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A Brief History of Columbia, Pennsylvania USA Our heritage—our history—defines much of what Columbia is. We celebrate it. Even as we embrace a creative future, our past is always visible in our rearview mirror. Our ancestors were among those who helped sculpt our country, and we're proud of that. We're a welcoming town to those relocating here and who visit us. We strongly feel that heritage and invention make for a vibrant community. Petroglyphs on rocks in the Susquehanna River Before our town was founded by John Wright and fellow Colonial English Quakers in 1726, the area was home to the Shawnee and Susquehannock natives. John Wright built a log cabin on land first granted to George Beale by William Penn in 1699. Along with John Wright, companions Robert Barber and Samuel Blunston began developing the area. A ferry was established and was, for many years, the sole option for crossing the river as more settlers began to move west. The house of Susanna Wright (John's daughter), built in 1738, still stands. Wright's Ferry crossed from present-day Wrightsville to Columbia. Indeed, Mark Twain (and many others) purchased a ticket to London there, using the canals along the river to emerge at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay where a ship was boarded to Europe. In the spring of 1788, Samuel Wright (son of James and Rhoda Wright) had the area surveyed, formally plotting out the town. Wright and fellow citizens officially named the town Columbia in honor of the explorer. They'd hoped this would help influence the new U.S. Congress to select it as the nation's capital (a plan even George Washington favored). This was formally proposed in 1789. Unfortunately, a year later, Columbia fell one vote short of winning the status of the nation's new center of government. Later, Columbia also narrowly missed becoming the the capital of Pennsylvania, losing out to Harrisburg which was more geographically centered. Canals & piers left after the loss of the bridge. Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge, circa 1850 Peace & War By the early 19th century, the Quakers become outnumbered by English Anglicans, Scots-Irish Presbyterians, German Lutherans, descendants of French Huguenots, and freed African slaves. In 1814, Columbia was formally incorporated as a borough. That same year, the world's longest covered bridge was built across the mile-wide Susquehanna River, linking Columbia to Wrightsville. It handled traffic for 18 years when it was destroyed by high water and ice in 1832. In its place was built a Pennsylvania Railroad bridge two years later. In 1863, at the height of the American Civil War, people of the town got word that the Confederates' General Robert E. Lee was planning to cross the bridge and eventually attack Harrisburg. Columbia responded by clandestinely burning the bridge down, thwarting Lee's plans, in turn, causing Lee to move west. That change of plans came to a head at the Battle of Gettysburg. Despite the diminutive size, Columbia has been blessed with a legacy of the creative citizenry. Susanna Wright (1697-1784) was an ardent experimenter of plant life and silk production. Her skillful correspondence gained her the friendship of many intellectuals of the day, including Benjamin Franklin. Dr. Benjamin Rush once said, "the famous Suzy Wright, a lady who has been celebrated for her wit, good sense, and valuable improvements of mind." Lloyd Mifflin (1845-1921) was another talent of note. He was the son of portrait and miniature painter, John Houston Mifflin, with whom he trained. This creative polymath painted and was an early adopter of photography. His poetry earned him the unofficial title of "America's greatest sonneteer." Reginald Wright Kauffman (1877-1959) wrote numerous works of fiction and eventually moved into early Hollywood screenplays. Creative writing from Columbia lives on. Dean Young (1955-2022) was a highly regarded poet and was chair of poetry at the Michener Center for Writers at the University of Texas, and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 2005. Lloyd Mifflin in an early photographic self-portrait.

03-27-13 | Blog Post Globally, data centers are seeing increases in their power consumption as well as higher energy costs. If you combine these factors together, you can understand why CIOs and data center operators are looking to alternative energy resources to reduce energy use and costs. In addition, there is a movement in the information technology industry to make data centers greener. Michigan’s geographical location and natural resources offer many positives for data centers such as a cool climate and lack of natural disasters. But does Michigan offer renewable energy resources that could be used to power data facilities? According to my research, the answer is yes. One possible renewable energy resource is wind power. Although this energy source does not come without some controversy, it does produce clean power without creating pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. What is Wind Power? Wind power is using the wind to generate mechanical power or electricity, says the U.S. Department of Energy. Wind turbines convert kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. The wind turbines use the force of moving air to generate electricity by rotating propeller-like blades around a rotor. The motion of the rotor turns the drive shaft and turns an electric generation. How Wind Turbines Make Electricity. How Are Data Centers Using Wind Power? Several large technology companies like Apple and Google are investing in renewable energy sources like wind to power their data centers. According to Apple’s website, they have reached their goal of using 100 percent renewable energy at all of their data centers. Earlier this year, it was discovered that Apple filed for a patent for a unique energy storage system for wind energy. The Apple Insider reports that the patent describes the technology as converting friction from rotating turbine blades into heat. The heat is stored in a “low-heat-capacity” fluid so whenever the wind is at a lull, the stored heat can be transferred to a “working fluid” and create steam. The steam then is directed to a turbine that is connected to a generator. Since 2010, Google has been making wind power investments including investing in about $200 million dollars in a Texas wind farm. The 161-megawatt facility has 70 wind turbines producing 2.3 megawatts of power, which is enough energy to power more than 60,000 average U.S. homes. Google has also worked with utility companies like the Grand River Dam Authority to supply wind-generated power to its Oklahoma data center. Michigan Has Great Wind Potential In order to have a successful wind farm, an area has to have an annual average wind speed around 14.5 mph or greater at an 80 meter height. The wind speed is measured at this height because typically utility-scale wind turbines are installed between 80 and 100 meters height. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and AWS Truewind, LLC research found that some of the strongest on-shore winds are in Michigan’s thumb area measuring around 16 to 18 mph. This region has seen a number of wind farm projects develop over the years. DTE Energy has constructed two wind farms in Huron County and one in Sanilac County, both located in Michigan’s thumb region. View map of DTE Energy Wind Farms in Michigan’s Thumb There are other regions in Michigan, especially around the Great Lakes, that offers offshore wind power possibilities. Based on research, offshore wind speeds are around 15.7 mph up to 21.3 mph. However, wind farm development has been delayed in these regions because of political considerations. Powering Michigan Data Centers Although the wind industry has seen a slow in growth due to uncertainties of federal policies, there is still potential for Michigan data centers to use wind energy. This year the wind industry saw some encouragement when Congress extended a 2.2 cent per kWh production tax credit including an investment tax credit for offshore wind projects. Without this tax credit, Environment Michigan estimated that new wind-energy construction would drop by 75 percent. I would encourage Michigan data centers to consider using wind-generated power from Michigan utility companies – a definite win-win situation for Michigan’s economy and environment. Michigan’s wind energy projects create construction and operation jobs within a region. Property owners receive additional rent income and Michigan counties/townships receive additional tax revenue from the wind farms and the property owners. In addition, wind energy minimally impacts the environment and does not add new air or water emissions. Michigan – The Next Cool Thing for Data Centers Keeping cool is the number one cost for data centers. With rows and rows of servers and equipment producing heat, data centers have traditionally been cooled by using air conditioning. This is an inefficient way to cool data centers and … Continue reading → It’s Tornado Season. Is Your Data Safe? Spring is slowly starting here in Michigan. The snow is finally melting, and the sun is able to warm me up enough to not need my winter jacket. I don’t think I’m making too big a leap when I say … Continue reading → Choosing Your Data Center Location: Why Michigan? Michigan Offers Top Data Center’s Host Cities Recently I listened to a very interesting webinar by UBM Future Cities “Choosing Your Data Center’s Host City.” The webinar focused on what qualities you should consider when selecting a location to build … Continue reading →

An Introduction to Social Psychology/301 For the latter learns to recognise each of these qualities of feeling, and through them becomes aware of the tendency of its action; and this is the necessary first step towards intelligent control of action. The other creature would find itself carrying out each step of the train of instinc- tive behaviour without having any power of foreseeing the coming phase, and therefore without any possibility of preventing, controlling, or modi- fying its actions. The qualities of the primary emotions serve, I suggest, to enable mind or intelligence to get a grip upon instinct, and so begin to establish the control which in the well-developed character becomes well- nigh complete. It seems obvious that the emotion-qualities subserve this function, and are indispensable to it in ourselves. One feels the awaken- ing of, say, anger or fear within one as the behaviour of another man becomes insulting or threatening, and says to oneself—Now I must keep a tight hold on myself. And because the quality of the emotion implies the kind of actions which we shall be liable instinctively to display, we are enabled in some measure to counteract and control the tendencies to such actions. And, though it is more difficult to describe or to imagine the working of a similar process in the animal mind, we may fairly presume that on its lower plane and in simpler fashion the emotional experience of the animal subserves this same function. And, if we con- sider how widespread and important among men and all the gregarious animals are the reactions due to the primitive sympathetic tendency, we shall see that the emotional qualities play an essential part in enabling each of us to understand the state of mind of our fellows, and therefore to some extent to foresee and adapt ourselves to the actions they are about to display. It is difficult to see how we could ever achieve any sympathetic insight into the minds and hearts of our fellow men, if we were not equipped with these capacities for the specific qualities of emotion and the primitive tendency to experience them when we witness their outward manifestations in our fellows. The derived emotions may be supposed to subserve a similar func- tion in human life, although in the animal world they seem to occur only in the most rudimentary forms. Notes 1. “Unreasonable Action,” Mind, N.S., vol. iii. 2. I quote from Professor Flint’s “History of the Philosophy of History,” p. 456. 3 “La Science Sociale Contemporaine,” p. 380. Paris, 1904. 302/William McDougall 4 This definition of psychology was proposed in my “Primer of Physi- ological Psychology.” London, 1905. 5 “The Theory of Good and Evil,” vol. ii. p. 73. Oxford, 1907. 6 “Der thierische Wille.” Leipzig, 1880. 7 “Principles of Psychology,” London, 1891. 8 In many cases an instinct is excitable only during the prevalence of some special organic condition ( e.g., the nest-building and mating instincts of birds, the sitting instinct of the broody hen); and some writers have given such organic conditions an undue prominence, while neglecting the essential part played by sense-impressions. 9 Most definitions of instincts and instinctive actions take account only of their conative aspect, of the motor tendencies by which the in- stincts of animals are most clearly manifested to us; and it is a com- mon mistake to ignore the cognitive and the affective aspects of the instinctive mental process. Some authors make the worse mistake of assuming that instinctive actions are performed unconsciously. Herbert Spencer’s definition of instinctive action as compound reflex action was mentioned above. Addison wrote of instinct that it is “an imme- diate impression from the first Mover and the Divine Energy acting in the creatures,” Fifty years ago the entomologists, Kirby and Spence, wrote: “We may call the instincts of animals those faculties implanted in them by the Creator, by which, independent of instruction, obser- vation, or experience, they are all alike impelled to the performance of certain actions tending to the well-being of the individual and the preservation of the species.” More recently Dr. and Mrs. Peckham, who have observed the behaviour of wasps so carefully, have writ- ten: “Under the term ‘instinct’ we place all complex acts which are performed previous to experience, and in a similar manner by all members of the same sex and race.” One modern authority, Professor Karl Groos, goes so far as to say that “the idea of consciousness must be rigidly excluded from any definition of instinct which is to be of practical utility.” In view of this persistent tendency to ignore the inner or psychical side of instinctive processes, it seems to me impor- tant to insist upon it, and especially to recognise in our definition its cognitive and affective aspects as well as its conative aspect. I would reverse Professor Groos’s dictum and would say that any definition of instinctive action that does not insist upon its psychical aspect is useless for practical purposes, and worse than useless because mis- leading. For, if we neglect the psychical aspect of instinctive pro- An Introduction to Social Psychology/303 cesses, it is impossible to understand the part played by instincts in the development of the human mind and in the determination of the conduct of individuals and societies; and it is the fundamental and all- pervading character of their influence upon the social life of man- kind which alone gives the consideration of instincts its great practi- cal importance. The definition of instinct proposed above does not insist, as do many definitions, that the instinctive action is one performed without previous experience of the object; for it is only when an instinct is exercised for the first time by any creature that the action is prior to experience, and instinctive actions may continue to be instinctive even after much experience of their objects. The nest-building or the mi- gratory flight of birds does not cease to be instinctive when these actions are repeated year after year, even though the later perfor- mances show improvement through experience, as the instinctive ac- tions of the higher animals commonly do. Nor does our definition insist, as some do, that the instinctive action is performed without awareness of the end towards which it tends, for this too is not essen- tial; it may be, and in the case of the lower animals, no doubt, often is, so performed, as also by the very young child; but in the case of the higher animals some prevision of the immediate end, however vague, probably accompanies an instinctive action that has often been repeated; e.g., in the case of the dog that has followed the trail of game many times, we may properly regard the action as instinctive, although we can hardly doubt that, after many kills, the creature has some anticipation of the end of his activity. 10 It is probable that these central affective parts of the instinctive dispositions have their seat in the basal ganglia of the brain. The evidence in favour of this view has been greatly strengthened by the recent work of Pagano (“Archives Italiennes de Biologie,” 1906). 11 As in the case of wild creatures that we may see from the windows of a railway train browsing undisturbed by the familiar noise. 12 It is, e.g., the interpretation proposed by G. H. Schneider in his work “Der thierische Wille”; it mars this otherwise excellent book. 13 In this way some particular odour, some melody or sound, some phrase or trick of speech or manner, some peculiar combination of colour or effect of light upon the landscape, may become capable of directly exciting some affective disposition, and we find ourselves suddenly swept by a wave of strong emotion for which we can assign 304/William McDougall no adequate cause. 14 It would, of course, be more correct to say that the creature strives to achieve its end under the driving power of the instinctive impulse awakened within it, but, if this is recognised, it is permissible to avoid the repeated use of this cumbrous phraseology! 15 None of the doctrines of the associationist psychology was more profoundly misleading and led to greater absurdities than the attempt to exhibit pleasure and pain as the source of all activities. What could be more absurd than Professor Bain’s doctrine that the joy of a mother in her child, her tender care and self-sacrificing efforts in its behalf, are due to the pleasure she derives from bodily contact with it in the maternal embrace? Or what could be more strained and opposed to hundreds of familiar facts than Herbert Spencer’s doctrine that the emotion of fear provoked by any object consists in faint revivals, in some strange cluster, of ideas of all the pains suffered in the past upon contact with, or in the presence of, that object? ( cf. Bain’s “Emo- tions and the Will,” chap. vi.; and H. Spencer’s “Principles of Psy- chology,” vol. i. part iv. chap. viii. 3rd Ed.) 16 For a further discussion of the nature of instinct the reader may be referred to The British Journal of Psychology, vol. iii., which con- tains papers contributed to a symposium on Instinct and Intelligence by Messrs. C. S. Myers, Lloyd Morgan, Wildon Carr, G. F. Stout, and the author. 17 It has often been remarked that the emotions are fluid and indefin- able, that they are in perpetual flux and are experienced in an infinite number of subtle varieties. This truth may be used as an argument against the propriety of attempting to exhibit all the many varieties of our emotional experience as reducible by analysis to a small number of distinct primary emotions. But such an objection would be ill- taken. We may see an instructive parallel in the case of our colour- sensations. The colour-sensations present, like the emotions, an in- definitely great variety of qualities shading into one another by im- perceptible gradations; but this fact does not prevent us regarding all these many delicate varieties as reducible by analysis to a few simple primary qualities from which they are formed by fusion, or blending, in all proportions. Rather it is the indefinitely great variety of colour qualities, their subtle gradations, and the peculiar affinities between them, that justify us in seeking to exhibit them as fusions in many different proportions of a few primary qualities. And the same is true An Introduction to Social Psychology/305 of the emotions. Of course, if the James-Lange theory of the emotions is true, then each of the primary emotions is in principle not an elementary affection of consciousness or mode of experience, but a complex of organic sensations and feeling tone. But in that case the conception of a primary emotion, and the propriety of regarding each complex emotion as a fusion of two or more primary emotions, are not invali- dated. For the primary emotion must be regarded (according to that theory) as a complex of organic sensation and feeling tone which is constant and specific in character, its nature having been determined and fixed by the evolutionary process at a very remote pre-human period. 18 “A Primer of Physiological Psychology,” 1905. That the principle is not generally recognised is shown by the fact that in Baldwin’s Dic- tionary of Philosophy and Psychology (1901) no mention is made of any intimate relation between emotion and instinct; we are there told that no adequate psychological definition of instinct is possible, since the psychological state involved is exhausted by the terms “sensa- tion” (and also “perception”), “instinct,” “feeling,” and “impulse”; and instinct is defined as “an inherited reaction of the sensori-motor type, relatively complex and markedly adaptive in character, and common to a group of individuals.” Professor James, who treats of the instincts and the emotions in successive chapters, comes very near to the recognition of the principle laid down above, without, however, explicitly stating it. Others who have recognised—more or less explicitly—this relation between instinct and emotion are Schneider (“Der thierische Wille”), Ribot (“Psychologie des Senti- ments”), and Rutgers Marshal (“Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics,” and “Instinct and Reason”) Mr. Shand (Chapter xvi., Stout’s “Groundwork of Psychology”) has rightly insisted upon the impossibility of analysing the complex emotions by unaided introspection, and has laid down the principle that we must rely largely on the observation of their motor tenden- cies. But he has not combined this sound methodological suggestion with the recognition of the above-mentioned guiding principle. It is on this combination that I rely in the present chapter. 19 That the emotion as a fact of consciousness may properly be distin- guished from the cognitive process which it accompanies and quali- fies is, I think, obvious and indisputable. The propriety of distin- 306/William McDougall guishing between the conative element in consciousness, the impulse, appetite, desire, or aversion, and the accompanying emotion is not so obvious. For these features are most intimately and constantly asso- ciated, and introspective discrimination of them is usually difficult. Nevertheless they show a certain degree of independence of one an- other; e.g., with frequent repetition of a particular emotional situa- tion and reaction, the affective aspect of the process tends to become less prominent, while the impulse grows stronger. 20 It may be noted in passing that this is one of a class of facts which offers very great difficulty to any attempt to account for instinctive action on purely mechanical principles. 21 Lest any reader should infer, from what is said above of the immedi- ate and often irrational character of our emotional responses upon the reception of certain sense-impressions, that I accept the James- Lange theory of emotion in the extreme form in which it is stated by Professor James, I would point out that the acceptance of the theory is by no means implied by my treatment of emotion. In the course of the discussion of instinct in the preceding chapter, it was expressly stated that the instinctive process is not to be regarded as merely a compound reflex, initiated by crude sensation, but that its first stage always involves distinct cognition, which, in the case of purely in- stinctive action, is always a sense-perception. That is to say, the sense- impressions must undergo the psychical elaboration and synthesis implied by the word “perception”; but such perceptual elaboration is in every case only rendered possible by the activities of a preformed psycho-physical disposition, which in the case of the purely instinc- tive action is innately organised. Professor Ward has effectively criticised the James-Lange theory (Art. “Psychology” in supplemen- tary volumes of “Encyclopaedia Britannica,” 9th edition), and I would in the main endorse that criticism, though I think Professor Ward does not sufficiently recognise that our emotional responses are bound up with, and in many cases are immediately determined by, simple perceptions. He writes: “Let Professor James be confronted first by a chained bear and next by a bear at large: to the one object he presents a bun, and to the other a clean pair of heels.” This passage seems by implication to ignore the truth I wish especially to insist upon, namely the immediacy with which the emotional response follows upon per- ception, if the perceptual disposition involved is a part of the instinc- tive disposition, or if it has become connected with its central part as An Introduction to Social Psychology/307 an acquired afferent inlet in the way discussed in Chapter II. There is a world of difference between, on the one hand, the instinctive re- sponse to the object that excites fear, and, on the other hand, running away because one judges that discretion is the better part of valour. I well remember standing in the zoological garden at Calcutta before a very strong cage in which was a huge Bengal tiger fresh from the jungle. A low-caste Hindu sweeper had amused himself by teasing the monster, and every time he came near the cage the tiger bounded forward with an awful roar. At each of many repetitions of this per- formance a cold shudder of fear passed over me, and only by an effort could I restrain the impulse to beat a hasty retreat. Though I knew the bars confined the brute more securely than any chain, it was not because the emotion of fear and the corresponding impulse were lacking that I did not show a “clean pair of heels.” 22 It is worth noting that, if the emotional accompaniment of these two very different sets of bodily symptoms seems to have essentially the same quality in the two cases and to be unmistakably fear, this fact is very difficult to reconcile with the James-Lange theory of emotion interpreted in a literal fashion. 23 A form of admiration in which curiosity (or wonder in the sense in which the word is here used) predominates (see chap. v.). 24 It may be objected that, if a man strikes me a sudden and unpro- voked blow, my anger is effectually and instantaneously aroused, even when I am at the moment not actively engaged in any way; for it may be said that in this case the blow does not obstruct or oppose any impulse working within me at the moment. To raise this objection would be to ignore my consciousness of the personal relation and my personal attitude towards the striker. The impulse, the thwarting of which in this case provokes my anger, is the impulse of self-asser- tion, which is habitually in play during personal intercourse. That this is the case we may see on reflecting that anger would not be aroused if the blow came from a purely impersonal source—if, for example, it came from a falling branch, or if the blow received from a person were clearly quite accidental and unavoidable under the cir- cumstances. Anger at the stupidity of others might also be quoted as an instance not conformable to the law; but it is only when such stupidity hinders the execution of some plan that the normal man is angered by it.- 25 “Psychology of the Emotions,” p. 340. 308/William McDougall 26 One of my boys, who learnt to walk when eighteen months old, delighted in the applause that greeted his first steps, and, every time that one of his many excursions across the room failed to evoke it, he threw himself prone upon the floor with loud cries of anger and dis- pleasure. 27 See his chapter on the emotions in Professor Stout’s “Groundwork of Psychology.” 28 “Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct.” 29 Op. cit, 30 Cf. Chap. XVII of E. Westermarck’s “Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas.” London, 1906. 31 “Emotions and the Will,” p. 82. 32 Op. cit., p. 80. 33 There are women, happily few, whose attitude towards their chil- dren shows them to be devoid of the maternal instinct. Reflection upon the conduct of such a woman will discover that her conduct in all relations proceeds from purely selfish motives. 34 It is, I think, not improbable that the impulse to kiss the child, which is certainly strong and seems to be innate, is a modification of the maternal impulse to lick the young which is a feature of the maternal instinct of so many animal species. 35 It is a fair question whether, among those nations who pride them- selves upon having attained so high a state of civilisation that they can no longer inflict capital punishment, the greater clemency of the law should not be attributed to a relative deficiency in the strength of the parental instinct in the mass of the people, and to a consequent relative incapacity for moral indignation. At the present moment the moral indignation of a large section of the French people is clamouring for the death of a wretch who has been convicted of cruelly maltreat- ing a child and to whom, it is thought, the presidential clemency may be extended. 36 Op. cit., p. 83. 37 Op. cit., p. 291. 38 For fuller discussion of sympathy see Chapters IV and VI. 39 Professor Stout’s “Groundwork of Psychology,” chap. xvi. 40 See Chapter IV. 41 In so far, of course, as the impulse is not completely thwarted. 42 See Supplementary Chapter II at the end of this volume, which con- tains a fuller discussion of the sex instinct. An Introduction to Social Psychology/309 43 “Inquiries into Human Faculty,” p. 72. 44 “Principles of Psychology.” 45 Cf. p. 302. 46 “Les Lois de l’Imitation.” Paris, 1904. 47 “Mental Development,” and “Social and Ethical Interpretations.” 48 Op. cit., ii., p. 410. 49 This truth has been clearly expressed by Herbert Spencer (“Prin- ciples of Psychology,” vol. ii., p. 563), and Bain recognised it, al- though, as we have seen, he failed to hold it consistently. 50 Shortly after writing these lines I was holding a child in my arms, looking out of window on a dark night. There came a blinding flash of lightning and, after some seconds, a crash of thunder. The child was pleased by the lightning, but at the first crack of thunder she screamed in terror; immediately upon hearing the scream, I experi- enced, during a fraction of a second, a pang of fear that could not have been more horrible had I been threatened with all the terrors of hell. I am not at all disturbed by thunder when alone. This incident illustrates very well two points—first the sympathetic induction of emotion by immediate instinctive reaction to the expression of emo- tion by another; secondly, the specific character of loud noises as excitants of fear. Regarded as merely a sensory stimulus, the flash of lighting was far more violent than the thunder; yet it provoked no fear in the child. 51 This is very noticeable in the case of vomiting. A tender mother will sometimes turn away from a vomiting child with an irresistible im- pulse of repulsion. 52 “Principles of Psychology,” vol. ii., p. 408. 53 “Mental Development, Methods and Processes,” 3rd ed p. 281. New York, 1906. 54 An excellent account of this peculiar affliction may be found in Mr. Hugh Clifford’s “Studies in Brown Humanity,” as also in Sir F. A. Swettenham’s “Malay Sketches.” 55 “Die Seele des Kindes,” 5te Auflage, Leipzig, 1900, S. 180. 56 “The Play of Animals” and “The Play of Man.” 57 “Mind,” N.S., vol. xv, p. 468. 58 While living among the hybrid Papuan-Melanesian people of a small group of islands in the Torres Straits, I was much struck by the marked weakness of the impulse of rivalry among them. Though adults and children spent a large proportion of their time in playing, the spirit of 310/William McDougall rivalry was displayed but feebly in a few of the games and hardly at all in most of their playing. I failed completely to get the boys to take up various English games, and the failure seemed due to the lack of the impulse of rivalry. The same defect or peculiarity seemed to be responsible for the fact that the people were so content with their equality in poverty that, although opportunities for earning high wages in adjacent islands were abundant, few could be induced to avail themselves of them, or to work for more than a few months, if they did so. These people are unwarlike, and the men and boys never fight with one another—a striking fact, which certainly is not to be ex- plained by excellence of the social system or refinement of manners; for but a generation ago these people were notorious for having de- voured the crews of several vessels wrecked upon the islands. 59 “Character and the Emotions,” Mind, N.S., vol. v., and “M. Ribot’s Theory of the Passions,” Mind, N.S., vol. xvi. 60 I would remind the reader that “wonder” is here used in a sense a little different from the usual one. 61 One is tempted to ask, Was it because the external aspect of the Gothic cathedral is apt to fall short of exciting the fear which is es- sential to reverence, that in so many cases the artists of the Middle Ages covered the exterior with grotesque and horrible figures, like those of Notre Dame of Paris? 62 This we may perhaps identify with the instinct of acquisition men- tioned in Chapter III. 63 Tolstoy’s “Kreutzer Sonata” is a study of jealousy of this type aris- ing within a sentiment which was certainly not love, but was a strange blend of hate with an extended self-regarding sentiment. It is, I think, obvious that jealousy could not arise within a sentiment of hate, pure and simple. 64 “Die Entwickelung der Strafe.” 65 An excellent account is given by Mr. Hugh Clifford in a story called “The Amok of Dâta Kâya.” 66 “Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas,” Chapter II. 67 Ibid., p. 22. 68 “Criminal Responsibility,” Oxford, 1905. 69 In a recent treatise on ethics, which makes a considerable show of psychological precision, they are described on one page successively as emotions, sentiments, feelings, and judgments. 70 “Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development,” chap, An Introduction to Social Psychology/311 vi., London, 1902. 71 Even in so recent and excellent a treatise as Dr. Rashdall’s “Theory of Good and Evil” this identification of pleasure with happiness is frequently repeated, verbally at least. 72 Cp. p. 151. 73 In a recent article criticising M. Ribot’s book “Les Passions” (“Mind,” vol. xvi., p. 502) Mr. Shand has suggested that the sentiment of love is innately organised. I cannot see any sufficient grounds for accept- ing this suggestion, and I believe that any such assumption will raise more difficulties than it solves. In previous chapters I have suggested that certain of the instincts may have peculiarly intimate innate rela- tions, that, e.g., the instinct of pugnacity is thus specially intimately connected with the maternal instinct and with the sex instinct of the male. But even this seems to me very questionable. 74 I shall be told that in restricting in this way the meaning of the term “self-love” I am setting aside a usage consecrated by age and the writings of innumerable moralists. I would anticipate this objection by asking—Why should the psychologist feel any obligation to clog and hamper the development of his science by a regard for the termi- nology of the pre-scientific ages, while the workers in other scientific fields are permitted to develop their terminology with a single eye to its precision and to the accurate discrimination and classification of the like and the unlike? The chemist is not held to be under any obli- gation to class earth, air, fire, and water with his elements, nor does the physicist persist in classing heat and electricity with the fluid substances. 75 For the same reason other sentiments of this type, resulting from fusion of the self-regarding sentiment with the love of an object other than the self (of which patriotism is the most striking example), ac- quire their power of supplying dominant or extremely powerful mo- tives. 76 E.g., the relation of mother and son in Mr. Wells’s “Days of the Comet.” 77 Cp. Chapter IV. 78 Cf. Kipling’s story, “Baa-baa, Black Sheep.” 79 In “Progressive Morality.” 80 Professor Baldwin has well described this process, although he does not seem to have recognised the two instincts which, according to the view here taken, are the all-important factors. See “Social and Ethi- 312/William McDougall cal Interpretations in Mental Development,” part I, chap. i. 81 I leave out of account here religious conceptions, which for many, perhaps most, persons play this all-important part in developing the self-regarding sentiment; not because they are not of great social im- portance, but because the principles involved are essentially similar to those dealt with in this passage. 82 It may seem anomalous that fear should enter into the self-regarding sentiment; but we have to remember that the object of this sentiment is not merely the self, but rather the self in relation to other persons. 83 Cf. Chapter IV. 84 Like the fully developed parental sentiment, the patriotism of many men is a fusion of this quasi- altruistic extension of the self-regarding sentiment with the truly altruistic sentiment of love. 85 I would ask the reader to refrain from taking this remark as appli- cable to all the peoples of Borneo. Most of these much maligned savages are quite incapable of such conduct, which is peculiar to the Sea Dayaks or Ibans. 86 “Progressive Morality.” 87 “The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas,” p. 4. 88 That is, a process as purely intellectual as any mental process can be; the motive power of the process is not the impulse of some emo- tion directly evoked by the action judged. 89 For example, some young children pass the original moral judgment “You are naughty” upon any person who interferes with their play or work, who obstructs in any way the operation of any impulse and so evokes their anger. 90 “Prolegomena to Ethics,” p. 351. 91 The effective operation of this sentiment on a great scale has re- cently been illustrated in several cases in which the most disinter- ested efforts of private individuals have corrected the effects of mis- carriages of legal procedure— e.g., the cases of Mr. Beck and Mr. Edalji. Some years ago the unjust condemnation of Major Dreyfus produced in France a still more striking and famous display of disin- terested effort on behalf of the principle of justice. 92 This hypothesis is still maintained by some modern writers of re- pute. Dr. Rashdall (“Theory of Good and Evil”) uses the phrase “the moral consciousness” and makes it the key of his ethical and theo- logical position. By it he means to denote the faculty of judging of ethical value or of judging anything to be good. He regards this fac- An Introduction to Social Psychology/313 ulty in the same way as Kantians regard our faculties of perceiving spatial and temporal relations, namely, as one which, though it may be developed and refined by use, is given a priori as a primary fac- ulty of intuition, one not evolved from more elementary forms of judgment. But he makes no attempt to justify this assumption, on which he hangs so great a weight of consequences. Curiously enough, while the Kantian view of our faculties of spatial and temporal judg- ment is held to imply that such judgments have no objective value, space and time being purely subjective, Dr. Rashdall finds in the assured a priori character of moral judgment and the moral con- sciousness his one source of confidence in the objectivity of such judgments 93 “Principles of Psychology,” vol. ii., p. 549. 94 This we may see most clearly in the case of the problem of the evolution of the moral tradition. If, as we have said, the moral tradi- tion has been slowly evolved by the influence of the precept and ex- ample of the great moral leaders, and if, as the libertarians maintain, all the moral victories of such leaders, in virtue of which they attain their ascendancy over their fellow-men and their power of moulding the moral tradition, have this mysterious and utterly incomprehen- sible source, then the growth of the moral tradition may be described but cannot be explained, and we have no—or but very little—ground to suppose that what we can learn of its growth in the past will justify any assumptions or forecasts as to its growth in the future. And this must remain true no matter how small be the quantity of “will-en- ergy” postulated by the libertarians to account for the turning of the scale in the conflict of motives. 95 I purposely avoid touching upon the more difficult moral problem. How far is punishment of one man justified by its deterrent or re- forming effects upon others. 96 In so far as punishment will produce these effects upon madmen they have a moral right to be punished. The medical profession gen- erally ignores this truth in its perennial conflict with the lawyers. It is for them to determine which of the mental diseases render the patient’s conduct incapable of being controlled by punishment or by the threat of it, and which leave him still susceptible to the deterrent and re- forming influence of punishment. 97 The only possible answer of the libertarians to this argument seems to be: Yes, but if this outside influence is “a very little one,” we may, 314/William McDougall by means of punishment, give the good influences a better chance of determining a favourable issue of our moral conflicts. This seems to be the line recent defenders of freewill are inclined to take. They are, nevertheless, bound to admit that, since the magnitude of these out- side influences is unknown, the recognition of them must weaken the case for punishment, and must diminish to an unknown and quite incalculable extent our moral responsibility. 98 The most successful defence of indeterminism yet made is that of Dr. Schiler (“Studies in Humanism”). His position is not quite the same as Professor James’s. He suggests that there may arise con- junctions of conditions whose issue is indeterminate in the sense that opposing forces are exactly balanced in an unstable equilibrium, which we might compare to that of a billiard ball balanced on a knife-edge. A strictly minimal force might then determine the issue in either di- rection, and so produce very important consequences; e.g., if the knife- edge were on the water-parting of the Rocky Mountains, the ball might reach the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean, according to the direc- tion of this minimal force. Dr. Schiller points out truly enough that, for anything we know, such situations may occur in both the physical and moral spheres; for, if their issue is thus determined by some such minimal force that is not determined by antecedent conditions, the calculation of the strength of the opposing forces, with sufficient ac- curacy to enable us to discover the presence of this unconditioned factor, is beyond our power, and we shall probably never be able to make this calculation for the physical, and certainly never for the moral, world. If this unconditioned factor is assumed to be in every case of strictly minimal strength, the admission of its reality will not seriously undermine the principles of moral responsibility; but it will, as pointed out above, introduce an incalculable element among the factors which the student of society has to try to take into account, and therefore will make difficult if not impossible the attempt to con- struct a science of history and of society. Whether it would lighten in any degree the moral difficulty of determinism discussed above is a more difficult and subtle problem; I cannot at present see that it can have any such result, save in the following way: it would allow us to believe in “a power, not ourselves, that makes for righteousness,” and such a belief might encourage and stimulate us to make efforts towards the realisation of the purpose of that power. Since, then, a decision of this question cannot be attained on empirical grounds, it An Introduction to Social Psychology/315 remains open to us to postulate indeterminism; and if such postula- tion makes for the predominance of right conduct, it is difficult to find any good reason for refusing to follow James and Schiller when they ask us to commit ourselves to it. 99 This view seems to be maintained still by Professor Höffding in a recent article in the Revue Philosophique (1907), “Sur la Nature de la Volonté.” 100 “Mind,” New Series, vol. v. 101 Ibid., vol. iv. 102 “Analytic Psychology” vol. i., p. 243. 103 Experiments that seem to establish this point were described by the author in the fourth of the series of papers entitled “Physiological Factors of the Attention-Process,” “Mind,” N.S., vol. xv. Some of these experiments have since been repeated and confirmed by MM. Et. Maigre and H. Piéron ( Revue de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Expérimental, Avril, 1907). 104 For a fuller discussion of this question and a theory of the inhibi- tory process see a paper by the author, “The Nature of Inhibitory Processes within the Nervous System” in “Brain,” vol. xxvi, and his review of Professor Sherrington’s “Integrative Action of the Nervous System” in “Brain,” vol. xxx. 105 “The Groundwork of Psychology.” 106 Some authors wax scornful when they examine the statement that the self is the all-important factor in volition. But the view they scorn- fully reject is that which makes the abstract ego, the logical subject of all our experiences, or the transcendental self, the source of the power of the will. If self is meant to be taken in either of these two senses in this connection, the scorn of these writers is perhaps justifi- able when they stigmatise it as a mere metaphysical abstraction. It is for this reason better to say always the idea of self (rather than sim- ply the self) is an essential factor in volition. 107 Ideas of this latter kind have not the irresistible force often attrib- uted to them. Dr. Bramwell has argued very strongly that if they are opposed to the organised tendencies of the subject they will in no case realise themselves in action (“Hypnotism, its History, Theory, and Practice”). In my opinion his view is in the main correct, though, no doubt, he has a little overdriven it. 108 See Buckle’s “History of Civilisation in Europe.” 109 Professor Pollard attributes it in part to voluntary control induced 316/William McDougall by the system of land tenure, as in modern France. “Factors in Mod- ern History,” p. 135. 110 For an excellent discussion of the importance of the family see Mrs. Bosanquet’s “The Family,” and the works of the school of Le Play, especially “La Constitution Essentielle de l’Humanité.” 111 Professor Keane asserts this to be the issue of the lively discussion that has been waged on this topic. See his “Ethnology.” 112 It is, I think, true without exception that the family is found in every animal species, of which the males, as well as the females, are endowed with the parental instinct and co-operate in the care of the young; that is to say, the co-existence of the reproductive and paren- tal instincts in the members of both sexes suffices to determine the family, the parental impulse being commonly directed to the adult partner, as well as to the offspring. 113 It has been asserted by Messrs. Spencer and Gillen (“The Northern Tribes of Central Australia”) that some of the Australian tribes are utterly ignorant of the relation of the reproductive act to child-birth, but doubt has been thrown on this statement. 114 The well-meant efforts of missionaries may sometimes play a con- siderable part in this process; e.g., it has been observed that the abo- lition of polygamy, in communities in which females are more nu- merous than the males, has led to such gross irregularities in the sexual relations as to diminish greatly the rate of reproduction. 115 See the frequent references to the prevalence of voluntary child- lessness in Professor Dill’s two volumes, “Roman Society in the Last Century of the Empire,” and “Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius,” also M. de Lapouge’s “Les Selections Sociales,” in which the share of these influences in the destruction of Ancient Greece is discussed in some detail. Dr. W. Schallmayer argues to similar effect of the decline of both Greece and Rome (“Vererbung u. Auslese im Lebenslauf d. Völker”). 116 One of the most remarkable illustrations of the tendencies discussed in this paragraph was afforded by the flourishing among the natives of the Sandwich Islands of an association, the members of which bound themselves on frankly hedonistic grounds to avoid parenthood. 117 “Social Evolution.” 118 See Professor Karl Pearson’s “Chances of Death.” 119 There are certainly among the celibates of our population a certain number of persons who know of sexual desire only by hearsay and An Introduction to Social Psychology/317 who regard it as a strange madness from which they are fortunately free. Cf. Professor Forel’s “Sexuelle Frage.” 120 See especially David Heron (Drapers’ Company Research Mem- oir), “On the Relation of Fertility to Social Status,” 1906. 121 See especially “La Cité Antique,” by Fustel de Coulanges. 122 See the books of the late Lafcadio Hearn, especially “Japan: an Interpretation.” His account was borne out by the recent newspaper accounts of the solemn national thanksgiving to ancestors after the successes of the late war. 123 According to Mr. Fielding Hall, the same is true of Buddhism; see “The Soul of a People,” and “A People at School.” 124 See Sir D. Mackenzie Wallace’s “Russia,” Chapter xxix. 125 “Principles of Western Civilisation.” 126 “The Primal Law.” 127 “The Descent of Man.” 128 International Scientific Series. 129 These statements are based not merely on my own observations during a sojourn of six months among these tribes, but also on the authority of my friend Dr. Charles Hose, who for more than twenty years has exercised a very remarkable influence over many of the tribes of Sarawak, and has done very much to establish the benefi- cent rule of the Rajah, H.H. Sir Charles Brooke, over the wilder tribes of the outlying districts. 130 “Principles of Western Civilisation,” p. 156: “The ruling fact which stands clearly out in regarding this movement of peoples as a whole, is that it must have represented a process of military selection, prob- ably the most sustained, prolonged, and culminating in character that the race has ever undergone.” 131 The attempt now being made to found a science and an art of Eugenics owes its importance largely to this tendency. 132 “Principles of Sociology,” p. 18 (my quotation is abridged). 133 Thus Professor M. Jastrow writes: “The certainty that the reli- gious instinct is, so far as the evidence goes, innate in man, suffices as a starting-point for a satisfactory classification.” The same author tells us that “the definite assumption of a religious instinct in man forms part of almost every definition of religion proposed since the appearance of Schleiermacher’s discourses” (“The Study of Reli- gion,” pp. 101 and 153). 134 Cf. p. 131. 318/William McDougall 135 Certain of these forces of nature were less terrible than others, e.g., rain, and the growth of plants and animals, and man made the bold experiment of attempting to control them, proceeding by a purely empirical method and guided by the slightest indications to belief in the success of his experiments; such seemingly successful procedures then became conventional and recognised modes of influencing these powers. In so far as man seemed to find himself able to control and coerce any of these forces, his attitude and emotion in presence of them would b« those of the instinct of self-assertion, even though he might continue to be filled with fear and wonder. This complex emo- tional state seems to be the characteristically superstitious one, and the attitude and practices are those of magic. I suggest that the funda- mental distinction between religious and magical practices is not, as is sometimes said, that religion conceives the powers it envisages as personal powers, while magic conceives them as impersonal; but rather that the religious attitude is always that of submission, the magical attitude that of self-assertion; and that the forces which both magical and religious practices are concerned to influence may be conceived in either case as personal or impersonal powers. Hence the savage, who at one time bows down before his fetish in supplication, and at another seeks to compel its assistance by threats or spells, adopts toward the one object alternately the religious and the magical atti- tude. The same fundamental difference of attitude and emotion dis- tinguishes religion from science, into which magic becomes trans- formed as civilisation progresses. 136 The system of omens of the Romans was not only similar in gen- eral outline to that of some existing communities, but closely resembled in many of its details that observed at the present day by tribes of Central Borneo—a remarkable illustration of the uniformity of the human mind. (See paper by the author, in conjunction with Dr. C. Hose, on “The Relations of Men and Animals in Sarawak,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1901.) 137 Fustel de Coulanges has drawn a vivid picture of the dominance of this religion of fear in ancient Greece and Rome; he writes: “Ainsi, en temps de paix et en temps de guerre, la religion intervenait dans tous les actes. Elle était partout présente, elle enveloppait l’homme. L’âme, le corps, la vie privée, la vie publique, les repas, les fêtes, les assemblées, les tribunaux, les combats, tout etait sous l’empire de cette religion de la cité. Elle réglait toutes les actions de l’homme, An Introduction to Social Psychology/319 disposait de tous les instants de sa vie, fixait toutes ses habitudes. Elle gouvernait l’être humain avec une autorité si absolue qu’il ne restait rien qui fût en dehor d’elle.... Cette religion etait un ensemble mal lié de petites croyances, de petites pratiques, de rites minutieux. Il n’en fallait pas chercher le sens; il n’y avait pas à réfléchir, à se rendre compte.... La religion était un lien matériel, une chaine qui tenait l’homme esclave. L’homme se l’était faite, et il était gouverné par elle. Il en avait peur et n’osait ni raisonner, ni discuter, ni regarder en face.... Ni les dieux n’aimaient l’homme, ni l’homme n’aimait ses dieux. Il croyait a leur existence, mais il aurait parfois voulu qu’ils n’existassent pas. Même ses dieux domestiques ou nationaux, il les redoutait, il craignait d’être trahi par eux. Encourir la haine de ces êtres invisibles était sa grande inquiétude. Il etait occupé toute sa vie à les apaiser.... En effet, cette religion si com- pliquée était une source de terreurs pour les anciens; comme la foi et la pureté des intentions étaient peu de chose, et que toute la religion consistait dans la pra- tique minutieuse d’innombrables prescriptions, on devait toujours craindre d’avoir commis quelque négligence, quelque omission ou quelque erreur, et l’on n’était jamais sûr de n’être pas sous le coup de la colère ou de la rancune de quelque dieu.” As to the rites: “L’altération la plus légère troublait et bouleversait la religion de la patrie, et transformait les dieux protecteurs en autant d’ennemis cruels” (“La Cité antique,” pp. 186–196). 138 On the great role of fear in the more primitive forms of religion, and the decline of its influence in recent times, see an article by Pro- fessor J. H. Leuba, “Fear, Awe, and the Sublime in Religion,” in the American Journal of Religious Psychology vol. ii. 139 There is, of course, the higher kind of morality of the man who, while accepting in the main the prescribed social code, attempts by his example and precept to improve it in certain respects. 140 This contrast cannot be better illustrated than by quoting a part of a letter from a Turkish official to an English seeker after statistical information: “The thing you ask of me is both difficult and useless. Although I have passed all my days in this place, I have neither counted the houses, nor inquired into the number of the inhabitants; and as to what one person loads on his mules and the other stows away in the bottom of his ship, that is no business of mine. But, above all, as to the previous history of this city, God only knows the amount of dirt and confusion that the infidels may have eaten before the coming of 320/William McDougall the sword of Islam. It were unprofitable for us to inquire into it. O my soul! O my lamb! seek not after the things which concern thee not Thou earnest with us and we welcomed thee—go in peace.... Listen, O my son! There is no wisdom equal unto the belief in God! He created the world, and shall we liken ourselves unto Him in seeking to penetrate into the mysteries of His creation? Shall we say, Behold this star spinneth round that star, and this other star with a tail goeth and cometh in so many years! Let it go! He from whose hand it came will guide and direct it.” The letter is quoted in full by Professor James (from whom I copy) from Sir A. Layard’s “Nineveh and Babylon.” 141 See the conclusion of Mr. A. J. Balfour’s lecture on “Decadence,” Cambridge, 1908. 142 For a fuller discussion of the religious tendencies of primitive man, the reader may be referred to Mr. R. R. Marett’s “Threshold of Reli- gion” (London, 1909). In that work Mr. Marett traces back the evo- lution of religion to a pre-animistic stage, which he proposes to de- note by the word “animalism.” It will be seen that my own brief sketch is in substantial agreement with his view. 143 One of the most interesting of such peoples are the Punans of Borneo, a remarkably pleasing, gentle-mannered, handsome, and fair-skinned race of forest-dwellers. 144 See “Comment la Route crée le Type social,” by M. Ed, Demolins. 145 “Les Lois de l’Imitation,” Paris, 1904, and “Les Lois Sociales,” Paris, 1902. 146 Following in this respect Professor Giddings. 147 “Los Lois de l’Imitation,” p. xii. 148 The following summary account of the social operations of imita- tion is in large part extracted from M. Tarde’s well-known treatise, “Les Lois de l’Imitation.” 149 The last century has seen a great change in respect to the force with which his immediate social environment bears upon the individual; but, that the form of each man’s religious belief is determined for him by the tradition of his society, was strictly true almost without excep- tion in all earlier ages, and still remains true as regards the mass of men. There has been a similar weakening as regards the influence of political tradition, but still it is roughly true that “every little boy and girl that’s born into this world alive is either a little liberal or else a little conservative,” and for the most part continues so throughout An Introduction to Social Psychology/321 life. 150 Cf. especially Professor J. G. Frazer’s “Golden Bough.” 151 The process was going on rapidly in the islands of the Torres Straits at the time I spent some months there ten years ago. The natives had been converted to Christianity (nominally, at least) some twenty years before the date of my visit. 152 “Religion of the Semites.” 153 “Die Nachahmung,” Leipzig, 1903. 154 For such a scale of instances of behaviour I would refer the reader to my volume in the Home University Library, “Psychology, the Study of Behaviour.” 155 To the presentation of this argument I have devoted a separate volume (“Body and Mind, a History and Defence of Animism,” Lon- don, 1911), to which I would refer any reader who desires to form an opinion on this difficult question. 156 The most thorough and convincing defence of this view is to be found in Professor James Ward’s recently published volume of Gifford Lectures, “The Realm of Ends,” London, 1911. 157 The critics of Utilitarianism have concentrated their attack upon this false psychological doctrine; but the student of Ethics should not be misled into supposing that the Utilitarian principle, as the crite- rion of the good or the right, stands or falls with psychological hedo- nism. 158 Prof. J. H. Muirhead, for example, in his “Elements of Ethics.” 159 E.g., Prof. Muirhead, op. cit. 160 “Der Menschliche Wiles,” Berlin, 1883. 161 Series of papers in Mind. N.S. vols. ix–xiii. 162 “Psychology of the Moral Self,” p. 77. 163 Op, cit. p. 91. 164 E.g., Dr. Rashdall who writes: “It is true that the action cannot be done unless there is an impulse to do what is right or reasonable on our part, but such a desire may be created by the Reason which rec- ognizes the Tightness.” (“Theory of Good and Evil,” vol. i. p. 106).— 165 “Theory of Good and Evil,” vol. i. p. 104. 166 Op. cit., vol. i. p. 121. 167 Op. cit., vol. i. p. 125. 168 Op. cit., vol. i. p. 128. 169 Under the name “Instinct of Reproduction,” which, as I now see, is apt to mislead. 322/William McDougall 170 I adhere to the description of the structure of an instinct offered in Chapter II; but I recognize that this summary statement of the rela- tion of the affective and conative parts of the disposition is very inad- equate. The relation between them it more obscure and in some sense more intimate than that between them and the cognitive part. For purposes of exposition it would usually suffice to treat of the affec- tive and conative parts of the disposition as forming a functional unit. 171 Especially A. Moll (“Untersuchungen ü. d. Libido Sexualis,” Ber- lin, 1897) and Havelock Ellis (“The Psychology of Sex,” Philadel- phia, 1911). 172 For example, the cruelty sometimes displayed or invited in the course of sexual relations (the extremer forms of which are known as “Sadism” and “Masochism”) has been regarded as a component of normal sexuality. But, as I have argued elsewhere (Proc. of Royal Soc. of Med., Sect, of Psychiatry, 1914) these manifestations seem referable to the instincts of self-display and self- abasement operat- ing with abnormal intensity under the special conditions of the sexual relation. 173 The best-known attempt of this sort is that of Professor Freud, who would explain the direction of the sex impulse of man towards woman by the assumption that the male infant derives sexual pleasure from the act of sucking at his mother’s breast. It is, I submit, a sufficient refutation of this view to ask—How, then, does the sex instinct of woman become directed towards man? How explain the fact that homosexuality is not the rule in women? 174 It is the opinion of several of the most experienced and judicious students of these problems that in some cases of sexual inversion or homosexuality the direction of the sex impulse towards the same sex is innately determined; and some of the published cases are difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile with the opposite view. Such cases obviously lend strong support to the view that the normal direction of the sex impulse is innately determined. 175 Since the publication of the first edition of this book Professor Stout seems to have adopted this view of instinct (“Manual of Psych.,” 3rd ed.), and Professor Lloyd Morgan has recently made some slight advance towards it (“Are Meanings Inherited?” Mind, vol. xxiii) 176 I have attempted to develop this notion and to render it more intel- ligible in physiological terms in a paper entitled “The Sources and An Introduction to Social Psychology/323 Direction of Psycho-physical Energy,” read on the occasion of the opening of the Phipps Psychiatrical Institute at Baltimore and pub- lished in the American Journal of Insanity, vol. lxix, 1913. 177 “Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory.” New York, 1910. 178 It is not made clear, nor is it easy to understand, what meaning we are to attach to this statement; for Freud lays down no criterion and no definition of sexuality. 179 Notably by Havelock Ellis in his “Psychology of Sex,” and by A. Moll in his “Uutersuchungen der Libido Sexualis.” 180 It is clearly brought out in “A Preliminary Study of the Emotion of Love between the Sexes,” by Sanford Bell ( Am. J. of Psychology, 1902). 181 It has often been maintained, and not improbably with justice, that the backward condition of so many branches of the negro race is in the main determined by the prevalence among them of this state of affairs. 182 Those who so grotesquely put their faith in the redeeming power of mere knowledge of the facts and of the evils that result from sexual laxity should remember that medical students are constantly confronted with such evils in all their naked horror, and that nevertheless they are not as a class distinguished above others by chastity, or even by prudence in these matters. 183 Notably in the “Adolescence” and in other works of President Stanley Hall. 184 London, 1914. 185 He writes: “Desire is then a very complex emotional system, which includes actually or potentially the six prospective emotions of hope, anxiety, disappointment, despondency, confidence, and despair” (p. 463). And he tells us that “desire... is essentially an organisation of those emotional dispositions which are characteristic of its process.” Shand thus describes “desire” as a complex disposition similar in nature to the complex sentiments of love or hate. Yet he is clearly aware that desire is not in the least comparable to either a sentiment or one of the primary emotions. For in another place (p. 519) he writes that desire is an abstraction, and that “it is a complete mistake to represent desire as an independent force, and to suppose that it can be co-ordinated either with the emotions or with the sentiments.” This reveals very clearly the confusion into which he has fallen, a confu- sion which runs throughout the whole of his book, and which is largely 324/William McDougall due to his failure to hold fast to the very important distinction be- tween facts of mental function and facts of mental structure. Desire, like the emotions, is a fact of mental function, a mode or aspect of mental activity, and may and does arise whenever any strong impulse or conative tendency cannot find immediate satisfaction. 186 Op. cit., p. 482, 187 This sentence illustrates very well the dangers of admitting to scien- tific discourse the looseness of language permissible in poetry. How is despair to exclude hope, if it only arises after all hope has already been excluded? Read the Text Version No Text Content!

Hygge is a term that resonates deeply within Danish culture, and it represents a feeling of warmth, contentment, and coziness. Originating from Scandinavia, this concept has gained international recognition, becoming synonymous with creating moments that are intimately pleasant and comforting. This phenomenon is centered on the simple joys of life and has woven its way into the very fabric of daily living in these regions. In Denmark, particularly, hygge is not just a practice but a lifestyle. It involves creating an atmosphere that promotes relaxation and togetherness, whether in the comfort of one’s home or in the warmth of a community gathering. From the cozy hug of a soft blanket on a chilly evening to the laughter shared over a candlelit meal, hygge encapsulates a myriad of experiences that collectively enhance the quality of life. Understanding and embracing hygge can be a transformative experience, offering a gateway to a more balanced and contented way of living. In this article I will delve into the essence of hygge, exploring its origins, significance, and how it manifests in various aspects of life, from home décor to social interactions and beyond. Hygge’s Historical Journey: From Old Norse Roots to Modern Danish Culture “Hygge,” a concept now deeply embedded in Danish culture, has its linguistic origins in the Old Norse term “hyggja,” which means to think or to consider. Old Norse, the common ancestor of both modern Danish and other Scandinavian languages, influenced the development of these languages and their cultures. Although “hygge” is a key aspect of Danish culture today, its early form “hyggja” was part of the broader Norse culture that encompassed the region, including what is now Norway. Over time, as Danish and Norwegian cultures developed their distinct identities, “hygge” became particularly significant in Denmark. In the late 18th century, there was a resurgence or renewed emphasis on “hygge” in Denmark. This could be attributed to the cultural and linguistic connections within Scandinavia, where ideas and concepts were commonly shared and exchanged. Hence, “hygge,” with its roots in Old Norse, became an integral part of Danish life, evolving to symbolize comfort, warmth, and togetherness in a uniquely Danish context. As it found a place in Danish society, ‘hygge’ became a response to social and cultural shifts, especially within the Danish middle class. These shifts were reflective of a broader transformation in Europe, where industrialization, urbanization, and political changes were reshaping everyday life. The middle class, expanding and becoming more distinct, sought to carve out a space for themselves that was separate from both the aristocracy and the working class. In this context, ‘hygge’ emerged not just as a practice but as a representation of a new cultural identity and a statement of values. They sought to establish a sense of security and warmth within their homes, turning these spaces into havens of tranquility and intimacy. Thus, ‘hygge’ evolved into a symbol of homely comfort and contentment, offering a stark contrast to the challenges and uncertainties of the external world. The historical context of ‘hygge’ in Denmark, particularly in the 19th century, is marked by thoughtfulness following conflicts and societal changes. The Danish people increasingly found solace and unity in the simple, peaceful moments at home, symbolized by the warm glow of a petroleum lamp, an emblem of ‘hygge’s’ soothing presence. In the modern era, ‘hygge’ has transcended its ancient Scandinavian roots, appealing in a fast-paced, technology-driven world. Its official recognition in the English language in 2017 underscores its global resonance. Today, ‘hygge’ is celebrated internationally, influencing cultural domains from cozy cafes to contemporary interior design. It serves as a reminder of the universal human desire for comfort, togetherness, and the appreciation of life’s simple pleasures. This enduring legacy suggests that ‘hygge’ has been an integral part of Danish culture for centuries, continuously shaping and being shaped by societal values and lifestyle. In parallel to the Danish ‘hygge,’ Norway cherishes its own version of this comforting lifestyle with the concept of ‘kos.’ Rooted deeply in Norwegian culture, ‘kos’ encapsulates similar sentiments of warmth, contentment, and the joy of life’s simpler aspects. While ‘hygge’ and ‘kos’ share many attributes, ‘kos’ uniquely reflects the Norwegian way of life, emphasizing the importance of comfort and relaxation in both everyday moments and special occasions. The shared heritage of ‘hygge’ and ‘kos’ in Danish and Norwegian cultures, respectively, highlights a broader Scandinavian ethos that values the quality of life. Both concepts have not only remained relevant but have also gained international admiration in recent years. The Essence of Hygge: Creating a Cozy Atmosphere Central to the philosophy of hygge is the creation of a warm and cozy atmosphere. This concept transcends mere physical comfort, aiming instead to cultivate a sense of emotional well-being and inner peace. In the realms of hygge, the ambiance of a room plays a critical role. Soft lighting, often achieved through the use of candles or dim lamps, is preferred over harsh, bright lights. This gentle illumination helps in creating an environment that is soothing to the senses and calming to the mind. The choice of furnishings and decor is equally important in building a hygge atmosphere. Comfortable seating, plush cushions, and soft blankets invite relaxation and a sense of ease. Textures play a significant role here, with a preference for materials that are pleasant to touch, such as wool, cotton, and velvet. The color palette also tends to lean towards earthy, muted tones that contribute to a tranquil setting. At its heart, hygge is about finding joy and contentment in the simple pleasures of life. It’s a mindset that encourages savoring the moment, whether it’s enjoying a warm beverage on a cool day, relaxing in the comfort of a quiet morning, or sharing a homemade meal with loved ones. These moments, though seemingly ordinary, are the foundations of a hygge lifestyle. The culinary aspect of hygge cannot be overlooked. Meals in a hygge setting are less about extravagance and more about comfort and simplicity. It’s about enjoying wholesome, home-cooked food that nourishes both the body and soul. The act of cooking itself, especially when done with family or friends, is considered a hygge activity, fostering togetherness and a sense of shared purpose. Hygge and nature are closely linked, enhancing our daily lives with the tranquility of the natural world. This connection is essential, not just occasionally but as a constant presence. Incorporating nature into our homes is a key aspect of hygge. It’s about using natural materials like wood and stone to add a sense of the outdoors to our living spaces. Adding plants to our homes isn’t just about decoration; it’s about bringing a piece of nature’s calm into our everyday environment. This touch of greenery makes our spaces more peaceful and relaxing. Hygge also encourages us to spend time in nature. This doesn’t have to be anything extreme; simple activities like walking in a park or sitting quietly in a garden can be deeply fulfilling. It’s these moments, enjoying the simple beauty of nature, that embody hygge. Watching a sunset or listening to the rustling of leaves can also be incredibly soothing. Each season brings its own form of natural beauty, and hygge embraces them all. Whether it’s the new growth of spring, the warmth of summer, autumn’s rich colors, or the quiet of a winter landscape, each season has its own way of connecting us with nature. This cycle helps us appreciate the changing beauty of the natural world. Hygge Through the Seasons During the long, cold winter months, hygge becomes a beacon of warmth and comfort. It’s a time for gathering around the fireplace, enjoying hearty meals, and relaxing in the glow of candlelight. Winter hygge often involves indulging in comfort foods, sharing stories with family, and enjoying indoor hobbies like playing games together, watching TV, reading, or knitting. While hygge is often associated with coziness indoors, it also extends to outdoor activities in the warmer months. Summer hygge might include picnics in the park, leisurely walks in nature, or outdoor dining with friends. It’s about making the most of the pleasant weather and finding joy in nature’s bounty. Hygge’s Reach Beyond Scandinavia While hygge originates from the cold, Nordic countries, its principles have found a warm reception worldwide. From the bustling streets of New York to the quiet countryside of Japan, the essence of hygge is being adopted and adapted. People everywhere are seeking ways to incorporate this sense of comfort and contentment into their lives. Cozy cafes, reminiscent of Copenhagen’s hyggelige coffee houses, have sprung up around the globe, offering a haven of warmth and relaxation. Similarly, interior design has seen a shift towards hygge-inspired themes, with an emphasis on soft lighting, comfortable furnishings, and a warm, neutral color palette. The interpretation of hygge varies across different cultures, each adding its unique touch to the concept. In some places, it’s about creating a cozy, inviting home environment; in others, it’s more focused on fostering community and strengthening social bonds. What remains constant, however, is the pursuit of happiness in the small, everyday moments. People around the world are finding that slowing down and appreciating the here and now, whether it’s through a shared meal, a quiet evening at home, or a leisurely walk in nature, can significantly enhance their quality of life. Hygge’s Impact on Lifestyle Choices As hygge’s popularity grows, it influences various lifestyle choices, from leisure activities to work-life balance. There’s an increasing trend towards valuing experiences over material possessions, seeking quality time with loved ones, and finding joy in life’s simple pleasures. This shift is evident in the rising popularity of hobbies that embody the hygge spirit, like baking, knitting, and gardening. Even in the corporate world, the principles of hygge are being recognized, with companies striving to create more balanced, human-centered work environments. Hygge has transcended its Scandinavian roots to become a global phenomenon, a testament to its universal appeal. It speaks to a deep-seated human need for connection, both with others and with ourselves. In a world often overwhelmed by complexity and constant connectivity, hygge offers a path to a simpler, more fulfilling way of life. It’s a gentle reminder that true contentment often lies in life’s small joys and quiet moments. Discover the Joy of The Hygge Game As we journey through the cultural tapestry of hygge, embracing its essence of warmth, comfort, and togetherness, there emerges a delightful way to bring these principles into your gatherings: The Hygge Game. This engaging game is designed to foster the same sense of closeness and enjoyment that is central to the hygge lifestyle. The Hygge Game is more than just a pastime; it’s a gateway to meaningful conversations and cherished moments with friends and family. Made with the spirit of hygge in mind, it encourages players to share stories, reminisce about pleasant memories, and engage in thoughtful discussions. The game consists of a variety of questions that range from light-hearted to deeply reflective, ensuring that each round is a unique experience that strengthens bonds and creates new memories. Whether you’re gathered around the living room, cozied up in a cabin, or enjoying a leisurely evening at home, The Hygge Game is the perfect addition to enhance the atmosphere. It’s suitable for small and large groups alike, making it an ideal choice for any social occasion. As you delve into the questions, you’ll find that the conversations sparked are as warm and inviting as a flickering candle in a Danish home. Playing The Hygge Game is an opportunity to disconnect from the digital world and connect with those around you. It’s about taking the time to really listen, share, and appreciate the company of others – a true embodiment of the hygge philosophy. For those eager to bring a piece of hygge into their homes and social gatherings, The Hygge Game is available for purchase. You can find it here, where it awaits to become a part of your cherished moments and heartwarming memories. Invite the essence of hygge into your life with The Hygge Game and experience the joy of togetherness in a whole new way.

Ever Wondered Whether Mosquitoes Do Any Good To Dayton, MD Residents You probably don’t care much for the mosquitoes hovering around Howard County. Despite their diminutive size, they have the potential to delete the human population. Mosquitoes are super-effective when it comes to spreading deadly diseases like malaria and Chikungunya. These affect hundreds of thousands of people every year. Not only that, but they can also cause serious harm to livestock. Even so, have you ever wondered why these annoying bugs should be let live? Are they in any way useful to us? Remember the lessons you learned during your biology class? You may need to recall some of them here. …mosquitoes serve important functions in numerous ecosystems, serving as food for many species, helping filter detritus for plant life to thrive, pollinating flowers, and even affecting the herding paths of caribou in the tundra. Last, scientists are looking at the mosquito for potential medical treatments. The Food Web Mosquito larvae are aquatic insects and, as such, play an important role in the aquatic food chain. According to Dr. Gilbert Waldbauer in “The Handy Bug Answer Book,” Mosquito larvae are filter feeders that strain tiny organic particles such as unicellular algae from the water and convert them to the tissues of their own bodies, which are, in turn, eaten by fish. Mosquito larvae are, in essence, nutrient-packed snacks for fish and other aquatic animals. Read more at ThoughtCo… Going by the scientists’ reports, you have mosquitoes to thank for being part of your fish’s diet. Mosquitoes are also a source of food for birds, insects, and amphibians, among others. You probably don’t believe this, but you can do your own research on it. Another reason you need to appreciate the presence of mosquitoes is their ability to clean up the environment. Wondering how? Read this… Mosquitoes Remove Waste (To Make Compost) Mosquito larvae are always hungry. They emerge from eggs laid by female mosquitoes in stagnant pools of water, and can even thrive in moist soil. As long is it is in water, a mosquito egg will develop into a mosquito larva. In a single acre of soggy land, you might find a million eggs. The eggs hatch into larvae. Larvae develop into adult mosquitoes within a week to ten days. During this time, all they do is eat. Mosquito larvae eat algae, parasites, fungus, and other microorganisms. And they eat all the time. This means that mosquito larvae can get through a lot of ‘detritus’ (or biological waste) in just a few days. So top points for mosquito larvae as natural waste removers! Read more at End Mosquitoes.Com… You’re probably thinking “let’s work with the larvae and eliminate the adult mosquitoes” right? Well, larvae come from eggs laid by adult female mosquitoes. These are the very same ones that bite you. So, this is quite a dilemma! As much as we would love to see the end of mosquitoes entirely, their presence is helping in the process of scientific discovery. Of about 3,500 mosquito species around the world, only a few have taken to specifically targeting people for biting, making them important spreaders of infectious diseases. To predict and help control the spread of those mosquito-borne illnesses, it’s important to know where and why, evolutionarily speaking, certain mosquitoes got their taste for biting humans in the first place. Now, researchers reporting in the journal Current Biology on July 23 have identified two major factors: a dry climate and city life. Based on these findings, they predict that increased urbanization in the coming decades will mean even more human-biting mosquitoes in the future. Read more at Phys… There are many more contributions that mosquitoes make to our world. If you do your homework, you’ll soon discover there are many other ways mosquitoes help us. In fact, their presence could just be the reason why you are employed! It’s also important to note that not all mosquitoes are harmful. But the very few harmful ones can do a lot of damage to our health and that of your loved ones. This is why Backyard Bug Patrol exists. Call us for our comprehensive mosquito control plan that will protect your home completely. After all, healthy boundaries have never been a bad thing.

Kakapo, also known as the African Nightjar, is a flightless herbivorous nocturnal parrot that also happens to be the world's biggest parrot. Dr. Felix ChaosphereApr 29, 20220 Shares481 Views Kakapo, also known as the African Nightjar, is a flightless herbivorous nocturnal parrot that also happens to be the world's biggest parrot, the world's oldest living bird, and a critically endangered species. In 2009, there were just 19 kakapo parrots left in the world. Kakapo Survival in New Zealand has reported more recently that the population has increased to roughly 150 individuals in 2014, which is a significant gain but still not enough to prevent the species from extinction. This rare species lives on a set of protected islands where there are no predators and where there are numerous technology-supported initiatives to keep them healthy as part of their conservation efforts. A kokapo bird in the forest Kakapo, also known as the owl parrot (Strigops habroptilus), is a large, flightless, nocturnal parrot of the superfamily Strigopoidea that is endemic to New Zealand. It is a member of the parrot family, belonging to the subfamily Strigopoidea. Small in size, it has finely blotched yellow-green plumage with a noticeable face disc, a broad grey beak, and short legs with massive feet. Its wings and tail are also quite short. Because of a combination of characteristics, it is unique among parrots: It is the world's only flightless parrot It is also the world's heaviest parrot It is nocturnal It is herbivorous It has a low basal metabolic rate It does not require male parental care It is the only parrot to have a polygynous lek breeding system. It is also believed to be one of the world's longest-lived birds, with reports of individuals living for up to 100 years. Its anatomy exemplifies the tendency of birdevolution on oceanic islands with few predators and sufficient food to exhibit island syndrome: a generally strong physique at the price of flight ability, resulting in reduced wing muscles and a reduced keel on the sternum, among other characteristics. In addition to being historically significant to Mori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, the kakapo was also heavily hunted and exploited as a resource by them, both for its meat as a food source and for its feathers, which were used to make highly prized pieces of clothing. The kakapo is now on the verge of extinction, but it was once a common sight in the country's forests and on mountainsides. Kakapos were also occasionally kept as pets by their owners. There are currently only 199 live individuals in the world's known adult population of the kakapo, all of whom have been identified and tagged. The kakapo is restricted to four small islands off the coast of New Zealand that have been cleared of any potential predators. Early Mori overhunting had decimated the kakapo population, which was further weakened by the introduction of predators such as cats, rats, ferrets, and stoats during the British occupation, almost completely wiping them out. Conservation effortsbegan in the 1890s, but they were not particularly successful until the Kakapo Recovery Programme was implemented in 1995. The majority of kakapo are housed on two predator-free small islands. Kakapo: Flightless Parrot | Benedict Cumberbatch | BBC Earth During the current breeding season, a team of scientists, rangers, and volunteers is working around the clock in the hopes of turning a record breeding year into a repopulation milestone and bringing this beloved bird back from the brink of extinction. They are using 3D-printed smart eggs, activity trackers, and a sperm-carrying drone nicknamed the "cloaca courier" to help this beloved bird step back from the brink of extinction. That species is the kakapo, a flightless parrot that is only found in New Zealand and is a rarity in the world. Each female kakapo on the planet—50 of them, with names like Pearl, Marama, and Hoki—as well as the status of their eggs is depicted. It takes a lot of effort to repopulate a species. It takes the kakapo around two to four years to reproduce when rimu trees yield an abundance of fruit. Even when they do mate, less than half of the eggs are fertile, most likely because of inbreeding. In 2016, 122 eggs were deposited, however, only 34 chicks made it to the age of maturity. "When I showed this to my zoo keeper partner, she said that there are only a total of 201 of this critically endangered species left on the planet and they would have otherwise been wiped out if not for conservation efforts (predator proof islands, hand rearing chicks, radio collaring for health checking)" "He's lucky he's not from South America because he looks like Goliath Birdeater's favorite snack." "The bird looks like one of those fake ones crafty people make out of twigs and such." As an avian oddity, the kakapo is unique in that it is the only nocturnal and flightless parrot on the planet, a waddling, ground-bound bird that may weigh up to nine pounds and has a tendency to freeze when challenged by predators. The creatures' mottled green feathers serve as woodland cover, and their large beaks give them a goofy face that is a cross between an owl and a muppet.

The Risk of Having Low T and COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted certain populations more significantly than others. With respect to gender, COVID-19 has more significantly affected men than women. In fact, researchers have found that men are twice as likely to contract the SARS-CoV-2 virus than females. Additionally, when they contract the virus, men are more likely to have a more severe course of COVID-19 illness and a higher mortality rate. Recent research on the correlation between low testosterone levels and COVID-19 has shed light on why these gender differences exist and how men can potentially lower their risk of COVID-19. How Testosterone and COVID-19 Are Related At the onset of the pandemic, it was unclear to the scientific community why men were more affected by COVID-19 than women. Researchers in the United States and abroad hypothesized that male susceptibility to the SARS-CoV-2 virus might be related to the hormone testosterone, which is seven to eight times more abundant in men than in women. They found that men who had low serum testosterone levels were more likely to experience severe illness when they contracted the SARS-CoV-2 virus. They were also more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit. Testosterone and Immunity An American and Saudi Arabian research team hypothesized that the mechanism that was driving the connection between low testosterone and COVID-19 illness was the upregulation of certain receptors on lung cells. To understand this connection, one must consider how the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the body. The virus enters through the mucous membranes—the eyes, nose, or mouth—and then binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-2) receptors on the lung’s alveolar epithelial cells. ACE-2 receptors are also expressed by the Leydig cells in the testes. When a man’s testosterone levels drop, his body receives a signal to upregulate more ACE-2 receptors to compensate. A man who has low testosterone levels, then, will have more ACE-2 receptors not only on the cells of his testes, but also on his lung cells. This means that more entry points on his lung cells are available to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, making the lungs more vulnerable. Once the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters these vulnerable cells, men with low testosterone levels face a greater risk of lung damage and breakdown of their respiratory muscles, both of which can lead to a higher likelihood of needing to be ventilated. How Improving Low T Levels Can Reduce COVID-19 Risk Medical researchers suspect that because there is a correlation between testosterone levels and illness severity in men with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, correcting testosterone levels could have a positive effect. It has been demonstrated that when patients who have low testosterone levels are treated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), their rates of hospitalization and all-cause mortality decrease. This indicates that correcting low testosterone levels with TRT may play a significant role in helping men who have COVID-19 illness. How to Learn More Men considering hormone replacement therapy in Los Angeles should look no further than Vitality RX®. As LA’s leader in TRT, the Vitality RX® staff can give men significant peace of mind when it comes to raising their testosterone levels and potentially lowering their COVID-19 risk. If you are experiencing symptoms of low testosterone or just want to know what your levels are, book an appointment at your convenience.

Rainy season is upon us and what a rainy season it has been; there were days I thought we’d need a boat to get to work. As I look at the puddles and standing water left in my yard, as a veterinarian the first thing that comes to mind is how bad the mosquitoes are going to be and in turn the spread of heartworm disease. What Is Heartworm Disease? Heartworm disease is a very serious and potentially deadly disease in our pets that we can prevent. It is caused by a large worm that lives in the heart and lungs of both dogs and cats, but can also affect other mammals such as wolves, foxes, and even sea lions. After natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina as many as 250,000 pets, many of which were infected with heartworm disease, were displaced from their homes. Widespread adoptions and heartworm positive pets being shipped throughout the country to new homes have led us to see heartworm disease being diagnosed in all 50 states. Stray dogs and wildlife can propagate the spread of infected pets and mosquitoes. Due to this, it is becoming harder to predict risk factors. Dogs are considered a natural host which means the immature microfilaria can mature into an adult worm inside the pet. Cats are not a natural host and so microfilaria does not survive to the adult worm, which can be even harder to diagnose. How Do Pets Get Heartworm Disease? Mosquitoes are the main player in the transmission of heartworm disease between pets. A mosquito will bite an infected pet where they will pick up microfilaria or “baby worms” which will develop into an infective larval stage within the mosquito. The infected mosquito will then bite another pet passing along the larvae. It will then take these larvae 6 months to mature into adult heartworms within the dog or cat. These worms once adults can live for up to 5-7 years in dogs and 2-3 years in cats. Symptoms in dogs and cats can be quite different. Initially, there are generally few to no noticeable symptoms which is why heartworm disease is so scary. Once the later stages of disease develop more symptoms will become noticeable but also the more damage that has been done. In dogs, they can have signs similar to heart disease such as cough, exercise intolerance, fatigue, decreased appetite and weight loss. In cats their symptoms tend to be more respiratory in nature such as asthma-like attacks, vomiting, and coughing, fainting or even seizures. Detecting Heartworm Disease Due to the lack of symptoms in the early stages of disease early detection is key. The earlier we diagnose and treat heartworm disease the better the prognosis. The American Heartworm Society, established in 1974, recommends that pets be tested annually. They also state to “think 12”: get your pet tested every 12 months and give your heartworm prevention 12 months a year. Puppies should be started on heartworm prevention right away and then tested 6 months after their initial visit and annually after that. One question we are often asked is why test annually if they are on prevention every month? The answer is that no medication is 100% effective and we want to ensure the prevention is working. Also if you miss even one dose or give it late your pet could be left for a period of time unprotected and susceptible to disease. It only takes one mosquito bite and the earlier we detect disease the better the outcome for your pet. If your pet is diagnosed with heartworm disease it can be a scary and stressful time but there is a treatment available for heartworm positive pets. Unfortunately, the treatment can be costly and is a painful series of injections. The first step we take is to perform blood work; to confirm the diagnosis and check their organ function, and radiographs to make sure their heart and lungs are stable. The treatment is called Immiticide and is given in a series of 3 injections, one given initially then the second two are given a month later on consecutive days. These injections are given in the back muscles and most veterinarians will recommend sending home pain medications afterward. After the treatment, you will want to restrict your pet’s activity, as difficult as this part can be for many pets it is critical for a positive outcome to prevent damage to the heart and lungs. We will then recheck their heartworm test 6 months later to confirm they are no longer positive. The good news is heartworm disease is completely preventable for our domestic pets. There are many prevention options you can talk to your veterinarian about from an injection that lasts for 6 months to a chewy treat. With heartworm disease, the old saying “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” has never been truer. “Heartworm Basics” American Heartworm Society, Web. 2016, Heartwormssociety.org

Caret-to-offset - Function Summary Returns the offset position relative to the face of the character position. caret-to-offset face offset face - The face containing the text. (must be: object) offset - The offset in the text. (must be: any-string) This function is provided to convert from a string character index position to an X-Y offset within the text of a face. This is used primarily for text editing or for text mapping operations such as for creating colored or hyperlinked text. Note that the resulting offset (xy) was added to the face position (tx/offset) to find the correct position to locate the box (bx). In the above example the caret-to-offset function was used on a face that have not yet been shown, but it can also be used after a face has been shown. Remember that when making changes to the contents of strings that are longer than 200 characters, you must set the text face line-list to NONE to force the recomputation of all line breaks. See the offset-to-caret function for the reverse conversion. This function can also work on faces that have never been shown. This makes pre-display processing, colored text, and hyperlinking possible using this function in combination with SIZE-TEXT.

Prologue: The Dawn of Philosophical Contemplation The realm of philosophy, as timeless as the inquisitiveness of the human mind, probes into the deepest queries that have fascinated humanity over the eons. With its origins rooted in the most primitive civilizations, philosophy has evolved into a pivotal aspect of human intellectual pursuit. In this extensive examination, we set forth on a temporal voyage to unravel the sagacity and teachings of the ancient philosophers’ wisdom that formed the very bedrock of philosophical exploration. The Visionaries Before Socrates and their Cosmological Theories Preceding Socrates, there was a blossoming of intellectual titans referred to as the Pre-Socratic philosophers. These trailblazing thinkers transcended mythological narratives to propose logical interpretations of the cosmos. Our journey starts with Thales of Miletus, commonly celebrated as the premier philosopher in Western chronicles. Thales suggested that water was the fundamental principle or arché underpinning all natural phenomena. Subsequent to Thales, Anaximander, hailing from Miletus as well, advanced the notion of the apeiron, an indistinct and limitless entity from which all things originate and eventually revert. Anaximenes, another thinker from Miletus, advocated for air as the crucial substance, cementing the Milesian pursuit for a primary elemental component. Pythagoras: A Blend of Mathematics and Mysticism Shifting from physical explanations of the cosmos, Pythagoras of Samos amalgamated scientific precision with spiritual enigma. His namesake theorem revolutionized mathematics, but his philosophical contributions reach far beyond geometry. Advocating for the transmigration of souls and the interconnection of all life, Pythagoras cultivated a community committed to asceticism, mathematical exploration, and the search for harmony in the cosmos. Heraclitus: A Philosophy Embracing Change In stark divergence from the Milesians, Heraclitus of Ephesus envisioned a world in ceaseless transformation, famously asserting, “No man ever steps in the same river twice.” For Heraclitus, fire epitomized the relentless change and metamorphosis inherent in the universe, leading to his doctrine of perpetual becoming. Parmenides: The Mirage of Change Countering Heraclitus, Parmenides of Elea contended that change was merely an illusion. He insisted that reality is singular, immutable, and can be comprehended solely through logic, not sensory perception. This dichotomy between permanence and change would shape countless future philosophers in their endeavors to grasp the essence of reality. Empedocles and Anaxagoras: The Rise of Pluralism Progressing beyond monism, Empedocles proposed the concept of four fundamental elements—earth, air, fire, and water—which merge and segregate under the influences of love and strife. Concurrently, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae suggested the presence of nous, a universal mind that instigated motion and imposed order on the initial chaos. The Sophists: Emphasis on Rhetoric and Relativity Amidst the search for natural explanations, a novel group of thinkers known as the Sophists steered philosophy towards human matters. Protagoras’s declaration that “man is the measure of all things” encapsulated the Sophistic emphasis on rhetoric, subjectivity, and ethical relativity. However, their pragmatic approach often drew criticism, especially from Socrates, who believed that truth was not a product of persuasive discourse but of dialectical reasoning. Socrates: The Progenitor of Ethics Although he left no written works, Socrates’s impact on philosophy is immeasurable. Through dialogues documented by his disciple Plato, Socrates scrutinized the core of virtues like justice, piety, and wisdom. His dialectical approach, known as the Socratic method, promoted critical thought and introspection, nurturing a lasting legacy in philosophical education. Democritus: The Atomic Universe Crowning Pre-Socratic thought, Democritus formulated the theory that the cosmos comprises indivisible and eternal atoms in motion within the void. His atomism provided a physical rationale for change and diversity in nature, anticipating modern scientific comprehension of the physical realm. Epilogue: Contemplating Philosophical Roots As we wrap up our broad survey of the earliest philosophers, we are reminded that their inquiries paved the way for centuries of philosophical dialogue. From Thales’s metaphysical hypotheses to Socrates’s ethical interrogations, these intellectual giants left an enduring imprint on the quest for knowledge and comprehension. Their legacy persists, inspiring us to reflect deeply, challenge audaciously, and pursue truth tirelessly. Learn more about these intellectual pioneers top 10 ancient Greek philosophers.

The 21st century’s world citizens hail global trends in educational systems, and educational courses around the computer. Parents, educators, administrators, and world leaders are all concerned about the worlds educational needs. Automation and technology are now, and will continue to be leading industries in the United States. With that knowledge, classes in both of these future trends should be a priority. The world sees technology as part of a learning pedagogy because of its possible positive influences on effectiveness, student-centered learning, and time-management. One might say that the roles have not been replaced, but improved upon if used correctly. That technology and computers are supposed to work together and improve not hinder my child’s: - Independent Learning - Engagement of parental units - Focus on Staff and Student punctuality - Extended learning times (2017) Personal interaction is still in a small way prevalent, yet these trends exist as a way to use this, not as a sole distributor of education but as a contributor. Either way, the use of technology has become part of many states’ educational and tested standards and has been added to the curriculum. Teachers in K-12 are supposed to use some form of technology as part of the daily class routine. Unless, of course, your child decides to go a different route and registers for online courses which are now even available to high school students. Automation as a field of study is understood, but as a replacement for a human teacher, no matter how highly technologically advanced, is not something that can be educationally sound on any level and certainly not in K-12 grades. A flipped classroom has been tried in which a video of a teacher is watched as an alternative technological method, but education leaders argue that teachers will always be needed. Their presence is required to help comprehend issues and help understand the material and answer any questions about this material. The teacher can also become a tutor, facilitator, and spend more one-on-one time with students (2017). The key to successful use of technology in education and not allowing total automation is the acknowledgment in the necessity of educators and the correct planning of the technological advancements and the role technology will play (USDOE, 2017). In 2017, The United States Department of Education published a National Update Reimagining the Role of Technology. The topics of inclusion are Learning – Engaging and Empowering Learning through Technology; Teaching- Teaching with Technology: Leadership- Creating a Culture and Condition; Assessment- Measuring for Learning; Infrastructure – Enabling Access and Effective Use. It is obvious that the Department of Education thinks that technology and understanding all its possibilities is important to the educational needs of our students. It is this publication that reaffirms that important aspects of technology in education will always be necessary. It is an important tool, affirming relationships between teachers and students, adapting learning experiences for all students, and reinventing approaches to learning and working together. Every educator should be using technology and familiarizing him or herself with all possible technological advances in the educational world before the educator is left behind. Likewise, policymakers in the education fields need to prepare for the inevitable changes, and create courses and curriculums that teach how to maintain the software and instruments of the new technology and automation. As early as middle school more STEM programs need to be made available, secondary schools need to have more in-trade school students, and code literate students in their vocational training. The answer to the whirlwind and upheaval of the new century of technological and automation breakthroughs for the world of education is to ‘gear up’ and make ready for generations of students who will be needing jobs, and the future is set for jobs in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Middle schools, high schools, and colleges need to set their primary goals on creating courses fit for educating and meeting those needs. Only in this manner are we going to be able to bridge the unemployment gap and the low educational statistic gap.

Connecticut River Flow Restoration Study Released A new study provides assessment and management recommendations for the Connecticut River watershed, the largest watershed in New England, covering 7.2 million acres. Part of an ongoing NE CASC project, Evaluating the impacts of climate change in the Connecticut River Basin led by NE CASC's University Director, Richard Palmer, the new report evaluates the feasibility of operational changes at large dams throughout the Connecticut watershed to benefit ecological health and function while maintaining the important services. -Taken from UMass Amherst press release written by Jan Lathrop Scientists with the recently renamed Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center (NE CASC), The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers this week released a new study of dam operations and river flows in the four-state Connecticut River watershed that they hope will provide insights for dam operators and natural resource managers as they balance multiple uses and needs of the watershed’s rivers. The multi-year Connecticut River Flow Restoration Study investigated dam operations and river flows for the 73 largest dams in the Connecticut River watershed in Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Connecticut, according to the Corps of Engineers. The corps’ New England District operates 14 flood risk management dams in the basin. Richard Palmer, university director of the NE CASC, department head and professor of civil and environmental engineering, says, “This study gave our department the opportunity to use our depth of experience in water modeling to tackle the most complex modeling problems we’ve ever attempted. It also provided a wonderful learning platform for dozens of masters and doctoral students. We were proud to be a partner and we are hopeful that this study will be the foundation of potential re-management of the systems of reservoirs in the Connecticut basin in the future.” The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of operational changes at large dams in the watershed to benefit ecological health and function while maintaining important services provided by dams, such as flood risk management, hydropower, water supply and recreation. Various tools such as operation and optimization computer models were developed to assess current and potential future dam management scenarios. The Connecticut River watershed has more than 3,000 dams that have had significant impact on ecosystems, including migratory fish, floodplain forests and rare and endangered aquatic species like dwarf wedgemussel and puritan tiger beetle, researchers say. Impacts include changes such as elimination of natural high flow events that are important for transporting nutrients and sediments to healthy floodplain forests, and increases in short-term flow fluctuations that can significantly alter habitat for fish and aquatic invertebrates. The study examined ways in which the largest dams have contributed to alter the natural pattern of water flow in the Connecticut and its tributaries, and how the operation of these dams might be changed to restore the health and function of the ecosystem in the future. To better understand the watershed’s pattern of water flow and identify ways to better manage its dams for human uses and ecological needs, researchers interviewed stakeholder groups and dam owners and operators about river uses and needs and developed several basin-wide hydrologic models to support resource management and decision making. These tools will be used to help decision makers and other stakeholders understand the positive and negative environmental, economic and social consequences of various management options. This will in turn help to determine how management of these dams can be modified for environmental benefits while maintaining beneficial human uses such as water supply, flood risk management and hydropower generation. Katie Kennedy, applied river scientist with The Nature Conservancy’s Connecticut River Program, said, “The results of the study will provide water managers and natural resource experts with new tools to make difficult water allocation and management decisions pertaining to dam management. The Nature Conservancy will be using these tools to find science-based water management solutions that provide benefits for nature while continuing to provide the important services of existing infrastructure.”

Confined Space Entry - Permit Required - Identify characteristics and examples of a confined space - Identify the potential hazards of a permit required confined space - Recognize the difference between a permit required confined space and a non-permit required confined space, as well as the criteria for reclassifying a confined space - Identify your employer’s responsibility to establish and implement safety procedures and protocols for working in and around permit required confined spaces - Recognize the criteria on an entry permit - Identify the hazard controls that must be implemented prior to entering a permit required confined space - Recognize the responsibilities of personnel who work in or attend permit-confined spaces - Identify rescue resources and how to plan for emergencies Many workplaces contain spaces that are considered “confined” because of their configurations. A confined space is large enough and configured in such a way that you can enter and perform assigned work. A confined space has a limited or restricted means of entrance or exit, and a configuration that can make first aid, rescue, evacuation, or other emergency response activities difficult. They are not designed or intended for continuous occupancy. Examples include storage tanks or bins, mixing tanks, railroad tank cars, silos, vaults, and pits. Think of any large tank used for holding liquid. Confined spaces create the ideal conditions for the onset of claustrophobia. Confined spaces can be large or small and above or below ground. There are two types of confined spaces, non-permit required and permit required. Permit required confined spaces are identified by one or more of the following: - A hazardous atmosphere - A hazardous internal configuration - An entrapment hazard - Other physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological hazards. Your employer must conduct hazard assessments to determine present or potential hazards in a confined workspace. If the hazards cannot be eliminated but can be controlled, then the confined space is classified as a permit-required confined space. This means that entry into the space requires a special permit and training, and that workers must follow certain policies and procedures. If all physical and atmospheric hazards in a confined space can be eliminated and not just controlled, the confined space is classified as a non-permit confined space. Entry into a non-permit confined space does not require a permit and can occur as many times as necessary. However, due to the limited space, workers should still follow safety precautions. A permit-required confined space can be reclassified as a non-permit confined space only for as long as the hazards remain eliminated. If a hazard cannot be eliminated, the only remaining option for entry is the enactment of a Permit-Required Confined Space Program in order to control the hazard. Your company’s Permit-required Confined Space Entry Program is its overall policy and plan for protecting you and other employees and contractors against confined space hazards, and for regulating entry into its permit-required spaces. Before you may enter a permit space, your supervisor and/or the attendant must take any measures necessary to isolate the permit space and eliminate or control hazards. These measures include lockout or tagging of equipment to ensure that it does not present a hazard. Measures also include testing and monitoring the air for contaminants and adequate oxygen, as well as purging, ventilating, and flushing unsafe atmospheres or chemicals from the space. If a permit space requires forced air ventilation, the ventilator must eliminate or reduce hazardous atmospheric conditions to within acceptable limits, employing PPE as necessary to accomplish this, and maintain a safe atmosphere until the work is completed and personnel have left the space. Before you may enter a permit space, your supervisor and/or the attendant must test the internal atmosphere of the space with calibrated, direct-reading instruments. Before anyone may enter the space, an authorized supervisor must also review and sign an entry permit that specifies the purpose and duration, the names of the entry team members, hazards and controls specific to the confined space, PPE and equipment, the supervisor’s signature and rescue resources. Entry into a permit-required confined space requires that each member of the entry team is properly trained and authorized to safely enter and perform the work. The entry team is composed of the entrant, the attendant, and the entry supervisor. OSHA requires that your employer provide any necessary equipment at no cost to you to ensure your safe entry and exit of the permit space. Equipment includes ventilation, testing and monitoring instruments to maintain an acceptable atmosphere quality. Equipment may also include communication devices to monitor your status and provide evacuation alerts, any personal protective equipment necessary for adequate protection, and appropriate lighting to enter, work, and exit safely. Your employer must also provide barriers or shields to protect you from external hazards, such as electrical hazards or sources of extreme heat and cold, and ladders or other equipment for safe entrance and exit. Your employer must have a rescue plan and trained rescue personnel in place before any employees may enter a permit-required confined space. - 28 minutes - Format: Online Interactive - English , Spanish - What Is a Confined Space? - Classification of a Confined Space - Permit-Required Confined Space Program - Entry Team Responsibilities - Emergency Rescue - 29 CFR 1910.146 Subpart J - General Environmental Controls - 1910.146, Permit required confined spaces - 29 CFR 1926.1200 Subpart AA - Confined Spaces in Construction - 1926.1200, Reserved

Crucial step in formation of deadly brain diseases discovered For the first time, researchers have pinpointed what causes normal proteins to convert to a diseased form, causing conditions like CJD and Kuru. The research team, from Imperial College London and the University of Zurich, also tested a way to block the process, which could lead to new drugs for combatting these diseases. The research concerned prion diseases—a group of brain diseases caused by proteins called prions that malfunction and 'misfold', turning into a form that can accumulate and kill brain cells. These diseases can take decades to manifest, but are then are aggressive and fatal. While the normal, healthy version of prions and the pathogenic (disease-causing) version have been characterised, the intermediate step, when one transforms to the other, was previously unknown. Now, in a paper published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research team have isolated this intermediate step, determining the mechanism that turns normal prions into their pathogenic form. The research was supported by Alzheimer's Research UK. Lead researcher Professor Alfonso De Simone, from the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial, said: "Prion diseases are aggressive and devastating, and currently there is no cure. "Discovering the mechanism by which prions become pathogenic is a crucial step in one day tackling these diseases, as it allows us to search for new drugs. Now we know what we're targeting, we know what features drugs need to have to stop prions becoming pathogenic." To investigate the misfolding of prions, the team worked with a mutant form of the prion protein that is found in people with inherited prion diseases. The mutant form is more aggressive, causing prions to transition faster to their pathogenic form. This allows the researchers to watch what happens more easily. However, prions are difficult to isolate and purify from other proteins in sufficient quantities to study in detail. Lead author of the paper Dr. Máximo Sanz-Hernández began investigating the problem as an undergraduate at Imperial, continuing until successful in his PostDoc with Professor De Simone. The team then used a technique called nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with computational analysis to determine the structure of the intermediate step, identifying the molecular mechanism at work when the prion misfolds. With this information, they also worked with the team at the University of Zurich who were able to produce antibodies that could target the mechanism. In a proof-of-concept study in the test tube, they were successfully able to block prions transitioning from the normal to the pathogenic form. While in their current form, these antibodies would be too large to pass into the brain, the study shows it is possible to disrupt the mechanism, allowing researchers to move forward with designing new drugs. Dr. Sanz-Hernández said: "The intermediate stage of prion pathogenesis is so transient it's like a ghost—almost impossible to image. But now we have a picture of what we're dealing with, we can design more specific interventions that can one day potentially control these devastating diseases." Dr. Rosa Sancho, Head of Research at Alzheimer's Research UK, said: "This is early-stage research examining the short protein fragments, which can be highly unstable, short lived, and notoriously difficult to study. "As the UK's leading dementia research charity, we are pleased to fund this sophisticated work using biophysical and computational approaches to better understand the role fragments like this play in the development of disease. To identify new ways to reduce or combat these protein fragments in human disease we need to see sustained investment in dementia research." The researchers hope the information will allow drug researchers and pharmaceutical companies to scan their libraries of drug compounds for formulations that might be able to block the mechanism. Any drug compounds would need extensive lab testing first to make sure they would be effective, small enough to pass into the brain, and safe, but the team hope that now the target is known, the search can be accelerated. More information: Máximo Sanz-Hernández el al., "Mechanism of misfolding of the human prion protein revealed by a pathological mutation," PNAS (2021). www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2019631118

Hanging in there: Koalas have low genetic diversity A species relies on genetic diversity to survive and low diversity usually indicates that there has been inbreeding due to a decrease in population size. By looking at historic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from museum samples, new research published in BioMed Central's open access journal BMC Genetics has found that koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) have had low genetic diversity for over 120 years. The genetic diversity of koalas is known to be low in modern populations but historical reports suggest that koala populations have had a chequered past. When Europeans first noticed koalas in the late18th century they noted that numbers of this newly described species (originally called Lipurus cinereus) were very low due to Aboriginal hunting and they believed that the species would soon become extinct. Instead hunting declined allowing the koala to become a common animal by the mid 1800s. At this point in time koala fur became fashionable and the international fur trade decimated the population once more. The koala population was also hit by loss of their habitat to European settlement, and by devastating epidemic diseases such as Chlamydia. Researchers from Germany, Denmark and the USA compared the mitochondrial DNA of modern koalas and 14 museum specimens from across the world (where the date of the specimen was known) to see how these changes in population sizes had affected koala genetic diversity. Despite the 14 historic koalas being from different places and time points, they each had only one of four different haplotypes (variations in the mtDNA hypervariable region) and all of these can be found in modern koalas. Prof Alex Greenwood, from the Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, who led this study, commented, "We thought that, like other species such as the grey wolf where the population has recently declined, there should be greater diversity in museum samples than modern specimens. We found this not to be true. The event which reduced the genetic diversity of koalas must have happened a long time ago, perhaps during the late Pleistocene when the larger species of koala, P. stirtoni, became extinct." Low genetic diversity may mean that the species is less able to survive changes to its environment such as global warming, or competing for habitat with humans. The low diversity may also be responsible for the widespread inability of the koala to resist diseases such as Chlamydia and the newly discovered koala retrovirus (KoRV). Journal information: BMC Genetics Provided by BioMed Central

Key Difference – Capitalism vs Democracy Capitalism and Democracy are two systems in the modern world, between which a clear difference can be identified. The significance and attention given to these two concepts are relatively gigantic due to its necessity for the modern day society. However, one can easily confuse the difference between Capitalism and Democracy. Hence, it would be best to define the two words at the beginning itself. Capitalism refers to a system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners. The emergence and massive growth of capitalism are evident when tracing the history of the world. On the other hand, democracy refers to a form of government in which the people have a say in who should hold power. The key difference between capitalism and democracy is that while capitalism pertains to the economy of the state, democracy pertains to politics. What is Capitalism? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, capitalism can simply be defined as a system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners. In the traditional societies, capitalist features were not much apparent. It was after the industrialization that the capitalist enterprise flourished. Within this capitalist economy, the production was owned by a small minority. The majority of the workers in the society had neither control over the production of goods nor ownership. In this process, the monetary value gained significance as workers were hired for labor. These individuals had to work in insufferable conditions for long hours at the end of which they were paid a little amount. This reduced the condition of the human being to a mere machine. Workers suffered due to the excessive workload, lack of benefits such as health and rest. In some situations, people were out of work due to an economic recession. Although the perilous conditions of Capitalism have certainly improved over the years, sociologists highlight that the worker has become alienated from his work and the society. When observing the contemporary setting, the growth of capitalism has been so widespread that it has become one of the founding pillars of the society. What is Democracy? Moving on to the concept of democracy, it can be defined as a form of government in which the people have a say in who should hold power. Seymour Lipset further explains that democracy as a political system supplies regular constitutional opportunities for changing the governing officials, and a social mechanism that permits the largest possible part of the population to influence major decisions by choosing among contenders for political office. The idea of democracy enters the political arena with the concept of the modern state. Earlier, in more traditional settings, the ruling of the people was through monarchy. The monarchy was believed to possess absolute power and was not elected as today. However, it is necessary to highlight that although democracy is widely established it cannot be observed everywhere. Also in some situations there are loopholes in the political system where democracy fails. This highlights that there exists a clear difference between Capitalism and Democracy. This difference can be summarized as follows. What is the Difference Between Capitalism and Democracy? Definitions of Capitalism and Democracy: Capitalism: It is a system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners. Democracy: It is a form of government in which the people have a say in who should hold power. Characteristics of Capitalism and Democracy: Capitalism: Capitalism is related to the economy. Democracy: Democracy is related to politics. Capitalism: The workers are mostly powerless due to the very structuring of capitalism. Democracy: The individual has a lot of power in the political agendas of the country. Capitalism: Although the working conditions have certainly improved over the years, the individual ability to bring about change is rather minimal. Democracy: The individual can bring about changes as large populations influence state-level decisions.Image Courtesy: “McKinley Prosperity” by Northwestern Litho. Co, Milwaukee [Public Domain] via Commons “Election MG 3455” by Rama – Own work. [CC BY-SA 2.0] fr via Commons

The United States Gundelo Philadelphia is the only surviving gunboat built and manned by American forces during the Revolutionary War. Further, the vessel is one of the 15 small craft with which Benedict Arnold fought 29 British vessels in the battle of Valcour Island, Lake Champlain, on October 11, 1776. The year of grace won by the building of Arnold's "fleet" and the battle off Valcour Island paved the way for the decisive American victory at Saratoga in the fall of the following year. Little more than a rowboat compared with modern vessels, the Philadelphia was one of the hastily-built fleet constructed in early summer of 1776 at the present Whitehall, New York. On September 23, 1776, the fleet took position in the small bay west of Valcour Island, about seven miles south of what is now Plattsburg, New York. The sound between the Island and the mainland was about three quarters of a mile wide, divided by a high bluff projecting from the west side of the Island. Arnold's fleet formed its line south of the bluff and in this position fought the heavier British fleet to a standstill on October 11. The American force was badly damaged in the action, and only with considerable luck was Arnold able to elude the enemy and escape southward during the night. In 1935, the Philadelphia, remarkably well preserved by the cold water, was identified and salvaged from the sandy lake bottom near the mid-channel of Valcour Bay. In addition to her guns, hundreds of other relics were found on the vessel, including utensils, tools, buttons, buckles, and human bones. Since 1964, the Philadelphia has been a part of the collection of the National Museum of American History. DC Inventory: March 3, 1979 National Register: October 15, 1966 National Historic Landmark: January 20, 1961

Fluoride is a natural element found in the earth’s crust. This element is usually found in both water and the air, and most people receive fluoride through water, though there are other ways of obtaining fluoride, including tea and seafood. Most people associate fluoride with different kinds of toothpaste. This makes sense, as fluoride is one of the most common preventative measures against tooth decay. Many public water sources have been treated with fluoride, while others achieve this by adding fluoride to milk or table salt, depending on the area. Dental offices can also perform fluoride treatments to help strengthen teeth and prevent cavities. While adding fluoride to public water supplies has been considered a public health victory for decades, some have raised concerns about fluoride and its uses. So let’s examine the pros and cons of fluoride and how it can help maintain your dental health. Pros of Fluoride One of the key pros of fluoride is that it can help strengthen tooth enamel. In addition, topical fluoride applications can help support existing dental structures, while the fluoride you consume is worked into the foundation of your teeth throughout your life. By ensuring your body has access to fluoride, you can help prevent cavities and tooth decay and ensure you have a healthy smile throughout your life. Another benefit of fluoride is that it is an all-natural treatment option. Fluoride is found in water supplies naturally and is one of the main elements that make up the earth’s crust. Dental teams can also apply topical fluoride treatments for those more prone to cavities, and fluoride supplements are available for those who are not getting enough fluoride daily. Cons of Fluoride One of the most prevalent concerns about fluoride is concerns about toxicity. However, one thing to note with fluoride is that significant exposure to fluoride early in life can cause fluorosis. As concerning as this condition sounds, it has no health repercussions and only causes minor discoloration of teeth, including brown marks or streaking. The amounts of fluoride in drinking water in the United States have been adjusted to prevent fluorosis. It is worth noting that while fluorosis can affect the appearance of your teeth, it has been found to make you even more resistant to cavities. Remember that fluorosis can only impact people when their teeth grow in and are not a concern for fully grown adult teeth. There are some extreme cases of acute fluoride toxicity, but these are rare and far between. Still, it is important to note that children can be more at risk for complications if they consume large amounts of fluoridated toothpaste or mouthwash, and fluoride toxicity from drinking water alone or even supplements are incredibly low. When to Talk to Your Dentist about Fluoride If you are concerned about fluoride, talk to your dentist. They can check to ensure you are getting enough fluoride in your daily life and ensure there are no issues. Remember that fluoride is hard to consume too much of, especially as an adult. Still, it is essential to speak to your dentist before starting fluoride supplements and discuss potential fluoride-free dental care alternatives if you live in an area with a high rate of fluorosis. If you have any questions or concerns about fluoride treatments, call our office at (305) 271-3333. Here at Artistic Smiles, we’re here to help you understand the ins and outs of dental treatment and help you choose the best dental care possible for you and your family. So if you want to make an appointment or have general questions, give us a call.

Shinto Revisited: Japan’s Hidden Treasure In the mid-nineteenth century, when Japan opened its doors to the rest of the world, a great many foreign concepts flooded into the country. Translators searched hard for their equivalents in the Japanese language. When they couldn’t find any, they created new words. In most cases, they were successful but not all the time. Some word choices were so misleading that they continue to plague us to this day. They remain the cause of misunderstanding between Japan and the rest of the world. The word “God” is a case in point. The word “God” is usually translated as “kami,” and vice versa, but what “kami” represents in Japanese is quite different from what “God” represents in English. Let us listen to Elizabeth Vining, who served as then Crown Prince’s English tutor in the immediate post-war years. She writes as follows in her famous book “Windows for the Crown Prince” in connection with the so-called divinity of the emperor. “People had told me that even in the days of Emperor worship the Japanese did not mean the same thing by it that we do. They have, for instance, no word for God that means what we mean by God, who is to us the creator and the source of love and truth. Their word is kami, which means simply superior or upper.” Westerners thought that the Japanese people had to be disabused of a false belief, but their belief was not what Westerners imagined it to be. Mrs. Vining points out, “I think that this Rescript (of January 1, 1946, which is commonly referred to as the ‘Humanity Declaration’ or ‘人間宣言’ by which the emperor dissociated himself from his supposed divinity) was issued more to reassure westerners than to inform the Japanese.” What has changed the Japanese attitude more than the Rescript, Mrs. Vining says, is “the way the emperor came out among the people, … visiting schools, factories, museums, hospitals, coal mines, and a multitude of other institutions.” In fact, in ancient Japan, people respected not only the emperor but also one another as more than physical, spiritual beings. In “Kojiki” (古事記or the Records of Ancient Matters, which comprises stories of national foundation), even the disobedient in the countryside are referred to as “violent deities (荒ぶる神々).” In fact, every man was regarded as a son of the sun (“hiko” orひこ), while every woman as a daughter of the sun (“hime” orひめ). Everyone was believed to possess sacred nature in themselves. (Hereafter, the word “deities” will be used instead of “gods” to avoid misunderstanding.) When a prime minister’s remarks were translated some years ago: “Japan is a God’s country,” what he really meant was perhaps “Japan is a Shinto country, where people respected one another as integral beings both physical and spiritual.” In a famous animation film “Spirited Away (千と千尋の神隠し)” by Miyazaki Hayao, all manner of kami or deities appear. The film gives us visual images of some Shinto deities although they are normally believed to be invisible. One of them is a deity associated with a lake. Humans with no concern for the environment have dumped all sorts of waste into the lake, so the deity is badly polluted. However, thanks to the selfless help of the heroine, he is cleansed of all the sludge he has had to carry over years, and happily flies away. (In Shinto, water-related deities are often represented as dragons/snakes.) Shinto is remarkable for its tolerance and flexibility. It is to be noted that there has never been a religious war worthy of the name in Japan. Buddhism has been syncretized for such a long time (well over a thousand years) that everyone today feels so natural to follow both Shinto and Buddhist rituals. Moreover, people exchange gifts at Christmas and have western-style wedding ceremonies. Such syncretism is sometimes despised as an unprincipled practice, but on the contrary should be highly valued in today’s world where religious intolerance is causing such havoc. Traditionally polytheism is seen as a primitive form of faith. True, Shinto does have numerous deities. The oft-cited number is eight million. Even though ‘eight’ in the old days often meant “a great many” rather than the exact number, but certainly are there a huge number of deities. Considering the size of Japan’s population of 4.5 million during the Nara period, when ‘The Records of Ancient Matters (古事記)’ was compiled, one can say that there were almost twice as many deities as people. Double the number of deities as people may sound like a ludicrous proposition. By no means. In ancient Japan, not only did people respect one another as spiritual beings, but also revered nature, which supported their very lives. They revered elements in nature including inanimate objects like rocks, mountains and rivers as well as living beings. Hence so many deities, who were believed to reside in them. Nature was never an object of conquest but a benevolent benefactor. Shinto has a lot to offer to today’s world. Religious tolerance and reverence for nature are only a few of them. Characters that appear in the stories of early days of the nation are lively, straightforward and open-hearted. They are in stark contrast with overstressed workaholics today. The Japanese people themselves should become aware of their hidden treasure of Shinto, so that they can share their ancestors’ wisdom with the rest of the world. I would like to study Shinto’s wisdom further to invigorate ourselves and people the world over for a better tomorrow. MATSUNAGA Daisuke is former ambassador of Japan to Ethiopia. He also served in various posts across the world.

Domain names are easy to remember web addresses. You use domain names to identify, connect and interect with web content. Domain names route humans on the internet to websites (content from web servers). For example, my current location translates the domain name google.com into the ip address 184.108.40.206. This ip address is like a street address for a house, but for web servers. Also called second-level domains. Top level domains (TLD) are found at the end of a domain name after the last period. For example, the TLD for google.com is “.com”. There are many different TLD, such as: .net, .gov, .org,… ICANN regulates and manages authority over different TLD. You can purchase an available domain for a small fee from different domain hosts. Sub domains are optional and used to create seperate sites out of the same root domain. While the “wikipedia” in “en.wikipedia.org” is technically a subdomain of the TLD “.org”, more commonly the “en” is referred to as the sub domain, and the “wikipedia.org” as the root domain. |Top level domain TLD Domain names are to IP addresses as business names are to physical addresses. A physical address provides some basic information, but knowing the name of the business that resides at that address would give you a better idea of whether or not you want to visit. In a similar fashion, a domain name turns the seemingly random set of numbers that make up an IP address into an identity that adds some context to the content. Read up on Website Technologies and Client Success. Choosing a domain name is an important step in creating your website’s digital identity. Follow our tips to make sure you choose the right one. · 6 min read BTM Applications is excited to announce future projects will be using Tailwind CSS. Do you have an idea to help your community or even the entire world get through the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Understanding your child’s disability Accepting that your child has a disability is perhaps one of the most difficult things you’ll do as a parent. The range of emotions, including confusion, fear, and grief, can be overwhelming. However, coming to terms with the reality of your child's condition is beneficial for many reasons. Most importantly, gaining a better understanding of your child's disability will allow you to best advocate for their needs. - Educate yourself. Search reliable resources, such as medical journals, health organizations’ websites, and books written by experts about your child’s condition. - Engage with your child. Spend time doing activities that your child loves so you can learn about their strengths and challenges. - Gather information. Seek condition-specific information on your child’s disability, available services, and support resources. - Network with other parents. Talk with other parents of children with special needs to share experiences, helpful resources, and parenting strategies. - Stay updated. Treatments for health conditions are advancing quickly. Even if you feel hopeless, do not give up. Stay informed on the latest medical developments related to your child’s condition. - Take advantage of support groups. Find a support group (either online or in-person) for parents of children with special needs. Special challenges for LGBTQ parents Health care imbalances affecting the LGBTQ community are well documented. These include discrimination and even refusal to provide health care. These factors can be especially traumatic for families already facing the stressors of raising a child with a disability. Finding a health care provider It’s important you’re comfortable with your child’s health care provider. This is true for all parents, but for LGBTQ parents, the process of selecting a doctor can be more complicated. Sadly, not all health care professionals are willing to provide equitable care to LGBTQ families. In a national survey by the Center for American Progress (CAP), 7% of respondents reported health care providers refusing to acknowledge their family, including a child or same-sex spouse or partner. Fortunately, you can find an inclusive health care provider by: - Doing your research. Look for health care providers who explicitly state that they are LGBTQ-friendly. Advocacy websites, social media, and patient reviews can offer valuable insights. - Knowing your rights. Familiarize yourself with laws protecting against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. If you encounter any form of discrimination, consider reporting it to your local health department. - Seeking recommendations. Connect with local LGBTQ organizations, online forums, or other LGBTQ families for provider suggestions. - Trusting your instincts. Comfort and trust are essential in any doctor-patient relationship. Look elsewhere if you don't feel a provider has your family's best interest at heart. If you experience discrimination in a health care setting, it is imperative that you take action. Some families may feel uncomfortable taking a stand or confronting someone in a medical setting. However, without active resistance to discrimination, the LGBTQ community will continue to suffer from injustices in health care. “Discrimination — and even the potential for discrimination — can deter LGBTQ people from seeking care in the first place.” —Center for American Progress (CAP) Thankfully, there are organizations committed to change. For example, Lambda Legal, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the National Center for Lesbian Rights all assist with LGBTQ legal issues. - Document the incident. Keep detailed records of what happened, including dates, times, and locations. Make sure to make a note of which health care professionals were involved and what their actions and/or comments were. - Report the incident. You can file a complaint with the Office for Civil Rights or your local health department. - Contact advocacy groups. Groups such as the Human Rights Campaign or your local LGBTQ rights organization can help. - Seek emotional support. Facing discrimination in a health care setting is traumatic. Seek help from groups that advocate for LGBTQ families, like Family Equality or local LGBTQ parenting groups. - Find a new provider. While it may be tempting to stay with a health care provider that specializes in your child’s condition, the price your family pays may be too high: your provider should be respectful and use your preferred names and pronouns. Remember, everyone deserves compassionate, respectful, and informed health care, regardless of their sexual orientation. Raising a child with special needs can be stressful enough. Don't settle for less than what your family deserves. Adoption and fostering: Unknown family history LGBTQ families who have adopted or are fostering often face frustrating challenges when trying to find the best care for their child. In many cases, there may be unknowns regarding your child’s genetic background and early childhood information. It can be especially difficult if your child experienced trauma before they came into your life. “Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic experiences endured by children 0-18 years old that can negatively impact future health outcomes.” If you are missing information about your adoptive child’s background, do not despair. Here are some strategies to manage missing health information: - Consider genetic testing. If your child’s pediatrician recommends it, genetic testing can provide insights and help answer questions about their health. - Document your child’s early life. Piece together any information you can access in a chronological and detailed manner. While it may take time and patience, this can help doctors better understand your child's history and condition. - Enlist the help of medical professionals. Pediatricians and specialists may be able to suggest specific evaluations and screenings to monitor your child’s development. - Follow routine care recommendations. Make sure your child gets regular check-ups, therapy sessions, and any other support they need to address issues as soon as possible. - Get information from the adoption agency. Confirm you’ve received all available information from the agency. They may have access to more details and specific resources that could help. While it’s ideal to have a complete picture of your child’s past, especially when they have special needs, it is not always possible. Providing your child with a loving and stable environment can help bridge any gaps and ensure they feel supported. Medical and therapeutic services for your child As an LGBTQ family raising a child with special needs, you may wish to seek additional medical and emotional support. Consider including the following resources as part of your care team. You may wish to find an LGBTQ-friendly doctor for your child. They will be your first point of contact, so it is crucial that you trust them. While they may not have extensive experience in your child’s specific condition, they can help you put together the care team you need. Depending on your child's needs, you may require the services of medical specialists such as neurologists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, or physiotherapists. While you will want providers who respect and understand your family's dynamics, here is where you will want professionals who are experts in your child’s disability. Mental health support A child psychologist or therapist who specializes in disabilities can provide vital support to your child and family. Again, finding an LGBTQ-friendly provider can help tremendously, but you may wish to prioritize someone your child is most comfortable with, provided your entire family is treated with respect. Special education services Education plays a key role in your child’s development, so it is important to ensure they have access to necessary educational support. Both public and private schools offer specialized programs and resources for children with special needs. Whether you seek a support group for LGBTQ families or one for your child’s specific condition is a highly personal decision only you can make. While it may take some research and trial and error, support groups can be an invaluable way to get additional emotional support for your child. Inclusive recreation programs Adaptive and inclusive recreation programs promote socialization, skill development, and independence in children with disabilities. These programs may include aquatics, fitness, and art for children of all abilities. You can search online for a program in your area. It’s essential to establish a network of inclusive, compassionate health professionals for your child. Building a comprehensive care team may seem daunting, but with the proper support, your family can navigate challenges together throughout your child’s life. Financial assistance for parenting a child with disabilities Financial planning is a key part of raising a child with special needs. This is because caring for a child with a disability can be over 10 times more expensive than caring for a child without one. - ABLE accounts: These are tax-advantaged savings accounts for individuals with disabilities. - Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP): Provides comprehensive health care, including routine check-ups, immunizations, and medical treatments. - Medicaid: Health insurance for limited-income families, designed to help with medical expenses, housing, and assistive devices. - Social Security Disability Income (SSDI): Offers monthly compensation for children with disabilities whose parents have contributed to Social Security. - Special needs grants: Various organizations offer grants for families with children with disabilities. Unlike loans, grants usually do not need to be paid back. Examples include the United Healthcare Children's Foundation, and Autism Speaks. - Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Provides monthly support to low-income families of children with disabilities. - Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Offers financial aid and other support services to low-income families. The financial resources you can access depend on your family's financial situation. You may wish to contact a financial planner or attorney to help determine your eligibility for these and other programs. Emotional and mental health resources for LGBTQ parents Living with many challenges of raising a child with special needs can take an emotional toll on all families. Do not despair. Help is available for managing all aspects of emotional well-being. - Crisis hotlines: In difficult moments, crisis hotlines like the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline or Crisis Text Line provide immediate, anonymous assistance. - Family and friends: Don't underestimate the power of your personal support network. Communicate your feelings and needs to those you trust most. - Mindfulness and self-care practices: Prioritize self-care. Mindfulness, meditation, exercise, or simply taking time for hobbies can significantly improve your mental health. - Psychotherapy: Seek a therapist skilled in providing support to LGBTQ parents. They can provide valuable tools to manage stress, process emotions, and strengthen family bonds. - Support groups: Join local or online groups that understand your unique experiences. Remember, caring for your emotional and mental health is not a luxury; it's a necessity. You're not alone, and help is always available.

The increased cost caused by EMC on PCB board is usually caused by increasing the number of layers to enhance shielding effect and increasing ferrite bead and choke to inhibit high frequency harmonic devices. In addition, it is usually necessary to match the shielding structure on other organizations to make the entire system pass EMC requirements. The following are just a few tips for PCB board design to reduce the electromagnetic radiation effects generated by circuits. When possible, use devices with slow signal slope (slew rate) to reduce slew components. Ensure that the high-frequency components are not placed too close to external connectors. Pay attention to the impedance matching, routing layer and return current path of high speed signal to reduce the reflection and radiation of high frequency. Sufficient and appropriate de-coupling capacitors are placed in the power pins of each device to mitigate noise at the power layer and on the ground. Pay special attention to whether the frequency response and temperature characteristics of the capacitor meet the design requirements. The ground near the external connector can be properly separated from the ground and connected to the chassis ground. The ground guard/shunt traces can be properly applied to some particularly high speed signals. However, pay attention to the influence of guard/shunt traces on the characteristic impedance of the line. The power layer is 20H smaller than the inside of the formation. H is the distance between the power layer and the formation. 1. When there are multiple number/mode function blocks in a PCB board, the conventional practice is to separate the number/mode. Why? The reason for separating digital/mode ground is that digital circuit will produce noise in the power supply and ground when switching between high and low potential, and the noise size is related to the signal speed and current size. If the ground plane is not divided and the noise generated by the circuit in the digital region is large and the circuit in the analog region is very close, the analog signal will still be disturbed by the ground noise even if the digital-analog signal does not cross. That is to say, the digital-to-analog undivided way can only be used when the analog circuit area is far away from the digital circuit area that generates large noise. 2, another method is to ensure that the number/mode layout is separate, and the number/mode signal lines do not cross each other, the whole PCB board is not divided, the number/mode ground are connected to the ground plane. Why? The requirement that digital/analog signals should not cross is that the return current path of digital signals with a higher speed will flow back to the source of digital signals along the ground near the lower part of the line as far as possible. If the digital/analog signals cross, the noise generated by the return current will appear in the analog circuit area. 3. How to consider impedance matching when designing schematic diagram of high-speed PCB design? Impedance matching is one of the key factors in designing high speed PCB circuits. The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring mode. For example, the distance between the surface layer (microstrip) or the inner layer (stripline/double stripline), the distance from the reference layer (power layer or ground), the width of the wire, PCB material and so on will affect the characteristic impedance value of the wire. That is to say, the impedance value can be determined after wiring. General simulation software will not be able to take into account some impedance discontinuity wiring due to the error of the line model or the mathematical algorithm used. At this time, only some terminators(terminators), such as series resistors, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to mitigate the effect of impedance discontinuity. The real fundamental solution to the problem is to avoid impedance discontinuity when wiring as much as possible. 4. Where can I provide a more accurate IBIS model library? The accuracy of IBIS model directly affects the result of simulation. Basically, IBIS can be regarded as the electrical characteristic data of the actual chip I/O buffer equivalent circuit, which can be converted by SPICE model (measurement can also be used, but there are more details). SPICE data is absolutely related to chip manufacturing, so different chip manufacturers provide the same device. The SPICE data is different, and the data in the converted IBIS model will also be different. In other words, if Manufacturer A's device is used, only they will be able to provide accurate model data of their device, because no one else will know better than they what process their device is made from. If the IBIS provided by the manufacturer is not accurate, the only solution is to constantly ask the manufacturer to improve.

Editorial Note - European Journal of Zoological Research ( 2021) Volume 9, Issue 1 Received: 04-Jan-2021 Published: 18-Jan-2021 In the early decennary, Associate in Nursingimal breeding was thought to be a lot of an art than a science. Jay Lush modified that. Lush is understood because the father of contemporary scientific animal breeding and genetic science. He advocated breeding not supported subjective look of the animal, however on quantitative statistics and genetic data. Animal breeding is that the method of selective sexual activity of animals with fascinating genetic traits, to keep up or enhance these traits in future generations. For farm animal, this involves estimation of the genetic worth of people for traits as well as rate and yield of product like eggs, milk or meat. Animal breeding ensures a continual improvement of livestock, generation when generation. During this method, breeders give farm animal farmers with a next generation of animals. Eutherian mammal breeders have an important contribution to a healthy and property food offer chain. The greatest approach for breeding animals is the artificial breeding technique using insemination and MOET techniques. These square technologies are scientifically measured. They help solve conventional difficulties of sexual activity and have a high success rate between older men and women. They breed dogs; however they do not look at their genetic features. They do not provide appropriate, clean and safe medical aid or shelter. The unethical stock farms and breeding facilities that a responsible breeder has to handle are not entirely comparative. Every stock farmer is responsible for overcoming the population issue, irrespective of its size. Breading dogs are typically scattered and harsh during a period when the animal population is most accompanied. Dog breeders regard real humans as genetically engineered commodities. Selective breeding borders include: the production of many or higher-quality foods in the new kinds is also economically essential. Animals, for example, cows but without horns, are typically classified that cannot do damage. Basically, two approaches to reproduce this square measure are measured: Sexual union: sire (male) and dam (female) square animals breeding, known as sexual union. sexual union: Out of reproduction: Unrelated animals are recognised as male and female breeding. This includes mating two unrelated individuals, also called crossbreeding. This typically turned out to be descendants from 2 completely distinct persons with intriguing traits. Crossbreeding 2 purebred creatures can produce offspring which display interesting traits. Domestication means that small groups (wolf) are separated from the majority of the population, and via breeding, pick their desired characteristics. Criticism may be an excellent example, yet people prefer intriguing or fashionable characteristics. In the 20th century, animal breeders wanted to produce animal species that would satisfy market demand, be production-oriented and economically viable in unfavorable conditions. Essentially it doesn’t imply to kill, however at only once many breeders killed undesirable puppies in their litters. Every responsible breeder is responsible for abducting persons from every litter. Breeders offer dogs on a spay/neuter agreement with limited registration with just numerous minor defects as a pet quality. It was proposed that a female dog would have a total of 3 to 4 litters and that an honest stored farmer would be able to exhibit the litters in the best breeding years of a female to keep her mom and puppies healthy. A father may be a classical example of dreadfully shut sexual connection for a girl dog. Almost all breeders should never plan to breed a female for their dog, or any parent for any child as a pretty quick and simple response. Most individuals have a dog, and if it is pure race, it is the commerce of the 2 relatives of sexual activity.

How to Protect Your Privacy in the Digital Age A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding the Impact of Data Collection on Our Lives and Tips to Stay Safe In today’s digital world, data is the new gold. From social media platforms to e-commerce sites, companies are constantly collecting vast amounts of data about their users. While some may argue that this is necessary for improving user experience and delivering targeted advertising, others worry about the privacy implications of this data collection. So, what do companies really do with our data, and how can we protect our privacy? This article aims to shed light on the impact of data collection on our lives and provide tips on how to stay safe online. The Impact of Data Collection Data collection can have far-reaching consequences for individuals, businesses, and society as a whole. Here are a few ways in which data collection can impact our lives: - Targeted Advertising: Companies use data to create targeted ads based on users’ interests, search history, and behavior. While this can be helpful in some cases, it can also be intrusive and create a false sense of privacy. - Data Breaches: As companies collect and store more data, the risk of data breaches increases. These breaches can expose personal information such as names, addresses, and credit card numbers. - Data Mining: Companies can use data to mine insights about their users’ behavior, preferences, and habits. This information can be sold to third parties or used to develop new products and services. - Surveillance: Governments and law enforcement agencies can use data to monitor individuals’ activities and movements. This can be a concern for those who value their privacy and civil liberties. How to Protect Your Privacy While it may seem like our data is always being collected, there are steps we can take to protect our privacy online. Here are some tips to keep in mind: - Use Strong Passwords: Weak passwords can make it easier for hackers to gain access to your personal data. Use a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols, and avoid using the same password for multiple accounts. - Enable Two-Factor Authentication: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security to your online accounts. This requires you to enter a code sent to your phone or email in addition to your password. - Be Careful With Personal Information: Be cautious when sharing personal information such as your full name, address, or phone number online. Consider using a fake name or email address when signing up for services. - Use a VPN: A Virtual Private Network (VPN) can help protect your online privacy by encrypting your internet connection and hiding your IP address. Data collection is a double-edged sword. While it can lead to better products and services, it can also put our privacy and security at risk. By being more aware of the impact of data collection and taking steps to protect our privacy, we can ensure that we enjoy the benefits of the digital age without sacrificing our fundamental rights. Dominate

Have you ever been bitten by a venomous serpent? Ever wondered if you would live to tell about it? You don’t have to be a snake handler to know that venom is not something to play around with. Unfortunately, not everyone knows just how to tackle this issue when the occasion arises. Today, let me introduce what might be a lifesaver and a snake’s worst nightmare – Lobelia. Slick and Sly They slither upon the rocks with stealth and, when convenient, make deserted holes their hideout, that is, until they can surprise their next unsuspecting prey. Yep, snakes! These reptiles don’t necessarily have the best reputation of being cute and cuddly. Quite the contrary! Certain snakes can get lethally ugly, with nearly half of the 3200 species being venomous. ( 1 ). According to the World Health Organization: “Snakebite envenoming is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by toxins in the bite of a venomous snake. Envenoming can also be caused by having venom sprayed into the eyes by certain species of snakes that have the ability to spit venom as a defense measure.” ( 2 ) How could you possibly find the relief you need to meet such an emergency? Thankfully, we have an answer offered to us courtesy of nature. Anti-Ophidian – Don’t Bite The Dust Lobelia, also referred to as pukeweed, accounts for over 300 different species around the world. The one most often utilized for its medicinal ability is Lobelia inflata . While all parts of this plant can be used for medicinal purposes, the seeds are the most potent. The United Plant Savers state that its “very limited wild harvest is permissible when no other alternative will do.” (Gladstar & Hirsch. Planting the Future . 2000) So what makes this weed so special? The central nervous system activities of this unique herb is thanks to its Piperidine alkaloids, the primary alkaloids of the 52 discovered to date. You may be wondering, what does this have to do with snake bites ? First, snake antivenom is currently the only standard practice for snake bites, but there are increasing challenges with this route. These include price, cold storage, and diagnostic tools. So an available alternative would be good. ( 4 ) Then we have venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2). This enzyme, largely present in the poison of snakes, is responsible for its toxic effects. Natural herbal PLA2-inhibitors, such as Lobelia, may demonstrate efficacy as novel alternatives to antivenom serum. ( 5 ) The research conducted “showed significant antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-venom properties… Taken together this study validates the strong pharmacological properties of Lobelia nicotianaefolia , which was traditionally used to treat pain and snake bite.” ( 6 ) Now, here’s the cool part. PLA2 has an affinity to attach to the nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor sites in our brains. ( 7 ) A key hallmark of envenomation is the loss of taste and smell that can persist from months to years. ( 8 ) The activation of these nACh receptors by nicotine is linked directly to the restored function of taste receptors and the olfactory pathway ( 9 ). Thankfully, Lobelia contains properties which can mimic nicotine’s activating ability. “Animal studies suggest alkaloids of this type may cross the blood-brain barrier, similar to nicotine, and promote the release of neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine….. Lobelien binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor sites, promoting release of epinephrine and norepinephrine release, and acts as an antispasmodic bronchodilator.” ( 10 ) Then Is Lobelia A Smoker’s Best Friend? The short answer? Yes! Lobelia has a history of use by the Native American peoples. For instance, the Cherokee burned it for use as a natural insecticide. Others used it for skin and respiratory diseases, as well as a psychedelic. (Hamel. Cherokee Plants and Their Uses . 1975) The practice of smoking the herb to bring lung relief led to its common name, “Indian Tobacco” ( 12 ). In fact, renowned herbalists such as Jethro Kloss and John Christopher firmly believed that there was no other herb even half as effective or fast-acting to clear and clean the airways. Its dual-direction ability allows it to act as a respiratory stimulant in small amounts, while at larger amounts it contributes to a sedative and purgative effect. This makes lobelia highly indicated in cases of spasmodic asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, cough, or vomiting (to remove poisoning). ( 13 ) What’s more, the alkaloid lobeline has a chemical structure identical to nicotine. And lobelia exhibits a successful history of both reducing the urge to smoke while also clearing nicotine from the lungs. ( 14 ) This did not last, however, due to the 1993 decision by the FDA to ban the use of lobelia for such use, and Canada has made it strictly for prescription by licensed dealers only. ( 15 ) Currently, though legal, the United States (USDA) does not classify this herb as a food, and it is excluded from obtaining GRAS status. All this despite the fact that no deaths have been linked to its use. ( 16 ) The “Thinking Herb” And lobelia offers further benefits. Dr. John Christopher labeled it the “thinking herb” due to its uncanny ability to identify those areas of the body that need help and then swiftly alleviate the issue. ( 17 ) More than this, it will enhance every other herbal constituent you combine with it, making those herbs more effective, especially for the nerves. Specifically, Lobelia proves an excellent neuroprotective agent, as it is a viable solution for Parkinson’s Disease and drug abuse. ( 18 , 19 ) Researchers isolated a constituent of lobelia called beta-amyrin palmitate; then they showed this compound to have mechanisms that improve depressive episodes. ( 20 , 21 ) Research further reveals that the working memory of in ADHD adults can also be enhanced. ( 22 ) Lobeline “significantly increased the brain GABA level” in mice with drug-induced seizures, and thus, scientists consider this as a possible remedy for epileptic seizures. ( 23 ). Use Caution Please note that after a certain threshold of […]

Ethylene glycol is an additive to pure water that serves to broaden the range at which that water will freeze and boil. It is used as an engine coolant in many automobiles. It is mixed with water in a 1:1 ratio and then poured into the car’s radiator. Many car owners just assume that if they are driving their cars in a hot region, they don’t need to add coolant or ‘antifreeze’ to their car radiators; they can get by simply adding pure water instead of the water-coolant mixture. Their reasoning is that they don’t need to add antifreeze, since their cars will never be driven in conditions below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e., the freezing temperature of water). This thinking, while seemingly logical, doesn’t actually help. It certainly doesn’t help the car’s engine, at least. It’s always recommended to add coolant to the car’s radiator, regardless of what conditions you drive your car in. But why is that? Let’s try and understand this a bit better… Recommended Video for you: Radiators, in general, are actually heat exchangers. The term ‘heat exchanger’ is sort of self-explanatory, i.e., heat exchangers help to ‘exchange’ heat, or in more technical terms, transfer heat from one medium to another for the purpose of heating and cooling. A car radiator does the same thing – it’s used for cooling internal combustion engines not only in motorcycles, cars and other automobiles, but also in railway locomotives, piston-engine aircraft etc. It’s very important to ensure that the car engine becomes neither too cold nor too hot; if either of these things happen, it may seriously hamper the efficiency of the engine. That’s why it’s crucial to maintain an optimum temperature in and around the engine, so that it keeps exchanging heat energy with the surroundings and maintains a “healthy” temperature. Internal combustion engines are usually cooled by passing a liquid around the engine block. This liquid is called the “engine coolant”. This is what we are going to discuss next. Engine coolant, as the name suggests, is a liquid that helps to keep the engine cool. It is made to pass around the engine block, where it gets heated up. Subsequently, it passes through the radiator, where it loses heat to the surroundings. Cool once again, it returns to the engine block to “acquire” the engine’s heat and the cycle continues. This way, the coolant helps to keep the engine cool and help it perform efficiently. Whether you know it as a coolant or antifreeze, this thing is basically an additive that serves to broaden the range at which that water will freeze and boil. Different Engine Coolants Before the Second World War, plain water was the only choice for an engine coolant. Antifreeze was added to the coolant too, but its purpose was to solely prevent freezing, and as such, antifreeze was added only when the engine was to be operated in cold weather conditions. However, as tools and machines improved, they began to look for better alternatives (than water) that could act as an engine coolant. Now machines need coolants that, in addition to having low freezing points, have higher boiling points as well. This is how ethylene glycol came to be used as an additive to pure water, due to its higher boiling point (than water) and antifreeze properties. In the past, people often used plain water in summers and added antifreeze to it only during the winter. While plain water itself can act as a good coolant to your car engine, it’s not as good as a real antifreeze, such as ethylene glycol, for several reasons. Firstly, as mentioned earlier, water freezes at cold temperatures. Therefore, if you have added only water to your car radiator, then it might freeze in cold climate conditions, making your car engine stop. Furthermore, if you’re driving in a hot desert, then plain water will not do as good a job as ethylene glycol does to keep your car engine cool. Furthermore, antifreeze also has good anti-corrosion properties (which water lacks). This proves to be a plus, as modern engines consist of a variety of metals and alloys that work best when they’re not corroded. Therefore, it’s always recommended to add ethylene glycol (i.e., antifreeze) to water in a 1:1 ratio, and then pour this mixture into your car’s radiator. This solution helps the car engine perform more efficiently, and ensures that your car doesn’t stop working in the middle of a cold desert. References (click to expand) - Types of Antifreeze - Automotive Training Center. autotraining.edu - Question of the Week: Why Does an Engine Cooling System Have a Thermostat, and How Does It Relate To the Coolant Flow Rate? - www.caltech.edu:443 - . (2008). Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants. . National Academies Press. - Tonye. K. Jack, Mohammed M. Ojapah - Water-Cooled Petrol Engines: A Review Of Considerations In Cooling Systems Calculations With Variable Coolant Density And Specific Heat - CiteSeerX

COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS – KCET , COMED-K, JEE How to use this notes effectively ? These are the notes for the chapter Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations from class 11 Mathematics. This notes basically consist of all the formulae which are used to solve questions from this chapter in exams like KCET, COMEDK Etc Also, students can use this notes for quick and last minute revision to give an extra edge to your preparations. The only one suggestion to the students is that they do multiple revisions This Formulae list for the chapter TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS and Also solve questions from previous year papers and NCERT Fingertips Book published by MTG or Refer Boscoss Books For KCET Preparation if you want to prepare a little deeper. Are this notes enough for the preparation ? No, this notes are only meant for revision and quick recap . It is advised to practice ample amount of problems. Please do refer the books which are suggested above. And, not to forget mathematics is not only about formulae but a lot solving and practicing. Which are the exams for which these notes can be helpful ? Since it is mainly designed for KCET , it best for this exam . But, apart from this it can also be used to prepare COMED-K , JEE Mains and other state competitive exams It can serve as Quick revision notes for all the competitive exams which include Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations in the syllabus. Are all the formulae of the chapter covered in this TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS formulae list ? We have tried our level best to include all the formulae. However , all the important note points are also covered specifically. Therefore , this can be a good resource for your quick revision. Also , Some other posts from Class 11 PHYSICS

While the books have a formal textbook feel, they offer a communicative component that focuses on all aspects of ESL learning. This is done through interactive features like classroom games, group discussions and activities. A DVD is included. You can download 11th Communicative English guide pdf free download for all exercises by just clicking these links here. Class 11th Communicative English Solution Book is beneficial for the class student 11th as it not only helps you to score maximum marks in your examinations but also prepares you for undergraduate competition exams. You can also get all solutions online, and you can also download Class 11th Communicative English Chapter Wise Solutions in PDF with FREE of cost. According to an influential and broad definition by I. A. Richards, communication happens when one mind acts upon its environment in order to transmit its own experience to another mind. Another important characterization is due to Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. On their view, communication involves the interaction of several components, such as a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder, and a receiver. Various contemporary scholars hold that communication is not just about the transmission of information but also about creating meaning. This way, communication shapes the participant's experience by conceptualizing the world and making sense of their environment and themselves. In regard to animal and plant communication, researchers focus less on meaning-making but often include additional requirements in their definition, for example, that the communicative behavior plays a beneficial role in natural selection or that some kind of response to the message is observed. The paradigmatic form of communication happens between two or several individuals. However, it can also take place on a larger level, for example, between organizations, social classes, or nations. Niklas Luhmann rejects the view that communication is, on its most fundamental level, an interaction between two distinct parties. Instead, he holds that "only communication can communicate" and tries to provide a conceptualization in terms of autopoietic systems without any reference to consciousness or life. 2b1af7f3a8

Healthy kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin (EPO). EPO tells your bone marrow to make red blood cells. If kidneys are damaged and cannot make enough EPO, your bone marrow will not produce enough red blood cells depriving the body of the oxygen it needs. Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. In the USA, 37 million people have CKD, and 1 out of 7 have anemia. It’s less common in the early stages and more common in 3rd stage of CKD. Generally, anemia is a low level of red blood cells or hemoglobin which is contained in red blood cells.

This module demonstrates dynamic assessment using the non-word repetition task with a typically developing child and a low-average performing child.The difference in levels of performance is seen through the two participants’ responses. Please find related materials here: Find the playlist for the full set of videos in this module series here: Find each of the modules from this playlist here: Please find links to research mentioned in this module here: Dollaghan, C., & Campbell, T. F. (1998). Nonword repetition and child language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 1136-1146.

I love an information collector activity and use them regularly with KS5 in preparation for writing essays. I haven’t used one in a while with KS3 so thought I’d make an activity for my year 8 classes this week. We are investigating the social, economic, environmental and political impacts of the 3 gorges dam. Students will be given a set of resources and will use them to fill in their sheets. Nice little task that encourages student inquiry. Students will then use the information they collect in an extended writing task. I’ve compiled a selection of facts, statements and images from a variety of sources for the students to use. You can download a copy of the resource here. Hope its of use.

It is well established that peripheral tissues act as insulators and that the efficacy of this insulation is a strong function of vasomotor status.1For example, surface warming is more effective when humans are vasodilated because vasodilation allows facile flow of heat from the skin surface through peripheral tissues to the core.2Our article again illustrates the importance of thermal insulation provided by peripheral tissues in that the increase in peripheral tissue heat content was many-fold greater than the increase in core heat content during the first hour of warming. Peripheral tissue temperature was lower than core temperature throughout the study, which precludes direct warming of the core. However, peripheral tissue temperature was consistently greater during circulating-water warming than during forced-air warming. Therefore, less heat left the core with circulating-water warming and core temperature increased approximately 30% faster. Consistent with faster rewarming, our figure 5 shows that the core-to-peripheral tissue temperature gradient was slightly less with circulating water. In both cases, core warming resulted from the combination of metabolic heat production and the insulating effects of warmed peripheral tissues. Such indirect core warming is a well-established phenomenon3and is probably the mechanism by which nearly all clinical warming systems augment core temperature. We do not understand how Dr. English estimates the core-to-peripheral tissue temperature gradient from core temperature and the change in peripheral tissue temperature without knowing the initial peripheral tissue temperature. Our figure 5 is correct and shows that peripheral tissue temperatures were roughly 0.8°C less than core temperature throughout warming. Dr. English’s assertion that “above the body, the change in heat content/warmed area was less with air than with water” is curious because it is impossible to attribute observed changes in peripheral tissue heat content to anterior versus posterior warming. Heat transfer rates should therefore be measured with thermal flux transducers rather than estimated from tissue heat content. Despite Dr. English’s assertion to the contrary, this is exactly what we report; anterior heat flux was identical with each tested warmer.4 Dr. English has reported results in terms of h , which is the heat flux divided by the warmer-to-skin temperature difference. As illustrated by his own example, this is a suboptimal measure because the tissue-temperature difference is a function of the heater and tissue characteristics and therefore varies markedly over time. Actual heat transfer rates, the clinically relevant measures of heater efficacy, differ less than might be expected based on h . We are mystified by Dr. English’s assertion that “the change in heat content/warmed area for water was 1.25 times that of air, not 1.5 times, as the ratio of their h values suggests.” We did not report h or the results that would be necessary to calculate this value. Unlike forced-air warming, the circulating-water system we tested includes a servocontrol algorithm. Because the system was set to 37°C, heating intensity presumably decreased as core temperature approached 37°C. Initial rewarming rates are thus a better indicator of system capability than rewarming rates near normothermia. We appreciate Dr. English’s assessment that our investigation4“was a sophisticated study of thermoregulatory physiology.” We note, however, that our volunteers were kept anesthetized throughout the protocol specifically to minimize thermoregulatory responses and allow us to isolate heat transfer characteristics that must be known to safely and effectively exploit the full potential of skin-warming systems. Specifically, we evaluated and reported cutaneous heat transfer, regional body heat content, and core rewarming rates—the clinically relevant system characteristics. * University of Berne, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland; Outcomes Research™ Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. email@example.com

Gardening enthusiasts, both novices and seasoned green thumbs, know that sunlight is the elixir of life for plants. It’s the fuel that powers photosynthesis, the miraculous process that transforms light into energy. But what about those who don’t have access to abundant natural light, especially when growing plants indoors or in shady areas? This is where cutting-edge technology comes to the rescue with grow lights. The Brilliance of Grow Lights These lights are specially designed artificial light sources that mimic the sun’s spectrum, providing plants with the energy they need for healthy growth. These ingenious devices offer gardeners the ability to cultivate a wide variety of plants, from lush indoor houseplants to bountiful vegetable gardens, in controlled environments. The Science Behind Grow Lights These lights work by emitting light within the photosynthetic spectrum, ensuring that plants receive the right type and amount of light for growth. Light is essential for photosynthesis, which is the process that enables plants to convert light energy into chemical energy, ultimately producing glucose and oxygen. The Benefits of Using Grow Lights 1. Year-Round Gardening: With these lights, you can enjoy gardening all year, regardless of the season or the availability of natural sunlight. 2. Control Over Growing Conditions: You have complete control over light intensity, duration, and spectrum, allowing you to tailor the conditions to specific plant needs. 3. Faster Growth: These lights can accelerate plant growth, helping you enjoy the fruits of your gardening labor sooner. 4. Extended Growing Hours: For those with limited daylight hours, these lights can extend the growing time, maximizing your plant’s potential. 5. Better Control of Plant Health: By creating an ideal environment, you can significantly reduce the risk of pests and diseases that thrive in outdoor gardens. Tips for Effective Use of Grow Lights 1. Determine Light Needs: Different plants have varying light requirements. Research the light needs of your plants to provide them with the right amount and type of light. 2. Positioning Matters: Proper placement of these lights is essential. Make sure they’re the right distance from your plants to avoid burning or stretching. 3. Monitor Light Duration: Ensure your plants receive an adequate light duration. Most plants need a dark period for rest, so don’t leave the lights on 24/7. 4. Regular Maintenance: Keep your lights clean and replace bulbs as needed to maintain their effectiveness. As technology advances, so does our ability to cultivate plants in a wider range of environments. Grow lights offer gardeners the opportunity to bring the sunshine indoors and foster vibrant, healthy plant growth. Whether you’re growing herbs in your kitchen or nurturing exotic flowers in a dedicated indoor garden, these lights illuminate the path to successful gardening. For a selection of high-quality these lights and gardening supplies, visit www.growwarehouse.co.nz. Illuminate your gardening journey with cutting-edge these lights and watch your plants thrive year-round.

From the mythical golden robots of Hephaestus to director Ridley Scott’s Alien franchise movies, humans have always speculated about AI. Reality, however, is more colourful and surprising than what human creatives imagined. AI now has artists and creative machines who displays skills from painting to poetry. And some of their work is very good. 1. Jarring poetry, machine-made A research team comprising of scientists from Microsoft and Kyoto University fed thousands of images, together with man-made descriptions and poetry to an AI. The expectation was that the AI would be able to create a poem that could pass for a human poem. They taught the machine associations between images and text, plus imagery and poetic language. The result was that the AI was able to write poems that match the image it is given. As for the quality of the poems – some were nonsensical, while others could pass for human poetry. A poem written by AI: The sun is a beautiful thing in silence is drawn between the trees only the beginning of light A Japanese researcher named Hitoshi Matsubara and his team selected a group of words and sentences, together with some parameters, before asking the AI to ‘write’ the novel. The AI produced a work that could pass the first round of screening for a national literary award in Japan. The book is aptly called The Day a Computer Writes a Novel. It was good enough to fool the judges at Nikkei Hoshi Shinichi Literary Award. One judge called described the book as ‘well-structured but having problems with character descriptions’. 3. Robo – rap Scientists in Aalto University, Finland have created a software call DeepBeat, which can write rap lyrics on user demand. It uses existing songs and beats to create new raps. Users can suggest a word or a beat and the AI will create a rap. Similarly, A seventeen-year-old in West Virginia has created an AI which could first mimic Kanye West. Now it is capable of creating original raps on it own. 4. AI at London Symphony Orchestra An AI created piece of music, named Transits – into an Abyss, was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra in 2012. The classical music piece was written by a group of computers in the University of Malaga in Spain. It was the first ever computer-written music piece performed by elite musicians. The composition drew positive reviews. Later, an album called Iamus was created with the work of the AI named the same. It is the first complete album composed solely by a computer and recorded by humans. Stephen Smoliar, a classical music critic, commented that the music of Iamus was capable of challenging human musicians. 5. AI art to be auctioned In October this year, Christie’s Auction House will have a sale that will include Portrait of Edmond Belamy, a 70 x 70 cm print on canvas. The creator of this is an algorithm made by a group in France, who call themselves Obvious. This is the world’s first instance of AI art being sold alongside the man-made artwork. There are already predictions that this could be a major step in gaining legitimacy for AI art. It is clear that AI renaissance machines would go on with their creative work. Their work has already managed to be indistinguishable from human art and sometimes nearly surpassed human art. One day, we might be reading best-sellers and listening to billboard hot 100s, created by AI.

How does the cell open and close electron taps? Researchers at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) have achieved a nanoscale view of the electron transport between redox partner proteins of the respiratory chain, allowing for a better understanding of their regulation by phosphorylation. Mitochondria play a key role in cellular energy production. They are membrane-bound cell organelles found in almost all eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, and fungi). Their main function in animal cells is to convert nutrients into chemical energy, stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate molecules, through a process called cellular respiration, which includes a tightly regulated electron transport chain. In addition to this function, mitochondria are also responsible for other functions, such as inducing cell death in response to stress events. How does the cell open and close the "taps" that control electron transport through these processes? A previous study by IBEC demonstrated that the transfer of electrons between mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c and cytochrome bc1takes place at a distance through the aqueous solution, via a charge conduit established between them. This new study reveals how this process is regulated by phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group near the redox active site of cytochrome c). The researchers combined the analysis of electron transport at the molecular level with the measurement of protein-protein interaction forces, leading to a better understanding of the effects of cytochrome c phosphorylation on the molecular regulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. They discovered that phosphorylation impairs electron transport by disrupting the charge conduit and increasing the affinity between cytochrome c and cytochrome bc1, thus leading to the formation of bottlenecks in the process, and slowing the flow of electrons in the chain. These results also highlight the biological relevance of long-distance charge transport between redox proteins through the aqueous solution and contribute to the understanding of interprotein electron transfer.