up taking over for a short period in 2014.She can be heard playing director/choreographer Zoey Taylor in As the Curtain Rises, an original Broadway soap opera podcast from the Broadway Podcast Network. In 2015, <mask> left Pippin to join the ensemble of the off-Broadway musical Hamilton. The show moved to Broadway later that year. She left Hamilton in July 2016 and made a guest appearance on the TV series Blue Bloods as Sophia Ortiz. She also starred as Daphne in the thriller film Seaside. From November 2016 to August 2017, <mask> portrayed Jane on Broadway in A Bronx Tale. 2017–present: Breakthrough and further recognition In late 2017, <mask> received her breakthrough role, playing Disco Donna in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse.She reprised this role in the Broadway production, which opened in April 2018. She was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. <mask> played Alyssa Greene in the film adaptation of The Prom, directed by Ryan Murphy. In March 2021, <mask> released a dance-pop recording and video of Rodgers & Hammerstein's "Shall We Dance" for the album R&H Goes Pop, produced by Justin Goldner and arranged by Benjamin Rauhala. In 2021, <mask> played Emma Tate in the parody musical comedy series Schmigadoon! on Apple TV+. She will also star in the spy film Argylle for the service.Despite initially not seeing herself playing the role and refusing to audition for it, <mask> played Anita in the 2021 film adaptation of the musical West Side Story, directed by Steven Spielberg. The film was released in December 2021 to critical acclaim. <mask> herself received critical attention for her performance of Anita, with Caryn James of BBC praising her performance, declaring, "Anita, in a layered, dynamic performance by <mask> <mask>, is the centre of attention, swirling her skirt and dancing to the Latin rhythms that infuse the film." David Fear of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, "DeBose...strong contender for Most Valuable Player here, whose energy—in her singing, her dancing, her line-reading, her side-eyeing—could power a metropolitan block." She also received multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Critics' Choice Movie Award. In February 2021, it was announced that she would play Kira Foster in the upcoming film I.S.S. On January 6, 2022, <mask> was announced as the host of Saturday Night Live on January 15, 2022.Personal life <mask> identifies as queer and came out to her grandparents in 2015. In December 2020, <mask> and Jo Ellen Pellman launched the Unruly Hearts Initiative. The initiative was created to help young people connect with organizations and charities that advocate for the LGBTQ+ community. Acting credits Theatre Film Television Awards and nominations References External links Official website Living people 1991 births 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American women singers Actresses from North Carolina African-American actresses 21st-century African-American women singers American actresses of Puerto Rican descent American musical theatre actresses American people of Italian descent Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners LGBT people from North Carolina Queer actresses 21st-century American singers 21st-century LGBT people

Manuel Casanova

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<mask><mask> and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Outpatient Psychiatry and a Professor of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology at the University of Louisville. <mask> has four daughters: Cristina, Sabrina, Belinda, and Melina. <mask> is the Founder and President of the NGLY1 Foundation. He is married to <mask>, a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville who studies autism genetics. He has a personal blog titled "Cortical Chauvinism". His son-in-law is Matt Might, director of the Hugh Kaul Personalized Medicine Institute at the University of Alabama Birmingham.Education and early career <mask> earned his medical degree from the University of Puerto Rico. He then completed clinical and research fellowships at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, including three years in neuropathology, where he was in-charge of pediatric neuropathology, which was when his interest in developmental disorders of the brain arose. He subsequently helped establish two brain banks, the Johns Hopkins Brain Resource Center and the Brain Bank Unit of the Clinical Brains Disorders Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). <mask> spent several years as a deputy medical examiner for Washington, D.C., where he gained experience with the postmortem examination of sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse, which was when he began publishing extensively on postmortem techniques, including neuronal morphometry immunocytochemistry, neurochemistry, and autoradiography. He also worked as a consultant and was staff neuropathologist at Sinai Hospital in Maryland, the North Charles Hospital, and the D.C. General Hospital. He is also a former lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service. After serving as a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the Medical College of Georgia, he subsequently joined the University of Louisville faculty.In June 2014, he moved to the University of South Carolina and the Greenville Health System. Research <mask>'s recent research projects have examined brain abnormalities in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and dyslexia. His interest has gradually come to focus on abnormalities of cortical neurocircuitry, in particular on the cell minicolumn, a vertical conglomerate of eighty to one hundred neurons that have in common a latency of response to stimulation. Using computerized imaging analysis, he has established the anatomical validity of the cell minicolumn. <mask> has reported interhemispheric differences in the morphometry of minicolumns that could provide explanations for the speciation of hominids. Localized in Brodmann area 22—part of Wernicke’s language region—the morphometric difference may play a role both in the development of language and in related disorders. His neuromorphology research, conducted in collaboration with other researchers from around the globe, has found there are drastic differences in the brains of autistic individuals.The studies that he conducted show that minicolumns (or 'brain strands') of autism spectrum individuals have more cells, but they are narrower and more densely packed, which he says can limit the brain's ability to send messages. <mask> claimed this helps explain symptoms since "there's not enough juice to actually power very long connections in the brain". <mask> has also been studying the autonomic nervous system in autistic individuals. He found that the sympathetic branch of the ANS is overactive in autistic children, which leads to higher levels of anxiety. Additionally, he believes that TMS and neurofeedback can reduce autonomic dysfunction that is linked to certain foods. <mask> notes that one of the problems with brain banks is that preserved brain tissue can deteriorate over time, but claims that brain banks promote far more research insight than MRI scans. Recognition His expertise in the field of postmortem techniques was recognized by honorary appointments as a Scientific Expert for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and as a Professorial Lecturer for the Department of Forensic Science at George Washington University.Awards Presidential Award of the American Medical Association, Puerto Rico Chapter (1981) Physician's Recognition Award by the American Medical Association (1982-5) National Research Service Award (1984-6) Stanley Scholar (1994) Distinguished Faculty, The Medical College of Georgia (1995) Scientific Advisory Board, National Alliance for Autism Research (1996) Tissue Advisory Board, Autism Tissue Board (1999-2000) Senior Scientist Award, 11th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia (2002) Distinguished Clinical Research Award, Medical College of Georgia (2003) Gottfried and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Psychiatry (2003) Chairperson, NIH-CSR Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (2007-9) Magisterial Presentation. Third World Congress of Autism (2010) Contributing Piece Award presented by Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) (2011) Opening Speaker for the International Symposium 2012 of the FRA/CIBERER on Advances in the Biomedical Research of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012) Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Generation Rescue (2013) Magisterial presentation. XV Simposio de investigaciones en salud: discapacidad y ciclo vital (2013) Honorary Professor the International Autism Institute (2013) Scientific Advisory Board, Clearly Present Foundation (2013) Scientific Advisory Board, Center for Advanced Diagnostics, Evaluation, and Therapeutics, LLC (2013) Miembro equipo fundador: Autismo Colombia (2014) Scientific Advisory Board, Autism Research Institute, San Diego CA (2015) Honorary Doctor of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (2015) Visiting Professor of the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University (2015) President elect, International Consortium of Autism Institutes (2016) Special Recognition, Distinguished Seminar Series, University of Louisville (2016) Advisory Board, Our Sunny World, Russia (2017) Member of the Irlen International Professional Advisory Board (2017) The Outstanding Scholar Award (2017) Frontiers Spotlight Award (2017) Views on neurodiversity Casanova has stated that most of the neurodiversity movement is based on the good intention to destigmatize autism, but some of their scientific arguments are questionable. He sees many other positives in the movement, such as the desire for acceptance and accommodations. Casanova states that the concepts behind neurodiversity originated in ancient Greek times, when Socrates attempted to determine which behaviors were a disorder and which ones were simply differences. According to him, those ideas were also seen in the Renaissance, the Romantic era, and the antipsychiatry movement. He further claims that Leo Kanner originated the modern version of the neurodiversity movement through studying autistic individuals.However, he says that the loudest voices in the neurodiversity camp are disruptive. <mask> said on their views that “They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them” and “it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them.” Additionally, he said “It’s not a blessing to have head-banging, eye-gouging or self-biting; those have serious side effects, including retinal detachment, cauliflower ears, they can get brain trauma, contusions. Those people need to be treated.” In response to neurodiversity's claim that autistic individuals do not need medical treatment, <mask> points out that parents that support therapy or treatment for autistic children say that it will reduce their suffering and give them the best chance to succeed in adulthood. <mask> additionally claimed that until recently, the neurodiversity movement wilfully neglected the roles of Leo Kanner and Bernard Rimland in advocating for accommodations, claiming that they were ignored because those individuals also wanted medical treatments for autism. <mask> has also claimed that Neurotribes by Steve Silberman was unfairly weighted against Leo Kanner. <mask> has also written against Silberman's perspective that Hans Asperger, one of the first autism researchers, should be forgiven for his involvement in the Nazi regime. "Contrary to Mr. Silberman," <mask> wrote in response, "I do not defend or condone [Asperger’s] murderous actions."<mask> claims that some media sources have misrepresented his views on autism and neurodiversity. One article from WAVE 3 claimed that <mask> wanted to wipe out autism entirely when he said that was not true. Additionally, a Newsweek article claimed that <mask> received death threats from writing about autism, but this actually happened because some autistic individuals falsely thought he wanted to wipe out autism based on the WAVE 3 article. References External links <mask> - Professor of Psychiatry, University of Louisville Google Scholar Profile WAVE3.com - 'UofL Neuroscientist So Close To Autism Breakthrough He's Helping Fund Research', Lori Lyle, (July 14, 2006) American neurologists Autism researchers Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

Carla Ching

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<mask> is an American playwright, television writer, and teacher. <mask> has written for multiple television shows including, USA’s series, Graceland (TV series), AMC’s Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon’s I Love Dick (TV series), Hulu’s The First, and AMC’s The Preacher. She has also written many of her own full length and one act plays: Nomad Motel, The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up, Fast Company, The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness, Dirty and Big Blind/Little Blind and eight one act plays. <mask> has taught numerous workshops at New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women’s Project, American Palace Theatre, TDF, Young Playwrights, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts from Vassar College and a Masters in Fine Arts from The New School of Drama. <mask> taught play writing at Pace University in New York City and is a member of the Kilroys and New Dramatists. Childhood and education <mask> grew up in Encino, Los Angeles, California with her parents and sister.She claims that growing up, she never imagined she would be involved in the theatre or screenwriting industry. She was extremely shy throughout middle school and had trouble speaking up in class. <mask> forced herself to audition for a show at her high school to push herself to be more outspoken. <mask> claims that she thought it would be easier to start speaking in a voice that wasn't her own while she learned how to be more assertive. She soon discovered that being in the theatre community made her part of a team that included people from all different friend groups, backgrounds, and ethnicities coming together with one common goal: to understand one another. This is where her idea of theatre as " the great equalizer" stems from. <mask> took a break from her life in the theatre for her college career.She attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York where she studied film and received a minor in education. <mask> believed she would be a poet and would support herself as a teacher and decided to stay in the New York area, specifically New York City after graduation to begin her career as a middle school English teacher. Life in New York <mask> worked at multiple different educational institutions during her time as an English Teacher. The first school she taught at was a junior high school in East Harlem in which most of her students were economically disadvantaged. She found many of her students there faced difficulty focusing during her class due to outside stresses. Later, she taught at Hunter College High School, a school for gifted students who, based on test scores, represent the top one-quarter 1% of students in New York City. <mask> claims her teaching job at Hunter College High School was the best job she has ever had but she was expected to teach at a college level, which left her no time to write.<mask> began to search for a community in New York where she came across Peeling, a pan-Asian performance collective at the Asian American Writer's Workshop. <mask> was initially attracted to Peeling because she thought she would find a deeper sense of community amongst people with similar backgrounds/ethnicity as herself and felt she could workshop her poetry there. <mask> worked with Peeling for three years, contributing to their autobiographical performance art, beginning with her poems and expanding to larger works she began writing inspired by the small cruelties she faced (or witnessed) on the streets of New York City. The pieces she workshopped to at Peeling became increasingly more performative and steadily began to include more people until she realized she was creating theatre. <mask> claims she "grew tired of her own voice" which motivated her to begin writing characters with their own narrative and began attempting full length plays. However, <mask> realized she had not learned about theatre writing before and was lacking the tools to create what she wanted so she went back to school. <mask> received her Masters of Fine Arts from The New School for Drama in New York City.Immediately following grad school, <mask> became a teaching artist. She again utilized her minor in education, traveling by subway to different New York City public schools to teach about the art of theatre and theatre making. Plays and playwriting Shortly after <mask> began writing full length plays, she stopped performing in them. <mask> claims this is due to the lack of representation of Asian women in theatre, and her feelings that there were more talented Asian American actors than herself who deserve the roles. Her full length plays focus on broad questions. <mask> has stated that some of the questions are "Why are parents so hard on their kids?" Why do people lie?""Why are we so mean to people that we love?" <mask> claims the question need to make her angry enough that she can stick with that question for however many years it takes to complete the play, and that she hopes that during that time she answers the question for herself. Full-length plays Nomad Motel is about "Motel Kids/Parachute Kids" raising themselves and living on the poverty line. This drama is about 100 minutes long with a cast of two women and three men. The story of Alix, who lives in a motel room with his mom and two brothers and is desperately trying to make ends meet and Mason, who lives in a barren mansion while his father is away running jobs for the Hong Kong Triad. Mason's father vanishes, leaving Mason to care for himself, and hiding from the INS and Child Services. Mason and Alix become friends through their struggle to survive and escape their parents' mistakes.Nomad Motel was produced at the O'Neill Playwrights Conference, National New Play Network Showcase of New Plays, Atlantic Theatre Company's Mixfest, City Theatre Company and is an SCR Time Warner CrossRoads Commission. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up takes place in New York, but was written by <mask> in Los Angeles. This play made <mask> realize she needed to become more familiar with Los Angeles in order to make it a setting for her plays. With a cast of two people (one male, one female), the play is about falling in and out of love with your best friend. More specifically, Max and Diana who are forced to play together while their parents go on a date. Over the course of their parents relationship (dating, marriage, and eventually divorce) Max and Diana become unpredictably close and they see each other through the ups and downs of their own adult lives. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up has been produced by Huntington Theatre Company's Breaking Ground Festival, Artists at Play and Mu Performing Arts and runs approximately 75 minutes in length.Fast Company According to <mask> the play was inspired by the questions: What is family? Why do we run cons each other every day? What is talent and how do we use talent? Is family just blood, or the people one chooses to surround themselves with? With a cast of two women and two men this dark comedy is about 90 minutes long and is a winner of the Edgerton New American Play Award and the Seattle Times Footlights Award for one of the year's best New Plays on a Small Stage. It is an EST/Sloan Commission and has been produced by South Coast Rep, Ensemble Studio Theatre, Porkfilled Productions, and Lyric Stage in Boston. The Sugar House at The Edge of the Wilderness was first produced with a cast of six (three women, three men) at the Ma-Ying Theatre Company.This drama is an adaptation of the classic children's fairytale Hansel and Gretel in which the two children, Han and Greta are adopted from China and are abandoned by their adopted parents and forced to live with their uncle, a rock journalist, in his apartment in the East Village of Chicago. Greta's rebellious nature turns dangerous when she begins to experiment with arson and is institutionalized. The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness consists of two acts and runs about 90 minutes. TBA consists of two acts and utilizes a cast of two women and three men with a run time of 120 minutes. It has been produced by 2g and The Women's Project and is published in Out of Time and Place edited by Alexis Clements and Christine Evans. TBA is drama about Silas Parks who, prompted by a breakup, becomes a recluse, writing autobiographical stories from his Brooklyn apartment. After some fame for his stories, Silas' adopted brother, Finn, accuses Silas of stealing his life.Dirty is about 80 minutes long and requires a cast of four, two women and two men. There have been staged readings of Dirty by IRT, and Cannery Works with Stamford Center for the Arts and it was a finalist for Cherrylane Mentorship Project and Ignition Festival at Victory Gardens. Life back in California <mask> was brought back to her home-state of California when her boyfriend at the time moved there for work. They were dating in New York City before he moved to Los Angeles for the pilot season of a television series. He later called her and said he felt he needed to stay in Los Angeles. The two remained in a long distance relationship for some time before <mask> decided to move to California to try her hand at working in television. She put most of her stuff in storage in New York, in case she were to move back.<mask> worked as a secretary in Los Angeles for one year before she was hired as a writer for season 2 of USA's television series, Graceland (her first experience in television). She has gone on to write for AMC's Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon's I Love Dick, Hulu's The First, and AMC's The Preacher. She has since removed her belongings from storage in New York and moved them to California. <mask> claims her adult relationship with Los Angeles is very different than the one she had with the city as a child and is excited about getting reacquainted with Los Angeles as a character for her plays, as New York was. Teaching <mask> remains an active theatre artist and teacher. She has taught workshops at the New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Place Theatre, Young Playwrights, TDF, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. She taught playwriting at Pace University in New York City, and is an active member of The Kilroys and New Dramatists.References American women dramatists and playwrights American television writers Vassar College alumni Living people Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century American women

Gloria (Bulgarian singer)

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Galina Peneva Ivanova (), born 28 June 1973), known professionally as <mask> (), is a Bulgarian singer, sometimes referred to as the "Prima of Bulgarian pop-folk music". She was awarded the title Singer of the year in 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004, and Singer of the decade in 2007. <mask> is the only representative of the pop-folk genre with 4 independent concerts in Hall 1 of the prestigious National Palace of Culture in Sofia. Early life <mask> was born to Stefka Ivanova and Penko Ivanov on 28 June 1973 in Ruse, Bulgaria, and after her parents' divorce was raised with her brother by their grandparents in the town of Dve Mogili. Music <mask> has been a performer since 1992. Her debut album Щастието е Магия ("The Happiness is Magic") sold over 100 000 copies. За Добро или Зло ("For Good or Evil"), her second album, topped the charts with 400 000 – 500 000 copies, achieving a golden status in Bulgaria.On 2000 she released 12 Диаманта ("12 Diamonds"), which became certified as golden by The Bulgarian Association of Music Producers (BAMP). But perhaps the biggest hits in her career came with the release of her ninth album Крепост ("Fortress") in 2003. Her twelfth studio album Благодаря was released in Bulgaria in March 2007 and it sold over 16 000 physical copies within the first week of release. <mask> has been a jury in Music Idol and participated in the reality show Dancing Stars. She has duets with the artists Azis and Toni Dacheva. On her birthday (28 June) she surprised her fans with a new title – her album Пясъчни Кули (Sand Towers). The album topped the charts in Bulgaria for 6 following months.Her best known songs are "Krepost" ("Fortress"), "Nostalgia", "Fenix", "Angel s dyavolska dusha" ("Angel with a Devil Soul"), "Ako biah se rodila reka" ("If I was born as a river"), "Iluzia" ("Illusion"), "Otkradnat mig" ("Stolen moment"), "Luboven dajd" ("Love rain"), "Ne sme bezgreshni" ("We are not sinless"), "Prisada" ("Sentence"), "Ako te nqma" ("If you are not here") and "Piasachni kuli" ("Sand towers"). (Do I look like the wind?) Sezoni (Seasons) Krygovrat/Ne ostavljaj me (Rotation/Don't leave me) duet featuring the Serbian pop group Luna Blagodarya (Thank you) 2007 Opiat (Opiate) Ako te nyama (If you are not there) 100 karata lyubov (100 carats of love) Na mazhete koyto ne obichah (To the men I didn't love) Za parvi pat (For the first time) Pravi lyubov a ne voyna (Make love, not war) duet with Azis 2008 Ednoposochen pat (One Way Road) Dyavolska lyubov (Devilish Love) Useshtane za mazh (Feeling for a Man) 2009 Krasiv svyat (Beautiful world) Mojesh li da me obicash? (Can You Love Me?) Lyatno palnoludie (Summer full insanity) Hipnoza (Hypnosis) 2010 Ostani (Tazi Nost) (Stay (This Night)) feat Deep Zone Project Az ne placha (I don't cry) feat Deep Zone Project Vyarvam v lyubovta (I Believe in Love) Tseluvay oshte, (Kiss Me More) Do poslednata salza (Until the last tear) Pochti nepoznati (Almost unknown) duet with Iliyan 2011 Jenskoto sarce (The female heart) Nenasitna (Insatiable) 2012 Kralitsa (Queen) Dvoina igra (Double game) References External links Official Site Official Facebook Official YouTube channel 1973 births Living people 21st-century Bulgarian women singers Bulgarian folk-pop singers People from Ruse, Bulgaria Payner artists 20th-century Bulgarian women singers Bulgarian pop musicians

William C. Edenborn

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<mask><mask> (1848–1926) was an inventor, steel industrialist, and railroad magnate. He patented the design for a machine for inexpensive manufacture of barbed wire. <mask> founded the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company, which operated between Shreveport, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, this railroad formed the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad and eventually part of the Kansas City Southern Railroad. By the time of his death in 1926, <mask> was reputed to be the wealthiest resident of Louisiana. The New Orleans Times-Picayune stated that <mask> was "one of the most colorful and picturesque, and at the same time one of the least known, of the Louisiana captains of industry." Personal life <mask> was born to parents <mask> and <mask> (née Hessmer) on March 20, 1848, in Plettenberg, Westphalia, Prussia.As a child, he attended private schools. However, his parents both died when <mask> was twelve years old. After his parents death, his sister Lena and he were without financial resources and so they lived with the Keyser family who were relatives of the <mask>s. Because of his limited finances, <mask> obtained an apprenticeship at a steel-wire manufacturing plant in Plettenberg, Germany. Here <mask> learned about metal work and the wire production business. In 1867, <mask> emigrated to the United States with his cousin Herman Keyser, whom he had befriended, initially living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In the United States, <mask> continued in the wire production business, obtaining work as a mechanic at a wire mill in Frankstown, Pennsylvania.During this Post-Civil War Expansion of the United States, there was much demand for steel-wire and various other wire products. In 1869, <mask> moved to St. Louis, Missouri, at which time he worked with local businessman F.M. Ludlow in the design and construction of a wire mill. <mask> carried out this work partly on a futures basis, a start in his ownership of wire production enterprises. He continued to work with Ludlow, as manufacturing manager until 1874. At that time, <mask> took on sales responsibilities at another of Ludlow's enterprises, the Ludlow-Saylor Wire Company. <mask> supplemented his on-the-job training with a business course at Jones's Commercial College in St. Louis.In 1875, he took leave from Ludlow's enterprises for a leave-of-absence in Europe to refresh his knowledge of state-of-the-art wire technology. Marriage and later years In 1876, <mask> married Sarah Drain of St. Louis, Missouri. They had two children, one of whom they adopted. Both children died at young ages, one of a horseback riding accident and the other of diphtheria. His wife Sarah also served as a business confidant for the rest of <mask>'s life. She often accompanied him on his frequent business trips. Following their relocation to Louisiana, at a time when <mask> had already acquired considerable wealth, he and his wife maintained two homes.One was in New Orleans, and the other was a plantation home near Atlanta, Louisiana, which he named Emden after the Ems River in Europe. During his time in New Orleans, <mask> and his wife lived modestly despite their wealth. His business enterprises paid him a salary of $200 per year. The couple's New Orleans home was a modest house at 8018 Hampson Street in the Carrollton neighborhood of New Orleans. <mask> developed an extensive network of friends and acquaintances during his life and career. He befriended others, such as singer Leadbelley Ledbetter, whom <mask> frequently visited while Ledbetter was incarcerated at Angola State Penitentiary. He was reputed to be a generous philanthropist, although the extent of his philanthropy is unknown since his gifts were generally done anonymously.He was a member of the Democratic Party throughout his business career. In 1918, during United States involvement in World War I, <mask> was accused by federal authorities of being in violation of the Sedition Act of 1918, because of a public statement <mask> made that Germany was not a threat to US soil. He was arrested and briefly detained, with no charges being pressed. <mask> spent most of the latter years of his life at the Emden Plantation home. He died in 1926 of vascular diseases and was buried at Forest Park Cemetery in Shreveport. His estate was contested for many years. As of 2017, Emden Plantation is no longer extant.Estate disposition <mask> died without a will in 1926 and left no surviving children or forced heirs. Consequently, his widow, Sarah, succeeded to his entire estate, then valued at more than $12 million. Earlier, in 1908, <mask> had executed a will, under which Paul Hessmer and others were named as legatees; but in 1919 <mask> signed another document revoking the 1908 will. Years after Sarah had been placed in possession of the entire estate, Hessmer and the other legatees under the 1908 will initiated litigation arguing that the 1919 revocation was invalid, and sought to have the 1908 will admitted to probate. In a 1941 decision, the Louisiana Supreme Court held that the 1919 revocation was valid, thus confirming <mask>'s succession to the entire estate. Career Wire and cable industry In 1877, on his return from his leave-of absence in Europe, <mask> founded the St. Louis Wire Mill Company with business associate O.P. Saylor by leasing the manufacturing facility first built by F.M.Ludlow. <mask> then had a succession of business interests and technical inventions related to wire manufacture and expanding its markets. These included acquisition of smaller barb wire producers, enabling him to consolidate the industry. He conducted his wire business with various business partners. Most notably, with John Warne Gates, <mask> formed the Consolidated Steel and Wire Company. <mask>'s inventions significantly reduced the cost of production of barb-wire, enabling Edenborn's wire company to control approximately 75% of the market. Besides the lower cost, Edenborn's barb wired production process resulted in a more humane form, one that was less injurious to farm animals.In standard practice, <mask>'s patented inventions were all in his own name without direct assignment to his corporate holdings. He granted royalty-free licenses to the companies that he owned and licensed his inventions elsewhere in the world for a significant royalty. New markets and opportunities By the latter part of the 19th century, the market for telegraph and telephone wire expanded significantly, and <mask>'s companies capitalized on this opportunity. He established a series of new wire companies to take advantage of the growth opportunities and to capitalize on his inventions. Some of <mask>'s new companies included the Harrison Wire Company, Missouri Barbed Fence Company, Western Union Barbed Wire Fence Company. He also acquired the Harrison Wire Company of St. Louis, Missouri. Subsequently, under <mask>'s direction, Consolidated Steel and Wire Company merged with six other companies in the wire industry to form the American Steel and Wire Company.This firm was incorporated under Illinois state law in 1898 and became known colloquially as the "wire trust". Edenborn and Gates remained principle stockholders in the new firm. The firm was the world's largest producer of barb wire and steel wire products at the time. As the owner and manager of the American Steel and Wire Co., <mask> took action to mutually beneficial relations between labor and management. This included establishing the Employees' Benefit and Insurance Association, providing insurance and a pension at the company's expense, to benefit his employees. In 1901, <mask> sold his ownership of the wire companies to J.P. Morgan for $100 million, putting him among the wealthiest people in the United States at the time. These companies then became part of the US Steel Corporation.As a result of the acquisition of his companies, <mask> served on the board of directors and on the executive committee of US Steel Corporation until his resignation in 1909. During his time with the American Steel and Wire Company, <mask> is reputed to have said: Railroads and land Toward the end of the 19th century, as his business interests in wire and cable diminished, <mask> pursued diverse business interests including cotton, forestry products, and railroads. He and his wife visited Shreveport, Louisiana, for which <mask> perceived that the town's cotton and forestry products businesses were under-served by railroads. For this reason, <mask> began investing in land and railroads in Louisiana. Within a short period of time, he acquired more than a million acres of land in Louisiana. He established the Shreveport and Red River Valley Navigation Railroad Company. In 1898 <mask> created the Louisiana Central Construction Company for construction of his railroads, with a mix of freight and passenger service beginning in that year.One of his construction practices was to choose very low grades for the routes of the railroad so as to hold construction costs to a minimum. At times, <mask> purchased used rolling stock and railroad locomotives to minimize costs. He also built branches of the railroad, such as the Colfax and Northern Railway in order to better serve the local timber industry. Initially <mask>'s railroad had no competition, although the Louisiana and North West Railroad, the Arkansas Southern Railroad, and the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad soon appeared. The competition caused <mask> to extend his service ultimately to New Orleans. Early on, <mask> used a mix of rail and steamboat service for the extension to New Orleans, and, in this way, his railroad could serve the lucrative cotton trade of the region. Around the same time, <mask> and John Warne Gates invested in another regional railroad, the Kansas City, Pittsburgh and Gulf Railroad, which served a corridor near Shreveport.Edenborn and Gates reorganized the railroad at which time it became known as the Kansas City Southern Railway Company. <mask> served on the railroad's board of directors from 1900 to 1902. He eventually became chairman of the board of the Kansas City Southern Railroad. In 1903, <mask> created the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company. This new company pursued service of <mask>'s network of Louisiana railways all the way into New Orleans. The service into New Orleans commenced in 1906. His railroads started passenger service into New Orleans the following year.Public funding and politics As <mask> sought to expand his railroad, he often pursued public funding to offset construction costs. Huey Long was a rising local politician at the time, from an influential political family. Long and his political family opposed <mask>'s pursuit of public funding, which set the stage for a political feud between <mask> and Huey Long. This feud persisted for the rest of <mask>'s career. <mask> had been managing his Louisiana railroads from his home in New York City. He relocated to New Orleans, coincident with the start of his railroad service into the city. By that time, his railroad was approximately 306 miles long, with ferry service to cross the Mississippi River in order to enter the city of New Orleans.The railroad carried various types of freight, especially timber, cotton, sugar, and oil. Edenborn at times leased trackage rights to other railroads. The railroad billed itself as the "Short Line Through Louisiana". While <mask> continued to spend money expanding the railroad and purchasing rolling stock and suitable ferry service, he compromised on track maintenance. In 1918, Huey Long became a member of the Louisiana Railroad Commission. In that position, Long pressured Edenborn to provide suitable upkeep on the railroad. Financial records indicate that the railroad was earning a low return-on-investment, even though it appeared to meet Edenborn's cash flow needs.Long's pressure on <mask> subsided when Long became governor of Louisiana. <mask> continued to expand the railroad. In 1923, <mask>'s Louisiana Railway & Navigation Co. purchased a route to Dallas, Texas, in a $700,000 cash transaction. Subsequently, the railroad went through a succession of name changes, from the Louisiana Arkansas & Texas Railroad to the Louisiana & Arkansas Railroad. After his death, his wife <mask> became chief executive of their railroad. She was the first woman to hold such a position at a railroad in the United States. <mask> sold the railroad to railroad executive <mask> in a transaction that was completed just before the 1929 stock market crash.Experimental farming <mask> used his Emden Plantation and its surrounding land as an agricultural experiment station. Among his agricultural endeavors, he experimented with improved peanut production using advice he received from George Washington <mask>. At Emden Plantation, <mask> invented an apparatus for improved distillation of pine oil for turpentine manufacture, for which he received a United States patent. He worked on means of farming silkworms, improved cotton harvest, and pest protection of cotton plants. <mask> was also involved in a reforestation effort in the nearby community of Winnfield, Louisiana. Recognition A Great Lakes freighter ship, the SS <mask>, was named after <mask>. The ship ran aground in 1905 in a storm, five years after its launching.The ship was severely damaged, although it was restored to service, operating until its decommissioning in 1962. Another Great Lakes freighter ship was named after his wife, the SS <mask>. Edenborn Avenue in Metairie, Louisiana, is named after him, as was the Edenborn Post Office in Gonzales, Louisiana. <mask> named a railroad depot in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, "Hessmer" after his mother's surname at birth. A village eventually was built around this depot, and it became known as Hessmer, Louisiana. United States patents <mask>, <mask>.; Griesche, Gustav. Barb-wire Machine.US 270,646, United States Patent and Trademark Office, January 16, 1863. <mask>, <mask>. Machine for Coiling Wire. US 480,565A, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 9, 1892. <mask>, <mask>. Wire-Fencing Machine. US 653,889, United States Patent and Trademark Office, July 10, 1900.<mask>, <mask>. Apparatus for Extracting Resin and Allied Products. US 1,351,629, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 31, 1920. References Further reading <mask>, Glen. The Man Who Fenced the West. Osthoff-Thalden Publishers, 1984, . The library at Louisiana State University at Shreveport maintains a collection of <mask>'s papers.Fair, James R. The Louisiana and Arkansas Railway: the Story of a Regional Line. Northern Illinois University Press, 1997, . 1848 births 1926 deaths 19th-century American inventors Businesspeople from New Orleans Businesspeople from Louisiana American agriculturalists

Emanuel Kiriakou

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<mask> "Eman" <mask> (born August 16, 1966) is an American songwriter, producer, record executive, music publisher and multi-instrumentalist, based in Los Angeles. He recently co-wrote and produced "Take You Dancing" by Jason Derulo, and has produced a number of Billboard Hot 100 charting singles including: "What's Left of Me" by Nick Lachey, "Crush" by David Archuleta, "Who Says" by Selena Gomez & the Scene, and "Tonight Tonight" by Hot Chelle Rae, which was #1 on the Billboard Hot AC charts, "It Girl" by Jason Derulo, as well as "Classic" and "American Dream" by MKTO. He has also collaborated with Celine Dion, Ne-Yo, MKTO, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, ZAYN, Gabby Barrett, Rachel Platten, David Foster, Madison Beer, Robert DeLong, Whitney Houston, Simple Plan, and Backstreet Boys. Early life Kiriakou began playing with the guitar and piano at the age of 5, and joined his father's Greek band at the age of fourteen. He credits this time in his father's band as his real musical education. He graduated from Youngstown State University's Dana School of Music, in Youngstown, Ohio with a degree in music, and then relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he won a Cleo Award for a Miller Lite television commercial. After relocating to New York City, he linked up with Joey McIntyre and produced his second solo record, "Meet Joe Mac".<mask> relocated to Los Angeles in 2004 (where he worked closely with Walter Afanasieff) where he currently resides with his wife, Aliki Theofilopoulos (television writer, storyboard artist, and voice actress). Career Kiriakou co-wrote and produced Jason Derulo's single "It Girl." He also co-wrote and produced the first single for Selena Gomez & the Scene titled "Who Says", co-wrote and produced Hot Chelle Rae's "Tonight Tonight" and co-wrote and produced "Fix a Heart" which appears on Demi Lovato's third studio album, Unbroken. Kiriakou also co-produced the title track on Whitney Houston's record entitled "I Look To You". He co-wrote and produced the first single on David Archuleta's record titled "Crush" which debuted at #2 on Billboard, the highest American Idol debut to date, receiving 1.8 million downloads and has been certified double platinum. Kiriakou's multi-format single for Nick Lachey's "What's Left of Me" hit top 10 on the pop Billboard chart and #1 on the Dance Chart. Kiriakou's music has been featured in television shows and major motion picture soundtracks, including the award-winning My Big Fat Greek Wedding.He co-produced the Demi Lovato version of "Let It Go" from the movie Frozen with his production partner Andrew Goldstein. He has worked with chart-topping artists Demi Lovato ("Fix A Heart", "In Case", "Warrior" and "Something That We're Not" Selena Gomez, Celine Dion ('Incredible"), Backstreet Boys, Robert DeLong, MKTO, and Ne-Yo. Kiriakou partnered with Evan Kidd Bogart in 2011 to form their label and publishing companies, Crooked Paintings and Cre8ive Co., which specialize in creative/A&R services and artist development. The first and most notable signings on their roster are pop-duo MKTO, and electronic artist, FRND. Most recently, Kiriakou cowrote and co-produced Jason Derulo's current single, "Take You Dancing". He is also in production for The Struts' third studio album. Current collaborations Jason Derulo, The Struts, Andrew Goldstein, Alex Chapman, Dag Lundberg, Teemu Brunila, Sarah Solovay, Serban Ghenea, Sarah Hudson, and Jesse St. John.Album (2012) Kris Allen / Adam Lambert - "No Boundaries" - Single (2009) David Archuleta - "Crush" - Single (2008), The Other Side of Down - Album (2010) Katharine McPhee - Katharine McPhee - Album (2007) Nick Lachey - "What's Left of Me" - Single (2006) Robert DeLong - "Long Way Down" from In The Cards - Album (2015) Jesse & Joy - "Run" from Jesse & Joy - Album (2017) Westlife - Where We Are - Album (2009) Friday Night Boys - Off The Deep End - Album (2009) Yelawolf - "Made In The U.S.A." from Radioactive Album (2011) Simple Plan - "Summer Paradise" - Single (2011) The Mowgli's - "Say It Just Say It" from Waiting For The Dawn Album (2013) Joey McIntyre - Meet Joe Mac - Album (2001), One Too Many - Album (2002), 8:09 - Album (2004) Film soundtracks and scores "Phineas & Ferb The Movie: Candace Against The Universe" (Original Soundtrack) | Sarah Hudson - "Girls Day Out" (2020) "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" - Original Greek Music (2002) References American male songwriters American people of Greek Cypriot descent 1966 births Living people

Giovanni Boccaccio

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<mask> (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and one of the most important figures in the European literary panorama of the fourteenth century. Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism. His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of short stories which in the following centuries was a determining element for the Italian literary tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccia style to a model of Italian prose in the sixteenth century, and On Famous Women. He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in Tuscan vernacular, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot. The influence of <mask>'s works was not limited to the Italian cultural scene but extended to the rest of Europe, exerting influence on authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, a key figure in English literature, or later on Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega and the Spanish classical theater. <mask>, together with Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca, is part of the so-called "Three Crowns" of Italian literature.He is remembered for being one of the precursors of humanism, of which he helped lay the foundations in the city of Florence, in conjunction with the activity of his friend and teacher Petrarch. He was the one who initiated Dante's criticism and philology: Boccaccio devoted himself to copying codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter of Dante's work and figure. In the twentieth century, <mask> was the subject of critical-philological studies by Vittore Branca and Giuseppe Billanovich, and his Decameron was transposed to the big screen by the director and writer Pier Paolo Pasolini. Biography Florentine childhood, 1313–1327 The details of <mask>'s birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from. He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock. <mask>'s stepmother was called Margherita de' Mardoli.<mask> grew up in Florence. His father worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi and, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, who was of a well-to-do family. <mask> may have been tutored by <mask>li and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante. In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank and moved with his family to Naples. <mask> was an apprentice at the bank but disliked the banking profession. He persuaded his father to let him study law at the Studium (the present-day University of Naples), where he studied canon law for the next six years. He also pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies.His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of Robert the Wise (the king of Naples) in the 1330s. At this time, he fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who is portrayed as "Fiammetta" in many of Boccaccio's prose romances, including Il Filocolo (1338). Boccaccio became a friend of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli, and benefited from his influence as the administrator, and perhaps the lover, of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto. Acciaioli later became counselor to Queen Joanna I of Naples and, eventually, her Grand Seneschal. It seems that Boccaccio enjoyed law no more than banking, but his studies allowed him the opportunity to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars. His early influences included Paolo da Perugia (a curator and author of a collection of myths called the Collectiones), humanists Barbato da Sulmona and <mask>, and theologian Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro. Neapolitan adolescence, 1327–1340 A cosmopolitan environment: self-taught training Boccaccino wanted his son to enter the profession of merchant, according to the family tradition.After having made him do a short internship in Florence, in 1327 Boccaccino decided to take his young son with him to Naples, the city where he played the role of business broker for the Bardi family. Adult years In Naples, <mask> began what he considered his true vocation of poetry. Works produced in this period include Il Filostrato and Teseida (the sources for Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and The Knight's Tale, respectively), The Filocolo (a prose version of an existing French romance), and La caccia di Diana (a poem in terza rima listing Neapolitan women). The period featured considerable formal innovation, including possibly the introduction of the Sicilian octave, where it influenced Petrarch. <mask> returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city, but also missing the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341. He had left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king and Florence. His father had returned to Florence in 1338, where he had gone bankrupt.His mother died shortly afterward (possibly, as she was unknown – see above). <mask> continued to work, although dissatisfied with his return to Florence, producing Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine in 1341 (also known as Ameto), a mix of prose and poems, completing the fifty-canto allegorical poem Amorosa visione in 1342, and Fiammetta in 1343. The pastoral piece "Ninfale fiesolano" probably dates from this time, also. In 1343, <mask>'s father remarried to Bice del Bostichi. His other children by his first marriage had all died, but he had another son named Iacopo in 1344. In Florence, the overthrow of Walter of Brienne brought about the government of popolo minuto ("small people", workers). It diminished the influence of the nobility and the wealthier merchant classes and assisted in the relative decline of Florence.The city was hurt further in 1348 by the Black Death, which killed some three-quarters of the city's population, later represented in the Decameron. From 1347, <mask> spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage and, despite his claims, it is not certain whether he was present in plague-ravaged Florence. His stepmother died during the epidemic and his father was closely associated with the government efforts as minister of supply in the city. His father died in 1349 and Boccaccio was forced into a more active role as head of the family. <mask> began work on The Decameron around 1349. It is probable that the structures of many of the tales date from earlier in his career, but the choice of a hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three men and seven women dates from this time. The work was largely complete by 1352.It was <mask>'s final effort in literature and one of his last works in Tuscan vernacular; the only other substantial work was Corbaccio (dated to either 1355 or 1365). Boccaccio revised and rewrote The Decameron in 1370–1371. This manuscript has survived to the present day. From 1350, <mask> became closely involved with Italian humanism (although less of a scholar) and also with the Florentine government. His first official mission was to Romagna in late 1350. He revisited that city-state twice and also was sent to Brandenburg, Milan and Avignon. He also pushed for the study of Greek, housing Barlaam of Calabria, and encouraging his tentative translations of works by Homer, Euripides, and Aristotle.In these years, he also took minor orders. In October 1350, he was delegated to greet Francesco Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have Petrarch as a guest at <mask>'s home, during his stay. The meeting between the two was extremely fruitful and they were friends from then on, Boccaccio calling Petrarch his teacher and magister. Petrarch at that time encouraged Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin literature. They met again in Padua in 1351, Boccaccio on an official mission to invite Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence. Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were instrumental in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first edition was completed in 1360 and this remained one of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years. It served as an extended defense for the studies of ancient literature and thought.Despite the Pagan beliefs at its core, <mask> believed that much could be learned from antiquity. Thus, he challenged the arguments of clerical intellectuals who wanted to limit access to classical sources to prevent any moral harm to Christian readers. The revival of classical antiquity became a foundation of the Renaissance, and his defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for its development. The discussions also formalized Boccaccio's poetic ideas. Certain sources also see a conversion of <mask> by Petrarch from the open humanist of the Decameron to a more ascetic style, closer to the dominant fourteenth century ethos. For example, he followed Petrarch (and Dante) in the unsuccessful championing of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry. In 1359, following a meeting with Pope Innocent VI and further meetings with Petrarch, it is probable that Boccaccio took some kind of religious mantle.There is a persistent (but unsupported) tale that he repudiated his earlier works as profane in 1362, including The Decameron. In 1360, <mask> began work on De mulieribus claris, a book offering biographies of 106 famous women, that he completed in 1374. A number of <mask>'s close friends and other acquaintances were executed or exiled in the purge following the failed coup of 1361. It was in this year that <mask> left Florence to reside in Certaldo, although not directly linked to the conspiracy, where he became less involved in government affairs. He did not undertake further missions for Florence until 1365, and traveled to Naples and then on to Padua and Venice, where he met up with Petrarch in grand style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as the place of Petrarch's library. He later returned to Certaldo. He met Petrarch only once again in Padua in 1368.Upon hearing of the death of Petrarch (19 July 1374), <mask> wrote a commemorative poem, including it in his collection of lyric poems, the Rime. He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. The papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, and <mask> was again sent to Urban, offering congratulations. He also undertook diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples. Of his later works, the moralistic biographies gathered as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) and De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were most significant. Other works include a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et de nominibus maris liber. He gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in his final major work, the detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante. <mask> and Petrarch were also two of the most educated people in early Renaissance in the field of archaeology.<mask>'s change in writing style in the 1350s was due in part to meeting with Petrarch, but it was mostly due to poor health and a premature weakening of his physical strength. It also was due to disappointments in love. Some such disappointment could explain why <mask> came suddenly to write in a bitter Corbaccio style, having previously written mostly in praise of women and love, though elements of misogyny are present in Il Teseida. Petrarch describes how Pietro Petrone (a Carthusian monk) on his death bed in 1362 sent another Carthusian (Gioacchino Ciani) to urge him to renounce his worldly studies. Petrarch then dissuaded <mask> from burning his own works and selling off his personal library, letters, books, and manuscripts. Petrarch even offered to purchase Boccaccio's library, so that it would become part of Petrarch's library. However, upon <mask>'s death, his entire collection was given to the monastery of Santo Spirito, in Florence, where it still resides.His final years were troubled by illnesses, some relating to obesity and what often is described as dropsy, severe edema that would be described today as congestive heart failure. He died on 21 December 1375 in Certaldo, where he is buried. Works Alphabetical listing of selected works Amorosa visione (1342) Buccolicum carmen (1367–1369) Caccia di Diana (1334–1337) Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine (Ninfale d'Ameto, 1341–1342) Corbaccio (around 1365, this date is disputed) De Canaria (within 1341–1345) De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (). Facsimile of 1620 Paris ed., 1962, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, . De mulieribus claris (1361, revised up to 1375) The Decameron (1349–52, revised 1370–1371) Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta (1343–1344) Esposizioni sopra la Comedia di Dante (1373–1374) Filocolo (1336–1339) Filostrato (1335 or 1340) Genealogia deorum gentilium libri (1360, revised up to 1374) Ninfale fiesolano (within 1344–46, this date is disputed) Rime (finished 1374) Teseida delle nozze di Emilia (before 1341) Trattatello in laude di Dante (1357, title revised to De origine vita studiis et moribus viri clarissimi Dantis Aligerii florentini poetae illustris et de operibus compositis ab eodem) Zibaldone Magliabechiano (within 1351–1356) See Consoli's bibliography for an exhaustive listing. See also Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Notes Citations Sources Çoban, R. V. (2020). The Manzikert Battle and Sultan Alp Arslan with European Perspective in the 15st Century in the Miniatures of Giovanni Boccaccio's "De Casibus Virorum Illustrium"s 226 and 232.French Manuscripts in Bibliothèque Nationale de France. S. Karakaya ve V. Baydar (Ed. ), in 2nd International Muş Symposium Articles Book (pp. 48–64). Muş: Muş Alparslan University. Source Patrick, James A.(2007). Renaissance And Reformation.Marshall Cavendish Corp. . Further reading On Famous Women, edited and translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001 (Latin text and English translation) The Decameron, The Life of Dante, translated by Vincenzo Zin Bollettino. New York: Garland, 1990 The Elegy of Lady Fiammetta, edited and translated [from the Italian] by Mariangela Causa-Steindler and Thomas Mauch; with an introduction by Mariangela Causa-Steindler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 . External links De claris mulieribus From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Genealogie deorum gentilium Johannis Boccacii de Certaldo liber at Somni De mulieribus claris at Somni 1313 births 1375 deaths People from Certaldo Italian Renaissance humanists Italian Renaissance writers Italian male poets Italian Roman Catholics Medieval Italian diplomats Medieval Latin poets 14th-century people of the Republic of Florence 14th-century Italian historians 14th-century Italian poets 14th-century Latin writers 14th-century diplomats Deaths from edema

Stéphane Lasme

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<mask> (born December 17, 1982) is a Gabonese former professional basketball player. He played college basketball at the University of Massachusetts (UMass), with the UMass Minutemen, and he was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft. In 2016 Stephane won the EuroCup Championship and earned the Finals MVP award, as well as, an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2014 and won the EuroLeague Best Defender award in 2013, among others. Early career On December 17, 1982, <mask> was born in Port-Gentil, Gabon, to Onanga Liliane. He was brought up in Port-Gentil, Gabon, his father being an oil company engineer. His mother, Liliane, was an economist. <mask> knew how to speak French and his native language of Myene in his childhood, but learned some English through high school classes.<mask> grew up loving soccer, but began playing basketball at 14, when he was introduced to his school's coach. When asked why he started playing the game, Lasme said, "I was growing faster than the other kids my age." One media report stated that he nailed a basketball hoop to a tree at age 15 and estimated the official NBA requirement of 10 feet, but instead put it 12 feet above the ground. He said, "I had a rim put in at my house. It was higher than 10 feet, though." His favorite players as a child were Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan, whom he used to watch on television by sneaking out of bed at night. He also grew up as a fan of Marcus Camby.<mask> competed for Aveley Club Port-Gentil, a youth club that was designed to be an after-school program. He attended high school at Léon M'ba in his native Gabon and was called up by Arimbi Nkolo, head coach of his country's national team. While at Léon M'ba, whose basketball team competed in the African High School Federation, he played under Ebolo Firmin. <mask> also played for Capo Libreville in the 2002 FIBA Africa Basketball Club Championship. College career In February 2003 <mask> moved to the United States. <mask>'s cousin, Serge Lapeby gave him a home in Boston. He helped him adjust to the new environment, saying, "He had to learn the culture, the language, the colder weather—that was a bit of a challenge—and the lifestyle."He was forced to compete in a gymnasium, as he arrived in the United States in the winter, and played in Emmanuel College. Lapeby tried to recruit <mask> to play for the school's team, and succeeded, but it did not offer athletic scholarships as an NCAA Division III college. <mask> subsequently enrolled in Emmanuel College, primarily for its ESL program. He began playing basketball for the college and attracted the attention of many NCAA Division I programs. <mask>'s performance in the Eastern Invitational All-Star Game, which took place in New Jersey, was most noted. The game was attended by Massachusetts Minutemen basketball coach Steve Lappas, who was searching for potential recruits. Lappas was impressed by <mask>'s raw skills and offered him a scholarship to play for the Minutemen.He signed an institutional financial aid agreement to compete with Massachusetts for the 2003–04 season and was eligible to participate in the winter. When the move was made official, the coach said, "We are excited to have Stephane join our program. We believe that he is a quality student and athlete. It is very exciting to find someone of his caliber at this point in time, and we feel he will be a very good addition to our program." Freshman On November 9, 2003, <mask> made his first appearance in a Massachusetts uniform in an exhibition game against the Harlem Globetrotters. He finished with 1 point and 5 turnovers in 9 minutes of playing time, as the Minutemen fell to Harlem, 68-77. He competed in another exhibition game on November 14 against the Playaz basketball club, but was awarded 22 minutes on the court.In his official collegiate debut, a win over St. Francis (NY), <mask> contributed 6 points and 6 rebounds off the bench. He grabbed 13 rebounds in a quarterfinals game of the Preseason National Invitational Tournament vs Texas Tech, the first time he recorded double-digits in any major statistical category at the collegiate level. He also had four blocked shots, as UMass fell, 50-90. <mask> scored a season-high 13 points on February 8, 2004, vs Dayton. He was awarded his first-ever start with the Minutemen on January 18, 2004, against Duquesne, but scored no points. He was named the winner of Massachusetts' Jack Leaman Defensive Award at the end of the season, ranking second in the Atlantic 10 Conference in blocked shots. <mask> finished the year with averages of 3.2 points, 3.4 rebounds and 1.8 blocks.Sophomore As a sophomore, he started all 28 games for the Minutemen, and again finished as the league's second-leading shot blocker. <mask> continued his progression during his junior year. He started 27 of the team's 28 games (Senior Day being the exception), scored in double figures 15 times, and finished the year with a 10.5 average. <mask> was two blocks short of a triple-double against St. Peter's on December 27, 2005, with 21 points, 14 rebounds and 8 blocks. By the end of the season, <mask> blocked a total of 108 shots, an average of 3.9 per game, good for third-highest in the nation. The A-10 honored <mask> with their Defensive Player of the Year award. Senior <mask>'s senior year at UMass was filled with personal accomplishments, records, and team success.He was named an AP Honorable Mention All-American, the Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year. He ranked first in the league in blocks and rebounding, and second in field goal percentage. He scored more than 20 points on four occasions, grabbed 10 or more rebounds on 17 occasions, and 10 or more blocks on four occasions. During the season, <mask> averaged 13.5 points, 9.5 rebounds, and 5.1 blocks per game, and led the Minutemen into the NIT, the team's first post-season play since the 1999–2000 season. In the 2006–07 season, <mask> tied an NCAA record with four triple-doubles in a single season, joining Jason Kidd (1994 at Cal) and Michael Anderson (1986 at Drexel). While Kidd and Anderson accomplished the feat by achieving double figures in scoring, rebounds, and assists, <mask>'s triple-doubles are in scoring, rebounds and blocks. His four triple-doubles were: vs. St. Francis on November 22 (19 pts, 10 reb, 11 blocks); vs. George Washington on January 10 (23 pts, 15 reb, 11 blocks); vs. Rhode Island on February 8 (18 pts, 12 reb, 11 blocks) and vs. La Salle on February 28 (17 pts, 10 reb, 10 blocks).Also in 2006–07 <mask> set new UMass records for career blocked shots (399), single season blocked shots (168), and blocks per game (11), passing Marcus Camby on all three lists. Professional career In June 2007, <mask> was selected in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors, using the pick they got from the New Jersey Nets in exchange for Clifford Robinson. He made his NBA debut on November 8, playing only 3.8 seconds of game time in the Warriors 120–115 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On November 17, <mask> was waived by the Warriors. Later that month, he was signed by the NBA Development League's Los Angeles D-Fenders. On March 21, 2008, <mask> was signed to a ten-day contract with the Miami Heat, whose roster had been depleted by injuries. He later signed for the rest of the season.In 15 games (four starts), he averaged 5.5 points, 3.5 rebounds, 1.5 blocks and 20.2 minutes. In September 2008, <mask> signed with the Adriatic League champions Partizan Belgrade, for the 2008–09 season. After the opening three games in EuroLeague, he was ranked second in both blocks and rebounds per game. <mask> finished the season well, averaging 10.6 points, 6.6 rebounds, and 1.5 blocks per game, 25.5 minutes a contest, after Partizan's strong showing that ended in the quarterfinals with a loss to CSKA Moscow. He was instrumental in helping the team to another regional ABA championship, with 11.3 points per game. He also won Serbian national championship and the Serbian Radivoj Korać Cup titles with Partizan. In July 2009, <mask> signed with the Israeli League club Maccabi Tel Aviv, along with Alan Anderson.On June 8, 2010, Maccabi announced that they had released <mask>, after a foot injury had limited his playing time towards the end of the season. In 20 games of EuroLeague play, he averaged 6.5 points, 4.4 rebounds, and 1.4 blocks per game in 18.5 minutes per game. <mask> then signed a two-year contract with the Russian League club Spartak Saint Petersburg in July 2010. However, he was released in September, due to some administrative problems that he had in the United States. <mask> was invited to join the Boston Celtics for their 2010 training camp. However, he was waived on October 20. Subsequently, <mask> joined the Maine Red Claws of the NBA D-League, an affiliate of the Celtics.However, <mask> fractured his foot just 2 minutes into the team's preseason opener against the Springfield Armor, and immediately underwent surgery. After recovering, he returned to action in March 2011. In August 2011, <mask> returned to Europe and signed with the Spanish League newcomers Obradoiro CAB. On July 5, 2012, the Boston Celtics announced that <mask> was added to their roster for the 2012 Orlando Pro Summer League and the 2012 NBA Summer League. On September 29, 2012, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Greek League club Panathinaikos Athens. He was named the EuroLeague Best Defender for the 2012–13 Euroleague season. He averaged 1.86 blocks and 6.14 rebounds per game, while his team allowed 69.8 points per game, thus displaying the second best team defense in the league.Also, <mask> earned the Greek Basket League MVP award, as well as the Greek League Best Defender award for the 2012–13 season. On July 1, 2013, <mask> renewed his contract with Panathinaikos for two more years. In May 2014, he was named to the All-EuroLeague Second Team of the EuroLeague. He also earned the Greek League Best Defender award and was named to the Greek League Best Five for the 2013–14 season. Panathinaikos decided to exercise an "opt out" clause in his contract for the upcoming 2014–15 season, on 12 June 2014. On June 22, 2014, he signed a two-year contract with Anadolu Efes Istanbul. On July 29, 2015, he signed with Galatasaray.<mask> was instrumental in winning the Eurocup title 2015–16, and earned the Eurocup Finals MVP award. On August 29, 2016, <mask> was suspended for one year after failing a doping test. On February 10, 2017, <mask> was acquired by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League. On July 13, 2017, <mask> signed with Russian club UNICS for the 2017–18 season. On June 27, 2018, <mask> officially returned to Panathinaikos after four years, signing a one-year deal. National team career Lasme played with the senior Gabonese national team at the 2005 FIBA Africa Championship, averaging 11.7 points, 10.1 rebounds, and 3 blocks per game, in seven games played. players Basketball League of Serbia players BC UNICS players Centers (basketball) Doping cases in basketball Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Greece Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Serbia Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Spain Gabonese expatriate basketball people in Turkey Expatriate basketball people in the United States Gabonese expatriates in the United States Gabonese men's basketball players Galatasaray S.K.(men's basketball) players Golden State Warriors draft picks Golden State Warriors players Israeli Basketball Premier League players KK Partizan players Liga ACB players Los Angeles D-Fenders players Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players Maine Red Claws players Miami Heat players Obradoiro CAB players Panathinaikos B.C. players Sportspeople from Libreville People from Port-Gentil Texas Legends players UMass Minutemen basketball players 21st-century Gabonese people

Linda Ronstadt

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<mask> (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, and Latin. She has earned 11 Grammy Awards, three American Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, and an ALMA Award. Many of her albums have been certified gold, platinum or multiplatinum in the United States and internationally. She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award. She was awarded the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Latin Recording Academy in 2011 and also awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Recording Academy in 2016. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014. On July 28, 2014, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities.In 2019, she received a star jointly with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their work as the group Trio. <mask> was among five honorees who received the 2019 Kennedy Center Honors for lifetime artistic achievements. <mask> has released 24 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums. She charted 38 US Billboard Hot 100 singles. Twenty-one of those singles reached the top 40, ten reached the top 10, and one reached number one ("You're No Good"). <mask> also charted in UK as two of her duets, "Somewhere Out There" with James Ingram and "Don't Know Much" with Aaron Neville, peaked at numbers 8 and 2 respectively and the single "Blue Bayou" reached number 35 on the UK Singles charts. She has charted 36 albums, ten top-10 albums, and three number 1 albums on the US Billboard Pop Album Chart.<mask> has collaborated with artists in diverse genres, including: Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, Bette Midler, Billy Eckstine, Frank Zappa, Carla Bley (Escalator Over the Hill), Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Warren Zevon, Gram Parsons, Neil Young, Paul Simon, Earl Scruggs, Johnny Cash, and Nelson Riddle. She has lent her voice to over 120 albums and has sold more than 100 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. Christopher Loudon, of Jazz Times, wrote in 2004 that <mask> is "blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation." <mask> reduced her activity after 2000 when she felt her singing voice deteriorating, releasing her last full-length album in 2004 and performing her last live concert in 2009. She announced her retirement in 2011 and revealed shortly afterwards that she is no longer able to sing as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy. Since then, <mask> has continued to make public appearances, going on a number of public speaking tours in the 2010s. She published an autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, in September 2013.A documentary based on her memoirs, <mask>: The Sound of My Voice, was released in 2019. Early life <mask> <mask> was born in Tucson, Arizona, on July 15, 1946, the third of four children of <mask> (19111995), a prosperous machinery merchant who ran the F. Ronstadt Co., and Ruth Mary (née Copeman) <mask> (19141982), a homemaker. <mask> was raised on the family's ranch with her siblings Peter (who served as Tucson's Chief of Police for ten years, 19811991), Michael, and Gretchen. The family was featured in Family Circle magazine in 1953. Ronstadt family history <mask>'s father came from a pioneering Arizona ranching family and was of German and Mexican ancestry. The family's influence on and contributions to Arizona's history, including wagon making, commerce, pharmacies, and music, are chronicled in the library of the University of Arizona. Her great-grandfather, graduate engineer Friedrich August <mask> (who went by Federico Augusto <mask>) immigrated to the Southwest (then a part of Mexico) in the 1840s from Hanover, Germany, and married a Mexican citizen, eventually settling in Tucson.In 1991, the City of Tucson opened its central transit terminal on March 16 and dedicated it to <mask>'s grandfather, Federico José <mask>, a local pioneer businessman; he was a wagon maker whose early contribution to the city's mobility included six mule-drawn streetcars delivered in 190304. <mask>'s mother Ruth Mary, of German, English, and Dutch ancestry, was raised in Flint, Michigan. Ruth Mary's father, Lloyd Groff Copeman, a prolific inventor and holder of nearly 700 patents, invented an early form of the electric toaster, many refrigerator devices, the grease gun, the first electric stove, and an early form of the microwave oven. His flexible rubber ice cube tray earned him millions of dollars in royalties. Career summary Establishing her professional career in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movementsgenres which defined post-1960s rock musicRonstadt joined forces with Bobby Kimmel and Kenny Edwards and became the lead singer of a folk-rock trio, the Stone Poneys. Later, as a solo artist, she released Hand Sown ... Home Grown in 1969, which has been described as the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. Although fame eluded her during these years, <mask> actively toured with the Doors, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and others, appeared numerous times on television shows, and began to contribute her singing to albums by other artists.With the release of chart-topping albums such as Heart Like a Wheel, Simple Dreams, and Living in the USA, <mask> became the first female "arena class" rock star. She set records as one of the top-grossing concert artists of the decade. Referred to as the "First Lady of Rock" and the "Queen of Rock", <mask> was voted the Top Female Pop Singer of the 1970s. Her rock-and-roll image was as famous as her music; she appeared six times on the cover of Rolling Stone and on the covers of Newsweek and Time. In the 1980s, <mask> performed on Broadway and received a Tony nomination for her performance in The Pirates of Penzance, teamed with the composer Philip Glass, recorded traditional music, and collaborated with the conductor Nelson Riddle, an event at that time viewed as an original and unorthodox move for a rock-and-roll artist. This venture paid off, and <mask> remained one of the music industry's best-selling acts throughout the 1980s, with multi-platinum-selling albums such as Mad Love, What's New, Canciones de Mi Padre, and Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind. She continued to tour, collaborate, and record celebrated albums, such as Winter Light and Hummin' to Myself, until her retirement in 2011.Most of <mask>'s albums are certified gold, platinum, or multi-platinum. Having sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide and setting records as one of the top-grossing concert performers for over a decade, <mask> was the most successful female singer of the 1970s and stands as one of the most successful female recording artists in U.S. history. She opened many doors for women in rock and roll and other musical genres by championing songwriters and musicians, pioneering her chart success onto the concert circuit, and being in the vanguard of many musical movements. Career overview Early influences <mask>'s early family life was filled with music and tradition, which influenced the stylistic and musical choices she later made in her career. Growing up, she listened to many types of music, including Mexican music, which was sung by her entire family and was a staple in her childhood. <mask> has remarked that everything she has recorded on her own recordsrock and roll, rhythm and blues, gospel, opera, country, choral, and mariachiis all music she heard her family sing in their living room or heard played on the radio, by the age of 10. She credits her mother for her appreciation of Gilbert and Sullivan and her father for introducing her to the traditional pop and Great American Songbook repertoire that she would, in turn, help reintroduce to an entire generation.Early on, her singing style had been influenced by singers such as Lola Beltrán and Édith Piaf; she has called their singing and rhythms "more like Greek music ... It's sort of like 6/8 time signature ... very hard driving and very intense." She also drew influence from country singer Hank Williams. She has said that "all girl singers" eventually "have to curtsy to Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday". Of Maria Callas, <mask> says, "There's no one in her league. That's it. Period.I learn more ... about singing rock n roll from listening to Maria Callas records than I ever would from listening to pop music for a month of Sundays. ... She's the greatest chick singer ever." She admires Callas for her musicianship and her attempts to push 20th-century singing, particularly opera, back into the bel canto "natural style of singing". A self-described product of American radio of the 1950s and 1960s, <mask> is a fan of its eclectic and diverse music programming. Beginning of professional career At age 14, <mask> formed a folk trio with her brother Peter and sister Gretchen. The group played coffeehouses, fraternity houses, and other small venues, billing themselves as "the Union City Ramblers" and "the Three Ronstadts", and they even recorded themselves at a Tucson studio under the name "the New Union Ramblers". Their repertoire included the music they grew up onfolk, country, bluegrass, and Mexican.But increasingly, <mask> wanted to make a union of folk music and rock 'n' roll, and in 1964, after a semester at Arizona State University, the 18-year-old decided to move to Los Angeles. The Stone Poneys <mask> visited a friend from Tucson, Bobby Kimmel, in Los Angeles during Easter break from college in 1964, and later that year, shortly before her eighteenth birthday, decided to move there permanently to form a band with him. Kimmel had already begun co-writing folk-rock songs with guitarist-songwriter Kenny Edwards, and eventually the three of them were signed by Nik Venet to Capitol in the summer of 1966 as "the Stone Poneys". The trio released three albums in a 15-month period in 196768: The Stone Poneys; Evergreen, Volume 2; and <mask>, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III. The band is widely known for their hit single "Different Drum" (written by Michael Nesmith prior to his joining the Monkees), which reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as number 12 in Cashbox magazine. Nearly 50 years later, the song remains one of <mask>'s most popular recordings.Solo career Still contractually obligated to Capitol Records, <mask> released her first solo album, Hand Sown ... Home Grown, in 1969. It has been called the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. During this same period, she contributed to the Music from Free Creek "super session" project. <mask> provided the vocals for some commercials during this period, including one for Remington electric razors, in which a multitracked <mask> and Frank Zappa claimed that the electric razor "cleans you, thrills you ... may even keep you from getting busted". <mask>'s second solo album, Silk Purse, was released in March 1970. Recorded entirely in Nashville, it was produced by Elliot Mazer, whom <mask> chose on the advice of Janis Joplin, who had worked with him on the Cheap Thrills album. The Silk Purse album cover showed <mask> in a muddy pigpen, while the back and inside cover depicted her onstage wearing bright red.<mask> has stated that she was not pleased with the album, although it provided her with her first solo hit, the multi-format single "Long, Long Time", and earned her first Grammy nomination (for Best Contemporary Vocal Performance/Female). Touring In 1975, <mask> performed shows with Jackson Browne, the Eagles, and Toots and the Maytals. In a 1976 Rolling Stone interview with Cameron Crowe, <mask> said, "they haven't invented a word for that loneliness that everybody goes through on the road. The world is tearing by you, real fast, and all these people are looking at you. ... People see me in my 'girl-singer' suit." In 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, "People are always taking advantage of you; everybody that's interested in you has got an angle." Several years before <mask> became what author Gerri Hirshey called the first "arena-class rock diva" with "hugely anticipated tours" she began her solo career touring the North American concert circuit.But being on the road took its toll both emotionally and professionally. There were few "girl singers" on the rock circuit at the time, and they were relegated to "groupie level when in a crowd of a bunch of rock and roll guys", a status <mask> avoided. Relating to men on a professional level as fellow musicians led to competition, insecurity, bad romances, and a series of boyfriend-managers. At the time, she admired singers like Maria Muldaur for not sacrificing their femininity but says she felt enormous self-imposed pressure to compete with "the boys" at every level. She noted in a 1969 interview in Fusion magazine that it was difficult being a single "chick singer" with an all-male backup band. According to her, it was difficult to get a band of backing musicians because of their ego problem of being labeled sidemen for a female singer. Soon after she went solo in the late 1960s, one of her first backing bands was the pioneering country-rock band Swampwater, which combined Cajun and swamp-rock elements in their music.Its members included Cajun fiddler Gib Guilbeau and John Beland, who later joined the Flying Burrito Brothers, as well as Stan Pratt, Thad Maxwell, and Eric White, brother of Clarence White of the Byrds. Swampwater went on to back <mask> during TV appearances on The Johnny Cash Show and The Mike Douglas Show, and at the Big Sur Folk Festival. Another backing band included Don Henley, Glenn Frey, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner, who went on to form the Eagles. They toured with her for a short period in 1971 and played on <mask>, her self-titled third album, from which the failed single, <mask>'s version of Browne's "Rock Me on the Water", was drawn. At this stage, <mask> began working with producer and boyfriend John Boylan. She said, "As soon as I started working with John Boylan, I started co-producing myself. I was always a part of my productions.But I always needed a producer who would carry out my whims." Also in 1971, <mask> began talking with David Geffen about moving from Capitol Records to Geffen's Asylum Records label. Collaborations with Peter Asher <mask> began her fourth solo album, Don't Cry Now, in 1973, with Boylan (who had negotiated her contract with Asylum Records) and John David "J.D." Souther producing most of the album's tracks. But needing someone willing to work with her as an equal, <mask> asked Peter Asher, who came highly recommended to her by James Taylor's sister Kate Taylor, to help produce two of them: "Sail Away" and "I Believe in You". The album featured <mask>'s first country hit, "Silver Threads and Golden Needles", which she had first recorded on Hand Sown ... Home Grownthis time hitting the Country Top 20. With the release of Don't Cry Now, <mask> took

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on her biggest gig to date as the opening act on Neil Young's Time Fades Away tour, playing for larger crowds than ever before.Backstage at a concert in Texas, Chris Hillman introduced her to Emmylou Harris, telling them, "You two could be good friends", which soon occurred, resulting in frequent collaborations over the following years. Meanwhile, the album became <mask>'s most successful up to that time, selling 300,000 copies by the end of 1974. Asher turned out to be more collaborative, and more on the same page with her musically, than any producer she had worked with previously. <mask>'s professional relationship with Asher allowed her to take command and effectively delegate responsibilities in the recording studio. Although hesitant at first to work with her because of her reputation for being a "woman of strong opinions (who) knew what she wanted to do (with her career)", he nonetheless agreed to become her full-time producer, and remained in that role through the late 1980s. Asher attributed the long-term success of his working relationship with <mask> to the fact that he was the first person to manage and produce her with whom there was a solely professional relationship. "It must be a lot harder to have objective conversations about someone's career when it's someone you sleep with", he said.Asher executive produced a tribute CD called Listen to Me: Buddy Holly, released September 6, 2011, on which <mask>'s 1976 version of Buddy Holly's "That'll Be The Day" appears among newly recorded versions of Holly's songs by various artists. Vocal styles <mask> captured the sounds of country music and the rhythms of ranchera musicwhich she likened in 1968 to "Mexican bluegrass"and redirected them into her rock 'n' roll and some of her pop music. Many of these rhythms and sounds were part of her Southwestern roots. Likewise, a country sound and style, a fusion of country music and rock 'n' roll called country rock, started to exert its influence on mainstream pop music around the late 1960s, and it became an emerging movement <mask> helped form and commercialize. However, as early as 1970, <mask> was being criticized by music "purists" for her "brand of music" which crossed many genres. Country Western Stars magazine wrote in 1970 that "Rock people thought she was too gentle, folk people thought she was too pop, and pop people didn't quite understand where she was at, but Country people really loved <mask>." She never categorized herself and stuck to her genre-crossing brand of music.Interpretive singer <mask> is considered an "interpreter of her times", and has earned praise for her courage to put her "stamp" on many of her songs. Nevertheless, her hits were criticized in some quarters for being cover songs. <mask> herself has indicated that some of her 1970s hits were recorded under considerable pressure to create commercially successful recordings, and that she prefers many of her songs that were non-hit album tracks. An infrequent songwriter, <mask> co-composed only three songs over her long career. <mask>'s natural vocal range spans several octaves from contralto to soprano, and occasionally she will showcase this entire range within a single work. <mask> was the first female artist in popular music history to accumulate four consecutive platinum albums (fourteen certified million selling, to date). As for the singles, Rolling Stone pointed out that a whole generation, "but for her, might never have heard the work of artists such as Buddy Holly, Elvis Costello, and Chuck Berry."Others have argued that <mask> had the same generational effect with her Great American Songbook music, exposing a whole new generation to the music of the 1920s and 1930smusic which was pushed aside because of the advent of rock 'n' roll. When interpreting, <mask> said she "sticks to what the music demands", in terms of lyrics. Explaining that rock and roll music is part of her culture, she says that the songs she sang after her rock and roll hits were part of her soul. "The (Mariachi music) was my father's side of the soul," she was quoted as saying in a 1998 interview she gave at her Tucson home. "My mother's side of my soul was the Nelson Riddle stuff. And I had to do them both to reestablish who I was." In the 1974 book Rock 'N' Roll Woman, author Katherine Orloff writes that <mask>'s "own musical preferences run strongly to rhythm and blues, the type of music she most frequently chooses to listen to ... (and) her goal is to ... be soulful too.With this in mind, <mask> fuses country and rock into a special union." By this stage of her career, <mask> had established her niche in the field of country-rock. Along with other musicians such as the Flying Burrito Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Gram Parsons, Swampwater, Neil Young, and the Eagles, she helped free country music from stereotypes and showed rockers that country was okay. However, she stated that she was being pushed hard into singing more rock and roll. Most successful female singer of the 1970s Author Andrew Greeley, in his book God in Popular Culture, described <mask> as "the most successful and certainly the most durable and most gifted woman Rock singer of her era." Signaling her wide popularity as a concert artist, outside of the singles charts and the recording studio, Dirty Linen magazine describes her as the "first true woman rock 'n' roll superstar ... (selling) out stadiums with a string of mega-successful albums." Amazon.com defines her as the American female rock superstar of the decade.Cashbox gave <mask> a Special Decade Award, as the top-selling female singer of the 1970s. Her album covers, posters, magazine coversher entire rock 'n' roll imagewere as famous as her music. By the end of the decade, the singer whom the Chicago Sun Times described as the "Dean of the 1970s school of female rock singers" became what Redbook called "the most successful female rock star in the world." "Female" was the important qualifier, according to Time magazine, which labeled her "a rarity ... to (have survived) ... in the shark-infested deeps of rock." Although <mask> had been a cult favorite on the music scene for several years, 1975 was "remembered in the music biz as the year when 29-year-old <mask> belatedly happened." With the release of Heart Like a Wheelnamed after one of the album's songs, written by Anna McGarrigleRonstadt reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart; it was also the first of four number 1 Country Albums, and the disc was certified double-platinum (over two million copies sold in the U.S.). In many instances, her own interpretations were more successful than the original recordings, and many times new songwriters were discovered by a larger audience as a result of her interpretation and recording.<mask> had major success interpreting songs from a diverse spectrum of artists. Heart Like a Wheels first single release, "You're No Good"a rockified version of an R&B song written by Clint Ballard, Jr. that <mask> had initially resisted because Andrew Gold's guitar tracks sounded too much like a "Beatles song" to herclimbed to number 1 on both the Billboard and Cash Box Pop singles charts. The album's second single release, "When Will I Be Loved"an uptempo country-rock version of a Top 10 Everly Brothers songhit number 1 in Cashbox and number 2 in Billboard. The song was also <mask>'s first number 1 country hit. The album's critical and commercial success was due to a fine presentation of country and rock, with Heart Like a Wheel her first of many major commercial successes that would set her on the path to being one of the best-selling female artists of all time. <mask> won her first Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance/Female for "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)" which was originally a 1940s hit by Hank Williams. <mask>'s interpretation peaked at number 2 on the country chart.The album itself was nominated for the Album of the Year Grammy. Rolling Stone put <mask> on its cover in March 1975. It was the first of six Rolling Stone covers shot by photographer Annie Leibovitz. It included her as the featured artist with a full photo layout and an article by Ben Fong-Torres, discussing <mask>'s many struggling years in rock n roll, as well as her home life and what it was like to be a woman on tour in a decidedly all-male environment. In September 1975, <mask>'s album Prisoner in Disguise was released. It quickly climbed into the Top Five on the Billboard Album Chart and sold over a million copies. It became her second in a row to go platinum, "a grand slam" in the same year (<mask> would eventually become the first female artist in popular music history to have three consecutive platinum albums and would ultimately go on to have eight consecutive platinum albums, and then another six between 1983 and 1990).The disc's first single release was "Love Is A Rose". It was climbing the pop and country charts but "Heat Wave", a rockified version of the 1963 hit by Martha and the Vandellas, was receiving considerable airplay. Asylum pulled the "Love Is a Rose" single and issued "Heat Wave" with "Love Is a Rose" on the B-side. "Heat Wave" hit the Top Five on Billboards Hot 100 while "Love Is A Rose" hit the Top Five on Billboard's country chart. In 1976, <mask> reached the Top 3 of Billboards Album Chart and won her second career Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her third consecutive platinum album Hasten Down the Wind. The album featured a sexy, revealing cover shot and showcased <mask> the singer-songwriter, who composed two of its songs, "Try Me Again" (co-authored with Andrew Gold) and "Lo Siento Mi Vida". It also included an interpretation of Willie Nelson's ballad "Crazy", which became a Top 10 Country hit for <mask> in early 1977.At the end of 1977, <mask> surpassed the success of Heart Like a Wheel with her album Simple Dreams, which held the number 1 position for five consecutive weeks on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold over 3½ million copies in less than a year in the U.S. alone – a record for a female artist. Simple Dreams spawned a string of hit singles on numerous charts. Among them were the RIAA platinum-certified single "Blue Bayou", a country-rock interpretation of a Roy Orbison song; "It's So Easy"previously sung by Buddy Holly, a cover of The Rolling Stones' "Tumbling Dice", and "Poor Poor Pitiful Me", a song written by Warren Zevon, an up-and-coming songwriter of the time. The album garnered several Grammy Award nominationsincluding Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for "Blue Bayou"and won its art director, Kosh, a Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, the first of three Grammy Awards he would win for designing <mask> album covers. In late 1977, <mask> became the first female recording artist to have two songs in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Top Ten at the same time."Blue Bayou" was at No. 3 while "It's So Easy" was at No. 5. Simple Dreams became one of the singer's best-selling international-selling albums as well, reaching number 1 on the Australian and Canadian Pop and Country Albums charts. Simple Dreams also made <mask> the most successful international female touring artist. The same year, she completed a concert tour around Europe. As Country Music magazine wrote in October 1978, Simple Dreams solidified <mask>'s role as "easily the most successful female rock and roll and country star at this time."Also in 1977, she was asked by the Los Angeles Dodgers to sing the U.S. National Anthem at game three of the World Series against the New York Yankees. Time magazine and "rock chick" image <mask> has remarked that she felt as though she was "artificially encouraged to kinda cop a really tough attitude (and be tough) because rock and roll is kind of tough (business)," which she felt wasn't worn quite authentically. Female rock artists like her and Janis Joplin, whom she described as lovely, shy, and very literate in real life and the antithesis of the "red hot mamma" she was artificially encouraged to project, went through an identity crisis. By the mid-1970s, <mask>'s image became just as famous as her music. In 1976 and 1977, she appeared on the covers of Rolling Stone and Time, respectively. The Rolling Stone cover story was accompanied by a series of photographs of <mask> in a skimpy red slip, taken by Annie Leibovitz. <mask> felt deceived by the photographer, not realizing that the photos would be so revealing.She says her manager Peter Asher kicked Leibovitz out of the house when she visited to show them the photographs prior to publication. Leibovitz had refused to let them veto any of the photos, which included one of <mask> sprawled across a bed in her underpants. In a 1977 interview, <mask> explained, "Annie [Leibovitz] saw that picture as an exposé of my personality. She was right. But I wouldn't choose to show a picture like that to anybody who didn't know me personally, because only friends could get the other sides of me in balance." Her 1977 appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the banner "Torchy Rock" was also upsetting to <mask>, considering what the image appeared to project about the most famous woman in rock. At a time in the industry when men still told women what to sing and what to wear, <mask> hated the image of her that was projected to the world on that cover, and she noted recently how the photographer kept forcing her to wear a dress, which was an image she did not want to project.In 2004, she was interviewed for CBS This Morning and stated that this image was not her because she did not sit like that. Asher noted, "Anyone who's met <mask> for 10 seconds will know that I couldn't possibly have been her Svengali. She's an extremely determined woman, in every area. To me, she was everything that feminism's about." Qualities which, Asher has stated, were considered a "negative (in a woman at that time), whereas in a man they were perceived as being masterful and bold". Since her solo career had begun, <mask> had fought hard to be recognized as a solo female singer in the world of rock, and her portrayal on the Time cover did not appear to help the situation. In 1978, Rolling Stone declared <mask> "by far America's best-known female rock singer."She scored a third number 1 album on the Billboard Album Chart – at this point equaling the record set by Carole King in 1974 – with Living in the USA. She achieved a major hit single with "Ooo Baby Baby", with her rendition hitting all four major singles charts (Pop, AC, Country, R&B). Living in the USA was the first album by any recording act in music history to ship double-platinum (over 2 million advance copies). The album eventually sold 3 million U.S. copies. At the end of that year, Billboard magazine crowned <mask> with three number-one Awards for the Year: Pop Female Singles Artist of the Year, Pop Female Album Artist of the Year, and Female Artist of the Year (overall). Living in the USA showed the singer on roller skates with a newly short, permed hairdo on the album cover. <mask> continued this theme on concert tour promotional posters with photos of her on roller

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skates in a dramatic pose with a large American flag in the background.By this stage of her career, she was using posters to promote every album and concert – which at the time were recorded live on radio or television. <mask> was also featured in the 1978 film FM, where the plot involved disc jockeys attempting to broadcast a <mask> concert live, without a competing station's knowledge. The film also showed <mask> performing the songs "Poor, Poor Pitiful Me", "Love Me Tender", and "Tumbling Dice". <mask> was persuaded to record "Tumbling Dice" after Mick Jagger came backstage when she was at a concert and said, "You do too many ballads, you should do more rock and roll songs." Following the success of Living in the USA, <mask> conducted album promotional tours and concerts. She made a guest appearance onstage with the Rolling Stones at the Tucson Community Center on July 21, 1978, in her hometown of Tucson, where she and Jagger sang "Tumbling Dice". On singing with Jagger, <mask> later said, "I loved it.I didn't have a trace of stage fright. I'm scared to death all the way through my own shows. But it was too much fun to get scared. He's so silly onstage, he knocks you over. I mean you have to be on your toes or you wind up falling on your face." Highest-paid woman in rock By the end of 1978, <mask> had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, and owing to her consistent platinum album success, and her ability as the first woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums hosting tens of thousands of fans, <mask> became the "highest paid woman in rock". She had six platinum-certified albums, three of which were number 1 on the Billboard album chart, and numerous charted pop singles.In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million () and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 milliongrossing over $60 million (). As Rolling Stone dubbed her "Rock's Venus", her record sales continued to multiply and set records themselves. By 1979, <mask> had collected eight gold, six platinum, and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums, an unprecedented feat at the time. Her 1976 Greatest Hits album would sell consistently for the next 25 years and in 2001 was certified by the RIAA for seven-times platinum (over seven million U.S. copies sold). In 1980, Greatest Hits, Volume 2 was released and certified platinum. In 1979, <mask> went on an international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, and the Budokan in Tokyo. She also participated in a benefit concert for her friend Lowell George, held at The Forum, in Los Angeles.By the end of the decade, <mask> had outsold her female competition; she had five straight platinum LPsHasten Down the Wind and Heart Like a Wheel among them. Us Weekly reported in 1978 that <mask>, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Nicks, and Carly Simon had become "The Queens of Rock" and "Rock is no longer exclusively male. There is a new royalty ruling today's record charts." She would go on to parlay her mass commercial appeal with major success in interpreting The Great American Songbookmade famous a generation before by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgeraldand later the Mexican folk songs of her childhood. From rock to operetta In February 1980, <mask> released Mad Love, her seventh consecutive platinum-selling album. It was a straightforward rock and roll album with post-punk, new wave influences, including tracks by songwriters such as Elvis Costello, the Cretones, and musician Mark Goldenberg who played on the record himself. As part of the album's promotion, a live concert was recorded for an HBO special in April.A partial soundtrack for this special (omitting most of the Mad Love tracks) was released as her first official live album in February 2019. She also made the cover of Rolling Stone for a record-setting sixth time. Mad Love entered the Billboard Album Chart in the Top Five its first week (a record at that time) and climbed to the number 3 position. The project continued her streak of Top 10 hits with "How Do I Make You", originally recorded by Billy Thermal, and "Hurt So Bad", originally a Top 10 hit for Little Anthony & the Imperials. The album earned <mask> a 1980 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female (although she lost to Pat Benatar's Crimes of Passion album). Benatar praised <mask> by stating, "There are a lot of good female singers around. How could I be the best?<mask> is still alive!" In the summer of 1980, <mask> began rehearsals for the first of several leads in Broadway musicals. Joseph Papp cast her as the lead in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, alongside Kevin Kline. She said singing Gilbert and Sullivan was a natural choice for her, since her grandfather <mask> was credited with having created Tucson's first orchestra, the Club Filarmonico Tucsonense, and had once created an arrangement of The Pirates of Penzance. The Pirates of Penzance opened for a limited engagement in New York City's Central Park, eventually moving its production to Broadway, where it became a hit, running from January 8, 1981, to November 28, 1982. Newsweek was effusive in its praise: "... she has not dodged the coloratura demands of her role (and Mabel is one of the most demanding parts in the G&S canon): from her entrance trilling 'Poor Wand'ring One,' it is clear that she is prepared to scale whatever soprano peaks stand in her way." <mask> co-starred with Kline and Angela Lansbury in the 1983 operetta's film version; this was her only acting role in a motion picture (her other film appearances, such as in the 1978 drama, FM, being concert footage as herself).<mask> received a Golden Globe nomination for the role in the film version. She garnered a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and The Pirates of Penzance won several Tony Awards, including a Tony Award for Best Revival. As a child, <mask> had discovered the opera La bohème through the silent film with Lillian Gish and was determined to someday play the part of Mimi. When she met the opera superstar Beverly Sills, she was told, "My dear, every soprano in the world wants to play Mimi!" In 1984, <mask> was cast in the role at Joseph Papp's Public Theater. However, the production was a critical and commercial disaster, closing after only a few nights. In 1982, <mask> released the album Get Closer, a primarily rock album with some country and pop music as well.It remains her only album between 1975 and 1990 not to be officially certified platinum. It peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Album Chart. The release continued her streak of Top 40 hits with "Get Closer" and "I Knew You When"a 1965 hit by Billy Joe Royalwhile the Jimmy Webb song "Easy For You To Say" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in the spring of 1983. "Sometimes You Just Can't Win" was picked up by country radio, and made it to number 27 on that listing. <mask> also filmed several music videos for this album which became popular on the fledgling MTV cable channel. The album earned <mask> two Grammy Award nominations: one for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female for the title track and another for Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for the album. The artwork won its art director, Kosh, his second Grammy Award for Best Album Package.Along with the release of her Get Closer album, <mask> embarked on a North American tour, remaining one of the top rock-concert draws that summer and fall. On November 25, 1982, her "Happy Thanksgiving Day" concert was held at the Reunion Arena in Dallas and broadcast live via satellite to NBC radio stations in the United States. In 1988, <mask> returned to Broadway for a limited-run engagement in the musical show adaptation of her album celebrating her Mexican heritage, Canciones De Mi PadreA Romantic Evening in Old Mexico. Artistic aspirations <mask> has remarked that in the beginning of her career she "was so focused on folk, rock and country" that she "got a bit bored and started to branch out, and ... [has] been doing that ever since." By 1983, her estimated worth was over $40 million mostly from records, concerts and merchandising. In the early 1980s, <mask> was criticized for accepting $500,000 to perform at the South African resort Sun City, violating the cultural boycott imposed against South Africa because of its policy of apartheid. At the time, she stated, "the last place for a boycott is in the arts" and "I don't like being told I can't go somewhere".Paul Simon was criticized for including her on his 1986 album Graceland, recorded in South Africa, but defended her: "I know that her intention was never to support the government there ... She made a mistake. She’s extremely liberal in her political thinking and unquestionably antiapartheid." <mask> eventually tired of playing arenas. She had ceased to feel that arenas, where people milled around smoking marijuana cigarettes and drinking beer, were "appropriate places for music". She wanted "angels in the architecture"a reference to a lyric in the Paul Simon song "You Can Call Me Al" from Graceland. (<mask> sang harmony with Simon on a different Graceland track, "Under African Skies". The second verse's lyrics pay tribute to <mask>: "Take this child, Lord, from Tucson, Arizona...."). <mask> has said she wants to sing in places similar to the theatre of ancient Greece, where the attention is focused on the stage and the performer. <mask>'s recording output in the 1980s proved to be just as commercially and critically successful as her 1970s recordings. Between 1983 and 1990, <mask> scored six additional platinum albums; two are triple platinum (each with over three million U.S. copies sold); one has been certified double platinum (over two million copies sold), and one has earned additional certification as a Gold (over 500,000 U.S. copies sold) double-disc album. Jazz/pop trilogy In 1981, <mask> produced and recorded an album of pop standards (later marketed in bootleg form) titled Keeping Out of Mischief with the assistance of producer Jerry Wexler. However, <mask>'s displeasure with the final result led her, with regrets, to scrap the project. "Doing that killed me," she said in a Time magazine interview.But the appeal of the album's music had seduced <mask>, as she told Down Beat in April 1985, crediting Wexler for encouraging her. Nonetheless, <mask> had to convince her reluctant record company, Elektra, to approve this type of album under her contract. By 1983, <mask> had enlisted the help of 62-year-old conductor Nelson Riddle. The two embarked on an unorthodox and original approach to rehabilitating the Great American Songbook, recording a trilogy of traditional pop albums: What's New (1983U.S. 3.7 million as of 2010); Lush Life (1984U.S. 1.7 million as of 2010); and For Sentimental Reasons (1986U.S. 1.3 million as of 2010).The three albums have had a combined sales total of nearly seven million copies in the U.S. alone. The album design for What's New by designer Kosh was unlike any of her previous disc covers. It showed <mask> in a vintage dress lying on shimmering satin sheets with a Walkman headset. At the time, <mask> received some chiding for both the album cover and her venture into what was then considered "elevator music" by cynics, but remained determined to record with Riddle, and What's New became a hit. The album was released in September 1983 and spent 81 weeks on the Billboard Album Chart and held the number three position for a month and a half (held out of the top spot only by Michael Jackson's Thriller and Lionel Richie's Can't Slow Down) and the RIAA certified it triple platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S. alone). The album earned <mask> another Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and critical raves, with Time magazine calling it "one of the gutsiest, most unorthodox and unexpected albums of the year." <mask> faced considerable pressure not to record What's New or record with Riddle.According to jazz historian Peter Levinson, author of the book September in the Raina Biography on Nelson Riddle, Joe Smith, president of Elektra Records, was terrified that the Riddle album would turn off <mask>'s rock audience. <mask> did not completely turn her back on her rock and roll past, however; the video for the title track featured Danny Kortchmar as the old beau that she bumped into during a rainstorm. What's New brought Riddle to a younger audience. According to Levinson, "the younger audience hated what Riddle had done with Frank Sinatra, which in 1983 was considered 'Vintage Pop'". Working with <mask>, Riddle brought his career back into focus in the last three years of his life. Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, What's New "isn't the first album by a rock singer to pay tribute to the golden age of the pop, but is ... the best and most serious attempt to rehabilitate an idea of pop that Beatlemania and the mass marketing of rock LPs for teenagers undid in the mid-60s. ...In the decade prior to Beatlemania, most of the great band singers and crooners of the 40s and 50s codified a half-century of American pop standards on dozens of albums ... many of them now long out-of-print." What's New is the first album by a rock singer to have major commercial success in rehabilitating the Great American Songbook. In 1984, <mask> and Riddle performed these songs live, in concert halls throughout Australia, Japan, and the United States, including multi-night performances at historic venues Carnegie Hall, Radio City Music Hall, and Pine Knob. In 2004, <mask> released Hummin' to Myself, her album for Verve Records. It was her first foray into traditional jazz since her sessions with Jerry Wexler and her records with the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, but this time with an intimate jazz combo. The album was a quiet affair for <mask>, giving few interviews and making only one television performance as a promotion. It reached number 2 on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart but peaked at number 166 on the main Billboard album chart.Not having the mass distribution that Warner Music Group gave her, Hummin' To Myself had sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S. as of 2010. It also achieved some critical acclaim from the jazz cognoscenti. "Trio" recordings In 1978, <mask>, Dolly Parton, and Emmylou Harris, friends and admirers of one another's work (<mask> had included a cover of Parton's "I Will Always Love You" on Prisoner in Disguise) attempted to collaborate on a Trio album. Unfortunately, the attempt did not pan out. <mask> later remarked that not too many people were in control at the time and everyone was too involved with their own careers. (Though the efforts to complete the album were abandoned, a number of the recordings were included on the singers' respective solo recordings over the next few years.) This concept album was put on the back burner for almost ten years.In January 1986, the three eventually did make their way into the recording studio, where they spent the next

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several months working. The result, Trio, which they had conceived ten years earlier, was released in March 1987. It was a considerable hit, holding the number 1 position on Billboard's Country Albums chart for five weeks running and hitting the Top 10 on the pop side also. Selling over three million copies in the U.S. and winning them a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, it produced four Top Ten Country singles including "To Know Him Is to Love Him" which hit number 1. The album was also a nominee for overall Album of the Year, in the company of Michael Jackson, U2, Prince, and Whitney Houston. In 1994, the three performers recorded a follow-up to Trio. As was the case with their aborted 1978 effort, conflicting schedules and competing priorities delayed the album's release indefinitely.<mask>, who had already paid for studio timeand owed her record company a finished albumremoved Parton's individual tracks at Parton's request, kept Harris's vocals, and produced a number of the recordings, which she subsequently released on her 1995 return to country rock, the album Feels Like Home. However, in 1999, <mask>, Parton, and Harris agreed to release the Trio II album, as was originally recorded in 1994. It included an ethereal cover of Neil Young's "After The Gold Rush" which became a popular music video. The effort was certified Gold (over 500,000 copies sold) and won them a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals for the track. <mask> co-produced the album with George Massenburg and the three women also received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Country Album. Canciones de Mi Padre At the end of 1987, <mask> released Canciones de Mi Padre, an album of traditional Mexican folk songs, or what she has described as "world class songs". Keeping with the <mask> history theme, her cover art was dramatic, bold, and colorful; it shows <mask> in full Mexican regalia.Her musical arranger was mariachi musician Rubén Fuentes. These canciones were a big part of <mask>'s family tradition and musical roots. In January 1946, the University of Arizona published a booklet by Luisa Espinel entitled Canciones de mi Padre. Luisa Espinel, <mask>'s aunt, was an international singer in the 1920s and 1930s. Espinel's father was <mask>, <mask>'s grandfather, and the songs she had learned, transcribed, and published were some of the ones he had brought with him from Sonora. <mask> researched and extracted from the favorites she had learned from her father Gilbert and she called her album by the same name as her aunt's booklet and as a tribute to her father and his family. Though not fully bilingual, she has a fairly good command of the Spanish language, allowing her to sing Latin American songs with little discernible U.S. accent; <mask> has often identified herself as Mexican-American.Her formative years were spent with her father's side of the family. In fact, in 1976, <mask> had collaborated with her father to write and compose a traditional Mexican folk ballad, "Lo siento mi vida"a song that she included on Hasten Down the Wind. <mask> has also credited Mexican singer Lola Beltrán as an influence on her own singing style, and she recalls how a frequent guest to the <mask> home, Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero, father of Chicano music, would often serenade her as a child. Canciones de Mi Padre won <mask> a Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Performance. In 2001, it was certified double-platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over 2 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling non-English-language album in U.S. music history. The album and later theatrical stage show served as a benchmark of the Latin cultural renaissance in North America. <mask> produced and performed a theatrical stage show, also titled Canciones de mi Padre, in concert halls across the U.S. and Latin America to both Hispanic and non-Hispanic audiences.These performances were later released on DVD. <mask> elected to return to the Broadway stage, four years after she performed in La bohème, for a limited-run engagement. PBS's Great Performances aired the stage show during its annual fund drives and the show was a hit with audiences, earning <mask> a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program. <mask> recorded two additional albums of Latin music in the early 1990s. Their promotion, like most of her albums in the 1990s, was a quieter affair, with <mask> making only a limited number of appearances to promote them. They were not nearly as successful as Canciones De Mi Padre, but were critically acclaimed in some circles. In 1991, she released Mas Canciones, a follow-up to the first Canciones.For this album, she won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album. The following year, she stepped outside of the mariachi genre and decided to record well-known Afro-Cuban songs. This album was titled Frenesí. Like her two previous Latin recordings ventures, it won <mask> a Grammy Award, this time for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album. In 1991, <mask> acted in the lead role of archangel San Miguel in La Pastorela, or A Shephard's Tale, a musical filmed at San Juan Bautista. It was written and directed by Luis Valdez. The production was part of the PBS Great Performances series.In December 2020, it was announced that Canciones de Mi Padre had been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Returning to the contemporary music scene By the late 1980s, while enjoying the success of her big band jazz collaborations with Riddle and her surprise hit mariachi recordings, <mask> elected to return to recording mainstream pop music once again. In 1987, she made a return to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart with "Somewhere Out There", which peaked at number 2 in March. Featured in the animated film An American Tail, the sentimental duet with James Ingram was nominated for several Grammy Awards, ultimately winning the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. The song also received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and achieved high sales, earning a million-selling gold single in the U.S.one of the last 45s ever to do so. It was also accompanied by a popular music video. On the heels of this success, Steven Spielberg asked <mask> to record the theme song for the animated sequel titled An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, which was titled "Dreams to Dream".Although "Dreams to Dream" failed to achieve the success of "Somewhere Out There", the song did give <mask> an Adult Contemporary hit in 1991. In 1989, <mask> released a mainstream pop album and several popular singles. Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind became one of the singer's most successful albumsin production, arrangements, sales, and critical acclaim. It became <mask>'s tenth Top 10 album on the Billboard chart, reaching number 7 and being certified triple-platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S.). The album also received Grammy Award nominations. <mask> included New Orleans soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the album's songs. <mask> incorporated the sounds of the Oakland Interfaith Gospel Choir, Tower of Power horns, the Skywalker Symphony, and numerous musicians.It included the duets with Aaron Neville, "Don't Know Much" (Billboard Hot 100 number 2 hit, Christmas 1989) and "All My Life" (Billboard Hot 100 number 11 hit), both of which were long-running number 1 Adult Contemporary hits. The duets earned several Grammy Award nominations. The duo won both the 1989 and 1990 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal awards. <mask>'s last known live Grammy Award appearance was in 1990 when she and Neville performed "Don't Know Much" together on the telecast. ("Whenever I sing with a different artist, I can get things out of my voice that I can't do by myself", <mask> reflected in 2007. "I can do things with Aaron that I can't do alone.") In December 1990, she participated in a concert held at the Tokyo Dome to commemorate John Lennon's 50th birthday, and to raise awareness of environmental issues.Other participants included Miles Davis, Lenny Kravitz, Hall & Oates, Natalie Cole, Yoko Ono, and Sean Lennon. An album resulted, titled Happy Birthday, John. Return to roots music <mask> released the highly acclaimed Winter Light album at the end of 1993. It included New Age arrangements such as the lead single "Heartbeats Accelerating" as well as the self-penned title track and featured the glass harmonica. It was her first commercial failure since 1972, and peaked at number 92 in Billboard, whereas 1995's Feels Like Home was <mask>'s much-heralded return to country-rock and included her version of Tom Petty's classic hit "The Waiting". The single's rollicking, fiddle-infused flip side, "Walk On", returned <mask> to the Country Singles chart for the first time since 1983. An album track entitled "The Blue Train" charted 10 weeks in Billboards Adult Contemporary Top 40.This album fared slightly better than its predecessor, reaching number 75. Both albums were later deleted from the Elektra/Asylum catalog. <mask> was nominated for three Lo Nuestro Awards in 1993: Female Regional Mexican Artist of the Year, Female Tropical/Salsa Artist of the Year, and her version of the song "Perfidia" was also listed for Tropical/Salsa Song of the Year. In 1996, <mask> produced Dedicated to the One I Love, an album of classic rock and roll songs reinvented as lullabies. The album reached number 78 in Billboard and won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children. In 1998, <mask> released We Ran, her first album in over two years. The album harkened back to <mask>'s country-rock and folk-rock heyday.She returned to her rock 'n' roll roots with vivid interpretations of songs by Bruce Springsteen, Doc Pomus, Bob Dylan, and John Hiatt. The recording was produced by Glyn Johns. A commercial failure, the album stood at 57,897 copies sold at the time of its deletion in 2008. It is the poorest-selling studio album in <mask>'s Elektra/Asylum catalog. We Ran did not chart any singles but it was well received by critics. Despite the lack of success of We Ran, <mask> kept moving towards this adult rock exploration. In the summer of 1999, she released the album Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions, a folk-rock-oriented project with Emmylou Harris.It earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for the Best Contemporary Folk Album and made the Top 10 of Billboards Country Albums chart. Still in print as of December 2016, it has sold 223,255 copies per Nielsen SoundScan. Also in 1999, <mask> went back to her concert roots when she performed with the Eagles and Jackson Browne at Staples Center's 1999 New Year's Eve celebration kicking off the December 31 end-of-the-millennium festivities. As Staples Center Senior Vice President and general manager Bobby Goldwater said, "It was our goal to present a spectacular event as a sendoff to the 20th century", and "Eagles, Jackson Browne, and <mask> are three of the most popular acts of the century. Their performances will constitute a singular and historic night of entertainment for New Year's Eve in Los Angeles." In 2000, <mask> completed her long contractual relationship with the Elektra/Asylum label. The fulfillment of this contract commenced with the release of A Merry Little Christmas, her first holiday collection, which includes rare choral works, the somber Joni Mitchell song "River", and a rare recorded duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on Clooney's signature song, "White Christmas".Since leaving Warner Music, <mask> has gone on to release one album each under Verve and Vanguard Records. In 2006, recording as the ZoZo Sisters, <mask> teamed with her new friend, musician and musical scholar Ann Savoy, to record Adieu False Heart. It was an album of roots music incorporating pop, Cajun, and early-20th-century music and released on the Vanguard Records label. But Adieu False Heart was a commercial failure, peaking at number 146 in the U.S. despite her touring for the final time that year. It was the last time <mask> would record an album, having begun to lose her singing ability as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy, but initially diagnosed as Parkinson's disease, in December 2012. Adieu False Heart, recorded in Louisiana, features a cast of local musicians, including Chas Justus, Eric Frey and Kevin Wimmer of the Red Stick Ramblers, Sam Broussard of the Mamou Playboys, Dirk Powell, and Joel Savoy, as well as an array of Nashville musicians: fiddler Stuart Duncan, mandolinist Sam Bush, and guitarist Bryan Sutton. The recording earned two Grammy Award nominations: Best Traditional Folk Album and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.In 2007, <mask> contributed to the compilation album We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Songa tribute album to jazz music's all-time most heralded artiston the track "Miss Otis Regrets". In August 2007, <mask> headlined the Newport Folk Festival, making her debut at this event, where she incorporated jazz, rock, and folk music into her repertoire. It was one of her final concerts. In 2010, <mask> contributed the arrangement and lead vocal to "A La Orilla de un Palmar" on the Chieftains' studio album San Patricio (with Ry Cooder). This remains her most recent commercially available recording as lead vocalist. Retirement In 2011, <mask> was interviewed by the Arizona Daily Star and announced her retirement. In August 2013, she revealed to Alanna Nash, writing for AARP, that she has Parkinson's disease and "can no longer sing a note."Her diagnosis was subsequently re-evaluated as progressive supranuclear palsy. Selected career achievements On April 10, 2014, <mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In July 2019, <mask> was selected as a Kennedy Center Honoree. As of 2019, <mask> has earned three number 1 pop albums, 10 top-ten pop albums and 38 charting pop albums on the Billboard Pop Album Charts. She has 15 albums on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, including four that hit number 1. <mask>'s singles have earned her a number 1 hit and three number 2 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with 10 top-ten pop singles and 21 reaching the Top 40. She has also scored two number 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, and two number 1 hits on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.Rolling Stone wrote, a whole generation "but for her, might never have heard the work of Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, or Elvis Costello." She has recorded and released over 30 studio albums and has made guest appearances on an estimated 120 albums by other artists. Her guest appearances included the classical minimalist Philip Glass's album Songs from Liquid Days, a hit classical record with other major pop stars either singing or writing lyrics (<mask>'s two tracks on the album saw her singing lyrics written by Suzanne Vega and Laurie Anderson). She also appeared on Glass's follow-up recording 1000 Airplanes on the Roof. She appeared on Paul Simon's Graceland, where she sang a duet with Simon, "Under African Skies." In that

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song, there is a verse dedicated to <mask>, her voice and harmonies and her birth in Tucson, Arizona. She voiced herself in The Simpsons episode "Mr.Plow" and sang a duet, "Funny How Time Slips Away," with Homer Simpson on The Yellow Album. <mask> has also appeared on albums by a vast range of artists including Emmylou Harris, the Chieftains, Dolly Parton, Neil Young, J. D. Souther, Gram Parsons, Bette Midler, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Earl Scruggs, the Eagles, Andrew Gold, Wendy Waldman, Hoyt Axton, Kate and Anna McGarrigle, Ann Savoy, Karla Bonoff, James Taylor, Jimmy Webb, Valerie Carter, Warren Zevon, Maria Muldaur, Randy Newman (specifically his musical adaptation of Faust), Nicolette Larson, the Seldom Scene, Rosemary Clooney, Aaron Neville, Rodney Crowell, Hearts and Flowers, Laurie Lewis and Flaco Jiménez. As a singer-songwriter, <mask> has written songs covered by several artists, such as "Try Me Again", covered by Trisha Yearwood; and "Winter Light", which was co-written and composed with Zbigniew Preisner and Eric Kaz, and covered by Sarah Brightman. Her three biggest-selling studio albums to date are: her 1977 release Simple Dreams, 1983's What's New and 1989's Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind. Each one has been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America for over three million copies sold. Her highest-selling album to date is the 1976 compilation Greatest Hits, certified for over seven million units sold in 2001. <mask> became music's first major touring female artist to sell out sizeable venues; she was also the top-grossing solo female concert artist for the 1970s.She remained a highly successful touring artist into the 1990s, at which time she decided to scale back to smaller venues. In the 1970s, Cashbox magazine, a competitor of Billboard during that time period, named <mask> the "#1 Female Artist of the Decade". "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" included Heart Like a Wheel (1974) at number 164 and The Very Best Of <mask> (2002) at number 324. The 2012 revision kept only the compilation, but raised it to the place once occupied by Heart Like a Wheel. <mask>'s album sales have not been certified since 2001. At that time, <mask>'s U.S. album sales were certified by the Recording Industry Association of America at over 30 million albums sold; however, Peter Asher, her former producer and manager, placed her total U.S. album sales at over 45 million. Likewise, her worldwide albums sales are in excess of 100 million albums sold, according to the former president of Warner Bros. Records, Joe Smith, now a jury member of the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.Her RIAA certification (audits paid for by record companies or artists for promotion) tally as of 2001 totaled 19 Gold, 14 Platinum and 7 Multi-Platinum albums. She was the first female in music history to score three consecutive platinum albums and ultimately racked up a total of eight consecutive platinum albums. Her album Living in the USA was the first album by any recording artist in U.S. music history to ship double platinum (over two million advanced copies). Her first Latin release, the all-Spanish 1987 album Canciones De Mi Padre, stands as the best-selling non-English-language album in American music history. As of 2013, it had sold over 2½ million U.S. copies. <mask> has served as producer on albums from various musicians that include her cousin, David Lindley, Aaron Neville and singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb. She produced Cristal – Glass Music Through the Ages, an album of classical music using glass instruments with Dennis James, where she sang on several of the arrangements.In 1999, <mask> also produced the Grammy Award-winning Trio II. She has received a total of 27 Grammy Award nominations in various fields that include rock, country, pop and Tropical Latin, and has won 11 Grammy Awards in the categories of Pop, Country, Tropical Latin, Musical Album for Children and Mexican-American. In 2016, <mask> was again honored by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences with the Lifetime Achievement Grammy. She was the first female solo artist to have two Top 5 singles simultaneously on Billboard magazine's Hot 100: "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy". By December of that year, both "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy" had climbed into Billboards Top 5 and remained there for the month's last four weeks. In 1999, <mask> ranked number 21 in VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll. Three years later, she ranked number 40 in CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music.Personal life Beginning in the mid-1970s, <mask>'s private life became increasingly public. It was fueled by a relationship with then-Governor of California Jerry Brown, a Democratic presidential candidate. They shared a Newsweek magazine cover in April 1979, as well as the covers of Us Weekly and People magazine. In 1983, <mask> dated comedian Jim Carrey for eight months. From the end of 1983 to 1988, <mask> was engaged to Star Wars director George Lucas. In December 1990, she adopted an infant daughter, Mary Clementine <mask>. In 1994, she adopted a baby boy, <mask>.<mask> has never married. Speaking of finding an acceptable mate, in 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, "... he's real kind but isn't inspired musically and then you meet somebody else that's just so inspired musically that he just takes your breath away but he's such a moron, such a maniac that you can't get along with him. And then after that it's the problem of finding someone that can stand you!" After living in Los Angeles for 30 years, <mask> moved to San Francisco because she said she never felt at home in Southern California. "Los Angeles became too enclosing an environment", she says. "I couldn't breathe the air and I didn't want to drive on the freeways to get to the studio. I also didn't want to embrace the values that have been so completely embraced by that city.Are you glamorous? Are you rich? Are you important? Do you have clout? It's just not me and it never was me." In 1997, <mask> sold her home in San Francisco and moved back to her hometown of Tucson, Arizona, to raise her two children. In more recent years, <mask> moved back to San Francisco while continuing to maintain her home in Tucson.In 2009, in honor of <mask>, the Martin Guitar Company made a 0042 model "<mask>stadt Limited Edition" acoustic guitar. <mask> appointed the Land Institute as recipient of all proceeds from her signature guitar. In 2013, Simon & Schuster published her autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, as well as the Spanish version, Sueños SencillosMemorias Musicales. In August 2013, <mask> revealed she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, leaving her unable to sing due to loss of muscular control, which is common to Parkinson's patients. She was diagnosed eight months prior to the announcement and had initially attributed the symptoms she had been experiencing to the aftereffects of shoulder surgery and a tick bite. In late 2019, it was reported her doctors had revised their diagnosis to progressive supranuclear palsy, a degenerative disease commonly mistaken for Parkinson's due to the similarity of the symptoms. <mask> describes herself as a "spiritual atheist".Political activism <mask>'s politics received criticism and praise during and after her July 17, 2004, performance at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas. Toward the end of the show, as she had done across the country, <mask> spoke to the audience, praising Fahrenheit 9/11, Michael Moore's documentary film about the Iraq War; she dedicated the song "Desperado" to Moore. Accounts say the crowd's initial reaction was mixed, with "half the crowd heartily applauding her praise for Moore, (and) the other half booing." Following the concert, news accounts reported <mask> was "evicted" from the hotel premises. <mask>'s comments, as well as the reactions of some audience members and the hotel, became a topic of discussion nationwide. Aladdin casino president Bill Timmins and Michael Moore each made public statements about the controversy. The incident prompted international headlines and debate on an entertainer's right to express a political opinion from the stage and made the editorial section of The New York Times.Following the incident, many friends of <mask>'s, including the Eagles, immediately cancelled their engagements at the Aladdin. <mask> also received telegrams of support from her rock 'n' roll friends around the world like the Rolling Stones, the Eagles and Elton John. Amid reports of mixed public response, <mask> continued her praise of Moore and his film throughout her 2004 and 2006 summer concerts across North America. At a 2006 concert in Canada, <mask> told the Calgary Sun that she was "embarrassed George Bush (was) from the United States. ... He's an idiot. ...He's enormously incompetent on both the domestic and international scenes. ... Now the fact that we were lied to about the reasons for entering into war against Iraq and thousands of people have diedit's just as immoral as racism." Her remarks drew international headlines. In an August 14, 2007, interview, she commented on all her well-publicized, outspoken views, in particular the Aladdin incident, by noting, "If I had it to do over I would be much more gracious to everyone ... you can be as outspoken as you want if you are very, very respectful. Show some grace". In 2007, <mask> resided in San Francisco while also maintaining her home in Tucson. That same year, she drew criticism and praise from Tucsonans for commenting that local city council's failings, developers' strip mall mentality, greed and growing dust problem had rendered the city unrecognizable and poorly developed.In August 2009, <mask>, in a well-publicized interview to PlanetOut Inc. titled "<mask>'s Gay Mission", championed gay rights and same-sex marriage, and stated "homophobia is anti-family values. Period, end of story." On January 16, 2010, <mask> converged with thousands of other activists in a "National Day of Action". <mask> stated that her "dog in the fight"as a native Arizonan and coming from a law enforcement familywas the treatment of illegal aliens and Arizona's enforcement of its illegal immigrant law, especially Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio's efforts in that area. On April 29, 2010, <mask> began a campaign, including joining a lawsuit, against Arizona's new illegal-immigration law SB 1070 calling it a "devastating blow to law enforcement ... the police don't protect us in a democracy with brute force", something she said she learned from her brother, Peter, who was Chief of Police in Tucson. <mask> has also been outspoken on environmental and community issues. She is a major supporter and admirer of sustainable agriculture pioneer Wes Jackson, saying in 2000, "the work he's doing right now is the most important work there is in the (United States)", and dedicating the rock anthem "Desperado" to him at an August 2007 concert in Kansas City, Kansas.National arts advocacy In 2004, <mask> wrote the foreword to the book The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk Music, and in 2005, she wrote the introduction to the book Classic Ferrington Guitars, about guitar-maker and luthier Danny Ferrington and the custom guitars that he created for <mask> and other musicians such as Elvis Costello, Ry Cooder, and Kurt Cobain. <mask> has been honored for her contribution to the American arts. On September 23, 2007, she was inducted into the Arizona Music & Entertainment Hall of Fame, along with Stevie Nicks, Buck Owens, and filmmaker Steven Spielberg. On August 17, 2008, <mask> received a tribute by various artists, including BeBe Winans and Wynonna Judd, when she was honored with the Trailblazer Award, presented to her by Plácido Domingo at the 2008 ALMA Awards, a ceremony later televised in the U.S. on ABC. In 2008, <mask> was appointed Artistic Director of the San José Mariachi and Mexican Heritage Festival. On March 31, 2009, in testimony that the Los Angeles Times termed "remarkable", <mask> spoke to the United States Congress House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment & Related Agencies, attempting to convince lawmakers to budget $200 million in the 2010 fiscal year for the National Endowment of the Arts. In May 2009, <mask> received an honorary doctorate of music degree from the Berklee College of Music for her achievements and influence in music and her contributions to American and international culture.Mix magazine stated that "<mask> (has) left her mark on more than the record business; her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals ... (and is) intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes". Awards and nominations Grammy Awards In 1981 the album In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record won the Grammy for Best Album for Children. <mask> was one of the various artists featured on the album. The Grammys were awarded to the producers, David Levine and Lucy Simon. Latin Grammy Awards Primetime Emmy Awards Tony Awards Golden Globe Awards 1983Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy, <mask> in The Pirates of Penzance Arizona Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame 2007Inducted for her significant impact on the evolution and development of the entertainment culture in the state of Arizona Academy of Country Music 1974Best New Female Artist 1987Album of the Year/ Trio, Dolly Parton, <mask> and Emmylou Harris Country Music Association 1988Vocal Event of the Year / Trio, Dolly Parton, <mask> and Emmylou Harris American Latino Media Arts 2008Trailblazer Award for Contribution to American Music Lo Nuestro nominations 1989Regional Mexican Female Artist, Regional Mexican Album (Canciones de Mi Padre), and Crossover Artist 1992Regional Mexican Female Artist 1993Tropical Female Artist, Regional Mexican Female Artist, and Tropical Song ("Perfidia"). 19 Country Album Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004) The Best of <mask>: The Capitol Years (2006) – 2-CD set Standards with Nelson Riddle Orchestra (2008) The Collection (2011) – British 2-CD set Duets (2014) Just One Look: Classic <mask>stadt (2015) Like A Rose: The Classic 1976 Broadcast Recording (2021) Spanish-language albums Canciones de Mi Padre (1987) - (English translation: "Songs of My Father") - Best Mexican-American Performance Grammy Award winner (1989) Mas Canciones (1991) - (English translation: "More Songs") - Best Mexican-American Album Grammy Award winner (1993) Frenesí (1992) - (English translation: "Frenzy") - Best Tropical Latin Album Grammy Award winner (1993) Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004) - Compilation (English translation: "My Blue Garden: The Favorite Songs") Filmography Book See also Notes References External links Official website Image of Linda Ronstadt reclining on a porch railing in Los Angeles, California, 1974. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429).UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los

Gianfranco Goberti

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<mask> (born in Ferrara, November 19, 1939) is an Italian painter. After studying Arts at the Institut Dosso Dossi in Ferrara, Italy, and at the Academy of Art in Bologna, he was teacher and Director of the Institut of Arts Dosso Dossi. His first exhibition was held in 1959 with references to Picasso and Bacon. His research dealt with nuova figurazione and Abstract Expressionism. The first optical-figurative period starts during the 1960s. In 1980, he was selected by the National Catalogue of Modern Art Bolaffi together with Paolini, Adami, Bulgarelli, Cassano and Paladino. <mask> has held exhibitions at the International Art Expo of Bilbao, Quadriennale d'Arte in Rome, Rassegna Premio S. Fedele (Milan), Arte Fiera (Bologna), Altissima (Turin), Expo Arte (Bari), ArteExpo (Barcelona), and LineArt (Ghent), "La Venere svelata – La Venere di Urbino di Tiziano" (Brussels, Centre for Fine Arts, 10/10/2003-11/01/2004, Festival Internazionale EUROPALIA).Vittorio Sgarbi wrote about the Goberti's art: "Is the Goberti's art the element which should arouse new interest in our way of looking at and co-living with what is around us? Is maybe his technical ability? … The dominant aspect of the Goberti's art is the relationship between the Art and what it has been traditionally considered its subject, the Nature. ... The Art has always its specific language and a human substance even when it would camouflage in the Nature. This is the lesson, the revision of our mode of being in the world what <mask> Goberti proposes us." In: Notte dei ricercatori, September 23, 2011.A cura di: Davide Bassi, Marco Bertozzi, <mask> <mask>, University of Ferrara. Vittorio Sgarbi, Gli assenti hanno sempre ragione. L'Europeo, 12 July 1986. Rapidofine Bologna, Grafis 1986. Maria Luce Tommasi, Quei nodi inestricabili che stanno dentro di noi: una grande mostra di Goberti a Urbino, Ferrara, n. 5, 1986. Lucio Scardino, Officinaottanta, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1986. Gabriele Turola, Goberti, ironia graffiante per discutere il concetto di realtà, Ferrara, n. 8/9, 1987.Natalia Aspesi, Tra Matti e Bagatti, La Repubblica, 19 settembre 1987. Vittorio Sgarbi, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan 1987. Lucio Scardino, Per Schifanoia, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1987. Franco Solmi, Il tarocco come espressione d'arte, in Le Carte di Corte, La Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987. Lauro Manni, Goberti: trent'anni di avanguardia, La Piazza, n. 12, 1988. Vittorio Sgarbi, Goberti, Rosen, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. King, mensile, ottobre 1989 Eleonora Di cicco, Il tappeto come opera d'arte, Interni Annual, 1989.Bernard Wider, Goberti pittore ferrarese, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Fausto Gozzi, Intervista a Goberti in polaroid, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Oreste Zoboli, Goberti, Rosen, La Nuova Gazzetta di Modena, 17 January 1990. Gilberto Pellizzola, catalogo Galleria Cristina Busi, Chiavari, 1990. Vittorio Sgarbi, <mask> <mask>, tra reale e irreale, Art Leader, January-February 1992. Antonio Carbè, Goberti, la corda del desiderio, Leadership Medica, n. 1,1993. Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria L'Ariete, Bologna, 1994.Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan, 1994. Roberto Vitali, Mongolfiera, periodico, Bologna, 4 March 1994. Lorenzo Bonini, Colloquio con un artista del nostro tempo, Art Leader, n. 17, March-April 1994. Flaminio Gualdoni, catalogo Padiglione Arte Contemporanea, Ferrara, 1994–95. Vittorio Sgarbi, ll nostro modo di essere nel mondo, Grazia, 12 February 1995. Vittorio Sgarbi, La tensione lineare di Goberti, L'Italiano, Silvia Di Stefano, GB progetti, June 1996. Vittorio Sgarbi, Le trame della pittura, .Vittorio Sgarbi, Flaminio Gualdoni, 2000. <mask> Goberti: evasioni coatte. Editore L'Artiere Edizioni Italia, 18 tav. col., 50 pp. External links Artist's official website 1939 births Living people Painters from Ferrara 20th-century Italian painters Italian male painters Italian contemporary artists Modern artists

Ashikaga Takauji

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was the founder and first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with his death in 1358. He was a male-line descendant of the samurai of the (Minamoto) Seiwa Genji line (meaning they were descendants of Emperor Seiwa) who had settled in the Ashikaga area of Shimotsuke Province, in present-day Tochigi Prefecture. According to Zen master and intellectual Musō Soseki, who enjoyed his favor and collaborated with him, Takauji had three qualities. First, he kept his cool in battle and was not afraid of death. Second, he was merciful and tolerant. Third, he was very generous with those below him.Life His childhood name was Matagorō (又太郎). Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate sent to Kyoto in 1333 to put down the Genkō War which had started in 1331. After becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Kamakura shogunate over time, Takauji joined the banished Emperor Go-Daigo and Kusunoki Masashige, and seized Kyoto. Soon after, Nitta Yoshisada joined their cause, and laid siege to Kamakura. When the city fell to Nitta, the Shogunal regent, Hōjō Takatoki, and his clansmen committed suicide. This ended the Kamakura shogunate, as well as the Hōjō clan's power and influence. Go-Daigo was enthroned once more as emperor, reestablishing the primacy of the Imperial court in Kyoto and starting the so-called Kenmu Restoration.However, shortly thereafter, the samurai clans became increasingly disillusioned with the reestablished imperial court, which sought to return to the social and political systems of the Heian period. Sensing their discontent, Takauji pleaded with the emperor to do something before rebellion would break out, however his warnings were ignored. Hōjō Tokiyuki, son of Takatoki, took the opportunity to start the Nakasendai rebellion to try to reestablish the shogunate in Kamakura in 1335. Takauji put down the rebellion and took Kamakura for himself. Taking up the cause of his fellow samurai, he claimed the title of Sei-i Taishōgun and allotted land to his followers without permission from the court. Takauji announced his allegiance to the imperial court, but Emperor Go-Daigo sent Nitta Yoshisada to reclaim Kamakura. Takauji defeated Yoshisada in the battles of Sanoyama and Mishima.This cleared the path for Takauji and Tadayoshi to march on to Kyoto. He captured Kyoto for a few days in Feb. 1336, only to be driven out and to Kyūshū by the arrival of forces under Prince Takanaga, Prince Norinaga, Kitabatake Akiie and Yūki Munehiro. Takauji and his brother were forced to retreat to the west. Takauji then allied himself with the clans native to Kyūshū. After defeating the Kikuchi clan at Hakata Bay in the Battle of Tatarahama (1336), Takauji was "virtually master of Kyushu". His brother advanced simultaneously by land and both reached the environs of present-day Kobe in July. At the decisive Battle of Minatogawa in 1336, Takauji defeated Yoshisada again and killed Masashige, allowing him to seize Kyoto for good.Emperor Kōmyō of the illegitimate Northern Court (see below) was installed as emperor by Takauji in opposition to the exiled Southern Court, beginning the turbulent Northern and Southern Court period (Nanbokuchō), which saw two emperors fight each other and which would last for almost 60 more years. Besides other honors, Emperor Go-Daigo had given Takauji the title of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North, and the courtly title of the Fourth Rank, Junior Grade. His Buddhist name was Tojiinden Niyama Myogi dai koji Chojuji-dono (等持院殿仁山妙義大居士長寿寺殿). Family Father: Ashikaga Sadauji (1273–1331) Mother: Uesugi Kiyoko (1270–1343) Siblings: Half-siblings: Ashikaga Takayoshi (1297–1317) Natural Siblings: Ashikaga Maagoro Ashikaga Tadayoshi Wife: Akahashi Toshi (1306–1365) Concubines: Kako no Tsubone Echizen no Tsubone Children: Ashikaga Tadafuyu (1327–1387) adopted by Ashikaga Tadayoshi by Echizen Ashikaga Takewakamaru (d. 1333) by Kako Ashikaga Yoshiakira by Toshi Ashikaga Motouji by Toshi Tazuo by Toshi Yoriko (d. 1353) by Toshi Seiomaru (1338–1345) Family tree Timeline of shogunate Significant events which shaped the period during which Takauji was shōgun are: 1338 – Takauji appointed shōgun. 1349 – Go-Murakami flees to A'no; Ashikaga Tadayoshi and Kō no Moronao quarrel; Ashikaga Motouji, son of Takauji, appointed Kamakura Kanrei 1350 – Tadayoshi, excluded from administration, turns priest; Tadayoshi's adopted son, Ashikaga Tadafuyu is wrongly repudiated as a rebel. 1351–1358 – Struggle for Kyoto. 1351 – Tadayoshi joins Southern Court, southern army takes Kyoto; truce, Takauji returns to Kyoto; Tadayoshi and Takauji reconciled; Kō no Moronao and Kō no Moroyasu are exiled.1352 – Tadayoshi dies, Southern army recaptures Kyoto; Nitta Yoshimune captures Kamakura; Ashikaga forces recapture Kamakura and Kyoto; Tadafuyu joins Southern Court; Yamana Tokiuji joins Tadafuyu. 1353 – Kyoto retaken by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji; retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1354 – <mask> flees with Go-Kōgon; Kitabatake Chikafusa dies. 1355 – Kyoto taken by Southern army; Kyoto retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1358 – Takauji dies. <mask>'s son Ashikaga Yoshiakira succeeded him as shōgun after his death. His grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.Eras of Takauji's bakufu Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in Yoshino and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was shōgun as reckoned by the Gregorian calendar are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of Japanese era names (nengō), that following the datation used by the legitimate Southern Court and that formulated by the pretender Northern Court. Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court (declared legitimate by a Meiji era decree because in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia): Engen (1336–1340) Kōkoku (1340–1346) Shōhei (1346–1370) Eras as reckoned by the pretender Northern Court (declared illegitimate by a Meiji era decree because not in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia): Ryakuō (1338–1342) Kōei (1342–1345) Jōwa (1345–1350) Kan'ō or Kannō (1350–1352) Bunna (1352–1356) Enbun (1356–1361) Literary references The story of Ashikaga Takauji, Emperor Go-Daigo, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige from the Genko rebellion to the establishment of the Northern and Southern Courts is detailed in the 40 volume Muromachi period epic Taiheiki. Honours Junior First Rank (9 July 1358; posthumous) See also Southern Court Northern Court References External links Further reading Ackroyd, Joyce I. (1982) Lessons from History: the Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ; OCLC 7574544 Matsuo, Kenji. (1997).中世都市鎌倉をく: 源頼朝から上杉謙信まで (Chūsei toshi Kamakura o aruku: Minamoto no Yoritomo kara Uesugi Kenshin made). Tokyo: Chūkō Shinsho. ; OCLC 38970710 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 585069 1305 births 1358 deaths 14th-century Japanese people 14th-century shōguns Takauji People of Kamakura-period Japan People of Nanboku-chō-period Japan Takauji

Ba Cụt

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Lê Quang Vinh (1923 – 13 July 1956), popularly known as <mask>t () was a Vietnamese military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect, which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s. <mask>t and his forces fought the Vietnamese National Army (VNA), the Việt Minh, and the Cao Đài religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956. Known for his idiosyncrasies, he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose. His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger (although it was erroneously reported that it was his middle or "third cut finger"). He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated. <mask>t frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French. He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation, and then broke the agreement—nevertheless, the French made deals with him on five occasions.The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II, and they had great difficulty in re-establishing control over French Indochina, which had been left with a power vacuum after the defeat of Japan. In mid-1955, the tide turned against the various sects, as Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south. <mask> and his allies were driven into the jungle, and their position was threatened by government offensives. After almost a year of fighting, <mask>t was captured. He was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ. Early life and background <mask>t was born circa 1923 in Long Xuyên, a regional town in the Mekong Delta, in the far south of Vietnam. He was orphaned at an early age and adopted by a local peasant family.<mask>t was illiterate and was known from childhood as a temperamental and fiery person. The family's rice paddies were confiscated by a prominent landlord, the father of Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ. <mask>t's bitter personal experience imbued him with a permanent and fanatical hatred towards landowners. Thơ rose to become a leading politician in the 1950s and played a key role in <mask>t's eventual capture and execution. An aura of mystery surrounded <mask>t during his life, and foreign journalists incorrectly reported that he had severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French. As <mask>t became more fanatical in his religious beliefs and spent increasing time with local religious men, his father demanded that he work more in the family's rice fields. A defiant <mask>t severed his index finger, which was necessary for work in the rice paddies.Vietnam was a tumultuous place during <mask>t's youth, particularly in the Mekong Delta. In 1939, Huỳnh Phú Sổ founded the Hòa Hảo religious movement, and within a year had gained more than 100,000 followers. He drew adherents for two reasons: the prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South-East Asia by Japan, which proved to be correct; and his work as a mystical healer—his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured from all manner of serious illnesses after seeing him, when Western medicine had failed. Sổ's cult-like appeal greatly alarmed the French colonial authorities. During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded and seized control of Vietnam from France; its defeat and withdrawal at the end of the war in 1945 left a power vacuum in the country. The Hòa Hảo formed their own army and administration during the war, and started a de facto state in their Mekong Delta stronghold. They came into conflict with the Cao Đài, another new religious movement, which also boasted a private army and controlled a nearby region of southern Vietnam around Tây Ninh.Meanwhile, in Saigon, the Bình Xuyên organised crime syndicate ruled much of the city through its gangster militia. These three southern forces vied for control of southern Vietnam with the main protagonists: the French, who were attempting to re-establish colonial control across the entire nation; and the communist-dominated Việt Minh, who sought Vietnamese independence. At the time, the many groups vying for power—including their respective factions—engaged in alliances of convenience that were frequently broken. Historian David Elliott wrote: "[T]he most important eventual cause of the French decline was the inherently unstable nature of the political alliances they had devised ... [T]he history of the French relations with the Hoa Hao sect is a telling illustration of the pitfalls of short-term political deals between forces whose long-term interests conflict." The Hòa Hảo initially engaged in large-scale clashes with the Việt Minh in 1945, but by mid-1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French instead. However, in June 1946, Sổ became estranged from his military leaders and started the Dân Xã (Social Democratic Party). Because of his charisma, the Việt Minh saw Sổ as a threat and assassinated him, leaving the Hòa Hảo leaderless and causing Sổ's military leaders to go their separate ways.The split caused an increase in violence as the various Hòa Hảo factions engaged in conflicts among themselves. Career <mask>t joined the Hòa Hảo militia when it was formed in 1943–44, and became a commander within a year. He was feared by his enemies, and was described as "a sort of lean Rasputin" who claimed to be immortal. According to historian and writer Bernard Fall, "The hapless farmers who were under the rule of the maniacal <mask> fared worse [than those under other military leaders], for the latter [<mask>t] was given to fits of incredible cruelty and had no sense of public duty." American journalist Joseph Alsop described <mask>t as "war-drunk". <mask>t was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim's ear, a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords to fund his forces. He was said to have "arranged temporary marriages between his troops and village girls".He raised a large amount of funds for the Hòa Hảo and himself personally by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates in the local area. The severed heads of the pirates were subsequently impaled on stakes and put on public display. In 1947, he led his own faction of the sect after its various military leaders pursued their own policies towards the French and Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh in the wake of Sổ's death. At the time, France was in a ruinous financial state following World War II and was experiencing great difficulty in its attempts to re-establish control over its colonies. <mask>t had only 1,000 men in five battalions at the time, fewer than 5% of Hòa Hảo forces, whereas Trần Văn Soái had 15,000 men. The French tried to maintain their hold with a divide and conquer strategy towards the Hòa Hảo. They coaxed Soái into joining with them and recognised him as the leader of the Hòa Hảo.In 1948, <mask>t rallied to the French and Soái, but broke away again soon after, relocating to Đồng Tháp Province and resuming his military activities against the French. In 1950, <mask>t was involved in a battle with another Hòa Hảo leader, Nguyễn Giác Ngộ. He was defeated and driven from the district of Chợ Mới in February, provoking Soái to attack Ngo. <mask>t then moved to Thốt Nốt and began attacking the civilians and the French forces there. The French saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Hòa Hảo and gain an anti-Việt Minh ally, and offered material aid, which <mask>t accepted. <mask>t repeatedly made treaties with the French colonial forces to fight the Việt Minh in return for arms and money, but he broke his end of the bargain and sometimes fought the Cao Đài instead of the communists. He made five such deals with the French, but he abandoned his military responsibilities each time.It was said that <mask>t sometimes broke away with the encouragement of Soái, who was still allied to the French, but nevertheless is believed to have given <mask>t weapons to fight the French. The French continued to furnish him with supplies despite his disloyalty and unreliability because they lacked the personnel to patrol all of Vietnam but had spare equipment. Some historians have claimed <mask>t's anti-French activities were not taken seriously as he was able to pass through French checkpoints without incident. There are also reports that he was accompanied by French intelligence agents during periods when he was nominally opposed to the French. The other Hòa Hảo commanders generally had the same general outlook as <mask>t; they were stridently opposed to the Việt Minh due to Sổ's assassination, and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French, but at times they lapsed into apathy and refused to attack. The most notable instance of <mask>t's abandoning the fight against the Việt Minh came in mid-1953. At that time, his forces had been helping to defend the regional Mekong Delta town of Mỹ Tho, but the French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies, the Vietnamese National Army (VNA).As the French tried to undermine his position, tensions with <mask>t increased. On 25 June, the Hòa Hảo leader ordered his men to evacuate their French-supplied bases; they took their weapons with them and razed the camps. <mask>t then withdrew his forces from a string of military posts in the Plain of Reeds and retreated to Châu Đốc in the extreme south of the country. As a result, the French-aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was severely dented and the Việt Minh made substantial gains in the area. Eventually, the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in May 1954 signaled the end of French Indochina. When the Geneva Conference in July 1954 ended the First Indochina War, it handed North Vietnam to Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh, and the south to the State of Vietnam. To reunify the country, national elections were scheduled for 1956, following which the French would withdraw from Indochina.The partition of Vietnam angered <mask>t and he vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified. Having fought against the Việt Minh since 1947, <mask>t's principal criticism of Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam government stemmed from his belief that Diệm had been too passive in rejecting the partition, and that half of the country should not have been yielded to the communists. In mid-1954, General Nguyễn Văn Hinh, the head of the State of Vietnam's VNA, announced that he did not respect the leadership of Prime Minister Diệm, and vowed to overthrow him. The coup never materialised and Hinh was forced into exile, but not before appointing <mask>t to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Diệm, as the Hòa Hảo warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister. In August, <mask>t and his 3,000 men broke from the VNA and left their Thốt Nốt base for the jungle, and fought against those who had briefly been their comrades; this put him at odds with most Hòa Hảo leaders, who accepted government payments to integrate their forces into the VNA. Operation Ecaille, the initial military offensive by the VNA against <mask>t was a failure, possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soái, a Hòa Hảo member of the National Defence Committee. During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections, South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining autonomous factions of the Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài, and Bình Xuyên militias.In early 1955, during a battle with the Cao Đài forces of Trình Minh Thế, after a dispute over control of the That Son region, <mask>t was wounded in a disputed incident. Thế claimed to have tried initiating peace talks with <mask>t, but received no reply, so he decided to try to capture his rival. He sent some of his militant disciples to infiltrate <mask>t's forces and try to capture the Hòa Hảo leader. When they located <mask>t and surrounded him, he refused to surrender but instead tried to shoot his way out. <mask>t was severely wounded by a bullet that penetrated his chest. It seemed that he would die, but a French Air Force helicopter flew in and airlifted him to a colonial hospital. He recovered but in the interim the fighting stopped.Another account claims the two military leaders had been on good terms and exchanging diplomatic missions, but that the skirmish was caused by one of <mask>t's aides addressing the envoy in an abrasive and rude manner, and that the injuries were minor. Yet another account holds that the reaction by Thế's envoy was premeditated and that the claim the firing was in response to rudeness was merely a cover for an assassination attempt. According to this theory, Thế, whose units were then being integrated into Diệm's VNA, had

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given orders to target <mask>t. This was allegedly done on the orders of CIA agent Edward Lansdale, who was trying to help secure Diệm in power at the time. Lansdale has been accused of failing in an earlier attempt to bribe <mask>t to cease his activities. By this time, with France preparing to withdraw from Indochina, senior French officers had begun to undermine Diệm's leadership and his attempts to stabilise South Vietnam. The VNA later implicated the French in the organisation of weapons air drops to <mask>t, prompting a protest from Diệm's government.Diệm complained to a French general, alleging that <mask>t's men were using French equipment that was of higher quality than that given to the VNA. The Hòa Hảo accused Diệm of treachery in his negotiations with various groups. They charged the prime minister with integrating Thế's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack <mask>t with the aid of the VNA, and that this part of the deal had been kept secret. They warned that other Hòa Hảo leaders who had stopped fighting could join <mask>t, and appealed to Diệm's U.S. sponsors. In response, <mask>t ambushed a VNA unit in Long Mỹ, killing three officers and injuring some thirty men. Last stand against Diệm In 1955, Diệm tried to integrate the remaining Hòa Hảo armies into the VNA. <mask>t was one of four Hòa Hảo military leaders who refused the government offer on 23 April, and continued to operate autonomously.At one stage, the Cao Đài, Hòa Hảo and Bình Xuyên formed an alliance called the United Front, in an attempt to pressure Diệm into handing over power; <mask>t was named senior military commander. However, this had little meaning as the various units were still autonomous of each other, and the United Front was more a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action, and did not in any way strengthen any military threat to Diệm. The leaders were suspicious of one another and often sent subordinates to meetings. Initially, American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Diệm would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders—including <mask>t—to hold government positions. However, Diệm refused to share power and launched a sudden offensive against <mask>t in Thốt Nốt on 12 March, shelling the area heavily. The battle was inconclusive and both sides blamed the other for causing instability and disrupting the situation. Diệm then attacked the Bình Xuyên's Saigon headquarters in late April, quickly crushing them.During the fighting, the Hòa Hảo attempted to help the Bình Xuyên by attacking towns and government forces in their Mekong Delta heartland. <mask>t's men, who had also been angered by the recent arrest of some colleagues, blockaded the Mekong and Bassac rivers and laid siege to various towns, including Sa Đéc, Long Xuyên and Châu Đốc, stifling the regional economy. The Hòa Hảo shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the nation's most fertile region into the capital, causing food prices to rise by 50%, as meat and vegetables became scarce. <mask>t then attacked a battalion of VNA troops south of Sa Đéc. Soon after, they retreated to a Hòa Hảo citadel on the banks of the Bassac. After reinforcing their base, the Hòa Hảo proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of Cần Thơ, which stood on the opposite side of the river. During this period, the United Front publicly accused Diệm of trying to bribe <mask>t with 100 million piasters, to which the Hòa Hảo responded with a series of attack on outposts and blasts to destroy bridges.With the Bình Xuyên vanquished, Diệm turned his attention to conquering the Hòa Hảo. As a result, a battle between government troops led by General Dương Văn Minh and <mask>'s men commenced in Cần Thơ on 5 June. Five Hòa Hảo battalions surrendered immediately; <mask>t and three remaining leaders had fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month. Having surrendered his forces, Ngo excoriated Soai and <mask>t, claiming that their activities were not consistent with Hòa Hảo religious practices and accused them of fighting with communists. The soldiers of the three other leaders eventually surrendered, but <mask>t's men continued to the end, claiming loyalty to the Emperor Bảo Đại. Diệm responded by replacing the officers of Bảo Đại's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack <mask>t's rebels near Hà Tiên and Rạch Giá, outnumbering the Hòa Hảo by at least a factor of five. Knowing that they could not defeat the government in open conventional warfare, <mask>t's forces destroyed their own bases so that the VNA could not use their abandoned resources, and retreated into the jungle.<mask>t's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20,000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them, notwithstanding a bounty of one million piasters was put on the head of <mask>, who scattered trails of money in the jungle, hoping to distract his pursuers, but to no avail. The communists claimed in a history written decades later that <mask>t had tried to forge an alliance with them, but that talks broke down a few months later. Despite his weak military situation, <mask>t sought to disrupt the staging of a fraudulent referendum that Diệm had scheduled to depose Bảo Đại as head of state. <mask>t distributed a pamphlet condemning Diệm as an American puppet, asserting that the prime minister was going to "Catholicize" the country; the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government and various Roman Catholic organisations. Diệm had strong support from American Roman Catholic politicians and the powerful Cardinal Francis Spellman and his elder brother, Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục, was Archbishop of Huế. <mask>t presciently noted that the referendum was a means "for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal: to depose <mask> Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief-of-state of Vietnam." On the day of the poll, <mask>'s men prevented voting in the border regions which they controlled, and ventured out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cần Thơ.Despite that disruption, Diệm was fraudulently credited with more than 90% of support in Hòa Hảo-controlled territory, and a near unanimous turnout was recorded in the area. These results were replicated across the nation, and Diệm deposed Bảo Đại. Eventually, <mask>t was surrounded, and sought to make a peace deal with the Diệm government to avoid being taken prisoner. <mask>t sent a message to Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Hòa Hảo, asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation's armed forces. Thơ agreed to meet <mask>t alone in the jungle, and despite fears that the meeting was a Hòa Hảo trap, he was not ambushed. However, <mask>t began asking for additional concessions and the meeting ended in a stalemate. According to historian Hue-Tam Ho Tai, <mask>t's lifelong antipathy towards Thơ's family influenced his behaviour during his last stand.<mask>t was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956, and his remaining forces were defeated in battle. Contemporary political commentators based in France and Vietnam saw his capture as the death knell for domestic military opposition to President Diệm, while US Embassy official Daniel Anderson speculated that defeat of "the most able and spectacular leader" of the sects would lead to a collapse in non-communist armed opposition. Trial and execution Initially, American commentators and observers thought that Diệm might try a reconciliatory approach and integrate <mask>t into the mainstream to increase the appeal of his government, rather than punish the Hòa Hảo leader. They felt that <mask>t had a high level of military skill and popular appeal that could be used in favour of the government, citing his colourful "Robin Hood" image as an attraction with the rural populace. US officials were also worried that a harsh punishment such as the death penalty could provoke an anti-government backlash, and that it could be exploited by other opposition groups. However, Diệm saw <mask>t as contrary to Vietnamese values of struggle and self-sacrifice and felt that strong measures were required. Diệm's government put <mask>t on trial for treason, under Article 146 of the Military Code of the Republic of Vietnam.Diệm spoke out and accused <mask>t of rallying to and defecting from the central government four times from 1945 to 1954, and that at his peak in mid-1954, <mask>t commanded 3500 troops armed with 3200 firearms. <mask>t was also accused of collaborating with the communists. The government submitted that the charge of treason was established by a series of attacks on VNA personnel, officers and vehicles from July 1954 until <mask>t's capture. The government prosecutor sought the death penalty and tendered petitions signed by residents of the Mekong Delta and southwestern Vietnam calling for the military destruction of <mask>t's militants. However, according to the historian Jessica Chapman, these petitions were organised by the government and heavily publicised in the Diêm-controlled media, and not representative of public opinion. During the proceedings, <mask>t theatrically removed his shirt so that the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists. This, according to him, demonstrated his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism.He challenged any other man to show as many scars. However, the Diệmist judge was unimpressed. <mask>t was found guilty of arson and multiple murders and sentenced to death on 11 June. An appeal was dismissed on 27 June. On 4 July, <mask>t was also found guilty in a military court and sentenced to death "with degradation and confiscation of his property". It then fell to Diệm to consider a plea for clemency. Diệm rejected this and ordered the Justice Minister to put in place the orders for execution.On the very same day, a Hòa Hảo lawyer lodged an appeal against all of the verdicts to the Supreme Appeals Court in Saigon, but the submissions were rejected in a matter of hours. The Hòa Hảo reacted strongly to the legal verdicts as "shameful and unjust". The Dân Xã issued a statement describing the verdict and death penalty as being motivated by spite and being unsupported by evidence. <mask>t's defence counsel said the trial set a bad precedent for South Vietnam's fledgling legal system and questioned the integrity of the process. He claimed that VNA troops had engaged in mass rape and plunder of local civilians in their final push against <mask>t, and accused the Diệm regime of double standards in not investigating and prosecuting these alleged incidents. He claimed that South Vietnam had "no democracy and no freedom" and "only shamelessness and foolishness" and said that members of the Hòa Hảo would continue to resist the Saigon administration politically and militarily. In addition, Diệm's adviser, Colonel Edward Lansdale from the CIA, was one of many who protested against the decision.Lansdale felt that the execution would tarnish Diệm—who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam) and declared himself President—and antagonise <mask>t's followers. Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm's younger brother and chief adviser, denied a reprieve as the army, particularly Minh, opposed any clemency. Some sections of the southern public, however, were sympathetic to <mask>t, who was compared to a character from the Wild West. <mask>t was publicly guillotined at 5:40 am on 13 July 1956, in a cemetery in Cần Thơ. A crowd numbering in the hundreds, including members of Diệm's National Assembly, Minh, regional officials and both domestic and overseas journalists witnessed the beheading. Anderson believed the use of the guillotine, instead of a firing squad, as was normal for military executions, was used to emphasise that <mask>t's actions were being portrayed as common crimes rather than as political opposition. Chapman said that the dual military and civilian trial indicated that Diệm viewed any opposition activities as not only politically unacceptable but also as crimes related to bad character.<mask>t's body was later diced into small pieces, which were then buried separately. Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named Bảy Đớm, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until <mask>t was avenged. Many of his followers later joined the Việt Cộng—the movement that succeeded the Việt Minh their leader had fought—and took up arms against Diệm. Notes References 1923 births 1956 deaths Executed Vietnamese people Hòa Hảo People executed by guillotine People from An Giang Province Vietnamese Buddhists Vietnamese military personnel People executed by South Vietnam People executed by Vietnam by

Julie Walters

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<mask> (born 22 February 1950), known professionally as <mask>, is an English actress, author, and comedian. She is the recipient of four British Academy Television Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two International Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Fellowship, and a Golden Globe. <mask> has been nominated twice for an Academy Award: once for Best Actress and once for Best Supporting Actress. <mask> rose to prominence playing the title role in Educating Rita (1983), a role which she originated in West End theatre. She has appeared in a number of films, including Personal Services (1987), Stepping Out (1991), Sister My Sister (1994), Billy Elliot (2000), the Harry Potter series (2001–2011) as Molly Weasley, Calendar Girls (2003), Wah-Wah (2005), Driving Lessons (2006), Becoming Jane (2007), Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Brave (2012), Paddington (2014) and its 2017 sequel, Brooklyn (2015), Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017), and Mary Poppins Returns (2018).On stage, she won a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons. On television, <mask> collaborated with Victoria Wood; they appeared together on several television shows, including Wood and <mask> (1981), Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV (1985–1987), Pat and Margaret (1994), and Dinnerladies (1998–2000). She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress, for My Beautiful Son (2001), Murder (2002), The Canterbury Tales (2003), and her portrayal of Mo Mowlam in Mo (2010). <mask> and Helen Mirren are the only actresses to have won this award three consecutive times, and <mask> is tied with Judi Dench for the most nominations in the category with seven. In 2006, the British public voted <mask> fourth in ITV's poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars as part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations. She starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland (2009), which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress. <mask> was made a Dame (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama.Early life Julia Mary <mask> was born on 22 February 1950 at St Chad's Hospital in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, the daughter of Mary Bridget (née O'Brien), an Irish Catholic postal clerk from County Mayo, and <mask>, an English builder and decorator. According to the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, her maternal ancestors played an active part in the 19th-century Irish Land War. Her paternal grandfather <mask> was a veteran of the Second Boer War, and was killed in action in World War I in June 1915 while serving with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment; he is commemorated at the Le Touret Memorial in France. <mask> and her family lived at 69 Bishopton Road in the Bearwood area of Smethwick, Staffordshire. The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, <mask> had an early education at St Paul's School for Girls in Edgbaston and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls in Smethwick. She said in 2014 that it was "heaven when [she] went to an ordinary grammar school", although she was asked to leave at the end of her lower sixth because of her "high jinks". <mask> later told interviewer Alison Oddey about her early schooling, "I was never going to be academic, so [my mother] suggested that I try teaching or nursing.[...] I'd been asked to leave school, so I thought I'd better do it." Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15. At the age of 18, she trained as a student nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham; she worked on the ophthalmic, casualty, and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there. She decided to leave nursing and went on to study theatre at Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama (now Manchester School of Theatre). She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company in Liverpool in the mid-1970s, alongside several other notable performers and writers such as Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, Willy Russell, and Alan Bleasdale. Career 1970s <mask> first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had originally met in 1971 when Wood auditioned at the School of Theatre in Manchester. The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the television adaptation of Wood's play Talent.They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and <mask>, in 1982. They continued to perform together frequently over the years. The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV, featured one of <mask>'s best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, Acorn Antiques (she later appeared in the musical version, and received an Olivier Award nomination for her efforts). 1980s <mask> first serious acting role on TV was in Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff in 1982. A role that launched her to become a national treasure, <mask> starred opposite Michael Caine in Educating Rita (1983), a role she had created on the West End stage in Willy Russell’s 1980 play. Playing Susan "Rita" White, a Liverpudlian working-class hairdresser who seeks to better herself by signing up for and attending an Open University course in English Literature, she would receive the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, and an Academy Award for Best Actress-nomination. In 1985, she played Adrian Mole's mother, Pauline, in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole.<mask> appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner. Then she starred with Phil Collins, playing the lead character's wife, June, in the film Buster, released in 1988. She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, which was renamed Mack the Knife for the screen. 1990s In 1991, <mask> starred opposite Liza Minnelli in Stepping Out, and had a one-off television special, <mask> and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale. In 1993, <mask> starred in the TV film Wide-Eyed and Legless (known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK) alongside Jim Broadbent and Thora Hird. The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis. In 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk.From 1998 until 2000, she played Petula Gordeno in Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom dinnerladies. In the late 1990s, she featured in a series of adverts for Bisto gravy. 2000s In 2001, <mask> won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000). In 2002, she again won a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actress for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son. <mask> played Molly Weasley, the matriarch of the Weasley family, in the Harry Potter film series (2001–2011). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series not to have included <mask>.In 2003, the BBC voted her portrayal of Molly as the second-"best screen mother". In 2003, <mask> starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren. In 2005, she again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class. In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood. In 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in Harry Potter), and had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke. In summer 2006, <mask> published her first novel, Maggie's Tree. The novel, concerning a group of English actors in Manhattan and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was described as "a disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.".Another reviewer, Susan Jeffreys, in The Independent, described the novel as "the work of a writer who knows what she's doing. There's nothing tentative about the writing, and <mask> brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page. ... you do have the sensation of entering someone else's mind and of looking through someone else's eyes." <mask> starred in Asda's Christmas 2007 TV advertising campaign. She also appeared alongside Patrick Stewart in UK Nintendo DS Brain Training television advertisements, and in a public information film about smoke alarms. In June 2008, <mask> appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical, after Acorn Antiques: The Musical!. The same year, she released her autobiography, titled That's Another Story.In 2007, <mask> starred as the mother of author Jane Austen (played by Anne Hathaway) in Becoming Jane. <mask> played Mary Whitehouse in the BBC Drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story (2008), an adaptation of the real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse who campaigned for "taste and decency on television". <mask> commented, "I am very excited to be playing Mary Whitehouse, and to be looking at the time when she attacked the BBC and started to make her name." Filth won Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and <mask> was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made For Television, at the 2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards. In 2009, she received a star in the Birmingham Walk of Stars on Birmingham's Golden Mile, Broad Street. She said: "I am very honoured and happy that the people of Birmingham and the West Midlands want to include me in their Walk of Stars and I look forward to receiving my star. Birmingham and the West Midlands is where I'm from; these are my roots and in essence it has played a big part in making me the person I am today".Her other awards include an International Emmy with for A Short Stay in Switzerland. 2010s <mask> played the late MP and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam in a drama for Channel 4 broadcast in early 2010. She had misgivings about taking on the role because of the differences in their physical appearance, but the result was highly praised by critics. In July 2012, <mask> appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II. In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012). In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50. <mask> was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance.<mask> appeared in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre in June 2012. The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world through the National Theatre Live programme. Set in contemporary London, <mask> portrayed Mrs. Bird, the Browns' housekeeper, in the critically acclaimed Paddington (2014). <mask> reprised her role for the sequel, Paddington 2 (2017), which has also received universal acclaim. She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in the ten-part British drama serial Indian Summers aired on Channel 4 in 2015. In 2015, she appeared in the romantic drama film Brooklyn, a film that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Her performance in the film earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.<mask> voiced the Lexi Decoder (LEXI) for Channel 4 during the 2016 Paralympic Games. The graphical system aims to aid the viewing experience of the games by debunking the often confusing classifications that govern Paralympic sport. Set in London during the depression, <mask> played Ellen, Michael's and Jane's long-time housekeeper, in Mary Poppins Returns (2018). Set in 1947 England, <mask> starred with Colin Firth in The Secret Garden (2020). Personal life <mask>' relationship with Grant Roffey, a patrol man for the AA, began after a whirlwind romance. The couple have a daughter named Maisie Mae Roffey (born 26 April 1988), but did not marry until they went to New York City to do so in 1997. They live on an organic farm operated by Roffey near Plaistow, West Sussex.<mask> is a lifelong supporter of West Bromwich Albion Football Club, having been brought up in Smethwick. She is a patron of the domestic violence survivors' charity, Women's Aid. Illness <mask> was diagnosed with stage III bowel cancer in 2018. Having had surgery and chemotherapy, she entered remission. This meant that she had to be cut from certain scenes in The Secret Garden and also had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. <mask> did not announce her illness to the public until February 2020, when she said in an interview with Victoria Derbyshire that she would be taking a step back from acting, particularly from large and demanding film roles.Later that year, however, she stated that she would make an exception for roles that she was 'really engaged' with, including Mamma Mia 3!, which is currently in development. Filmography Film Television Theatre Bibliography Baby Talk: The Secret Diary of a Pregnant Woman (Ebury Press, 1990) Maggie's Tree (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007) That's Another Story: The Autobiography (Orion Books, 2009) Honours <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama. Awards and nominations <mask> has won eight BAFTAs, six competitive awards plus two honorary awards. The first honorary award was a special BAFTA that she received at a tribute evening in 2003, before receiving the BAFTA Fellowship in 2014. References External links A Conversation with <mask> – interactive video interview presented by BFI Screenonline and British Telecom Walters named as CBE 1950 births Living people 20th-century English actresses 21st-century English actresses Actors from Staffordshire Actresses awarded British damehoods Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University Audiobook narrators BAFTA fellows Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English film actresses English musical theatre actresses English nurses English people of Irish descent English Shakespearean actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses International Emmy Award for Best Actress winners Laurence Olivier Award winners People from Chichester District People from Edgbaston People from Smethwick Royal Shakespeare Company members

Ryosuke Yamada

original

is a Japanese singer and actor. He is a member of Hey! Say! JUMP. <mask> came to prominence as a teen idol in 2007 following his role in the Japanese television series Tantei Gakuen Q. After launching his music career in 2007 as a member of Hey! Say!JUMP, he released his number one debut solo single, "Mystery Virgin" in 2013. The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time the single reached number one helped the singer set several records in the Japanese music industry and <mask> achieved wide fame as a solo artist. He became the first teenage male artist in thirty three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. As an actor, he is best known for portraying Hajime Kindaichi in the Kindaichi Case Files live action drama franchise and Nagisa Shiota in the Assassination Classroom live action adaptation movie franchise. He also plays Edward Elric in the live-action film Fullmetal Alchemist, which was released on December 1, 2017. <mask>'s portrayal of Shiota Nagisa in Assassination Classroom (2015) earned him the Japan Academy Award for Newcomers of the Year in 2016 and his role as Semi in Grasshopper (2015) won him the Rookie Actor of the Year in Japan Film Critics Award 2016. Career 2004–2005: Career beginnings <mask> began his career as an entertainer after entering Johnny & Associates at the age of 10.His mother, who was a fan of KinKi Kids, sent an application for an audition which recruited trainees for future male idols. The audition took place during the summer of 2004 and was aired in a segment of a Japanese television program, Ya-Ya-yah. <mask> made his first television appearance in August. He began working as a backup dancer for Tackey & Tsubasa, NEWS, Kanjani8, and KAT-TUN and appeared regularly on Shounen Club from autumn 2004. 2006–2007: Tantei Gakuen Q and Hey! Say! JUMP Following his success as a dancer, he began acting.In 2006, he made his acting debut in a 2-hour television live action drama, Tantei Gakuen Q SP, as Ryu Amakusa. In April 2007, he was selected to be a member of a temporary group, Hey! Say! 7. The group made their CD debut on August 1, 2007, with a number-one single "Hey! Say!". The band was created by Johnny Kitagawa and it was stated at the time that it would be active for six months until September 2007.From July 2007, a three-month series of Tantei Gakuen Q was launched and <mask> played Ryu Amakusa again as he did in the prequel. The series became a major hit, and <mask> came to prominence and began receiving wide fame as an actor. In September 2007, Hey! Say! 7 expanded. Johnny & Associates announced that the new group, Hey! Say!JUMP, would be launched. <mask> was selected as one of the ten (now eight) members. He debuted on November 14, 2007, with a number one single "Ultra Music Power". 2008–2009: Acting and NYC Boys In 2008, <mask> furthered his acting career. From January to March 2008, he starred in a three-month long television drama series, One-Pound Gospel with Kazuya Kamenashi. On April 12, he played a main role in a two-hour drama episode, Sensei wa Erai, as Hayato Gunjou. On June 14, he played the main role in Furuhata Chuugakusei, the sequel to Furuhata Ninzaburo, a Japanese drama series aired since 1994.From October to December 2008, he played the main role, Toichi Takasugi, in a three-month long television drama series, Scrap Teacher, along with Daiki Arioka, Yuto Nakajima and Yuri Chinen. In June 2009, it was announced that <mask> would be working as the lead singer of temporary group, NYC Boys. The band debuted with a number one single, "NYC". On December 31, 2009, the band appeared on Kohaku Uta Gassen. In the summer of 2009, <mask> returned to acting and starred in Niini no koto o Wasurenaide, a two-hour television drama episode aired as a segment of an annual television show, 24 Hour Television. On October 3, 2009, he played the main role in Hidarime Tantei Eye SP. 2010–2012: NYC, The Smurfs, Perfect Son and Johnny's World From January 2010, Hidarime Tantei EYE became a three-month long television series and <mask> once again played the main role.His bandmate Yuma Nakayama guest starred in the first two episodes. Hey! Say! JUMP's sixth single "Hitomi no Screen" was used as the theme song for the series. In March 2010, it was announced that <mask> and two other leading members of NYC boys would form a new group called NYC, leaving behind the remaining four members. NYC released a number one single "Yuuki 100%" on April 7, 2010. From this point on, <mask> began performing as a singer of two groups, Hey!Say! JUMP and NYC. In September 2011, he played the voice of Clumsy in the Japanese-dubbed version of the film The Smurfs. Hey! Say! JUMP's ninth single, "Magic Power", was used as the theme song for the film. In 2012, <mask> returned to acting for the first time in two years.He played the main role in <mask> Akiyoshi Monogatari, which was aired on January 2. It was his first time to star in a period drama. From January to March, he starred in a 3-month long television series, Perfect Son, with actress Kyōka Suzuki. Hey! Say! JUMP's 9th single "SUPER DELICATE" was used as the theme song for the series. From November 2012 to January 2013, he played the lead role in a musical, Johnny's World.For the musical, <mask> performed tight-rope walking every day for three months in each show. 2013–2014: "Mystery Virgin" and Kindaichi Case Files On January 9, 2013, he made his solo debut with a number one single, "Mystery Virgin". The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time when the single reached number one helped him set several new records in the Japanese music industry. The single debuted at number one in its debut week on the Oricon chart, making him the first teenage male artist in thirty-three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. On January 12, 2013, he starred in a two-hour television special for, Kinda'ichi Shōnen no Jikenbo titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo Hong Kong Kowloon Zaihou Satsujin Jiken (The Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case). He played the main role as Hajime Kindaichi. The show was created to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Japanese broadcasting company, NTV.<mask>'s Mystery Virgin was used as the theme song for the show. It was later revealed that Shin Kibayashi, writer of the Kindaichi series and Tantei Gakuen Q had envisioned creating a new Kindaichi series with <mask> as Hajime Kindaichi for almost five years. They met on set while filming Tantei Gakuen Q in 2006 and 2007. After filming the show, Kibayashi asked <mask> in person if he could play the role of Kindaichi in the future, for Yamada was only 14 years old at the time, too young to play the role of a high school student. In early 2014, <mask> <mask> reprised his role as Kindaichi and starred in another special titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jiken bo Gokumonjuku Satsujin Jiken (The Prison School Murder Case). After the specials, <mask> was then approached to continue starring as Kindaichi for a new serial drama for the Kindaichi series. The new series will be titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo N (neo) and started airing in July 2014.2015: Movie debut and 24 Hour Television In March 2015, <mask> made his movie debut as the hero, Shiota Nagisa, in the live-action movie adaptation of the popular manga, Assassination Classroom. The movie was a major hit, topping the box office of Japan on its first opening week. In August 2015, Hey! Say! JUMP was chosen as the TV personality of NTV's annual 24 Hour Television, which was a program to raise awareness for all the people that are going through hard times, alongside another Johnny's group, V6. <mask> portrayed the hero, Ryohei Sasaki, in the 24 Hour Television drama special called Okaasan, Ore Wa Daijoubu, along with other Johnny's members Takahisa Masuda and Yoshihiko Inohara as cast members. He portrayed a high school student who's passionate about soccer, but suffers from a brain tumor.For the role, <mask> lost 6 kg within just a week. <mask> was cast in another movie that was released on November 9 called Grasshopper along with Toma Ikuta. The movie was ranked number two on its opening week. <mask> received positive reviews due to his acting as a knife-wielding assassin in this movie, including from his veteran co-stars, Toma Ikuta, Tadanobu Asano, and Jun Murakami. 2016–present: Continuous Movie Successes & Acting Recognitions Early 2016, <mask> won the Newcomer of the Year category in the 39th Japan Academy Prize for his portrayal of Nagisa Shiota in Assassination Classroom, and Rookie actor of the year in Japan Movie Critics Award for his portrayal of Semi in Grasshopper. On May 24, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would star as Edward Elric in the Fullmetal Alchemist live-action movie scheduled for release in 2017. <mask> was cast as the lead to the fall drama of Fuji TV's getsu 9 (prime-time slot), Cain and Abel.It aired in October 2016. It is <mask>'s first drama with a romantic love angle, and he is also the first Heisei born from Johnny's to star in a getsu 9. The story is adapted from the Bible's Old Testament, and it is also a remake of the US classic film, East of Eden starring James Dean. <mask> plays a salaryman who falls in love with his brother's girlfriend and is hungry for the affection of his father. For his role in this drama, <mask> was a runner up of Best Leading Actor in the Autumn TV Drama Academy Award 2016. He was also the youngest person to be nominated in the lead actor category that season. On December 2, 2016, <mask> was cast to lead a movie titled Miracles of the Namiya General Store based on the best-selling novel of the same name by an award-winning writer, Higashino Keigo.The novel was claimed to be one of Higashino's best works. It tells the story of two people living in different eras (1980 and 2012) which will be connected by a letter, a story depicting human bonds and miracles. <mask> will portray a delinquent who stumbles upon a mysterious store that leads to several events that changes his life. The movie will be directed by Ryuichi Hiroki, filming expected to start January 2017 and is slated for Autumn 2017 release. <mask>'s performance in the "Miracles of the Namiya General Store" received generally positive reviews. His co-star Nishida Toshiyuki praised <mask>'s performance and said he is the Japanese version of James Dean and wrote a special letter for Yamada appreciating his acting. The movie was nominated for 6 different categories at the 41st Japan Academy Award, including best picture and best director.Both Namiya and Fullmetal Alchemist debuted at number 1 in Japan Box Office for its opening weekend. <mask>'s performance as Atsuya in Namiya and Edward Elric in Fullmetal Alchemist earn him the Newcomer Actor Award at the 91st Kinema Junpo Award, making him the second Johnny's talent to achieve this award after Ikuta Toma. <mask> was cast as the lead to the NTV Saturday 10p.m drama for the winter of 2018, with the title Momikeshite Fuyu, a family comedy drama that tells the story of 3 elite siblings of a doctor, a lawyer, and a police officer who struggles to cover up scandals related to their family. <mask> plays the youngest child, an elite Police Officer, graduated from the University of Tokyo, who struggles to be accepted by his family under the shadows of his older siblings. The series premiered on January 13, 2018, with a solid rating of 13.3%. Discography Singles Music video Credits DVD Filmography For Hey! Say!JUMP-related appearances, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Dramas Film Shows Other activities YouTube A new Johnny's YouTube channel called ジャにのちゃんねる (Janinochaneru), lead by Arashi's Kazunari Ninomiya, was opened on April 25, 2021. <mask> was revealed as the fourth member to participate, on April 28. He was revealed in the channel's 4th official video following 3 others announcing the other Johnny’s members that would be a part of the new channel. On September 15 of the same year, <mask> started his own gaming channel, LEOの遊び場 (Leo’s Playground).On this channel, <mask> mainly streams gameplay of first-person shooter games, featuring other Japanese streamers and VTubers. Tours For post-debut tours, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Pre-debut Musicals Awards References External links Hey! Say! JUMP Johnny's-net 1993 births Living people Hey!Say! JUMP members Johnny & Associates Horikoshi High School alumni Male actors from Tokyo Singers from Tokyo Japanese male pop singers Japanese dance music singers Japanese rhythm and blues singers Japanese hip hop singers Japanese male television actors Japanese male film actors Japanese idols 21st-century Japanese singers 21st-century Japanese male singers 21st-century Japanese male actors

Louis Malle

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<mask> (; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, although he was not credited at the ceremony; the award was instead presented to the film's co-director Jacques Cousteau. Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards. Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice. Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films. His most famous films include the crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958), the World War II drama Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the romantic crime film Atlantic City (1980), the comedy-drama My Dinner with Andre (1981), and the autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). Biography Early life <mask> was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and <mask>.During World War II, Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau. As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen. Malle would later address these events in his autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). As a young man, Malle initially studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC. He worked as the co-director and cameraman to Jacques Cousteau on the documentary The Silent World (1956), which won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival respectively. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped (French title: Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut, 1956) before making his first feature, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud in 1957 (released in the U.K. as Lift to the Scaffold and in the U.S. originally as Frantic, later as Elevator to the Gallows).A taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malle was 24 years old. Malle's The Lovers (Les Amants, 1958), which also starred Moreau, caused major controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the legal definition of obscenity. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, a theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The decision was eventually reversed by the higher court, which found that the film was not obscene and hence constitutionally protected. However, the court could not agree on the definition of "obscene", which caused Justice Potter Stewart to utter his "I know it when I see it" opinion, perhaps the most famous single line associated with the court. Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague movement.His work does not directly fit in with or correspond to the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer and others, and he had nothing whatsoever to do with the Cahiers du cinéma. However, Malle's work does exemplify some of the characteristics of the movement, such as using natural light and shooting on location, and his film Zazie dans le Métro ("Zazie in the Metro", 1960, an adaptation of the Raymond Queneau novel) inspired Truffaut to write an enthusiastic letter to Malle. Other films also tackled taboo subjects: The Fire Within centres on a man about to commit suicide, Le souffle au cœur (1971) deals with an incestuous relationship between mother and son, and Lacombe Lucien (1974), co-written with Patrick Modiano, is about collaboration with the Nazis in Vichy France during World War II. The second of these earned Malle his first (of three) Oscar nominations for "Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced". Documentary on India Malle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage, and a documentary film, Calcutta, which was released in cinemas. Concentrating on India's religious rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years. Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film.Move to America Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include Pretty Baby (1978), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with Andre (1981), Crackers (1984), Alamo Bay (1985), Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994, an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya) in English; Au revoir les enfants (1987) and Milou en Mai (May Fools in the U.S., 1990) in French. Just as his earlier films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States, My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s. Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for The Times by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter. In 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porter's book Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture. Personal life Malle was married to actress Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967. He later had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc <mask> (born 1971), with German actress Gila von Weitershausen, and a daughter, filmmaker Justine <mask> (born 1974), with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart.He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980. They had one child, a daughter, Chloé Françoise <mask>, on 8 November 1985. He died from lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23 November 1995.

Christopher C. Fennell

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<mask><mask> (born c. 1964) is an American anthropologist and lawyer, an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His first book Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) received the John L. <mask> Award from the Society for Historical Archaeology. <mask> is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter, and an associate of the editorial board of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Education <mask> earned his M.A. in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1986. He received his J.D. in 1989 from Georgetown University Law Center.Returning to graduate study and a second career, in 2000 he received an M.A. in anthropology from the University of Virginia. In 2003, <mask> completed his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Virginia, where he specialized in historical archaeology and African diaspora archaeology. Academic career In his first years, <mask> taught at a variety of institutions: first was the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, including a course on witchcraft and magic which he designed, and historical archaeology theory and methods. In the spring of 2001, <mask> was an instructor at Roosevelt University in Chicago, Illinois, teaching cross-cultural anthropology. During the fall of 2003, <mask> was a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, teaching an introduction to cultural anthropology. From 2003 to 2004, <mask> was Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, Texas where he taught “Anthropology and Law” and “Social Norms and the Law.” From 2004 until now, <mask> is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois.He is also a staff member in the College of Law, teaching interdisciplinary lectures in anthropology and law, the Department of Landscape Architecture, the African American Studies Program, and the Center for African Studies. Editor <mask> has done extensive editorial work. From 1998 to the present, he has been editor and co-founder (with historians James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz) of the online-based "Plymouth Colony Archive Project", which is “ethnohistorical and archaeological analyses and historical texts”. This project was recognized by the National Endowment for the Humanities and "peer-reviewed for outstanding intellectual quality, superior design, and educational impact." Since 2004, <mask> has been an article and book referee for various publications, including, American Anthropologist, Historical Archaeology, and Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology. Since 2005, <mask> has been editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network (ADAN) and Newsletter and an editorial board member of International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Excavations and research In 2008 <mask> led summer research and excavations at the New Philadelphia Town Site in Illinois.It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009. The town site is at New Philadelphia, Illinois. This plot of land in Pike County, Illinois was the site of the first town platted and registered by an African American before the American Civil War. It had black and white residents, and an integrated school. As a railroad was built bordering a neighboring community, the New Philadelphia expansion seemed to come to a halt. By the early 20th century, only a few homes and families remained. Today only prairie remains with no evidence of a once-flourishing community.During the fall and spring of 2002 and 2003, <mask> and a team from University of Illinois, University of Maryland and other institutions used topographical and historical maps to find the exact location of the New Philadelphia Site. They found plots of land with artifacts such as nails, ceramic pieces, and shards of glass, showing obvious signs of a previous settlement. The archaeologists are working with the New Philadelphia Land Trust to excavate and preserve the site and its history. In 1999 and 2000, <mask> performed excavations and studies in the upper Potomac River and northern Shenandoah River region surrounding Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Included were an 18th-century house and St. Peter's Church and School in Harper’s Valley. He examined three cultural processes: the formation and dissipation of social groups, the development of language and communication through material culture, and regional exchange systems. Books Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) (received award, see below) African Diaspora Archaeology (2008) Society for Historical Archaeology.Awards 2009 John L<mask> Award, the Society for Historical Archaeology References Other publications "BaKongo Identity and Symbolic Expression in the Americas", The Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, ed. Toyin Falola and Akin Ogundiran, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007 "Conjuring Boundaries: Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts", International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 4(4): 281-313 (2000). "Molded Malevolence: Instrumental Symbolism Rendered in Clay", Ceramics in America, Vol. 3, pp. 270–273, University Press of New England and the Chipstone Foundation (2003). "New Philadelphia: The XYZs of the First Excavations", with Terrance J. Martin and Paul A. Shackel, Living Museum, 66(4): 8-13 (2004/2005). Editor, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, University of Illinois, 2008 “Historical Archaeology in Harpers Ferry”, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 14 December 2007 External links "<mask>. <mask>", University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Website, 2008 American anthropologists University of Virginia alumni University of Pennsylvania alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Georgetown University Law Center alumni

Pachacuti

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<mask> () was the ninth Sapa Inca (1418–1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire (). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti. In Quechua Pachakutiq means "reformer of the world", and Yupanki means "with honor". During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of western South America. According to chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult.Biography Pachacutec was the ninth ruler of the Inca state who, from ruling a simple chiefdom, came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu. He was born in Cusco, in the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Coricancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of quipus. From a very young age he was admired by the Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother, Inca Urco (who had been named as successor of Viracocha Inca), lacked. In the same way, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked. Although he had not been designated as successor by his father, Viracocha Inca, he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka while his father and his brother, Urco Inca, fled the manor. The victory over the Chankas made Inca Viracocha recognize him as his successor around 1438.As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacutec. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the "son of the Sun". He conquered the provinces of Colla-Suyu and Chinchay-Suyu. Along with his sons, Tupac Ayar Manco (or Amaru Tupac Inca), and Apu Paucar Usnu, he defeated the Collas. Additionally, he left garrisons in subjugated lands. Lineage <mask>cha and Mama Runtu, was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty.His wife's name was Mama Anahuarqui, or Quya Anawarkhi (Coya Anahurque). He had three sons, Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui. <mask> had his two brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayana Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the province of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Amaru, the older son, was originally chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not a warrior. He was also the first one to retire.Succession <mask>'s given name was Cusi Yupanqui and he was not supposed to succeed his father Inca Viracocha who had appointed his brother Urco as crown prince. However, in the midst of an invasion of Cusco by the Chankas, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies, Pachacuti had a real opportunity to demonstrate his talent. While his father and brother fled the scene, Pachacuti rallied the army and prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland. In the resulting battle, the Chankas were defeated so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side. Pachacuti became known as "The Earth Shaker" following the battle, and won the support of his people. Pachacuti captured many Chanka leaders, who Pachacuti presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Pachacuti that the honor of the ritual belonged to the next Inca: Urco.Pachacuti protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha later tried to have Pachacuti assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination plot failed. Viracocha went into exile while Pachacuti returned in triumph to Cusco, and renamed himself "<mask>" (meaning "Earth Shaker"). Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each suyu had a sector of the city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties.Many of the most renowned monuments around Cusco, such as the great sun temple Qurikancha, were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign. Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve the system of succession. His son became the next Inca without any known dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness, but in future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of the empire. Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists were called mitimaes and represented the lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy. The Incan imperial government was highly authoritative and repressive. He sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui an army to repeat his conquests, and extend his realm to Quito.Pachacuti then built irrigating channels, cultivated terraces, made roads and hospices. The Road of the Inca stretched from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died." In popular culture <mask> is featured as the leader of the Inca in the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI. Pachacutec, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over 500 years old, plays a major role in James Rollins' novel Excavation, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes. The book is steeped in history and culture about the Inca, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.He was portrayed in the American documentary series Mankind: The Story of All of Us. The BBC children's series Horrible Histories featured <mask>, played by Mathew Baynton, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series. Pachakutiq is the name of a character played by Clark Gregg in season six of the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. — not the Incan emperor, but a character who might be said to be a "he who overturns space and time" in a certain sense. The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Pachacuti". Gallery References External links 1418 births 1471 deaths Inca emperors Incan politicians 15th-century South American people 15th-century monarchs in South America

Robert Wright (journalist)

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<mask> (born January 15, 1957) is an American journalist and author who writes about science, history, politics, and religion. He has written five books: Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988), The Moral Animal (1994), Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (1999), The Evolution of God (2009), and Why Buddhism is True (2017). As of 2019, <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. He is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of Bloggingheads.tv and the founder and editor-in-chief of Meaningoflife.tv. Early life and education <mask> was born in Lawton, Oklahoma to a Southern Baptist family and raised in (among other places) San Francisco. A self-described "Army brat", <mask> attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University to study sociobiology, which was a precursor to evolutionary psychology. His professors at college included author John McPhee, whose style influenced <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.Career Journalism <mask> served as a Senior Editor at The Sciences and The New Republic, and as an editor at The Wilson Quarterly. He has been a contributing editor at The New Republic (where he also co-authored the "TRB" column), Time, and Slate, and has written for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, and The New York Times Magazine. He contributes frequently to The New York Times, including a stint as guest columnist for the month of April, 2007 and as a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page in 2010. <mask> became a senior editor of The Atlantic on January 1, 2012. As of February, 2015, the magazine's author page describes him as "a former senior editor at The Atlantic." University teaching and research In early 2000, <mask> began teaching at Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania, teaching a graduate seminar called "Religion and Human Nature" and an undergraduate course called "The Evolution of Religion." At Princeton, <mask> was a Laurence S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow and began co-teaching a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition.In 2014, <mask> taught a six-week Coursera MOOC on "Buddhism and Modern Psychology". As of 2019, <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. Also as of 2019, <mask> is a Senior Fellow at the think tank New America. Meaningoflife.tv In 2002, <mask> ventured into video-on-Internet with his MeaningofLife.tv website, developed by Greg Dingle, in which he interviews a range of thinkers on their ideas about science, philosophy, meditation, spirituality, and other topics. Meaningoflife.tv is sponsored by Slate magazine, and made possible through funding by the Templeton Foundation. Other hosts include John Horgan, Daniel Kaufman, Nikita Petrov, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Bloggingheads.tv On November 1, 2005, <mask>, blogger Mickey Kaus, and Greg Dingle launched Bloggingheads.tv, a current-events diavlog.Bloggingheads diavlogs are conducted via webcam, and can be viewed online or downloaded either as WMV or MP4 video files or as MP3 sound files. New diavlogs are posted approximately 5-10 times a week and are archived. While many diavlogs feature <mask>, other hosts at Bloggingheads.tv include Glenn Loury, John McWhorter, Bill Scher, Matt Lewis, Kat Rosenfield, Phoebe Maltz-Bovy, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Views on religion <mask> has written extensively on the topic of religion, particularly in The Evolution of God. In 2009, When asked by Bill Moyers if God is a figment of the human imagination, <mask> responded: On The Colbert Report, <mask> said he was "not an atheist" but did not believe in any of the three Abrahamic religions. He opposes creationism, including intelligent design. <mask> has a strictly materialist conception of natural selection; however, he does not deny the possibility of some larger purpose unfolding, that natural selection could itself be the product of design, in the context of teleology.<mask> describes what he calls the "changing moods of God", arguing that religion is adaptable and based on the political, economic and social circumstances of the culture, rather than strictly scriptural interpretation. <mask> has also been critical of organized atheism and describes himself more specifically as a secular humanist. <mask> makes a distinction between religion being wrong and bad and is hesitant to agree that its bad effects greatly outweigh its good effects. He sees organized atheism as attempting to actively convert people in the same way as many religions do. <mask> views it as being counterproductive to think of religion as being the root cause of today's problems. In Why Buddhism is True, <mask> advocates a secular, Westernized form of Buddhism focusing on the practice of mindfulness meditation and stripped of supernatural beliefs such as reincarnation. He believes Buddhism's diagnosis of the causes of human suffering is vindicated by evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology.He further argues that the modern psychological idea of the modularity of mind resonates with the Buddhist teaching of no-self (anatman). Personal life <mask> lives in Princeton, New Jersey, with his wife Lisa and their two daughters. They have two dogs named Frazier and Milo, who are featured in a few Bloggingheads.tv episodes. Books 1989 Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information. 1994 The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. 1999 Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. 2009 The Evolution of God.Little, Brown and Company. 2017 Why Buddhism is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment. Awards and recognition The Evolution of God was one of three finalists for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. The New York Times Book Review chose <mask>'s The Moral Animal as one of the 10 best books of 1994; it was a national bestseller and has been published in 12 languages. Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny was a The New York Times Book Review Notable Book in the year 2000 and has been published in nine languages. Fortune magazine included Nonzero on a list of "the 75 smartest [business-related] books of all time." <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, was published in 1988 and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award.<mask>'s column "The Information Age," written for The Sciences magazine, won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism. References External links EvolutionofGod.net - A website for <mask>'s book The Evolution of God Nonzero.org - A website for <mask>'s book Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny Bloggingheads.tv MeaningofLife.tv <mask>'s Mindful Resistance newsletter Contributions to Slate magazine 1957 births Living people American male journalists American religious writers American science writers Critics of atheism Critics of creationism Douglas MacArthur High School (San Antonio) alumni Materialists Consequentialists Utilitarians People from Lawton, Oklahoma People from Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University alumni Radical centrist writers Secular humanists Science journalists Texas Christian University alumni Video bloggers Writers from Oklahoma New America (organization) Male bloggers

Eu Chooi Yip

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<mask> (; 2 December 1918 - 4 October 1995) was a prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s. <mask> was born in Kuantan, Malaysia. He was the Secretary of the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), Singapore's first political party. He actively engaged in Anti-British League, established by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and was responsible for pro-communist propaganda productions. After <mask> joined the MCP, he was responsible for the underground communist movement in Singapore from the 1950s to 1960s. He was the Secretary-General of the United Front of the MCP, called Malayan National Liberation League, which set its office in Beijing. During the Cultural Revolution, he was one of the directors taking in charge of the radio station, the voice of Malayan Revolution.In 1990, he returned to Singapore after receiving the invitation from the Singapore government. <mask> <mask> <mask> served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore. He died on 4 October 1995, aged 76. Biography Early life <mask> <mask> <mask> was born on 2 December 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia. <mask>'s parents came from Taishan, Guangdong, and operated a medicine shop in Malaysia. He came to Singapore to study with his brother and sister. He attended Victoria School while his sister went to Nanyang Girls' High School.As a child, he was taught by his sister about Sino-Japanese War, and he understood how Chinese people suffered under Japanese occupation. At that time, the Chinese Communist Party established Nanyang branch which organised communist movements among overseas Chinese and also influenced <mask> Chooi Yip. In 1938, he received an entrance scholarship to enter Raffles College. <mask> was a brilliant student who is good at economics and became one of the top graduates at Raffles College. He was a close friend of Goh Keng Swee, a former Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, whom he knew during his Raffles College days. In Malayan universities, Chinese students developed strong political consciousness, and they either turned toward China or Britain. As a Chinese student, Eu was politically aroused by China's struggle against Japan.He became interested in politics and developed Chinese nationalism. Although he also read Edgar Snow's Book, Red Star over China and developed respect toward the Chinese Communist Party, he did not totally accept communism. A Left-wing Student After graduation in 1940, <mask> worked as a Labour Inspector for the colonial government in Kuala Lumpur. When Japanese attack Kuala Lumpur in 1942, <mask> <mask> Yip retreated to Singapore and worked as a clerk for Overseas Insurance Company. When Japanese occupied Singapore, he worked in statistical offices for a while. After Japan surrendered, he went back to work for the colonial government. When the Chinese leftist writer, Hu Yuzhi, published an article in Fengxia magazine in 1945 which criticised slavish colonial mentality, he felt ashamed for his experience of serving the British and Japanese colonial government.The Malayan Democratic Union, the first fledged political party, was formed in Singapore in December 1945 by English-educated intellectuals, such as Lim Hong Bee, Lim Kean Chye, John Eber and Philip Hoalim. <mask> resigned and joined the MDU as a full-time activist in Singapore in 1946 and became a stringer for the English language newspaper, the Straits Times. In preparation for independence of post-war Malaya, the British colonial administration provided the Constitutional Proposals for Malaya, or the Federation Proposals, which failed to balance the interests of Malays and non-Malays. The Federation Proposals met the demands of conservative Malays of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) that Malaya was constitutionally a Malay state and rejected the equal rights of non-Malays. The MDU worked together with Malayan Communist Party and the Malay Nationalist Party to organise anti-Federation movements, which led to the establishment of All-Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat (PUTERA). The AMCJA-PUTERA coalition demanded a self-governing United Malaya including Singapore and equal rights to all citizens. In 1947, <mask> replaced Lim Hong Bee as MDU Secretary.Although the ALL Malaya Hartal was successful, the colonial government did not concede and the coalition had financial shortage for the second Hartal. In April 1948, member organisations of the coalition held the last conference. <mask> proposed to decentralise the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition that each member organisation of the coalition could conduct agitation against the Federation constitution and member organisations were not allowed to act in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA unless permitted by the general conference. This conference actually dismantled AMCJA-PUTERA, and the MDU which ascribed the result to financial stringencies dissolved voluntarily. The more important factor leading to the dissolution of the AMCJA-PUTERA was that the MCP had already lost the faith in the constitutional struggle and turned toward armed revolution. As the result, the Malayan Emergency began in 1948 June, and the MCP was outlawed by the government. At that time, <mask> <mask> Yip rejected the connection between the AMCJA and the MCP and claimed that he gave his loyalty to Malaya and he was not a Communist.At the time, <mask> was described as an English-educated radical, along with P.V. Sarma, John Eber and Dr. Joseph K.M. Tan. They were pro-communist sympathies, but they were still not communists. Leaders of MDU had not developed complete understanding of Marxism, and they did not accept communism. Conversion to a Communist Member The MCP established the Anti-British League (ABL) and the student organisations in 1948, which strongly influenced Eu <mask> Yip's left-wing thoughts. One MCP leader, Ah Chin, made a decision to extand its influence among English-educated intelligentsia and absorb suitable ones into the party.The English-speaking section leader of the ABL, Wong Siong Nien, was sent to persuade Eu. <mask> started to embrace communism in at the end of 1948 and actively engaged in the ABL. Because <mask> <mask> Yip who has a bachelor's degree and can speak both Mandarin and English, as an intellectual among MCP members, he was given a lot of responsibilities. <mask> began to develop Communist Underground in Singapore and recruit ABL members among both English-speaking and Chinese-speaking intellectuals. A large number of students in University of Malaya who were political radicals engaged in clandestine activities and developed connections with the ABL and the MCP. He successfully persuaded his three MDU colleagues P.V. Sarma, Dr. Joseph K.M.Tan, Lim Chan Yong, and Lim Kean Chye to join in the communist party. They visited middle-class families to collect donation for the MCP and the ABL activities. He worked an editor for the Freedom News, which distributed communist propaganda productions. Lim Chan Yong and Joseph K.M. Tan founded pro-communist paper, Malayan Orchid. They distributed these propaganda productions from door to door. Due to the efforts of <mask> <mask> Yip, the Chinese-speaking ABL recruited 2000 members in June 1950, including Worker's ABL and Students’ ABL.A number of ABL members gained admission into the MCP through ABL activities, including <mask> <mask> <mask> who became an official member of the MCP in 1950. The British colonial government had a real fight against communist members in 1951. The police arrested members of the ABL and clear the leftwing group active in the Singapore Teachers’ Union, the Singapore Cooperative Society and the University of Malaya. The active members of former MDU and ABL were arrested by the police, such as John Eber and Dr Joseph K.M. Tan. Many students were also detained and charged with editing pro-communist paper. <mask> <mask> <mask> and Lim Kean Chye escaped the police arrest, because they went to Beijing for exchange.<mask> <mask> <mask>'s close friend, S Rajaratnam (<mask>'s housemate at Chancery Lane, the founder member of the PAP and the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore) gave him shelter while he was hiding from the British during this time and helped <mask> get medical treatment for his tuberculosis. As the colonial government was suppressing the communist movement in Singapore, <mask> <mask> <mask> was asked to go to Jakarta, Indonesia under the order of Yeung Kuo, deputy secretary general of the MCP, and continued his work for the MCP. Working in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader In Jakarta, <mask> <mask> <mask> established a party branch, which directed the communist activities in Singapore remotely. He took direct orders from Chin Peng, the secretary-general of MCP, and was the superior of Fong Chong Pik. The MCP planned to co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew and trying to help establish the People's Action Party (PAP). The truth of the story between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew remains controversial, because <mask> <mask> <mask>, Fong Chong Pik, and Lee Kuan Yew had different claims about the event. According to <mask> <mask> <mask>, Party committee in Indonesia and Chin Peng did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but Fong Chong Pik voluntarily took charge of all party affairs in Singapore and began to meet with Lee Kuan Yew.In 1957, <mask> <mask> Yip went back to Singapore to observe the general election. After the meeting with <mask>, Fong Chong Pik went to meet Lee Kuan Yew and talked about co-operation. Fong Chong Pik claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and LKY game him the nickname "the Plen". LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish co-operation in the united anti-colonial front with the PAP during his broadcast. As the MCP received support from the masses, especially the left-wings, the MCP's support for the PAP would help LKY win the election. In addition, the MCP expected that LKY would not take actions against the communist party after he got the power. However, Lee Kuan Yew were very strict against the communist party when he got the power in Singapore.As the Barisan Sosialis split from the PAP, the MCP realised that they could not co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew. Fong Chong Pik was prevented to meet with Lee any more, before Lee initiated Operation Cold Store. In the early 1960s, when Sukarno served as the president of Indonesia, the MCP could organise activities publicly. Through the co-operation with Communist Party of Indonesia, <mask> established Malayan National

Eu Chooi Yip

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Liberation League. In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore. To avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands, in mid-1964. These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations.However, after the 30 September Movement in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, <mask> <mask> <mask> was arrested, and later released to China. The MCP began to operate secretly and no institutions were open publicly. The Malayan National Liberation League which was open publicly in Beijing actually represented the MCP, and <mask> <mask> <mask> served as the Secretary-General. Director of the Voice of Malayan Revolution in Sifang Mountain When the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand, a radio station called "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" was also established which broadcast battlefield reports of Malayan Peoples’ Liberation Army. As the radio station was destroyed by the Malaysian Army in July 1968, Mao Zedong helped the MCP rebuilt the radio station in Sifang Mountain, Changsha, Hunan Province in 1969 (during the period of Cultural Revolution). The radio station used four languages, Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English, to broadcast in Southeast Asia. <mask> <mask> <mask> was director of the radio station's Chinese branch.In addition, Communist Party of Burma and Communist Party of Thailand were also set up their radio stations in China. The three radio station broadcast the Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts which encouraged people in Southeast Asia to overthrow their governments. The broadcast scripts of the Voice of Malayan Revolution were recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members, including historian C. C. Chin. They completed the texts and published them in the Singapore leftist newspapers, such as Zhenxian Bao (Front), Party News, and People's Forum. These newspapers routinely published the frequency and wavelength of the radio station. A number of "red" cartoons, photos, and poems are also published. After the Operation Cold Store, the Barisan Sosialis lost its ability to compete with the PAP, but it was still significant opposition party.However, by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution, the Barisan's political agenda was dramatically radicalised which led to self-destruction. The left in Singapore isolated themselves by following the political line of Mao's China and they no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP's confidence to fight the left through legal means. The radio station of "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" which was operated in the border between Malaysia and Thailand was very effective. According to Chen Yinghong, the radio broadcast strongly influenced members in guerrilla of the MCP. Party members studied quotations from Mao Zedong and sang "Red Songs". People were interested in the battlefield reports of guerrilla of the MCP. A number of young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join in the MCP.However, the new radio station in Sifang Mountain failed to attract young people to join the communist party. The Chinese Communist Party only provided technical support for the radio broadcast and did not give any suggestions for the press releases. <mask> <mask> Yip and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers and paraphrased in a pro-communist way, so that the news were not well written. The main sources of newspaper were Sinchew, Nanyang, Straits Times, Utusan Melayu and other newspaper from Hong Kong. As young people were interested in the battlefield reports, the radio failed to provide. People who listened to the radio found that the news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives. Therefore, the propaganda of radio station in China was not effective.Return to Singapore In the early 1980s, when Deng Xiaoping came into power, China stopped Cultural Revolution, planned to have normal diplomatic relationship with countries in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported, and the "Voice of Malayan Revolution" was revoked. The non-Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were arranged jobs. <mask> <mask> <mask> was arranged to teach English in Changsha Railway University in Hunan. In 1989, Singapore and China started negotiations to establish diplomatic relations. <mask> <mask> <mask>'s classmate in Raffles College, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Goh Keng Swee, sent him a message through the Chinese International Liaison Department that invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations. <mask> <mask> <mask> accepted the invitation and later returned to Singapore in 1991.He served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore, until his death in 1995. <mask> <mask> <mask>'s reflection on revolutionary history <mask> <mask> <mask> helped to create an oral history interview, Lang Jian Zhu Meng (Pursuing Dreams beyond the High Seas: Oral History of <mask> <mask> Yip) and Political History in Singapore 1945-1965. In these books, he provided his own reflections on revolutionary history in Southeast Asia, including his opinions on the development and failure of the MCP. The contribution of the MCP <mask> <mask> Yip experienced the whole period of Maoist revolution in Southeast Asia. He believes that the MCP has great contribution in the history. This contribution has two main parts. First, the MCP participated in the battle against fascism during World War II.The MCP cooperated with the British Special Operations Executive, Force 136 and became an important regional power of the allied in Southeast Asia. As the ultimate goal of the MCP was to seize power of all states, the MCP fought hard against the Japanese invaders. Military leaders (Chin Peng) of the MCP were awarded for Order of the British Empire after the war. The second contribution of the MCP is their struggle against British colonial rule. After World War II, the United Kingdom planned to prevent the expansion of communism and continue to maintain its colonial rule in Malaya. The MCP launched an armed struggle against colonialism and forced the British to abandon its colonial rule in Malaya and Singapore. Finally the UK gave the ruling power to the Malaysian nationalists.The failure of the MCP When Malaysia got independence in the 1957, the country was on the way of nation-building and development. However, <mask> <mask> <mask> believed that the MCP failed because it did not recognise the legitimacy of Malaysia. The plan of the MCP was to build a Maoist regime in Malaya through armed struggle. This plan limited party's attractiveness to the a few number of extreme left-wing Maoists in the Malaysia and lose the support from the masses, so that the MCP finally retreated to the border of Malaysia and Thailand. At that time, the ethnic and political conflicts are very intense in Malaysia and Singapore. <mask> <mask> <mask> believe that the MCP could have called on the masses to revolt against the governments through inciting political suppression and ethnic riots. However, the MCP lost those chances to receive the support from the masses, which indicated its failure at the end.During the late 1970s, when <mask> <mask> <mask> was working in "Voice of Malayan Revolution", he was trying to find answers that why the MCP was not able to receive support from the masses. He believes that the land reform policies made by the MCP were wrong. The MCP claimed that Malaya was a colonial society, and farmers were the fundamental strength of the revolution. Those claims, <mask> <mask> <mask> believed, were copied from the theories of Mao Zedong. <mask> <mask> Yip received some academic books and journal articles from Malaysia and Singapore and focused on the social structure of Malaya, especially the rural class structure. He found that in Malaya, farmers rent lands from the British colonial government, and the rent was very low. Unlike Chinese farmer, Malayan farmers were smallholders and did not have any obligations.They planted rubbers and could be self-sustainable. Thus, Malaya's agricultural economy was capitalist economy. There was no landlord class ruling the Malayan village and Malayan farmers had no desire of revolution. As a result, Maoist theories that farmers were the main power of revolution and "surround the cities from the countryside" were impracticable in Malaya. Maoist theory was approved to be successful in China. As the MCP had been using Maoist theory as their guiding ideology for decades, and Maoist theory was also the foundation of the MCP's guerrilla warfare, changing guiding ideology and developing another theory could lead to devastating results to the party. The leaders of MCP were not able to recognise that they made theoretical mistake and copying Maoist theory led to the failure of the MCP.The Significance of Studying <mask> <mask> Yip <mask> <mask> Yip has two significant academic values. First, he provides a typical example that how an English-educated intellectual converted to a communist member. According to Yeo Kim Wah, when <mask> <mask> Yip received a lot of information about China's struggle against Japan and developed strong nationalism. He developed anti-colonialism through actively engaging in student political movements in Singapore, such as the Malayan Democratic Union and the Anti-British League. These political movements were influenced by left-wing thoughts and supported by the Malayan Communist Party. After the success of communist revolution in China, <mask> <mask> Yip accepted communist as his belief. Second, <mask> <mask> <mask> was an important leader of the MCP.The Chinese Scholar Cheng Yinghong had a deep analysis of him and believes that <mask> <mask> <mask>'s reflection on communist movements in Malaya is important, because it helps people understand the influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia, the relationship between Deng's China and Southeast Asian countries, and the Communist Revolutions during the Cold War. References Malaysian communists Malaysian emigrants to Singapore Singaporean people of Cantonese descent Victoria School, Singapore alumni 1995 deaths Malaysian politicians 1918

Brian McKnight

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<mask> (born June 5, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, radio host, and multi-instrumentalist. <mask> is most recognized for his strong falsetto, high belting range, and melismas. His work has earned him 16 Grammy Awards nominations, third only to Zubin Mehta and Snoop Dogg for the record of most Grammy nominations without a win. Life and career 1969–1989: Early life and career beginnings <mask> was born in Buffalo, New York to <mask>, Jr. and Ruth Elaine Willis. His musical career began in childhood when he became a member of his church choir. 1990–1997: Mercury Records In 1990, <mask>'s older brother, <mask> III, and his band, Take 6, signed a record deal with Warner Brothers. This encouraged McKnight to shop his own demo tapes and by the age of 19, he signed his first recording deal with Mercury Records subsidiary, Wing Records.In 1992, <mask> was released, and his self-titled debut album peaked at fifty-eight in the Billboard 200 chart, which primarily featured the ballad (and Top 20 single) "One Last Cry". It was followed by two more albums for Mercury, 1995's I Remember You and 1997's Anytime. Anytime, <mask>'s final album with Mercury, sold over two million copies and was nominated for a Grammy. The video for "Anytime", directed by Darren Grant, was nominated for Best Male Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards. In 1997, <mask> recorded "Remember the Magic" for Disney World's 25th anniversary. 1997–2003: Motown Records <mask> signed with Motown in 1998 and released the Christmas album Bethlehem, the first of five albums he released on Motown. In 1999, <mask> released Back at One, his most successful album to date, which eventually went on to sell over three million copies.Also Back at One is one of four of <mask>'s studio albums to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, reaching number 7 on October 9, 1999. 2004–2012: Warner Brothers and television/radio career In 1998, <mask> was a guest star on the show "Sister Sister", he appeared in multiple episodes as Tia and Tamera's college professor. In 2004, <mask> co-wrote with Australian Soul artist Guy Sebastian the song "Wait", off Sebastian's Beautiful Life album. In late 2005, <mask> signed with Warner Bros. Records and released the album, Ten. released December 2006, his only studio album with the label. Three singles released from the album: "Find Myself in You" (which originally appeared on the soundtrack to the 2006 Tyler Perry movie Madea's Family Reunion,) "Used to Be My Girl", and "What's My Name". In October 2007, <mask> made his Broadway debut in the show Chicago.From 2006 to 2010 he hosted a radio show, The <mask> Morning Show with Pat Prescott on KTWV The Wave in Los Angeles, CA. The show was briefly simulcast on KHJZ-FM, Smooth Jazz 95.7 The Wave in Houston, TX from 6AM-9AM CST. On January 26, 2009, <mask> hosted "The <mask> Show" from 7PM-Midnight on 98.7 KISS FM in New York City. In 2009, he appeared in the second season of Celebrity Apprentice. Each celebrity played to raise money for the charity of his or her choice; McKnight elected to play for Youthville USA. From September 2009 to May 2010, <mask> served as the media personality and hosted The <mask> Show, a late night talk show billed as a combination of talk and variety, aired in syndication. On March 31, 2011, <mask> sang the National Anthem for MLB Opening Day in Cincinnati, Ohio with his sons <mask>, Jr. and Niko.He had previously sung the National Anthem for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game in Cleveland, Ohio, Game 6 of the 2002 World Series in Anaheim, California, near his Los Angeles home, and the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit. <mask> has also made numerous other "National Anthem" appearances throughout his career. On October 22, 2012, <mask> sang "God Bless America" in the 7th inning of Game 7 of the National League Champion Series in San Francisco, California. On April 23, 2012 <mask> posted to YouTube "If You're Ready To Learn", which has been characterized by Billboard as a "filthy jam." Billboard selected this lyric from the work to quote: "Let me show you how your p—y works/Since you didn't bring it to me first." Other media outlets such as MTV, the Toronto Sun, and NewMediaRockstars have also written about <mask>'s recent, more adult-oriented efforts. Shortly after the single's release, <mask> and known humor website "Funny or Die" revealed that the single was a collaboration between the two parties.<mask> would later explain that he wrote the parody as a commentary on the state of R&B, which he noted was in a period of degradation overall with famous radio station 98.7 Kiss FM shuttering and hit singles being inferior quality music, among other ailments. 2015: Brian McKnight Music and Kobalt On August 14, 2015, <mask> released the single "Uh Oh Feeling", the first track from his album Better, which was released on his own label Brian McKnight Music LLC via Kobalt Label Services. Better was released on February 26, 2016, followed by positive reviews. 2016–present: An Evening with <mask>, SoNo Recording Group, and Genesis On September 23, 2016, <mask> released his first live CD, DVD, and Blu-ray collection entitled An Evening With in partnership with independent recording label The SoNo Recording Group through the Universal Music Group. The concert was recorded in Los Angeles at the historic Saban Theatre. The release includes fourteen songs performed live with his full band plus three newly written and recorded songs. The first single "Everything" reached the top twenty on the national Adult Contemporary charts in September 2016.The CD version of the concert debuted on the Billboard R&B chart at number thirteen as a Hot Shot Debut. Also included is a duet with Gino Vannelli on the song "Brothers in the End". The Blu-ray and DVD version of the release premiered on the Billboard Music DVD chart at number nine. On August 25, 2017, <mask> released the album Genesis. Featuring three top 30 Urban AC and AC hits, "Everything", "Forever", "I Want U", 'Genesis' premiered in the Top 10 on the Nielsen SoundScan Top 10 Current R&B albums and Top 20 Current Hip Hop/R&B albums. The album was produced by Tim Kelley part of the legendary producing duo Tim & Bob. In January 2018, <mask> was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards.<mask> and Genesis were nominated for Outstanding Male Artist and Outstanding Album alongside Bruno Mars, Charlie Wilson, Kendrick Lamar, Jay-Z, and Mary J Blige. In May 2018, he announced work on his next studio album tentatively titled Bedtime Story which would be 60 minutes of music "for the bedroom aka baby-making music." In 2021, <mask> competed on The Masked Singer spin-off The Masked Dancer as "Cricket". Personal life <mask> was married in 1990 to singer-songwriter and his college sweetheart, <mask>. <mask> and Julie have two children, <mask> and Niko. They divorced in 2003. In 2014, he began dating Dr. Leilani Malia Mendoza, and they announced their engagement in May 2017.On December 29, 2017, <mask> and Mendoza were married. Religion <mask> was raised a Seventh-day Adventist. Religion was important in the <mask> family, with many generations being Seventh-day Adventists. His grandfather was a pastor of a church, and his mother played the piano and sang in a gospel choir in Buffalo's Emanuel Temple. Being the youngest of four boys, <mask> became a member of an a cappella gospel quartet with his brothers. He also attended Oakwood College, a Seventh-day Adventist university in Huntsville, Alabama, from 1987 to 1989. In his second year, McKnight got into trouble for violating Oakwood's rules about dormitory visitors for having his girlfriend in his dorm room.They were both expelled.

Robert Robinson (engineer)

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<mask> (June 22, 1906 – February 23, 1994) was a Jamaican-born toolmaker who worked in the auto industry in the United States. At the age of 23, he was recruited to work in the Soviet Union. Shortly after his arrival in Stalingrad, <mask> was racially assaulted by two white American workers, both of whom were subsequently arrested, tried and expelled from the Soviet Union with great publicity. Starting with a one-year contract to work in the Soviet Union, <mask> twice renewed his contract. After the publicity of his assault, he felt unable to return to the US and accepted Soviet citizenship. He earned a degree in mechanical engineering. His repeated attempts to visit outside the USSR finally resulted in an approved trip to Uganda in 1974, where he asked for and was given asylum.He married an African-American professor working there. He finally gained re-entry to the United States in 1986, and gained attention for his accounts of his 44 years in the Soviet Union. Life Born in Jamaica, <mask> moved with his parents to Cuba, where he grew up. He and his mother were abandoned by his father when he was six. His mother was born in Dominica and had gone to Jamaica while employed by a doctor. He and his mother emigrated to the United States and settled in Detroit. He went to local schools and became a skilled toolmaker at the Ford Motor Company during the expansive years in the auto industry.In 1929 Ford and the Soviet Union agreed to cooperate on a car plant in Gorky to turn out Model T cars. In 1930, a Russian delegation visited the Company, where <mask> worked as a toolmaker. The delegation leader offered him and others a one-year contract in the Soviet Union. The pay would be far greater. They were promised free rent in a grand apartment, maid service, and a car. At 23, fearing he could be laid off at any moment due to the effects of the Great Depression and the institutionalised racism in the United States, and taking into account that a cousin of a friend had recently been lynched in the South, <mask> accepted. Soviet Union He arrived in Stalingrad on July 4, 1930, to begin working in a tractor factory.The only African American among a contingent of workers from the United States, <mask> was beaten by two white American workers shortly after his arrival. After the incident the Soviet press turned him into a minor celebrity, publicising his case as an example of American racism. After his first year he renewed with another contract. After his second one-year contract expired in June 1932, <mask> went to Moscow to obtain a return ticket to the United States. Officials persuaded him to accept another one-year contract working at a ball-bearing factory. He was one of 362 "foreign specialists" at the plant when he started working there. After the assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov, Stalin's assumed successor, on December 1, 1934, the preferred status of foreign specialists ended "overnight".In 1937, the US government ordered <mask> to return home or relinquish his citizenship. <mask> chose to stay in the Soviet Union due to the continuing depression and accepted Soviet citizenship although he later regretted this decision. He survived Stalin's Great Purge while many of his foreign acquaintances in Moscow vanished in 1936–1939. On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Due to the nature of Soviet news reports, <mask> and others at his plant suspected that Soviet forces were suffering devastating losses. The Russians flocked to church that day, surprising <mask>, although after 24 years of Communist rule there were no priests to lead the congregation. Throughout the rest of the war, the government tolerated attendance to religious services.<mask> survived the German invasion of Russia, during which Hitler's army was stopped only from Moscow. During the war, he almost died of starvation, with some meals consisting of six or seven cabbage leaves soaked in lukewarm water. Despite the war, the Soviets arranged for continued education. According to his autobiography, in July 1944, <mask> graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering, but did not receive his diploma until two years later. In 1947, he starred as a black American in a film about Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay. He also advised and acted in a Russian film production of the American racial drama Deep Are The Roots, (Глубокие корни). Return to the United States After World War II, <mask> attempted to return to the US.He asked the singer and actor Paul Robeson, who had traveled to the Soviet Union, to help him leave the country. Robeson declined to do so as it would harm his relations with the Soviet leadership. Since the 1950s, <mask> had annually applied for a vacation visa abroad and each time, it was denied. Through the influence of two Ugandan ambassadors, <mask> was granted permission to visit Uganda in 1974. He bought a round-trip ticket so as not to arouse suspicion. Once there, he appealed for refuge, which was temporarily granted by Idi Amin. In 1976, <mask> married Zylpha Mapp, an African-American professor who was working at a university in Uganda.Through the efforts of Ugandan officials, and US Information Service officer William B. Davis, he was eventually allowed to re-enter the United States and re-gained United States citizenship in 1986. He lived in the US until his death in 1994. Following his return, he gave interviews about his insights into Soviet life from the inside, and was also featured in the Detroit Free Press. He was honored by the Ford Motor Company, 60 years after he began his work there. He moved to Washington, D.C. with his wife. After returning to the United States, <mask> wrote his autobiography, with the writer Jonathan Slevin. It was published as Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside The Soviet Union (1988).<mask> died of cancer in 1994. Among those attending the funeral were his wife, William B. Davis, and Mathias Lubega, former Ugandan ambassador to the Soviet Union. References Further reading <mask>; with Jonathon Slevin (1988). Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside the Soviet Union. Washington, DC: Acropolis Books. . Tim Tzouliadis. The Forsaken: From the Great Depression to the Gulags – Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia. Little, Brown, 2009."The Alabaman Herbert Lewis was locked up in a Stalingrad prison [for assaulting <mask>] ... his arrest, observed the visiting American reporter William Henry Chamberlin, seemed only to strengthen the "racial chauvinism" of the three hundred other Americans working at the tractor factory." (pp. 39–40). Roman, Meredith L. Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism, 1928–1937 (Justice and Social Inquiry) University of Nebraska Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 2012), . Chapter 1: American Racism on Trial and the Poster Child for Soviet Antiracism. "On Thursday, July 24, 1930, around six o'clock in the evening at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory, <mask> was walking away from the cafeteria when two white American men, Lemuel Lewis and William Brown, confronted him." (p. 26).Smith, Homer. Black Man in Red Russia. Johnson; Ex-Lib edition (1964). ASIN: B000IQ7HGQ. The Ghost of the Executed Engineer An American Engineer in Stalin's Russia: The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932–1934. Witkin, Zara (1900–1940), Find a Grave. John Scott, BEHIND THE URALS: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel.Worker at Magnitogorsk. See also Alexander Dolgun (1926–1986) survivor of the Soviet Gulag who returned to his native United States. Thomas Sgovio (1916–1997) American artist, and former inmate of a Soviet GULAG camp in Kolyma. Victor Herman (1915–1985) Jewish-American initially known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia', who then spent 18 years in the Gulags of Siberia. George Padmore (1903–1959) Pan-Africanist, journalist, studied in the United States and moved to the Soviet Union. William Henry Chamberlin (1897–1969) American journalist during the trial of <mask>'s assailants. Jack Littlepage (1894–?)American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929–1937). Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky (1884–1938) Soviet revolutionary and petroleum and mining engineer executed during the Great Purge. 1907 births 1994 deaths African-American people Jamaican emigrants to the United States Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. American emigrants to the Soviet Union American expatriates in the Soviet Union American mechanical engineers People with acquired American citizenship Former United States citizens Soviet mechanical engineers Soviet people of World War II

Paul Reichmann

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<mask>Moshe Yosef<mask> (‎; 27 September 1930 – 25 October 2013) was a Canadian businessman and member of the <mask> family. He is best known for his leadership of the Olympia & York real estate development company. Formative years <mask> was born in Vienna in 1930 to <mask>, a poultry farmer, and his wife Renée. His parents were Orthodox Jews from a small town in Hungary, but his father had risen to prominence in Vienna as a successful merchant. <mask> was the fifth of six children. The family escaped the Nazi occupation of Austria unintentionally. They had left the country on the day of Anschluss to visit Samuel's father in Hungary who had suffered a stroke.Abandoning their lives in Vienna, they made their way from Hungary to the neutral Moroccan city of Tangier In Tangier, the family prospered as Samuel became a major currency trader. After the war <mask> left home to study Judaism first in Britain and then in Israel, and his parents hoped that he would become a teacher. In 1955 he married Lea Feldman. Rising success In 1956, <mask> followed his family to Canada, where three of his brothers — Edward, Louis and Ralph — had established the Olympia Floor & Wall Tile Co, and his eldest brother, Albert, had launched York Factory Developments. <mask> fell into propertyafter building a new warehouse for the Toronto tile company. He got the warehouse built for $70,000, selling a year later for a $34,000 profit. He co-founded Olympia & York with his brothers Albert and Ralph in 1958.Soon the company was building such facilities for others. In 1964, Olympia and York was founded as a separate building and property development firm. The firm was soon profitable, and expanded rapidly. It also accepted difficult projects, including the construction of First Canadian Place, Canada's tallest building, built in 1975. The company expanded to New York City and by the mid-1980s it was the largest developer in the world, and Forbes magazine ranked them the fourth richest family in the world in 1991, worth $12.8bn. Despite his success, <mask> lived relatively modestly, described as living in a comfortable home in Toronto, and driving an old Cadillac. He remained very private and unwilling to talk to the press.He retained his strong religious views, and used much of his fortune to support his religion. In Toronto he built a number of schools and synagogues which became the centre of a thriving Orthodox community. Shunning most luxuries, his one personal indulgence was collecting rare and valuable Jewish texts. Pursuant to Jewish law, all of Olympia and York's construction projects halted on the Jewish Sabbath and all holy days. Troubles The company ran into severe trouble in the early 1990s. It was due in part to a general decline in the world economy, but the company was truly brought low by the Canary Wharf project. It was the world's largest property development, but remained half empty.<mask> had taken the project as a major gamble. He had been impressed by Margaret Thatcher's reforms and obtained a personal promise from her that she would help the project, most importantly by extending the London Underground to reach it. In Canada, Reichmann's once sterling reputation also began to suffer. In 1985 the company had bought Gulf Canada Resources in a deal that included some $300 million in tax breaks. Many Canadians were infuriated that a massive corporation had been given such a lucrative deal. Toronto Life magazine also published a highly critical article on the Reichmanns. The family took offence at allegations that <mask> had aided the Nazis with illegal smuggling operations during the Second World War.The family sued the magazine for an unprecedented $102 million. They were successful, and Toronto Life published a full retraction. In 1992, as Olympia and York collapsed under some $20 billion in debt, <mask> lost most of his family fortune. Recovery and retirement Despite these setbacks, <mask> successfully rebuilt a small portion of his empire. This included setting up a partnership with George Soros, Lawrence Tisch and Michael Price. Along with investors such as Al-Waleed bin Talal, a consortium paid $1.2 billion for a controlling stake in Canary Wharf, from a third party in charge of the property's administration. <mask> was hired as chairman.As Sandy Weill stated, <mask> was hired because, he "...really came up with that whole concept and built it, and got overleveraged and lost it...he knew where every screw was, where every nail was, he knew and loved the operation better than anyone else..." Canary Wharf went public in 1999. During 2004, a takeover battle began for the Canary Wharf Group in which <mask> eventually sided with Canadian developer Brascan to attempt a purchase of the company. During this process, he resigned his position on the Board. In March 2005, a consortium of investors led by Morgan Stanley under the banner of Songbird Estates purchased Canary Wharf Group, and <mask> was therefore no longer involved with Canary Wharf on a day-to-day basis. <mask>, at the time 75, announced that he intended to retire from business and sold many of his property holdings. Return to business activity In September 2006, <mask> announced that he was bored with retirement and that he would be setting up a new $4 billion fund, based in Toronto, with offices in Great Britain and the Netherlands. Death <mask> died at the age of 83 in Toronto on 25 October 2013.His funeral took place Saturday night, 26 October 2013, at the Bais Yaakov Elementary School (15 Saranac Boulevard), in Toronto. He was buried in Jerusalem, in Har Hamenuchot cemetery. See also Canadians of Hungarian ancestry References and notes <mask> 1930 births 2013 deaths Businesspeople from Montreal Canadian chief executives Canadian construction businesspeople Canadian Orthodox Jews Canadian real estate businesspeople Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss Jewish Canadian philanthropists People from Tangier 20th-century philanthropists

Thomas Pooley

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<mask> (c. 1788 – 1846 or later) was a Cornishman who moved to London to seek his fortune. Having amassed sufficient wealth, he settled in Kingston-upon-Thames, where he operated several malthouses. After the arrival of the London and Southampton Railway, soon renamed London and South Western Railway, a little way to the south of Kingston, he conceived the idea of building a new town adjacent to the railway. He built houses for relatively wealthy people who worked in London, but wished to live in the more salubrious air of the countryside. Pooley was thus one of the early developers of the concept of commuting. His project established the nucleus of what became the modern town of Surbiton, but opposition from competing interests forced him into bankruptcy and he disappeared from history in his late 50s. Before Kingston It is clear from surviving records that <mask> and his wife Jane came originally from Cornwall.However, <mask> was not sure when he was born, stating in 1844 that he was "54, 56 or 58, I cannot say which". Some time in the early 19th century the Pooleys moved to London. They settled in Old Street in Finsbury and <mask> earned sufficient to allow him to amass considerable wealth. Life in Kingston By 1838 the Pooleys were living in the more pleasant surroundings of Kingston-upon-Thames, also known at that time as Kingston-on-Thames. <mask> ran three malthouses and his son Alexander ran another. In addition to his malting operations, <mask> owned three cargo vessels, the Agnes, the Elizabeth and the Mahon Castle. Despite his success in business, Pooley was seen by the business community of Kingston as being of the lower orders and not quite respectable.However, Alexander married into a local family. His wife Jane was the daughter of William Wadbrook, also a successful maltster, who came from a line of Kingston watermen. The coming of the railway The builders of the London and Southampton Railway had hoped to take the line north of Surbiton Hill and put a station somewhere to the south of Kingston. However, the men who ran Kingston saw the railway as a threat to the town's coaching and inn-keeping trades and refused to allow the line to pass through their territory. It therefore proved necessary for a cutting to be dug through Surbiton Hill. A station was built in the cutting, close to the Ewell road. In theory, this station served Kingston, but it was a long way from the town.Christopher Terry was a gentleman farmer noted for being a good employer. He owned Maple Farm, just south of the hamlet of Surbiton, and he died there at the age of 93 in 1838, just as the railway was being built nearby. In his will he directed that his estate be sold and the proceeds divided between the beneficiaries. When the land was auctioned, there was little interest. However, <mask> realized the potential of this land and bought a large part of it for the modest sum of £10,500. He planned to build a new town, which would be called New Kingston or Kingston-(up)on-Railway, and hoped to attract people who wanted rapid access to London. Within weeks, a London consortium offered Pooley £120,000 for the land, but he refused the quick profit, because he was keen to see his project through.The new town The scheme moved ahead rapidly, because Pooley took personal control of it and he threw himself into it with enthusiasm. He drew up plans and engaged an architect, engineers, builders and labourers. He supervised the project closely, moving about the area to ensure that all was progressing well. By the 1841 census <mask> and Jane were living in a new house in Claremont Crescent, now The Crescent, and Alexander, who appears to have given up other employment to assist his father, had moved into a house in Victoria Terrace, now a row of shops in Victoria Road close to the station. The original station, approached by way of a steep descent into the cutting, soon proved to be wholly inadequate. So in 1839 Pooley gave land for a new station to be built on the present site, which is adjacent to an important road junction. In August 1840, and again in October, The Times praised Pooley's enterprise in creating this remarkable development.Wide streets and a crescent were lined with handsome houses. Downfall and disappearance The newspaper's enthusiasm was not, however, matched by the business community of Kingston, which was becoming apprehensive about Pooley's success. When he proposed the building of a corn market near the station, leading businessmen put forward a proposal to build one in Kingston and persuaded the Council to block Pooley's scheme. In the end neither scheme was realized. This was but one episode in a campaign to bring Pooley down. There is no evidence that anything illegal was done, but there seems to have been a concerted effort to get rid of this 'upstart'. Pooley had needed to borrow heavily to finance the project and this was his Achilles' heel.In January 1842 Coutts Bank refused to lend him any more and creditors closed in on him. Unpaid seamen were after his blood. It appears that Pooley's own solicitors had been part of the plot to bring him down, warning Coutts of the growing antagonism of the Kingston establishment. Things became increasingly difficult for Pooley. After building work had been suspended because of lack of funds, partly completed houses were vandalized. This seems to have been an attempt by unidentified parties to reduce the value of his assets and hasten his capitulation. Coutts refused Pooley's offer to hand over his holdings in exchange for a life annuity of £1,000.Eventually, in June 1842 Pooley was forced to hand over his holdings in the new town to his creditors' trustees. Apparently there was a gentlemen's agreement to pay him £5 a week. He fled to Boulogne and lived in poverty. This was not the end of Pooley's misery. His £5 a week allowance was withdrawn and Alexander, his son, was taken dangerously ill. In January 1844 <mask> returned to England, landing at Greenwich and staying in Surrey, where there was no writ against him. Attempts were made to persuade Pooley to sign away his claims on the new town.There were violent altercations in a solicitor's office and at one point <mask> was about to be taken to prison. Despite his illness, Alexander was arrested for one of his father's debts. Eventually, <mask> was plied with drink and prevailed upon to sign. The next day Pooley changed his mind. He filed complaints in the Chancery Court and these were still unsettled two years later, when a new tragedy struck. In 1846 Jane, Alexander's wife, died at 28, leaving three small children. In 1846 Pooley disappears from history, his court cases unsettled.No record of his death has been found, so it is possible that he died abroad. Note: The above version of events is largely in line with the story as recounted by Sampson. Statham's later book gives a more detailed account with a somewhat different chronology. However, the overall shape of the story is essentially the same. Aftermath Alexander Pooley continued the legal battles, without success, until the early 1850s, when he, too, disappears from history. It seems that his son, <mask>, returned to the world of brewing. The new town soon came to be known as Surbiton.This name had previously referred principally to the hamlet of Kingston parish spread out along what is now Surbiton Road. Streets and buildings were renamed to remove any reference to the Pooleys and their relatives. There is now a residential block in Surbiton called Thomas Pooley Court, but the real monument to the vision of this man is the group of elegant streets just north of the station, where some of his handsome houses survive. Gallery Sources These include: June Sampson: All Change; Kingston, Surbiton & New Malden in the 19th century. (News Origin, Kingston, 1985, revd 1991). Richard Statham: Surbiton Past. (Phillimore, Chichester, 1996).Shaan Butters: The Book of Kingston. (Baron Birch, 1995). References and notes People from Cornwall Real estate and property developers History of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames

Henry Samueli

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<mask> (born September 20, 1954) is an American businessman, engineer, and philanthropist. He is the co-founder of Broadcom Corporation, owner of the National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks, and a prominent philanthropist in the Orange County, California community. He serves as chairman of the Board of Broadcom Inc. He is also a Professor (on leave of absence) in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at UCLA, and a Distinguished Adjunct Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at UC Irvine. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan. He is a named inventor in 75 U.S. patents. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS).He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 2003 for pioneering contributions to academic research and technology entrepreneurship in the broadband communications system-on-a-chip industry. In 2012 Samueli won the Marconi Prize and Fellowship for "pioneering advances in the development and commercialization of analog and mixed signal circuits for modern communication systems, in particular the cable modem. Net worth As of February 2021, Forbes estimates <mask>'s net worth at $6.3 billion. Personal life <mask> resides with his wife Susan in Newport Beach, California. Education <mask>'s parents, Sala and Aron, were Polish-Jewish immigrants who survived the German Nazi occupation of Europe and arrived in the United States with almost nothing. Samueli stocked shelves in his family's Los Angeles liquor store and graduated from Bancroft Junior High School and Fairfax High School. Samueli became interested in electronics while building an AM/FM radio during a shop class at Bancroft.Samueli attended UCLA, where he received his bachelor's degree (1975), master's degree (1976), and Ph.D (1980), all in the field of electrical engineering. His Ph.D. advisor was Alan N. Willson Jr. and his Ph.D. dissertation is entitled "Nonperiodic forced overflow oscillations in digital filters." Broadcom origins In 1991, while still working as a professor at UCLA, <mask> co-founded Broadcom Corporation with one of his Ph.D. students, <mask>. Each invested $5,000 and initially worked out of Nicholas' Redondo Beach home. They rented their first office in 1992 in Westwood, Los Angeles near the UCLA campus and moved to Irvine, CA in 1995 at which time <mask> took a leave of absence from UCLA to be at Broadcom full-time. Broadcom went public three years after that. <mask> still remains on leave from UCLA and he continues to be listed on the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department faculty roster.Anaheim Ducks ownership In 2003, the Samuelis purchased the management contract for the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim sports and entertainment venue, creating Anaheim Arena Management, LLC, to oversee all operations of the arena, and in 2005 they purchased the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim National Hockey League (NHL) club, the arena's largest tenant, from the Walt Disney Company for $75 million. In 2006, the Samuelis announced the team's name change to the Anaheim Ducks and the arena's name change to Honda Center. In 2007 the Anaheim Ducks became the first California team ever to win the Stanley Cup championship. As of December 2016, <mask> serves on the executive committee of the NHL Board of Governors. In 2015 the Samuelis acquired ownership of the Ducks' American Hockey League affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals. They subsequently moved the franchise to San Diego as part of the AHL's western expansion that year and the team was re-branded as the fourth incarnation of the San Diego Gulls. In 2017 Forbes reported the Anaheim Ducks were worth $415 million.Philanthropy After Broadcom went public in 1998 the Samueli Foundation was created. The foundation focuses its giving in the areas of education, health, youth services, and Jewish culture and values. In 2012 the Samuelis joined the Giving Pledge, initiated by Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates, whose members pledge the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. Given <mask>i's background in engineering and education, some of their earliest philanthropic gifts were in these areas. In 1999 the Samuelis made major donations to the UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science and the UC Irvine School of Engineering, both of which have since been named after him. In 2009 <mask> was a founding director of the Broadcom Foundation, a 501c(3) corporate nonprofit, and he is the chair of this philanthropy that advances science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Broadcom Foundation sponsors the Broadcom MASTERS (Math, Applied Science, Technology and Engineering for Rising Stars) and the Broadcom MASTERS International, programs of Society for Science and the Public that inspire middle school students to continue math and science courses into high school in order to create pathways to STEM careers.Samueli was inspired by his own seventh grade experience of building a short wave radio from a Heathkit for innovation that he funded the Marconi/Samueli Award for Innovation with his Marconi Award. <mask> and Susan Samueli also sponsor the top prize, the $25,000 Samueli Foundation Prize in the Broadcom MASTERS. A major passion of Susan Samueli is in the areas of complementary and alternative medicine and integrative health and wellness. In 2001 the Samuelis established the Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine at UC Irvine. They have also supported the research of the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California, in cancer prevention and treatment. In 2017, the Samuelis made a transformational $200 million gift to UC Irvine to create the Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, a first-of-its-kind College of Health Sciences focused on interdisciplinary integrative health. As part of the gift, the existing Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine was elevated to become the Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute.Some of the other major naming gifts of the Samueli Foundation include the Samueli Theater at the Orange County Performing Arts Center in 2000, the Samueli Jewish Campus in Irvine, CA in 2001, the Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library at Chapman University in 2003, the Samueli Academy, a public Charter High School in Santa Ana, CA for community, underserved, and foster teens in 2013. In 2015, <mask> received a prize from the Israeli government for his global contribution to innovation and his contribution to innovation in Israel, at the "Innovex" conference for innovation in technology. <mask> was named a 2017 Fellow by the National Academy of Inventors. Election to NAI Fellow status is the highest professional accolade bestowed to academic inventors. To date, the Samuelis have committed over $500 million to philanthropic causes. In June 2019, UCLA announced a $100-million gift from Samueli and his wife, Susan. The gift will be used to expand the engineering school.Broadcom stock options & financial crimes investigation During the technology boom in the 2000s, <mask> and Broadcom co-founder <mask>. Nicholas III awarded millions of stock options to attract and reward employees. Prosecutors alleged <mask> and Nicholas granted options to others, including some other top executives, but not themselves, to avoid having to report $2.2 billion in compensation costs to shareholders. In 2006 both the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice began investigating Broadcom Corporation for backdating of stock options. On May 15, 2008, <mask> resigned as chairman of the board and took a leave of absence as Chief Technology Officer after being named in a civil complaint by the SEC. On June 23, 2008, Samueli pleaded guilty for lying to SEC for $2.2 billion of backdating. Under the plea bargain, Samueli agreed to a sentence of five years probation, a $250,000 criminal fine, and a $12 million payment to the US Treasury. Prosecutors focused on the fact that Samueli denied under oath any role in making options grants to high-ranking executives.As part of his plea agreement, <mask> admitted the statement was false, and admitting to being part of the options-granting process. However, an internal Broadcom probe laid the majority of blame on CEO <mask> and CFO William Ruehle. On September 8, 2008, U.S. District Court Judge Cormac Carney rejected the plea deal that called for Samueli to receive probation, writing: "The court cannot accept a plea agreement that gives the impression that justice is for sale". 16 months later, on December 10, 2009, Judge Carney, after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses at the trial of CFO William Ruehle, dismissed the case against <mask> (as well as Ruehle and Nicholas), citing <mask>'s testimony as well as prosecutorial misconduct. In his ruling Judge Carney stated "The uncontroverted evidence at trial established that Dr. Samueli was a brilliant engineer and a man of incredible integrity. There was no evidence at trial to suggest that Dr. Samueli did anything wrong, let alone criminal. Yet, the government embarked on a campaign of intimidation and other misconduct to embarrass him and bring him down."He further added in his ruling "Needless to say, the government’s treatment of Dr. Samueli was shameful and contrary to American values of decency and justice." The judge ordered Dr. <mask>'s plea agreement to be "expunged" from his record and stated "Dr. Samueli now has a clean slate." Awards and Honors 2003, National Academy of Engineering 2004, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2006, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 2018, U.S. News STEM Leadership Hall of Fame 2018, National Academy of Inventors 2020, Ellis Island Medal of Honor 2021, IEEE Founders Medal References External links <mask> biography at the UCLA Department of Electrical Engineering <mask> biography at the Samueli Foundation The Samueli Foundation 1954 births American billionaires American communications businesspeople American people of Polish-Jewish descent Anaheim Ducks executives Giving Pledgers 21st-century philanthropists Jewish American sportspeople Living people Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering National Hockey League executives National Hockey League owners Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York Stanley Cup champions UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty American chief technology officers Fellow Members of the IEEE Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences People from Newport Beach, California 21st-century American Jews

Alan Eichler

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<mask> (born July 17, 1944) is an American theatrical producer, talent manager and press agent who has represented several stage productions, produced Grammy-winning record albums and managed singers including Anita O'Day, Hadda Brooks, Nellie Lutcher, Ruth Brown, Johnnie Ray and Yma Sumac. He is a cousin of California architect <mask> and nephew of writer <mask> and advertising executive/novelist <mask>. Early life and career Born in Elmhurst, Queens, New York, United States, Eichler began his career in the mailroom as an apprentice to publicist Lee Solters in 1963, and worked his way up to account executive at Solters' firm Solters, O'Rourke and Sabinson. Following admission to the Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers union in 1969, he worked as publicist on productions of Hello, Dolly!, George M! and Hair. He also promoted several major off-Broadway hits including Paul Zindel's Pulitzer Prize-winning The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, the Elaine May-Terrence McNally double-bill "Adaptation/Next" with James Coco, Harold Pinter's The Tea Party and The Basement, the long-running rock musical Your Own Thing, Andre Gregory's experimental adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, and Tom Stoppard's The Real Inspector Hound. Eichler also represented several noteworthy "flops" during this period including Shelley Winters' only attempt at playwrighting, One Night Stands of a Noisy Passenger with Robert De Niro, Sally Kirkland and Diane Ladd; Tina Howe's The Nest with Jill Clayburgh; Leland Hayward's last production The Mother Lover with Eileen Heckart; and Larry Kramer's Four Friends with Brad Davis.Later theatrical work and productions In 1970, he began a long association with playwright Tom Eyen, starting with The Dirtiest Show in Town and continuing with the prison comedy Women Behind Bars (which Eichler also co-produced), The Neon Woman starring Divine, Why Hanna's Skirt Won't Stay Down with Helen Hanft, The White Whore and the Bit Player, and the Tony Award-winning musical Dreamgirls. He also worked with actor-director-playwright Charles Ludlam and helped establish Ludlam's Ridiculous Theatrical Company as one of the major forces of New York's avant-garde theatre, with such cult hits as Camille (performed by Ludlam in drag), Bluebeard, Stage Blood, Hot Ice, and the cabaret play The Ventriloquist's Wife. In 1974, he became co-producer with Geraldine Fitzgerald of her one-woman musical show Streetsongs, which had three separate extended theatrical runs over the next several years both on and off-Broadway, a TV version on PBS and an original cast record album. He also represented Fitzgerald for all of her other ventures for the rest of her stage and film career. He helped steer the course of an unusual 1975 rock opera entitled The Lieutenant, based on the My Lai Massacre, which began as a small workshop production at the Queens Theatre in the Park, before traveling to Broadway. It only managed to run for nine performances, but was nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Musical and Best Actor in a Musical (Eddie Mekka). He promoted the 1976 Jerry Rubin self-help book Growing Up at Thirty-Seven.In 1978, he was associate producer of the Broadway musical Timbuktu!, an African-American adaptation of the Chet Forrest-Robert Wright musical Kismet, starring Eartha Kitt, Melba Moore and Gilbert Price. He also toured with the show for two years as press agent and continued to have a long association with Kitt. He next publicized the Broadway production of Martin Sherman's play Bent with Richard Gere. In 1980, he began a year-long tour as press agent with the first national company of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas starring Alexis Smith, following which he settled in Los Angeles. He arranged the first AIDS benefit for APLA Health in 1983, which was a midnight performance of Women Behind Bars at the Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood). In 1994, he produced an original musical, Swanson on Sunset, about the attempts of Gloria Swanson to create a musical version of her film hit Sunset Boulevard, with writer Dickson Hughes and actor Richard Stapley. It played an extended engagement at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel Cinegrill.Music and management Eichler shifted his focus to music and helped establish several jazz clubs and cabarets including the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill, the Oak Room at Perino's, the Westwood Marquis and the Vine St. Bar and Grill, where he also helped produce a series of live albums featuring Nina Simone, Joe Williams, Marlena Shaw, Etta James, Maxine Sullivan, Annie Ross, and LaVern Baker. In 1986, he produced all-star benefit shows at the Vine Street Bar and Grill that raised money to obtain a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Billie Holiday. He helped restore the careers of Anita O'Day (who he managed for 25 years), Yma Sumac (who he managed for more than 20 years and launched on a new international career), Ruth Brown (who won a Tony, a Grammy Award and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame), Johnnie Ray, Helen Forrest, Ella Mae Morse, Thelma Carpenter (including her Broadway run in Hello, Dolly! and her movie debut in The Wiz), Monica Lewis, Roberta Sherwood, Maxine Sullivan, Jimmy Scott, Dolly Dawn, and Maxene Andrews of the Andrews Sisters (who he launched on a successful solo career in 1979). He brought Hadda Brooks out of a 16-year retirement, and signed her to DRG Records and Virgin Records. In 1983, Eichler created original cabaret acts for veteran film stars Vivian Blaine and Virginia O'Brien. Also in 1983, he launched Mamie Van Doren on a new career as a disco recording star.He helped Knots Landing co-star Larry Riley launch a singing career in 1988, and produced the actor's tribute-show to Louis Jordan, Let the Good Times Roll. Eichler promoted the 50th anniversary concert by client Patti Page at Carnegie Hall in 1997 and arranged the release of the live recording, which earned Page her first Grammy. He co-produced Ruth Brown's Grammy Award-winning album Blues on Broadway. He helped O'Day recover from a long illness in 1999, and arranged for her comeback concert at New York's Avery Fisher Hall. Eichler was instrumental in arranging LaVern Baker's return to the US after a 20-year absence, and obtained two new album deals for her with Rhino Records and DRG Records. He also promoted comeback concerts for Joni James, at New York's Town Hall, Avery Fisher Hall and Carnegie Hall, as well as the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Theatre in Los Angeles and the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, where she was backed by the Count Basie Orchestra. He created and produced the show Voices—Hollywood's Secret Singing Stars, featuring four vocalists (Annette Warren, India Adams, Betty Wand and Jo Ann Greer).He managed jazz singer Jane Harvey and in 2010 produced a five-CD retrospective collection of recordings from her six-decade career, including unreleased titles she had recorded with Duke Ellington, Les Paul and Les Elgart. Current activity In 2020, he co-produced a stage revival of Women Behind Bars at the Ricardo Montalban Theatre in Hollywood, which was also filmed and streamed on Broadway HD. He is currently executive producer of a documentary film, Boulevard!, about Gloria Swanson's failed attempt to turn Sunset Boulevard into a musical. He has also compiled and annotated several CDs for Fresh Sound Records, Sepia Records, Real Gone Music, and Jasmine Records, by such artists as Sophie Tucker, Patti Page, Jill Corey, Peggy King, Roberta Sherwood, Louis Prima, Lily Ann Carol, Ketty Lester, Joanie Sommers, Lola Dee, De Castro Sisters, Margie Rayburn, Betty Johnson, Ann Miller, June Richmond, Janette Davis, and Judy Canova. References External links Yma-sumac.com 1944 births Living people People from Elmhurst, Queens American theatre managers and producers

Matt Moore (baseball)

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<mask> (born June 18, 1989) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays, San Francisco Giants, Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Phillies and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. Born in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, <mask>'s family moved to Okinawa when he was seven and Edgewood, New Mexico in 2000. Although he had committed to play college baseball with the University of New Mexico, <mask> chose to sign a professional contract with the Rays after they selected him in the 2007 MLB draft. He set multiple strikeout records for the Rays' farm system before making his major league debut in 2011. <mask> spent two full seasons with the Rays before Tommy John surgery caused him to miss the 2014 season. He returned in 2015, and was traded to the Giants the following year.<mask> struggled with run control in his second season with the Giants, leading the National League in earned runs allowed, and was traded to the Rangers in the 2018 offseason. His earned run average (ERA) stayed high with the Rangers, and he was sent to the bullpen to focus on his technique. In 2019, the Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year contract, hoping for a rebound season, but he played only two games before suffering a season-ending knee injury. <mask> spent one year with the Japan Series-winning Hawks before returning to the US in 2021 to play with the Phillies. Early life <mask> was born on June 18, 1989, in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. When he was seven years old, his family moved to Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, where his father was working on helicopters for the Air Force Special Operations Command. In 2000, <mask> and his family moved to Edgewood, New Mexico, where his older brother Bobby was set to begin high school.Both brothers attended Moriarty High School and would practice pitching at home, on a mound in their backyard. <mask> experienced a growth spurt between his sophomore and junior year of high school, which caught the attention of college recruiters and professional scouts. During his senior season, he helped take the Moriarty Pintos to a state runner-up title and was named Gatorade Player of the Year. <mask> had committed to play college baseball at the University of New Mexico, his brother's alma mater, before he was taken by the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the eighth round of the 2007 MLB Draft. Professional career Minor leagues After being drafted 245th overall, <mask> signed a $115,000 contract with the Rays in 2007. He debuted that year with the Rookie Princeton Rays at the age of 18. In his first minor league season, he had a 0–0 win–loss record, a 2.66 earned run average (ERA), and 29 strikeouts in 8 games and innings with the Rays.In 2008, he posted a 2–2 record, 1.66 ERA, and 77 strikeouts in innings. At the end of his first full season in 2008, <mask> was named a Baseball America Rookie All-Star. In 2009, <mask> was assigned to the Class A Bowling Green Hot Rods for their inaugural season. He was selected to start the first game in Hot Rods history. On June 8, 2009, <mask> was named the South Atlantic League Pitcher of the Week after throwing seven shutout innings in a 10–2 win over the Asheville Tourists. He went 8–5 for the season with a 3.15 ERA in 26 starts, and led the league with 176 strikeouts in 123 innings. The following year, <mask> had a standout season with the Class A-Advanced Charlotte Stone Crabs.His 208 strikeouts in innings were the most in the Florida State League since Michael Cosgrove in 1971. Issues with pitch control, however, led to a 3.36 ERA and a 1.18 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP). Mitch Lukevics, the Rays' director of minor-league operations, told FoxSports.com that, in both 2009 and 2010, <mask> was "off to a bad start, and the technique [was] not where it need[ed] to be", but he found his stride over the course of the season. <mask> started the 2011 season with the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits. On June 16, he pitched his first career no-hitter, and the first franchise no-hitter for the Biscuits, in an 8–0 victory against the Mobile BayBears. That July, he pitched an inning at the XM Futures Game, retiring all three batters he faced in 11 pitches that reached up to . Shortly afterwards, on July 22, he was promoted to the Triple-A Durham Bulls.He went 12–3 for the season, with a 1.92 ERA in 155 innings across 27 starts. <mask>'s 210 strikeouts were the most of any minor league player in Rays history, breaking his own record from the previous season, and made him the first minor league pitcher to record 200 or more strikeouts in back-to-back seasons. Tampa Bay Rays <mask> was called up to the Rays on September 11, 2011, and made his MLB debut three days later, giving up a two-run home run to <mask> in the eighth inning of a 6–2 loss against the Baltimore Orioles. His performance recovered in time for his first major league start on September 22, becoming the first pitcher in MLB history to pitch 11 strikeouts in five innings or fewer against the New York Yankees. The Rays went on to win 15–8. <mask> was given the start in Game 1 of the 2011 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the Texas Rangers, pitching seven shutout innings in a 9–0 victory for the Rays. <mask> finished his first major league season with a 1–0 record and a 2.89 ERA in innings.On December 9, 2011, the Rays signed <mask> to a guaranteed five-year, $14 million contract. His signing was part of a trend within the Rays organization of offering long-term contracts to young pitchers, but his contract was the largest ever in both guaranteed dollars and potential earnings for any pitcher with less than two years of service time. <mask> began with the Rays in 2012 as part of a five-player starting rotation that also included James Shields, David Price, Jeremy Hellickson, and Jeff Niemann. On June 15, <mask> combined with relievers Burke Badenhop and Brandon Gomes to pitch a one-hit shutout against the Miami Marlins, winning 11–0 and breaking a three-game losing streak. The Rays gave away a bobblehead figure of <mask> on their July 22 game against the Seattle Mariners after the pitcher went 5–1 with a 3.94 ERA in eight starts in June and July. <mask> finished the season with an 11–11 record, a 3.81 ERA, and 175 strikeouts in 31 appearances and innings. Returning to the Rays in 2013, <mask> became the first left-handed American League (AL) pitcher to begin a season with an 8–0 record at age 23 or younger since Babe Ruth in 1917.After a strong beginning to the season, <mask> began to falter, going 0–3 with a 13.86 ERA in his next three starts. He recovered in time to be named to his first ever MLB All-Star Game as a replacement for Yu Darvish, who suffered a strained trapezius. At the time, <mask> was tied with Max Scherzer for the most wins in the AL with 13. He pitched for the AL in the fifth inning of the All-Star Game, striking out Carlos González, Yadier Molina, and Troy Tulowitzki in only nine pitches. <mask> left a July 28 game against the New York Yankees in the fifth inning with a sore left elbow, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on July 31. He posted a 17–4 record and a 3.29 ERA that season in 27 appearances and innings. Elbow troubles followed <mask> into 2014.He exited the mound in the middle of an April 7 game against the Kansas City Royals, and realized after an afternoon throwing session that he could no longer pitch. <mask> underwent Tommy John surgery on April 22, 2014 to replace a partially torn ulnar collateral ligament, and was sidelined for the remainder of the season. In the 10 innings that he did pitch that season, <mask> was 0–2 and allowed three runs. <mask> began the 2015 season on the 60-day disabled list while recovering from surgery. He began pitching in June, making a series of minor-league rehab assignments for Durham. On June 28, 2015, rookie <mask> was optioned to Durham, presumably to make room in the rotation for <mask>. He returned to the Rays on July 2, 2015, giving up six hits and four runs in innings against the Cleveland Indians.He struggled in his first six starts, posting an 8.78 ERA and never pitching past the fifth inning, and was optioned to Durham to focus on improvement. There, <mask> recorded a 3.57 ERA in innings. On August 23, he struck out 16 Columbus Clippers batters, setting a franchise single-game record. He was called back up to the Rays on September 2, and finished the season with a 3–4 record and a 5.43 ERA in 12 starts and 63 innings. Going into the 2016 MLB season, <mask> was given the start for the Rays' exhibition game against the Cuban national team. The Rays won 4–1 in the first visit by an MLB team to Cuba since 1999, and Barack Obama, who was in attendance, was given one of <mask>'s gloves. He seemed to return to pre-surgery form in the early part of the season, striking out 27.1 percent of the batters he faced in April.His curveball, in particular, resulted in only five hits in 105 pitches. In 21 starts and 130 innings with the Rays in 2016, <mask> was 7–7 with a 4.08 ERA. San Francisco Giants On August 1, 2016, the Rays traded <mask> to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for third baseman <mask> and prospects Lucius Fox and Michael Santos. After reports emerged that <mask> would be wearing 55 with the Giants, a number that had previously belonged to pitcher Tim Lincecum, <mask> and the team had to quiet upset fans by saying that he would carry over his No. 45 from the Rays. <mask> debuted with the club on August 4, giving up two runs and six walks in six innings. The Giants won 3–2 against the Philadelphia Phillies in the 10th inning.That same month, on August 26, <mask> came within one out of a no-hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers, throwing seven strikeouts in innings. Dodgers shortstop Corey Seager hit a single in the bottom of the ninth inning, and reliever Santiago Casilla came in to pitch the final out of the Giants' 4–0 win. It would have been the fifth season in a row that a member of the Giants' pitching rotation threw a no-hitter. In the postseason, <mask> pitched eight innings in Game 4 of the 2016 National League Division Series (NLDS). Giants manager Bruce Bochy pulled <mask> before the final inning, and the Chicago Cubs overcame a 5–2 deficit to win the game and the series. <mask> finished 2016 with a cumulative 13–12 record, 4.08 ERA, and 178 strikeouts in innings. The 2017 season proved to be the worst of <mask>'s career.He went 6–15 with a career high 5.52 ERA in innings and 31 starts, gave up 27 home runs, and led the National League in earned runs allowed with 107. In addition to having the worst ERA among MLB pitchers with at least 162 innings, left-handed batters hit a .373 batting average against him, the highest in the league, and his allowance of 80 extra-base hits was the second-highest in the NL. <mask> attributed some of his troubles to an over-reliance on his cut fastball, which he threw more that season than his other pitches. Texas Rangers On December 15, 2017, the Giants traded <mask> to the Texas Rangers in exchange for pitching prospects Sam Wolff and Israel Cruz. After feeling discomfort in his knee during spring training, <mask> was placed on the 10-day disabled list on May 19, 2018. At the time, he was 1–5 with a 7.99 ERA in 10 games with the Rangers. He continued to struggle upon his return, carrying a 7.88 ERA by mid-June, and was moved to the bullpen to focus on improving his pitching technique.Prospect Yohander Mendez took <mask>'s place in the Rangers' starting rotation. He finished the season with a 3–8 record, a 6.79 ERA, and 86 strikeouts in 39 games and 102 innings with the Rangers. <mask>'s contract lapsed at the end of the 2018 season, leaving him a free agent. Detroit Tigers On December 4, 2018, the Detroit Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year, $2.5 million contract in anticipation that he would follow Mike Fiers as a low-risk pitcher heading into a rebound season. On April 6, 2019, however, in only his second start of the season, <mask> exited the mound three innings into a game against the Kansas City Royals, having sprained his right knee while attempting to field a bunt from Royals batter Billy Hamilton. He underwent meniscus surgery on April 14, and three days later, Tigers manager Ron Gardenhire announced that <mask> would miss the rest of the MLB season. Prior to his injury, <mask> pitched ten shutout innings for the Tigers.Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks On December 26, 2019, <mask> signed a one-year, () contract with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), who were looking to rebuild their pitching rotation after losing Ariel Miranda and Robert Suárez. He was part of a six-man rotation for the Hawks, who won the Pacific League by 14 games. <mask> pitched seven shutout innings, including five strikeouts, in Game 3 of the 2020 Japan Series, and the Hawks came within one out of a combined no-hitter in their 4–0 victory over the Yomiuri Giants. He finished the season with a 2.65 ERA in 15 starts with the Hawks. Because professional baseball returned to play in Japan earlier than in the US, <mask> was able to pitch 85 innings in 2020, one more than MLB season leader Lance Lynn. Philadelphia Phillies On February 3, 2021, <mask> signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Phillies. He was the first left-handed starting pitcher to begin a season with the Phillies since Cole Hamels in 2015.In his first three starts with the Phillies, <mask> pitched to a 9.82 ERA, with nine walks in only 11 innings. His poor performance, coupled with time spent on the COVID-19 protocol list, led to his removal from the starting rotation and replacement with veteran Phillies pitcher Vince Velasquez. Back spasms caused <mask> to miss over a month of pitching, from May 20 to June 25, at which point he was reactivated to start the second game of a doubleheader against the Mets. On July 16, in the first game of a doubleheader against the Miami Marlins, <mask> struck out nine batters in innings; it was the first time that he had fanned that many since 2017, in a game against the Washington Nationals. Despite struggles in recent starts, Phillies manager Joe Girardi gave <mask> a start against the Cincinnati Reds on August 11. <mask> no-hit the reds through 6 innings, throwing only 76 pitches while walking 2, but was removed in the 7th. The combined no-hit bid ended in the 8th when Archie Bradley gave up a solo homerun to Tyler Stephenson.<mask> would however earn the win as the Phillies won the game 6–1. <mask> finished the 2021 season with a 2–4 record and a 6.29 ERA. Pitcher profile Early in his career, sports journalists predicted that <mask> would become the Rays' ace because of his strong pitch repertoire and velocity. Baseball America and Keith Law of ESPN both ranked <mask> second among all 2012 prospects, behind Bryce Harper, while MLB.com placed him in the third slot, behind Harper and Mike Trout. After returning from Tommy John surgery, however, <mask> struggled with his pitch velocity and control, giving up large numbers of earned runs as he threw balls at hittable speeds and strike zone locations. His time in the NPB showed an improved performance, and Phillies manager Joe Girardi was keen to sign <mask> in the hopes that he would add depth to the back end of the Phillies' starting rotation, serving as a player who has "pitched in tough situations" and could contend with aces Aaron Nola and Zack Wheeler. <mask> utilizes a four-pitch repertoire consisting of a four-seam fastball, an changeup, an curveball, and an cut fastball.He and Mets pitcher Dellin Betances are known for having a unique grip on their four-seam fastball, in which they tuck their thumb under the ball, which some sports journalists and fellow pitchers believe negatively impacts their pitch control. <mask>'s most consistent flaw has been his walk total; in 2013, his best season statistically, he walked 76 batters in 150 innings. Personal life In the offseason, <mask> lives with his wife Anna, a labor and delivery nurse, and their son Luke in Scottsdale, Arizona. Luke was born in February 2019 in Tampa. <mask> is Catholic. He has a tattoo on his left shoulder of Saint Michael, his sponsor saint at his Confirmation. References External links 1989 births Living people American expatriate baseball players in Japan American League All-Stars Baseball players from Florida Baseball players from New Mexico Charlotte Stone Crabs players Catholics from Florida Catholics from New Mexico Detroit Tigers players Durham Bulls players Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players Major League Baseball pitchers Montgomery Biscuits players Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers People from Fort Walton Beach, Florida People from Edgewood, New Mexico Philadelphia Phillies players Princeton Devil Rays players San Francisco Giants players Tampa Bay Rays players Texas Rangers players

Niccolò Zucchi

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<mask> (; December 6, 1586 – May 21, 1670) was an Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist. As an astronomer he may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter (on May 17, 1630), and reported spots on Mars in 1640. His "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta", published in 1652–56, described his 1616 experiments using a curved mirror instead of a lens as a telescope objective, which may be the earliest known description of a reflecting telescope. In his book he also demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light. He also published two other works on mechanics and machines. Biography <mask> was fourth of eight children born into the noble family of <mask> and Francoise Giande Marie. Three of his sisters became nuns, three of his brothers became Jesuits, and one brother became a secular priest.The Jesuit order <mask> studied rhetoric in Piacenza and philosophy and theology in Parma. He finished his studies at the age of sixteen and entered the Jesuit order in Padua on October 28, 1602, in which he remained for the rest of his life. <mask> taught mathematics, rhetorics and theology as a professor at the Collegio Romano, and then was appointed as rector of a new Jesuit college in Ravenna by Cardinal Alessandro Orsini. He later served as the apostolic preacher, a post often referred to as “preacher to the pope”, for about seven years. He received patronage from Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, to which <mask> dedicated his book Nova de machinis philosophia in 1642. He also dedicated his 1652 book Optica philosophia, to Archduke Leopold of Austria. Near the end of his life, he was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome.<mask> died in Rome on May 21, 1670. Scientist <mask> <mask> published many books on science, including two works on the "philosophy of machines" (analyses of mechanics) in 1646 and 1649, and Optica philosophia in 1652. He also wrote an unpublished Optica statica, which has not survived. Some of the subjects <mask> wrote about were magnetism, barometers (denying the existence of the vacuum), and demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light. He also asserted that since Venus represented beauty, it was closer to the Sun than Mercury (which represented skill). Astronomer In 1623, <mask> was a member of a Papal legate sent to the court of Ferdinand II. There he met Johannes Kepler, the German mathematician and astronomer.Kepler encouraged <mask>'s interest in astronomy. <mask> maintained correspondence with Kepler after returning to Rome. At one point when Kepler was in financial difficulties, <mask>, at the urging of the Jesuit scientist Father Paul Guldin, gave a telescope of his own design to Kepler, who mentioned the gift in his book “The Dream”. <mask> along with fellow Jesuit Daniello Bartoli may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter on May 17, 1630, and <mask> reported spots on Mars in 1640. The crater Zucchius on the Moon is named in <mask> <mask>'s honor. Bartoli wrote his Jesuit biography (1682). Books Nova de machinis philosophia, Rome, 1649.Digitized by e-rara Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta (1652–56) <mask> and the reflecting telescope One of the things cited by <mask> in his 1652 book "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta" is his claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616. <mask> described an experiment he did with a concave lens and a bronze parabolic mirror he found in a cabinet of curiosities. <mask> used the concave lens as an eyepiece, trying to observe the focused image produced by the mirror to see if it would work like a telescope. Although <mask> described the mirror as "ab experto et accuratissimo artifice elaboratum nactus" (fabricated by an experienced craftsman) he apparently did not get a satisfactory image with it, possibly due to the mirror not being accurate enough to focus an image, the angle it was tilted at, or the fact that his head partially obstructed the view. <mask> abandoned the idea. If <mask> <mask>'s claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616 was true, then it would be the earliest known description of the idea of using a curved mirror as an image forming objective, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same idea in the 1620s. Claimed functionality There are many descriptions of <mask> <mask> successfully using his early "reflecting telescope".The French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle's 1700 work History of the Academy of Sciences stated <mask> used it to observe "celestial and terrestrial objects". There are also modern claims that <mask> used a reflecting telescope to observe the belts of Jupiter and examine the spots on the planet Mars, Such claims have been disputed. The 1832 Edinburgh Encyclopædia noted <mask>'s use of a tilted mirror "must have distorted and spoiled the image" and the 1858 Encyclopædia Britannica described Fontenelle's claim as "recklessly (ascribing) the invention" Historian Al Van Helden notes in his The Galileo Project that the claims Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe Jupiter and Mars as "wildly improbable". Henry C. King in his work on The History of the Telescope noted that <mask> was using a refracting (Galilean) telescope in his astronomical work and a publication by the British Astronomical Association notes for some of his observations <mask> was using refracting telescopes manufactured by Eustachio Divini and Giuseppe Campani. See also List of Jesuit scientists List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics Zucchius (crater), lunar crater named after Niccolò <mask> Notes External links Molecular Expressions website <mask> (1586-1670) The Galileo Project — <mask>, Niccolo <mask> in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University Nicolò <mask> (1652) Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library 1586 births 1670 deaths 17th-century Italian astronomers 17th-century Italian mathematicians 17th-century Italian physicists 17th-century Italian Jesuits Italian scientific instrument makers Jesuit scientists

Maud Jeffries

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<mask> (14 December 186926 September 1946) was an American actress. A popular subject for a wide range of theatrical post-cards and studio photographs, she was noted for her height, voice, presence, graceful figure, attractive features, expressive eyes, and beautiful face. She married wealthy Australian grazier, Boer war veteran, and former aide-de-camp to New Zealand's Governor-General, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934). Osborne was so enamoured of <mask> that he joined her theatrical company in late 1903 in order to press his suit. Engaged in May 1904, they married in October 1904, and had two children together (one of whom died as an infant). <mask> left the stage in 1906, and continued to live a quiet, very happy life, devoted to her family and her beautifully designed gardens, on their family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, NSW, until her death, at age 76, from cancer. An audience favourite wherever she went, <mask>' performances over a decade in New York, London, Australia, and New Zealand met wide critical acclaim, especially in the role of Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello and, in particular, for her creation of the role of Mercia in Wilson Barrett's masterpiece The Sign of the Cross.On viewing <mask>' performance (when just 20) as Almida in Claudian, one critic observed: Early life and family <mask> was born on 14 December 1869 at Willow Farm, near Lula in Coahoma County, Mississippi, to James Kenilworth <mask> (1845-), a cotton planter, and his wife Elizabeth Field <mask>, née Smith (1847-). She had three younger brothers: Henry (1872-), James K. jnr. (1875-), and Norman Weathers <mask> (1877-1959). Norman went with his sister to Australia and New Zealand, as part of her theatre company, in 1897,<ref>"Society — Sailed Away: For Sydney", The San Francisco Call, (Sunday, 14 November 1897), p.24;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14158669 Wilson Barrett's Arrival, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 6 December 1897), p.5].</ref> and remained with her company until she left the stage in 1906. Initially educated at home, and originally intending to become a teacher, from the age of 13 she attended the prestigious Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies in Memphis, Tennessee. A change in her family's fortunes meant that a career as a teacher was no longer possible, and her family encouraged her to pursue an acting career. Theatrical career From the age of 5, <mask> regularly entertained her family with recitations; and, once at Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies, in addition to her elocutionary skills, she also began to display a great talent at music, and at singing.Apparently, when offstage, <mask> was a somewhat modest and shy person; and, except for (perhaps, only) two occasions throughout her career — in The Memphis Daily Appeal of 9 July 1888, and The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, of 19 December 1897 — she refused to be interviewed by the press. United States (1887-1890) In October 1887, when <mask> was just seventeen, she performed in Lizzie Evans's new play, Our Angel, at the New Memphis Theatre. Leaving Memphis on 14 August 1888 for New York, she joined the Lizzie Evans company; however, within three weeks it was reported that "Miss <mask> has been compelled to give up her engagement with the Lizzie Evans company and has returned home for rest and quiet" — with a more detailed account emerging a week later: In 1889 she went to New York and worked with Augustin Daly's company, playing small parts in pays such as "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "As You Like It". Whilst working with Daly's company, she attracted the attention of Wilson Barrett. England (1890-1892) <mask> left the United States on the RMS City of Chester on 6 August 1890, and arrived at Liverpool on 16 August 1890. Her first appearance on the English stage was in a small part in a new play, The People's Idol, that Barrett had written in collaboration with Victor Widnell. She made her English debut, on 4 December 1890, in the play's first public performance: on the opening night of The New Olympic Theatre, in London's Drury Lane, an entirely new, purpose-built theatre, which Barrett also managed.In August 1891, Wilson Barrett discovered that, due to a half forgotten arrangement made several years earlier, his leading lady at the time, "<mask>", was contracted to appear with Morris Abrahams at the Pavilion Theatre for the whole of the 1891/1892 season.According to Thomas (1984, p.109), another actress, Mary Eastlake (1856-1911) who had been with Barrett for nine years, and had also been his "leading lady", had left Barrett's company a year earlier (towards the end of 1890), by amicable mutual agreement, and was touring the provinces, financed by Barrett — having been given the rights to perform the play "Clito" (co-written by Barrett and Sydney Grundy in 1886). Within days, it was being reported that "Miss <mask>, a former member of the Daly Company, is now leading lady in Mr. Wilson Barrett's company". Perhaps her reaction to Barrett's unexpected announcement was somewhat amplified by the fact that, as a consequence of becoming his leading lady, she had to master a total of 14 leading roles in the space of just three weeks. She soon settled into her new position, and by 22 October 1891, she was playing Desdemona, to Barrett's Othello, in the first performance of an entirely new production of Shakespeare's Othello, that Barrett had adapted to accommodate Jeffries "unique new school acting style" (Thomas, 1894, p. 111). <mask> was an outstanding success and, throughout the rest of her career, her performances as Desdemona were considered to be amongst her finest roles. United States (1892-1895) Barrett's 1892/1893 tour opened in Philadelphia, on 21 November 1892, at the Duquesne Theater, with a performance of Hamlet. <mask> was involved in the creation of Wilson Barrett's play The Sign of the Cross, which was originally produced at the Grand Opera House, St. Louis, Missouri on 28 March 1895.Barrett's company opened its Australian season for J. C. Williamson at Melbourne's Princess Theatre (18 December 1897 – 2 March 1898), and then went on to Sydney's Her Majesty's Theatre (5 March-21 May 1898), Adelaide's Theatre Royal (4–16 June 1898), and Perth's Theatre Royal (21 June-1 July 1898), presented a number of different works at each theatre, the first of which was Claudian (with <mask> as Almida);Amusements, The Age, (Monday, 20 December 1897), p.7. other works included Hamlet (with <mask> as Ophelia), Othello (with <mask> as Desdemona), Virginius (with <mask> as Virginia), Ben-my-Chree, (with <mask> as Mona), The Manxman (with <mask> as Kate Cregeen), and The Silver King (with <mask> as Nellie Denver). On 16 July, the company left Sydney for Vancouver on the SS Aorangi. United Kingdom (1898-) <mask> first appearance for this tour was with Barrett on 25 September 1898, at the Theatre Royal, in Cardiff, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman. <mask>' performance was outstanding, and there were 10 minutes of curtain calls. Australasia (1903-1906) Following an arrangement between J. C. Williamson and Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the company of Julius Knight (1863-1941) and <mask>rick and Comedy and Tragedy at Christchurch's Theatre Royal on 22 November 1905.The company performed in Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Masterton, and Auckland, and its final performance was The Lady of Lyons, at Auckland's Her Majesty's Theatre, on Saturday, 17 February 1906. The final performance of the Knight-Jeffries Company was with The Lady of Lyons, in Sydney's Palace Theatre, on 16 March 1906. After the final curtain the audience was addressed by Julius Knight, and by <mask> (in the company of her husband "who came from the wings, and was heartily cheered as he stood beside her"). Such was the impact of her Australian stage presence that, a decade later, one social correspondent was recalling Mrs. J.B.N. Osborne as "the handsome and graceful actress, Miss <mask>", whilst another theatre critic still believed that her performances far outshone those of the current favourite-of-the-day, Melbourne born actress Madge Titheradge. Even later, in 1917, a racing journalist was recalling her as "the statuesque American actress" who had married the Osborne brother "commonly known as 'Nott' Osborne". J.B.N.Osborne Early life and family James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — most often referred to in the press as "J.B.N. Osborne", less often as "James Osborne" and, even, sometimes, as "Nott Osborne" — the son, and one of the nine children of Patrick Hill "Pat" Osborne (1832–1902) and Elizabeth Jane "Jeanie" Osborne (1847–1938), née Atkinson was born on 14 May 1878 in Sydney. He attended Rugby School from 1892 to 1894. Soldier In early 1898, Osborne was appointed second lieutenant, in command of the Bungendore troop of the First Australian (Volunteer) Horse Regiment; and, a year later, "was proving [himself to be] not only a smart officer, but a very popular one with the men". In October 1899, he was one of two members of the New South Wales military forces to be briefly appointed honorary aides-de-camp to the staff of Earl Beauchamp, the Governor of New South Wales,The Defence Force, The (Sydney) Evening News, (Monday, 30 October 1899), p.7. who was also Honorary Colonel-in-Chief of the First Australian Horse Regiment. He commanded the first troop of the 1st Australian Horse service squadron to be sent to South Africa.Lieutenant Osborne sailed with his troops for South Africa on the S.S. Langton Grange, leaving Newcastle on 15 November 1899, arriving in South Africa, at Durban, on 13 December 1899. He was present at the Relief of Kimberley and, in March 1900, left the Australian Horse and took up a commission with the British 16th Lancers: the regiment of his elder brother, Second Lieutenant Edwin Francis Fitzroy Osborne (1873-1895), who had died four years earlier, of enteric fever, at Lucknow, on 2 September 1895. He was closely involved in the surrender of Bloemfontein in March 1900; and, in early May 1900, he contracted enteric fever. He was hospitalized in Bloemfontein; however, his condition did not respond to treatment, and he was invalided to England. Having participated in operations in the Orange Free State and Transvaal, and having seen action at Reit River, Klip Drift, Relief of Kimberley, Paardeberg, Poplar Grove, Dreifontein, Karee Siding, Belfast and Slingersfontein, Osborne was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with five clasps. His service is commemorated on a plaque (dedicated on 29 May 2011) affixed to the Bungendore and District War Memorial. He remained on the "unattached list" until he formally resigned his commission in December 1904.Aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly In 1901, appointed to the rank of captain, he served as the aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly, the Governor-General of New Zealand, in particular, during the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later, King George V and Queen Mary) in June 1901. Stage and screen Later described as "a squatter who took to the stage for the love of a lady", Osborne made his stage debut (as "Nott Osborne"), at the last moment, in the role of Major Doria — <mask> was playing the part of Donna Romana Volonna — in

Maud Jeffries

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a performance of The Eternal City (adapted for the stage from Hall Caine's novel of the same name), at Her Majesty's Theatre on 23 January 1904: "Mention may be made of Mr Nott Osborne as Major Doria (Governor of St Angelo), who, in making a promising stage debut, though obviously nervous over the first few words, displayed a pleasant voice and manner." In 1918 Osborne played a leading role in Alfred Rolfe's society melodrama, Cupid Camouflaged, a silent movie produced to raise funds for the Red Cross, and starring many members of Sydney Society.Osborne and Ethel Knight Kelly at the centre of a still from movie at . A reviewer of the premiere performance on 31 May 1918, noting that, although the movie itself was "distinctly amateurish" overall, did observe that "some of the best work in the picture is done by Mr. James Osborne". Death James Bunbury Nott Osborne died, aged 56, in Sydney, on 24 June 1934. He was interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of his daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911). Marriage, children, and life after the theatre Marriage Following their engagement in May 1904, she married James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — who was, by that time, also a member of her theatrical company — in a quiet, private ceremony, on 25 October 1904, at Papani, New Zealand.It was <mask>' first, and only marriage. Bowylie In March 1906, <mask> retired from the stage and happily devoted herself to a rural life on their family property, "Bowylie", near Gundaroo, New South Wales. The property was originally known as "Talligandra". The current homestead, originally known as "Stoneville", built by the Massy family following the destruction of the earlier building in a bushfire in the 1870s, was purchased by the Osborne family in 1896 and renamed "Bowylie". Whilst some aspects of the current gardens were designed by William Guilfoyle, "most of the credit for planning and beautifying the gardens must go to Mrs James Osborne, who arrived as a bride in 1904. Mrs Osborne planted the Lambertiana hedges, laid out paths and gardens and kept an eye on extensive additions to the house".Gorgeous garden in Gundaroo, CityNews, (Wednesday, 9 November 2011), p.35. Children On 2 February 1894, and far from the United States, and representing herself as "Bertha Jeffreys" from Tasmania, she gave birth to a daughter, Florence Beatrice Jeffreys (1894-1974) – later Mrs. George Frederick Seymour — in North Carlton, Victoria, Australia.The child, whose father was never identified, was immediately "taken in" by Patrick Joseph and Harriet Ann Walsh, née Deverson, also of North Carlton, who ran a boarding house for actors. Although the existence of the child was kept secret from the world in general, her daughter always knew the identity of her mother — whom she met at least once as a child and, after whom, she later named her own daughter. Her 1904 marriage produced two children: a son, James Bedford <mask> Osborne (1908-1984),Navy Service Record: Osborne, James Bedford <mask> (Lieutenant). and a daughter, Elizabeth Osborne, born on 22 May 1911, who only lived for five weeks.Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 3 July 1911), p.8. Later that same year, when her three-year-old son contracted diphtheria, and was admitted to the isolation ward at Yass Hospital, a deeply worried <mask>, although quite well herself, having already experienced the death of her mother (who had died in Memphis, on 4 January) and the death of her daughter (on 2 July), went into quarantine with her son, rather than be separated from him. After several weeks in the hospital, and with the care of his mother, he was well enough for them both to return home. Picture postcards A constant, and important ongoing source of income for <mask> was that derived from the royalties from the sale of a wide range of popular photographic postcards of her either in the costume of a particular stage role — as Mercia in The Sign of the Cross, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman, as Elna in Daughters of Babylon, as Mariamne in Herod; A Tragedy — or studio portraits representing her "off stage".http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-136637689/view;jsessionid=1gct2lgx0fp7d181e7aag6502e In 1904 it was reported that, even though payment was only six cents per copy, Jeffries had made at least $US10,000 from royalties in less than two years.Several years later, it was estimated that some 200,000 postcards of <mask> had been sold in Sydney over the 1906 Christmas/New Year period alone. <mask>: "The Tombstone Angel" In early 1906 the London Daily Mail reported that one of the most popular postcards of <mask> — portraying her in the role of Mercia in The Sign of the Cross — was being used as the model for the recently created "winged angel" that was rapidly replacing the "weeping angel" as the most popular item in memorial statuary. In April, the Melbourne Age announced that "Miss <mask> has instructed her London solicitors to announce that it is exceedingly distasteful to her to be associated with tombstones in any way, and the offending sculptors are being brought to book for the liberty they have taken";"Always thought that <mask> was of the disposition angelic, but the reverse is evidently the case, as the popular actress is said to be excessively annoyed at the idea of her classic physiognomy being reproduced by monumental masons as a suitable likeness of an angel. As <mask> was never by any means "flighty", possibly it's the thought of putting on "wings" she objects to." (The (Brisbane) Truth, (Sunday 20 May 1906), p.6). and, soon, the following (humorous) paragraph was being widely circulated in the Australian press: "Miss <mask> denies, through her solicitors, that she has authorised the manufacture of marble reproductions of herself as tombstone angels. Her solicitors, nevertheless, write from Angel Court."Chrysanthemum Maud Jeffries Around 1906, G. Brunning and Sons, a plant nursery in St Kilda, Victoria, renowned for their chrysanthemum varieties, produced a cultivar — later described as "a decorative Japanese variety of the purest white, and one of the most valuable of these for late flowering and conservatory decoration" — which was officially named "Miss Maud <mask>". Not that Mrs. Osborne On Sunday 20 January 1929, on the way to Redbank Station, Jugiong, near Harden, New South Wales, a motor car driven by a Mr. P. O'Rorke, crashed into an oncoming vehicle at the South Coast town of Narooma. The driver of the other vehicle, and O'Rorke's passenger, a "Mrs. Osborne", were badly injured and taken to hospital. Given that the injured woman was a "Mrs. Osborne", from a property somewhere in rural New South Wales, it was immediately assumed that the woman was, indeed, <mask>, and the news of the accident was widely broadcast in newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Great Britain, and the British Colonies. Three days later, it was revealed that, rather than being the supposed "Mrs. J.B.N. Osborne" of Gundaroo, the accident victim was, in fact, Mrs. Elsie Evelyn Osborne (1878-1930), née Dickenson, of Redbank Station, Jugiong, NSW, the widow of Benjamin Marshall Osborne (thus "Mrs. B.M. Osborne").Death <mask> Craven Nott, née <mask>, died of cancer, at her family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, on 27 September 1946, aged 76 years.<mask>: Death of Former Actress, The Goulburn Evening Post, (Wednesday 2 October 1946), p.4; Former Actress Dies in Country, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 2 October 1946), p.5. She was privately interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of her daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911), and her late husband, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934). See also Gundaroo Airport The Sign of the Cross Footnotes References Newspapers Mr. Tree's Theatrical Company: Arrival by The Orient, The (Adelaide) Advertiser, (Tuesday, 25 August 1903), p.6. Ladies' Letter, (Melbourne) Table Talk, (Thursday, 5 May 1904), p.19. Family Notices: Marriages: <mask>, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 26 October 1904), p.8. Personalities: The Family of Osborne, The (Sydney) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 12 April 1914), p.12. Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 5 June September 1934), p.8.MR. J.B.N. OSBORNE,Goulburn Evening Penny Post, (Wednesday, 4 July 1934), p.2. Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Friday, 27 September 1946), p.18. R.W.B., "Stage Prejudice Broken: Wilson Barrett's 'Sign of the Cross'", The Age Literary Section, (Saturday, 24 January 1948), p.6. <mask>, Former Actress: Dramatic Star at Turn of the Century Dies in Australia — Once a Leading Beauty, The New York Yimes, (Saturday, 28 September 1946), p. 11. America gave us One of our Finest Actresses, The Canberra Times, (Thursday, 27 April 2000), p. 11. Other sources Mr. Wilson Barrett's Farewell to Melbourne (Souvenir Theatre Programme), Princess Theatre, Melbourne, 21 May 1898.The Darling of the Gods (Theatre Programme), Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, 1904: cast includes "Mr. Nott Osborne" and "Miss Maud Jeffries". Barrett, W. The Sign of the Cross, J.B. Lippincott Company, (Philadelphia), 1896: Barrett's novelized version of his play. Barrett, W., The Wilson Barrett Birthday Book: Illustrated, W. & D. Downey, (London), 1899. "<mask>, Miss <mask>", Browne, Walter & Koch, E. De Roy, Who's Who on the Stage 1908: The Dramatic Reference Book and Biographical Dictionary of the Theatre: Containing Careers of Actors, Actresses, Managers and Playwrights of the American Stage, B.W. Dodge and Company, (New York), 1908, p.257. "<mask>ries", pp.184-185 in Clapp, John Bouvé and Edgett, Edwin Francis, Players of the Present (Part II), The Dunlap Society, (New York) 1900. "<mask>, Actress", p.24 in Corry, M., Waverley Cemetery: Who’s Who: Encore!(Revised Version), Waverley Library, (Bondi Junction), 1996. Disher, M.W., "Sex and Salvation: The Sign Of The Cross", pp.115-124 in Disher, M.W., Melodrama: Plots that Thrilled, The Macmillan Company, (New York), 1954. Hugonnet, P.J., Bungendore and District War Memorial: South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 Roll of Honour, Peter John Hugonnet, (Bungendore) 2011. Kelly, Veronica, The Empire Actors: Stars of Australasian Costume Drama 1890s-1920s, Currency House, (Strawberry Hills), 2010. Miss <mask>, p.34 in Lawrence, Boyle, Celebrities of the Stage, George Newnes, Limited, (London), 1900. Livingston, S., "Mad Love" The Ballad of Fred & Allie", Creative Nonfiction, No.48, Spring 2013. National Museum of Australia: Collection Highlights: Delaunay-Belleville Tourer.Shaw, G.B., "Mainly About Shakespeare", The Saturday Review, Vol.83, No.2170, (29 May 1897), pp.603-605. Thomas, J.M., The Art of the Actor-Manager: Wilson Barrett and the Victorian Theatre'', UMI Research Press, (Ann Arbor), 1984. Thorpe, Clarissa, "Vintage love story: The tale of US actress <mask> and Australian farmer James Osborne", 666 ABC Canberra, 6 September 2015. 1869 births People from Coahoma County, Mississippi Actresses from Mississippi 19th-century American actresses American stage actresses 20th-century American actresses American emigrants to Australia 1946 deaths Deaths from cancer in New South

Helen Alfredsson

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<mask> (born 9 April 1965) is a Swedish professional golfer who played primarily on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and is also a life member of the Ladies European Tour. She won the LPGA major Nabisco Dinah Shore and twice finished second in the U.S. Women's Open. She also won the Women's British Open once and the Evian Masters three times before those events were designated as majors in women's golf by the LPGA Tour. In 2019, she won a "senior slam" by winning both of the senior women's major championships. Amateur career <mask> was born in Gothenburg, Sweden and at age 11 began playing golf at Gullbringa Golf & Country Club north of Gothenburg. At young ages, she represented Sweden on both junior level and in the national amateur team. She attended United States International University, San Diego, California, playing in their golf team led by coach Gordon Severson and graduated in 1988.During summer time she played in Sweden and won the Swedish Match-play Championship three years in a row 1986 through 1988, as an amateur while the championship since 1986 had become open for professionals and part of the Swedish Golf Tour for women. In 1987, she was a member of the winning Swedish team at the European Ladies' Team Championship at Turnberry, Scotland. She was also a member of the Swedish team in the Espirito Santo Trophy 1986 and 1988. At home soil in Stockholm in 1988, Sweden finished second after the United States, which was at the time, the best Swedish finish ever. The same year <mask> finished individual bronze-medallist at the European Ladies' Championship at Pedrena Golf Club, Spain. She turned professional on 1 January 1989. Professional career <mask> began her professional career on the Ladies European Tour where she was awarded 1989 Rookie of the Year.The next year, in 1990, she claimed her maiden professional win at the Women's British Open. She won twice on the LET in 1991 and won once each on the Australian and Japan tours. She earned exempt status for the 1992 LPGA Tour season by tying for 17th at the LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament. She earned Rookie of the Year honors on the LPGA Tour in 1992 and has won seven LPGA Tour events, including one LPGA major: the 1993 Nabisco Dinah Shore. A little over three months after her Dinah Shore victory, <mask> nearly won the U.S. Women's Open at Crooked Stick Golf Club. <mask> entered the final round with a two-stroke advantage, but finished tied for 2nd, one shot behind winner Lauri Merten. At the 1994 U.S. Women's Open at Indianwood Golf & Country Club, Michigan, <mask> shot an 8 under first round 63, a new tournament single round record.Her 36-hole total 132 also broke the tournament record. When she reached 13 under during the third round, it was at the time the lowest score to par ever reached in a U.S. Open, by men or women. After playing her last 29 holes in 14 over par, she fell to tied 9th, eight shots behind winner Patty Sheehan. During her career on the LPGA Tour, <mask> continued to play a limited number of events in Europe, where she won eleven times. She finished on top of the Ladies European Tour money list in 1998. In 2008, <mask> came back, after recovering from injuries in her leg, back and shoulder, and won her third Evian Masters title, her first LPGA Tour win in five years. She was member of the European Solheim Cup team as a player 8 times: 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2009.She was appointed captain of the 2007 European Solheim Cup team, losing to the United States team 12-16. When she qualified for the European Team at the 2009 Solheim Cup, she became the first, and still the only, player on both teams, to qualify as a player after she has been the team captain a previous year. While playing golf, <mask> has been known to curse long and loud in Swedish. The Financial Times of London once editorialized "They can be louder and more richly worded than many of Lenny Bruce's best performances". <mask> said about cursing "You have to stay so focused on the tour, you work so hard, you don't want anything to interfere. But then all of a sudden this little devil comes crawling out, saying, 'It's time to do something. You've been good too long."" In September 2013, <mask> officially announced her retirement from the LPGA Tour. She is a life time member of the Ladies European Tour. After her retirement from competitive golf on the regular tour, she came back, playing on the women's senior tour, the Legends Tour, primarily in the senior majors, with great success. She tied for third in the inaugural Senior LPGA Championship in 2017 and improved that by finishing tied second at the 2018 Senior LPGA Championship. She won both of the two senior ladies major championships in 2019, the U.S. Senior Women's Open and the Senior LPGA Championship, completing the same "senior slam" as Laura Davies achieved in 2018. Personal life At young age she practiced ice skating and team handball. Her father Björn was a six-time Swedish handball champion and a keen golfer himself.The father and daughter won the 1999 Swedish Two Generations Mixed Championship, played as 36-hole foursome. In later years <mask> has practiced yoga. During her college years in San Diego, California, she met Leo Cuellar, the school's soccer coach and a former World Cup and Olympic soccer player for Mexico. The couple later got engaged. After graduating in 1988 with a degree in International Business and Marketing, she tried a career in Paris, France as a model and stayed for six months. In 2005, <mask> married former National Hockey League player Kent Nilsson and became stepmother of his son, hockey player Robert Nilsson. Kent Nilsson was en elite amateur golfer himself, with a handicap below scratch.They divorced in 2016, but came back to live together. She has contributed to the foundation of a charity golf tournament supporting research on Alzheimer's disease, which affected her mother, who died in 2010. Amateur wins 1981 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship 1982 Belgian Open Junior Championship 1983 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship 1985 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship Source: Professional wins (29) LPGA Tour wins (7) LPGA Tour playoff record (1–3) Ladies European Tour wins (11) Note: The Women's British Open was not co-sanctioned by the LPGA until 1994, and did not become an LPGA major until 2001. ^The Evian Masters has been co-sanctioned with the Ladies European Tour since 2000. Sources: Ladies European Tour playoff record (4–1) LPGA of Japan Tour wins (3) 1991 Daio Paper Elleair Ladies Open 1992 Itoki Classic 1997 Itoen Ladies ALPG Tour wins (1) 1991 Queensland Open Swedish Golf Tour wins (4) Other wins (2) 1991 Benson & Hedges Trophy (with Anders Forsbrand) 1992 Sunrise Cup World Team Championship (with Liselotte Neumann) Legends Tour wins (2) Major championships Wins (1) Results timeline ^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001. ^^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013. CUT = missed the half-way cut DQ = disqualified WD = withdrew T = tied Summary Most consecutive cuts made – 9 (1997 Kraft Nabisco Championship – 1999 Kraft Nabisco Championship) Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1993 U.S. Open – 1993 du Maurier Classic) Team appearances Amateur European Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1980, 1981 (winners), 1982, 1983, 1984 (winners), 1986 European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1983, 1985, 1987 (winners) Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Sweden): 1986, 1988 Professional Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 1990, 1992 (winners), 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 (winners), 2002, 2007 (non-playing captain), 2009 World Cup (representing Sweden): 2007 Lexus Cup (representing International team): 2008 (winners) Handa Cup (representing World team): 2012 (tie), 2013 (winners), 2014, 2015 See also List of golfers with most Ladies European Tour wins References External links Swedish female golfers LPGA Tour golfers Ladies European Tour golfers Winners of LPGA major golf championships Solheim Cup competitors for Europe United States International University alumni Sportspeople from Gothenburg 1965 births Living people

Edwin Butterworth Mains

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<mask> (1890–1968) was an American mycologist. He was known for his taxonomic research on the rust fungi (Pucciniomycetes), the genus Cordyceps, and the earth tongues (Geoglossaceae). Biography <mask> was born on 31 March 1890 in Coldwater, Branch County, Michigan. The son of Benjamin W. and Mary Ann (<mask><mask>. <mask> began his undergraduate education at Michigan State University in 1909, but transferred to the University of Michigan in 1911. He earned his Ph.D. in botany from the University of Michigan in 1916 under the tutelage of Calvin Henry Kauffman while investigating the parasite-host relationships of various rust fungi. He was appointed Assistant Botanist at the Purdue University Agricultural Experimental Station by Joseph Charles Arthur in 1916.He married Mary Esther Elder on 16 August 1917 in East Lansing, Michigan. Mains was appointed Acting Director of the University of Michigan Herbarium following the illness of C.H. Kauffman in 1930 and was named Director in 1931. <mask> remained at the University of Michigan, both as a professor and as Director of the Herbarium, until his retirement in 1960. <mask> served as Chair of the Department of Botany at Michigan during World War II. <mask> remained in Ann Arbor following his retirement and died of a heart attack on 23 December 1968. He was buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in Coldwater, Michigan.While at Michigan, <mask> was active in the Ann Arbor Garden Club. Mains was highly interested in photography and was a noted and exhibited photographer of nature. Mains was prominent in the development and use of color photography in mycological education. Mycological contributions <mask>' early professional career was dedicated to the study of plant rusts (Pucciniales). He collaborated with Arthur and others on "The Plant Rusts (Uredinales)" in 1929, a major treatment of an economically important group of fungi. <mask> continued working on rusts after transferring to Michigan, though most of his later studies focused on Cordyceps and the Geoglossaceae. <mask>' collections and research greatly enriched the University of Michigan Herbarium, which developed "from a position of obscurity to one of international prominence" under his directorship.<mask> was elected Vice-President of the Mycological Society of America in 1938, and President in 1942. <mask> also served the Mycological Society of America as a counselor from 1943-1944. <mask> and C.L. Lundell investigated the flora of the high rain forest and mountain pine ridge in the southern El Cayo District, British Honduras in 1937. Taxa described Mains described a total of 80 new species, two new form, eleven new varieties, and made 20 new combinations of species. As of 2014, 55 of his species, both new forms, two varieties, and 18 recombinations are still accepted (having not been assigned to another genus or reduced to synonymy under previously published names). Mains also described five genera, three of which were later reduced to synonymy.Mycological lineage Mains belongs to the C.H. Kauffman Lineage of American mycologists. Kauffman himself was influenced by Robert Almer Harper and George Francis Atkinson. During Mains' tenure at the University of Michigan, he mentored or advised thirteen prominent mycologists: Jean D. Arnold (Ph.D. 1935) Harold Johnston Brodie (Ph.D. 1934) Clair Alan Brown (Ph.D. 1933) George William Fisher (Ph.D. 1935) John Robert Hardison (MS 1940, Ph.D. 1942) Henry Andrew Imshaug (Ph.D. 1951) Marion Lee Lohman Josiah Linocoln Lowe (Ph.D. 1938) Douglas Barton Osborne Savile (Ph.D. 1939) John Arvid Schmitt (MS 1950, Ph.D. 1954) Alexander Hanchett Smith (Ph.D. 1933) Delbert Swartz Joseph S. Tidd Mains' lineage of North American mycologists is large and widespread. Brodie, Fisher, Imshaug, Lowe, and Smith all mentored a number of students, including Joseph Ammirati, Howard E. Bigelow, Irwin M. Brodo, Robert Lee Gilbertson, Orson K. Miller Jr., and Harry Thiers, all of whom have been greatly influential in American mycology. Eponymous taxa Mainsia H.S. Jacks 1931 = Gerwasia Racib.1909 Ravenelia mainsiana Arthur & Holw. 1918 Favolaschia mainsii Singer 1974 Galerina mainsii A.H. Sm. & Singer 1958 Gibellula mainsii Samson & H.C. Evans 1992 Publications Mains authored or coauthored more than 90 research publications and books: 1916. Mains EB. "Some factors concerned in the germination of rust spores". Report of the Michigan Academy of Science 17: 136-140. 1916.———. "The wintering of Coleosporum solidaginis". Phytopathology 6: 371-372. 1917. ———. "The relationship of some rusts to the physiology of their hosts". American Journal of Botany 4 (4): 179-220.1917. ———. "Species of Melampsora occurring on Euphorbia in North America". Phytopathology 7 101-105. 1919. Arthur JC, Mains EB. "Grass rusts of unusual structure".Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 46 (10): 411-415. 1921. Mains EB. "Unusual rusts on Nyssa and Urticastrum". American Journal of Botany 8 (9): 442-451. 1921. ———."The heteroecism of Puccinia montanensis, P. koeleriae, and P. apocrypta". Mycologia 13 (6): 315-322. 1921. ———, Jackson HS. "Two strains of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States". Phytopathology 11: 40. 1921.Jackson HS, Mains EB. "Aecial stage of the orange leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina Eriks." Journal of Agricultural Research (Washington, DC) 22: 151-172. 1922. Arthur JC, Mains EB. "Uredinales: Bullaria". North American Flora 7: 482-515.1923. Mains EB, Jackson HS. "Strains of the leaf rust of wheat, Puccinia triticina, in the United States". Phytopathology 13: 36. 1923. Mains EB, Leighty CE. "Resistance in rye to leaf rust, Puccinia dispersa Erikss."Journal of Agricultural Research 25 (5): 243-252. 1924. Mains EB. "Notes on greenhouse culture methods used in rust investigations". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 33: 241-257. 1924. Mains EB, Jackson HS."Aecial stage of the leaf rust of rye, Puccinia dispersa Erikss. and Hen., and of barley, P. anomala Rostr., in the United States". Journal of Agricultural Research 28 (11): 1119-1126. 1925. Whetzel HH, Jackson HS, Mains EB. "The composite life history of Puccinia podophyli Schw." Journal of Agricultural Research 30: 65-79.1926. Mains EB. "Rye resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew". Journal of Agricultural Research 32: 201-221. 1926. ———. "Studies in rust resistance".Journal of Heredity 17 (9): 313-325. 1926. ———, Jackson HS. "Physiologic specialisation in the leaf rust of Wheat, Puccinia triticina Erikas." Phytopathology 16 (2): 89-120. 1926. Mains EB, Leighty CE, Johnston CO. "Inheritance of resistance to leaf rust, Puccinia tritica Erikss., in crosses of common wheat, Triticum vulgare Vill."Journal of Agricultural Research 32: 931-972. 1927 (Published in 1928). Mains EB. "Observations concerning clover diseases". Proclamations of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 37: 355-364. 1928. Mains EB, Thompson D. "Studies on snapdragon rust, Puccinia antirrhini".Phytopathology 18: 150. 1928 (Published in 1929). ———. "Observations concerning disease of iris and tulips". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 38: 93-102. 1929. ———."Physiologic specialization and species development and nomenclature". Proclamations of the Internal Congress of Plant Sciences, Ithaca, New York 1926 2: 1767-1770. 1929. Arthur JC,

Peter Fernandez

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<mask> (January 29, 1927 – July 15, 2010) was an American actor, voice director, and writer. Despite a career extending from the 1930s, he is probably best known for his roles in the 1967 anime Speed Racer. <mask> co-wrote the scripts, was the voice director, and translated the English-language version of the theme song. He was instrumental in introducing many Japanese anime series to English-speaking audiences. He is also the narrator in the audio version of It Looked Like Spilt Milk. Life and career Born in Manhattan, New York, one of three children to Pedro and <mask>. His two siblings were Edward and Jacqueline.He was of Cuban, Irish, and French descent. <mask> was a child model for the John Robert Power Agency to support his family during the Great Depression. He then appeared on both radio and Broadway, appearing in Lillian Hellman's Watch on the Rhine in 1941. He was drafted into the United States Army at age 18, late in World War II. His radio appearances included roles on Mr. District Attorney, Let's Pretend, Gangbusters, My Best Girls, Superman, and Suspense, as well as soap operas. After his discharge from the Army in 1946, he became a prolific writer for both radio and pulp fiction. He authored the children's book, Bedtime Stories from the Bible.<mask> is known for his voice work, and has been heard in English adaptions of many foreign films. <mask> is best known as the American voice of the title character—and his brother, Racer X—in the 1967 anime series Speed Racer. Besides acting in Speed Racer, he was the lyricist of English version of that show's theme song. He returned in the 2008 animated series Speed Racer: The Next Generation to play a middle-aged Headmaster Spritle. In the live-action 2008 film Speed Racer, <mask> had a small part as a racing announcer. The rapid-fire delivery of dialogue made famous by Speed Racer was devised by <mask> and his American voice co-stars in order to make the dialogue jibe with the original Japanese mouth movements. He provided the voice for Benton Tarantella, a resurrected film director for Courage the Cowardly Dog, which he has said was his favorite.He made cameos credited as "additional characters" in several episodes, besides his role as the voice of Robot Randy. He was a voice director for Robert Mandell's Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers and Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders. Additional voice acting credits include in such dubbed anime titles as Astro Boy, Gigantor, Marine Boy, Star Blazers and Superbook. In 2007, he was awarded The Special American Anime Award for Outstanding Achievement. <mask> was interviewed in 2008 on his activities and voice over work. His last major public appearance was at the 2009 Seattle, Washington Sakura-Con. Personal life and death <mask> lived in Pomona, New York with his wife, Noel Smith, whom he married in 1978; together they had three children.He died on July 15, 2010, after a battle with lung cancer at the age of 83. (TV, 1999, uncredited) The Enchanted Journey (1984, uncredited) Dubbing direction Nattens engel (1998) Voice direction 2019 – Dopo la caduta di New York (1983) Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series, 1996, episodes 27-41) Al Andalus (1989) Au nom de tous les miens (1983) Au nom de tous les miens (TV miniseries, 1985) Bidaya wa nihaya (1960) Bordella (1976, uncredited) Christmas in Cartoontown (UAV, 1996) Ciske de Rat (1984, uncredited) Coup de torchon (1981) Courage the Cowardly Dog (TV series, 1999) Dogs of Hell (1982) El Nido (1979) Fei zhou chao ren (1994) Film d'amore e d'anarchia (1973) Gandahar (1988) Goha (1958) Gojira-Ebira-Mosura: Nankai no daiketto (1966, Eng. title: Godzilla versus the Sea Monster, uncredited) Infra-Man (1976) Il Deserto dei Tartari (1976, uncredited) Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd (1982, uncredited) Jalna (TV miniseries, 1994, uncredited) Le Choix des armes (1981, uncredited) Le Grand prdon (1982, uncredited) Les Chevaliers du ciel (TV series, 1967, uncredited) Mélodie en sous-sol (1963, uncredited) Mimì metallurgico ferito nell'onore (1972, uncredited) Nattens engel (1998, uncredited) Onna hissatsu ken (1974, uncredited) Puss 'N Boots Travels Around the World (1976) Satsujin ken 2 (1974, uncredited) Schrei – denn ich werde dich töten! (TV, 1999, uncredited) Stavisky... (1974, uncredited) Tatsu no ko Tarô (1979, uncredited) The Alley Cats (1968) The Dirty Girls (1964) The Enchanted Journey (1984) The Mad Doctor Hump (1969) The Night the Animals Talked (1970) The Space Giants (TV series, 1967, uncredited) Topâzu (1992, uncredited) Ultraman (TV series, 1966) Une histoire simple Un moment d'égarement Un amour de Swann Woof! (1989) References External links Recent commercial voice work by Fernandez Peter Fernandez's interview at Otakon 2008 1927 births 2010 deaths American child models American male child actors American male radio actors American male screenwriters American male stage actors American male television writers American male video game actors American male voice actors American male writers American people of Cuban descent American people of French descent American people of Irish descent Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from lung cancer Hispanic and Latino American male actors Male actors from New York City People from Pomona, New York Screenwriters from New York (state) United States Army personnel of World War II American voice directors

Norm Drucker

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<mask> (July 4, 1920 – February 6, 2015) was a major influence in professional basketball officiating for over 35 years. His NBA and ABA officiating career as both a referee and Supervisor of Officials spanned the careers of all-time pro basketball greats, from George Mikan, Bob Cousy, Dolph Schayes and Bob Pettit in the 1950s, to Wilt Chamberlain, Jerry West, Elgin Baylor and Bill Russell in the 1960s, to Julius Erving, Rick Barry, Bill Bradley and Walt Frazier in the 1970s and to Larry Bird and Magic Johnson in the 1980s. Life and career <mask> was born in New York City, New York. He was hired as a referee by the National Basketball Association in 1953. By the early 60's he was regularly officiating two to four games in the NBA Finals each season. In 1969, when the two-year-old American Basketball Association was raiding the NBA for talent, he took the risk, along with three other NBA "lead" referees — Joe Gushue, Earl Strom and John Vanak — and jumped to the financially uncertain ABA. Their contracts were the first multi-year officiating contracts in pro basketball history.Such was <mask>'s stature and reputation, that his total salary, as a referee and Supervisor of Officials, along with a $25,000 signing bonus, was more than double the average NBA player's salary. It made him, at that time, the highest paid referee in the history of basketball. Within a year, all other pro basketball officials benefited, as their salaries more than doubled. As a result, officiating professional basketball evolved from a part-time 'second job', to a full-time career, with greatly improved working conditions, benefits and pension plans. It was the first time in history that a league had promoted the quality of its officials which improved the ABA's credibility, and as a by-product enhanced the public's interest in, and respect for referees. In the ABA, Drucker officiated and also served as the league's Supervisor of Officials. With the ABA-NBA merger in 1976, Drucker was one of only a handful of ABA referees hired by the NBA to return.When he retired after the 1976–77 NBA season to become the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, his 24 consecutive seasons of officiating was the longest string in pro basketball history. It remains the record for longest tenure for a pro referee among those whose entire career was during the era of only two referees per game. During that span he officiated 6 All-Star Games (3 NBA, 3 ABA), a higher total than any other official in pro basketball history other than Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom both of whom officiated seven. When he retired, his total of 38 NBA and ABA championship round games officiated was the second highest in pro basketball history. In his 24-year officiating career (17 in the NBA and 7 in the ABA), Drucker was well known for his even-handed officiating for visiting teams in an era when many officials were criticized as "homers" - favoring the home team. In a 1969 interview with Newsday's Stan Isaacs, he said, "I think there is a part of me deep down that enjoys calling a foul against the home team and then standing out there alone, almost defying the cries of the hometown mob." For 14 seasons, from 1963 through 1977, <mask> along with Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom, were generally recognized as the top referees in pro basketball.As a result, assigning Drucker to "big games" was commonplace, and he officiated the deciding game of league championships eight times—four times in the NBA, in 1963, 1965, 1966 and 1968, and four times in the ABA, in 1971, 1972, 1974 and 1976. Of the nearly 400 referees who have officiated in the NBA and ABA, only two others Mendy Rudolph and Joe Crawford have officiated in more deciding games. With a reputation for making "gutty calls" and not "protecting" superstars he holds the distinction of being the only referee ever to eject Wilt Chamberlain from an NBA game, calling three technical fouls on Chamberlain on January 3, 1962. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was involved in what the press called a heated "feud" with legendary Boston Celtic coach Red Auerbach. His second ejection of Auerbach in a one-month period led to the coach's 3-game suspension by NBA president Maurice Podoloff on November 13, 1961. <mask>'s career gave him a courtside view of key moments of the NBA's first 35 seasons. He was the last active NBA referee to have officiated in 1953–54—the last season before the NBA introduced the 24-second clock.That same season, he was selected to officiate the only regular-season game in NBA history that experimented with rims 12 feet, rather than 10 feet, off the ground. He officiated the games when Bob Pettit scored his 15,000th career point and Wilt Chamberlain scored his 25,000th. He officiated the last game in the history of the ABA—the deciding game 6 of the 1976 ABA Championship Series, the deciding game of the 1963 NBA Finals, Bob Cousy's final game as a Boston Celtic, and the deciding game of the 1966 Finals, Red Auerbach's last game. Drucker is also the link to referees whose careers span the first 70 seasons of the NBA. He partnered on the court with Sid Borgia and Hall of Fame Referee Pat Kennedy whose NBA careers started in the NBA's first season, 1946–47, and as the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, Drucker hired Joe Crawford, who retired at the end of 2015–16 season. At the end of his officiating career, Drucker demonstrated a commitment to improving the salary, benefits and working conditions for future generations of professional referees. In 1977, he, along with 23 of the NBA's 25 other referees went on strike before the playoffs.At 56 years old, and about to retire, he noted at the time, "I'm not going to be the recipient of the benefits [of a collective bargaining agreement] ... I could have made a good deal for myself [by not striking]. Any one of the top 14 lead referees could have. But if we went, the bottom 14 referees wouldn't have any power. [The NBA] would tear [the referees] up." After 16 days, the strike was settled with the NBA, for the first time, recognizing the referee's union. Drucker worked what remained of the 1977 playoffs and retired.Within three years, the salary and benefits for each top NBA referee increased by $100,000 per year. As he predicted, he shared in none of the improved salary and working conditions enjoyed by future generations of professional referees. Despite having picketed and engaged in media interviews during the strike to bring pressure on the NBA, within four months the NBA hired him as its Supervisor of Officials. Overall, Drucker supervised and taught other referees for 10 seasons, six in the NBA, two as a crew chief (1967–1969) and four as the NBA's Supervisor of Officials (1977–81) and four as the ABA's Supervisor of the Officials (1969–73). His decade as a referee administrator had a substantial impact on NBA playing rules and improving the quality of basketball officiating. As the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, he was one of the first NBA executives to publicly advocate the adoption of the ABA's three-point basket and the use of three referees per game. The NBA adopted the three-point basket in 1979 and adopted the three-man officiating system for the 1978–79 season, although the league returned to two officials the next season.The three-official system returned in the 1988–89 season and has been used by the NBA ever since. As an administrator in the ABA and NBA, he recruited and/or trained young referees, many of whom had long, successful NBA careers, including Joe Crawford, Bernie Fryer, Ed Middleton, Jake O'Donnell, Jack Nies, Jim Clark, Wally Rooney, and Jess Kersey. Also, during his tenure he created the first formal pro basketball referee training program when the NBA contracted with the Continental Basketball Association, at that time the top pro basketball minor league. Under the program, the NBA selected, trained and financially subsidized the CBA officiating staff and hired the CBA's Supervisor of Officials. The training program's success extended decades beyond Drucker's career. By 2000, nine of the 12 referees who officiated the NBA Finals were graduates of the CBA training program. By 2008, 96% of all NBA referees had trained in the NBA's minor league training programs.Today, minor league training and development is the accepted norm for an NBA officiating career. Also during Drucker's tenure as Supervisor, he instituted the first professionally administered psychological profiling for NBA referees, to evaluate what personality traits were most common among great referees. Among the findings, said Drucker, was that to be a great referee "you've got to love [basketball] to succeed at it." After his retirement as Supervisor, the NBA honored him as an "All-Star" referee in the first three NBA "Legends" Games, which showcased retired NBA all-stars in an old-timer's game during NBA All-Star Weekends. Always a bit of a showman, he hit All-Star Coach Red Auerbach with a technical foul in the 1984 game, eliciting laughter from players and NBA executives, and fittingly, renewed anger from Auerbach. Drucker's basketball career began as player where he learned the game from the first generation of basketball superstars. He played high school basketball at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn starting in 1937, in an era when there was no 3-second rule, goal tending was permitted and there was a jump ball after every basket.He played college basketball at City College of New York (CCNY) under Hall of Fame Coach Nat Holman. Holman, a star in the 1930s was often referred to as "the world's best basketball player". Drucker's 1941–42 CCNY team, which included future New York Knick coach and Hall of Famer Red Holzman, was ranked #3 in the country and advanced to the NIT championship tournament, the preeminent post-season tournament of that era. As a part-time starter, The New York Times called Drucker "aggressive, alert and spirited". In January 1943, World War II interrupted Drucker's college career. In the U.S. Army for 3 1/2 years, he served in Europe and was discharged a first Lieutenant. After the war, Drucker played professionally in the New York State Professional Basketball League for the Troy Celtics Later, he was traded to the Trenton Tigers in the American Basketball League and played on their 1946–47 championship team.In 1949, <mask> began his officiating career refereeing AAU, high school, collegiate, and American Basketball League games. Two years later he refereed one NBA game and in 1953 he moved up to the NBA with a full schedule of games. In 1989, <mask> came out of retirement and joined the World Basketball League, a minor league, as its Supervisor of Officials, a position he held for the four-year life of that league. <mask> was inducted into the CCNY Athletic Hall of Fame in 1986. In 1994, he was inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame for his officiating career and was also inducted in 1998 into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. His son, <mask>, served as commissioner of two professional sports leagues, the Continental Basketball Association from 1978 to 1986 and the Arena Football League from 1994 to 1996, and was ESPN's legal correspondent from 1989 to 1993. <mask> retired to East Norriton, Pennsylvania and died in 2015.References External links <mask> <mask>'s Biography at Jews in Sports 1920 births 2015 deaths American Basketball Association referees Basketball players from New York City CCNY Beavers men's basketball players Erasmus Hall High School alumni Jewish American sportspeople Jewish men's basketball players National Basketball Association referees Sportspeople from Brooklyn American men's basketball players 21st-century American Jews

Jane Somerville

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<mask> (née Platnauer; 24 January 1933) is a British emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College, who is best known for defining the concept and subspecialty of grown ups with congenital heart disease (GUCH) and being chosen as the physician involved with Britain's first heart transplantation in 1968. <mask> was educated first at a boys preparatory school in North Wales, then Queen's College, London, and later at Guy's Hospital Medical School. Initially drawn to surgery, she chose to pursue a career in cardiology at the National Heart Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street and later at the Brompton Hospital. Her work led to the opening of the world's first dedicated ward for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease, the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, and a GUCH charity which was later renamed "The Somerville Foundation" in her honour. The medical professionals who she trained and who have come to celebrate and follow her are known as "Unicorns". Early life and education <mask> was born in Edwardes Square, Kensington, London, on 24 January 1933 to Joseph Bertram Platnauer, who was a theatre critic for the Tatler magazine and Pearl Ashton who worked on Vogue. Her early childhood was spent under the guidance of a strict Irish governess at the family residence in Park Square which later became the site for The Prince's Trust.During the Second World War and The Blitz, when children were ordered out of London, <mask> was sent to a boys preparatory school in the Welsh village of Portmeirion. She remained there for three years, being only one of six girls among 70 boys. Following studies in the sciences at Queen's College school, Harley Street, London, <mask> gained admission into the male dominated Guy's Hospital Medical School, where women medical students had been present for only the previous two years and the class was more than 90% men. During her student years, she was influenced by a visit to the school by Alfred Blalock of Johns Hopkins Hospital, whose achievements in treating tetralogy of Fallot with the Blalock Taussig shunt, transformed the lives of children. The once fatal heart disease could now be corrected and turn a blue baby to pink in minutes. Early medical career Somerville initially aimed for a career in heart surgery and worked for heart surgery pioneer Sir Russell Brock. She recognised her own lack of dexterity and later recounted "but I was no good because my hands were not connected to my head" and changed course to become a cardiologist.She became the first female medical registrar at Guy's Hospital. In 1958, she became a registrar at the National Heart Hospital where cardiologist Paul Wood took her on to his team. Here, her interest in congenital heart disease led her to take on simultaneous work at the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street, London, and she learnt about diseases in babies and surgery with Richard Bonham Carter and David Waterston. In 1967, during a time of significant innovations in heart surgery, <mask> was appointed as a consultant at the National Heart Hospital. She recognised the unmet need of the increasing number of adolescents and adults who were now surviving the heart conditions they were born with, thus founding the concept of GUCH. This new group of survivors had new medical problems and some soon required repeat operations, challenging the cardiologists of the time. Somerville also worked alongside cardio-thoracic surgeon Donald Ross, who chose her to be the cardiologist for the first heart transplantation in the UK in 1968.They co-authored a number of innovative articles, including in 1966, the first report of the use of a homograft aortic valve to repair pulmonary atresia. Later medical career Paul Wood ward In 1975, <mask>, "always feisty and prepared for battle", succeeded in raising enough funds to open the world's first hospital ward solely for the use of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease. It was named the Paul Wood Ward. The atmosphere differed from a purely children's ward. While it did have a children's play area, guided by a play leader, it also had a kitchen for adolescents and families. Family members could interact with each other, have a coffee and make a snack. This was appreciated by older adolescents, who in turn supported younger ones.World Congress In 1980, she held the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, a concept she envisaged. In 1988, she enlisted the help of American heart surgeon John W. Kirklin during the first Paediatric Cardiac Surgical Congress in Bergamo, resulting in a collaboration between heart physicians and heart surgeons. <mask>'s pioneering GUCH care and teaching led her to be followed by "Unicorns", her ex-trainees who gather at the World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology every year to celebrate her life and work. In explaining the "Unicorns", <mask> answered; I try to teach my fellows that they have to have imagination. You have to be able to diagnose a disease that you have never seen, or perhaps even read about, and you have to combine your memory with it. That's why my trainees are called unicorns, because I used to tell them that there's this imaginary animal that nobody had ever seen but if you saw one in the ward, you’d recognize it. Without the ability to imagine, I’m not sure you would quite know what was going on.Brompton Hospital The Brompton Hospital incorporated the National Heart Hospital in 1989, however the adolescent ward was not included in the transition. <mask> thereafter worked on re-establishing one, which was later renamed the Jane Somerville GUCH Unit in 1996. In 1995, the British Cardiac Society held the first Paul Wood lecture, which <mask> gave. The title of her speech was "The Master's Legacy". In 1998, <mask> was appointed emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College. She retired a year later. GUCH Patients Association In the early 1990s, she founded the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on GUCH and became its chairperson in 1995.The GUCH patients were presenting with numerous problems outside their medical need that she founded and became president of the GUCH patient association in 1994, launched from the now Royal Brompton Hospital. GUCH patients could now talk to each other, seek help for all the social problems and meet to find they were not alone. The organisation was supported by the British Heart Foundation and its name was subsequently changed to the Somerville Foundation in her honour. Awards and honours <mask> is the recipient of the Gold Medal of the European Society of Cardiology, the Guys treasurers Gold Medal in clinical surgery and the Distinguished Service Award of the American College of Cardiology. In 2012, <mask> was named as one of five legends in cardiology at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions. A "self-proclaimed trouble maker", she shared the event at Chicago with Eugene Braunwald, Valentín Fuster, Antonio Colombo and Magdi Yacoub, when she spoke about her 50 years with heart surgeons. She is the second woman, after Helen Taussig, to enter the Paediatric Cardiology Hall of Fame.Personal life In 1957, Platnauer married <mask>, who she met in the late 1940s, when she was age 16 and he was staying next door. The couple had four children; one daughter and three sons . Walter died in 2005. Her hobbies include collecting antiques, roof gardening and opera. Retirement Following retirement, <mask> continued to travel the world and teach. The GUCH clinic at the Mater Dei Hospital in Malta is based on her model. In 2013 <mask> was a guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs with Kirsty Young.Selected publications References Further reading External links Dr<mask>- Legends of CV Medicine (2012) WSPCHS – Interview with Dr. <mask> (Intro) (2016) The Somerville Foundation <mask> – Life and times of leading cardiologists with Rob Califf 1933 births Living people People from Kensington People educated at Queen's College, London English women medical doctors Academics of Imperial College London British cardiologists Women cardiologists History of heart surgery

Dewayne Washington

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<mask> (born December 27, 1972) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League. He played for the Minnesota Vikings, the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Jacksonville Jaguars, and the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a first-round pick (18th overall) in the 1994 NFL Draft from North Carolina State University. He is currently the head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina. Amateur years <mask> played high school football at Northern High School in Durham, North Carolina, where he earned All-American honors from Sporting News, SuperPrep, and USA Today in 1989. After high school <mask> attended North Carolina State, grabbing 3 interceptions his junior year. As a senior, <mask> led the team with 4 interceptions, and also recorded 66 tackles (51 solo) as a co-captain.Professional career Minnesota Vikings <mask> <mask> started all 16 games for the Minnesota Vikings as a rookie in 1994. <mask> recorded 75 tackles (69 solo), and had 3 interceptions for 135 yards and 2 touchdowns as a rookie. <mask> <mask> was named defensive rookie of the year by College and Pro Football Weekly and earned All-Rookie honors from Pro Football Weekly and Pro Football Writers of America. The Vikings won the NFC Central Division with a 10-6 record, but lost in the first round of the 1994 NFL playoffs. In 1995, <mask> played in 15 games, recording 62 total tackles (57 solo), and had 1 interception for 25 yards. <mask> only missed 1 game in his career. For the next 10 NFL seasons, he did not miss a game.He played in a total of 191/192 possible regular season games during his 12-year career. In 1996, <mask> recorded 75 tackles (72 solo). He had 2 interceptions for 27 yards and a touchdown that year. In 1997, he had 84 tackles (74 solo). He had 4 interceptions that year for 71 yards, but no touchdowns. <mask> was a starter for a Vikings that entered the 1997 NFL playoffs as a wildcard team, upsetting the New York Giants in the first round before falling to the San Francisco 49ers in the divisional playoffs. Pittsburgh Steelers On February 25, 1998, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed <mask> <mask> as an unrestricted free agent.1998 proved to be <mask>'s best season in the NFL. In his first season with the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> had 93 tackles (82 solo). He had 5 interceptions for 178 yards and 2 touchdowns that year. These would be the last interceptions <mask> would return for touchdowns in his career. In 1999, <mask> had a career low of 52 tackles (50 solo). However, he did manage to record 4 interceptions. In 2000, <mask> had 78 tackles (70 solo).He matched his career high with 5 interceptions, returning them for 59 yards. On July 19, 2001, the Pittsburgh Steelers re-signed <mask> <mask> to a multi-year contract. In 2001, he had 77 tackles, but only 1 interception for 15 yards. He helped Steelers win the AFC Central with a 13-3 record, advancing to the AFC Conference Championship, where they were defeated by the New England Patriots. In 2002, he had only 55 tackles, and a career low 45 solo tackles. <mask> also had 3 interceptions for 51 yards. With a record of 10-5-1, the Steelers lost in the divisional round of the playoffs.In 2003 <mask> began to show signs of aging. That year, he had only 60 tackles (53 solo). He had only 1 interception for the second consecutive year, returning it for only 7 yards. This would be the end of <mask>'s six-season career in Pittsburgh. Jacksonville Jaguars On February 27, 2004, the Pittsburgh Steelers officially cut <mask> <mask>, making him a free agent eligible to sign with any team. On March 9, 2004, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed <mask> <mask> to be a nickel back. In 2004, <mask> had 2 interceptions and 76 Tackles.Kansas City Chiefs In training camp before the 2005 NFL season, the Kansas City Chiefs signed <mask> to a one year-contract. <mask>'s signing was considered less significant due to the possibility of signing Ty Law before he signed with the New York Jets. <mask> played almost always on special teams, recording 10 tackles, 9 being solo. Despite a 10-6 record that included 4,000 yards passing by Trent Green and 1,700 yards rushing by Larry Johnson, the Chiefs failed to make the playoffs. For the first season in his career, <mask> went without an interception and only started one game. In his career, <mask> recorded 31 interceptions and recovered 7 fumbles. He returned four interceptions and two fumbles for touchdowns.<mask> has started all 8 playoff games he has appeared in. NFL statistics Coaching career On May 11, 2015, <mask> was introduced as the new head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina making his head coaching debut on August 21, 2015 against Green Hope High School. Prior to accepting the head coaching job at Heritage, he served as an assistant coach at Ravenscroft School in Raleigh, North Carolina. His assistant coaches included former NFL wide receiver Torry Holt and former NFL running back Willie Parker. In January 2018, he resigned from the position, wishing to spend more time focusing on his business and family. Personal life Since retiring from the NFL, <mask> has been active within his community. He has participated in various real estate projects which have helped revitalize downtown Durham, NC and started Carolina Skills Academy, a year-round football skills academy available to kids in and around The Triangle.He has also served on the Durham YMCA Board, NC State's Alumni Board and Board of Visitors, and Union Baptist Trustee Board, been involved with the 100 Black Men of America, and volunteered as a coach for Pop Warner football. Currently, <mask> lives in Wake Forest, North Carolina with his wife, NC State graduate Adama <mask>, and their three children. References External links NFL Player Database Official Webpage of the NFL 1972 births Living people Sportspeople from Durham, North Carolina Players of American football from North Carolina American football cornerbacks NC State Wolfpack football players Minnesota Vikings players Pittsburgh Steelers players Jacksonville Jaguars players Kansas City Chiefs players People from Wake Forest, North Carolina

Larry Wang

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<mask> or <mask> (, born Kaifeng City, Henan Province, Republic of China, 1947) is a senior diplomat of the Republic of China. He is a native of Wujin County, Jiangsu Province. He is proficient in English and Spanish. He was the 9th Republic of China Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See. He was previously the Representative of the Taipei Representative Office in the Netherlands. Education 1970 B.A. Department of Political Science, 1973 Graduate School of Political Science, Chinese Culture University Career timeline Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See (Sep. 2008–December 2015) Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of the Netherlands(Oct. 2006- Sep. 2008) Director General, Department of European Affairs,Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China(Oct. 2003-Oct. 2006) Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in Argentina (Sept. 1996-Sept. 2003) Chief of Protocol, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Mar.1994-Aug. 1996) Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1991-Feb.1994) Deputy Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1984-Feb.1991) Section Chief, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs(Jun. 1981-Feb.1984) Director-General of General Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Mar. 1979-Jan. 1980) Director-General of General Affairs Division, Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul. 1978-Feb, 1979) Third Secretary, Political Division, Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul. 1976-Jul. 1978) Senior Staff, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (May 1974-Jun. 1976) Experience Before entering the diplomatic service in 1974, <mask>-yuan worked in the Overseas Department of the Broadcasting Corporation of China (BCC) in Taipei as English reporter and Deputy Director of the Section for international programs; He also worked for the Central Daily News in Taipei as editor and translator; In 1976 he was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China (ROC) in Washington D.C., USA, as Third Secretary; In 1994 he served as Chief of Protocol, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs; In 1996 he was appointed Representative of the Republic of China in Argentina; In 2003 he served as Director-General of the Department of European Affairs, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs; In 2006 he took office as Representatives of Republic of China in the Kingdom of the Netherlands Since September 2008 he has served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of China to The Holy See.Awards and decorations In October 1995, <mask>-Yuan was awarded the Grand Officer of the Order of Antonio José de Irisarri by the President of Guatemala; On July 3, 1996, he was awarded the “Orden Francisco Morazan” medal by the President of Honduras; On September 26, 2008, he was awarded the Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon by ROC President Ma Ying-jeou; On July 12, 2011, he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX by Pope Benedict XVI "(Latin: 'A Magna Crvce Eqvitem Ordinis Piani' ); On November 8, 2012, he was awarded the Grand Officer Cross pro Merito Melitensi by the Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St.John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, His Most Eminent Highness Fra' Matthew Festing, for his promotion of values and works of charity in the Christian tradition as defined by the Roman Catholic Church. Embassy of the Republic of China and Taipei Representative Office in Washington D.C. tenure In 1976, <mask>-yuan, who was part of the staff of the North American Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington D.C. as Third Secretary. Initially, he worked in the political section, but in August 1978, following the transfer to Taipei of Senior Secretary Huang Chun-chien (黃純謙), Head of General Affairs Section, Ambassador James Shen promoted him to Head of the General Affairs Section. Just a few months later, on December 15, 1978, US President Jimmy Carter announced that the United States would sever its diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. <mask> was placed in charge of relocating the embassy and moving everything out of Twin Oakes. He was also responsible for what he described later on to be the "saddest day of his career": the flag-lowering ceremony in Twin Oaks on December 31 of the same year. This event marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Republic of China's representative offices in the United States.In 1983, Fredrick Chien, ROC Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed ROC Representative to Washington D.C., USA. In 1984, Chien brought <mask>, then Section Chief of the Department of North American of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to his Representative Office to participate in the lobbying of the U.S. Congress for the interests of ROC. He kept this position for ten years. Following Chien's departure in July 1988, Ting Mao-shih succeeded Chien as Taiwan's Representative in Washington D.C.. <mask> kept working for Ting until 1994. His smooth working style seemed to be appreciated by his superiors as evidenced by the fact that his name was quoted three times by within Chien's memoirs (錢復回憶錄). The first quotation refers to the time when the ROC decided to accept the proposal of US President Ronald Reagan to provide a secret donation to Nicaragua rebels. In August 1985, Foreign Minister Chu Fu-sung asked <mask> to personally deliver an instruction to Chien, ROC Representative in Washington.(See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II, page 436). The second quotation refers to the period right before ROC President Chiang Ching-kuo's historical decision to lift martial law in 1986. In the month of July, Vice President Lee Teng-hui's Secretary Su Chih-chien (蘇志誠) asked <mask> to deliver a message from Taipei to Chien, who was very doubtful about its content. However, later in September, a long-distance call from Chiang Hsiao-yung, son of Chiang Ching-kuo, confirmed to Chien that Chiang Ching-kuo had decided to accept Chien's views to lift martial law in Taiwan. (See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 362). In August 1987, the United States took under consideration the idea of co-producing frigates with Taiwan. Two U.S. senators from the State of Maine-George Mitchell (Democrat) and William Cohen (Republican), confided Chien through <mask> their hopes that Taiwan would choose Bath Iron Works Corporation, located in the State of Maine, as future US partner of this co-production project.(See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 492). In 1991, Ting promoted <mask>, who took over Jason Yuan’s position, as Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division of ROC's representation in Washington D.C.. In this position, <mask> made his greatest achievement. Thanks to the strategy devised by Ting, <mask> brilliantly succeeded in a very short period of time in winning the support of a large number of both members of the U.S Senate and House for the sale of F-16 fighter planes to Taiwan. The strong support and Congressional resolutions of U.S. Congress contributed to President Bush’s announcement of the sale 150 F-16 fighter planes to the Republic of China on September 2, 1992. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Chief of Protocol tenure In March 1994, as Chief of Protocol of the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, <mask> accompanied President Lee Teng-hui(李登輝) in his first visit to Central American countries, and South Africa. He also accompanied Vice President Lee Yuan-zu (李元簇)to his official visit to Panama and Guatemala, travelled with Premier Lien Chan(連戰) to the Dominican Republic and Panama; and joined Foreign Minister Fredrick Chien in his trip to the Caribbean countries.In October 1995, <mask> was awarded the "Orden Antonio Jose de Irisarri en el grado Gran Oficial" medal by the President of Guatemala. On July 3, 1996, he was awarded the "Orden Francisco Morazan" medal by the President of Honduras. ROC Ambassador to the Holy See tenure On November 8, 2008, <mask>-yuan presented his Letters of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI as the ninth ROC Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See, (the “Vatican”), in order to take care of Catholics in mainland China and to seek dialogue with the authorities on the Chinese mainland, Vatican's bilateral relations with ROC are quite subtle. Since the beginning of 1971, the Vatican lowered the ranking of the “Ambassador of the Pope” or “Apostolic Nuncio” to Chargé d'Affaires. In addition to the consolidation of diplomatic ties and to the active promotion of substantive relations, thanks to the tireless work of <mask>-yuan, on May 8, 2010, the ROC Ministry of Education officially recognized the degrees issued by 23 Pontifical Universities, Academies and Institutions in Rome, thereby solving a thorny issue that lasted over several decades. The diplomas of about eight hundred members of the clergy who have studies in Pontifical institutions in the past are now recognized. On July 12, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI bestowed upon Ambassador <mask> the “Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX” medal (Latin: A MAGNA CRVCE EQVITEM ORDINIS PIANI), the highest honor awarded to the ambassadors to the Holy See.The award ceremony was presided by the Chief of Protocol of the Holy See, Msgr. Fortunatus Nwachukwu, on behalf of the Pope. On December 2, 2011, the ROC signed the first agreement with the Holy See in a seventy-year period, it was called “Agreement on the Collaboration in the Field of Higher Education and on the Recognition of Studies, Qualifications, Diplomas and Degrees.” According to President Ma Ying-jeou, this agreement helps making Taiwan “a centre of higher education for East Asia.” As a result, Catholic teaching will be part of the curricula of Catholic institutions. This agreement was the fruit of a year's work and saw the cooperation of the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education, the bishops of Taiwan, Fu Jen Catholic University and other Catholic colleges. Msgr. Paul Russell, Vatican's Chargé d'Affaires in Tapei, said that "First of all, we had to find a common view among ourselves and then we worked closely with the Ministry of Education, of the Interior [which carries the portfolio on faith communities], the Foreign Ministry. We received enormous help from Taiwan’s Ambassador to the Holy See, <mask>, and President Ma Ying-jeou."The Agreement entered into force on December 17, 2012. On February 11, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI’s announced retirement shocked the world, as a similar event last occurred 600 years earlier. The timing of Pope Benedict XVI’s announcement coincided with the Lunar New Year holiday period in Taiwan. <mask>-yuan, without previous authorization, through negotiations and exchanging of views with the Vatican, tried for nearly a month to succeed at what was regarded as an extremely difficult task: welcoming ROC President Ma Ying-jeou to attend Pope Francis’ installation ceremony. <mask> finally got the Holy See to agree on his proposal. Ma Ying-jeou became the Republic of China's first President to ever attend a Pope's inauguration ceremony and the first ROC President to see the Pope. Ma Ying-jeou expressed his appreciation for <mask>'s effort and spoke highly of him.See also Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See China–Holy See relations Foreign relations of Taiwan Foreign relations of China Foreign relations of the Holy See Holy See–Taiwan relations Republic of China Ambassador to the Holy See References External links Nov. 8, 2008 Ambassador <mask> presented letter of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Holy See 1947 births Living people Chinese Culture University alumni Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan Representatives of Taiwan to Argentina Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX Ambassadors of the Republic of China Ambassadors of China to the Holy See Representatives of Taiwan to the Netherlands

Vikram Akula

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<mask> is an American banker and the founder of SKS Microfinance (now BFIL), a micro finance company and former chairperson of Bharat Financial Inclusion Ltd. SKS was an organization that offered microloans and insurance to poor women in India. He stepped down as SKS Chairperson in November 2011 and became Chairperson Emeritus. <mask> is also a founding investor and a Director in AgSri, a sustainable agriculture company focused on helping small sugarcane farmers reduce water use, and a Director in Bodhi Educational Society, which establishes schools for underprivileged children in India. In 2006, he was named by TIME magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world for his work in financial inclusion. <mask> currently serves as Chairperson of VAYA Finserv Private Limited. Founded in 2014, the India-based company markets financial services to low-income groups on behalf of partner banks. Early life and education <mask>'s father, <mask>.Krishna, was a surgeon who settled in Schenectady, New York, where Akula went to school. <mask> graduated from Niskayuna High School in 1986 and enrolled at Tufts University, where he graduated as a double major in philosophy and English with honors in 1990. He went to Yale University for a M.A. in International Relations, and was awarded a Fulbright scholarship for an action-research microfinance project in India in 1994–95. He completed his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 2004. In 2019-20, he was a Distinguished Career Fellow at Stanford University. Career Upon graduating from Tufts, <mask> returned to India for a short while in 1990 and worked with the Deccan Development Society, a small grassroots rural non-profit organization.He then returned to USA and worked for the Worldwatch Institute in Washington D.C. as a researcher, where he wrote articles about poverty and sustainable development. During his Fulbright, <mask> returned to the Deccan Development Society, where he helped manage the organization's microfinance program. <mask> saw the limitation of non-profit microfinance and proposed a more market-based approach. He outlines his philosophy in his book, A Fistful of Rice; My Unexpected Quest to End Poverty Through Profitability, published by Harvard Business Press in 2010. SKS Microfinance In 1996, <mask> completed his Fulbright and went to the University of Chicago to pursue his Ph.D, which he completed in 2004. As a Ph.D. student, he created a business plan for a for-profit microfinance company and in December 1997, <mask> returned to India to set up Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) as a vehicle to implement the plan. Initially set up as a non-profit, SKS converted to the for-profit SKS Microfinance in 2005.SKS Microfinance secured a round of equity investment of $11.5 million in March 2007, led by Sequoia Capital. In November 2008, SKS raised an equity investment of $75 million, the largest equity investment raised by an MFI to that date. SKS raised additional equity from Infosys founder Narayan Murthy and Bajaj Allianz, which represented the first-ever microfinance investment by an insurance company. In mid-August 2010, SKS Microfinance had an initial public offering (IPO) on the Bombay Stock Exchange, which raised $350 million and was oversubscribed 14 times and which included anchor investors such as George Soros. According to the company's website, SKS Microfinance has disbursed more than $15 billion in micro-loans. <mask> resigned from the role of Executive Chairperson on November 23, 2011 and he relinquished his role as a promoter of SKS on May 3, 2014. Influences When founding SKS, <mask> drew inspiration from the work of Muhammad Yunus, the Nobel prize winner and founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, one of the world's first microfinance organizations.In a face-to-face debate with Yunus at the 2010 Clinton Global Initiative, Akula insisted that going public is the only way for an MFI to raise sufficient funds to provide micro-loans for billions of poor people in need worldwide. Controversy In late 2010, the state government of Andhra Pradesh accused microfinance companies, including the then market leader SKS, for the suicides of poor, debt-ridden residents of the state that year. Two investigations into the incident, the first an independent investigation commissioned by SKS, and the second commissioned by an industry umbrella group, both pointed to SKS involvement in the suicides, and said that SKS employees had engaged in illegal practices like verbal and physical harassment, coercion, and public humiliation, in order to recover debts. In an investigative article, Erika Kinetz of the Associated Press, wrote,"a profound shift in values and incentives at SKS began in 2008" when Akula left the CEO role. "Boston-based Sandstone Capital, now SKS' largest investor, made a major investment. It joined U.S. private equity firm Sequoia Capital, which funded Google and Apple and is SKS' largest shareholder, on the board of directors. <mask>, who had been chief executive in the company's early days, stepped down in December 2008 but stayed on as chairman.The company brought in new top executives from the worlds of finance and insurance. SKS also began transferring more loans off its books, selling highly rated pools of loans to banks, which then assumed most of the associated risk of borrower default. That freed SKS to push out more and bigger loans. In December 2009, SKS launched a massive sales drive. The "Incentives Galore" program ran through February 2010 — just one month before the company filed its IPO prospectus." She noted that Akula tried to stop this. "In spring 2011, Akula began circulating a plan to spend $10 million to train financial counselors who would make sure clients weren't getting into too much debt and used their loans productively, according to people with firsthand knowledge of the proposal.The plan was never adopted." </ref> <mask> addresses the controversy in his book, Micro-Meltdown: The Inside Story of the Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of the World's Most Valuable Microlender. Awards and recognition <mask> has received several awards for his work with SKS. Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of the Year in 2006. Social Entrepreneur of the Year in India, 2006. Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Start-up, 2006) Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Business Transformation, 2010) India Today, India's 50 Most Powerful People, 2009. Forbes India, Person of the Year nominee, 2009.Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Award, 2010. World Economic Forum’s Young Global Leader award, 2008. Echoing Green Poverty Alleviation Economic Development - 1998 Fellow Karmaveer Puraskaar Noble Laureates, 2006–2007. References External links SKS Microfinance website Indian microfinance people Indian development specialists McKinsey & Company people Living people People from Medak district Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh 21st-century Indian businesspeople 1968 births IndusInd Bank

Peter Bransgrove

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Charles Alfred "<mask><mask> (7 April 1914 – 26 January 1966) was an architect who mostly worked in Dar es Salaam but also in other parts of Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Born in Kingston, Surrey, England on 7 April 1914 he was the fourth child to Sidney and <mask>. He studied at the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London and at the Royal Academy of Architecture, also in London. In 1947 he was employed as an architect for the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme. When <mask>'s role in the scheme came to an end in 1948, he moved from Kongwa to Dar es Salaam and opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam, C. A. Bransgrove & Partners. His design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Modernism Modernism in Architecture was a result of both advancement in technology and fabrication, as well as social enlightenment, that swept through the Western World soon after the First World War.Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus, Le Corbusier published his "ideas" about architecture and by the end of the 1920s, Mies van der Rohe had built the Barcelona Pavilion. Biography <mask> finished primary school in 1926 and in 1927, at the age of thirteen, was enrolled into the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London. From an early age he was exposed to the new architectural style of the day. It was an exciting period to be part of, with old traditional ways of designing a building opposed to the new movement of thinking sweeping Europe and North America. There would have been much discussion between those 'for' and those 'against'. Having completed five years at the Polytechnic, <mask> was employed by the architect Herbert William Matthews in 1934, located at 1 Manchester Square, London. Later (1943), in <mask>'s nominations papers to be accepted into the Royal Institute of British Architects, Mr Matthews writes: "For some years he (<mask>) was Principal Assistant in my office.I regard him as a very competent architect and a person of integrity and suitable for election to the RIBA." In 1935, <mask> was accepted into the Royal Academy of Architecture. It is quite likely that he continued to work in the office of Mr Matthews during this time. Whilst at the Royal Academy, <mask> won many prizes for his student work, including: Having completed his time at the Academy in 1939, <mask> may have left his place of employment to work for various Government Departments. The war in Europe had begun and it would have been difficult to find work. In 1942, during the Second World War, <mask> was stationed in Bangalore, India as a "Sapper" (Royal Engineers) Captain, where he was involved in defusing bombs. On his return to England in 1944, <mask> resumed his employment with Herbert William Matthews.During this time he also carried out commissions under his own name, mostly around reconstructive work of bomb affected housing. He passed his Registration Final in London in 1944 and was accepted into the RIBA as an Associate in 1945. By 1946 he had taken up work for the Ministry of Works and Planning. After the war, Britain was stretched financially. All round the world they had assets that had been shipped to various theatres of war and were left idle and unused. In Tanganyika, there was a large amount of civil works machinery that was going to have to be abandoned. At the same time the Overseas Food Corporation saw the need to supply the world with more vegetable oils from nuts, but required civil engineering equipment to make it work.Hence the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme was formed and in 1947 <mask> took up the opportunity to be involved. APPOINTMENTS Mr. C. A. Bransgrove [A] has been appointed Chief Architect to Messrs. Pauling & Co., Ltd., Civil Engineering Contractors for the groundnut project in Tanganyika. He will be pleased to receive trade catalogues, etc., from firms interested in exporting to East Africa. His address is P.O. Kongwa, Tanganyika, East Africa. Pauling & Co., Ltd. were employed by the United Africa Company to undertake ground clearance. By 1948, either the demise of the Scheme was becoming apparent or the work for architects was complete.Whatever the reason, <mask>'s involvement in the Groundnut Scheme came to an end. In lieu of payment for himself and his new family to return to England, he accepted a plot of land, owned by the Overseas Food Corporation, in the suburb of Kurasini in Dar es Salaam. Here he designed and built the family house that they would live in until the completion of Luther House in 1963. The family then moved into the penthouse of Luther House, which adjoined the practice offices on the fifth floor. In the same year (1948) <mask> opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam. C. A. Bransgrove & Partners was based in TanCott House and one of his first employees was Alf "Tigger" Hastings. A few years after, Hastings left the practice to set up his own office and co-founded the practice of French & Hastings.Both French and Hastings were possibly with the Royal Engineers during the war. Another notable name to be employed by <mask> was H. L. "Sukhi" Shah. His father Luvji Kara Shah, was the bookkeeper for C. A. Bransgrove. Sukhi joined the practice with an eye to becoming an architect. He was shipped off to England in 1952 by his father to attend the Regent Street Polytechnic and studied architecture between 1952–1958. He started his own practice on his return to Dar es Salaam in 1960. Joe Herbert Betts joined <mask> as a Partner in the early days of the practice and became sole owner of C. A. Bransgrove and Partners for a further four years after <mask>'s death.A month after the passing of <mask>, an architect by the name of Raymond Howes was met off the plane from Australia by Joe Betts to join the practice and stayed until 1971. During that time Joe and Raymond designed many buildings in Dar and other locations in Tanzania. In 1970 the practice was taken over by Jackson Hill Architects. The practice of Jackson Hill was incorporated into the firm of Covell Matthews Partnership Ltd, Tanzania in 1972. <mask> was involved in many projects and building types throughout Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Mostly however they were in Dar es Salaam and included high rise office blocks, low rise offices, schools, hospitals, hostels, churches, post offices, embassies and private residences. Most notably, the countries for which <mask> designed houses for their Consuls were: During the early 1960s, <mask> made a number of trips to Rome to the architectural firm of Whiting Associates International, to co-design the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania for the Protestant Churches in the country, known collectively as The Good Samaritan Foundation.There is no denying that <mask>'s design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Known simply as "tropical modernism", the term and therefore type of architecture was a direct mix of both the "international style" of the time and that of the location and requirement to address the heat by ensuring any breeze was unhindered through the building and at the same time deny the sun direct access. Usually based on a grid system, there was a notable lack of fanciful adornment and a strong sense of simplicity. The climate to a certain extent dictated the type of materials used and the methods employed to combat the heat and humidity. From 1951 to 1955 he was a member of the Dar es Salaam City Council and he also served on the Tanganyika Advisory Council for Education and the National Housing Corporation. In 1961, <mask> had helped to set up the International School of Tanganyika. At the time of his death in 1966 he was chairman of the International School Board of Directors.On 10 April 1956 <mask> put forward a Patent for "louvre blocks" for use in building in the tropics: "The concrete building block comprises two parallel end panels united by one or more inclined webs extending upwardly from the front edges of the panels to the rear thereof. The blocks are laid in superposed courses, to form louvres, the web having an upward extension which fits between the end panels of the block above it. Keying grooves are provided at the ends of the block." Many of his buildings used this concrete block for ventilation as well as preventing both direct sunlight and rain to enter. <mask> has been described by current architects and researchers as a leading exponent of the Modernist style in Tanzania during that period and an architect to be admired and extolled for what he contributed during his time. "He shaped a considerable part of the old city centre of Dar es Salaam in the fifties and sixties." <mask> died in Nairobi Hospital on 26 January 1966, aged 51.The locations of some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam Some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam 1. British Legion Offices and Hostel 2. First Permanent Building Society 3. Luther House 4. Government European School 5. Barclays Bank DCO 6. Pamba House 7.Branch Post Office 8. YWCA Dar es Salaam 9. Tanganyika Standard Offices 10. Libya Street Post Office < Author This article was written and compiled by Graham Hutton B.Arch., who is a grandson of C.A. "<mask>" Bransgrove. References External links Government European School, Burton Street, Dar es Salaam, now known as Bunge Primary School, Shaarban Robert Road 1914 births Architects from Surrey Modernist architects from England People from Kingston upon Thames 20th-century English architects Date of death unknown Architecture of Tanzania British expatriates in Tanzania

Amber Reeves

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<mask> ( <mask>; 1 July 1887 – 26 December 1981) was a New Zealand-born British feminist writer and scholar. Early life <mask> was born in Christchurch, New Zealand, the eldest of three children of Fabian feminist <mask> (née Robison; 1865–1953) and New Zealand politician and social reformer <mask>. The family moved to London in 1896, where her father became New Zealand's Agent-General. Her widowed aunt, cousins, and servants joined the household in Cornwall Gardens, Kensington. "London was hateful after New Zealand", she said. "No freedom. No seashore.Streets, streets, streets. Houses, houses". <mask> attended Kensington High School until 1904, and then travelled to Europe to become fluent in French. Her father was not fully converted to the higher education of women; when he gave her the choice between being presented at court and going to the University of Cambridge, she chose Cambridge. <mask> then began studying Moral Sciences (philosophy) at Newnham College in 1905. It is unlikely her father raised further opposition as he always spoke highly of her academic achievements. University of Cambridge While at Cambridge <mask> began to associate with other young women who shared her intellectual enthusiasms and socialist political leanings, forming a lifelong friendship with Eva Spielmann (later Eva Hubback), who became an educationalist.She became involved in a number of societies, including the debating society. In 1907 she led the inter-collegiate debate with Girton, arguing that "the socialist conception of life is the most noble and the most fruitful, both for the state and the individual". In 1906 she founded the Cambridge University Fabian Society (CUFS) with Ben Keeling, a member of the (somewhat inactive) existing Fabian society in the town. CUFS was the first society at Cambridge to enlist women from its founding. Young women met regularly with men as equals and discussed everything from religious beliefs to social evils to sex, which would have been impossible in the conventional atmospheres of their homes. She excelled in her studies, taking a double first in 1908. Gilbert Murray once wrote of an address she had given to the Newnham Philosophical Society, "It seems to me quite the best college paper that I have read- I mean as treated by a young person and from a non-metaphysical point of view".A fellow student described her as "intellect personified" after a lecture she gave to the Philosophical Society. Relationship with H.G. Wells H. G. Wells had been a friend of <mask>' parents and one of the most popular speakers to address the CUFS. After <mask>' address to the Philosophical Society it was rumoured that she and Wells, one of the most prominent and prolific writers of the first half of the twentieth century, had gone to Paris for a weekend. Their appearance together at a supper party thrown for fellow Fabian and Governor of Jamaica Sir Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier was the first open declaration of the romantic relationship between the pair. Wells claimed that <mask> responded to his taste for adventurous eroticism, and the "sexual imaginativess" that his wife Jane could not cope with. Wells maintained that their relationship be kept silent, though <mask> saw no reason their exciting affair be kept a secret.Once their relationship became well known, there were numerous attempts to break it up, particularly from <mask>'s mother and from George Rivers Blanco White, a lawyer who would later marry her. <mask> was anxious not to break up Wells's marriage, though she wanted to have his child. The news that she was pregnant in the spring of 1909 shocked the <mask> family, and the couple fled to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage where they attempted domestic life together. Neither of them did well with domesticity; loneliness and anxiety concerning her pregnancy, as well as the complexity of the situation drove her to depression, and after three months they decided to leave Le Touquet. Wells took her to Boulogne and put her on the ferry to England, while he stayed to continue his writing. <mask> went to stay with Wells and his wife Jane when they returned to Sandgate. But then on 7 May 1909, she was married to Rivers Blanco White.In her latter life she wrote "I did not arrange to marry Rivers, he arranged it with H.G, but I have always thought it the best that could possibly have happened". Wells wrote the roman à clef Ann Veronica based on his relationship with <mask>. The novel was rejected by his publisher, Frederick Macmillan, because of the possible damage it would do; however, T. Fisher Unwin published it in the autumn of 1909, when gossip concerning Wells was rampant. Wells later wrote that while the character of Ann Veronica was based on <mask>, the character he believed came closest to her was Amanda in his novel The Research Magnificent. On 31 December 1909, she bore a daughter, Anna-Jane, who did not learn that her real father was H. G. Wells until she was 18. Work and family life <mask> was employed by the Ministry of Labour, in charge of a section that dealt with the employment of women. Part of her job was encouraging workers and employers to see that women were capable of a much wider range of tasks than was usually expected.She later took responsibility for women's wages at the Ministry of Munitions. In 1919, she was appointed to the Whitley Council, but in that same year her appointment was terminated. Humbert Wolfe, a public servant, wrote to Matthew Nathan, the secretary of the council, pointing out that <mask>'s termination was chiefly on the grounds that she was a married woman, and that letting her go from the public service was "really stupid". By 1921, her vigour in the women workers' cause had led her to come up against ex-servicemen who exercised considerable power through their associations. She was told a deputation of MPs had approached the minister and claimed that no ex-serviceman could sleep in peace while she remained in the civil service. She received a dismissal notice and, aside from time with the Ministry of Labour in 1922, that was the end of her civil service career. She began to work on her book Give and Take, which was published in 1923.<mask> did not take well to being a housewife; at one point she wrote: "The life of washing up dishes in little separate houses and being necessarily subordinate in everything to the wage-earning man is I think very destructive to the women and to any opinion they may influence. It is humiliating and narrowing and there is nothing to be said in its favour... ...Oh how I should like some hard work again that brought one up against outside life". There was some strain in her marriage with George Rivers Blanco White. In their youth they had both adopted positive attitudes toward the free expression of love that were common in the literary, intellectual and left-wing society at the time, but as they grew older these attitudes were beginning to change. Writing of marriage in her book Worry in Women, she stated that if people choose to break ethical codes they had to be prepared to cope with guilt. She also stated that if a wife was unfaithful, she should not tell her husband, writing, "if ever there is a case for a downright lie, this is it". In addition to Anna-Jane, <mask> had two children, Thomas, a patent lawyer, and Justin, an architect.Justin, who married the biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, is the mother of mathematician Dusa McDuff and anthropologist Caroline Humphrey. Writings <mask> published four novels and four non-fiction works, dealing with a variety of subjects, but all sharing a common socialist and feminist critique of capitalist society. These are: The Reward of Virtue (1911) A Lady and her Husband (1914) Helen in Love (1916) Give and Take: A Novel of Intrigue (1923) The Nationalisation of Banking (1934) The New Propaganda (1938) Worry in Women (1941) Ethics for Unbelievers (1949) She also wrote book reviews for Queen and Vogue, as well as articles for the Saturday Review. For some time she was the editor of the Townswomen's Guild paper Townswoman. <mask> collaborated with Wells on The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931). In this book, she researched and put together material on the devastation of the rubber trade on the native populations of Putumayo Department, Peru, and Belgian Congo (see the Casement Report for an account of the tremendous human rights abuses in the latter). She also contributed to a section on how wealth is accumulated by supplying case histories of new powers and forces "running wild and crazy in a last frenzy for private and personal gain".The chapter "The Role of Women in the World's Work" was included by Wells at <mask>'s suggestion, though after reading the chapter she asked him to include a disclaimer that she did not necessarily agree with what he said. Political career During the 1924 election campaign, <mask> was asked to speak on behalf of both the Liberal and Labour Party candidates. She choose to support Labour: "The Liberal audiences were nice narrow decent people. They sat upright in rows and clapped their cotton gloves... But when I got to the Labour meetings in the slums, among the costers and the railway men and the women in tenth hand velvet hats – when I saw their pinched grey-and-yellow faces in those steamy halls, I knew all of a sudden that they were my people". She soon became a member of the party and supported her husband as the Labour Party candidate for Holland-with-Boston in Lincolnshire. The seat had gone to the Liberals in a by-election earlier that year and White failed to win it back.<mask> attempted to get her theories on currency, later brought together in her book The Nationalisation of Banking, adopted by the Labour Party, and she and Rivers became responsible for a party publication called Womens Leader. <mask> remained active in the Fabian Society, and by this time many Fabians agreed that there was a need to work through the parliamentary Labour Party. She stood twice as a candidate for Hendon, in 1931 and 1935. Teaching For some time <mask> taught at Morley College in London. Initially invited by her friend from Cambridge Eva Hubback to help out, she became part of a team of lecturers in 1928, giving twice weekly classes on ethics and psychology. In 1929, the year after the passing of the Equal Franchise Act which gave women the vote on the same terms as men, she was billed by the Fabian Society to lecture on "The New Woman Voters and the Coming Election". However, she withdrew from this lecture to work on a by-election campaign for her husband in Holland-with-Boston.She lectured at Morley for thirty-seven years, regularly revising her courses to incorporate an increased body of psychological thought. In 1946, she became acting principal after Hubback's death. When a new principal was appointed in 1947 she returned to lecturing and writing her book Ethics for Unbelievers. Later life In July 1960, Rivers suffered a stroke which left him paralysed down his right side. <mask> was distraught and during the last years of his life she worried a lot and became depressed. She wrote to her daughter Anna-Jane, who was in Singapore at the time, "If there is a Confucian temple in K.L., you might make a little offering (if he does like offerings)... ...I have more faith in him now than in our own deity who seems to be letting us down all round".When Rivers died on 28 March 1966, <mask> was determined to keep living as normally as possible. She was visited by New Zealand historian Keith Sinclair who was writing a biography of her father, and twice by interviewers from the BBC (a 40-minute interview with Denys Gueroult was broadcast by Radio 4 in September 1970). Although she enjoyed discussing politics and world affairs, she felt disillusioned about the socialist hopes of her youth, and supported the Conservatives in the 1970 election. She believed that the wrong people were leading the left and that only diehards would vote for them. In December 1981, she was admitted to a hospital in St John's Wood and died on 26 December aged 94. References External links DNB 1887 births 1981 deaths New Zealand writers New Zealand women writers British women writers British writers Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Members of the Fabian Society New Zealand socialist feminists

M. A. Mansoor

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M. A<mask> (1881–1968) was an antiquarian who compiled an exquisite collection of Amarna Period sculptures. Early life and studies He was born to Coptic Orthodox Egyptian parents in Cairo in 1881. After having graduated from high school, with an excellent knowledge of Arabic, English and French, he taught Arabic for some years to foreign officials who occupied principal positions in the Egyptian Government. As early as his sixteenth year, the history of Ancient Egypt - the discipline of Egyptology itself - began to fascinate him. He bought books, became an ardent visitor to the Cairo Museum and traveled extensively in Egypt to admire and study the monuments of his ancestors. He learned much about Egyptian art, but was to learn much more later during his long career as an antiquarian. He studied Coptic and began to decipher hieroglyphics.Soon he also became deeply involved in the study of the art of Mesopotamia, Greece, Persia and the early Christian and Islamic worlds. He loved the antiquity of the Near and Middle East. He understood and appreciated their cultures and their many forms of art. But his first love and prime interest always remained Egypt. In this he excelled and in later years, he developed a distinguished reputation, which left no doubt as to his integrity and his masterful knowledge of every facet of Ancient Egyptian art and culture. http://www.mansooramarnacollection.com/album/<mask>_Mansoor.JPG Career In October 1904, he approached the Swiss manager of Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo, who was one of his students of Arabic. He asked to rent two showcases in the hotel lobby to display and sell to collectors the small collection of ancient Egyptian sculptures, bronzes, amulets, faience figurines and jewelry that he had acquired during the last few years.The manager was surprised at this request, but after some hesitation he allowed him the showcases on a trial basis for a few months. A year and a half later, the two showcases became a small shop in the main hall of the famous hotel. At that time, <mask>'s business was established. In later years, he opened two more shops in the Semiramis and Continental Hotels and a large gallery across the street from the Cairo Museum. The purchase and sale of Egyptian and other antiquities was at the time legal, though the Egyptian Department of Antiquities retained the right to inspect all shops and galleries that bought and sold these artifacts. If an important object was found, of which there was no known example in the Cairo Museum, the Department of Antiquities exercised its right to purchase it at a reasonable price. This, however, seldom happened as the Department rarely had the funds to acquire major antiquities.During his many years in the antique business, M. A<mask> met and befriended several of the Egyptologists, antiquarians and collectors of the time. The list of names would be too long to enumerate here, but some should be mentioned: James Quibell, Ernesto Schiaparelli, Wilhelm Spiegelberg, Sir <mask>, Georg Steindorff, Percy Newberry, Wallis Budge, Pierre Lacau, <mask>, Charles Boreux, Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon, Étienne Drioton, Sami Gabra, <mask>, Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, <mask>, William Stevenson Smith, the Khawam brothers, Dikran Kelekian, William Randolph Hearst, King <mask> of Spain, King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, King Prajadhipok of Siam, King Carol I of Romania, King Fuad and his son King Farouk of Egypt, Levi de Benzion, <mask>, and Nigel S. Warren. To most of these kings, scholars and gentlemen, M.A. <mask>oor sold many important ancient works of art for their collections or museums. Hundreds of these masterpieces of Egyptian art are today in the world's leading museums: the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Louvre, the Vatican Museum, the Metropolitan Museum, The Detroit Museum and The Chicago Oriental Institute, etc., and in many private collections. In the early 1920s <mask><mask> started a collection of rare Amarna artifacts that stand today to be the Amarna World Largest Private Collection.Inside a Los Angeles bank vault reside 33 pieces from one of the most controversial collections of ancient Egyptian art in history. Virtually unknown to all but a handful of Egyptologists and archaeologists, this collection of antiquities from the Amarna period owned by the <mask> family has been at the heart of unprecedented dispute between scientists and art historians for over fifty years. Each side's opinion is diametrically opposed to the other. The ones say the <mask> collection is authentic because the patina and the crust on the statues are genuine? The others say it's not because the stone is not right or man made stone? Who is right? The original players are now either aging or dead.Nevertheless, the controversy lives on. Although two experts only condemned it as a fake - out of the 28 who valued the collection since the end of the 1940s, the moral authority of these two made numerous followers over the years to the extent that today quite many Egyptologists, art historians or museums are convinced - most of the time without having seen the pieces at all - that the collection is a forgery. Egyptologists in favor of the Mansoor <mask>na Collection: On Record Christiane Desroches Noblecourt Ph.D. 08/17/1981 Inspecteur General des Musees, Chef du Département des Antiquites Egyptiennes du Musée du Louvre Étienne Drioton Ph.D. 01/03/1959 Director General of The Antiquities Department, Egypt. Then Director, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne. Member of the Arts Council of French Museums. Conservator in Chief of the Louvre Museum and Professor at the Collège de France. ( 6 ) Sami Gabra, Ph.D. 02/23/1959 Former Professor of Ancient History of the University of Cairo; Former Director of Excavations of the University of Cairo at Touna; Former Director of the Institute of Egyptology of the University of Cairo and Director of Higher Studies of the Coptic Institute.<mask> L. Becker-Colonna, Ph.D. 1975 Professor Emeritus, Curator Emeritus of the Sutro-Egyptian Collection, [San Francisco State University], California 'Egyptologists Against the Collection': On Record Prof. Dr. Hans Wolfgang <mask> 02/15/1960 Professor of Egyptology, Munich Egyptologists Against the Collection "Not on Record but via Proxy" Prof Dietrich Wildung Egyptian Museum of Berlin Prof Jean Claude Grenier [Universite Paul Valéry <mask>pellier 3] France Methods <mask> carefully studied every object he possessed, and, when in doubt, never hesitated to consult the many experts and connoisseurs he knew. Every object was dated to the best of his knowledge. Until the late 1930s, only a few scientific tests to study ancient works of art had been developed. The experts and antiquarians had to rely on their own knowledge of the styles of the many periods of Egyptian art. The microscope, and even the simple magnifying glass, often showed the careful observer the patination, erosion, or dendritic formations (the passing of time action, and the effect of burial in wet soil or sand on the surface of the object under study). Ethic <mask>. <mask> strongly believed that every work of ancient art had a soul of its own."It will speak to you", he used to say. "It has a feeling of its own, and it will tell you if it was made by an artist who lived, thought and was part of a bygone society." His intuition, guided by his knowledge, was phenomenal. He had that innate talent to recognize the ancient Egyptian works of art. After Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamon's tomb in 1922, tourists and art lovers from all over the world began to visit Egypt in ever increasing numbers. <mask>'s business flourished; there was a constant demand for antiquities. The stories he told of these years were fabulous.These were the years when he made the acquaintance of eminent persons in the field of Egyptology who were to become his teachers, advisers, friends and customers. But above all, he was serving the better interest of Egyptology. External links The M. A. <mask> Amarna Collection - Virtual museum gallery of Amarna artifacts from the Louvre, the Denver Art Museum and San Francisco State University 1881 births 1968 deaths University of Paris faculty Egyptian antiquarians 20th-century antiquarians

Philip Babington (died 1690)

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<mask> (1632–1690) was an English military officer, who served in the armies of the Commonwealth of England, the Dutch Republic and England. He accompanied William III to England in the 1688 Glorious Revolution and was Member of Parliament and Governor for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1689–1690. In April 1690, he joined the army that served in the Williamite War in Ireland. He fought at The Boyne in July and died of disease before the end of 1690. Personal details <mask> was born in 1632, eldest of seven surviving children of <mask> (1608-1648) and Elizabeth Helmes. His father owned estates in Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne; during the 1642–1646 First English Civil War, he was county commissioner under the Militia Ordinance and a Colonel in the New Model Army. In 1662, he married Catherine (died 1670), daughter of Arthur Hesilrige, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest sparked the First English Civil War.They had three children before her death in 1670, Mary, Catherine (died after 1721) and <mask> (died after 1722), who also became a soldier and was receiving Half-pay in 1722. He married Anne Webb in 1679, daughter of William Webb, headmaster of Berwick School. After his death in Ireland, she received a small pension from the government; in 1707, she was still being paid an annual pension of £100. Career Babington attended Christ Church, Oxford in 1650, then studied law at Gray's Inn before joining the army; his first major action was in 1654 when he fought in the Battle of Dalnaspidal that ended Glencairn's rising. When the 1660 Stuart Restoration returned Charles II to the throne, he was a Captain in the Northumberland Militia. Katherine's father Sir Arthur escaped execution by the new regime but was held in the Tower of London, where he died in January 1661. Shortly after his marriage, Babington moved to Harnham Hall, near Bolam, Northumberland; he and his wife were both Puritans and in 1666, Katherine was excommunicated by the Church of England for pulling the Bolam parish priest from his pulpit in protest at his sermons.As a result, she was denied churchyard burial when she died in September 1670 and Babington instead built her a tomb in the grounds of Harnham Hall, which still exists. In 1674, Harnham Hall was leased to William Veitch (1640–1722), a Scottish Presbyterian radical exiled for his involvement in the 1666 Pentland Rising. Babington resumed his military career by joining the Scots Brigade, a mercenary unit in the Dutch Republic whose origins went back to the 1580s. Despite the name, it normally contained three Scots and three English regiments; the latter were withdrawn when England allied with France in the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War but restored after the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended their involvement. By 1674, the remaining regiments had lost much of their national identity and a deliberate policy was adopted to re-establish them as English and Scottish units. <mask> was appointed Captain in one of the restored English regiments, which eventually became the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. He was promoted Major after Cassel in 1677, then wounded and taken prisoner at Saint-Denis in 1678.Released when the Treaties of Nijmegen ended the Franco-Dutch War in August, in 1682 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the English regiment commanded by Sir Henry Belasyse. At this time, his former tenant William Veitch joined the group of English and Scots exiles in Holland, one of whom was the Earl of Argyll; when James II became King in 1685, Veitch reappeared in Northumberland, recruiting for the proposed Monmouth Rebellion in South-West England and Argyll's Rising in Scotland. <mask>'s connection with Veitch meant that when William of Orange, later William III of England sent the Brigade to England to suppress these revolts, James demanded his dismissal. William refused, although he agreed to remove him from command of English troops; he described him as 'a very prudent and honourable man, and assuredly a very brave and excellent officer – even one of the best who have served me here of his nation.' In the event, the Brigade arrived after the rebellions had been crushed and returned to the Netherlands in August 1685 without seeing any fighting. In early 1688, James demanded the repatriation of the entire Brigade; William refused to comply but used the opportunity to remove officers of doubtful loyalty. When Sir Henry Bellasyse returned to England in April 1688, <mask> replaced him as Colonel and the unit accompanied William to England in the Glorious Revolution of November 1688; en route, a ship carrying four of its companies was captured but the soldiers released after James went into exile.<mask> was appointed Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed and elected to the Convention Parliament as MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed. In 1690, his regiment was transferred from the Dutch to the English military establishment, with its seniority backdated to 1685. It was now listed as 'Babington's Regiment' or simply 'Babingtons;' at this time, regiments were considered the personal property of their Colonel and carried their name, which changed when transferred to another. In April 1690, his unit joined the army led by Frederick Schomberg fighting the Jacobites in the 1689–1691 Williamite War in Ireland. Three companies were detached to garrison Charlemont Fort after its capture in May, while the rest fought at the Battle of the Boyne in July, suffering heavy casualties. Following the battle, Babington served under Lieutenant-General James Douglas in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Athlone. Babington died of disease in Ireland shortly before the end of 1690; his burial place is unknown.References Sources }} 1632 births 1690 deaths Babington family People from Newcastle upon Tyne (district) Military personnel of the English Civil War Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford English MPs 1689–1690 Members of Gray's Inn

Dianne Goolkasian Rahbee

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<mask> (born February 9, 1938) is an Armenian-American contemporary classical composer and pedagogue. Biography <mask> was born and raised in Waltham Massachusetts. Her father, <mask>, was a survivor of the 1915 Armenian genocide. <mask> began her early musical training as a pianist with Antoine Louis Moeldner, and continued study at Juilliard School as a piano major. She continued her work at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg in Salzburg, Austria. She later studied piano with David Saperton in New York and Lily Dumont, Russell Sherman, and Veronica Jochum in Boston. At age 40, <mask> began concentrating on composing and produced a large body of works.Her music has been described as "postserial in persuasion", and marries influences of Armenian folk music, neo-tonal musicality and rhythmic drive. Maurice Hinson in Guide To The Pianist’s Repertoire commented that Goolkasian-Rahbee's pedagogical works for piano are among the finest such works. <mask> has a rich musical heritage and traces her lineage of piano study directly to Ludwig van Beethoven through Antoine Louis Moeldner. Moeldner studied with Helen Hopekirk and Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who both studied with Theodor Leschetizky. Leschetizky in turn studied with Carl Czerny, who studied with Beethoven himself. <mask> lives in Belmont, Massachusetts where she has taught private piano lessons for many years. Works Piano Phantasie-Variations Op.12 (1980) Three Preludes Op. 5 (1980) Abstracts Op. 7 (1981) Intermezzo Op. 18, No. 3 (1983) Soliloquies Op. 17 (1983) Intermezzo Op. 21, No.2 (1984) Sonata No. 1 Op. 25 (1986) Sonata No. 2 Op. 31 (1988) Sketch Op. 29 "Harp" (1988) Scherzino Op. 32, No.2 (1989) Nocturne Op. 32, No. 1 (1989) Novellette Op. 37 (1990) Sonatina Op. 41 (1990) "Intchu" Op. 54 (1992) "Whim" Op. 62 (1994) Three Preludes Op.68 (1994) "Twilight" Op. 69 (1995) Sonata No. 3 Op. 83 "Odyssey" (1997) Three Preludes Op. 87 (1998) Three Preludes Op. 88-90 (1998) Prelude Op. 94 "Daydream" for Igor Kipnis (1999) Phantasie Op.99 "Y2K" (2000) Homage to Shostakovich Op. 106 (2000) Ballade Op. 111 (2001) Three Preludes Op. 120 "Le retour"; "Ensemble"; "Au revoir" (2002) Prelude Op. 122 "Rendezvous" (2002) Prelude Op. 123 "Hommage a Ligeti" (2002) Two Preludes Op. 125 "Contemplation"; "Rejoicing" (2002) Tango Op.126 (2002) for Diane Andersen Sonata No. 4 Op. 128 (2002) for Diane Andersen Ballade No. 2 Op. 129 (2002) "Nine Eleven WTC Flashbacks" Carousel Op. 131 (2003) Monday Morning In The City Op. 132 (2003) Adventurous Journey Op.133 (2003) Two Preludes for Mildred Freiberg Op. 138 (2004) "Escape to Inner Space"; "A Vibrant Spirit" Two Preludes Op. 140 (2004) "Champagne petillant"; "Imploration" Two Bagatelles Op. 142 (2005) Finger March Op. 143 (2005) parade for four players (each plays single line) "Mystère" Op. 161 (2008) Bagatelle Op. 163 (2008) "Reflections" Sorrows and Joys Op.164 (2008) "French Suite" Op. 165 (2008) A Field of Happy Sunflowers "Zone d’heureux Tournesois" for Eric Hénon Motorcycling Through the Beautiful French Country-side “motocyclisme par la campagne francaise” for Nadine Delsaux “Chateau de Saint Senoch” "Three Close Friends" Op. 182 (2009) trio for three people on one piano Piano (pedagogical) Essay No. 1 (1972) Tarantella (duet) Op. 2 (1972) Pictures Op. 3 (1980) Five Toccatinas (from Essays Op. 4) (1980) Expressions Op.8 (1981) Fragments Op. 14 (1987) Seven Little Etudes Op. 74 (1996) Seven Small Pieces Op. 105 (2000) Children's Album (seven pieces) Op. 107 (2000) Teaching Pieces for FJH Collection Op. 146 (2006) No. 1 "Sad Story" No.2 "Fooling Around" for Ariella Salehrabi No. 3 "Armenian Saga" for Stephanie DerAnanian No. 4 "Folk Dance" for Sylvie LeBoeuf No. 5 "Jumping Traiads" for Lorenzo Palombi No. 6 "The Wild Chase" for Iman and Nora Morlot No. 7 "Tricky Triads" for Silvie Lehrer LeBoeuf Eastern Tales Op. 144 (2005) No.1 Journey To Where No. 2 Little Folk Dance No. 3 Georgian Saga No. 4 Through the Desert Etude in Seconds Op. 149 No. 1 (2006) Marathon Race Op. 149 No.2 (2006) Twirling Round and Round Op. 149 No. 3 (2006) "Brain Teaser" Octave Displacement Op. 162 (2008) Two pianos 10+10 Op. 48 (1991) "Mosaic" Op. 26 (1992) Three Preludes Op. 68a (1994) Little Suite Op.72 (1995) Triptych Op. 114 (2001) Rhapsodie Op. 80a "Urartu" (2001) Toccata for Two Pianos Op. 118 (2002) Tango Op. 126a (2002) for Diane Andersen "Anahid's Musings" Op. 147 (2006) for 2 pianos and percussion "Odyssey" Op. 148 (2006) for 2 pianos Piano and orchestra Rhapsodie Op.80 "Urartu" 2 piano arr. (1996) Concertino Op. 87 2 piano arr. (1997) Concerto No. 1 Op. 104 2 piano arr. (2000) Concertino No.2 Op. 113 (2001) with strings and percussion Piano Concerto Op. 134 (2003) for Diane Andersen Concertino No. 3 Op. 145 (2005) for piano and strings (and opt. percussion) Organ Rondo Op. 33 (1989) Pastorale for Organ and Recorder Op.71 (1996) Three Bagatelles Op. 42 for Organ and Recorder (1997) Harpsichord Sonatina Op. 41 (1990) Two Pieces for Harpsichord and Recorder (Allegretto; Pastorale) Op. 77 (1996) Violin Solo Violin "Soliloquies" Op. 22 (1983) Sonata Breve Op. 50 (1992) Violin and piano Five Bagatelles Op. 42a (1991) Three Reflections Op.47a (1991) Pastorale Op. 71 (1995) Four Selected Preludes Op. 92 (1999) "A Khodja Tale" Op. 98 (1999) (elementary) "Feu Follet" Op. 151b (2007) arr. for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol "Ses Yeux" Op. 152b (2007) arr.for violin and piano, poem by Therese Planiol Prelude "Romance" Op. 154b (2007) arr. for violin and piano (from Op. 120 No. 2) Sonata No. 2 Op. 157 (2007) for violin and piano (arr.Piano Sonata No. 2 Op. 31) Viola "Discourse" Op. 20 (1984) "Sonata Breve" Op. 50 with piano (1994) Rhapsodie Op. 81 for viola and orchestra (1997) "A Khodja Tale” Op. 98 (1999) (elementary) Cello "Vicissitudes" Second Millennium Op.97 (1999) Ensemble Trios Trio "Shir Ahaba" Op. 28 (1986) for flute, viola and cello Suite Op. 45 No. 1-8 (1991) for piano, violin and cello or winds Trio Op. 63 viola, cello and piano

W. Bruce Fye

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<mask> (born 1946) is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist. He is emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and was the founding director of the institution's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine. <mask> was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia. A collector from a young age, he developed an interest for old books, and following qualifications in both medicine and history of medicine from the Johns Hopkins University, he pursued a dual career in cardiology and medical history, where his particular interests have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. In 1978, he was both elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and appointed to the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he was chair of its Cardiology Department until 1999 and where he established the echocardiography laboratory. <mask>'s appointments have also included vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield, governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter and head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic. He has been a president of the American College of Cardiology, the American Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Osler Society.He is the sole author of more than a hundred articles. In 1987, he published his first book The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. He contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti. Other noted publications have included his 2006 article titled "Troponin trumps common sense" and “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. he later donated many of the books and papers he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic, the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, and the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Early life and education W<mask> <mask> was born in 1946 in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia.He was the only child of a banker and his childhood hobbies revolved around collecting and included stamps, coins, and baseball cards. By the age of 14, he had developed a passion for old books, later described "as an advanced case of bibliomania", and by the tenth grade, he decided to become a doctor. He received his undergraduate and medical degrees, BA (1968) and MD (1972) from Johns Hopkins University, where he was elected to four national honour societies: Delta Phi Alpha, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha. <mask> completed his internal medicine residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center [now the New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center] in Manhattan, before returning to Johns Hopkins in 1975 for his cardiology fellowship. During his tenure as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at Hopkins, he completed his cardiology training and received an MA degree in 1978 from the Institute of the History of Medicine. Career Marshfield Clinic In 1978, he was elected a fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and in the same year joined the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he founded the echocardiography laboratory. He served as chair of Marshfield's Cardiology Department from 1981 through 1999, having been elected to nine two-year terms.In 1987, <mask> published his first book based on his MA thesis at Johns Hopkins, The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Johns Hopkins University Press). Of a number of reviews, historian Philip Pauly wrote, <mask> outlines the emergence of the discipline of physiology in American within the framework of a late nineteenth century medical reform movement. The book is important for reasserting the central importance of experimental science in the social transformation of American medicine. In addition to a number of committee appointments at the Marshfield Clinic, he was vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield from 1989 to 1999. Between 1993 and 1996, he was governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter (1993-1996) and chaired the organization's Government Relations Committee. As head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic, <mask> established a taskforce on workforce and co-chaired the 35th Bethesda Conference: Cardiology's Workforce Crisis: A Pragmatic Approach. He endeavoured, with resistance, to recruit cardiologists and produce studies on the workforce in cardiology.One of his monthly editorials titled “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” discussed the masculine image of cardiology and the problems with work-life balance. Mayo Clinic In 2001, <mask> moved to Rochester, Minnesota to join the Mayo Clinic. At the Mayo Clinic his clinical responsibilities centered on echocardiography and the care of patients with heart valve disease. In 2005 he was selected as the founding director of the Mayo Clinic Center for the History of Medicine. Profiles in cardiology In 2003, with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, he published Profiles in Cardiology: A Collection of Profiles Featuring Individuals Who Have Made Significant Contributions to the Study of Cardiovascular Disease. <mask> contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti and published by Mahwah, NJ: Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003).Cardiology taskforce During his tenure as president of the ACC, between 2002 and 2003, <mask> tackled some of the effects of Clinton health care plan of 1993, which had highlighted the high number of specialists and a need for generalists, with the result that between 1994 and 2000, fellowship appointments fell by nearly a third. He stated in an interview that; managed care had a “gatekeeper” model, which prevented patients from seeing a cardiologist unless a primary care physician had signed off. Accordingly, competition in cardiology increased. In 2006, his essay "Troponin trumps common sense", which discussed the appropriate use of the troponin test, drew the attention of a number of cardiology colleagues. In a reply, he stated "rather than allowing troponin to trump common sense, we should inject more common sense into the process of ordering a troponin level in the first place". He also worked on the origins of the Mayo Clinic and authored a book titled The Mayo Clinic and Cardiology: Specialization in the Twentieth Century. History of medicine <mask>'s interest in medical history developed out of his efforts in collecting books, which began in 1961.By the end of the decade he had begun to focus on acquiring old medical books. In 1973, during his medical training in New York City, he launched a mail order book business, W. Bruce Fye Antiquarian Medical Books. He coordinated a luncheon symposium on collecting medical books at the 1977 meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine and published his first article on the subject two years later. His particular interests in the history of medicine have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. He was the founding director of the Mayo Clinic's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, named by the Mayo Clinic in his honour as a result of his philanthropy. In addition to building up a large collection of books, offprints, and autographs relating to the history of cardiology, <mask> has been a collector of prints and engravings relating to medicine and engraved portraits of physicians. He curated two exhibitions of prints drawn from his collection: Medicine and Art (Marshfield, WI, New Visions Gallery, 1996) and Five Hundred Years of Medicine in Art from the Collection of <mask> and <mask> (Rochester, MN, Rochester Art Center, 2010).That exhibition was held in conjunction with the annual meetings of the American Osler Society and the American Association for the History of Medicine. <mask> was editor-in-chief of the Classics of Cardiology Library, which produced facsimile reprints of books of significance in the history of cardiology and cardiac surgery. The series was launched with an original volume <mask>'s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System, which <mask> edited. In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. The following year he published Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford University Press), where his “goal was to write a book that explained how and why the care of patients with heart disease changes so dramatically during the twentieth century”. Surgeon and historian Justin Barr wrote in his review; Caring for the Heart weaves together the history of the Mayo Clinic, the history of cardiology, and the history of specialization, into a single account, pulling the strengths from each element to help dissect, explain, and historicize the others. In so doing, <mask> has created a highly readable story of modern medicine in twentieth-century America, meeting the challenge of appealing to professional historians, clinicians, and interested public alike.Based on his research and publications about the history of the Mayo Clinic, <mask> functioned as Senior Historical Consultant for the two-hour Ken Burns film The Mayo Clinic: Faith, Hope, Science, which premiered on PBS on 25 September 25, 2018. In 2016, he donated many of the books he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic. In 2021, <mask> arranged to donate his private papers to the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and donated what was believed to be the largest private collection of books and other materials related to the history of cardiology to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Personal and family <mask> met Lois Baker in high school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and they married whilst he was a medical student and she was a nurse at Johns Hopkins. They have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth. Awards 2000: <mask> H. <mask> medal for his book American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). 2003: Designated Master of the American College of Cardiology.2005: One of 15 individuals inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars. 2009: Fifth recipient of the American Osler Society’s Lifetime Achievement Award. 2015: Named “Newsmaker of the Year in the Health Field” Rochester Post-Bulletin 2018: Chosen for the Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences (ALHHS) Recognition of Merit 2018: Recipient of Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award Selected publications PubMed lists <mask> as the sole author of more than 100 articles. Articles Books <mask>’s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System. Birmingham and New York (1985). Gryphon Editions. The Classics of Cardiology Library The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1987). American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and Its College. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Profiles in Cardiology: A collection of profiles featuring individuals who have made significant contributions to the study of cardiovascular disease. Co-authored with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003). J<mask> Hurst: His Life and Teachings. Co-authored with Silverman.M. E., Mahwah, NJ. (2007). Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science. Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization. New York: Oxford University Press (2015). References External links VIDEOCAST. <mask>, W. B.(2016). The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939]. The 2016 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture. National Library of Medicine W. Bruce Fye Center For the History of Medicine. Mayo Clinic The Medical and Scientific Library of W. Bruce Fye. Bonhams "Medical Book Collecting and Scholarship, A Recovering Biblionmaniac Shares his Perspectives". 2018 Dibner Library Lecture (6 December 2018) 1946 births Living people American cardiologists American medical historians People from Meadville, Pennsylvania Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni Johns Hopkins University alumni 20th-century American physicians 21st-century American physicians Mayo Clinic people Fellows of the American College of Cardiology 20th-century American historians American male non-fiction writers 21st-century American historians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers American bibliophiles

Farid Esack

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<mask> (born 1955 in Wynberg, Cape Town) is a South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue. Early life <mask> was born into a poor Muslim family in the Wynberg suburb of Cape Town. While still a child, he and his mother were forcibly relocated as "non-Whites" under the provisions of the Group Areas Act. At age nine, Esack joined the revivalist Tablighi Jamaat movement, and by age 10 he was learning at a madrasah (religious school). At the age of 15 he received a scholarship to pursue Islamic studies in Pakistan. By the time he left for Pakistan in 1974 he had also become the local chairman of an anti-apartheid group, National Youth Action, and had been detained several times by security police. <mask> spent eight years as a student in at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia where he was a classmate of Maulana Abdul Aziz.where he was completing the traditional Dars-i-Nizami program of Islamic studies and becoming a mawlana or Muslim cleric. As he noted in the introduction to his book On Being a Muslim, some of his fellow students later joined the Taliban in Afghanistan. Having grown up with Christian neighbors, Esack became critical of discrimination against Christians and other religious minorities in Pakistan. Middle years Returning to South Africa in 1982, <mask> became involved with activities of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa. He, along with three other members, left the organization in 1984 and helped form the Muslim anti-apartheid group Muslims Against Oppression, which later changed its name to Call of Islam, which became an important affiliate of the United Democratic Front. Esack addressed hundreds of protest meetings, formed ties with inter-faith opponents of apartheid, and became a leading figure within the World Conference of Religions for Peace. <mask> founded Call of Islam with Adli Jacobs and his cousin, Ebrahim Rasool, who later became the Premier of the Western Cape and the South African ambassador to the United States.From 1984 to 1989, <mask> was the National Coordinator of Call of Islam. This fulfilled his ambition of uniting the two halves of his personality – the religious with secular activism. He addressed rallies, conducted political funerals, and participated in inter-faith organisations opposed to apartheid. He became an important leader in the World Conference on Religion and Peace. An interesting image is of him marching, Qur’an in hand, under the banner of the CPSA flag. In 1990 <mask> left South Africa to continue his theological studies. He holds a PhD from the University of Birmingham, England, and pursued postdoctoral studies in Biblical hermeneutics at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt, Germany.<mask> has also been involved with the organisation Positive Muslims, which is dedicated to helping HIV-positive Muslims in Africa. Positive Muslims programs include prevention, lobbying, and research activities, but the main focus of the organisation's work is counseling and support for people living with HIV/AIDS. In May 2005 <mask> <mask> delivered the second Mandela Lecture sponsored by the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa, Amsterdam. In 2007-2008 <mask> was the Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Esack served as a Commissioner for Gender Equality in South African and has taught at the Universities of Western Cape, and Hamburg, the College of William & Mary and Union Theological Seminary (NY) and at Xavier University in Cincinnati. He is currently a professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is head of the South-African branch of BDS.He was responsible for the boycott of Ben Gurion University by the University of Johannesburg. In 2013, <mask> said that BDS distanced themselves from the singing of "shoot the Jew" in song during a protest at Wits University's Great Hall. "We unequivocally distance ourselves from the singing of this song and its sentiments. Also, to tarnish all Jews with the Zionist brush is racism regardless of who does it. Racism is racism and racism is abominable." <mask> also bemoaned the advantage the incident had given the organisation's detractors. "It is unfortunate but not unexpected that supporters of Israel will focus on the singing of this song," he said."The purpose and context of the protest were and remain the larger struggle against Israeli apartheid, Israel's illegal occupation and its violation of Palestinian rights." In 2015 in the wake of 132 deaths caused by terror attacks in France, Esack lashed out at Western powers that had waged war on Muslim countries and that supported the invasion of Muslim countries. "I am not praying for Paris; I am not condemning anyone. Why the hell should I? I had nothing to do with it," "I am sickened by the perpetual expectations to condemn. I walk away from your shitty racist and Islamophobic expectations that whenever your chickens come home to roost then I must feign horror". "Stop supporting and funding terror outfits, get out of other people's lands and continents, stop outlawing peaceful resistance such as Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement, to occupations, abandon your cultural imperialism, destroy your arms industry that provides the weapons that kill hundreds of thousands of others every year"."The logic is quite simple: When you eat, it's stupid to expect that no shit will ever come out from your body. Yes, I feel sorry for the victims on whom the shit falls. But, bloody hell, own it; it's yours!" In 2018, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa granted Esack the Order of Luthuli (Silver) for "his brilliant contribution to academic research and to the fight against race, gender, class and religious oppression. His body of work continues to enlighten generations of fledgling and established academics". Books by <mask> Esack The Struggle. (1988) But Musa went to Fir'aun!A Compilation of Questions and Answers about the Role of Muslims in the South African Struggle for Liberation. (South Africa, 1989) Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression. (Oxford, 1997) Islam and Politics (London, 1998) OCLC 67856723 On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today. (Oxford, 1999) The Qur'an: A Short Introduction. (Oxford, 2002) The Qur'an: A User's Guide. (Oxford, 2005) References Further reading Singhai, Arvind, and W. Stephen Howard. The Children of Africa Confront AIDS: From Vulnerability to Possibility.(Athens, Ohio, 2003) 1959 births Living people Writers from Cape Town South African people of Malay descent South African Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam South African activists South African non-fiction writers South African feminists Proponents of Islamic feminism Male feminists University of Johannesburg academics South African Muslims Alumni of the University of Birmingham South African expatriates in Pakistan Members of the Order of Luthuli Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia alumni

Ruthild Engert-Ely

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<mask> (9 October 1940 – 5 May 2013) was a German operatic mezzo-soprano and alto. Life Born in Frankfurt, Engert-Ely first trained as a kindergarten teacher in her native town. Afterwards she worked as a nanny in London and later worked there as an art dealer. She studied singing at the Hoch Conservatory. Later, further studies followed with Josef Metternich in Cologne. She made her stage debut at the Theater Osnabrück as Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro. She had her first regular engagements at the Theater Koblenz (1969–1972) and at the Theater Freiburg (1972–1977) where she was the countess in Lortzing's Der Wildschütz.The then Freiburg director and the musical director Marek Janowski supported Engert-Ely in her early years. In Freiburg she was able to acquire her first major roles: Rosina in The Barber of Seville, Octavia in Der Rosenkavalier and Ottavia in L'incoronazione di Poppea. After five years in Freiburg, she moved to the Staatstheater Hannover (1977–1979). There she sang Dorabella in Così fan tutte for the first time; the composer in Ariadne auf Naxos was also one of her role debuts. Since 1979, she was a permanent member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (DOB), to which she had been contracted by Siegfried Palm. She debuted there in 1979 as Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro. In October 1988, she sang Warwara in Götterdämmerung in the complete Ring cycle at the Deutsche Oper Berlin.In October 1990, she made her role and house debut there as Ortrud in Wagner's Lohengrin. In November 1992, she sang Preziosilla again in a new musical rehearsal of Verdi's opera La forza del destino. In November/December 1992, she took over the role of the crunchy witch in Hänsel and Gretel. In March 1993, she took over the role of Varvara again, this time "with lush vibrato" in mezzo-soprano, in the revival of the opera Káťa Kabanová. She was officially a member of the Deutsche Oper ensemble until the 1995/96 season. In the course of her career, she sang roles ranging from the lyrical mezzo-soprano to the dramatic mezzo-soprano. At the Deutsche Oper, she also made the change from the lyrical to the dramatic mezzo-soprano part.Occasionally she also took on purely alto roles. In the 1979/80 season she sang Fenena in a new production of Nabucco at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein (premiere: June 1980, director: Gert Westphal), as well as the Maddalena in Rigoletto (revival: April 1980). In the 1980/81 season she gave a guest performance at the Staatsoper Hamburg. There she sang in the new production of The Tales of Hoffmann (premiere: May 1981; director: Jürgen Flimm) "vocally beautiful and expressive" the voice of her mother and the second voice in the Barcarole. In the season 1980/81, without previous rehearsals, she took over as Cherubino in December 1980 at the Staatstheater Braunschweig in a new production of the opera Le Nozze di Figaro; "the two Cherubin arias became musical highlights of the evening in their intensely sensitive arrangement" In January 1984 she sang Prince Orlofsky in the Strauss operetta Die Fledermaus at the Staatsoper Hannover. She also gave a guest performance at the Staatstheater Oldenburg in 1985 as Kundry in Wagner's Bühnenweihfestspiel Parsifal (director: Michael Rothacker; with Mario Brell as Parsifal and Ks. Heinz-Klaus Ecker as Gurnemanz) and thus became known nationwide; this role was considered her special highlight.In the 1986/87 season she took on the role of Princess Eboli in Verdi's Don Carlos at the Theater Aachen; in the 1987/88 season, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth followed there. In May 1989, with the ensemble of the Deutsche Oper, she gave a guest performance at the International May Festival at Staatstheater Wiesbaden as Warwara in Katja Kabanowa; she "powerfully enhanced the role through intensive acting and magnificent mezzo tones." In November 1991 she appeared as Kundry at the Vienna State Opera. In the opening performance of the Theater Chemnitz she also appeared as Kundry in December 1992 (after several years of general renovation of the house). In 1999 she gave a guest performance at the Musiktheater im Revier in Gelsenkirchen as Herodias in Salome. In 1982, Engert-Ely sang for the first time at the Bayreuth Festival. From 1982 to 1989, she was a member of the permanent ensemble of the Bayreuth Festival.There, she took on the following roles: 1. Knappe in Parsifal (1982–1985), the alto solo in Parsifal (1984/1985), Grimgerde in Die Walküre (1983), Schwertleite in Die Walküre (1985/1986) and in 1989 Venus in Tannhäuser (director: Wolfgang Wagner; musical direction: Giuseppe Sinopoli). Engert-Ely frequently gave guest performances in other European countries and overseas. In 1988 she sang the role of Kundry in Parsifal at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto. She also appeared in Italy at the Teatro Regio di Torino (1987; as Clytemnestra in Elektra), at the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste (February 1988; "impressive" as composer), at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice (1988, as composer), in Genoa (June 1988 as Fricka in Die Walküre; 1997 as Türkenbaba in The Rake's Progress), at La Scala (1990; as Magdalene in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg) and several times at the Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania (April/May 1992 as Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier, with Renata Scotto as Marschallin in her role debut; 1994 as Venus; 1998 as Klytämnestra). She also gave guest performances at the Teatro Real in Madrid, at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon, in Paris (February 1989; as Magdalene at the Palais Garnier), in Montpellier (February 1993 as Ortrud, 1995), in Nice (1993 as Clairon in Capriccio; 1995 as Klytämnestra) and in Amsterdam (September 1993 as Kundry; June 1995 as Magdalene). She appeared several times at the Flemish Opera (De Vlaamse Opera) in Antwerp and Ghent: 1990 as Kundry in Parsifal (Ghent), 1991 also as Kundry in Parsifal (Antwerp), 1994 as Ortrud (Ghent), 1996 as Kundry (Ghent/Antwerp), 1996 as Principessa in Suor Angelica and Zita in Gianni Schicchi (both in Antwerp).In the United States, she gave a guest performance in Charleston (June/July 1987 and 1990; as Kundry in Parsifal), at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City (April 1990; as Fricka in Die Walküre), at the Washington Opera (1997; as Klytämnestra) and several times at the Hawaii Opera in Honolulu (1999 also as Klytämnestra; 2002 as Herodias in Salome). In May 1994 she sang Venus in Tannhäuser at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Engert-Ely also appeared as a concert and song singer. In June 1986 she appeared in a concert of the Berlin Philharmonic under the musical direction of Heinrich Hollreiser; Engert-Ely took over the alto parts in Mozart's Coronation Mass and in Beethoven's Mass in C major op. 86. In October 1988, she sang "with expressive, warm mezzo-soprano, which only lacked the otherwise pleasantly round sound at the very bottom", the alto part in Handel's Messiah in a scenic performance in the DOB. In November 1988, she took over the mezzo-soprano part in Verdi's Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.In November 1991, she sang in the Verdi Requiem in a performance of the Bochumer Symphoniker conducted by Eberhard Kloke in the auditorium of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, in which "her full well-fitting mezzo-soprano with ability for dramatic attack was impressively employed". In recitals she interpreted songs by Robert Schumann, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Franz Schreker and Alexander Zemlinsky among others. She also gave singing lessons. Engert-Ely was married to the musicologist Norbert Ely. After her marriage, she also performed under the name Ruthild Engert-Ely. Engert died in Berlin at the age of 72 after a serious illness. Repertoire Engert-Ely sang a broad repertoire on stage, which included baroque music, operas from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Giuseppe Verdi, but especially works from the turn of the century, the 20th century and classical modernism.Her other stage roles included Dorabella in Così fan tutte, Brangäne in Tristan und Isolde, Waltraute in Götterdämmerung, Hansel, later also Gertrud/Hexe in Hänsel und Gretel and Charlotte in the opera Die Soldaten (1983, Deutsche Oper Berlin; season 1987/1988 in Paris). Recordings Several sound documents with the voice of Ruthild Engert-Ely exist; however, her main roles are not sufficiently documented on sound recordings. In April 1987 she performed the role of Schwertleite in a recording of the opera Die Walküre under the musical direction of James Levine at the Manhattan Center in New York City. The recording was released by Deutsche Grammophon. In June 1987 she appeared as the nurse Filipjewna in a recording of the opera Eugene Onegin, which was recorded at the Lukaskirche in Dresden; her partners were Mirella Freni (Tatjana) and James Levine (conductor). The recording was first released in 1988 (still on vinyl), also by Deutsche Grammophon. In a complete recording of Prokovief's opera The Fiery Angel she took on the roles of the fortune teller and the abbess; the recording was also released on CD by Deutsche Grammophon in 1990.Also live and radio recordings of her performance at the Bayreuth Festival exist. Some of these were published on CD. Philips has released a CD with a recording of Parsifal from the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1985, in which Engert-Ely can be heard in her Bayreuth roles (1st miner and alto solo). A recording of the Bayreuth Tannhäuser 1989 performance with Engert-Ely as Venus was issued on DVD. Notes References Further reading Karl-Josef Kutsch, Leo Riemens: Großes Sängerlexikon. Fourth, extended edition. Munich 2003. volume 2: Castori–Frampoli, . . Jörg Graepel: "Ruthild Engert: 'Es geht vorwärts!'". Portrait and interview in Orpheus. Juli 1986. . Imre Fabian: Ruthild Engert. Porträt. In Opernwelt. Ausgabe November 1984. Seite 63/64.External links <mask> Engert-Ely – Biography (Bayreuth Festival) Engert, Ruthild on BMLO German operatic mezzo-sopranos 1940 births 2013 deaths Musicians from Frankfurt Hoch Conservatory alumni 20th-century German women opera singers

Iosif Chișinevschi

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<mask> (born Jakob Roitman; 26 December 1905–1963) was a Romanian communist politician. The leading ideologue of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) from 1944 to 1957, he served as head of its Agitprop Department from 1948 to 1952 and was in charge of propaganda and culture from 1952 to 1955. He has been described as "Moscow's right-hand man in Romania". Biography Early life Chișinevschi was born to a poor Jewish family in Bălți, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Moldova). Largely self-taught and a high-school dropout, he joined the PCR in 1928. Arrested that year (since the PCR had been banned in 1924), he went to the Soviet Union upon his release in 1930. He attended the Comintern's International Lenin School (his only ideological training) and was a participant at the Vth PCR Congress, held in Gorikovo near Moscow in December 1931.The Comintern delegates to the congress, Béla Kun and Dmitry Manuilsky, sponsored his election to the PCR central committee. He had personal connections within the Soviet secret police, of which he was an agent (which he remained through the 1950s), infiltrating the PCR hierarchy's upper ranks. Chișinevschi came back to Romania with instructions from Moscow, helping to reorganize the Agitprop Department, the PCR's propaganda nucleus. During the party's years of underground activity, he helped orient it toward Bolshevism (specifically Stalinism). He shunned real intellectual problems and the debates of the Marxist left, instead idolizing Joseph Stalin. He was most influenced by the latter's The Problems of Leninism, a sort of thumbnail sketch of revolutionary theory; once he had read the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Short Course, with its blatant falsifications, he looked no further than Stalin for ideological guidance. A devoted Comintern man, he was unconcerned with Romania's cultural and political history and context.Arrested again in 1933, he was freed in 1936 and integrated into the secretariat of the Central Committee, becoming head of the Bucharest party organization. In power Reconfirmed as a member of the PCR Central Committee in 1940, he was arrested that year, spending World War II in the Caransebeş penitentiary and the Târgu Jiu camp, where he was among the closest associates of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, especially after 1942. Having navigated for several years between the party's Gheorghiu-Dej and Ștefan Foriș, he participated in the staging of a plot that resulted in the latter's elimination and assassination, accusing him of being a collaborator of the Kingdom of Romania's secret police, Siguranța Statului. Joining the Politburo after August 23, 1944, he participated in the anti-intelligentsia campaign, also publishing several articles and brochures under the pen name of Stănciulescu the following year. Between 1952 and 1954, he was intimately involved in the shadowy machinations that led to the downfall of Ana Pauker, the execution of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, and the trial of Vasile Luca. Despite his Jewish ethnicity, Chișinevschi frantically distanced himself from his origins and helped persecute Jews. For instance, on January 14, 1953, he wrote: "The Jewish communities have always been a nest of thieves, of spies.The communities have always had Filderman and from the exploitation and robbing of poor people, to acts of criminal espionage, these have been part of their agenda. This is why I think we have to proceed firmly. The devil take them—they will eventually be quiet; otherwise they will damage us, and not only us, but the entire camp of peace". Chişinevschi, known among party members as Ioșka, was a consummate intriguer and opportunist, sycophantically subservient to his superiors, vindictive, and despotic toward his subordinates. He was the patron of an entire group of crude, narrow-minded and aggressive apparatchiks who dominated Romania's spiritual life during the years of unrestrained Stalinism. As a committed Stalinist, he was unconditionally devoted to the USSR and identified his own destiny with that of the "homeland of socialism". He participated in all the important meetings with Soviet representatives and delegates from other Eastern European countries, also coordinating the party's international relations and supervising cadre policy.Downfall For Chișinevschi, one's attitude toward the USSR was his most important criterion of Leninist orthodoxy. Thus, when the Soviets changed course at the 20th Party Congress (which Chișinevschi attended), he zealously changed course and immediately began spreading insidious critical allusions about his old friend Gheorghiu-Dej, hoping to cover up his own past crimes and abuses. At the March 1956 plenary, he and Miron Constantinescu called for a liberalisation, something that Gheorghiu-Dej categorically rejected. He did not make his proposal out of genuinely reformist sentiments, but rather because "his enduring opportunism, his unsurpassed chameleon-type of political conduct materialized in his will to associate himself with the group that was most probable to win the battle". As "a true follower of Moscow’s line, whatever its twist or turn, he grasped an opportunity to undermine Gheorghiu-Dej and re-compose for himself the image of a fighter for intra-party democracy". Thinking that "a critical re-assessment of the Stalinist purges in Romania was inevitable", he aligned himself in opposition to Gheorghiu-Dej. Probably encouraged by Khrushchev, <mask> and Constantinescu sought allies on the Politburo to topple Gheorghiu-Dej by majority vote; they drew Constantin Pîrvulescu, president of the party control commission to their side, but failed to capture Alexandru Moghioroș, who informed Gheorghiu-Dej of the conspiracy.After this, despite renewed professions of faith in Gheorghiu-Dej, Chişinevschi had no chance of political survival, as the former surpassed him in ability and duplicity. During the June 28–29 and July 1–3, 1957 plenum of the Central Committee, the Chişinevschi-Constantinescu "factionalist group" (invented by Gheorghiu-Dej for propaganda purposes) was purged from the Politburo. In June 1960, the Third Congress of the Romanian Workers' Party (as the PCR was then called) did not re-elect him to the Central Committee. In late 1956, knowing about his dissent from Gheorghiu-Dej's line that March, the leaders of the Bucharest student movement of 1956 saw Chișinevschi, then vice president of the Council of Ministers, as a potential interlocutor, but he rebuffed their calls for dialogue. At the November 30–December 5, 1961 central committee plenum, his former comrades cruelly humiliated him: Gheorghiu-Dej, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Leonte Răutu, Petre Borilă, Moghioroș, Alexandru Sencovici, Valter Roman did not hesitate to accuse the man formerly celebrated as the "brain of the party", now the director of the Casa Scînteii printing works. It was here that Gheorghiu-Dej, absolving himself of responsibility, denounced the alleged Pauker-Luca-Georgescu and Chișinevschi-Constantinescu factions as being responsible for Romania's worst Stalinist excesses. When Chișinevschi died of cancer in 1963, no obituary appeared in Romania.In April 1968, Ceaușescu relished the opportunity to denounce him (along with Gheorghiu-Dej and Alexandru Drăghici) for Pătrășcanu's execution. Family After Chișinevschi's first wife died, he married (1911–1981), a party member from 1930 and an activist during its underground years (whose last name he took). In 1946, she helped her husband secure the job of food-procurement officer for the Soviet army of occupation in Romania. From 1952 to 1954, she was on the Central Committee. In addition, she served as vice president of the Trade Union Confederation and of the Great National Assembly, and as deputy chair of the party's control commission (1955–1960). His eldest son, Milea, emigrated to Canada, while two other sons, Andrei and Gheorghe, left for Israel, where the latter died in the late 1980s. A fourth son, Iuri (b.1945), still lived in Romania as of 2006. References Final Report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania , p. 649 Cristina Arvatu, ”Fără nici un sprijin din partea tovarășilor (Without Any Help from the Comrades) ", in Jurnalul Național, October 4, 2005 Vladimir Tismăneanu, Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism (Working Paper No.37), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002 (PDF) Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003, 1905 births 1963 deaths People from Bălți People from Beletsky Uyezd Bessarabian Jews Moldovan Jews Jewish Romanian politicians Romanian Communist Party politicians Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) Romanian Comintern people Romanian expatriates in the Soviet Union Romanian propagandists Jewish socialists International Lenin School alumni Deaths from cancer in Romania Collaborators with the Soviet Union

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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<mask> ( ; ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. <mask> is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. Raised in Delft, Dutch Republic, <mask> worked as a draper in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654. He became well recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lensmaking. In the 1670s, he started to explore microbial life with his microscope. This was one of the notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s).Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, <mask> was the first to observe and to experiment with microbes, which he originally referred to as dierkens, diertgens or diertjes (Dutch for "small animals" [translated into English as animalcules, from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal"]). He was the first to relatively determine their size. Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, red blood cells, crystals in gouty tophi, and among the first to see blood flow in capillaries. Although <mask>k did not write any books, he described his discoveries in letters to the Royal Society, which published many of his letters, and to persons in several European countries. Early life and career <mask> <mask> was born in Delft, Dutch Republic, on 24 October 1632. On 4 November, he was baptized as Thonis.His father, Philips Antonisz <mask>, was a basket maker who died when Antonie was only five years old. His mother, Margaretha (<mask> den Berch), came from a well-to-do brewer's family. She remarried Jacob Jansz Molijn, a painter. Antonie had four older sisters: Margriet, Geertruyt, Neeltje, and Catharina. When he was around ten years old his step-father died. He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live in Benthuizen with his uncle, an attorney. At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam, which was owned by the Scot William Davidson.Van Leeuwenhoek left there after six years. Van Leeuwenhoek married Barbara de Mey in July 1654, with whom he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria (four other children died in infancy). That same year he returned to Delft, where he would live and study for the rest of his life. He opened a draper's shop, which he ran throughout the 1650s. His wife died in 1666, and in 1671, <mask> remarried to Cornelia Swalmius with whom he had no children. His status in Delft had grown throughout the years. In 1660 he received a lucrative job as chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the Delft sheriffs in the city hall, a position which he would hold for almost 40 years.In 1669 he was appointed as a land surveyor by the court of Holland; at some time he combined it with another municipal job, being the official "wine-gauger" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation. Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of another famous Delft citizen, the painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two Vermeer paintings of the late 1660s, The Astronomer and The Geographer, but others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances; <mask> acted as the executor of Vermeer's will after the painter died in 1675. Microscopic study While running his draper shop, <mask> wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time. He developed an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity. By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass.Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, a very small, high-quality glass lens is created. Significantly, a May 2021 neutron tomography study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method. For lower magnifications he also made ground lenses. To help keep his methods confidential he apparently intentionally encouraged others to think grinding was his primary or only lens construction method. Recognition by the Royal Society After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, <mask> introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf. When the Royal Society in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal, Henry Oldenburg, with a ringing endorsement of <mask>'s microscopes which, he claimed, "far surpass those which we have hitherto seen". In response, in 1673 the society published a letter from <mask>k that included his microscopic observations on mold, bees, and lice.Van Leeuwenhoek's work fully captured the attention of the Royal Society, and he began corresponding regularly with the society regarding his observations. At first he had been reluctant to publicize his findings, regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific, artistic, or writing background, but de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work. By the time <mask> died in 1723, he had written some 190 letters to the Royal Society, detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields, centered on his work in microscopy. He only wrote letters in his own colloquial Dutch; he never published a proper scientific paper in Latin. He strongly preferred to work alone, distrusting the sincerity of those who offered their assistance. The letters were translated into Latin or English by Henry Oldenburg, who had learned Dutch for this very purpose. He was also the first to use the word animalcules to translate the Dutch words that Leeuwenhoek used to describe microorganisms.Despite the initial success of <mask>'s relationship with the Royal Society, soon relations became severely strained. His credibility was questioned when he sent the Royal Society a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms dated 9 October 1676. Previously, the existence of single-celled organisms was entirely unknown. Thus, even with his established reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer, his observations of microscopic life were initially met with some skepticism. Eventually, in the face of <mask>'s insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie, minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft; Benedict Haan, at that time Lutheran minister at Delft; and Henrik Cordes, then Lutheran minister at the Hague, accompanied by Sir Robert Gordon and four others, to determine whether it was in fact <mask>'s ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps, the Royal Society's theories of life that might require reform. Finally in 1677, <mask>'s observations were fully acknowledged by the Royal Society. <mask> <mask> was elected to the Royal Society in February 1680 on the nomination of William Croone, a then-prominent physician.<mask> was "taken aback" by the nomination, which he considered a high honor, although he did not attend the induction ceremony in London, nor did he ever attend a Royal Society meeting. Scientific fame By the end of the seventeenth century, <mask>k had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery. His contemporary Robert Hooke, an early microscope pioneer, bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man's shoulders. He was visited over the years by many notable individuals, such as the Russian Tsar Peter the Great. To the disappointment of his guests, <mask>k refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses. Van Leeuwenhoek was visited by Leibniz, William III of Orange and his wife, Mary II of England, and the burgemeester (mayor) Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam, the latter being very interested in collecting and growing plants for the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, and all gazed at the tiny creatures. In 1698, <mask> was invited to visit the Tsar Peter the Great on his boat.On this occasion <mask> presented the Tsar with an "eel-viewer", so Peter could study blood circulation whenever he wanted. Techniques and discoveries <mask> <mask> made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that <mask>k possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality.The single-lens microscopes of <mask>k were relatively small devices, the largest being about 5 cm long. They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun. The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens. There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample. Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction "which I only keep for myself", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses. For many years no one was able to reconstruct <mask>wenhoek's design techniques, but in 1957, C. L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a <mask>wenhoek design microscope. Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute.In May 2021 researchers in the Netherlands published a non-destructive neutron tomography study of a Leeuwenhoek microscope. One image in particular shows a Stong/Mosolov-type spherical lens with a single short glass stem attached (Fig. 4). Such lenses are created by pulling an extremely thin glass filament, breaking the filament, and briefly fusing the filament end. The nuclear tomography article notes this lens creation method was first devised by Robert Hooke rather than Leeuwenhoek, which is ironic given Hooke's subsequent surprise at Leeuwenhoek's findings. <mask> used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge advantage provided by his method.He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British Royal Society. Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like Robert Hooke. Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are: infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification), in 1674 bacteria, (e.g., large Selenomonads from the human mouth), in 1683 the vacuole of the cell spermatozoa, in 1677 the banded pattern of muscular fibers, in 1682 In 1687, <mask> reported his research on the coffee bean. He roasted the bean, cut it into slices and saw a spongy interior. The bean was pressed, and an oil appeared. He boiled the coffee with rain water twice and set it aside.<mask> has been attributed as the first person to use a histological stain to color specimens observed under the microscope using saffron Like Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker, <mask>k was interested in dried cochineal, trying to find out if the dye came from a berry or an insect. Van Leeuwenhoek's religion was "Dutch Reformed" Calvinist. He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small, and believed that his discoveries were merely further proof of the wonder of creation. Legacy and recognition By the end of his life, <mask> had written approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society and other scientific institutions concerning his observations and discoveries. Even during the last weeks of his life, <mask>k continued to send letters full of observations to London. The last few contained a precise description of his own illness. He suffered from a rare disease, an uncontrolled movement of the midriff, which now is named <mask>k's disease.He died at the age of 90, on 26 August 1723, and was buried four days later in the Oude Kerk in Delft. In 1981, the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that <mask>'s original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and all were well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes, adding to our knowledge of <mask>'s work. In Ford's opinion, Leeuwenhoek remained imperfectly understood, the popular view that his work was crude and undisciplined at odds with the evidence of conscientious and painstaking observation. He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion, such as spontaneous generation, and he changed his mind in the light of evidence.On his importance in the history of microbiology and science in general, the British biochemist Nick Lane wrote that he was "the first even to think of looking—certainly, the first with the power to see." His experiments were ingenious and he was "a scientist of the highest calibre", attacked by people who envied him or "scorned his unschooled origins", not helped by his secrecy about his methods.The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in Amsterdam, named after <mask>k, is specialized in oncology. In 2004, a public poll in the Netherlands to determine the greatest Dutchman ("De Grootste Nederlander") named <mask> the 4th-greatest Dutchman of all time. On 24 October 2016, Google commemorated the 384th anniversary of <mask>'s birth with a Doodle that depicted his discovery of "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria. The Leeuwenhoek Medal, Leeuwenhoek Lecture, Leeuwenhoek (crater), Leeuwenhoeckia, Levenhookia (a genus in the family Stylidiaceae), and Leeuwenhoekiella (an aerobic bacterial genus) are named after him. See also Animalcule Regnier de Graaf Dutch Golden Age History of microbiology History of microscopy History of the microscope Robert Hooke Microscopic discovery of microorganisms Microscopic scale Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Scientific Revolution Nicolas Steno Jan Swammerdam Timeline of microscope technology Johannes Vermeer Notes References Sources Cobb, Matthew: Generation: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unraveled the Secrets of Sex, Life, and Growth. (US: Bloomsbury, 2006) Cobb, Matthew: The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth. (London: Simon & Schuster, 2006) Davids, Karel: The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in the Netherlands, 1350–1800 [2 vols.].(Brill, 2008, ) Ford, Brian J.: Single Lens: The Story of the Simple Microscope. (London: William Heinemann, 1985, 182 pp) Ford, Brian J.: The Revealing Lens: Mankind and the Microscope. (London: George Harrap, 1973, 208 pp) Fournier, Marian: The Fabric of Life: The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth-Century Microscopy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, ) Ratcliff, Marc J.: The Quest for the Invisible: Microscopy in the Enlightenment. (Ashgate, 2009, 332 pp) Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien et al. : Antoni <mask>k: Master of the Minuscule. (Brill, 2016, ) Struik, Dirk J.: The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century (Studies in the History of Modern Science). (Springer, 1981, 208 pp) Wilson, Catherine: The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope''.(Princeton University Press, 1997, ) External links Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society The Correspondence of Anthonie <mask>k in EMLO Lens on Leeuwenhoek (site on Leeuwenhoek's life and observations) Vermeer connection website University of California, Berkeley article on <mask>uwenhoek Retrospective paper on the Leeuwenhoek research by Brian J. Ford. Images seen through a <mask>uwenhoek microscope by Brian J. Ford. Instructions on making a van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replica by Alan Shinn 1632 births 1723 deaths 17th-century Dutch businesspeople 17th-century Dutch inventors 17th-century Dutch naturalists 17th-century Dutch people 17th-century Dutch scientists 18th-century Dutch people Age of Enlightenment Burials at the Oude Kerk, Delft Dutch Calvinist and Reformed Christians Dutch microbiologists Dutch naturalists Fellows of the Royal Society History of biology Microscopists Natural history People from Delft Protistologists Dutch scientific instrument makers Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic Scientific revolution

Danny Brough

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<mask> (born 15 January 1983) is a Scottish former professional rugby league footballer who played as a or . <mask> started his professional career in 2002 with Dewsbury Rams in the second tier before moving to York City Knights a year later. <mask> made his Super League debut in 2005 after signing for Hull F.C., winning the Challenge Cup final with the club in the same season. After spending a season with Castleford Tigers in 2007's National League One, he returned to the Super League with the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats before switching to the Huddersfield Giants in 2010. After a second spell with Wakefield, he finished his career at Bradford Bulls in 2021. <mask> also played at international level for England and Scotland, being eligible to play for the latter through his grandfather, and won a Scottish record 25 caps. Background <mask> was born in Thornhill, West Yorkshire, England.Playing career Dewsbury Rams Brough started his playing career as a junior at Thornhill before signing for Wakefield Trinity at the age of 15. He failed to make a first team appearance for the club and moved to Dewsbury in the Northern Ford Premiership, making his senior début in 2002. Seeking more regular first team opportunities, <mask> requested a transfer during the 2003 season, and was subsequently sold to National League Two side York City Knights after two seasons at the Dewsbury Rams. York City Knights In 2004, <mask> set new club records at York for most goals scored in a season (178), and most points scored in a season (412), helping the club reach the quarter final of the Challenge Cup, and narrowly missing out on promotion to National League One following a 30–34 defeat in the play-off final against Halifax. After just two seasons he was signed by Super League side Hull F.C. after making 53 appearances for York. Hull FC Brough had a dream start at Hull, scoring four goals and a drop-goal in Hull's 2005 Challenge Cup Final win over Leeds Rhinos, with many claiming he was unlucky not to win the Lance Todd Trophy.After an impressive first season, he signed a new two-year contract with the club. During the following season, <mask> lost his place in the starting lineup after the arrival of new head coach Peter Sharp, and was signed by Castleford Tigers for an undisclosed fee in June 2006. Castleford Tigers Brough played 10 games for Castleford in 2006, but was unable to prevent the team from being relegated from the Super League. He remained with Castleford in 2007 and was part of the team that won promotion from National League One back into the Super League. Wakefield Trinity Following Castleford's promotion, <mask> was signed by rivals Wakefield Trinity in 2008 and became a key player for the team, going on to win the Albert Goldthorpe Medal that year. <mask>, again only stayed at Wakefield for two seasons before leaving at the end of 2009 to join West Yorkshire rivals Huddersfield. He made 57 appearances for Trinity scoring 468 points.Huddersfield Giants In March 2010, <mask> was signed by Huddersfield Giants for a fee of £30,000, and agreed to loan <mask>d to Wakefield until the end of the season. He was named club captain during 2012 following the mid-season departure of Kevin Brown. At the end of the 2013 Super League season, <mask> won the Man of Steel award for his excellent performances throughout the season. He also became the first player ever to win a second Albert Goldthorpe Medal. Wakefield Trinity Bradford Bulls In June 2020, it was announced that <mask> would link up with former coach John Kear on a 2 year deal in the RFL Championship with the Bradford Bulls. <mask> announced his retirement in November 2021. International career <mask> played at international level for Scotland, qualifying via his grandfather, making his international début in 2004 and playing in sporadic competitions and test matches. In 2008 he was called up to the Scotland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and was named captain for the first time.<mask>'s international future was thrown into question following the World Cup, as he announced his intention to switch allegiance to England in 2009, citing a lack of opportunities to play in major tournaments with Scotland. However, <mask> was not selected for England, and did not feature at international level for two years. <mask> was eventually called into the England squad for an International Origin match in 2012. He was subsequently omitted once again from the England squad, and, amid heavy speculation, in 2013 announced that he would once again be committing to Scotland, having not featured for England once. In 2013, <mask> reverted to Scotland and captained the team during the 2013 World Cup. After the tournament, <mask> was shortlisted alongside Sonny Bill Williams and Greg Inglis for the RLIF International Player of the Year. In October 2014, <mask> led Scotland in the 2014 European Cup.The Winner of the tournament would qualify to play in the 2016 Four Nations alongside International heavyweights Australia, England and New Zealand. He played at his best throughout the tournament, earning him the 'Player of the Tournament' award. His performances and leadership inspired the team to qualify for 2016's major international rugby league competition and win the European Cup for the first ever time. Later in the year, his performances made him the clear winner for the 'Prince of Scots' award as the best player to play in the Bravehearts' jersey that year. Again in October and November 2015, <mask> decided to play for Scotland instead of taking a long off-season break and was therefore named as the captain of the Bravehearts in their 2015 European Cup campaign. Five months before the 2016 Four Nations, Scotland announced <mask> would captain the Bravehearts in their first tournament (other than the World Cup) against the 'big 3' international teams. In 2017 <mask> captained Scotland's squad in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.He played in the matches against Tonga and New Zealand, but was then released from the squad and sent home before their final group match, after being deemed too drunk to board a flight in Christchurch. References External links Wakefield Trinity profile Huddersfield Giants profile SL profile (archived by web.archive.org) Wakefield Trinity Wildcats profile Players to watch - <mask> (Scotland) (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullfc.com Statistics at rlwc2017.com 1983 births Living people Anglo-Scots Bradford Bulls players Castleford Tigers players Dewsbury Rams players English rugby league players English people of Scottish descent England national rugby league team players Huddersfield Giants captains Huddersfield Giants players Hull F.C. players Rugby league halfbacks Rugby league players from Dewsbury Scotland national rugby league team captains Scotland national rugby league team players Wakefield Trinity players York City Knights players

Greg Maddux

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<mask> (born April 14, 1966) is an American college baseball coach and former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher. He is the pitching coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Maddux is best known for his accomplishments while playing for the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs. With the Braves, he won the 1995 World Series over the Cleveland Indians. The first to achieve a number of feats and records, he was the first pitcher in major league history to win the Cy Young Award four consecutive years (1992–1995), matched by only one other pitcher, Randy Johnson. During those four seasons, Maddux had a 75–29 record with a 1.98 earned run average (ERA), while allowing less than one baserunner per inning. <mask> is the only pitcher in MLB history to win at least 15 games for 17 straight seasons.In addition, he holds the record for most Gold Gloves with 18, and most putouts by a pitcher with 546, including a tied live-ball-era record of 39 putouts in a season (1990, 1991, 1993). A superb control pitcher, Maddux won more games during the 1990s than any other pitcher and is 8th on the all-time career wins list with 355. Since the start of the post-1920 live-ball era, only Warren Spahn (363) recorded more career wins than <mask>. Maddux also has the most wins among pitchers who made their debuts after World War II. He is one of only ten pitchers ever to achieve both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, and is the only pitcher to record more than 300 wins, more than 3,000 strikeouts, and fewer than 1,000 walks (exactly 999 walks overall). Since his retirement as a player, Maddux has also served as a special assistant to the general manager for both the Cubs and Texas Rangers. On January 8, 2014, he was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, in his first year of eligibility, receiving 97.2% of the votes.In 2012, writer Jason Lukehart invented the "Maddux", the term now used when a pitcher throws a complete game shutout in fewer than one hundred pitches; Maddux holds the record for most times accomplishing this feat (13) since pitch counts began to be tracked in 1988. Early life Maddux was born in San Angelo, Texas, and spent much of his childhood in Madrid, Spain, where the United States Air Force stationed his father. His father exposed him to baseball at an early age. Upon his return to Las Vegas, Nevada, Maddux and his brother Mike, who became a pro player himself, trained under the supervision of Ralph Meder, a former scout from the majors. Meder preached the value of movement and location above velocity, and advised throwing softer when in a jam instead of harder. Maddux would later say, "I believed it. I don't know why.I just did." Though Meder died before Maddux graduated from Valley High School in Las Vegas in 1984, he instilled a firm foundation that would anchor Maddux's future career. While in Las Vegas, he played American Legion Baseball with Post 8. He was named the organization's Graduate of the Year in 1984. His brother, Mike, was drafted in 1982. When scouts went to observe the elder Maddux, their father, Dave, told them, "You will be back later for the little one." Some baseball scouts were unimpressed by Maddux's skinny build, but Chicago Cubs scout Doug Mapson saw past the physique.Mapson wrote a glowing review that read in part, "I really believe this boy would be the number one player in the country if only he looked a bit more physical." Professional career Chicago Cubs (1986–1992) Maddux was drafted in the second round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft by the Cubs, and made his major league debut on September 3, 1986, the conclusion of the September 2 game which had been postponed due to darkness (lights were not installed at Wrigley Field until 1988). At the time, Maddux was the youngest player in the majors. His first appearance in a major league game was as a pinch runner (for catcher Jody Davis) in the 17th inning against the Houston Astros. Maddux then pitched in the 18th inning, allowing a home run to Billy Hatcher and taking the loss. His first start, five days later, was a complete game win. In his fifth and final start of 1986, Maddux defeated his older brother, who was pitching for the Philadelphia Phillies, marking the first time rookie brothers had pitched against each other.<mask> was well used to his younger brother's competitive spirit, saying of their youth, "If <mask> couldn't win, he didn't want to play, plain and simple." In 1987, his first full season in the majors, Maddux struggled to a 6–14 record and 5.61 ERA, but he flourished in 1988, finishing 18–8 with a 3.18 ERA. This began a streak of 17 straight seasons in which Maddux recorded 15 or more wins, the longest such streak in MLB history. Maddux established himself as the Cubs' ace in 1989, winning 19 games, including a September game at Montreal's Olympic Stadium that clinched the Cubs' second-ever National League Eastern Division championship. Manager Don Zimmer tabbed him to start Game One of the National League Championship Series against the San Francisco Giants. He allowed eight runs and was relieved after surrendering Will Clark's grand slam with two outs in the fourth. Maddux believed that just before the grand slam, when Maddux had a conversation with Zimmer, Clark watched, read Maddux's lips (Maddux said, "Fastball, high, inside), and so knew what pitch to expect.After that incident, Maddux always covered his mouth with his glove during conversations on the mound. Maddux took a no-decision in Game Four; the Cubs ended up losing the NLCS four-games-to-one. After consecutive 15-win seasons in 1990 and 1991, Maddux won 20 games in 1992, tied for the NL lead, and was voted his first National League Cy Young Award. Free agency was pending for Maddux, but contract talks with the Cubs became contentious and eventually ceased. Both Chicago general manager Larry Himes and Maddux's agent, Scott Boras, accused the other of failing to negotiate in good faith. The Cubs eventually decided to pursue other free agents, including José Guzmán, Dan Plesac, and Candy Maldonado. After seven seasons in Chicago, Maddux signed a five-year, $28 million deal with the Atlanta Braves.Atlanta Braves (1993–2003) Maddux made his debut with the Braves on April 5, 1993, as their opening day starter against the Cubs at Wrigley Field, beating his former teammates 1–0. He finished the regular season with a 20–10 record, led the NL with a 2.36 ERA, and won his second straight Cy Young Award. The Braves took their rotation of Maddux, 22-game winner Tom Glavine, 18-game winner Steve Avery, and 15-game winner John Smoltz to the postseason. Maddux won against the Philadelphia Phillies in Game Two of the NLCS, but with Atlanta trailing 3 games to 2, lost the decisive Game Six. During the strike-shortened 1994 season, Maddux posted an ERA of 1.56, the second-lowest since Bob Gibson's historic 1.12 in 1968, the last year of the elevated mound, and the lowest in the majors since Dwight Gooden's 1.53 in 1985. It pleased Maddux that his 1994 batting average (.222) was higher than his ERA. Maddux also led the National League in wins (with 16) and innings pitched (202) in his third Cy Young-winning year.Maddux also finished 5th in National League Most Valuable Player voting in 1994. In the 1995 season, Maddux was 19–2 and he posted the third-lowest ERA since Gibson's: 1.63. Maddux became the first pitcher to post back-to-back ERAs under 1.80 since Walter Johnson in 1918 (1.27) and 1919 (1.49). Maddux's 1.63 ERA came in a year when the overall league ERA was 4.23. Since the beginning of the live-ball era in 1920, there have only been five pitchers to have full-season ERAs under 1.65: Gibson and Luis Tiant in the anomalous 1968 season, Gooden in 1985, and Maddux, twice. Maddux's 19 wins led the National League, for the third time in four seasons. On May 28, 1995, he beat the Astros, losing a no-hitter on an eighth-inning home run to Jeff Bagwell.It was the only nine-inning one-hitter of his career. In June and July, Maddux threw 51 consecutive innings without issuing a walk. Maddux pitched effectively in all three of the Braves's postseason series, winning a game in each. His Game One victory in the 1995 World Series involved nine innings, two hits, no walks, and no earned runs with Orel Hershiser pitching for the Cleveland Indians. Maddux took the loss in Game Five, but the Atlanta Braves won their first World Series championship two days later. Following the 1995 season, Maddux won his fourth straight Cy Young Award, a major league record, and his second consecutive unanimous award. Maddux also finished third in that year's National League Most Valuable Player voting.The Atlanta Braves also made good on a pre-season promise to their pitching rotation, installing a putting green in the locker room at the newly built Turner Field following the World Series victory. From 1996 to 1998, Maddux finished fifth, second, and fourth in the Cy Young voting. In August 1997, Maddux signed a $57.5-million, five-year contract extension that made him the highest-paid player in baseball. In February 2003, he avoided arbitration by signing a one-year $14.75-million deal. Maddux's production remained consistent: a 19–4 record in 1997, 18–9 in 1998, 19–9 in both 1999 and 2000, 17–11 in 2001, 16–6 in 2002, and 16–11 in 2003, his last season as a Brave. From 1993 to 1998, Maddux led the National League in ERA four times, and was second the other two seasons. On July 22, 1997, Maddux threw a complete game with just 78 pitches (63 strikes and 15 balls) against the Cubs.Three weeks earlier, he had shut out the defending champion New York Yankees on 84 pitches, and five days before that he had beaten the Phillies with a 90-pitch complete game. Maddux allowed just 20 bases on balls in 1997, including six intentional walks. Maddux struck out 200+ batters for the only time in his career in 1998. He outdueled the Cubs' Kerry Wood to clinch the NLDS, but the Braves were eliminated in the next round. The Braves returned to the World Series in 1999. Maddux was the Game One starter, and took a 1–0 lead into the eighth inning before a Yankee rally cost him the game and eventually the series as the Braves were swept. On June 14, 2000, Maddux made his 387th putout to break Jack Morris's career record.In September 2000, he had a streak of 40 scoreless innings. He pitched poorly in his one playoff start of 2000. In May 2001, Maddux became the first Braves pitcher since 1916 to throw two 1–0 shutouts in the same month. The first included a career-best 14 strikeouts. In July and August of that year, Maddux pitched 72 consecutive innings without giving up a walk; that streak ended when he intentionally threw four balls to Steve Finley. In 2002, he won his 13th straight Gold Glove Award, a NL record. Maddux tied Jim Kaat's career record of 16 Gold Gloves after the 2006 season.Throughout most of his years with the Braves, in the tradition of other pitching greats such as Steve Carlton, Maddux often had his own personal catcher. At various times Maddux used Charlie O'Brien, Eddie Pérez, Paul Bako, and Henry Blanco, for the majority of his starts, though regular starter Javy López did sometimes catch Maddux in the postseason. Maddux was the crown jewel in the much-vaunted Braves trio of Maddux, Glavine, and Smoltz, who pitched together for over a decade as the core of one of the best pitching staffs in the history of the game. The three were the linchpin of a team that won its division (the National League West in 1993 and the East from then on) every year that Maddux was on the team (1994 had no division champions). The three pitchers were frequently augmented by other strong starters such as Steve Avery, Kevin Millwood, Denny Neagle, and Russ Ortiz. In 1995, they pitched the Braves to a World Series title. In 29 postseason games with Atlanta, Maddux had a 2.81 ERA and a 1.19 WHIP, but just an 11–13 record.Second stint with the Chicago Cubs (2004–2006) Maddux returned to the Cubs as a free agent prior to the 2004 season, when he signed with them on February 18, 2004. Maddux got his first win on April 23 after losing 3 consecutive games at the beginning of the season. On August 7, Maddux defeated the San Francisco Giants, 8–4, to garner his 300th career victory. In April 2005, he beat Roger Clemens for his 306th win in the first National League matchup between 300-game winners in 113 years. On July 26, 2005, after a three-hour rain delay, Maddux struck out Omar Vizquel to become the thirteenth member of the 3,000 strikeout club and only the ninth pitcher with both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, having reached both marks against the San Francisco Giants. Maddux finished as one of the four pitchers to top 3,000 strikeouts while having allowed fewer than 1,000 walks (he had 999). The other three pitchers who have accomplished this feat are Ferguson Jenkins, Curt Schilling, and Pedro Martínez.Maddux's 13–15 record in 2005 was his first losing record since 1987, and snapped a string of seventeen consecutive seasons with 15 or more wins. (Cy Young had surpassed the 15-win total for 15 straight years; both Young and Maddux reached 13+ wins for 19 consecutive seasons. This is even more impressive considering that Cy Young pitched in an era with no more than 4 regular starters that would average more than 40+ games per season, whereas Maddux pitched in an era with a 5-man rotation when reaching 40 starts in a season was virtually unheard of.) Los Angeles Dodgers (2006) Maddux's second stint with the Chicago Cubs lasted until mid-2006, when he was traded for the first time in his career, to the Los Angeles Dodgers. At the time, the Dodgers were in the thick of a playoff race. In his first Dodger start, Maddux threw six no-hit innings before a rain delay interrupted his debut. In his next start, Maddux needed just 68 pitches to throw eight shutout innings.On August 30, 2006, he won his 330th career game, passing Steve Carlton to take sole possession of 10th on the all-time list. On September 30, 2006, Maddux pitched seven innings in San Francisco, allowing two runs and three hits in a 4–2 victory over the Giants, clinching a postseason spot for the Dodgers and notching another 15-win season. It was Maddux's 18th season among his league's Top 10 for wins, breaking a record he'd shared with Cy Young and Warren Spahn, who did it 17 times apiece. However, the Dodgers were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Mets. Maddux started the third and final game, throwing an ineffective no-decision. Maddux was honored with a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding pitcher in MLB for 2006. San Diego Padres (2007–2008) On December 5, 2006, Maddux agreed to a one-year, $10 million deal with the San Diego Padres with a player option for the 2008 season, an option that Maddux later exercised at a reported $10 million.Maddux earned his 338th victory in the game that Trevor Hoffman earned his milestone 500th save. On August 24, 2007, he won his 343rd game to take sole possession of ninth place on the all-time win list. He achieved another milestone with the same win, becoming the only pitcher in the major leagues to have 20 consecutive seasons with at

Greg Maddux

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least 10 wins and placing him second on the list for most 10-win seasons, tied with Nolan Ryan and behind Don Sutton, who has 21. Also in 2007, Maddux reached 13 wins for the 20th consecutive season, passing Cy Young for that major league record. He finished the season with a career total 347 wins. Maddux won a record 17th Gold Glove award in 2007, surpassing the record held by Brooks Robinson. On May 10, 2008, Maddux won his 350th game.Also in 2008, he became the oldest pitcher to steal a base at 42, incidentally against the Braves. Second stint with the Los Angeles Dodgers (2008) <mask> was traded back to the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 19 for two players to be named later or cash considerations by the San Diego Padres. His return to Los Angeles was unlike his debut, though, as he allowed 7 earned runs on 9 hits while taking a loss against the Philadelphia Phillies. Maddux pitched his 5,000th career inning against the San Francisco Giants on September 19. On September 27, in his final start of the season, he won his 355th game, moving him ahead of Roger Clemens into 8th place in all-time wins. Maddux ranks tenth in career strikeouts with 3,371. His strikeout total is balanced against 999 walks.For the 2008 season, he posted an 8–13 record. His 1.4 walks per 9 innings pitched were the best in the majors. After the Dodgers won the National League West, <mask> was moved to the bullpen after manager Joe Torre decided to go with a three-man rotation. Maddux pitched four innings of relief during the series (which the Dodgers lost), allowing no runs. Maddux was noted for his ability to warm up quickly. Maddux received his 18th Gold Glove Award in November 2008, extending his own major league record. A month later, he announced his retirement.Post-playing career On January 11, 2010, Maddux was hired by the Chicago Cubs as an assistant to General Manager Jim Hendry. In his return to Chicago, his focus was on developing pitchers' styles and techniques throughout the organization, including minor league affiliates. For the 2012 season Maddux left his position with the Cubs and joined the Texas Rangers organization, where his brother Mike was the pitching coach. He was announced as the pitching coach for the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. On February 2, 2016, he was hired by the Dodgers as a special assistant to the President of Baseball Operations, Andrew Friedman. On July 6, 2016, Maddux was hired as an assistant baseball coach for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. For 4 years, he served as the pitching coach.<mask>'s son, Chase, is a pitcher for the Rebels. Pitching style Maddux relied on his command, composure, and guile to outwit hitters. Though his fastball touched 93 mph in his early years, his velocity steadily declined throughout his career, and was never his principal focus as a pitcher. By the end of his career, his fastball averaged less than 86 mph. Maddux was also noted for the late movement on his sinker (two-seam fastball), which, combined with his control, made him known as an excellent groundball pitcher. While Maddux was not known for his strikeout totals, his strikeout totals have often been undersold because strikeout rate has often been measured per nine innings, rather than per batter faced. Maddux alternated his two-seam fastball with an excellent circle changeup.Though these served as his primary pitches, he also threw a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a curveball, a slider, and a splitter. Maddux was renowned for focusing on the outside corner. This approach was emphasized under former Atlanta Braves pitching coach Leo Mazzone. He would begin by throwing strikes with his fastball down and away, and then expand the strike zone with his changeup—sometimes obtaining borderline strike calls from umpires simply on the strength of his reputation. In complement with this strategy, Maddux popularized a tactic of throwing his two-seam fastball off the plate inside to left-handed hitters, only to have the ball break back over the inside corner for a strike. Maddux said of that pitch, "That was just my normal fastball that did that. ...I always had it. The pitch really started to work for me when I ... learned how to throw a cutter, it made that pitch more effective." In addition, his propensity for throwing strikes and avoiding walks kept his pitch counts low. On July 2, 1997, he won a game against the New York Yankees, for example, with the numbers "nine innings, three hits, no walks, eight strikeouts, one pickoff, one double play, 84 pitches ... [in] two hours and nine minutes". Dodgers general manager Fred Claire admired Maddux's pitching consistency, saying "It's almost like a guy lining up a 60-foot-6-inch putt ... he is just so disciplined, so repetitive in his pitches." Speaking about Maddux's accuracy, Orel Hershiser said, "This guy can throw a ball in a teacup." Baseball Hall of Famer Wade Boggs talked about facing Maddux: "It seems like he's inside your mind with you.When he knows you're not going to swing, he throws a straight one. He sees into the future. It's like he has a crystal ball hidden inside his glove." Maddux was also known for intensely studying hitters in preparation for his starts. He would often watch hitters take their warmup swings or read their body language to gauge their mentality. Teammate Tom Glavine said, "I think the hitters think he can go back and recall every pitch he has ever thrown. That's not the case, but I think he's probably better at remembering things than most people are.He's definitely better in the course of the game at making adjustments on a hitter based on what he's seen, whether it's one swing or a guy's last at-bat." Finally, Maddux has been praised for his superior pitching mechanics, helping him avoid serious arm injuries throughout his lengthy career. His only stint on the 15-day disabled list was in 2002, due to nerve inflammation on his back. One analyst of pitching mechanics wrote, "Maddux's sterling reputation for pitching mechanics is more than justified. He could repeat his delivery as well as any pitcher that I have ever seen, with consistent timing and positioning that persisted regardless of pitch type or pitch count, giving the impression that he was never fatigued." Maddux was also a highly durable pitcher, leading the National League in innings pitched in five consecutive years. He pitched at least 194 innings for 21 consecutive seasons, and finished with the lowest BB/9 ratio in the National League nine times.Pitching profile Maddux has been credited by many of his teammates with a superior ability to out-think his opponents and anticipate results. Braves catcher Eddie Pérez tells the story of Maddux intentionally allowing a home run to the Astros' Jeff Bagwell, in anticipation of facing Bagwell in the playoffs months later. Maddux felt Bagwell would instinctively be looking for the same pitch again, which Maddux would then refuse to throw. On another occasion while sitting on the bench, Maddux once told his teammates, "Watch this, we might need to call an ambulance for the first base coach." The batter, Los Angeles' José Hernández, drove the next pitch into the chest of the Dodgers' first base coach. Maddux had noticed that Hernández, who'd been pitched inside by Braves pitching during the series, had shifted his batting stance slightly. On another occasion, a former teammate, outfielder Marquis Grissom, recalled a game in 1996 when Maddux was having trouble spotting his fastball.Between innings, he told Grissom, "Gary Sheffield is coming up next inning. I am going to throw him a slider and make him just miss it so he hits it to the warning track." The at-bat went as Maddux had predicted. Early in the 2000 season, Maddux was asked by sportswriter Bob Nightengale what had been the most memorable at-bat of his pitching career. Maddux said it was striking out Dave Martinez to end a regular season game. Nightengale was surprised Maddux hadn't picked a postseason game, or a more famous player. Maddux explained: "I remember that one because he got a hit off me in the same situation (full count, bases loaded, two out in the 9th inning) seven years earlier.I told myself if I ever got in the same situation again, I'll pitch him differently. It took me seven years, but I got him." Publicly, however, Maddux is dismissive of his reputation, saying, "People think I'm smart? You know what makes you smart? Locate your fastball down and away. That's what makes you smart. You talk to Sandy Koufax, Bob Gibson, or Tom Seaver.They'll all tell you the same thing. It's not your arm that makes you a great pitcher. It's that thing between both of your ears we call a brain." To this day, Maddux maintains Koufax, Gibson, and Seaver are the three best pitchers of the "live ball" era of baseball. Informed by The Sporting News he had been voted best pitcher of the 1990s, he replied, "It [the award] could have gone to Glavine or Smoltz just as easily and each would have deserved it. They're both great pitchers." Maddux never walked more than 82 batters in any season of his career, averaging fewer than 2 walks per game.In 1997, Maddux allowed 20 walks in 232+ innings, or 0.77 per nine innings. In 2001, he set a National League record by going 72 innings without giving up a walk. Maddux's low walk totals also kept his pitch counts down, enabling him to go deeper into games. In 31 starts, Maddux threw nine innings with 100 or fewer pitches. Ten of those starts were under 90 pitches, including a 77-pitch complete game in July 1997, the most efficient start by any pitcher since 1979. In recognition of this, the statistic describing a complete game shut-out thrown in less than 100 pitches was named after him. Maddux is the career leader for this stat, having pitched thirteen such games.He is also known to finish the game quickly. On June 27, 1998, he pitched a complete-game shutout against the Toronto Blue Jays in 102 pitches, but it was his fastest game in terms of time: 106 minutes, or 1 hour 46 minutes. This is including the customary 6th-inning timeout and mound visit. Awards In addition to his pitching skills, Maddux was an excellent fielding pitcher. He won 18 Gold Gloves, the record for any position. Of his 18 total awards, Maddux won 10 with the Braves, five with the Cubs, two with the Dodgers and one with the Padres. Maddux was also a good hitting pitcher, with a career .171 batting average, including four seasons batting .200 or better.He hit 5 home runs, with 84 RBIs. Maddux pitched in 13 Division Series contests, 17 League Championship games and five World Series games. He has a 3.27 ERA in 198 postseason innings, including an outstanding 2.09 ERA in 38.7 World Series innings. He was chosen for the National League All-Star team eight times. Maddux won 20 games only twice, in 1992 and 1993. However, he won 19 games five times (including the 1995 season which was reduced to 144 games from the strike of 1994), 18 games twice, and 16 in the strike shortened 1994 season (which was reduced to 115 games). He won four ERA titles (in 1993–1995 and 1998), and led the NL in shutouts five times.He holds the major league record for seasons leading his league in games started (7). He also holds the record for most seasons finishing in the top 10 in the league in wins (18). In his 2009 book, "The Annual Baseball Gold Mine" baseball statistics guru Bill James found Maddux to be far and away the most underrated player in baseball history. The methodology for this included the fact that though Maddux only won 20 games twice, he won 19 games five times. He also had only one season of 200 or more strikeouts but had seasons of 199, 198 and 197, respectively, which diminished his reputation as a strikeout pitcher. In addition to that James also argued that although he had 18 seasons of 200 or more innings pitched, he also had three seasons of 199.1, 198 and 194 innings pitched. In 1999, Maddux ranked 39th on The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranking pitcher then active.He was also nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. However, when TSN updated their list in 2005, Maddux had fallen to number 51. The Cubs retired jersey number 31 on May 3, 2009, in honor of Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins. The Atlanta Braves retired Maddux's number 31, on July 17, 2009. "I get asked all the time was he the best pitcher I ever saw. Was he the smartest pitcher I ever saw? The most competitive I ever saw?The best teammate I ever saw? The answer is yes to all of those", said Braves manager Bobby Cox at the banquet to induct Maddux into the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame at the Omni Hotel in Atlanta on July 17, 2009. On January 8, 2014, Maddux was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The pitcher later announced that he would not have a team logo on his plaque, citing his history with the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs: "It's impossible for me to choose one of those teams ... as the fans of both clubs in each of those cities were so wonderful", Maddux said. Personal life Maddux was born on April 14, 1966, the same day as former Braves teammate David Justice, and shares a birthday with former teammate Steve Avery. He is married to Kathy; the couple has two children; a daughter, Paige Maddux (born December 9, 1993), and a son, Chase Maddux (born April 19, 1997). In 2002, in the episode "Take Me out of the Ballgame", of the TV series Do Over, the main character lost a baseball game to a young <mask>x, who was played by Shad Hart.The song "Movement and Location" from the Punch Brothers album Who's Feeling Young Now?'' was written about Maddux. See also Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders List of Atlanta Braves team records List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders List of Major League Baseball individual streaks List of Major League Baseball career batters faced leaders List of Major League Baseball career games started leaders List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders List of Major League Baseball career innings pitched leaders List of Major League Baseball career losses leaders List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a pitcher leaders List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders Major League Baseball titles leaders Major League Baseball titles streaks References External links <mask>x at SABR (Baseball BioProject) 1966 births Living people Águilas del Zulia players American sportsmen Atlanta Braves players Baseball coaches from Texas Baseball players from Texas Chicago Cubs players Cy Young Award winners Gold Glove Award winners Iowa Cubs players Los Angeles Dodgers executives Los Angeles Dodgers players Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball players with retired numbers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National League All-Stars National League ERA champions National League wins champions People from San Angelo, Texas People from the Las Vegas Valley Peoria Chiefs players Pikeville Cubs players Pittsfield Cubs players San Diego Padres players United States national baseball team people UNLV Rebels baseball

Florence Wald

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<mask> (April 19, 1917 – November 8, 2008) was an American nurse, former Dean of Yale School of Nursing, and largely credited as "the mother of the American hospice movement". She led the founding of Connecticut Hospice, the first hospice program in the United States. Late in life, <mask> became interested in the provision of hospice care within prisons. In 1998, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Biography Early life <mask> was born as <mask> in New York City on April 19, 1917. Due to a chronic respiratory ailment, she spent several months as a child in a hospital. This hospitalization experience led her to pursue a career in nursing.<mask> received a B.A. from Mount Holyoke College in 1938 and an M.N. from Yale School of Nursing in 1941. After World War II, she became a staff nurse with the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a research assistant at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was an instructor at the Rutgers University school of nursing. She received a second master's degree from Yale University in mental health nursing in 1956 and became an instructor at the school's nursing program. She became Dean of Yale School of Nursing in 1959, after being named to the position on an acting basis the previous year. A short time later, she reconnected with <mask>, whom she met initially while she was conducting a study with the United States Army Signal Corps.The couple married later that year. Hospice movement <mask>'s interest in the care of the terminally ill was piqued in 1963 when she attended a lecture at Yale University presented by the English physician Cicely Saunders, an innovator in the field who later created St. Christopher's Hospice, the world's first purpose-built hospice. Dr. Saunders spoke that day about her methods of using palliative care for terminally ill cancer patients, with the intention of allowing those in the latest stages of their disease to focus on their personal relationships and prepare themselves for death. An "indelible impression" was made by Dr. Saunders, with <mask> noting that "until then I had thought nurses were the only people troubled by how a terminal illness was treated". Following the Saunders lecture, <mask> worked to update the nursing school's curriculum to encourage students to focus on the patient and their family, and to keep all of them involved in the patient's care. She left her position as dean in 1966, with plans to develop a hospice in the United States similar to the one Saunders was developing in England. Though she stepped down as dean, <mask> retained a faculty position as a research associate and as a member of the clinical nursing faculty, and was promoted to a full professor there in 1980.Despite the financial impact on their family, she continued her goal of building a program and visited England twice with her husband to visit Dr. Saunders. St. Christopher's Hospice opened in 1967; <mask> worked there for a month in 1969. Her husband left his engineering firm and enrolled at Columbia University in 1971 with a major in hospital planning. It was his master's degree thesis that provided the framework for the Connecticut Hospice. <mask> conducted a two-year research program studying how terminally ill patients fared at home or in a healthcare facility, and tracked how patients and their families felt throughout the process. After returning to the United States, she organized a team of doctors, clergy and nurses to investigate the needs of dying patients. In 1974, she, along with two pediatricians and a Yale medical center chaplain, founded the first hospice in the United States at the Connecticut Hospice, located in Branford, Connecticut.Initially the program provided home care, and had its first inpatient location in 1980, a 44-bed facility in Branford. Disagreements had been brewing within the board about her vision for the hospice program, and she was forced to resign shortly after its opening. Other hospice programs were created building on <mask>'s innovation at Branford. By 1980, Medicaid began to pay for care provided at a hospice, which led to a sharp rise in such facilities. By the time of her death in 2008, there were more than 3,000 hospice programs in the United States, serving some 900,000 patients annually. Later life Well into her 80s, <mask> traveled to prisons in Connecticut performing a research project on behalf of the National Prison Hospice Association, an organization founded in 1991 and based in Boulder, Colorado. <mask> served on the organization's board of directors.<mask> worked on considering ways to make hospice care available to those incarcerated in the prison system, including training inmates to become hospice volunteers for dying inmates or arranging for outside hospice care for inmates granted compassionate leave given their medical condition. <mask> noted that training prisoners to provide such care would assist the terminally ill and help rehabilitate the volunteers at almost no cost to the prisons. She was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1996 from Yale University, <mask> was introduced as "the mother of the American hospice movement". Speaking of her interest in prison hospice care in 1998, <mask> said, "People on the outside don’t understand this world at all. Most people in prison have had a rough time in life and haven’t had any kind of education in how to take care of their health. There is the shame factor, the feeling that dying in prison is the ultimate failure." <mask> died at age 91 on November 8, 2008 at her home in Branford, Connecticut.See also List of Living Legends of the American Academy of Nursing References Sources Friedrich, M.J. (1999) "Hospice Care in the United States: A Conversation With <mask>. <mask>". JAMA. 281: 1683–1685. History and contributions of Yale School of Nursing Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame The Hospice Experiment Florence and Henry Wald Papers (MS 1659). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 1917 births 2008 deaths Scarsdale High School alumni American nursing administrators Mount Holyoke College alumni Yale University alumni Educators from New York City People from Scarsdale, New York 20th-century American Jews Nursing school deans Yale University faculty Yale University administrators Rutgers University faculty Nursing educators 20th-century American women 20th-century American people American women academics 21st-century American Jews 21st-century American women

Fred Frith

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Jeremy Webster "<mask>" <mask> (born 17 February 1949) is an English multi-instrumentalist, composer, and improvisor. Probably best known for his guitar work, <mask> first came to attention as one of the founding members of the English avant-rock group Henry Cow. He was also a member of the groups Art Bears, Massacre, and Skeleton Crew. He has collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, the Residents, Lol Coxhill, John Zorn, Brian Eno, Mike Patton, Lars Hollmer, Bill Laswell, Iva Bittová, Jad Fair, Kramer, the ARTE Quartett, and Bob Ostertag. He has also composed several long works, including Traffic Continues (1996, performed 1998 by Frith and Ensemble Modern) and Freedom in Fragments (1993, performed 1999 by Rova Saxophone Quartet). Frith produces most of his own music, and has also produced many albums by other musicians, including Curlew, the Muffins, Etron Fou Leloublan, and Orthotonics. He is the subject of Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel's 1990 documentary Step Across the Border.<mask> also appears in the Canadian documentary Act of God, which is about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning. He has contributed to a number of music publications, including New Musical Express and Trouser Press, and has conducted improvising workshops across the world. His career spans over four decades and he appears on over 400 albums, and he still performs actively throughout the world. <mask> was awarded the 2008 Demetrio Stratos Prize for his career achievements in experimental music. The prize was established in 2005 in honour of experimental vocalist Demetrio Stratos, of the Italian group Area, who died in 1979. In 2010 <mask> received an honorary doctorate from the University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England, in recognition of his contribution to music. <mask> was Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills College in Oakland, California, until his retirement in 2018.He is the brother of <mask>, a music critic and sociologist, and <mask>, a psychologist at University College London. Musical career <mask> was born in Heathfield in East Sussex, England into a family where music was considered an essential part of life. He was given the nickname "<mask>" at school after the motorcycle road racer <mask>. <mask> started violin lessons at the age of five and became a member of his school orchestra, but at 13 switched to guitar after watching a group imitating a popular instrumental band at the time, the Shadows. He decided to learn how to play guitar and get into a band. <mask> taught himself guitar from a book of guitar chords and soon found himself in a school group called the Chaperones, playing Shadows and Beatles covers. However, when he started hearing blues music from the likes of Snooks Eaglin and Alexis Korner it changed his whole approach to the guitar, and by the time he was 15, the Chaperones had become a blues band.<mask>'s first public performances were in 1967 in folk clubs in northern England, where he sang and played traditional and blues songs. Besides the blues, <mask> started listening to any music that had guitar in it, including folk, classical, ragtime, and flamenco. He also listened to Indian, Japanese, and Balinese music and was particularly drawn to East European music after a Yugoslav schoolfriend taught him folk tunes from his home. <mask> went to Cambridge University in 1967, where his musical horizons were expanded further by the philosophies of John Cage and Frank Zappa's manipulation of rock music. <mask> graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge, with a BA (English literature) in 1970 (and by Cambridge custom received a pro forma MA in 1974), but the real significance of Cambridge for him was that the seminal avant-rock group Henry Cow formed there. Henry Cow <mask> met Tim Hodgkinson, a fellow student, in a blues club at Cambridge University in 1968. "We'd never met before, and he had an alto sax, and I had my violin, and we just improvised this ghastly screaming noise for about half an hour."Something clicked and, recognizing their mutual open-minded approach to music, <mask> and Hodgkinson formed a band there and then. They called it Henry Cow and they remained with the band until its demise in 1978. In the early 1970s <mask>'s grey Morris Minor sported the band's heraldic logo, much to the amusement of boys at the grammar school in York where his father was headmaster. <mask> composed a number of the band's notable pieces, including "Nirvana for Mice" and "Ruins". While guitar was his principal instrument, he also played violin (drawing on his classical training), bass guitar, piano, and xylophone. In November 1973, <mask> (and other members of Henry Cow) participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells for the BBC. It is available on Oldfield's Elements DVD.Guitar Solos After Henry Cow's first album, <mask> released Guitar Solos in 1974, his first solo album and a glimpse at what he had been doing with his guitar. The album comprised eight tracks of unaccompanied and improvised music played on prepared guitars. It was recorded in four days, at the Kaleidophon Studios in London's Camden Town, without any overdubbing. When it was released, Guitar Solos was considered a landmark album because of its innovative and experimental approach to guitar playing. The January 1983 edition of DownBeat magazine remarked that Guitar Solos "... must have stunned listeners of the day. Even today that album stands up as uniquely innovative and undeniably daring." It also attracted the attention of some "famous" musicians, including Brian Eno, resulting in <mask> playing guitar on two of Eno's albums, Before and After Science (1977) and Music for Films (1978).Between October and December 1974, <mask> contributed a series of ten articles to the British weekly music newspaper New Musical Express entitled "Great Rock Solos of Our Time". In them he analysed prominent rock guitarists of the day and their contribution to the development of the rock guitar, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and Frank Zappa. Post-Henry Cow While recording Henry Cow's last album, differences emerged between the group members over the album's content. <mask> and Chris Cutler favoured song-oriented material, while Hodgkinson and Lindsay Cooper wanted purely instrumental compositions. As a compromise, <mask> and Cutler agreed, early in 1978, to release the songs already created on their own album, Hopes and Fears, under the name Art Bears (with Dagmar Krause). The instrumental material was recorded by Henry Cow on Western Culture later that year, after which the band split. The Art Bears trio continued purely as a studio group until 1981, releasing two more albums, Winter Songs in 1979 and The World as It Is Today in 1981.During this time <mask> also released Gravity (1980), his second solo album, recorded at Norrgården Nyvla in Uppsala, Sweden with Swedish group Samla Mammas Manna, and at the Catch-a-Buzz studio in Rockville, Maryland with United States band The Muffins. It showed <mask> breaking free from the highly structured and orchestrated music of Henry Cow and experimenting with folk and dance music. "Norrgården Nyvla" was also the title of one of the tracks on the album and is considered one of <mask>'s most recognisable tunes. New York Towards the end of 1979, <mask> relocated to New York City, where he immediately hooked up with the local avant-garde/downtown music scene. The impact on him was uplifting: "... New York was a profoundly liberating experience for me; for the first time I felt that I could be myself and not try to live up to what I imagined people were thinking about me." Frith met and began recording with a number of musicians and groups, including Henry Kaiser (With Friends Like These, Who Needs Enemies? ), Bob Ostertag (Getting a Head, Voice of America), Tom Cora, Eugene Chadbourne, Zeena Parkins, Ikue Mori, the Residents, Material, the Golden Palominos, and Curlew.He spent some 14 years in New York, during which time he joined a few bands, including John Zorn's Naked City (in which <mask> Kaiser Thompson (consisting of John French, <mask>, Henry Kaiser and Richard Thompson). <mask> also started three bands himself, namely Massacre, Skeleton Crew, and Keep the Dog. Massacre was formed in 1980 with bassist Bill Laswell and drummer <mask>. A high energy experimental rock band, they toured the United States and Europe in 1980 and 1981, and released one album, Killing Time (1981), recorded at Martin Bisi's later-to-be historic studio in Brooklyn. Massacre split in 1981 when Maher left, but later reformed again in 1998 when drummer Charles Hayward joined. The new Massacre released three more albums. Skeleton Crew, a collaboration with Tom Cora from 1982 to 1986, was an experimental group noted for its live improvisations where Frith (guitar, violin, keyboards, drums) and Cora (cello, bass guitar, homemade drums and contraptions) played a number of instruments simultaneously.They performed extensively across Europe, North America and Japan and released Learn to Talk in 1984. Zeena Parkins (electric harp and keyboards) joined in 1984 and the trio released The Country of Blinds in 1986. In October 1983 Skeleton Crew joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin. <mask> formed Keep the Dog in 1989, a sextet and review band for performing selections of his extensive repertoire of compositions from the previous 15 years. The lineup was <mask> (guitar, violin, bass guitar), René Lussier (guitar, bass guitar), Jean Derome (winds), Zeena Parkins (piano, synthesizer, harp, accordion), Bob Ostertag (sampling keyboard), and Kevin Norton (drums, percussion). Later Charles Hayward replaced Norton on drums. The group existed until mid-1991, performing live in Europe, North America and the former Soviet Union.A double CD, That House We Lived In, from their final performances in Austria, Germany and Italy in May and June 1991, was released in 2003. Other projects During the 1980s, <mask> began writing music for dance, film, and theatre, and a number of his solo albums from this time reflect this genre, including The Technology of Tears (And Other Music for Dance and Theatre) (1988), Middle of the Moment (1995), Allies (Music for Dance, Volume 2) (1996), and Rivers and Tides (2003). Exploring new forms of composition, <mask> also experimented with chance or accidental compositions, often created by building music around "found sounds" and field recordings, examples of

Fred Frith

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which can be found on Accidental (Music for Dance, Volume 3) (2002) and Prints: Snapshots, Postcards, Messages and Miniatures, 1987–2001 (2002). As a composer, <mask> began composing works for other musicians and groups in the late 1980s, including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Ensemble Modern, and Arditti Quartet. In the late 1990s, <mask> established his own Fred Frith Guitar Quartet consisting of <mask>, René Lussier, Nick Didkovsky, and Mark Stewart. Their guitar music, varying from "tuneful and pretty, to noisy, aggressive and quite challenging", appears on two albums, Ayaya Moses (1997) and Upbeat (1999), both on Lussier's own Ambiances Magnétiques label. The ex-Henry Cow members have always maintained close contact with each other and <mask> still collaborates with many of them, including Chris Cutler, Tim Hodgkinson, and Lindsay Cooper.Cutler and <mask> have been touring Europe, Asia, and the Americas since 1978, and have given dozens of duo performances. Three albums from some of these concerts have been released by Recommended Records. In December 2006, Cutler, <mask>, and Hodgkinson performed together at the Stone in New York City, their first concert performance since Henry Cow's demise in 1978. In 1995 <mask> moved to Stuttgart in Germany to live with his wife, German photographer Heike Liss, and their children Finn and Lucia. Between 1994 and 1996, <mask> was Composer-in-Residence at L'Ecole Nationale de Musique in Villeurbanne, France. <mask> relocated to the United States in 1997 to become Composer-in-Residence at Mills College in Oakland, California. In 1999 he was appointed the Luther B. Marchant Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills, where he taught composition, contemporary performance and improvisation.He is currently Professor Emeritus of Music at Mills, after having retired in 2018. While <mask> had never studied music in college, <mask>'s credentials of over forty years of continuous practice and self-discovery got him the position. He has, however, maintained that "most of my students are better qualified to teach composition than I am," and that he learns as much from them as they learn from him. In March 1997 <mask> formed the electro-acoustic improvisation and experimental trio Maybe Monday with saxophonist Larry Ochs from Rova Saxophone Quartet and koto player Miya Masaoka. Between 1997 and 2008, they toured the United States, Canada, and Europe, and released three albums. In March 2008, <mask> formed Cosa Brava, an experimental rock and improvisation quintet with Zeena Parkins from Skeleton Crew and Keep the Dog, Carla Kihlstedt and Matthias Bossi from Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, and the Norman Conquest. They toured Europe in April 2008, and performed at the 25th Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada, the following month.In 2013 <mask> formed the <mask> Trio in Oakland, California, an improvising group with bassist Jason Hoopes and drummer/percussionist Jordan Glenn, both from the Oakland experimental song group Jack O' The Clock. The Trio toured Europe in February 2015, recorded a studio album, Another Day in Fucking Paradise, in January 2016, and toured Europe again in February 2017. The album was well received by music critics. In January 2018 the trio recorded their second album, Closer to the Ground, which was released in September 2018. Frith has also collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, Lol Coxhill, Lars Hollmer, and the Scottish deaf percussionist Dame Evelyn Glennie. Step Across the Border Step Across the Border is a 1990 documentary film on <mask>, written and directed by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel, and released in Germany and Switzerland. It was filmed in Japan, Europe, and the United States, and also features musicians René Lussier, Iva Bittová, Tom Cora, Tim Hodgkinson, Bob Ostertag, and John Zorn.Fred Records In 2002, <mask> created his own record label, Fred Records, an imprint of Recommended Records, to re-release his back catalogue of recordings and previously unreleased material. Personal life During the early years of Henry Cow, <mask> was married to Liza White, a teacher in Cambridge. They wed in 1970, but divorced in 1974 after <mask>'s commitment to the band left little private life for the couple. In the early- to mid-1980s, after Henry Cow had split up and <mask> had moved to New York City, he was married to Tina Curran, a musician and artist. She played bass guitar on several tracks on <mask>'s albums at the time, and did the photography and artwork for a number of his albums during that period. In the early 1990s Frith married German photographer and performance artist, Heike Liss. She has done the artwork for many of <mask>'s albums, and has performed with him on several occasions.They lived in Germany in the mid-1990s, then moved to California where <mask> taught at Mills College until his retirement in 2018. Musical style and instruments Guitars and playing technique <mask> has used a number of different guitars, including homemade instruments, over the years, depending on the type of music he is playing. For the more structured and refined music he has often used a Gibson ES-345, for example on his solo album, Gravity. For the heavier "rock" sound, as in Massacre, he has used an old 1961 solid body Burns guitar, created by the British craftsman Jim Burns. On his landmark Guitar Solos album, <mask> used a modified 1936 Gibson K-11 guitar (q.v. for details). For <mask>'s early unstructured music, as with Henry Kaiser on With Friends Like These, and his early table-top guitar solo performances, he used a homemade six- and eight-string double-neck guitar created by a friend, Charles Fletcher.<mask> told DownBeat magazine in 1983: "It was the one and only guitar that he ever built ... he constructed it mainly out of old pieces from other guitars that I had, and for the body I think he used an old door." The possibilities offered by homemade instruments prompted <mask> to start creating his own guitars, basically slabs of wood on which he mounted a pickup, a bridge, and strings stretched over metal screws. "The basic design of the instrument is supposed to be as rudimentary and flexible as possible," <mask> said, "so I can use an electric drill to bore holes into the body of it to achieve certain sounds ... ." <mask> uses a variety of implements to play guitar, from traditional guitar picks to violin bows, drum sticks, egg beaters, paint brushes, lengths of metal chain, and other found objects. <mask> remarked: "It's more to do with my interest in found objects and the use of certain kinds of textures which have an effect on the string ... the difference between the touch of stone, the touch of glass, the touch of wood, the touch of paper – those kinds of basic elements that you're using against the surface of the strings which produce different sounds." In a typical solo improvising concert, <mask> would lay a couple of his homemade guitars flat on a table and play them with a collection of found objects (varying from concert to concert). He would drop objects, like ball bearings, dried beans, and rice on the strings while stroking, scraping, and hitting them with whatever was on hand. Later he added a live sampler to his on-stage equipment, which he controlled with pedals.The sampler enabled him to dynamically capture and loop guitar sounds, over which he would capture and loop new sounds, and so on, until he had a bed of repeated patterns on top of which he would then begin his solo performance. Effects and amplification Effect pedals Pro Co RAT distortion Boss FV-50L volume foot controller Boss RC20-XL delay DigiTech Whammy 4 Line 6 DL4 delay EBow Electroharmonix POG Amplification Fender Amplifiers Compositions Since the late 1980s, <mask> has composed a number of longer works. The following is a selection (years indicating time of composition). The As Usual Dance Towards the Other Flight to What is Not (1989) – for four electric guitars Helter Skelter (1990) – for two sopranos, contralto, and a large electric ensemble Stick Figures (1990) – for six guitars and two players Lelekovice (1991) – (for Iva Bittová) string quartet no. Documentaries 1990 Step Across the Border – a documentary on Frith by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel 1991 Streetwise – by Charles Castella about Frith's work in Marseille with "unemployed rock musicians" 2000 Le voyage immobile – about Frith's trio with Louis Sclavis and Jean-Pierre Drouet for France 3 national TV 2004 Touch the Sound – by Thomas Riedelsheimer about Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie and her collaboration with Frith 2007 Attwenger Adventure – on Austrian folk-punk duo Attwenger by Markus Kaiser-Mühlecke, with special appearances by <mask> rehearsing and performing live with Attwenger and Wolfgang "I-Wolf" Schlögl at Music Unlimited XX. in Wels, Austria. 2009 Act of God – by Jennifer Baichwal about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning, with music by Frith and others, and a segment showing Frith conducting an experiment to measure the effect of improvisation on brain waves References Works cited External links <mask>Frith.com Official homepage.<mask> biography FredFrith.com archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. <mask> biography Calyx: The Canterbury Website. <mask> interview BBC Music archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Stage Effects Setup. All About Jazz. <mask> discography – archived 19 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine <mask> interview at allaboutjazz.com <mask>, An Interview with the editors, Sensitive Skin magazine No. 9, published December 2012 1949 births Living people 20th-century British composers 21st-century composers English rock guitarists English male guitarists English violinists British male violinists English rock bass guitarists Male bass guitarists Progressive rock bass guitarists English rock keyboardists English male composers British film score composers British male film score composers English experimental musicians Free improvisation Canterbury scene Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge English multi-instrumentalists People from Heathfield, East Sussex Curlew (band) members Henry Cow members The Golden Palominos members Tzadik Records artists Moers Music artists Mills College faculty Massacre (experimental band) members Art Bears members Skeleton Crew (band) members 21st-century violinists French Frith Kaiser Thompson members Naked City (band) members The Orckestra members Winter & Winter Records artists Incus Records artists Intakt Records artists RogueArt