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A Brief History of Columbia, Pennsylvania USA
Our heritage—our history—defines much of what Columbia is. We celebrate it. Even as we embrace a creative future, our past is always visible in our rearview mirror. Our ancestors were among those who helped sculpt our country, and we're proud of that. We're a welcoming town to those relocating here and who visit us. We strongly feel that heritage and invention make for a vibrant community.
Petroglyphs on rocks in the Susquehanna River
Before our town was founded by John Wright and fellow Colonial English Quakers in 1726, the area was home to the Shawnee and Susquehannock natives. John Wright built a log cabin on land first granted to George Beale by William Penn in 1699. Along with John Wright, companions Robert Barber and Samuel Blunston began developing the area. A ferry was established and was, for many years, the sole option for crossing the river as more settlers began to move west. The house of Susanna Wright (John's daughter), built in 1738, still stands. Wright's Ferry crossed from present-day Wrightsville to Columbia. Indeed, Mark Twain (and many others) purchased a ticket to London there, using the canals along the river to emerge at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay where a ship was boarded to Europe.
In the spring of 1788, Samuel Wright (son of James and Rhoda Wright) had the area surveyed, formally plotting out the town. Wright and fellow citizens officially named the town Columbia in honor of the explorer. They'd hoped this would help influence the new U.S. Congress to select it as the nation's capital (a plan even George Washington favored). This was formally proposed in 1789. Unfortunately, a year later, Columbia fell one vote short of winning the status of the nation's new center of government. Later, Columbia also narrowly missed becoming the the capital of Pennsylvania, losing out to Harrisburg which was more geographically centered.
Canals & piers left after the loss of the bridge.
Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge, circa 1850
Peace & War
By the early 19th century, the Quakers become outnumbered by English Anglicans, Scots-Irish Presbyterians, German Lutherans, descendants of French Huguenots, and freed African slaves. In 1814, Columbia was formally incorporated as a borough. That same year, the world's longest covered bridge was built across the mile-wide Susquehanna River, linking Columbia to Wrightsville. It handled traffic for 18 years when it was destroyed by high water and ice in 1832. In its place was built a Pennsylvania Railroad bridge two years later. In 1863, at the height of the American Civil War, people of the town got word that the Confederates' General Robert E. Lee was planning to cross the bridge and eventually attack Harrisburg. Columbia responded by clandestinely burning the bridge down, thwarting Lee's plans, in turn, causing Lee to move west. That change of plans came to a head at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Despite the diminutive size, Columbia has been blessed with a legacy of the creative citizenry. Susanna Wright (1697-1784) was an ardent experimenter of plant life and silk production. Her skillful correspondence gained her the friendship of many intellectuals of the day, including Benjamin Franklin. Dr. Benjamin Rush once said, "the famous Suzy Wright, a lady who has been celebrated for her wit, good sense, and valuable improvements of mind." Lloyd Mifflin (1845-1921) was another talent of note. He was the son of portrait and miniature painter, John Houston Mifflin, with whom he trained. This creative polymath painted and was an early adopter of photography. His poetry earned him the unofficial title of "America's greatest sonneteer." Reginald Wright Kauffman (1877-1959) wrote numerous works of fiction and eventually moved into early Hollywood screenplays. Creative writing from Columbia lives on. Dean Young (1955-2022) was a highly regarded poet and was chair of poetry at the Michener Center for Writers at the University of Texas, and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 2005.
Lloyd Mifflin in an early photographic self-portrait. |
03-27-13 | Blog Post
Globally, data centers are seeing increases in their power consumption as well as higher energy costs.
If you combine these factors together, you can understand why CIOs and data center operators are looking to alternative energy resources to reduce energy use and costs. In addition, there is a movement in the information technology industry to make data centers greener.
Michigan’s geographical location and natural resources offer many positives for data centers such as a cool climate and lack of natural disasters. But does Michigan offer renewable energy resources that could be used to power data facilities? According to my research, the answer is yes.
One possible renewable energy resource is wind power. Although this energy source does not come without some controversy, it does produce clean power without creating pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.
What is Wind Power?
Wind power is using the wind to generate mechanical power or electricity, says the U.S. Department of Energy. Wind turbines convert kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. The wind turbines use the force of moving air to generate electricity by rotating propeller-like blades around a rotor. The motion of the rotor turns the drive shaft and turns an electric generation. How Wind Turbines Make Electricity.
How Are Data Centers Using Wind Power?
Several large technology companies like Apple and Google are investing in renewable energy sources like wind to power their data centers. According to Apple’s website, they have reached their goal of using 100 percent renewable energy at all of their data centers.
Earlier this year, it was discovered that Apple filed for a patent for a unique energy storage system for wind energy. The Apple Insider reports that the patent describes the technology as converting friction from rotating turbine blades into heat. The heat is stored in a “low-heat-capacity” fluid so whenever the wind is at a lull, the stored heat can be transferred to a “working fluid” and create steam. The steam then is directed to a turbine that is connected to a generator.
Since 2010, Google has been making wind power investments including investing in about $200 million dollars in a Texas wind farm. The 161-megawatt facility has 70 wind turbines producing 2.3 megawatts of power, which is enough energy to power more than 60,000 average U.S. homes. Google has also worked with utility companies like the Grand River Dam Authority to supply wind-generated power to its Oklahoma data center.
Michigan Has Great Wind Potential
In order to have a successful wind farm, an area has to have an annual average wind speed around 14.5 mph or greater at an 80 meter height. The wind speed is measured at this height because typically utility-scale wind turbines are installed between 80 and 100 meters height.
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and AWS Truewind, LLC research found that some of the strongest on-shore winds are in Michigan’s thumb area measuring around 16 to 18 mph. This region has seen a number of wind farm projects develop over the years. DTE Energy has constructed two wind farms in Huron County and one in Sanilac County, both located in Michigan’s thumb region. View map of DTE Energy Wind Farms in Michigan’s Thumb
There are other regions in Michigan, especially around the Great Lakes, that offers offshore wind power possibilities. Based on research, offshore wind speeds are around 15.7 mph up to 21.3 mph. However, wind farm development has been delayed in these regions because of political considerations.
Powering Michigan Data Centers
Although the wind industry has seen a slow in growth due to uncertainties of federal policies, there is still potential for Michigan data centers to use wind energy. This year the wind industry saw some encouragement when Congress extended a 2.2 cent per kWh production tax credit including an investment tax credit for offshore wind projects. Without this tax credit, Environment Michigan estimated that new wind-energy construction would drop by 75 percent.
I would encourage Michigan data centers to consider using wind-generated power from Michigan utility companies – a definite win-win situation for Michigan’s economy and environment. Michigan’s wind energy projects create construction and operation jobs within a region. Property owners receive additional rent income and Michigan counties/townships receive additional tax revenue from the wind farms and the property owners. In addition, wind energy minimally impacts the environment and does not add new air or water emissions.
Michigan – The Next Cool Thing for Data Centers
Keeping cool is the number one cost for data centers. With rows and rows of servers and equipment producing heat, data centers have traditionally been cooled by using air conditioning. This is an inefficient way to cool data centers and … Continue reading →
It’s Tornado Season. Is Your Data Safe?
Spring is slowly starting here in Michigan. The snow is finally melting, and the sun is able to warm me up enough to not need my winter jacket. I don’t think I’m making too big a leap when I say … Continue reading →
Choosing Your Data Center Location: Why Michigan?
Michigan Offers Top Data Center’s Host Cities Recently I listened to a very interesting webinar by UBM Future Cities “Choosing Your Data Center’s Host City.” The webinar focused on what qualities you should consider when selecting a location to build … Continue reading → |
An Introduction to Social Psychology/301 For the latter learns to recognise each of these qualities of feeling, and through them becomes aware of the tendency of its action; and this is the necessary first step towards intelligent control of action. The other creature would find itself carrying out each step of the train of instinc- tive behaviour without having any power of foreseeing the coming phase, and therefore without any possibility of preventing, controlling, or modi- fying its actions. The qualities of the primary emotions serve, I suggest, to enable mind or intelligence to get a grip upon instinct, and so begin to establish the control which in the well-developed character becomes well- nigh complete. It seems obvious that the emotion-qualities subserve this function, and are indispensable to it in ourselves. One feels the awaken- ing of, say, anger or fear within one as the behaviour of another man becomes insulting or threatening, and says to oneself—Now I must keep a tight hold on myself. And because the quality of the emotion implies the kind of actions which we shall be liable instinctively to display, we are enabled in some measure to counteract and control the tendencies to such actions. And, though it is more difficult to describe or to imagine the working of a similar process in the animal mind, we may fairly presume that on its lower plane and in simpler fashion the emotional experience of the animal subserves this same function. And, if we con- sider how widespread and important among men and all the gregarious animals are the reactions due to the primitive sympathetic tendency, we shall see that the emotional qualities play an essential part in enabling each of us to understand the state of mind of our fellows, and therefore to some extent to foresee and adapt ourselves to the actions they are about to display. It is difficult to see how we could ever achieve any sympathetic insight into the minds and hearts of our fellow men, if we were not equipped with these capacities for the specific qualities of emotion and the primitive tendency to experience them when we witness their outward manifestations in our fellows. The derived emotions may be supposed to subserve a similar func- tion in human life, although in the animal world they seem to occur only in the most rudimentary forms. Notes 1. “Unreasonable Action,” Mind, N.S., vol. iii. 2. I quote from Professor Flint’s “History of the Philosophy of History,” p. 456. 3 “La Science Sociale Contemporaine,” p. 380. Paris, 1904. 302/William McDougall 4 This definition of psychology was proposed in my “Primer of Physi- ological Psychology.” London, 1905. 5 “The Theory of Good and Evil,” vol. ii. p. 73. Oxford, 1907. 6 “Der thierische Wille.” Leipzig, 1880. 7 “Principles of Psychology,” London, 1891. 8 In many cases an instinct is excitable only during the prevalence of some special organic condition ( e.g., the nest-building and mating instincts of birds, the sitting instinct of the broody hen); and some writers have given such organic conditions an undue prominence, while neglecting the essential part played by sense-impressions. 9 Most definitions of instincts and instinctive actions take account only of their conative aspect, of the motor tendencies by which the in- stincts of animals are most clearly manifested to us; and it is a com- mon mistake to ignore the cognitive and the affective aspects of the instinctive mental process. Some authors make the worse mistake of assuming that instinctive actions are performed unconsciously. Herbert Spencer’s definition of instinctive action as compound reflex action was mentioned above. Addison wrote of instinct that it is “an imme- diate impression from the first Mover and the Divine Energy acting in the creatures,” Fifty years ago the entomologists, Kirby and Spence, wrote: “We may call the instincts of animals those faculties implanted in them by the Creator, by which, independent of instruction, obser- vation, or experience, they are all alike impelled to the performance of certain actions tending to the well-being of the individual and the preservation of the species.” More recently Dr. and Mrs. Peckham, who have observed the behaviour of wasps so carefully, have writ- ten: “Under the term ‘instinct’ we place all complex acts which are performed previous to experience, and in a similar manner by all members of the same sex and race.” One modern authority, Professor Karl Groos, goes so far as to say that “the idea of consciousness must be rigidly excluded from any definition of instinct which is to be of practical utility.” In view of this persistent tendency to ignore the inner or psychical side of instinctive processes, it seems to me impor- tant to insist upon it, and especially to recognise in our definition its cognitive and affective aspects as well as its conative aspect. I would reverse Professor Groos’s dictum and would say that any definition of instinctive action that does not insist upon its psychical aspect is useless for practical purposes, and worse than useless because mis- leading. For, if we neglect the psychical aspect of instinctive pro- An Introduction to Social Psychology/303 cesses, it is impossible to understand the part played by instincts in the development of the human mind and in the determination of the conduct of individuals and societies; and it is the fundamental and all- pervading character of their influence upon the social life of man- kind which alone gives the consideration of instincts its great practi- cal importance. The definition of instinct proposed above does not insist, as do many definitions, that the instinctive action is one performed without previous experience of the object; for it is only when an instinct is exercised for the first time by any creature that the action is prior to experience, and instinctive actions may continue to be instinctive even after much experience of their objects. The nest-building or the mi- gratory flight of birds does not cease to be instinctive when these actions are repeated year after year, even though the later perfor- mances show improvement through experience, as the instinctive ac- tions of the higher animals commonly do. Nor does our definition insist, as some do, that the instinctive action is performed without awareness of the end towards which it tends, for this too is not essen- tial; it may be, and in the case of the lower animals, no doubt, often is, so performed, as also by the very young child; but in the case of the higher animals some prevision of the immediate end, however vague, probably accompanies an instinctive action that has often been repeated; e.g., in the case of the dog that has followed the trail of game many times, we may properly regard the action as instinctive, although we can hardly doubt that, after many kills, the creature has some anticipation of the end of his activity. 10 It is probable that these central affective parts of the instinctive dispositions have their seat in the basal ganglia of the brain. The evidence in favour of this view has been greatly strengthened by the recent work of Pagano (“Archives Italiennes de Biologie,” 1906). 11 As in the case of wild creatures that we may see from the windows of a railway train browsing undisturbed by the familiar noise. 12 It is, e.g., the interpretation proposed by G. H. Schneider in his work “Der thierische Wille”; it mars this otherwise excellent book. 13 In this way some particular odour, some melody or sound, some phrase or trick of speech or manner, some peculiar combination of colour or effect of light upon the landscape, may become capable of directly exciting some affective disposition, and we find ourselves suddenly swept by a wave of strong emotion for which we can assign 304/William McDougall no adequate cause. 14 It would, of course, be more correct to say that the creature strives to achieve its end under the driving power of the instinctive impulse awakened within it, but, if this is recognised, it is permissible to avoid the repeated use of this cumbrous phraseology! 15 None of the doctrines of the associationist psychology was more profoundly misleading and led to greater absurdities than the attempt to exhibit pleasure and pain as the source of all activities. What could be more absurd than Professor Bain’s doctrine that the joy of a mother in her child, her tender care and self-sacrificing efforts in its behalf, are due to the pleasure she derives from bodily contact with it in the maternal embrace? Or what could be more strained and opposed to hundreds of familiar facts than Herbert Spencer’s doctrine that the emotion of fear provoked by any object consists in faint revivals, in some strange cluster, of ideas of all the pains suffered in the past upon contact with, or in the presence of, that object? ( cf. Bain’s “Emo- tions and the Will,” chap. vi.; and H. Spencer’s “Principles of Psy- chology,” vol. i. part iv. chap. viii. 3rd Ed.) 16 For a further discussion of the nature of instinct the reader may be referred to The British Journal of Psychology, vol. iii., which con- tains papers contributed to a symposium on Instinct and Intelligence by Messrs. C. S. Myers, Lloyd Morgan, Wildon Carr, G. F. Stout, and the author. 17 It has often been remarked that the emotions are fluid and indefin- able, that they are in perpetual flux and are experienced in an infinite number of subtle varieties. This truth may be used as an argument against the propriety of attempting to exhibit all the many varieties of our emotional experience as reducible by analysis to a small number of distinct primary emotions. But such an objection would be ill- taken. We may see an instructive parallel in the case of our colour- sensations. The colour-sensations present, like the emotions, an in- definitely great variety of qualities shading into one another by im- perceptible gradations; but this fact does not prevent us regarding all these many delicate varieties as reducible by analysis to a few simple primary qualities from which they are formed by fusion, or blending, in all proportions. Rather it is the indefinitely great variety of colour qualities, their subtle gradations, and the peculiar affinities between them, that justify us in seeking to exhibit them as fusions in many different proportions of a few primary qualities. And the same is true An Introduction to Social Psychology/305 of the emotions. Of course, if the James-Lange theory of the emotions is true, then each of the primary emotions is in principle not an elementary affection of consciousness or mode of experience, but a complex of organic sensations and feeling tone. But in that case the conception of a primary emotion, and the propriety of regarding each complex emotion as a fusion of two or more primary emotions, are not invali- dated. For the primary emotion must be regarded (according to that theory) as a complex of organic sensation and feeling tone which is constant and specific in character, its nature having been determined and fixed by the evolutionary process at a very remote pre-human period. 18 “A Primer of Physiological Psychology,” 1905. That the principle is not generally recognised is shown by the fact that in Baldwin’s Dic- tionary of Philosophy and Psychology (1901) no mention is made of any intimate relation between emotion and instinct; we are there told that no adequate psychological definition of instinct is possible, since the psychological state involved is exhausted by the terms “sensa- tion” (and also “perception”), “instinct,” “feeling,” and “impulse”; and instinct is defined as “an inherited reaction of the sensori-motor type, relatively complex and markedly adaptive in character, and common to a group of individuals.” Professor James, who treats of the instincts and the emotions in successive chapters, comes very near to the recognition of the principle laid down above, without, however, explicitly stating it. Others who have recognised—more or less explicitly—this relation between instinct and emotion are Schneider (“Der thierische Wille”), Ribot (“Psychologie des Senti- ments”), and Rutgers Marshal (“Pain, Pleasure, and Æsthetics,” and “Instinct and Reason”) Mr. Shand (Chapter xvi., Stout’s “Groundwork of Psychology”) has rightly insisted upon the impossibility of analysing the complex emotions by unaided introspection, and has laid down the principle that we must rely largely on the observation of their motor tenden- cies. But he has not combined this sound methodological suggestion with the recognition of the above-mentioned guiding principle. It is on this combination that I rely in the present chapter. 19 That the emotion as a fact of consciousness may properly be distin- guished from the cognitive process which it accompanies and quali- fies is, I think, obvious and indisputable. The propriety of distin- 306/William McDougall guishing between the conative element in consciousness, the impulse, appetite, desire, or aversion, and the accompanying emotion is not so obvious. For these features are most intimately and constantly asso- ciated, and introspective discrimination of them is usually difficult. Nevertheless they show a certain degree of independence of one an- other; e.g., with frequent repetition of a particular emotional situa- tion and reaction, the affective aspect of the process tends to become less prominent, while the impulse grows stronger. 20 It may be noted in passing that this is one of a class of facts which offers very great difficulty to any attempt to account for instinctive action on purely mechanical principles. 21 Lest any reader should infer, from what is said above of the immedi- ate and often irrational character of our emotional responses upon the reception of certain sense-impressions, that I accept the James- Lange theory of emotion in the extreme form in which it is stated by Professor James, I would point out that the acceptance of the theory is by no means implied by my treatment of emotion. In the course of the discussion of instinct in the preceding chapter, it was expressly stated that the instinctive process is not to be regarded as merely a compound reflex, initiated by crude sensation, but that its first stage always involves distinct cognition, which, in the case of purely in- stinctive action, is always a sense-perception. That is to say, the sense- impressions must undergo the psychical elaboration and synthesis implied by the word “perception”; but such perceptual elaboration is in every case only rendered possible by the activities of a preformed psycho-physical disposition, which in the case of the purely instinc- tive action is innately organised. Professor Ward has effectively criticised the James-Lange theory (Art. “Psychology” in supplemen- tary volumes of “Encyclopaedia Britannica,” 9th edition), and I would in the main endorse that criticism, though I think Professor Ward does not sufficiently recognise that our emotional responses are bound up with, and in many cases are immediately determined by, simple perceptions. He writes: “Let Professor James be confronted first by a chained bear and next by a bear at large: to the one object he presents a bun, and to the other a clean pair of heels.” This passage seems by implication to ignore the truth I wish especially to insist upon, namely the immediacy with which the emotional response follows upon per- ception, if the perceptual disposition involved is a part of the instinc- tive disposition, or if it has become connected with its central part as An Introduction to Social Psychology/307 an acquired afferent inlet in the way discussed in Chapter II. There is a world of difference between, on the one hand, the instinctive re- sponse to the object that excites fear, and, on the other hand, running away because one judges that discretion is the better part of valour. I well remember standing in the zoological garden at Calcutta before a very strong cage in which was a huge Bengal tiger fresh from the jungle. A low-caste Hindu sweeper had amused himself by teasing the monster, and every time he came near the cage the tiger bounded forward with an awful roar. At each of many repetitions of this per- formance a cold shudder of fear passed over me, and only by an effort could I restrain the impulse to beat a hasty retreat. Though I knew the bars confined the brute more securely than any chain, it was not because the emotion of fear and the corresponding impulse were lacking that I did not show a “clean pair of heels.” 22 It is worth noting that, if the emotional accompaniment of these two very different sets of bodily symptoms seems to have essentially the same quality in the two cases and to be unmistakably fear, this fact is very difficult to reconcile with the James-Lange theory of emotion interpreted in a literal fashion. 23 A form of admiration in which curiosity (or wonder in the sense in which the word is here used) predominates (see chap. v.). 24 It may be objected that, if a man strikes me a sudden and unpro- voked blow, my anger is effectually and instantaneously aroused, even when I am at the moment not actively engaged in any way; for it may be said that in this case the blow does not obstruct or oppose any impulse working within me at the moment. To raise this objection would be to ignore my consciousness of the personal relation and my personal attitude towards the striker. The impulse, the thwarting of which in this case provokes my anger, is the impulse of self-asser- tion, which is habitually in play during personal intercourse. That this is the case we may see on reflecting that anger would not be aroused if the blow came from a purely impersonal source—if, for example, it came from a falling branch, or if the blow received from a person were clearly quite accidental and unavoidable under the cir- cumstances. Anger at the stupidity of others might also be quoted as an instance not conformable to the law; but it is only when such stupidity hinders the execution of some plan that the normal man is angered by it.- 25 “Psychology of the Emotions,” p. 340. 308/William McDougall 26 One of my boys, who learnt to walk when eighteen months old, delighted in the applause that greeted his first steps, and, every time that one of his many excursions across the room failed to evoke it, he threw himself prone upon the floor with loud cries of anger and dis- pleasure. 27 See his chapter on the emotions in Professor Stout’s “Groundwork of Psychology.” 28 “Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct.” 29 Op. cit, 30 Cf. Chap. XVII of E. Westermarck’s “Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas.” London, 1906. 31 “Emotions and the Will,” p. 82. 32 Op. cit., p. 80. 33 There are women, happily few, whose attitude towards their chil- dren shows them to be devoid of the maternal instinct. Reflection upon the conduct of such a woman will discover that her conduct in all relations proceeds from purely selfish motives. 34 It is, I think, not improbable that the impulse to kiss the child, which is certainly strong and seems to be innate, is a modification of the maternal impulse to lick the young which is a feature of the maternal instinct of so many animal species. 35 It is a fair question whether, among those nations who pride them- selves upon having attained so high a state of civilisation that they can no longer inflict capital punishment, the greater clemency of the law should not be attributed to a relative deficiency in the strength of the parental instinct in the mass of the people, and to a consequent relative incapacity for moral indignation. At the present moment the moral indignation of a large section of the French people is clamouring for the death of a wretch who has been convicted of cruelly maltreat- ing a child and to whom, it is thought, the presidential clemency may be extended. 36 Op. cit., p. 83. 37 Op. cit., p. 291. 38 For fuller discussion of sympathy see Chapters IV and VI. 39 Professor Stout’s “Groundwork of Psychology,” chap. xvi. 40 See Chapter IV. 41 In so far, of course, as the impulse is not completely thwarted. 42 See Supplementary Chapter II at the end of this volume, which con- tains a fuller discussion of the sex instinct. An Introduction to Social Psychology/309 43 “Inquiries into Human Faculty,” p. 72. 44 “Principles of Psychology.” 45 Cf. p. 302. 46 “Les Lois de l’Imitation.” Paris, 1904. 47 “Mental Development,” and “Social and Ethical Interpretations.” 48 Op. cit., ii., p. 410. 49 This truth has been clearly expressed by Herbert Spencer (“Prin- ciples of Psychology,” vol. ii., p. 563), and Bain recognised it, al- though, as we have seen, he failed to hold it consistently. 50 Shortly after writing these lines I was holding a child in my arms, looking out of window on a dark night. There came a blinding flash of lightning and, after some seconds, a crash of thunder. The child was pleased by the lightning, but at the first crack of thunder she screamed in terror; immediately upon hearing the scream, I experi- enced, during a fraction of a second, a pang of fear that could not have been more horrible had I been threatened with all the terrors of hell. I am not at all disturbed by thunder when alone. This incident illustrates very well two points—first the sympathetic induction of emotion by immediate instinctive reaction to the expression of emo- tion by another; secondly, the specific character of loud noises as excitants of fear. Regarded as merely a sensory stimulus, the flash of lighting was far more violent than the thunder; yet it provoked no fear in the child. 51 This is very noticeable in the case of vomiting. A tender mother will sometimes turn away from a vomiting child with an irresistible im- pulse of repulsion. 52 “Principles of Psychology,” vol. ii., p. 408. 53 “Mental Development, Methods and Processes,” 3rd ed p. 281. New York, 1906. 54 An excellent account of this peculiar affliction may be found in Mr. Hugh Clifford’s “Studies in Brown Humanity,” as also in Sir F. A. Swettenham’s “Malay Sketches.” 55 “Die Seele des Kindes,” 5te Auflage, Leipzig, 1900, S. 180. 56 “The Play of Animals” and “The Play of Man.” 57 “Mind,” N.S., vol. xv, p. 468. 58 While living among the hybrid Papuan-Melanesian people of a small group of islands in the Torres Straits, I was much struck by the marked weakness of the impulse of rivalry among them. Though adults and children spent a large proportion of their time in playing, the spirit of 310/William McDougall rivalry was displayed but feebly in a few of the games and hardly at all in most of their playing. I failed completely to get the boys to take up various English games, and the failure seemed due to the lack of the impulse of rivalry. The same defect or peculiarity seemed to be responsible for the fact that the people were so content with their equality in poverty that, although opportunities for earning high wages in adjacent islands were abundant, few could be induced to avail themselves of them, or to work for more than a few months, if they did so. These people are unwarlike, and the men and boys never fight with one another—a striking fact, which certainly is not to be ex- plained by excellence of the social system or refinement of manners; for but a generation ago these people were notorious for having de- voured the crews of several vessels wrecked upon the islands. 59 “Character and the Emotions,” Mind, N.S., vol. v., and “M. Ribot’s Theory of the Passions,” Mind, N.S., vol. xvi. 60 I would remind the reader that “wonder” is here used in a sense a little different from the usual one. 61 One is tempted to ask, Was it because the external aspect of the Gothic cathedral is apt to fall short of exciting the fear which is es- sential to reverence, that in so many cases the artists of the Middle Ages covered the exterior with grotesque and horrible figures, like those of Notre Dame of Paris? 62 This we may perhaps identify with the instinct of acquisition men- tioned in Chapter III. 63 Tolstoy’s “Kreutzer Sonata” is a study of jealousy of this type aris- ing within a sentiment which was certainly not love, but was a strange blend of hate with an extended self-regarding sentiment. It is, I think, obvious that jealousy could not arise within a sentiment of hate, pure and simple. 64 “Die Entwickelung der Strafe.” 65 An excellent account is given by Mr. Hugh Clifford in a story called “The Amok of Dâta Kâya.” 66 “Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas,” Chapter II. 67 Ibid., p. 22. 68 “Criminal Responsibility,” Oxford, 1905. 69 In a recent treatise on ethics, which makes a considerable show of psychological precision, they are described on one page successively as emotions, sentiments, feelings, and judgments. 70 “Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development,” chap, An Introduction to Social Psychology/311 vi., London, 1902. 71 Even in so recent and excellent a treatise as Dr. Rashdall’s “Theory of Good and Evil” this identification of pleasure with happiness is frequently repeated, verbally at least. 72 Cp. p. 151. 73 In a recent article criticising M. Ribot’s book “Les Passions” (“Mind,” vol. xvi., p. 502) Mr. Shand has suggested that the sentiment of love is innately organised. I cannot see any sufficient grounds for accept- ing this suggestion, and I believe that any such assumption will raise more difficulties than it solves. In previous chapters I have suggested that certain of the instincts may have peculiarly intimate innate rela- tions, that, e.g., the instinct of pugnacity is thus specially intimately connected with the maternal instinct and with the sex instinct of the male. But even this seems to me very questionable. 74 I shall be told that in restricting in this way the meaning of the term “self-love” I am setting aside a usage consecrated by age and the writings of innumerable moralists. I would anticipate this objection by asking—Why should the psychologist feel any obligation to clog and hamper the development of his science by a regard for the termi- nology of the pre-scientific ages, while the workers in other scientific fields are permitted to develop their terminology with a single eye to its precision and to the accurate discrimination and classification of the like and the unlike? The chemist is not held to be under any obli- gation to class earth, air, fire, and water with his elements, nor does the physicist persist in classing heat and electricity with the fluid substances. 75 For the same reason other sentiments of this type, resulting from fusion of the self-regarding sentiment with the love of an object other than the self (of which patriotism is the most striking example), ac- quire their power of supplying dominant or extremely powerful mo- tives. 76 E.g., the relation of mother and son in Mr. Wells’s “Days of the Comet.” 77 Cp. Chapter IV. 78 Cf. Kipling’s story, “Baa-baa, Black Sheep.” 79 In “Progressive Morality.” 80 Professor Baldwin has well described this process, although he does not seem to have recognised the two instincts which, according to the view here taken, are the all-important factors. See “Social and Ethi- 312/William McDougall cal Interpretations in Mental Development,” part I, chap. i. 81 I leave out of account here religious conceptions, which for many, perhaps most, persons play this all-important part in developing the self-regarding sentiment; not because they are not of great social im- portance, but because the principles involved are essentially similar to those dealt with in this passage. 82 It may seem anomalous that fear should enter into the self-regarding sentiment; but we have to remember that the object of this sentiment is not merely the self, but rather the self in relation to other persons. 83 Cf. Chapter IV. 84 Like the fully developed parental sentiment, the patriotism of many men is a fusion of this quasi- altruistic extension of the self-regarding sentiment with the truly altruistic sentiment of love. 85 I would ask the reader to refrain from taking this remark as appli- cable to all the peoples of Borneo. Most of these much maligned savages are quite incapable of such conduct, which is peculiar to the Sea Dayaks or Ibans. 86 “Progressive Morality.” 87 “The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas,” p. 4. 88 That is, a process as purely intellectual as any mental process can be; the motive power of the process is not the impulse of some emo- tion directly evoked by the action judged. 89 For example, some young children pass the original moral judgment “You are naughty” upon any person who interferes with their play or work, who obstructs in any way the operation of any impulse and so evokes their anger. 90 “Prolegomena to Ethics,” p. 351. 91 The effective operation of this sentiment on a great scale has re- cently been illustrated in several cases in which the most disinter- ested efforts of private individuals have corrected the effects of mis- carriages of legal procedure— e.g., the cases of Mr. Beck and Mr. Edalji. Some years ago the unjust condemnation of Major Dreyfus produced in France a still more striking and famous display of disin- terested effort on behalf of the principle of justice. 92 This hypothesis is still maintained by some modern writers of re- pute. Dr. Rashdall (“Theory of Good and Evil”) uses the phrase “the moral consciousness” and makes it the key of his ethical and theo- logical position. By it he means to denote the faculty of judging of ethical value or of judging anything to be good. He regards this fac- An Introduction to Social Psychology/313 ulty in the same way as Kantians regard our faculties of perceiving spatial and temporal relations, namely, as one which, though it may be developed and refined by use, is given a priori as a primary fac- ulty of intuition, one not evolved from more elementary forms of judgment. But he makes no attempt to justify this assumption, on which he hangs so great a weight of consequences. Curiously enough, while the Kantian view of our faculties of spatial and temporal judg- ment is held to imply that such judgments have no objective value, space and time being purely subjective, Dr. Rashdall finds in the assured a priori character of moral judgment and the moral con- sciousness his one source of confidence in the objectivity of such judgments 93 “Principles of Psychology,” vol. ii., p. 549. 94 This we may see most clearly in the case of the problem of the evolution of the moral tradition. If, as we have said, the moral tradi- tion has been slowly evolved by the influence of the precept and ex- ample of the great moral leaders, and if, as the libertarians maintain, all the moral victories of such leaders, in virtue of which they attain their ascendancy over their fellow-men and their power of moulding the moral tradition, have this mysterious and utterly incomprehen- sible source, then the growth of the moral tradition may be described but cannot be explained, and we have no—or but very little—ground to suppose that what we can learn of its growth in the past will justify any assumptions or forecasts as to its growth in the future. And this must remain true no matter how small be the quantity of “will-en- ergy” postulated by the libertarians to account for the turning of the scale in the conflict of motives. 95 I purposely avoid touching upon the more difficult moral problem. How far is punishment of one man justified by its deterrent or re- forming effects upon others. 96 In so far as punishment will produce these effects upon madmen they have a moral right to be punished. The medical profession gen- erally ignores this truth in its perennial conflict with the lawyers. It is for them to determine which of the mental diseases render the patient’s conduct incapable of being controlled by punishment or by the threat of it, and which leave him still susceptible to the deterrent and re- forming influence of punishment. 97 The only possible answer of the libertarians to this argument seems to be: Yes, but if this outside influence is “a very little one,” we may, 314/William McDougall by means of punishment, give the good influences a better chance of determining a favourable issue of our moral conflicts. This seems to be the line recent defenders of freewill are inclined to take. They are, nevertheless, bound to admit that, since the magnitude of these out- side influences is unknown, the recognition of them must weaken the case for punishment, and must diminish to an unknown and quite incalculable extent our moral responsibility. 98 The most successful defence of indeterminism yet made is that of Dr. Schiler (“Studies in Humanism”). His position is not quite the same as Professor James’s. He suggests that there may arise con- junctions of conditions whose issue is indeterminate in the sense that opposing forces are exactly balanced in an unstable equilibrium, which we might compare to that of a billiard ball balanced on a knife-edge. A strictly minimal force might then determine the issue in either di- rection, and so produce very important consequences; e.g., if the knife- edge were on the water-parting of the Rocky Mountains, the ball might reach the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean, according to the direc- tion of this minimal force. Dr. Schiller points out truly enough that, for anything we know, such situations may occur in both the physical and moral spheres; for, if their issue is thus determined by some such minimal force that is not determined by antecedent conditions, the calculation of the strength of the opposing forces, with sufficient ac- curacy to enable us to discover the presence of this unconditioned factor, is beyond our power, and we shall probably never be able to make this calculation for the physical, and certainly never for the moral, world. If this unconditioned factor is assumed to be in every case of strictly minimal strength, the admission of its reality will not seriously undermine the principles of moral responsibility; but it will, as pointed out above, introduce an incalculable element among the factors which the student of society has to try to take into account, and therefore will make difficult if not impossible the attempt to con- struct a science of history and of society. Whether it would lighten in any degree the moral difficulty of determinism discussed above is a more difficult and subtle problem; I cannot at present see that it can have any such result, save in the following way: it would allow us to believe in “a power, not ourselves, that makes for righteousness,” and such a belief might encourage and stimulate us to make efforts towards the realisation of the purpose of that power. Since, then, a decision of this question cannot be attained on empirical grounds, it An Introduction to Social Psychology/315 remains open to us to postulate indeterminism; and if such postula- tion makes for the predominance of right conduct, it is difficult to find any good reason for refusing to follow James and Schiller when they ask us to commit ourselves to it. 99 This view seems to be maintained still by Professor Höffding in a recent article in the Revue Philosophique (1907), “Sur la Nature de la Volonté.” 100 “Mind,” New Series, vol. v. 101 Ibid., vol. iv. 102 “Analytic Psychology” vol. i., p. 243. 103 Experiments that seem to establish this point were described by the author in the fourth of the series of papers entitled “Physiological Factors of the Attention-Process,” “Mind,” N.S., vol. xv. Some of these experiments have since been repeated and confirmed by MM. Et. Maigre and H. Piéron ( Revue de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Expérimental, Avril, 1907). 104 For a fuller discussion of this question and a theory of the inhibi- tory process see a paper by the author, “The Nature of Inhibitory Processes within the Nervous System” in “Brain,” vol. xxvi, and his review of Professor Sherrington’s “Integrative Action of the Nervous System” in “Brain,” vol. xxx. 105 “The Groundwork of Psychology.” 106 Some authors wax scornful when they examine the statement that the self is the all-important factor in volition. But the view they scorn- fully reject is that which makes the abstract ego, the logical subject of all our experiences, or the transcendental self, the source of the power of the will. If self is meant to be taken in either of these two senses in this connection, the scorn of these writers is perhaps justifi- able when they stigmatise it as a mere metaphysical abstraction. It is for this reason better to say always the idea of self (rather than sim- ply the self) is an essential factor in volition. 107 Ideas of this latter kind have not the irresistible force often attrib- uted to them. Dr. Bramwell has argued very strongly that if they are opposed to the organised tendencies of the subject they will in no case realise themselves in action (“Hypnotism, its History, Theory, and Practice”). In my opinion his view is in the main correct, though, no doubt, he has a little overdriven it. 108 See Buckle’s “History of Civilisation in Europe.” 109 Professor Pollard attributes it in part to voluntary control induced 316/William McDougall by the system of land tenure, as in modern France. “Factors in Mod- ern History,” p. 135. 110 For an excellent discussion of the importance of the family see Mrs. Bosanquet’s “The Family,” and the works of the school of Le Play, especially “La Constitution Essentielle de l’Humanité.” 111 Professor Keane asserts this to be the issue of the lively discussion that has been waged on this topic. See his “Ethnology.” 112 It is, I think, true without exception that the family is found in every animal species, of which the males, as well as the females, are endowed with the parental instinct and co-operate in the care of the young; that is to say, the co-existence of the reproductive and paren- tal instincts in the members of both sexes suffices to determine the family, the parental impulse being commonly directed to the adult partner, as well as to the offspring. 113 It has been asserted by Messrs. Spencer and Gillen (“The Northern Tribes of Central Australia”) that some of the Australian tribes are utterly ignorant of the relation of the reproductive act to child-birth, but doubt has been thrown on this statement. 114 The well-meant efforts of missionaries may sometimes play a con- siderable part in this process; e.g., it has been observed that the abo- lition of polygamy, in communities in which females are more nu- merous than the males, has led to such gross irregularities in the sexual relations as to diminish greatly the rate of reproduction. 115 See the frequent references to the prevalence of voluntary child- lessness in Professor Dill’s two volumes, “Roman Society in the Last Century of the Empire,” and “Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius,” also M. de Lapouge’s “Les Selections Sociales,” in which the share of these influences in the destruction of Ancient Greece is discussed in some detail. Dr. W. Schallmayer argues to similar effect of the decline of both Greece and Rome (“Vererbung u. Auslese im Lebenslauf d. Völker”). 116 One of the most remarkable illustrations of the tendencies discussed in this paragraph was afforded by the flourishing among the natives of the Sandwich Islands of an association, the members of which bound themselves on frankly hedonistic grounds to avoid parenthood. 117 “Social Evolution.” 118 See Professor Karl Pearson’s “Chances of Death.” 119 There are certainly among the celibates of our population a certain number of persons who know of sexual desire only by hearsay and An Introduction to Social Psychology/317 who regard it as a strange madness from which they are fortunately free. Cf. Professor Forel’s “Sexuelle Frage.” 120 See especially David Heron (Drapers’ Company Research Mem- oir), “On the Relation of Fertility to Social Status,” 1906. 121 See especially “La Cité Antique,” by Fustel de Coulanges. 122 See the books of the late Lafcadio Hearn, especially “Japan: an Interpretation.” His account was borne out by the recent newspaper accounts of the solemn national thanksgiving to ancestors after the successes of the late war. 123 According to Mr. Fielding Hall, the same is true of Buddhism; see “The Soul of a People,” and “A People at School.” 124 See Sir D. Mackenzie Wallace’s “Russia,” Chapter xxix. 125 “Principles of Western Civilisation.” 126 “The Primal Law.” 127 “The Descent of Man.” 128 International Scientific Series. 129 These statements are based not merely on my own observations during a sojourn of six months among these tribes, but also on the authority of my friend Dr. Charles Hose, who for more than twenty years has exercised a very remarkable influence over many of the tribes of Sarawak, and has done very much to establish the benefi- cent rule of the Rajah, H.H. Sir Charles Brooke, over the wilder tribes of the outlying districts. 130 “Principles of Western Civilisation,” p. 156: “The ruling fact which stands clearly out in regarding this movement of peoples as a whole, is that it must have represented a process of military selection, prob- ably the most sustained, prolonged, and culminating in character that the race has ever undergone.” 131 The attempt now being made to found a science and an art of Eugenics owes its importance largely to this tendency. 132 “Principles of Sociology,” p. 18 (my quotation is abridged). 133 Thus Professor M. Jastrow writes: “The certainty that the reli- gious instinct is, so far as the evidence goes, innate in man, suffices as a starting-point for a satisfactory classification.” The same author tells us that “the definite assumption of a religious instinct in man forms part of almost every definition of religion proposed since the appearance of Schleiermacher’s discourses” (“The Study of Reli- gion,” pp. 101 and 153). 134 Cf. p. 131. 318/William McDougall 135 Certain of these forces of nature were less terrible than others, e.g., rain, and the growth of plants and animals, and man made the bold experiment of attempting to control them, proceeding by a purely empirical method and guided by the slightest indications to belief in the success of his experiments; such seemingly successful procedures then became conventional and recognised modes of influencing these powers. In so far as man seemed to find himself able to control and coerce any of these forces, his attitude and emotion in presence of them would b« those of the instinct of self-assertion, even though he might continue to be filled with fear and wonder. This complex emo- tional state seems to be the characteristically superstitious one, and the attitude and practices are those of magic. I suggest that the funda- mental distinction between religious and magical practices is not, as is sometimes said, that religion conceives the powers it envisages as personal powers, while magic conceives them as impersonal; but rather that the religious attitude is always that of submission, the magical attitude that of self-assertion; and that the forces which both magical and religious practices are concerned to influence may be conceived in either case as personal or impersonal powers. Hence the savage, who at one time bows down before his fetish in supplication, and at another seeks to compel its assistance by threats or spells, adopts toward the one object alternately the religious and the magical atti- tude. The same fundamental difference of attitude and emotion dis- tinguishes religion from science, into which magic becomes trans- formed as civilisation progresses. 136 The system of omens of the Romans was not only similar in gen- eral outline to that of some existing communities, but closely resembled in many of its details that observed at the present day by tribes of Central Borneo—a remarkable illustration of the uniformity of the human mind. (See paper by the author, in conjunction with Dr. C. Hose, on “The Relations of Men and Animals in Sarawak,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1901.) 137 Fustel de Coulanges has drawn a vivid picture of the dominance of this religion of fear in ancient Greece and Rome; he writes: “Ainsi, en temps de paix et en temps de guerre, la religion intervenait dans tous les actes. Elle était partout présente, elle enveloppait l’homme. L’âme, le corps, la vie privée, la vie publique, les repas, les fêtes, les assemblées, les tribunaux, les combats, tout etait sous l’empire de cette religion de la cité. Elle réglait toutes les actions de l’homme, An Introduction to Social Psychology/319 disposait de tous les instants de sa vie, fixait toutes ses habitudes. Elle gouvernait l’être humain avec une autorité si absolue qu’il ne restait rien qui fût en dehor d’elle.... Cette religion etait un ensemble mal lié de petites croyances, de petites pratiques, de rites minutieux. Il n’en fallait pas chercher le sens; il n’y avait pas à réfléchir, à se rendre compte.... La religion était un lien matériel, une chaine qui tenait l’homme esclave. L’homme se l’était faite, et il était gouverné par elle. Il en avait peur et n’osait ni raisonner, ni discuter, ni regarder en face.... Ni les dieux n’aimaient l’homme, ni l’homme n’aimait ses dieux. Il croyait a leur existence, mais il aurait parfois voulu qu’ils n’existassent pas. Même ses dieux domestiques ou nationaux, il les redoutait, il craignait d’être trahi par eux. Encourir la haine de ces êtres invisibles était sa grande inquiétude. Il etait occupé toute sa vie à les apaiser.... En effet, cette religion si com- pliquée était une source de terreurs pour les anciens; comme la foi et la pureté des intentions étaient peu de chose, et que toute la religion consistait dans la pra- tique minutieuse d’innombrables prescriptions, on devait toujours craindre d’avoir commis quelque négligence, quelque omission ou quelque erreur, et l’on n’était jamais sûr de n’être pas sous le coup de la colère ou de la rancune de quelque dieu.” As to the rites: “L’altération la plus légère troublait et bouleversait la religion de la patrie, et transformait les dieux protecteurs en autant d’ennemis cruels” (“La Cité antique,” pp. 186–196). 138 On the great role of fear in the more primitive forms of religion, and the decline of its influence in recent times, see an article by Pro- fessor J. H. Leuba, “Fear, Awe, and the Sublime in Religion,” in the American Journal of Religious Psychology vol. ii. 139 There is, of course, the higher kind of morality of the man who, while accepting in the main the prescribed social code, attempts by his example and precept to improve it in certain respects. 140 This contrast cannot be better illustrated than by quoting a part of a letter from a Turkish official to an English seeker after statistical information: “The thing you ask of me is both difficult and useless. Although I have passed all my days in this place, I have neither counted the houses, nor inquired into the number of the inhabitants; and as to what one person loads on his mules and the other stows away in the bottom of his ship, that is no business of mine. But, above all, as to the previous history of this city, God only knows the amount of dirt and confusion that the infidels may have eaten before the coming of 320/William McDougall the sword of Islam. It were unprofitable for us to inquire into it. O my soul! O my lamb! seek not after the things which concern thee not Thou earnest with us and we welcomed thee—go in peace.... Listen, O my son! There is no wisdom equal unto the belief in God! He created the world, and shall we liken ourselves unto Him in seeking to penetrate into the mysteries of His creation? Shall we say, Behold this star spinneth round that star, and this other star with a tail goeth and cometh in so many years! Let it go! He from whose hand it came will guide and direct it.” The letter is quoted in full by Professor James (from whom I copy) from Sir A. Layard’s “Nineveh and Babylon.” 141 See the conclusion of Mr. A. J. Balfour’s lecture on “Decadence,” Cambridge, 1908. 142 For a fuller discussion of the religious tendencies of primitive man, the reader may be referred to Mr. R. R. Marett’s “Threshold of Reli- gion” (London, 1909). In that work Mr. Marett traces back the evo- lution of religion to a pre-animistic stage, which he proposes to de- note by the word “animalism.” It will be seen that my own brief sketch is in substantial agreement with his view. 143 One of the most interesting of such peoples are the Punans of Borneo, a remarkably pleasing, gentle-mannered, handsome, and fair-skinned race of forest-dwellers. 144 See “Comment la Route crée le Type social,” by M. Ed, Demolins. 145 “Les Lois de l’Imitation,” Paris, 1904, and “Les Lois Sociales,” Paris, 1902. 146 Following in this respect Professor Giddings. 147 “Los Lois de l’Imitation,” p. xii. 148 The following summary account of the social operations of imita- tion is in large part extracted from M. Tarde’s well-known treatise, “Les Lois de l’Imitation.” 149 The last century has seen a great change in respect to the force with which his immediate social environment bears upon the individual; but, that the form of each man’s religious belief is determined for him by the tradition of his society, was strictly true almost without excep- tion in all earlier ages, and still remains true as regards the mass of men. There has been a similar weakening as regards the influence of political tradition, but still it is roughly true that “every little boy and girl that’s born into this world alive is either a little liberal or else a little conservative,” and for the most part continues so throughout An Introduction to Social Psychology/321 life. 150 Cf. especially Professor J. G. Frazer’s “Golden Bough.” 151 The process was going on rapidly in the islands of the Torres Straits at the time I spent some months there ten years ago. The natives had been converted to Christianity (nominally, at least) some twenty years before the date of my visit. 152 “Religion of the Semites.” 153 “Die Nachahmung,” Leipzig, 1903. 154 For such a scale of instances of behaviour I would refer the reader to my volume in the Home University Library, “Psychology, the Study of Behaviour.” 155 To the presentation of this argument I have devoted a separate volume (“Body and Mind, a History and Defence of Animism,” Lon- don, 1911), to which I would refer any reader who desires to form an opinion on this difficult question. 156 The most thorough and convincing defence of this view is to be found in Professor James Ward’s recently published volume of Gifford Lectures, “The Realm of Ends,” London, 1911. 157 The critics of Utilitarianism have concentrated their attack upon this false psychological doctrine; but the student of Ethics should not be misled into supposing that the Utilitarian principle, as the crite- rion of the good or the right, stands or falls with psychological hedo- nism. 158 Prof. J. H. Muirhead, for example, in his “Elements of Ethics.” 159 E.g., Prof. Muirhead, op. cit. 160 “Der Menschliche Wiles,” Berlin, 1883. 161 Series of papers in Mind. N.S. vols. ix–xiii. 162 “Psychology of the Moral Self,” p. 77. 163 Op, cit. p. 91. 164 E.g., Dr. Rashdall who writes: “It is true that the action cannot be done unless there is an impulse to do what is right or reasonable on our part, but such a desire may be created by the Reason which rec- ognizes the Tightness.” (“Theory of Good and Evil,” vol. i. p. 106).— 165 “Theory of Good and Evil,” vol. i. p. 104. 166 Op. cit., vol. i. p. 121. 167 Op. cit., vol. i. p. 125. 168 Op. cit., vol. i. p. 128. 169 Under the name “Instinct of Reproduction,” which, as I now see, is apt to mislead. 322/William McDougall 170 I adhere to the description of the structure of an instinct offered in Chapter II; but I recognize that this summary statement of the rela- tion of the affective and conative parts of the disposition is very inad- equate. The relation between them it more obscure and in some sense more intimate than that between them and the cognitive part. For purposes of exposition it would usually suffice to treat of the affec- tive and conative parts of the disposition as forming a functional unit. 171 Especially A. Moll (“Untersuchungen ü. d. Libido Sexualis,” Ber- lin, 1897) and Havelock Ellis (“The Psychology of Sex,” Philadel- phia, 1911). 172 For example, the cruelty sometimes displayed or invited in the course of sexual relations (the extremer forms of which are known as “Sadism” and “Masochism”) has been regarded as a component of normal sexuality. But, as I have argued elsewhere (Proc. of Royal Soc. of Med., Sect, of Psychiatry, 1914) these manifestations seem referable to the instincts of self-display and self- abasement operat- ing with abnormal intensity under the special conditions of the sexual relation. 173 The best-known attempt of this sort is that of Professor Freud, who would explain the direction of the sex impulse of man towards woman by the assumption that the male infant derives sexual pleasure from the act of sucking at his mother’s breast. It is, I submit, a sufficient refutation of this view to ask—How, then, does the sex instinct of woman become directed towards man? How explain the fact that homosexuality is not the rule in women? 174 It is the opinion of several of the most experienced and judicious students of these problems that in some cases of sexual inversion or homosexuality the direction of the sex impulse towards the same sex is innately determined; and some of the published cases are difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile with the opposite view. Such cases obviously lend strong support to the view that the normal direction of the sex impulse is innately determined. 175 Since the publication of the first edition of this book Professor Stout seems to have adopted this view of instinct (“Manual of Psych.,” 3rd ed.), and Professor Lloyd Morgan has recently made some slight advance towards it (“Are Meanings Inherited?” Mind, vol. xxiii) 176 I have attempted to develop this notion and to render it more intel- ligible in physiological terms in a paper entitled “The Sources and An Introduction to Social Psychology/323 Direction of Psycho-physical Energy,” read on the occasion of the opening of the Phipps Psychiatrical Institute at Baltimore and pub- lished in the American Journal of Insanity, vol. lxix, 1913. 177 “Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory.” New York, 1910. 178 It is not made clear, nor is it easy to understand, what meaning we are to attach to this statement; for Freud lays down no criterion and no definition of sexuality. 179 Notably by Havelock Ellis in his “Psychology of Sex,” and by A. Moll in his “Uutersuchungen der Libido Sexualis.” 180 It is clearly brought out in “A Preliminary Study of the Emotion of Love between the Sexes,” by Sanford Bell ( Am. J. of Psychology, 1902). 181 It has often been maintained, and not improbably with justice, that the backward condition of so many branches of the negro race is in the main determined by the prevalence among them of this state of affairs. 182 Those who so grotesquely put their faith in the redeeming power of mere knowledge of the facts and of the evils that result from sexual laxity should remember that medical students are constantly confronted with such evils in all their naked horror, and that nevertheless they are not as a class distinguished above others by chastity, or even by prudence in these matters. 183 Notably in the “Adolescence” and in other works of President Stanley Hall. 184 London, 1914. 185 He writes: “Desire is then a very complex emotional system, which includes actually or potentially the six prospective emotions of hope, anxiety, disappointment, despondency, confidence, and despair” (p. 463). And he tells us that “desire... is essentially an organisation of those emotional dispositions which are characteristic of its process.” Shand thus describes “desire” as a complex disposition similar in nature to the complex sentiments of love or hate. Yet he is clearly aware that desire is not in the least comparable to either a sentiment or one of the primary emotions. For in another place (p. 519) he writes that desire is an abstraction, and that “it is a complete mistake to represent desire as an independent force, and to suppose that it can be co-ordinated either with the emotions or with the sentiments.” This reveals very clearly the confusion into which he has fallen, a confu- sion which runs throughout the whole of his book, and which is largely 324/William McDougall due to his failure to hold fast to the very important distinction be- tween facts of mental function and facts of mental structure. Desire, like the emotions, is a fact of mental function, a mode or aspect of mental activity, and may and does arise whenever any strong impulse or conative tendency cannot find immediate satisfaction. 186 Op. cit., p. 482, 187 This sentence illustrates very well the dangers of admitting to scien- tific discourse the looseness of language permissible in poetry. How is despair to exclude hope, if it only arises after all hope has already been excluded?
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Hygge is a term that resonates deeply within Danish culture, and it represents a feeling of warmth, contentment, and coziness. Originating from Scandinavia, this concept has gained international recognition, becoming synonymous with creating moments that are intimately pleasant and comforting. This phenomenon is centered on the simple joys of life and has woven its way into the very fabric of daily living in these regions.
In Denmark, particularly, hygge is not just a practice but a lifestyle. It involves creating an atmosphere that promotes relaxation and togetherness, whether in the comfort of one’s home or in the warmth of a community gathering. From the cozy hug of a soft blanket on a chilly evening to the laughter shared over a candlelit meal, hygge encapsulates a myriad of experiences that collectively enhance the quality of life.
Understanding and embracing hygge can be a transformative experience, offering a gateway to a more balanced and contented way of living. In this article I will delve into the essence of hygge, exploring its origins, significance, and how it manifests in various aspects of life, from home décor to social interactions and beyond.
Hygge’s Historical Journey: From Old Norse Roots to Modern Danish Culture
“Hygge,” a concept now deeply embedded in Danish culture, has its linguistic origins in the Old Norse term “hyggja,” which means to think or to consider. Old Norse, the common ancestor of both modern Danish and other Scandinavian languages, influenced the development of these languages and their cultures.
Although “hygge” is a key aspect of Danish culture today, its early form “hyggja” was part of the broader Norse culture that encompassed the region, including what is now Norway. Over time, as Danish and Norwegian cultures developed their distinct identities, “hygge” became particularly significant in Denmark.
In the late 18th century, there was a resurgence or renewed emphasis on “hygge” in Denmark. This could be attributed to the cultural and linguistic connections within Scandinavia, where ideas and concepts were commonly shared and exchanged. Hence, “hygge,” with its roots in Old Norse, became an integral part of Danish life, evolving to symbolize comfort, warmth, and togetherness in a uniquely Danish context.
As it found a place in Danish society, ‘hygge’ became a response to social and cultural shifts, especially within the Danish middle class. These shifts were reflective of a broader transformation in Europe, where industrialization, urbanization, and political changes were reshaping everyday life. The middle class, expanding and becoming more distinct, sought to carve out a space for themselves that was separate from both the aristocracy and the working class. In this context, ‘hygge’ emerged not just as a practice but as a representation of a new cultural identity and a statement of values.
They sought to establish a sense of security and warmth within their homes, turning these spaces into havens of tranquility and intimacy. Thus, ‘hygge’ evolved into a symbol of homely comfort and contentment, offering a stark contrast to the challenges and uncertainties of the external world.
The historical context of ‘hygge’ in Denmark, particularly in the 19th century, is marked by thoughtfulness following conflicts and societal changes. The Danish people increasingly found solace and unity in the simple, peaceful moments at home, symbolized by the warm glow of a petroleum lamp, an emblem of ‘hygge’s’ soothing presence.
In the modern era, ‘hygge’ has transcended its ancient Scandinavian roots, appealing in a fast-paced, technology-driven world. Its official recognition in the English language in 2017 underscores its global resonance. Today, ‘hygge’ is celebrated internationally, influencing cultural domains from cozy cafes to contemporary interior design. It serves as a reminder of the universal human desire for comfort, togetherness, and the appreciation of life’s simple pleasures. This enduring legacy suggests that ‘hygge’ has been an integral part of Danish culture for centuries, continuously shaping and being shaped by societal values and lifestyle.
In parallel to the Danish ‘hygge,’ Norway cherishes its own version of this comforting lifestyle with the concept of ‘kos.’ Rooted deeply in Norwegian culture, ‘kos’ encapsulates similar sentiments of warmth, contentment, and the joy of life’s simpler aspects. While ‘hygge’ and ‘kos’ share many attributes, ‘kos’ uniquely reflects the Norwegian way of life, emphasizing the importance of comfort and relaxation in both everyday moments and special occasions.
The shared heritage of ‘hygge’ and ‘kos’ in Danish and Norwegian cultures, respectively, highlights a broader Scandinavian ethos that values the quality of life. Both concepts have not only remained relevant but have also gained international admiration in recent years.
The Essence of Hygge: Creating a Cozy Atmosphere
Central to the philosophy of hygge is the creation of a warm and cozy atmosphere. This concept transcends mere physical comfort, aiming instead to cultivate a sense of emotional well-being and inner peace. In the realms of hygge, the ambiance of a room plays a critical role. Soft lighting, often achieved through the use of candles or dim lamps, is preferred over harsh, bright lights. This gentle illumination helps in creating an environment that is soothing to the senses and calming to the mind.
The choice of furnishings and decor is equally important in building a hygge atmosphere. Comfortable seating, plush cushions, and soft blankets invite relaxation and a sense of ease. Textures play a significant role here, with a preference for materials that are pleasant to touch, such as wool, cotton, and velvet. The color palette also tends to lean towards earthy, muted tones that contribute to a tranquil setting.
At its heart, hygge is about finding joy and contentment in the simple pleasures of life. It’s a mindset that encourages savoring the moment, whether it’s enjoying a warm beverage on a cool day, relaxing in the comfort of a quiet morning, or sharing a homemade meal with loved ones. These moments, though seemingly ordinary, are the foundations of a hygge lifestyle.
The culinary aspect of hygge cannot be overlooked. Meals in a hygge setting are less about extravagance and more about comfort and simplicity. It’s about enjoying wholesome, home-cooked food that nourishes both the body and soul. The act of cooking itself, especially when done with family or friends, is considered a hygge activity, fostering togetherness and a sense of shared purpose.
Hygge and nature are closely linked, enhancing our daily lives with the tranquility of the natural world. This connection is essential, not just occasionally but as a constant presence.
Incorporating nature into our homes is a key aspect of hygge. It’s about using natural materials like wood and stone to add a sense of the outdoors to our living spaces. Adding plants to our homes isn’t just about decoration; it’s about bringing a piece of nature’s calm into our everyday environment. This touch of greenery makes our spaces more peaceful and relaxing.
Hygge also encourages us to spend time in nature. This doesn’t have to be anything extreme; simple activities like walking in a park or sitting quietly in a garden can be deeply fulfilling. It’s these moments, enjoying the simple beauty of nature, that embody hygge. Watching a sunset or listening to the rustling of leaves can also be incredibly soothing.
Each season brings its own form of natural beauty, and hygge embraces them all. Whether it’s the new growth of spring, the warmth of summer, autumn’s rich colors, or the quiet of a winter landscape, each season has its own way of connecting us with nature. This cycle helps us appreciate the changing beauty of the natural world.
Hygge Through the Seasons
During the long, cold winter months, hygge becomes a beacon of warmth and comfort. It’s a time for gathering around the fireplace, enjoying hearty meals, and relaxing in the glow of candlelight. Winter hygge often involves indulging in comfort foods, sharing stories with family, and enjoying indoor hobbies like playing games together, watching TV, reading, or knitting.
While hygge is often associated with coziness indoors, it also extends to outdoor activities in the warmer months. Summer hygge might include picnics in the park, leisurely walks in nature, or outdoor dining with friends. It’s about making the most of the pleasant weather and finding joy in nature’s bounty.
Hygge’s Reach Beyond Scandinavia
While hygge originates from the cold, Nordic countries, its principles have found a warm reception worldwide. From the bustling streets of New York to the quiet countryside of Japan, the essence of hygge is being adopted and adapted. People everywhere are seeking ways to incorporate this sense of comfort and contentment into their lives.
Cozy cafes, reminiscent of Copenhagen’s hyggelige coffee houses, have sprung up around the globe, offering a haven of warmth and relaxation. Similarly, interior design has seen a shift towards hygge-inspired themes, with an emphasis on soft lighting, comfortable furnishings, and a warm, neutral color palette.
The interpretation of hygge varies across different cultures, each adding its unique touch to the concept. In some places, it’s about creating a cozy, inviting home environment; in others, it’s more focused on fostering community and strengthening social bonds. What remains constant, however, is the pursuit of happiness in the small, everyday moments. People around the world are finding that slowing down and appreciating the here and now, whether it’s through a shared meal, a quiet evening at home, or a leisurely walk in nature, can significantly enhance their quality of life.
Hygge’s Impact on Lifestyle Choices
As hygge’s popularity grows, it influences various lifestyle choices, from leisure activities to work-life balance. There’s an increasing trend towards valuing experiences over material possessions, seeking quality time with loved ones, and finding joy in life’s simple pleasures. This shift is evident in the rising popularity of hobbies that embody the hygge spirit, like baking, knitting, and gardening. Even in the corporate world, the principles of hygge are being recognized, with companies striving to create more balanced, human-centered work environments.
Hygge has transcended its Scandinavian roots to become a global phenomenon, a testament to its universal appeal. It speaks to a deep-seated human need for connection, both with others and with ourselves. In a world often overwhelmed by complexity and constant connectivity, hygge offers a path to a simpler, more fulfilling way of life. It’s a gentle reminder that true contentment often lies in life’s small joys and quiet moments.
Discover the Joy of The Hygge Game
As we journey through the cultural tapestry of hygge, embracing its essence of warmth, comfort, and togetherness, there emerges a delightful way to bring these principles into your gatherings: The Hygge Game. This engaging game is designed to foster the same sense of closeness and enjoyment that is central to the hygge lifestyle.
The Hygge Game is more than just a pastime; it’s a gateway to meaningful conversations and cherished moments with friends and family. Made with the spirit of hygge in mind, it encourages players to share stories, reminisce about pleasant memories, and engage in thoughtful discussions. The game consists of a variety of questions that range from light-hearted to deeply reflective, ensuring that each round is a unique experience that strengthens bonds and creates new memories.
Whether you’re gathered around the living room, cozied up in a cabin, or enjoying a leisurely evening at home, The Hygge Game is the perfect addition to enhance the atmosphere. It’s suitable for small and large groups alike, making it an ideal choice for any social occasion. As you delve into the questions, you’ll find that the conversations sparked are as warm and inviting as a flickering candle in a Danish home.
Playing The Hygge Game is an opportunity to disconnect from the digital world and connect with those around you. It’s about taking the time to really listen, share, and appreciate the company of others – a true embodiment of the hygge philosophy.
For those eager to bring a piece of hygge into their homes and social gatherings, The Hygge Game is available for purchase. You can find it here, where it awaits to become a part of your cherished moments and heartwarming memories. Invite the essence of hygge into your life with The Hygge Game and experience the joy of togetherness in a whole new way. |
Ever Wondered Whether Mosquitoes Do Any Good To Dayton, MD Residents
You probably don’t care much for the mosquitoes hovering around Howard County. Despite their diminutive size, they have the potential to delete the human population. Mosquitoes are super-effective when it comes to spreading deadly diseases like malaria and Chikungunya. These affect hundreds of thousands of people every year. Not only that, but they can also cause serious harm to livestock.
Even so, have you ever wondered why these annoying bugs should be let live? Are they in any way useful to us? Remember the lessons you learned during your biology class? You may need to recall some of them here.
…mosquitoes serve important functions in numerous ecosystems, serving as food for many species, helping filter detritus for plant life to thrive, pollinating flowers, and even affecting the herding paths of caribou in the tundra. Last, scientists are looking at the mosquito for potential medical treatments.
The Food Web
Mosquito larvae are aquatic insects and, as such, play an important role in the aquatic food chain. According to Dr. Gilbert Waldbauer in “The Handy Bug Answer Book,” Mosquito larvae are filter feeders that strain tiny organic particles such as unicellular algae from the water and convert them to the tissues of their own bodies, which are, in turn, eaten by fish. Mosquito larvae are, in essence, nutrient-packed snacks for fish and other aquatic animals. Read more at ThoughtCo…
Going by the scientists’ reports, you have mosquitoes to thank for being part of your fish’s diet. Mosquitoes are also a source of food for birds, insects, and amphibians, among others. You probably don’t believe this, but you can do your own research on it.
Another reason you need to appreciate the presence of mosquitoes is their ability to clean up the environment. Wondering how? Read this…
Mosquitoes Remove Waste (To Make Compost)
Mosquito larvae are always hungry. They emerge from eggs laid by female mosquitoes in stagnant pools of water, and can even thrive in moist soil. As long is it is in water, a mosquito egg will develop into a mosquito larva. In a single acre of soggy land, you might find a million eggs. The eggs hatch into larvae. Larvae develop into adult mosquitoes within a week to ten days. During this time, all they do is eat.
Mosquito larvae eat algae, parasites, fungus, and other microorganisms. And they eat all the time. This means that mosquito larvae can get through a lot of ‘detritus’ (or biological waste) in just a few days. So top points for mosquito larvae as natural waste removers! Read more at End Mosquitoes.Com…
You’re probably thinking “let’s work with the larvae and eliminate the adult mosquitoes” right? Well, larvae come from eggs laid by adult female mosquitoes. These are the very same ones that bite you. So, this is quite a dilemma!
As much as we would love to see the end of mosquitoes entirely, their presence is helping in the process of scientific discovery.
Of about 3,500 mosquito species around the world, only a few have taken to specifically targeting people for biting, making them important spreaders of infectious diseases. To predict and help control the spread of those mosquito-borne illnesses, it’s important to know where and why, evolutionarily speaking, certain mosquitoes got their taste for biting humans in the first place. Now, researchers reporting in the journal Current Biology on July 23 have identified two major factors: a dry climate and city life. Based on these findings, they predict that increased urbanization in the coming decades will mean even more human-biting mosquitoes in the future. Read more at Phys…
There are many more contributions that mosquitoes make to our world. If you do your homework, you’ll soon discover there are many other ways mosquitoes help us. In fact, their presence could just be the reason why you are employed!
It’s also important to note that not all mosquitoes are harmful. But the very few harmful ones can do a lot of damage to our health and that of your loved ones. This is why Backyard Bug Patrol exists. Call us for our comprehensive mosquito control plan that will protect your home completely. After all, healthy boundaries have never been a bad thing. |
Kakapo, also known as the African Nightjar, is a flightless herbivorous nocturnal parrot that also happens to be the world's biggest parrot.
Dr. Felix ChaosphereApr 29, 20220 Shares481 Views
Kakapo, also known as the African Nightjar, is a flightless herbivorous nocturnal parrot that also happens to be the world's biggest parrot, the world's oldest living bird, and a critically endangered species. In 2009, there were just 19 kakapo parrots left in the world.
Kakapo Survival in New Zealand has reported more recently that the population has increased to roughly 150 individuals in 2014, which is a significant gain but still not enough to prevent the species from extinction. This rare species lives on a set of protected islands where there are no predators and where there are numerous technology-supported initiatives to keep them healthy as part of their conservation efforts.
A kokapo bird in the forest
Kakapo, also known as the owl parrot (Strigops habroptilus), is a large, flightless, nocturnal parrot of the superfamily Strigopoidea that is endemic to New Zealand. It is a member of the parrot family, belonging to the subfamily Strigopoidea. Small in size, it has finely blotched yellow-green plumage with a noticeable face disc, a broad grey beak, and short legs with massive feet. Its wings and tail are also quite short. Because of a combination of characteristics, it is unique among parrots:
It is the world's only flightless parrot
It is also the world's heaviest parrot
It is nocturnal
It is herbivorous
It has a low basal metabolic rate
It does not require male parental care
It is the only parrot to have a polygynous lek breeding system.
It is also believed to be one of the world's longest-lived birds, with reports of individuals living for up to 100 years. Its anatomy exemplifies the tendency of birdevolution on oceanic islands with few predators and sufficient food to exhibit island syndrome: a generally strong physique at the price of flight ability, resulting in reduced wing muscles and a reduced keel on the sternum, among other characteristics.
In addition to being historically significant to Mori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, the kakapo was also heavily hunted and exploited as a resource by them, both for its meat as a food source and for its feathers, which were used to make highly prized pieces of clothing. The kakapo is now on the verge of extinction, but it was once a common sight in the country's forests and on mountainsides.
Kakapos were also occasionally kept as pets by their owners. There are currently only 199 live individuals in the world's known adult population of the kakapo, all of whom have been identified and tagged. The kakapo is restricted to four small islands off the coast of New Zealand that have been cleared of any potential predators. Early Mori overhunting had decimated the kakapo population, which was further weakened by the introduction of predators such as cats, rats, ferrets, and stoats during the British occupation, almost completely wiping them out.
Conservation effortsbegan in the 1890s, but they were not particularly successful until the Kakapo Recovery Programme was implemented in 1995. The majority of kakapo are housed on two predator-free small islands.
Kakapo: Flightless Parrot | Benedict Cumberbatch | BBC Earth
During the current breeding season, a team of scientists, rangers, and volunteers is working around the clock in the hopes of turning a record breeding year into a repopulation milestone and bringing this beloved bird back from the brink of extinction. They are using 3D-printed smart eggs, activity trackers, and a sperm-carrying drone nicknamed the "cloaca courier" to help this beloved bird step back from the brink of extinction.
That species is the kakapo, a flightless parrot that is only found in New Zealand and is a rarity in the world. Each female kakapo on the planet—50 of them, with names like Pearl, Marama, and Hoki—as well as the status of their eggs is depicted.
It takes a lot of effort to repopulate a species. It takes the kakapo around two to four years to reproduce when rimu trees yield an abundance of fruit. Even when they do mate, less than half of the eggs are fertile, most likely because of inbreeding. In 2016, 122 eggs were deposited, however, only 34 chicks made it to the age of maturity.
"When I showed this to my zoo keeper partner, she said that there are only a total of 201 of this critically endangered species left on the planet and they would have otherwise been wiped out if not for conservation efforts (predator proof islands, hand rearing chicks, radio collaring for health checking)"
"He's lucky he's not from South America because he looks like Goliath Birdeater's favorite snack."
"The bird looks like one of those fake ones crafty people make out of twigs and such."
As an avian oddity, the kakapo is unique in that it is the only nocturnal and flightless parrot on the planet, a waddling, ground-bound bird that may weigh up to nine pounds and has a tendency to freeze when challenged by predators. The creatures' mottled green feathers serve as woodland cover, and their large beaks give them a goofy face that is a cross between an owl and a muppet. |
The Risk of Having Low T and COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted certain populations more significantly than others. With respect to gender, COVID-19 has more significantly affected men than women. In fact, researchers have found that men are twice as likely to contract the SARS-CoV-2 virus than females. Additionally, when they contract the virus, men are more likely to have a more severe course of COVID-19 illness and a higher mortality rate.
Recent research on the correlation between low testosterone levels and COVID-19 has shed light on why these gender differences exist and how men can potentially lower their risk of COVID-19.
How Testosterone and COVID-19 Are Related
At the onset of the pandemic, it was unclear to the scientific community why men were more affected by COVID-19 than women. Researchers in the United States and abroad hypothesized that male susceptibility to the SARS-CoV-2 virus might be related to the hormone testosterone, which is seven to eight times more abundant in men than in women. They found that men who had low serum testosterone levels were more likely to experience severe illness when they contracted the SARS-CoV-2 virus. They were also more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit.
Testosterone and Immunity
An American and Saudi Arabian research team hypothesized that the mechanism that was driving the connection between low testosterone and COVID-19 illness was the upregulation of certain receptors on lung cells. To understand this connection, one must consider how the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the body. The virus enters through the mucous membranes—the eyes, nose, or mouth—and then binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-2) receptors on the lung’s alveolar epithelial cells. ACE-2 receptors are also expressed by the Leydig cells in the testes.
When a man’s testosterone levels drop, his body receives a signal to upregulate more ACE-2 receptors to compensate. A man who has low testosterone levels, then, will have more ACE-2 receptors not only on the cells of his testes, but also on his lung cells. This means that more entry points on his lung cells are available to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, making the lungs more vulnerable. Once the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters these vulnerable cells, men with low testosterone levels face a greater risk of lung damage and breakdown of their respiratory muscles, both of which can lead to a higher likelihood of needing to be ventilated.
How Improving Low T Levels Can Reduce COVID-19 Risk
Medical researchers suspect that because there is a correlation between testosterone levels and illness severity in men with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, correcting testosterone levels could have a positive effect. It has been demonstrated that when patients who have low testosterone levels are treated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), their rates of hospitalization and all-cause mortality decrease. This indicates that correcting low testosterone levels with TRT may play a significant role in helping men who have COVID-19 illness.
How to Learn More
Men considering hormone replacement therapy in Los Angeles should look no further than Vitality RX®. As LA’s leader in TRT, the Vitality RX® staff can give men significant peace of mind when it comes to raising their testosterone levels and potentially lowering their COVID-19 risk. If you are experiencing symptoms of low testosterone or just want to know what your levels are, book an appointment at your convenience. |
Rainy season is upon us and what a rainy season it has been; there were days I thought we’d need a boat to get to work. As I look at the puddles and standing water left in my yard, as a veterinarian the first thing that comes to mind is how bad the mosquitoes are going to be and in turn the spread of heartworm disease.
What Is Heartworm Disease?
Heartworm disease is a very serious and potentially deadly disease in our pets that we can prevent. It is caused by a large worm that lives in the heart and lungs of both dogs and cats, but can also affect other mammals such as wolves, foxes, and even sea lions.
After natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina as many as 250,000 pets, many of which were infected with heartworm disease, were displaced from their homes. Widespread adoptions and heartworm positive pets being shipped throughout the country to new homes have led us to see heartworm disease being diagnosed in all 50 states. Stray dogs and wildlife can propagate the spread of infected pets and mosquitoes. Due to this, it is becoming harder to predict risk factors. Dogs are considered a natural host which means the immature microfilaria can mature into an adult worm inside the pet. Cats are not a natural host and so microfilaria does not survive to the adult worm, which can be even harder to diagnose.
How Do Pets Get Heartworm Disease?
Mosquitoes are the main player in the transmission of heartworm disease between pets. A mosquito will bite an infected pet where they will pick up microfilaria or “baby worms” which will develop into an infective larval stage within the mosquito. The infected mosquito will then bite another pet passing along the larvae. It will then take these larvae 6 months to mature into adult heartworms within the dog or cat. These worms once adults can live for up to 5-7 years in dogs and 2-3 years in cats.
Symptoms in dogs and cats can be quite different. Initially, there are generally few to no noticeable symptoms which is why heartworm disease is so scary. Once the later stages of disease develop more symptoms will become noticeable but also the more damage that has been done. In dogs, they can have signs similar to heart disease such as cough, exercise intolerance, fatigue, decreased appetite and weight loss. In cats their symptoms tend to be more respiratory in nature such as asthma-like attacks, vomiting, and coughing, fainting or even seizures.
Detecting Heartworm Disease
Due to the lack of symptoms in the early stages of disease early detection is key. The earlier we diagnose and treat heartworm disease the better the prognosis. The American Heartworm Society, established in 1974, recommends that pets be tested annually. They also state to “think 12”: get your pet tested every 12 months and give your heartworm prevention 12 months a year. Puppies should be started on heartworm prevention right away and then tested 6 months after their initial visit and annually after that. One question we are often asked is why test annually if they are on prevention every month? The answer is that no medication is 100% effective and we want to ensure the prevention is working. Also if you miss even one dose or give it late your pet could be left for a period of time unprotected and susceptible to disease. It only takes one mosquito bite and the earlier we detect disease the better the outcome for your pet.
If your pet is diagnosed with heartworm disease it can be a scary and stressful time but there is a treatment available for heartworm positive pets. Unfortunately, the treatment can be costly and is a painful series of injections. The first step we take is to perform blood work; to confirm the diagnosis and check their organ function, and radiographs to make sure their heart and lungs are stable. The treatment is called Immiticide and is given in a series of 3 injections, one given initially then the second two are given a month later on consecutive days. These injections are given in the back muscles and most veterinarians will recommend sending home pain medications afterward. After the treatment, you will want to restrict your pet’s activity, as difficult as this part can be for many pets it is critical for a positive outcome to prevent damage to the heart and lungs. We will then recheck their heartworm test 6 months later to confirm they are no longer positive.
The good news is heartworm disease is completely preventable for our domestic pets. There are many prevention options you can talk to your veterinarian about from an injection that lasts for 6 months to a chewy treat. With heartworm disease, the old saying “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” has never been truer.
“Heartworm Basics” American Heartworm Society, Web. 2016, Heartwormssociety.org |
Caret-to-offset - Function Summary
Returns the offset position relative to the face of the character position.
caret-to-offset face offset
face - The face containing the text. (must be: object)
offset - The offset in the text. (must be: any-string)
This function is provided to convert from a string character index position to an X-Y offset within the text of a face. This is used primarily for text editing or for text mapping operations such as for creating colored or hyperlinked text.
Note that the resulting offset (xy) was added to the face position (tx/offset) to find the correct position to locate the box (bx).
In the above example the caret-to-offset function was used on a face that have not yet been shown, but it can also be used after a face has been shown.
Remember that when making changes to the contents of strings that are longer than 200 characters, you must set the text face line-list to NONE to force the recomputation of all line breaks.
See the offset-to-caret function for the reverse conversion.
This function can also work on faces that have never been shown. This makes pre-display processing, colored text, and hyperlinking possible using this function in combination with SIZE-TEXT. |
Prologue: The Dawn of Philosophical Contemplation
The realm of philosophy, as timeless as the inquisitiveness of the human mind, probes into the deepest queries that have fascinated humanity over the eons. With its origins rooted in the most primitive civilizations, philosophy has evolved into a pivotal aspect of human intellectual pursuit. In this extensive examination, we set forth on a temporal voyage to unravel the sagacity and teachings of the ancient philosophers’ wisdom that formed the very bedrock of philosophical exploration.
The Visionaries Before Socrates and their Cosmological Theories
Preceding Socrates, there was a blossoming of intellectual titans referred to as the Pre-Socratic philosophers. These trailblazing thinkers transcended mythological narratives to propose logical interpretations of the cosmos. Our journey starts with Thales of Miletus, commonly celebrated as the premier philosopher in Western chronicles. Thales suggested that water was the fundamental principle or arché underpinning all natural phenomena.
Subsequent to Thales, Anaximander, hailing from Miletus as well, advanced the notion of the apeiron, an indistinct and limitless entity from which all things originate and eventually revert. Anaximenes, another thinker from Miletus, advocated for air as the crucial substance, cementing the Milesian pursuit for a primary elemental component.
Pythagoras: A Blend of Mathematics and Mysticism
Shifting from physical explanations of the cosmos, Pythagoras of Samos amalgamated scientific precision with spiritual enigma. His namesake theorem revolutionized mathematics, but his philosophical contributions reach far beyond geometry. Advocating for the transmigration of souls and the interconnection of all life, Pythagoras cultivated a community committed to asceticism, mathematical exploration, and the search for harmony in the cosmos.
Heraclitus: A Philosophy Embracing Change
In stark divergence from the Milesians, Heraclitus of Ephesus envisioned a world in ceaseless transformation, famously asserting, “No man ever steps in the same river twice.” For Heraclitus, fire epitomized the relentless change and metamorphosis inherent in the universe, leading to his doctrine of perpetual becoming.
Parmenides: The Mirage of Change
Countering Heraclitus, Parmenides of Elea contended that change was merely an illusion. He insisted that reality is singular, immutable, and can be comprehended solely through logic, not sensory perception. This dichotomy between permanence and change would shape countless future philosophers in their endeavors to grasp the essence of reality.
Empedocles and Anaxagoras: The Rise of Pluralism
Progressing beyond monism, Empedocles proposed the concept of four fundamental elements—earth, air, fire, and water—which merge and segregate under the influences of love and strife. Concurrently, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae suggested the presence of nous, a universal mind that instigated motion and imposed order on the initial chaos.
The Sophists: Emphasis on Rhetoric and Relativity
Amidst the search for natural explanations, a novel group of thinkers known as the Sophists steered philosophy towards human matters. Protagoras’s declaration that “man is the measure of all things” encapsulated the Sophistic emphasis on rhetoric, subjectivity, and ethical relativity. However, their pragmatic approach often drew criticism, especially from Socrates, who believed that truth was not a product of persuasive discourse but of dialectical reasoning.
Socrates: The Progenitor of Ethics
Although he left no written works, Socrates’s impact on philosophy is immeasurable. Through dialogues documented by his disciple Plato, Socrates scrutinized the core of virtues like justice, piety, and wisdom. His dialectical approach, known as the Socratic method, promoted critical thought and introspection, nurturing a lasting legacy in philosophical education.
Democritus: The Atomic Universe
Crowning Pre-Socratic thought, Democritus formulated the theory that the cosmos comprises indivisible and eternal atoms in motion within the void. His atomism provided a physical rationale for change and diversity in nature, anticipating modern scientific comprehension of the physical realm.
Epilogue: Contemplating Philosophical Roots
As we wrap up our broad survey of the earliest philosophers, we are reminded that their inquiries paved the way for centuries of philosophical dialogue. From Thales’s metaphysical hypotheses to Socrates’s ethical interrogations, these intellectual giants left an enduring imprint on the quest for knowledge and comprehension. Their legacy persists, inspiring us to reflect deeply, challenge audaciously, and pursue truth tirelessly. Learn more about these intellectual pioneers top 10 ancient Greek philosophers. |
The 21st century’s world citizens hail global trends in educational systems, and educational courses around the computer. Parents, educators, administrators, and world leaders are all concerned about the worlds educational needs. Automation and technology are now, and will continue to be leading industries in the United States. With that knowledge, classes in both of these future trends should be a priority.
The world sees technology as part of a learning pedagogy because of its possible positive influences on effectiveness, student-centered learning, and time-management.
One might say that the roles have not been replaced, but improved upon if used correctly. That technology and computers are supposed to work together and improve not hinder my child’s:
- Independent Learning
- Engagement of parental units
- Focus on Staff and Student punctuality
- Extended learning times (2017)
Personal interaction is still in a small way prevalent, yet these trends exist as a way to use this, not as a sole distributor of education but as a contributor. Either way, the use of technology has become part of many states’ educational and tested standards and has been added to the curriculum. Teachers in K-12 are supposed to use some form of technology as part of the daily class routine. Unless, of course, your child decides to go a different route and registers for online courses which are now even available to high school students.
Automation as a field of study is understood, but as a replacement for a human teacher, no matter how highly technologically advanced, is not something that can be educationally sound on any level and certainly not in K-12 grades. A flipped classroom has been tried in which a video of a teacher is watched as an alternative technological method, but education leaders argue that teachers will always be needed. Their presence is required to help comprehend issues and help understand the material and answer any questions about this material. The teacher can also become a tutor, facilitator, and spend more one-on-one time with students (2017).
The key to successful use of technology in education and not allowing total automation is the acknowledgment in the necessity of educators and the correct planning of the technological advancements and the role technology will play (USDOE, 2017). In 2017, The United States Department of Education published a National Update Reimagining the Role of Technology. The topics of inclusion are Learning – Engaging and Empowering Learning through Technology; Teaching- Teaching with Technology: Leadership- Creating a Culture and Condition; Assessment- Measuring for Learning; Infrastructure – Enabling Access and Effective Use. It is obvious that the Department of Education thinks that technology and understanding all its possibilities is important to the educational needs of our students.
It is this publication that reaffirms that important aspects of technology in education will always be necessary. It is an important tool, affirming relationships between teachers and students, adapting learning experiences for all students, and reinventing approaches to learning and working together. Every educator should be using technology and familiarizing him or herself with all possible technological advances in the educational world before the educator is left behind. Likewise, policymakers in the education fields need to prepare for the inevitable changes, and create courses and curriculums that teach how to maintain the software and instruments of the new technology and automation.
As early as middle school more STEM programs need to be made available, secondary schools need to have more in-trade school students, and code literate students in their vocational training.
The answer to the whirlwind and upheaval of the new century of technological and automation breakthroughs for the world of education is to ‘gear up’ and make ready for generations of students who will be needing jobs, and the future is set for jobs in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
Middle schools, high schools, and colleges need to set their primary goals on creating courses fit for educating and meeting those needs. Only in this manner are we going to be able to bridge the unemployment gap and the low educational statistic gap. |
Connecticut River Flow Restoration Study Released
A new study provides assessment and management recommendations for the Connecticut River watershed, the largest watershed in New England, covering 7.2 million acres. Part of an ongoing NE CASC project, Evaluating the impacts of climate change in the Connecticut River Basin led by NE CASC's University Director, Richard Palmer, the new report evaluates the feasibility of operational changes at large dams throughout the Connecticut watershed to benefit ecological health and function while maintaining the important services.
-Taken from UMass Amherst press release written by Jan Lathrop
Scientists with the recently renamed Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center (NE CASC), The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers this week released a new study of dam operations and river flows in the four-state Connecticut River watershed that they hope will provide insights for dam operators and natural resource managers as they balance multiple uses and needs of the watershed’s rivers.
The multi-year Connecticut River Flow Restoration Study investigated dam operations and river flows for the 73 largest dams in the Connecticut River watershed in Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Connecticut, according to the Corps of Engineers. The corps’ New England District operates 14 flood risk management dams in the basin.
Richard Palmer, university director of the NE CASC, department head and professor of civil and environmental engineering, says, “This study gave our department the opportunity to use our depth of experience in water modeling to tackle the most complex modeling problems we’ve ever attempted. It also provided a wonderful learning platform for dozens of masters and doctoral students. We were proud to be a partner and we are hopeful that this study will be the foundation of potential re-management of the systems of reservoirs in the Connecticut basin in the future.”
The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of operational changes at large dams in the watershed to benefit ecological health and function while maintaining important services provided by dams, such as flood risk management, hydropower, water supply and recreation. Various tools such as operation and optimization computer models were developed to assess current and potential future dam management scenarios.
The Connecticut River watershed has more than 3,000 dams that have had significant impact on ecosystems, including migratory fish, floodplain forests and rare and endangered aquatic species like dwarf wedgemussel and puritan tiger beetle, researchers say. Impacts include changes such as elimination of natural high flow events that are important for transporting nutrients and sediments to healthy floodplain forests, and increases in short-term flow fluctuations that can significantly alter habitat for fish and aquatic invertebrates.
The study examined ways in which the largest dams have contributed to alter the natural pattern of water flow in the Connecticut and its tributaries, and how the operation of these dams might be changed to restore the health and function of the ecosystem in the future.
To better understand the watershed’s pattern of water flow and identify ways to better manage its dams for human uses and ecological needs, researchers interviewed stakeholder groups and dam owners and operators about river uses and needs and developed several basin-wide hydrologic models to support resource management and decision making. These tools will be used to help decision makers and other stakeholders understand the positive and negative environmental, economic and social consequences of various management options. This will in turn help to determine how management of these dams can be modified for environmental benefits while maintaining beneficial human uses such as water supply, flood risk management and hydropower generation.
Katie Kennedy, applied river scientist with The Nature Conservancy’s Connecticut River Program, said, “The results of the study will provide water managers and natural resource experts with new tools to make difficult water allocation and management decisions pertaining to dam management. The Nature Conservancy will be using these tools to find science-based water management solutions that provide benefits for nature while continuing to provide the important services of existing infrastructure.” |
Confined Space Entry - Permit Required
- Identify characteristics and examples of a confined space
- Identify the potential hazards of a permit required confined space
- Recognize the difference between a permit required confined space and a non-permit required confined space, as well as the criteria for reclassifying a confined space
- Identify your employer’s responsibility to establish and implement safety procedures and protocols for working in and around permit required confined spaces
- Recognize the criteria on an entry permit
- Identify the hazard controls that must be implemented prior to entering a permit required confined space
- Recognize the responsibilities of personnel who work in or attend permit-confined spaces
- Identify rescue resources and how to plan for emergencies
Many workplaces contain spaces that are considered “confined” because of their configurations. A confined space is large enough and configured in such a way that you can enter and perform assigned work. A confined space has a limited or restricted means of entrance or exit, and a configuration that can make first aid, rescue, evacuation, or other emergency response activities difficult. They are not designed or intended for continuous occupancy.
Examples include storage tanks or bins, mixing tanks, railroad tank cars, silos, vaults, and pits. Think of any large tank used for holding liquid. Confined spaces create the ideal conditions for the onset of claustrophobia. Confined spaces can be large or small and above or below ground.
There are two types of confined spaces, non-permit required and permit required.
Permit required confined spaces are identified by one or more of the following:
- A hazardous atmosphere
- A hazardous internal configuration
- An entrapment hazard
- Other physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological hazards.
Your employer must conduct hazard assessments to determine present or potential hazards in a confined workspace. If the hazards cannot be eliminated but can be controlled, then the confined space is classified as a permit-required confined space. This means that entry into the space requires a special permit and training, and that workers must follow certain policies and procedures.
If all physical and atmospheric hazards in a confined space can be eliminated and not just controlled, the confined space is classified as a non-permit confined space. Entry into a non-permit confined space does not require a permit and can occur as many times as necessary. However, due to the limited space, workers should still follow safety precautions.
A permit-required confined space can be reclassified as a non-permit confined space only for as long as the hazards remain eliminated. If a hazard cannot be eliminated, the only remaining option for entry is the enactment of a Permit-Required Confined Space Program in order to control the hazard.
Your company’s Permit-required Confined Space Entry Program is its overall policy and plan for protecting you and other employees and contractors against confined space hazards, and for regulating entry into its permit-required spaces. Before you may enter a permit space, your supervisor and/or the attendant must take any measures necessary to isolate the permit space and eliminate or control hazards. These measures include lockout or tagging of equipment to ensure that it does not present a hazard.
Measures also include testing and monitoring the air for contaminants and adequate oxygen, as well as purging, ventilating, and flushing unsafe atmospheres or chemicals from the space. If a permit space requires forced air ventilation, the ventilator must eliminate or reduce hazardous atmospheric conditions to within acceptable limits, employing PPE as necessary to accomplish this, and maintain a safe atmosphere until the work is completed and personnel have left the space. Before you may enter a permit space, your supervisor and/or the attendant must test the internal atmosphere of the space with calibrated, direct-reading instruments.
Before anyone may enter the space, an authorized supervisor must also review and sign an entry permit that specifies the purpose and duration, the names of the entry team members, hazards and controls specific to the confined space, PPE and equipment, the supervisor’s signature and rescue resources.
Entry into a permit-required confined space requires that each member of the entry team is properly trained and authorized to safely enter and perform the work. The entry team is composed of the entrant, the attendant, and the entry supervisor.
OSHA requires that your employer provide any necessary equipment at no cost to you to ensure your safe entry and exit of the permit space. Equipment includes ventilation, testing and monitoring instruments to maintain an acceptable atmosphere quality. Equipment may also include communication devices to monitor your status and provide evacuation alerts, any personal protective equipment necessary for adequate protection, and appropriate lighting to enter, work, and exit safely. Your employer must also provide barriers or shields to protect you from external hazards, such as electrical hazards or sources of extreme heat and cold, and ladders or other equipment for safe entrance and exit.
Your employer must have a rescue plan and trained rescue personnel in place before any employees may enter a permit-required confined space.
- 28 minutes
- Format: Online Interactive
- English , Spanish
- What Is a Confined Space?
- Classification of a Confined Space
- Permit-Required Confined Space Program
- Entry Team Responsibilities
- Emergency Rescue
- 29 CFR 1910.146 Subpart J - General Environmental Controls - 1910.146, Permit required confined spaces
- 29 CFR 1926.1200 Subpart AA - Confined Spaces in Construction - 1926.1200, Reserved |
Crucial step in formation of deadly brain diseases discovered
For the first time, researchers have pinpointed what causes normal proteins to convert to a diseased form, causing conditions like CJD and Kuru.
The research team, from Imperial College London and the University of Zurich, also tested a way to block the process, which could lead to new drugs for combatting these diseases.
The research concerned prion diseases—a group of brain diseases caused by proteins called prions that malfunction and 'misfold', turning into a form that can accumulate and kill brain cells. These diseases can take decades to manifest, but are then are aggressive and fatal.
While the normal, healthy version of prions and the pathogenic (disease-causing) version have been characterised, the intermediate step, when one transforms to the other, was previously unknown.
Now, in a paper published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research team have isolated this intermediate step, determining the mechanism that turns normal prions into their pathogenic form. The research was supported by Alzheimer's Research UK.
Lead researcher Professor Alfonso De Simone, from the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial, said: "Prion diseases are aggressive and devastating, and currently there is no cure.
"Discovering the mechanism by which prions become pathogenic is a crucial step in one day tackling these diseases, as it allows us to search for new drugs. Now we know what we're targeting, we know what features drugs need to have to stop prions becoming pathogenic."
To investigate the misfolding of prions, the team worked with a mutant form of the prion protein that is found in people with inherited prion diseases. The mutant form is more aggressive, causing prions to transition faster to their pathogenic form. This allows the researchers to watch what happens more easily.
However, prions are difficult to isolate and purify from other proteins in sufficient quantities to study in detail. Lead author of the paper Dr. Máximo Sanz-Hernández began investigating the problem as an undergraduate at Imperial, continuing until successful in his PostDoc with Professor De Simone.
The team then used a technique called nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with computational analysis to determine the structure of the intermediate step, identifying the molecular mechanism at work when the prion misfolds.
With this information, they also worked with the team at the University of Zurich who were able to produce antibodies that could target the mechanism. In a proof-of-concept study in the test tube, they were successfully able to block prions transitioning from the normal to the pathogenic form.
While in their current form, these antibodies would be too large to pass into the brain, the study shows it is possible to disrupt the mechanism, allowing researchers to move forward with designing new drugs.
Dr. Sanz-Hernández said: "The intermediate stage of prion pathogenesis is so transient it's like a ghost—almost impossible to image. But now we have a picture of what we're dealing with, we can design more specific interventions that can one day potentially control these devastating diseases."
Dr. Rosa Sancho, Head of Research at Alzheimer's Research UK, said: "This is early-stage research examining the short protein fragments, which can be highly unstable, short lived, and notoriously difficult to study.
"As the UK's leading dementia research charity, we are pleased to fund this sophisticated work using biophysical and computational approaches to better understand the role fragments like this play in the development of disease. To identify new ways to reduce or combat these protein fragments in human disease we need to see sustained investment in dementia research."
The researchers hope the information will allow drug researchers and pharmaceutical companies to scan their libraries of drug compounds for formulations that might be able to block the mechanism.
Any drug compounds would need extensive lab testing first to make sure they would be effective, small enough to pass into the brain, and safe, but the team hope that now the target is known, the search can be accelerated.
More information: Máximo Sanz-Hernández el al., "Mechanism of misfolding of the human prion protein revealed by a pathological mutation," PNAS (2021). www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2019631118 |
Hanging in there: Koalas have low genetic diversity
A species relies on genetic diversity to survive and low diversity usually indicates that there has been inbreeding due to a decrease in population size. By looking at historic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from museum samples, new research published in BioMed Central's open access journal BMC Genetics has found that koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) have had low genetic diversity for over 120 years.
The genetic diversity of koalas is known to be low in modern populations but historical reports suggest that koala populations have had a chequered past. When Europeans first noticed koalas in the late18th century they noted that numbers of this newly described species (originally called Lipurus cinereus) were very low due to Aboriginal hunting and they believed that the species would soon become extinct. Instead hunting declined allowing the koala to become a common animal by the mid 1800s.
At this point in time koala fur became fashionable and the international fur trade decimated the population once more. The koala population was also hit by loss of their habitat to European settlement, and by devastating epidemic diseases such as Chlamydia.
Researchers from Germany, Denmark and the USA compared the mitochondrial DNA of modern koalas and 14 museum specimens from across the world (where the date of the specimen was known) to see how these changes in population sizes had affected koala genetic diversity. Despite the 14 historic koalas being from different places and time points, they each had only one of four different haplotypes (variations in the mtDNA hypervariable region) and all of these can be found in modern koalas.
Prof Alex Greenwood, from the Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, who led this study, commented, "We thought that, like other species such as the grey wolf where the population has recently declined, there should be greater diversity in museum samples than modern specimens. We found this not to be true. The event which reduced the genetic diversity of koalas must have happened a long time ago, perhaps during the late Pleistocene when the larger species of koala, P. stirtoni, became extinct."
Low genetic diversity may mean that the species is less able to survive changes to its environment such as global warming, or competing for habitat with humans. The low diversity may also be responsible for the widespread inability of the koala to resist diseases such as Chlamydia and the newly discovered koala retrovirus (KoRV).
Journal information: BMC Genetics
Provided by BioMed Central |
Key Difference – Capitalism vs Democracy
Capitalism and Democracy are two systems in the modern world, between which a clear difference can be identified. The significance and attention given to these two concepts are relatively gigantic due to its necessity for the modern day society. However, one can easily confuse the difference between Capitalism and Democracy. Hence, it would be best to define the two words at the beginning itself. Capitalism refers to a system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners. The emergence and massive growth of capitalism are evident when tracing the history of the world. On the other hand, democracy refers to a form of government in which the people have a say in who should hold power. The key difference between capitalism and democracy is that while capitalism pertains to the economy of the state, democracy pertains to politics.
What is Capitalism?
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, capitalism can simply be defined as a system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners. In the traditional societies, capitalist features were not much apparent. It was after the industrialization that the capitalist enterprise flourished. Within this capitalist economy, the production was owned by a small minority. The majority of the workers in the society had neither control over the production of goods nor ownership.
In this process, the monetary value gained significance as workers were hired for labor. These individuals had to work in insufferable conditions for long hours at the end of which they were paid a little amount. This reduced the condition of the human being to a mere machine. Workers suffered due to the excessive workload, lack of benefits such as health and rest. In some situations, people were out of work due to an economic recession.
Although the perilous conditions of Capitalism have certainly improved over the years, sociologists highlight that the worker has become alienated from his work and the society. When observing the contemporary setting, the growth of capitalism has been so widespread that it has become one of the founding pillars of the society.
What is Democracy?
Moving on to the concept of democracy, it can be defined as a form of government in which the people have a say in who should hold power. Seymour Lipset further explains that democracy as a political system supplies regular constitutional opportunities for changing the governing officials, and a social mechanism that permits the largest possible part of the population to influence major decisions by choosing among contenders for political office.
The idea of democracy enters the political arena with the concept of the modern state. Earlier, in more traditional settings, the ruling of the people was through monarchy. The monarchy was believed to possess absolute power and was not elected as today. However, it is necessary to highlight that although democracy is widely established it cannot be observed everywhere. Also in some situations there are loopholes in the political system where democracy fails. This highlights that there exists a clear difference between Capitalism and Democracy. This difference can be summarized as follows.
What is the Difference Between Capitalism and Democracy?
Definitions of Capitalism and Democracy:
Capitalism: It is a system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners.
Democracy: It is a form of government in which the people have a say in who should hold power.
Characteristics of Capitalism and Democracy:
Capitalism: Capitalism is related to the economy.
Democracy: Democracy is related to politics.
Capitalism: The workers are mostly powerless due to the very structuring of capitalism.
Democracy: The individual has a lot of power in the political agendas of the country.
Capitalism: Although the working conditions have certainly improved over the years, the individual ability to bring about change is rather minimal.
Democracy: The individual can bring about changes as large populations influence state-level decisions.Image Courtesy: “McKinley Prosperity” by Northwestern Litho. Co, Milwaukee [Public Domain] via Commons “Election MG 3455” by Rama – Own work. [CC BY-SA 2.0] fr via Commons |
The United States Gundelo Philadelphia is the only surviving gunboat built and manned by American forces during the Revolutionary War. Further, the vessel is one of the 15 small craft with which Benedict Arnold fought 29 British vessels in the battle of Valcour Island, Lake Champlain, on October 11, 1776. The year of grace won by the building of Arnold's "fleet" and the battle off Valcour Island paved the way for the decisive American victory at Saratoga in the fall of the following year.
Little more than a rowboat compared with modern vessels, the Philadelphia was one of the hastily-built fleet constructed in early summer of 1776 at the present Whitehall, New York. On September 23, 1776, the fleet took position in the small bay west of Valcour Island, about seven miles south of what is now Plattsburg, New York. The sound between the Island and the mainland was about three quarters of a mile wide, divided by a high bluff projecting from the west side of the Island. Arnold's fleet formed its line south of the bluff and in this position fought the heavier British fleet to a standstill on October 11. The American force was badly damaged in the action, and only with considerable luck was Arnold able to elude the enemy and escape southward during the night.
In 1935, the Philadelphia, remarkably well preserved by the cold water, was identified and salvaged from the sandy lake bottom near the mid-channel of Valcour Bay. In addition to her guns, hundreds of other relics were found on the vessel, including utensils, tools, buttons, buckles, and human bones.
Since 1964, the Philadelphia has been a part of the collection of the National Museum of American History.
DC Inventory: March 3, 1979
National Register: October 15, 1966
National Historic Landmark: January 20, 1961 |
Fluoride is a natural element found in the earth’s crust. This element is usually found in both water and the air, and most people receive fluoride through water, though there are other ways of obtaining fluoride, including tea and seafood. Most people associate fluoride with different kinds of toothpaste. This makes sense, as fluoride is one of the most common preventative measures against tooth decay. Many public water sources have been treated with fluoride, while others achieve this by adding fluoride to milk or table salt, depending on the area.
Dental offices can also perform fluoride treatments to help strengthen teeth and prevent cavities. While adding fluoride to public water supplies has been considered a public health victory for decades, some have raised concerns about fluoride and its uses. So let’s examine the pros and cons of fluoride and how it can help maintain your dental health.
Pros of Fluoride
One of the key pros of fluoride is that it can help strengthen tooth enamel. In addition, topical fluoride applications can help support existing dental structures, while the fluoride you consume is worked into the foundation of your teeth throughout your life. By ensuring your body has access to fluoride, you can help prevent cavities and tooth decay and ensure you have a healthy smile throughout your life.
Another benefit of fluoride is that it is an all-natural treatment option. Fluoride is found in water supplies naturally and is one of the main elements that make up the earth’s crust. Dental teams can also apply topical fluoride treatments for those more prone to cavities, and fluoride supplements are available for those who are not getting enough fluoride daily.
Cons of Fluoride
One of the most prevalent concerns about fluoride is concerns about toxicity. However, one thing to note with fluoride is that significant exposure to fluoride early in life can cause fluorosis. As concerning as this condition sounds, it has no health repercussions and only causes minor discoloration of teeth, including brown marks or streaking. The amounts of fluoride in drinking water in the United States have been adjusted to prevent fluorosis. It is worth noting that while fluorosis can affect the appearance of your teeth, it has been found to make you even more resistant to cavities. Remember that fluorosis can only impact people when their teeth grow in and are not a concern for fully grown adult teeth.
There are some extreme cases of acute fluoride toxicity, but these are rare and far between. Still, it is important to note that children can be more at risk for complications if they consume large amounts of fluoridated toothpaste or mouthwash, and fluoride toxicity from drinking water alone or even supplements are incredibly low.
When to Talk to Your Dentist about Fluoride
If you are concerned about fluoride, talk to your dentist. They can check to ensure you are getting enough fluoride in your daily life and ensure there are no issues. Remember that fluoride is hard to consume too much of, especially as an adult. Still, it is essential to speak to your dentist before starting fluoride supplements and discuss potential fluoride-free dental care alternatives if you live in an area with a high rate of fluorosis.
If you have any questions or concerns about fluoride treatments, call our office at (305) 271-3333. Here at Artistic Smiles, we’re here to help you understand the ins and outs of dental treatment and help you choose the best dental care possible for you and your family. So if you want to make an appointment or have general questions, give us a call. |
Shinto Revisited: Japan’s Hidden Treasure
In the mid-nineteenth century, when Japan opened its doors to the rest of the world, a great many foreign concepts flooded into the country. Translators searched hard for their equivalents in the Japanese language. When they couldn’t find any, they created new words. In most cases, they were successful but not all the time. Some word choices were so misleading that they continue to plague us to this day. They remain the cause of misunderstanding between Japan and the rest of the world. The word “God” is a case in point. The word “God” is usually translated as “kami,” and vice versa, but what “kami” represents in Japanese is quite different from what “God” represents in English.
Let us listen to Elizabeth Vining, who served as then Crown Prince’s English tutor in the immediate post-war years. She writes as follows in her famous book “Windows for the Crown Prince” in connection with the so-called divinity of the emperor. “People had told me that even in the days of Emperor worship the Japanese did not mean the same thing by it that we do. They have, for instance, no word for God that means what we mean by God, who is to us the creator and the source of love and truth. Their word is kami, which means simply superior or upper.”
Westerners thought that the Japanese people had to be disabused of a false belief, but their belief was not what Westerners imagined it to be. Mrs. Vining points out, “I think that this Rescript (of January 1, 1946, which is commonly referred to as the ‘Humanity Declaration’ or ‘人間宣言’ by which the emperor dissociated himself from his supposed divinity) was issued more to reassure westerners than to inform the Japanese.” What has changed the Japanese attitude more than the Rescript, Mrs. Vining says, is “the way the emperor came out among the people, … visiting schools, factories, museums, hospitals, coal mines, and a multitude of other institutions.”
In fact, in ancient Japan, people respected not only the emperor but also one another as more than physical, spiritual beings. In “Kojiki” (古事記or the Records of Ancient Matters, which comprises stories of national foundation), even the disobedient in the countryside are referred to as “violent deities (荒ぶる神々).” In fact, every man was regarded as a son of the sun (“hiko” orひこ), while every woman as a daughter of the sun (“hime” orひめ). Everyone was believed to possess sacred nature in themselves. (Hereafter, the word “deities” will be used instead of “gods” to avoid misunderstanding.) When a prime minister’s remarks were translated some years ago: “Japan is a God’s country,” what he really meant was perhaps “Japan is a Shinto country, where people respected one another as integral beings both physical and spiritual.”
In a famous animation film “Spirited Away (千と千尋の神隠し)” by Miyazaki Hayao, all manner of kami or deities appear. The film gives us visual images of some Shinto deities although they are normally believed to be invisible. One of them is a deity associated with a lake. Humans with no concern for the environment have dumped all sorts of waste into the lake, so the deity is badly polluted. However, thanks to the selfless help of the heroine, he is cleansed of all the sludge he has had to carry over years, and happily flies away. (In Shinto, water-related deities are often represented as dragons/snakes.)
Shinto is remarkable for its tolerance and flexibility. It is to be noted that there has never been a religious war worthy of the name in Japan. Buddhism has been syncretized for such a long time (well over a thousand years) that everyone today feels so natural to follow both Shinto and Buddhist rituals. Moreover, people exchange gifts at Christmas and have western-style wedding ceremonies. Such syncretism is sometimes despised as an unprincipled practice, but on the contrary should be highly valued in today’s world where religious intolerance is causing such havoc.
Traditionally polytheism is seen as a primitive form of faith. True, Shinto does have numerous deities. The oft-cited number is eight million. Even though ‘eight’ in the old days often meant “a great many” rather than the exact number, but certainly are there a huge number of deities. Considering the size of Japan’s population of 4.5 million during the Nara period, when ‘The Records of Ancient Matters (古事記)’ was compiled, one can say that there were almost twice as many deities as people.
Double the number of deities as people may sound like a ludicrous proposition. By no means. In ancient Japan, not only did people respect one another as spiritual beings, but also revered nature, which supported their very lives. They revered elements in nature including inanimate objects like rocks, mountains and rivers as well as living beings. Hence so many deities, who were believed to reside in them. Nature was never an object of conquest but a benevolent benefactor.
Shinto has a lot to offer to today’s world. Religious tolerance and reverence for nature are only a few of them. Characters that appear in the stories of early days of the nation are lively, straightforward and open-hearted. They are in stark contrast with overstressed workaholics today. The Japanese people themselves should become aware of their hidden treasure of Shinto, so that they can share their ancestors’ wisdom with the rest of the world. I would like to study Shinto’s wisdom further to invigorate ourselves and people the world over for a better tomorrow.
MATSUNAGA Daisuke is former ambassador of Japan to Ethiopia. He also served in various posts across the world. |
Domain names are easy to remember web addresses. You use domain names to identify, connect and interect with web content.
Domain names route humans on the internet to websites (content from web servers). For example, my current location translates the domain name google.com into the ip address 184.108.40.206. This ip address is like a street address for a house, but for web servers. Also called second-level domains.
Top level domains (TLD) are found at the end of a domain name after the last period. For example, the TLD for google.com is “.com”. There are many different TLD, such as: .net, .gov, .org,… ICANN regulates and manages authority over different TLD. You can purchase an available domain for a small fee from different domain hosts.
Sub domains are optional and used to create seperate sites out of the same root domain. While the “wikipedia” in “en.wikipedia.org” is technically a subdomain of the TLD “.org”, more commonly the “en” is referred to as the sub domain, and the “wikipedia.org” as the root domain.
|Top level domain TLD
Domain names are to IP addresses as business names are to physical addresses.
A physical address provides some basic information, but knowing the name of the business that resides at that address would give you a better idea of whether or not you want to visit. In a similar fashion, a domain name turns the seemingly random set of numbers that make up an IP address into an identity that adds some context to the content.
Read up on Website Technologies and Client Success.
Choosing a domain name is an important step in creating your website’s digital identity. Follow our tips to make sure you choose the right one.
· 6 min read
BTM Applications is excited to announce future projects will be using Tailwind CSS.
Do you have an idea to help your community or even the entire world get through the COVID-19 Pandemic? |
Understanding your child’s disability
Accepting that your child has a disability is perhaps one of the most difficult things you’ll do as a parent. The range of emotions, including confusion, fear, and grief, can be overwhelming.
However, coming to terms with the reality of your child's condition is beneficial for many reasons. Most importantly, gaining a better understanding of your child's disability will allow you to best advocate for their needs.
- Educate yourself. Search reliable resources, such as medical journals, health organizations’ websites, and books written by experts about your child’s condition.
- Engage with your child. Spend time doing activities that your child loves so you can learn about their strengths and challenges.
- Gather information. Seek condition-specific information on your child’s disability, available services, and support resources.
- Network with other parents. Talk with other parents of children with special needs to share experiences, helpful resources, and parenting strategies.
- Stay updated. Treatments for health conditions are advancing quickly. Even if you feel hopeless, do not give up. Stay informed on the latest medical developments related to your child’s condition.
- Take advantage of support groups. Find a support group (either online or in-person) for parents of children with special needs.
Special challenges for LGBTQ parents
Health care imbalances affecting the LGBTQ community are well documented. These include discrimination and even refusal to provide health care. These factors can be especially traumatic for families already facing the stressors of raising a child with a disability.
Finding a health care provider
It’s important you’re comfortable with your child’s health care provider. This is true for all parents, but for LGBTQ parents, the process of selecting a doctor can be more complicated.
Sadly, not all health care professionals are willing to provide equitable care to LGBTQ families.
In a national survey by the Center for American Progress (CAP), 7% of respondents reported health care providers refusing to acknowledge their family, including a child or same-sex spouse or partner.
Fortunately, you can find an inclusive health care provider by:
- Doing your research. Look for health care providers who explicitly state that they are LGBTQ-friendly. Advocacy websites, social media, and patient reviews can offer valuable insights.
- Knowing your rights. Familiarize yourself with laws protecting against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. If you encounter any form of discrimination, consider reporting it to your local health department.
- Seeking recommendations. Connect with local LGBTQ organizations, online forums, or other LGBTQ families for provider suggestions.
- Trusting your instincts. Comfort and trust are essential in any doctor-patient relationship. Look elsewhere if you don't feel a provider has your family's best interest at heart.
If you experience discrimination in a health care setting, it is imperative that you take action. Some families may feel uncomfortable taking a stand or confronting someone in a medical setting.
However, without active resistance to discrimination, the LGBTQ community will continue to suffer from injustices in health care.
“Discrimination — and even the potential for discrimination — can deter LGBTQ people from seeking care in the first place.”
—Center for American Progress (CAP)
Thankfully, there are organizations committed to change. For example, Lambda Legal, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the National Center for Lesbian Rights all assist with LGBTQ legal issues.
- Document the incident. Keep detailed records of what happened, including dates, times, and locations. Make sure to make a note of which health care professionals were involved and what their actions and/or comments were.
- Report the incident. You can file a complaint with the Office for Civil Rights or your local health department.
- Contact advocacy groups. Groups such as the Human Rights Campaign or your local LGBTQ rights organization can help.
- Seek emotional support. Facing discrimination in a health care setting is traumatic. Seek help from groups that advocate for LGBTQ families, like Family Equality or local LGBTQ parenting groups.
- Find a new provider. While it may be tempting to stay with a health care provider that specializes in your child’s condition, the price your family pays may be too high: your provider should be respectful and use your preferred names and pronouns.
Remember, everyone deserves compassionate, respectful, and informed health care, regardless of their sexual orientation. Raising a child with special needs can be stressful enough. Don't settle for less than what your family deserves.
Adoption and fostering: Unknown family history
LGBTQ families who have adopted or are fostering often face frustrating challenges when trying to find the best care for their child.
In many cases, there may be unknowns regarding your child’s genetic background and early childhood information.
It can be especially difficult if your child experienced trauma before they came into your life.
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic experiences endured by children 0-18 years old that can negatively impact future health outcomes.”
If you are missing information about your adoptive child’s background, do not despair.
Here are some strategies to manage missing health information:
- Consider genetic testing. If your child’s pediatrician recommends it, genetic testing can provide insights and help answer questions about their health.
- Document your child’s early life. Piece together any information you can access in a chronological and detailed manner. While it may take time and patience, this can help doctors better understand your child's history and condition.
- Enlist the help of medical professionals. Pediatricians and specialists may be able to suggest specific evaluations and screenings to monitor your child’s development.
- Follow routine care recommendations. Make sure your child gets regular check-ups, therapy sessions, and any other support they need to address issues as soon as possible.
- Get information from the adoption agency. Confirm you’ve received all available information from the agency. They may have access to more details and specific resources that could help.
While it’s ideal to have a complete picture of your child’s past, especially when they have special needs, it is not always possible. Providing your child with a loving and stable environment can help bridge any gaps and ensure they feel supported.
Medical and therapeutic services for your child
As an LGBTQ family raising a child with special needs, you may wish to seek additional medical and emotional support. Consider including the following resources as part of your care team.
You may wish to find an LGBTQ-friendly doctor for your child. They will be your first point of contact, so it is crucial that you trust them. While they may not have extensive experience in your child’s specific condition, they can help you put together the care team you need.
Depending on your child's needs, you may require the services of medical specialists such as neurologists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, or physiotherapists. While you will want providers who respect and understand your family's dynamics, here is where you will want professionals who are experts in your child’s disability.
Mental health support
A child psychologist or therapist who specializes in disabilities can provide vital support to your child and family. Again, finding an LGBTQ-friendly provider can help tremendously, but you may wish to prioritize someone your child is most comfortable with, provided your entire family is treated with respect.
Special education services
Education plays a key role in your child’s development, so it is important to ensure they have access to necessary educational support. Both public and private schools offer specialized programs and resources for children with special needs.
Whether you seek a support group for LGBTQ families or one for your child’s specific condition is a highly personal decision only you can make. While it may take some research and trial and error, support groups can be an invaluable way to get additional emotional support for your child.
Inclusive recreation programs
Adaptive and inclusive recreation programs promote socialization, skill development, and independence in children with disabilities. These programs may include aquatics, fitness, and art for children of all abilities. You can search online for a program in your area.
It’s essential to establish a network of inclusive, compassionate health professionals for your child. Building a comprehensive care team may seem daunting, but with the proper support, your family can navigate challenges together throughout your child’s life.
Financial assistance for parenting a child with disabilities
Financial planning is a key part of raising a child with special needs. This is because caring for a child with a disability can be over 10 times more expensive than caring for a child without one.
- ABLE accounts: These are tax-advantaged savings accounts for individuals with disabilities.
- Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP): Provides comprehensive health care, including routine check-ups, immunizations, and medical treatments.
- Medicaid: Health insurance for limited-income families, designed to help with medical expenses, housing, and assistive devices.
- Social Security Disability Income (SSDI): Offers monthly compensation for children with disabilities whose parents have contributed to Social Security.
- Special needs grants: Various organizations offer grants for families with children with disabilities. Unlike loans, grants usually do not need to be paid back. Examples include the United Healthcare Children's Foundation, and Autism Speaks.
- Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Provides monthly support to low-income families of children with disabilities.
- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Offers financial aid and other support services to low-income families.
The financial resources you can access depend on your family's financial situation. You may wish to contact a financial planner or attorney to help determine your eligibility for these and other programs.
Emotional and mental health resources for LGBTQ parents
Living with many challenges of raising a child with special needs can take an emotional toll on all families. Do not despair. Help is available for managing all aspects of emotional well-being.
- Crisis hotlines: In difficult moments, crisis hotlines like the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline or Crisis Text Line provide immediate, anonymous assistance.
- Family and friends: Don't underestimate the power of your personal support network. Communicate your feelings and needs to those you trust most.
- Mindfulness and self-care practices: Prioritize self-care. Mindfulness, meditation, exercise, or simply taking time for hobbies can significantly improve your mental health.
- Psychotherapy: Seek a therapist skilled in providing support to LGBTQ parents. They can provide valuable tools to manage stress, process emotions, and strengthen family bonds.
- Support groups: Join local or online groups that understand your unique experiences.
Remember, caring for your emotional and mental health is not a luxury; it's a necessity. You're not alone, and help is always available. |
The increased cost caused by EMC on PCB board is usually caused by increasing the number of layers to enhance shielding effect and increasing ferrite bead and choke to inhibit high frequency harmonic devices. In addition, it is usually necessary to match the shielding structure on other organizations to make the entire system pass EMC requirements. The following are just a few tips for PCB board design to reduce the electromagnetic radiation effects generated by circuits.
When possible, use devices with slow signal slope (slew rate) to reduce slew components.
Ensure that the high-frequency components are not placed too close to external connectors.
Pay attention to the impedance matching, routing layer and return current path of high speed signal to reduce the reflection and radiation of high frequency.
Sufficient and appropriate de-coupling capacitors are placed in the power pins of each device to mitigate noise at the power layer and on the ground. Pay special attention to whether the frequency response and temperature characteristics of the capacitor meet the design requirements.
The ground near the external connector can be properly separated from the ground and connected to the chassis ground.
The ground guard/shunt traces can be properly applied to some particularly high speed signals. However, pay attention to the influence of guard/shunt traces on the characteristic impedance of the line.
The power layer is 20H smaller than the inside of the formation. H is the distance between the power layer and the formation.
1. When there are multiple number/mode function blocks in a PCB board, the conventional practice is to separate the number/mode. Why?
The reason for separating digital/mode ground is that digital circuit will produce noise in the power supply and ground when switching between high and low potential, and the noise size is related to the signal speed and current size. If the ground plane is not divided and the noise generated by the circuit in the digital region is large and the circuit in the analog region is very close, the analog signal will still be disturbed by the ground noise even if the digital-analog signal does not cross. That is to say, the digital-to-analog undivided way can only be used when the analog circuit area is far away from the digital circuit area that generates large noise.
2, another method is to ensure that the number/mode layout is separate, and the number/mode signal lines do not cross each other, the whole PCB board is not divided, the number/mode ground are connected to the ground plane. Why?
The requirement that digital/analog signals should not cross is that the return current path of digital signals with a higher speed will flow back to the source of digital signals along the ground near the lower part of the line as far as possible. If the digital/analog signals cross, the noise generated by the return current will appear in the analog circuit area.
3. How to consider impedance matching when designing schematic diagram of high-speed PCB design?
Impedance matching is one of the key factors in designing high speed PCB circuits. The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring mode. For example, the distance between the surface layer (microstrip) or the inner layer (stripline/double stripline), the distance from the reference layer (power layer or ground), the width of the wire, PCB material and so on will affect the characteristic impedance value of the wire. That is to say, the impedance value can be determined after wiring. General simulation software will not be able to take into account some impedance discontinuity wiring due to the error of the line model or the mathematical algorithm used. At this time, only some terminators(terminators), such as series resistors, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to mitigate the effect of impedance discontinuity. The real fundamental solution to the problem is to avoid impedance discontinuity when wiring as much as possible.
4. Where can I provide a more accurate IBIS model library?
The accuracy of IBIS model directly affects the result of simulation. Basically, IBIS can be regarded as the electrical characteristic data of the actual chip I/O buffer equivalent circuit, which can be converted by SPICE model (measurement can also be used, but there are more details). SPICE data is absolutely related to chip manufacturing, so different chip manufacturers provide the same device. The SPICE data is different, and the data in the converted IBIS model will also be different. In other words, if Manufacturer A's device is used, only they will be able to provide accurate model data of their device, because no one else will know better than they what process their device is made from. If the IBIS provided by the manufacturer is not accurate, the only solution is to constantly ask the manufacturer to improve. |
Editorial Note - European Journal of Zoological Research ( 2021) Volume 9, Issue 1
Received: 04-Jan-2021 Published: 18-Jan-2021
In the early decennary, Associate in Nursingimal breeding was thought to be a lot of an art than a science. Jay Lush modified that. Lush is understood because the father of contemporary scientific animal breeding and genetic science. He advocated breeding not supported subjective look of the animal, however on quantitative statistics and genetic data. Animal breeding is that the method of selective sexual activity of animals with fascinating genetic traits, to keep up or enhance these traits in future generations. For farm animal, this involves estimation of the genetic worth of people for traits as well as rate and yield of product like eggs, milk or meat. Animal breeding ensures a continual improvement of livestock, generation when generation. During this method, breeders give farm animal farmers with a next generation of animals. Eutherian mammal breeders have an important contribution to a healthy and property food offer chain.
The greatest approach for breeding animals is the artificial breeding technique using insemination and MOET techniques. These square technologies are scientifically measured. They help solve conventional difficulties of sexual activity and have a high success rate between older men and women. They breed dogs; however they do not look at their genetic features. They do not provide appropriate, clean and safe medical aid or shelter. The unethical stock farms and breeding facilities that a responsible breeder has to handle are not entirely comparative. Every stock farmer is responsible for overcoming the population issue, irrespective of its size. Breading dogs are typically scattered and harsh during a period when the animal population is most accompanied. Dog breeders regard real humans as genetically engineered commodities. Selective breeding borders include: the production of many or higher-quality foods in the new kinds is also economically essential. Animals, for example, cows but without horns, are typically classified that cannot do damage. Basically, two approaches to reproduce this square measure are measured: Sexual union: sire (male) and dam (female) square animals breeding, known as sexual union. sexual union: Out of reproduction: Unrelated animals are recognised as male and female breeding. This includes mating two unrelated individuals, also called crossbreeding. This typically turned out to be descendants from 2 completely distinct persons with intriguing traits. Crossbreeding 2 purebred creatures can produce offspring which display interesting traits. Domestication means that small groups (wolf) are separated from the majority of the population, and via breeding, pick their desired characteristics. Criticism may be an excellent example, yet people prefer intriguing or fashionable characteristics.
In the 20th century, animal breeders wanted to produce animal species that would satisfy market demand, be production-oriented and economically viable in unfavorable conditions. Essentially it doesn’t imply to kill, however at only once many breeders killed undesirable puppies in their litters. Every responsible breeder is responsible for abducting persons from every litter. Breeders offer dogs on a spay/neuter agreement with limited registration with just numerous minor defects as a pet quality.
It was proposed that a female dog would have a total of 3 to 4 litters and that an honest stored farmer would be able to exhibit the litters in the best breeding years of a female to keep her mom and puppies healthy. A father may be a classical example of dreadfully shut sexual connection for a girl dog. Almost all breeders should never plan to breed a female for their dog, or any parent for any child as a pretty quick and simple response. Most individuals have a dog, and if it is pure race, it is the commerce of the 2 relatives of sexual activity. |
How to Protect Your Privacy in the Digital Age
A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding the Impact of Data Collection on Our Lives and Tips to Stay Safe
In today’s digital world, data is the new gold. From social media platforms to e-commerce sites, companies are constantly collecting vast amounts of data about their users. While some may argue that this is necessary for improving user experience and delivering targeted advertising, others worry about the privacy implications of this data collection.
So, what do companies really do with our data, and how can we protect our privacy? This article aims to shed light on the impact of data collection on our lives and provide tips on how to stay safe online.
The Impact of Data Collection
Data collection can have far-reaching consequences for individuals, businesses, and society as a whole. Here are a few ways in which data collection can impact our lives:
- Targeted Advertising: Companies use data to create targeted ads based on users’ interests, search history, and behavior. While this can be helpful in some cases, it can also be intrusive and create a false sense of privacy.
- Data Breaches: As companies collect and store more data, the risk of data breaches increases. These breaches can expose personal information such as names, addresses, and credit card numbers.
- Data Mining: Companies can use data to mine insights about their users’ behavior, preferences, and habits. This information can be sold to third parties or used to develop new products and services.
- Surveillance: Governments and law enforcement agencies can use data to monitor individuals’ activities and movements. This can be a concern for those who value their privacy and civil liberties.
How to Protect Your Privacy
While it may seem like our data is always being collected, there are steps we can take to protect our privacy online. Here are some tips to keep in mind:
- Use Strong Passwords: Weak passwords can make it easier for hackers to gain access to your personal data. Use a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols, and avoid using the same password for multiple accounts.
- Enable Two-Factor Authentication: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security to your online accounts. This requires you to enter a code sent to your phone or email in addition to your password.
- Be Careful With Personal Information: Be cautious when sharing personal information such as your full name, address, or phone number online. Consider using a fake name or email address when signing up for services.
- Use a VPN: A Virtual Private Network (VPN) can help protect your online privacy by encrypting your internet connection and hiding your IP address.
Data collection is a double-edged sword. While it can lead to better products and services, it can also put our privacy and security at risk. By being more aware of the impact of data collection and taking steps to protect our privacy, we can ensure that we enjoy the benefits of the digital age without sacrificing our fundamental rights. Dominate |
Have you ever been bitten by a venomous serpent? Ever wondered if you would live to tell about it? You don’t have to be a snake handler to know that venom is not something to play around with. Unfortunately, not everyone knows just how to tackle this issue when the occasion arises. Today, let me introduce what might be a lifesaver and a snake’s worst nightmare – Lobelia. Slick and Sly
They slither upon the rocks with stealth and, when convenient, make deserted holes their hideout, that is, until they can surprise their next unsuspecting prey. Yep, snakes!
These reptiles don’t necessarily have the best reputation of being cute and cuddly. Quite the contrary! Certain snakes can get lethally ugly, with nearly half of the 3200 species being venomous. ( 1 ).
According to the World Health Organization: “Snakebite envenoming is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by toxins in the bite of a venomous snake. Envenoming can also be caused by having venom sprayed into the eyes by certain species of snakes that have the ability to spit venom as a defense measure.” ( 2 ) How could you possibly find the relief you need to meet such an emergency? Thankfully, we have an answer offered to us courtesy of nature. Anti-Ophidian – Don’t Bite The Dust
Lobelia, also referred to as pukeweed, accounts for over 300 different species around the world. The one most often utilized for its medicinal ability is Lobelia inflata . While all parts of this plant can be used for medicinal purposes, the seeds are the most potent. The United Plant Savers state that its “very limited wild harvest is permissible when no other alternative will do.” (Gladstar & Hirsch. Planting the Future . 2000)
So what makes this weed so special? The central nervous system activities of this unique herb is thanks to its Piperidine alkaloids, the primary alkaloids of the 52 discovered to date. You may be wondering, what does this have to do with snake bites ?
First, snake antivenom is currently the only standard practice for snake bites, but there are increasing challenges with this route. These include price, cold storage, and diagnostic tools. So an available alternative would be good. ( 4 )
Then we have venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2). This enzyme, largely present in the poison of snakes, is responsible for its toxic effects. Natural herbal PLA2-inhibitors, such as Lobelia, may demonstrate efficacy as novel alternatives to antivenom serum. ( 5 )
The research conducted “showed significant antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-venom properties… Taken together this study validates the strong pharmacological properties of Lobelia nicotianaefolia , which was traditionally used to treat pain and snake bite.” ( 6 )
Now, here’s the cool part. PLA2 has an affinity to attach to the nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor sites in our brains. ( 7 ) A key hallmark of envenomation is the loss of taste and smell that can persist from months to years. ( 8 ) The activation of these nACh receptors by nicotine is linked directly to the restored function of taste receptors and the olfactory pathway ( 9 ). Thankfully, Lobelia contains properties which can mimic nicotine’s activating ability.
“Animal studies suggest alkaloids of this type may cross the blood-brain barrier, similar to nicotine, and promote the release of neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine….. Lobelien binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor sites, promoting release of epinephrine and norepinephrine release, and acts as an antispasmodic bronchodilator.” ( 10 ) Then Is Lobelia A Smoker’s Best Friend?
The short answer? Yes! Lobelia has a history of use by the Native American peoples. For instance, the Cherokee burned it for use as a natural insecticide. Others used it for skin and respiratory diseases, as well as a psychedelic. (Hamel. Cherokee Plants and Their Uses . 1975)
The practice of smoking the herb to bring lung relief led to its common name, “Indian Tobacco” ( 12 ). In fact, renowned herbalists such as Jethro Kloss and John Christopher firmly believed that there was no other herb even half as effective or fast-acting to clear and clean the airways. Its dual-direction ability allows it to act as a respiratory stimulant in small amounts, while at larger amounts it contributes to a sedative and purgative effect. This makes lobelia highly indicated in cases of spasmodic asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, cough, or vomiting (to remove poisoning). ( 13 )
What’s more, the alkaloid lobeline has a chemical structure identical to nicotine. And lobelia exhibits a successful history of both reducing the urge to smoke while also clearing nicotine from the lungs. ( 14 )
This did not last, however, due to the 1993 decision by the FDA to ban the use of lobelia for such use, and Canada has made it strictly for prescription by licensed dealers only. ( 15 ) Currently, though legal, the United States (USDA) does not classify this herb as a food, and it is excluded from obtaining GRAS status. All this despite the fact that no deaths have been linked to its use. ( 16 ) The “Thinking Herb”
And lobelia offers further benefits. Dr. John Christopher labeled it the “thinking herb” due to its uncanny ability to identify those areas of the body that need help and then swiftly alleviate the issue. ( 17 )
More than this, it will enhance every other herbal constituent you combine with it, making those herbs more effective, especially for the nerves. Specifically, Lobelia proves an excellent neuroprotective agent, as it is a viable solution for Parkinson’s Disease and drug abuse. ( 18 , 19 )
Researchers isolated a constituent of lobelia called beta-amyrin palmitate; then they showed this compound to have mechanisms that improve depressive episodes. ( 20 , 21 ) Research further reveals that the working memory of in ADHD adults can also be enhanced. ( 22 ) Lobeline “significantly increased the brain GABA level” in mice with drug-induced seizures, and thus, scientists consider this as a possible remedy for epileptic seizures. ( 23 ). Use Caution
Please note that after a certain threshold of […] |
Ethylene glycol is an additive to pure water that serves to broaden the range at which that water will freeze and boil. It is used as an engine coolant in many automobiles. It is mixed with water in a 1:1 ratio and then poured into the car’s radiator.
Many car owners just assume that if they are driving their cars in a hot region, they don’t need to add coolant or ‘antifreeze’ to their car radiators; they can get by simply adding pure water instead of the water-coolant mixture. Their reasoning is that they don’t need to add antifreeze, since their cars will never be driven in conditions below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e., the freezing temperature of water).
This thinking, while seemingly logical, doesn’t actually help. It certainly doesn’t help the car’s engine, at least.
It’s always recommended to add coolant to the car’s radiator, regardless of what conditions you drive your car in. But why is that? Let’s try and understand this a bit better…
Recommended Video for you:
Radiators, in general, are actually heat exchangers. The term ‘heat exchanger’ is sort of self-explanatory, i.e., heat exchangers help to ‘exchange’ heat, or in more technical terms, transfer heat from one medium to another for the purpose of heating and cooling.
A car radiator does the same thing – it’s used for cooling internal combustion engines not only in motorcycles, cars and other automobiles, but also in railway locomotives, piston-engine aircraft etc.
It’s very important to ensure that the car engine becomes neither too cold nor too hot; if either of these things happen, it may seriously hamper the efficiency of the engine. That’s why it’s crucial to maintain an optimum temperature in and around the engine, so that it keeps exchanging heat energy with the surroundings and maintains a “healthy” temperature.
Internal combustion engines are usually cooled by passing a liquid around the engine block. This liquid is called the “engine coolant”. This is what we are going to discuss next.
Engine coolant, as the name suggests, is a liquid that helps to keep the engine cool. It is made to pass around the engine block, where it gets heated up. Subsequently, it passes through the radiator, where it loses heat to the surroundings. Cool once again, it returns to the engine block to “acquire” the engine’s heat and the cycle continues. This way, the coolant helps to keep the engine cool and help it perform efficiently.
Whether you know it as a coolant or antifreeze, this thing is basically an additive that serves to broaden the range at which that water will freeze and boil.
Different Engine Coolants
Before the Second World War, plain water was the only choice for an engine coolant. Antifreeze was added to the coolant too, but its purpose was to solely prevent freezing, and as such, antifreeze was added only when the engine was to be operated in cold weather conditions.
However, as tools and machines improved, they began to look for better alternatives (than water) that could act as an engine coolant. Now machines need coolants that, in addition to having low freezing points, have higher boiling points as well. This is how ethylene glycol came to be used as an additive to pure water, due to its higher boiling point (than water) and antifreeze properties.
In the past, people often used plain water in summers and added antifreeze to it only during the winter. While plain water itself can act as a good coolant to your car engine, it’s not as good as a real antifreeze, such as ethylene glycol, for several reasons.
Firstly, as mentioned earlier, water freezes at cold temperatures. Therefore, if you have added only water to your car radiator, then it might freeze in cold climate conditions, making your car engine stop. Furthermore, if you’re driving in a hot desert, then plain water will not do as good a job as ethylene glycol does to keep your car engine cool.
Furthermore, antifreeze also has good anti-corrosion properties (which water lacks). This proves to be a plus, as modern engines consist of a variety of metals and alloys that work best when they’re not corroded.
Therefore, it’s always recommended to add ethylene glycol (i.e., antifreeze) to water in a 1:1 ratio, and then pour this mixture into your car’s radiator. This solution helps the car engine perform more efficiently, and ensures that your car doesn’t stop working in the middle of a cold desert.
References (click to expand)
- Types of Antifreeze - Automotive Training Center. autotraining.edu
- Question of the Week: Why Does an Engine Cooling System Have a Thermostat, and How Does It Relate To the Coolant Flow Rate? - www.caltech.edu:443
- . (2008). Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants. . National Academies Press.
- Tonye. K. Jack, Mohammed M. Ojapah - Water-Cooled Petrol Engines: A Review Of Considerations In Cooling Systems Calculations With Variable Coolant Density And Specific Heat - CiteSeerX |
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS – KCET , COMED-K, JEE
How to use this notes effectively ?
These are the notes for the chapter Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations from class 11 Mathematics. This notes basically consist of all the formulae which are used to solve questions from this chapter in exams like KCET, COMEDK Etc
Also, students can use this notes for quick and last minute revision to give an extra edge to your preparations.
The only one suggestion to the students is that they do multiple revisions This Formulae list for the chapter TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS and Also solve questions from previous year papers and NCERT Fingertips Book published by MTG or Refer Boscoss Books For KCET Preparation if you want to prepare a little deeper.
Are this notes enough for the preparation ?
No, this notes are only meant for revision and quick recap . It is advised to practice ample amount of problems. Please do refer the books which are suggested above. And, not to forget mathematics is not only about formulae but a lot solving and practicing.
Which are the exams for which these notes can be helpful ?
Since it is mainly designed for KCET , it best for this exam . But, apart from this it can also be used to prepare COMED-K , JEE Mains and other state competitive exams
It can serve as Quick revision notes for all the competitive exams which include Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations in the syllabus.
Are all the formulae of the chapter covered in this TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS formulae list ?
We have tried our level best to include all the formulae. However , all the important note points are also covered specifically. Therefore , this can be a good resource for your quick revision.
Also , Some other posts from Class 11 PHYSICS |
While the books have a formal textbook feel, they offer a communicative component that focuses on all aspects of ESL learning. This is done through interactive features like classroom games, group discussions and activities. A DVD is included.
You can download 11th Communicative English guide pdf free download for all exercises by just clicking these links here. Class 11th Communicative English Solution Book is beneficial for the class student 11th as it not only helps you to score maximum marks in your examinations but also prepares you for undergraduate competition exams. You can also get all solutions online, and you can also download Class 11th Communicative English Chapter Wise Solutions in PDF with FREE of cost.
According to an influential and broad definition by I. A. Richards, communication happens when one mind acts upon its environment in order to transmit its own experience to another mind. Another important characterization is due to Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. On their view, communication involves the interaction of several components, such as a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder, and a receiver. Various contemporary scholars hold that communication is not just about the transmission of information but also about creating meaning. This way, communication shapes the participant's experience by conceptualizing the world and making sense of their environment and themselves. In regard to animal and plant communication, researchers focus less on meaning-making but often include additional requirements in their definition, for example, that the communicative behavior plays a beneficial role in natural selection or that some kind of response to the message is observed. The paradigmatic form of communication happens between two or several individuals. However, it can also take place on a larger level, for example, between organizations, social classes, or nations. Niklas Luhmann rejects the view that communication is, on its most fundamental level, an interaction between two distinct parties. Instead, he holds that "only communication can communicate" and tries to provide a conceptualization in terms of autopoietic systems without any reference to consciousness or life. 2b1af7f3a8 |
Healthy kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin (EPO). EPO tells your bone marrow to make red blood cells. If kidneys are damaged and cannot make enough EPO, your bone marrow will not produce enough red blood cells depriving the body of the oxygen it needs.
Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. In the USA, 37 million people have CKD, and 1 out of 7 have anemia. It’s less common in the early stages and more common in 3rd stage of CKD.
Generally, anemia is a low level of red blood cells or hemoglobin which is contained in red blood cells. |
This module demonstrates dynamic assessment using the non-word repetition task with a typically developing child and a low-average performing child.The difference in levels of performance is seen through the two participants’ responses.
Please find related materials here:
Find the playlist for the full set of videos in this module series here:
Find each of the modules from this playlist here:
Please find links to research mentioned in this module here:
Dollaghan, C., & Campbell, T. F. (1998). Nonword repetition and child language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 1136-1146. |
I love an information collector activity and use them regularly with KS5 in preparation for writing essays.
I haven’t used one in a while with KS3 so thought I’d make an activity for my year 8 classes this week. We are investigating the social, economic, environmental and political impacts of the 3 gorges dam.
Students will be given a set of resources and will use them to fill in their sheets. Nice little task that encourages student inquiry. Students will then use the information they collect in an extended writing task.
I’ve compiled a selection of facts, statements and images from a variety of sources for the students to use.
You can download a copy of the resource here.
Hope its of use. |
It is well established that peripheral tissues act as insulators and that the efficacy of this insulation is a strong function of vasomotor status.1For example, surface warming is more effective when humans are vasodilated because vasodilation allows facile flow of heat from the skin surface through peripheral tissues to the core.2Our article again illustrates the importance of thermal insulation provided by peripheral tissues in that the increase in peripheral tissue heat content was many-fold greater than the increase in core heat content during the first hour of warming.
Peripheral tissue temperature was lower than core temperature throughout the study, which precludes direct warming of the core. However, peripheral tissue temperature was consistently greater during circulating-water warming than during forced-air warming. Therefore, less heat left the core with circulating-water warming and core temperature increased approximately 30% faster. Consistent with faster rewarming, our figure 5 shows that the core-to-peripheral tissue temperature gradient was slightly less with circulating water. In both cases, core warming resulted from the combination of metabolic heat production and the insulating effects of warmed peripheral tissues. Such indirect core warming is a well-established phenomenon3and is probably the mechanism by which nearly all clinical warming systems augment core temperature.
We do not understand how Dr. English estimates the core-to-peripheral tissue temperature gradient from core temperature and the change in peripheral tissue temperature without knowing the initial peripheral tissue temperature. Our figure 5 is correct and shows that peripheral tissue temperatures were roughly 0.8°C less than core temperature throughout warming.
Dr. English’s assertion that “above the body, the change in heat content/warmed area was less with air than with water” is curious because it is impossible to attribute observed changes in peripheral tissue heat content to anterior versus posterior warming. Heat transfer rates should therefore be measured with thermal flux transducers rather than estimated from tissue heat content. Despite Dr. English’s assertion to the contrary, this is exactly what we report; anterior heat flux was identical with each tested warmer.4
Dr. English has reported results in terms of h , which is the heat flux divided by the warmer-to-skin temperature difference. As illustrated by his own example, this is a suboptimal measure because the tissue-temperature difference is a function of the heater and tissue characteristics and therefore varies markedly over time. Actual heat transfer rates, the clinically relevant measures of heater efficacy, differ less than might be expected based on h .
We are mystified by Dr. English’s assertion that “the change in heat content/warmed area for water was 1.25 times that of air, not 1.5 times, as the ratio of their h values suggests.” We did not report h or the results that would be necessary to calculate this value. Unlike forced-air warming, the circulating-water system we tested includes a servocontrol algorithm. Because the system was set to 37°C, heating intensity presumably decreased as core temperature approached 37°C. Initial rewarming rates are thus a better indicator of system capability than rewarming rates near normothermia.
We appreciate Dr. English’s assessment that our investigation4“was a sophisticated study of thermoregulatory physiology.” We note, however, that our volunteers were kept anesthetized throughout the protocol specifically to minimize thermoregulatory responses and allow us to isolate heat transfer characteristics that must be known to safely and effectively exploit the full potential of skin-warming systems. Specifically, we evaluated and reported cutaneous heat transfer, regional body heat content, and core rewarming rates—the clinically relevant system characteristics.
* University of Berne, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland; Outcomes Research™ Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. email@example.com |
Gardening enthusiasts, both novices and seasoned green thumbs, know that sunlight is the elixir of life for plants. It’s the fuel that powers photosynthesis, the miraculous process that transforms light into energy. But what about those who don’t have access to abundant natural light, especially when growing plants indoors or in shady areas? This is where cutting-edge technology comes to the rescue with grow lights.
The Brilliance of Grow Lights
These lights are specially designed artificial light sources that mimic the sun’s spectrum, providing plants with the energy they need for healthy growth. These ingenious devices offer gardeners the ability to cultivate a wide variety of plants, from lush indoor houseplants to bountiful vegetable gardens, in controlled environments.
The Science Behind Grow Lights
These lights work by emitting light within the photosynthetic spectrum, ensuring that plants receive the right type and amount of light for growth. Light is essential for photosynthesis, which is the process that enables plants to convert light energy into chemical energy, ultimately producing glucose and oxygen.
The Benefits of Using Grow Lights
1. Year-Round Gardening: With these lights, you can enjoy gardening all year, regardless of the season or the availability of natural sunlight.
2. Control Over Growing Conditions: You have complete control over light intensity, duration, and spectrum, allowing you to tailor the conditions to specific plant needs.
3. Faster Growth: These lights can accelerate plant growth, helping you enjoy the fruits of your gardening labor sooner.
4. Extended Growing Hours: For those with limited daylight hours, these lights can extend the growing time, maximizing your plant’s potential.
5. Better Control of Plant Health: By creating an ideal environment, you can significantly reduce the risk of pests and diseases that thrive in outdoor gardens.
Tips for Effective Use of Grow Lights
1. Determine Light Needs: Different plants have varying light requirements. Research the light needs of your plants to provide them with the right amount and type of light.
2. Positioning Matters: Proper placement of these lights is essential. Make sure they’re the right distance from your plants to avoid burning or stretching.
3. Monitor Light Duration: Ensure your plants receive an adequate light duration. Most plants need a dark period for rest, so don’t leave the lights on 24/7.
4. Regular Maintenance: Keep your lights clean and replace bulbs as needed to maintain their effectiveness.
As technology advances, so does our ability to cultivate plants in a wider range of environments. Grow lights offer gardeners the opportunity to bring the sunshine indoors and foster vibrant, healthy plant growth. Whether you’re growing herbs in your kitchen or nurturing exotic flowers in a dedicated indoor garden, these lights illuminate the path to successful gardening.
For a selection of high-quality these lights and gardening supplies, visit www.growwarehouse.co.nz. Illuminate your gardening journey with cutting-edge these lights and watch your plants thrive year-round. |
From the mythical golden robots of Hephaestus to director Ridley Scott’s Alien franchise movies, humans have always speculated about AI. Reality, however, is more colourful and surprising than what human creatives imagined. AI now has artists and creative machines who displays skills from painting to poetry. And some of their work is very good.
1. Jarring poetry, machine-made
A research team comprising of scientists from Microsoft and Kyoto University fed thousands of images, together with man-made descriptions and poetry to an AI.
The expectation was that the AI would be able to create a poem that could pass for a human poem. They taught the machine associations between images and text, plus imagery and poetic language.
The result was that the AI was able to write poems that match the image it is given. As for the quality of the poems – some were nonsensical, while others could pass for human poetry.
A poem written by AI:
The sun is a beautiful thing
in silence is drawn
between the trees
only the beginning of light
A Japanese researcher named Hitoshi Matsubara and his team selected a group of words and sentences, together with some parameters, before asking the AI to ‘write’ the novel. The AI produced a work that could pass the first round of screening for a national literary award in Japan.
The book is aptly called The Day a Computer Writes a Novel. It was good enough to fool the judges at Nikkei Hoshi Shinichi Literary Award. One judge called described the book as ‘well-structured but having problems with character descriptions’.
3. Robo – rap
Scientists in Aalto University, Finland have created a software call DeepBeat, which can write rap lyrics on user demand. It uses existing songs and beats to create new raps. Users can suggest a word or a beat and the AI will create a rap.
Similarly, A seventeen-year-old in West Virginia has created an AI which could first mimic Kanye West. Now it is capable of creating original raps on it own.
4. AI at London Symphony Orchestra
An AI created piece of music, named Transits – into an Abyss, was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra in 2012. The classical music piece was written by a group of computers in the University of Malaga in Spain. It was the first ever computer-written music piece performed by elite musicians. The composition drew positive reviews.
Later, an album called Iamus was created with the work of the AI named the same. It is the first complete album composed solely by a computer and recorded by humans. Stephen Smoliar, a classical music critic, commented that the music of Iamus was capable of challenging human musicians.
5. AI art to be auctioned
In October this year, Christie’s Auction House will have a sale that will include Portrait of Edmond Belamy, a 70 x 70 cm print on canvas. The creator of this is an algorithm made by a group in France, who call themselves Obvious.
This is the world’s first instance of AI art being sold alongside the man-made artwork. There are already predictions that this could be a major step in gaining legitimacy for AI art.
It is clear that AI renaissance machines would go on with their creative work. Their work has already managed to be indistinguishable from human art and sometimes nearly surpassed human art. One day, we might be reading best-sellers and listening to billboard hot 100s, created by AI. |
How does the cell open and close electron taps?
Researchers at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) have achieved a nanoscale view of the electron transport between redox partner proteins of the respiratory chain, allowing for a better understanding of their regulation by phosphorylation.
Mitochondria play a key role in cellular energy production. They are membrane-bound cell organelles found in almost all eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, and fungi). Their main function in animal cells is to convert nutrients into chemical energy, stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate molecules, through a process called cellular respiration, which includes a tightly regulated electron transport chain. In addition to this function, mitochondria are also responsible for other functions, such as inducing cell death in response to stress events. How does the cell open and close the "taps" that control electron transport through these processes?
A previous study by IBEC demonstrated that the transfer of electrons between mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c and cytochrome bc1takes place at a distance through the aqueous solution, via a charge conduit established between them. This new study reveals how this process is regulated by phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group near the redox active site of cytochrome c).
The researchers combined the analysis of electron transport at the molecular level with the measurement of protein-protein interaction forces, leading to a better understanding of the effects of cytochrome c phosphorylation on the molecular regulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. They discovered that phosphorylation impairs electron transport by disrupting the charge conduit and increasing the affinity between cytochrome c and cytochrome bc1, thus leading to the formation of bottlenecks in the process, and slowing the flow of electrons in the chain.
These results also highlight the biological relevance of long-distance charge transport between redox proteins through the aqueous solution and contribute to the understanding of interprotein electron transfer. |
Your pet’s urine can provide veterinary professionals with important information about your pet’s health. A urinalysis (urine + analysis) is a useful diagnostic tool when diagnosing or monitoring many medical conditions, including:
- Hydration level
- Renal (kidney) function
- Urinary tract disorders (e.g.: bacterial infection; increased crystals/sediment in the urine)
- Monitoring of a specific condition, e.g.: a Snake Venom Detection Kit can be used on blood or urine
How can they tell all this just from urine? There are several tests veterinary professions perform when assessing urine; some of these are done within your local vet clinic, but for other tests the urine sample needs to be sent to an external laboratory with more sophisticated equipment.
It is important to remember that urinalysis results on their own do not necessarily guarantee that your pet has a particular health problem. Results are always interpreted alongside your pet’s clinical history and individual circumstances, as well as their presenting clinical signs and other diagnostic tests.
However, urinalysis is a useful and non-invasive way of helping to diagnose problems and monitor known medical conditions. For example, some people with a diabetic pet can use a dipstick test at home to monitor whether their pet’s urine contains glucose or ketones, and therefore assist in determining the success of treatment.
The particular tests your vet performs can vary, but a basic in-house urinalysis consists of the following:
1. Physical appearance
This includes the colour of the urine, does it contain visible fats or blood, is it concentrated (darker) or dilute, is it clear or cloudy in appearance?
2. Urine Specific Gravity (USG)
USG is measured by placing a drop of urine onto a hand-held device called a refractometer, which determines the ratio of the weight of a volume of urine, compared with the weight of an equal volume of distilled water. This tells us about how well your pet’s kidneys are working, however other variables also need to be considered, such as hydration. For example, if your pet is dehydrated their urine will be more concentrated and usually appear much darker, as the body tries to excrete waste but conserve fluid. Conversely, if your pet is well-hydrated, e.g. if they’re receiving intravenous fluids in hospital, they generally produce urine which is more dilute because the waste products are in a larger volume of fluid.
3. Dipstick analysis
This test doesn’t test the oil in your car, but it’s a quick and straightforward way of helping to identify several potential health problems.
Each test strip is impregnated with multiple reagents which will change colour if the urine triggers a chemical reaction (no, it won’t tell you if your pet is pregnant). A dipstick test can help assist in the diagnosis or monitoring of:
- Diabetes – increased glucose in the urine could mean your pet has diabetes, however glucose can also be increased in stressed cats. Ketones in the urine can indicate Diabetic Ketoacidosis, which is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes
- Liver disease or other conditions causing jaundice – if urine contains increased bilirubin, this indicates a disease process causing breakdown of haemaglobin in the blood (this is what causes the yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Kidney disease – or other conditions causing protein (e.g.: albumin) loss in the urine
- Conditions affecting blood, causing blood or haemaglobin loss in urine
4. Sediment examination
This involves placing a small amount of urine into a tube and spinning it in a centrifuge. This forces the heavy sediment in the sample to the bottom of the tube. When the liquid component is siphoned off, the remaining sediment is transferred to a glass slide and examined under a microscope. A sediment examination can identify various types of blood cells, urinary crystals or bacteria, which could be causing a urinary tract infection or blockage (primarily male cats) in your pet.
Find out how to collect a urine sample from your cat or dog here. |
While the fried chicken is usually associated with Americans, the world has adapted this style of cooking chicken in their own ways.
The first name that pops up in most heads when we think of fried chicken is KFC or Kentucky Fried Chicken. The oh-so-popular fast food chain from the US has definitely succeeded in putting fried chicken on the global map with franchises and outlets opened up across nations. The marketing of this fast food brand lures customers by telling them that they use a secret recipe for their high-selling fried chicken. This makes most of us wonder what’s so special about this fried chicken and we head to the restaurant to try it. It was Colonel Sanders, the founder of this global food chain that can be credited with bringing the traditional African-American cooking to the Southern US.
Yes, if you noticed we just mentioned African-Americans in the context of fried chicken. It was these people who were employed to keep chickens and breed them. The enslaved classes were expected to feed the chickens and then prepare them for the enslavers. Until the World War II, fried chicken was considered to be a luxury item because the particular kinds of chicken (spring chicken) required for this dish were available only from spring to autumn and the process of preparing fried chicken was quite time-consuming. Due to this, the fried chicken was an occasional affair, to be served on special days only.
The same fried chicken that was a special festive treat gradually became the reason for bringing together people of different communities. Since most restaurants were shut for Blacks and racism was at its peak, it was this dish that brought people closer to each other. The fried chicken did not require any refrigeration and was easy to store. The period of 17th-19th century when the Africans were under Scottish slavery, they adapted the fried chicken to their own culture, so much so that by the end of 19th century, it empowered the enslaved economically.
The trains that went to and fro on the two rail lines during the Civil War period in US made a pit stop at Gordonsville. Since there were no dining facilities in the trains back then, the African-American women provided fried chicken as a way to satiate hunger of the travelers on the way. That’s how the taste of fried chicken started spreading to the South.
After all this, it may seem that the only plausible thing to believe is that fried chicken came from Southern US. While we cannot deny the fact that it was popularized in the rest of the world by them, the origins of this dish can be traced back to the time when the Scottish settled in America. At a time when US was colonized, it was the Scottish who were frying their chicken in hog fat. This technique was later brought by them to the US.
The African-Americans made it their own by coating it in a batter and deep-frying it. Finally, it reached the Southern parts of US where food chains like KFC devised quicker ways to mass-produce this chicken dish. Since then, the fried chicken has been selling like hot cakes around the globe.
From Korea to Japan, everyone has come up with their own fried chicken variations. Here are some of them.
1. Nashville Fried Chicken
The fiery Nashville fried chicken is sure to turn up the heat-o-meter. Coated in a buttermilk marinade, the chicken is fried until golden brown and served with a hot sauce. This one is definitely high on calories and infused with lots of chilli oil so beware before you dig in.
2. Korean Fried Chicken
Traditionally known as dakgangjeong, the specialty of this Korean fried chicken lies in the use of a sweet and spicy sauce in which the chicken is coated. The chicken, covered in a chilli paste that has been sweetened, is fried twice before serving. This technique is unique to Koreans.
3. Japanese Fried Chicken
This one is slightly different from the popular Southern-style fried chicken as the chicken is cut into bite-sized pieces which are smaller than usual. The marinade of soy sauce, ginger and sake infuses the chicken with some mind-blowing flavours and then deep-fried to the core. This Japanese style fried chicken is also known as karaage.
4. Senegalese Chicken Yassa
The Senegal chicken recipe is far from what you’ve been imagining fried chicken to be. This one is a traditional way of cooking chicken which has been followed since the 19th century. They have a distinct way of cooking that distinguishes them from the Southern style. This West African dish is marinated in hot pepper, garlic, onions and lemon juice and lightly fried. The chicken is dunked in a hot sauce that is seasoned with a variety of spices and kept in it for a longer duration to attain all the flavours. |
Ironically, technology has made it possible for everyone to have a say and publish his or her thoughts. Sadly, as communication increases, the proper use of grammar and writing skills seems to decrease. Your student needs to learn to express himself or herself properly.
English Composition I from Accelerated Christian Education is a college course that studies the fundamentals of English composition, including:
- Correct word usage, commonly misused words, useless words and phrases, overused expressions
- The classification of nouns, forming plurals, and making nouns possessive
- Personal pronouns and their proper uses in sentences and clauses, with emphasis on avoiding common errors
- Verb and noun agreement, verb tenses, voice, types of verbs, and verb moods
- Adjectives and adverbs — types, forms, derivations, usages with correct and incorrect examples
- Conjunctions and prepositions, giving a solid understanding of their nature and uses
- Punctuation, both ending and internal, with special uses of the dash, quotation marks, apostrophes, and parentheses
- The mechanics of writing, handling the tools properly — abbreviating, hyphenating, and numbering
- A review of all the previously covered parts, discussing the making of sentences, paragraphs, and compositions
In this eighth of a series of ten independent study, mastery-based PACEs of instruction, the student will learn:
- To select the appropriate conjunction for words, phrases, and clauses
- To supply appropriate punctuation in sentences that contain coordinate and subordinate conjunctions
- To place correlative conjunctions and prepositions in their appropriate positions in sentences
- To master some of the commonly misused conjunctions and prepositions
- To avoid using unnecessary prepositions
- To repeat certain prepositions for the achievement of clarity
English Composition I includes direct instruction to the student as well as all necessary quizzes and tests.
Teach your student the vital skills of writing and expressing thoughts in a God-honoring, intelligent way with English Composition I from Accelerated Christian Education! Order today from Curriculum Express! |
i. Pre-Median: History and Method of Research
1. The sequence of events. The history of archeological research in Iran may be divided into two periods, before and after the Second World War. The early period can in turn be subdivided into a first phase of mainly French activity (ca. 1884-1931), and a second phase in which archeology in Iran became a multinational affair (1931-40). The modern period can be subdivided into what might best be called the “quiet phase” (1940-57) and the “explosive phase” (1958-78).
Of course an interest in the antiquities of Iran predates 1884 and the beginnings of systematic archeological exploration. As early as the 17th century, a number of European travelers reported with surprise on the remarkable ancient monuments to be seen throughout the countryside. The first scientific and scholarly attempt to deal with one such monument, however, was Rawlinson’s recording of the Bīsotūn (Behistun) inscription (1836-41). While hardly a prehistoric project, that effort, which resulted in the decipherment of Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian cuneiform, led to a quickening of interest in ancient western Asia and in the history and prehistory of Iran. The next effort of note is the work of Flandin and Coste, who, between 1843 and 1854, recorded numerous standing monuments and sites in both words and drawings. At the same time, the first actual excavations were undertaken by Loftus, who recovered Achaemenid remains on the Apadāna mound at Susa (1851-53).
A. The Early Period. The First Phase, from the start of systematic excavations at Susa in 1884 until roughly 1931, has been identified as the “French monopoly,” and in fact, efforts were made to keep other foreign missions out of the country. Early French excavations concentrated on Susa, under the direction of M. Dieulafoy from 1884 to 1886, J. J. de Morgan from 1897 to 1912, and Comte R. de Mecquenem from 1912 to 1939, with an interruption in fieldwork during the First World War. The main prehistoric results from Susa came from the explorations of the Acropole mound. The basic cultural sequence established there for Khuzistan (Ḵūzestān) provided the chronological and cultural yardstick against which archeologists measured the prehistoric cultures discovered on the plateau for some time.
This strictly prehistoric sequence (in terms of Iran) was topped by deep deposits that covered the history of Elam from about 2300 B.C. to well into the first millennium. Numerous finds from these strata at Susa either were Mesopotamian objects, usually out of context at Susa, which could at least be securely dated in terms of Mesopotamian history (e.g., the Law Code of Hammurapi, the Victory Stele of Narim Sin), or were locally made objects that betrayed Mesopotamian influences and thus were good chronological markers within the sequence. Such clear, strong, and comparatively well-dated links to the cultures of Mesopotamia were rare in most of the archeological remains from the plateau, and the Susa sequence assumed a particular importance in establishing the prehistoric chronology of Iran.
Outside of Susa the French undertook small excavations at Tepe Duvaisyah, Djaffarabad (Jaʿfarābād), and Mūsyān (and surrounding mounds) in Khuzistan all of which yielded painted pottery that could be related to the Susa sequence. Under de Morgan the French Mission expanded its efforts into regions beyond Khuzistan, with striking results. From 1899 to 1902 and again in 1909 he undertook surveys and soundings at various sites in Gurgan (Jorǰān) and, most notably, in the Tawalesh (Ṭawāleš) region of eastern Azerbaijan, where a sequence of Bronze Age cemeteries was discovered. This preliminary work on the plateau indicated that there was much profitable work to be done in the highlands.
The Second Phase of the Early Period in Iranian archeology begins in 1931 with the end of the “French monopoly.” Two non-French expeditions had actually predated this phase, for A. Stein conducted a survey in Seistan (Sīstān) in 1915-16, and E. Herzfeld made a remarkable trip of discovery through western Iran in 1925-26. Extensive excavations sponsored by numerous institutions, mainly in the United States, however, began only in the early 1930s. Three expeditions focused attention on Gurgan and the northeast corner of the plateau. F. Wulsin’s excavations at Tureng Tepe for the University Museum in Philadelphia, E. F. Schmidt’s work at Tepe Hissar for the same institution, and the Swedish expedition under T. S. Arne to Shah Tepe in Gurgan all revealed an early 5th- and 3rd-millennium B.C. painted pottery culture underlying 3rd- and early 2nd-millennium plain gray wares. G. Langsdorf excavated at Bākūn near Persepolis in 1932 for the Oriental Institute of Chicago and discovered yet another corpus of painted pottery that had cultural connections with prehistoric Susa. Schmidt’s work at Cheshmeh (Češma) ʿAlī (Ray) in 1934-36 demonstrated that the painted pottery of early Hissar and Gurgan extended west at least as far as the Tehran area. Stein surveyed (and sounded selected sites) in Baluchistan and Fārs in 1932-34, while Schmidt carried out the first aerial survey in the Zagros mountains in 1935-36, and did some excavation in Luristan (Lorestān) in 1934-35 and 1937-38. The latter effort revealed materials of both Bronze and Iron Age date and was inspired by the chance discovery and clandestine excavation of the famous (or infamous) Luristan Bronzes, which first began to appear in the European art market shortly before 1930.
Meanwhile the French expanded their active role. Excavations continued at Susa, and new ventures were made onto the Plateau. The search for the source of the Luristan Bronzes led G. Contenau and R. Ghirshman to excavate at Tepe Giyan near Nehāvand in 1931-32; the sequence of prehistoric painted pottery phases they discovered remained, until recently, the type sequence of cultures for central western Iran from the 4th (possibly even 5th) to the 1st millennium B.C. Work by Ghirshman at Siyalk in 1933-37 revealed yet another 5th- through early 3rd-millennium pottery sequence, in part related to the materials from Tepe Hissar, and two Iron Age cemeteries. In Khuzistan Le Breton worked at the important prehistoric sites of Bendebal and Djowi and reopened the excavations at Djaffarabad. His subsequent detailed and masterful analysis of these materials and those excavated earlier in Khuzistan (published in Iraq 19, 1957), provided until recently the definitive exposition of the Khuzistan sequence.
B. The Modern Period. The Quiet Phase: Following the hiatus during the Second World War archeological activity in Iran resumed gradually over the period of a decade after 1945. The French Mission returned to Susa under the direction of R. Ghirshman in 1946, though from 1951 to 1962 Ghirshman’s main concern was the excavation of the monumental Elamite site of Tchoga (Čoḡā) Zanbīl. On the plateau, meanwhile, M. Rād and ʿA. Ḥākemī led an expedition on behalf of the Archeological Service of Iran to Hasanlu (Ḥasanlū), south of Lake Urmia, where Stein’s brief excavation in 1936 had revealed Bronze Age painted pottery and Iron Age graves.
B. Brown of Manchester University, England, dug at Geoy Tepe near Urmia for a fortnight in 1948 and established a preliminary ceramic sequence for western Azerbaijan from the late 4th to the 1st millennium. The first investigation of the important remains from Paleolithic Iran came with C. Coon’s explorations on behalf of the University Museum, Philadelphia, in 1949-51. Soundings at more than one cave yielded Mousterian or middle Paleolithic materials, and extensive excavations at Belt and Hotu caves in the cliffs of the Caspian foreshore in Māzandarān produced well-stratified evidence for terminal Paleolithic/early Holocene occupations. The site of Khurvin (Ḵorvīn), west of Tehran, already much damaged by pot hunters and antiquity dealers, was tested in 1950 by Rād and Ḥākemī and shown to consist primarily of graves now dated to the first two phases of the Iron Age (1450-800 B.C.). L. Vanden Berghe’s careful work at the same cemetery in 1954 confirmed these results, and his extensive surveys in Fārs (1951-53) and Laristan (Lārestān) (1957) began to bring some order and method into the archeology of those important provinces. Small soundings at several sites in Fārs, most notably Toll-i Shogha (Tall-e Šaḡā) and Toll-i Taimuran (Tall-e Taymūrān), made possible the construction of a preliminary ceramic sequence for Fārs which could be linked with Siyalk, Giyan, and Susa. A Japanese expedition under the direction of N. Egami and Masuda conducted further excavations at Bakun in 1956. In that same year, R. Dyson initiated a major excavation under the sponsorship of the University Museum, Philadelphia, with a preliminary sounding at Hasanlu in Azerbaijan. The Explosive Phase: The increase in activity in Iranian archeology which began toward the end of the 1950s is so remarkable that it can only be described as an intellectual and scholarly explosion. More fieldwork was done by more scholars between 1958 and 1978 than had been undertaken in all the years between 1884 and 1958. Indeed, the record is so full of activity that, even if we confine discussion only to substantial excavations and surveys and to those projects which produced truly significant results, a narrative presentation is prohibited in the space available for this article. (See L. Vanden Berghe, Archéologie de l’Iran ancien, Leiden, 1959, and Bibliographie analytique de l’archéologie de l’Iran ancien, Leiden, 1979.) Therefore, events are summarized in two tables. Table 4 presents the record of sites excavated by region and excavator, and Table 5 lists important surface surveys by decade. These tables reveal some interesting trends over the past twenty plus years.
(a) Greater international involvement. Before the war the Americans were the only real rivals of the French; after 1958 we find expeditions from Great Britain, Japan, Italy, West Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Canada, and Austria as well as from France and the United States. The American presence remained strong, with some fifteen excavation projects and numerous surveys; and the French continued as important contributors to the discipline, with a particularly vital and diversified effort in Khuzistan after Perrot became Director of the French Mission in 1968. In part these changed proportions of nations represented is a reflection of the founding early in the period of German, British, Italian, and American institutes in Tehran.
(b) Increased Iranian participation in fieldwork and research. While there had been essentially no Iranian excavations before the war, and, at least in terms of prehistory, only a limited amount of Iranian research in the decade after 1945, Table 4 lists no fewer than eight important Iranian-sponsored and staffed expeditions and Table 5 reveals a significant Iranian contribution to survey work. Were we here considering the archeology of periods later than the Median, the Iranian contribution would be still greater proportionately. This increased Iranian participation is a reflection of three events: first, the maturation of the Iranian Archeological Service, founded under the tutelage of the French before the war but staffed entirely by Iranians by 1960; second, the development of a strong program in archeology at the University of Tehran under the direction of ʿE. Negahbān; and third, the foundation of the Iranian Center for Archeological Research within the Archeological Service in the early seventies directed by F. Bāḡerzāda.
(c) Rapid change in the 1960s. Table 4 shows no fewer than 45 excavations beginning in the 1960s. The fewer number of excavations beginning in the 1970s is balanced by the marked increase in surveys during that decade, in part a reflection of changing intellectual priorities within the discipline and of increasing costs of excavation (see below).
(d) Continued focus on Khuzistan. Twelve excavations (19 per cent of the total) and a massive amount of survey in that province (which was the site of most excavations in the early period as well) mean that we now have more data from the flood plains of the Karkha (Karḵa) and Kārūn rivers than from any other region of Iran. Considerable interest is also shown in Azerbaijan (eleven sites excavated; seventeen percent) and, particularly, in the central-western Zagros (eighteen sites; twenty-eight percent). Fourteen of the surveys listed in Table 5 focus on these two areas of the Zagros. If the work in Fārs is added to that in Khuzistan, the central-western Zagros, and Azerbaijan, forty-eight sites or seventy-five percent of all excavations are concentrated on the west of the plateau; eastern Iran remains a comparatively neglected part of the country.
(e) Changing chronological focus. While there is an overall balance of interest in all periods of history, a comparison with sites excavated before 1958 reveals three shifts. First, there is a noticeable increase in research on the Paleolithic period: four important excavations and six surveys have either an exclusive or a strong Paleolithic focus. Second, there is a noticeable concern with the Neolithic period, during which Iran played an important role in the earliest development of agricultural subsistence systems in the Near East. Twelve excavations have produced significant evidence for the study of the Food Producing Revolution. Third, the Iron Age (ca. 1450-550 B.C.) has received considerable attention, with eighteen excavated sites producing important new data. All three of these critical prehistoric time ranges had been practically ignored before the Second World War. These changing emphases can be attributed to at least two causes: the sheer increase in the number of scholars active in the field, with a comparable increase in the number of sites that could be excavated; and altered interests within archeology as a scholarly pursuit (see below).
2. Method, Theory, and Content. As in Mesopotamia, the first archeologists in Iran were motivated by the search for antiquities, and the early explanatory theories and methods of excavation suited these simple, treasure-hunting goals. Unfortunately, whereas archeologists working in Mesopotamia began to progress beyond such motivations and concepts in the 1930s, archeology in Iran remained relatively archaic in its methods and theory, if not in its goals, until after the Second World War.
To be sure, archeologists working in Iran in the thirties were confronted by massive problems. The country itself is as large as the United States east of the Mississippi river. Only a handful of archeologists were active in the field, and few sites were, or could be, dug. Nonetheless, two early archeologists in Iran, J. J. de Morgan and R. Pumpelly, had some rather advanced, even modern, ideas about archeological method and theory. De Morgan was perhaps the first Near Eastern archeologist to argue that an archeological expedition should be interested in more than just human and artifactual remains. Archeologists, he suggested, should investigate not only the human past, but also its natural setting; a proper archeological research strategy, therefore, should be concerned with all components of the environment—geology, climate, geography, plants, and animals—as well as with architecture and objects. In this modern attitude de Morgan was matched by Pumpelly, who, when he decided in 1903 to investigate the site of Anau in what is now Soviet Turkmenistan (Iranian in the wider sense of the term), stated that his goals were not just to excavate a site, but to study the ecology, human and natural, of an entire oasis.
Unfortunately, both de Morgan (in this regard) and Pumpelly were so far ahead of their times that their goals and epistemology did not find favor among their colleagues. It was not until after the Quiet Phase of the late 1950s that these same aims were reintroduced and accepted by most prehistorians working in Iran.
One of the main difficulties for early archeologists in Iran was coming to grips with the phenomenon of prehistory as opposed to the well-documented high civilizations of Assyria, Babylon, Sumer, Elam, and Achaemenid Iran. The methods of analysis and the very philosophical frameworks that had been developed for the study of ancient literate civilizations were not suitable to the study and analysis of prehistoric cultures. There were no archeologists specifically trained in prehistoric research working in Iran until after 1945. Scholars who had spent their student and early digging days studying ancient languages and history, and who had as their prime concern the recovery of artifacts that would provide data for art history and ancient history, were not familiar with the analytical techniques useful for the study of prehistoric time ranges. Such techniques were being developed in the early decades of this century in Europe and North America, but those traditions had little influence in Iran.
One specific problem was that early Iranian archeologists were unaware of the time depth of prehistory in Iraq and Iran. As late as 1950 it was argued that the dates for the Ubaid period could not extend back much beyond 4000 B.C. and that the origins of agriculture in the area dated to about 5000 B.C. We now know that the Ubaid period may have begun in southern Mesopotamia and Khuzistan as early as 6000 B.C. and that the Food Producing Revolution was underway in the Zagros mountains by the 9th millennium B.C., if not earlier. In part, earlier misconceptions resulted from the excavation methods being used. Without any fine-grained stratification, and without good evidence for the spatial relationships of objects within a single horizontal context, it remained impossible for excavators to appreciate the time scales with which they dealt or to use the excavated materials (the only evidence in a prehistoric site) to reconstruct ancient patterns of life.
The search for antiquities—especially portable antiquities that could be removed to museums—encouraged excavating in order to move a maximum amount of earth with the funds and time available. This approach to field work was best exemplified by the excavations at Susa under de Morgan and de Mecquenem (the latter originally trained as a mining engineer). After systematically removing the upper levels of the whole Acropole mound at Susa, de Morgan decided to probe the lower prehistoric levels with his famous “Deep Trench” on the west side of the mound. This trench, measuring 25 by 90 m, eventually reached virgin soil in an area 20 by 80 m at a depth of over 30 m. The sides of the trench were stepped in 5 m units to provide shovel platforms. Hundreds of workmen stood on each step, shoveling the earth into mining cars set on rails, so that it could be carted away. The five-meter deep step also provided the basic vertical unit to which objects recovered were assigned; in de Morgan’s words, “A general excavation was therefore called for without taking into account the natural levels, which are imperceptible and which it would be childish to try to distinguish.”
Three main difficulties arise from such massive earthmoving methods of digging (it can hardly be called excavation). First, any details of the vertical relationships among objects are lost, and the chronological ordering of materials becomes dependent on typological constructs supported only in the grossest way by stratigraphy. Second, much architecture is lost, and with it, the horizontal relationships among objects. The separation of sun-dried mud-brick walls and pavements from the decayed brick matrix in which they rest is a complicated task requiring much patience, time, and money. De Morgan could hardly afford the effort, since he wanted to limit expenditures at Susa to 2.25 gold francs for each cubic meter of earth removed. Third, the emphasis on objects of museum quality dictates for the most part that only intact or virtually intact pieces are recovered and recorded. Thousands of sherds and fragments of other artifacts tend to go unrecorded and usually even unrecovered, for they move rapidly to the dump on the shovels of the workmen.
It has been argued that much improvement on all fronts was effected during the thirties. It is true that some progress was made, but there is little evidence that the discipline managed to reach even contemporary Near Eastern standards of excavation and analysis. In Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine several excavators had begun to struggle with the complications of stratification in large Near Eastern sites as early as the 1920s, and, for the time, good excavation techniques were fairly common in the thirties. In Iran, at Hissar, Shah Tepe, Tureng Tepe, and Giyan, however, excavation failed to meet even the standards of architectural recovery and stratification then commonplace at such sites as Tepe Gawra and in the Diyala region in Mesopotamia. Giyan yielded almost no coherent building remains. The work at Hissar was only marginally better, although the final chronological organization of the ceramics recovered was based almost entirely on typology. The excavations at Siyalk and Bākūn were something of an exception to this pattern, but nevertheless failed to match the quality of work being done elsewhere in the Near East. Nowhere east of Suez did the standards of fieldwork reflect what was achieved in the 1930s in Great Britain and on parts of the European continent.
Conceptual frameworks likewise showed minimal progress. D. McCown’s Comparative Stratigraphy of Early Iran, published in 1942, represents an effort to synthesize overall patterns in Iranian archeology based on the new materials excavated in the 1930s. Two epistemological principles seem to be central. First, ceramics are themselves treated as “cultures,” with the materials divided into the Red and Buff Ware Cultures. The entire discussion is couched in these terms, with almost no consideration given to the underlying social, economic, or political dynamics. As in the prehistoric sections of Ghirshman’s Iran, one is left with the strong impression that the artifacts themselves are viewed as the dynamic element. What is clearly lacking is a conceptual mechanism whereby the archeologist can turn the material remains of the past into real people and real cultural history. Second, there is still a marked tendency for Iranian archeologists to view events on the plateau and in Khuzistan almost exclusively in terms of development in Mesopotamia. Although a legitimate exercise, the resort to Mesopotamian sequences in order to provide comparative dates for Iranian materials too often led to assumptions about Mesopotamian cultural and historical influences in Iran that are not warranted by the evidence. As a result, few scholars saw Iranian prehistory as a subject in its own right, and little attention was given to the construction of internal, strictly local cultural history.
For the Modern Period it is probably premature to attempt any detailed analysis of developments in archeological theory, method, or content within Iranian prehistory. Much has been excavated; almost nothing has been published. So at best one can observe some general trends and directions within the field. These trends, however, are instructive, for they mark radical departures from the past and no doubt will much influence developments of the near future (particularly since fieldwork has been temporarily interrupted by current political and social events in modern Iran).
In many ways V. G. Childe’s book, The Most Ancient East, first published in 1928 and rewritten as New Light on the Most Ancient East in 1934, contains in the chapter titled “From the Tigris to the Indus” the first systematic effort by a prehistorian to place Iranian prehistory into a larger context and to interpret it as a whole. Childe himself never worked in the East, but as a European prehistorian he was convinced that he could not make sense of his own materials until he understood the influence of the East. Childe’s efforts to construct explanatory models for the Neolithic Revolution and the origins of agriculture in the Near East, including Iran, both informed and inspired Robert Braidwood, an archeologist working in the Near East (Syria) in the 1930s. After the Second World War Braidwood returned to the field convinced that a systematic program of excavation backed by collaborative research among archeologists and natural scientists would shed much light on the critical economic and social developments of the late Paleolithic and Neolithic. He worked first in Iraqi Kurdistan, an area that was part of the larger Iranian scene in prehistoric times, and then later (1959-60) in the Kirmanshah (Kermānšāh) region (at the sites of Warwasi, Āsīāb, Sarāb, and Sīāhbīd).
D. Garrod’s work in Iraqi Kurdistan before the Second World War suggested that Iran was an important region in Paleolithic times, and Coon’s preliminary explorations in the Quiet Phase paved the way for further work in Iran proper. Following Braidwood’s expedition, which was interested in the Paleolithic as the background to the Neolithic Revolution, scholars such as McBurney, Hole, Speth, and Smith came to Iran specifically to work on Paleolithic problems. Their organized effort was enriched by a number of chance discoveries of Paleolithic materials. More important was the very considerable increase of interest in, and work on, the Neolithic period following Braidwood’s pioneering efforts. It was clear by then that peoples in western Iran and the Zagros highlands had played a critical role in the development of early food production, and, since that turning point in human history was a popular topic worldwide among prehistorians of the late fifties and sixties, much attention was directed to Iran. Excavations at Guran (Gūrān), Ganj Dareh (Ganǰ-dara), ʿAli Kosh (Koš), Abdul Hossein (ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn), Sarāb, and Hajji (Ḥāǰī) Fīrūz were all conducted with the specific goal of finding new evidence relevant to the study of the Neolithic.
With this new work came new conceptual frameworks and models of interpretation that for the first time provided sensible methods of sorting out and dealing with Iranian prehistory. Excavated data was now treated more in terms of what it revealed about human patterns of adaptation to natural and social circumstances in Iran, and less as material useful for constructing comparative stratigraphies or for displaying the radiating influences of developments in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys. Archeologists in Iran began to consider dynamic social explanations for their data; some real people, still only dimly perceived, began to come into focus behind the flints and potsherds. Real people had always been behind the archeological remains from historic periods—Elamites, Babylonians, Iranians—but now they were visible in prehistory as well.
Similarly, new field methods and dynamic explanatory mechanisms animated intensive efforts to study the rise of urban civilization and the state in Khuzistan during the 4th and early 3rd millennia B.C. The anthropologist R. Adams did a preliminary survey of Khuzistan in 1960-61 that dealt mainly with problems of early urbanism. His survey work was extended by F. Hole, H. Wright, R. Wenke, R. Shacht, G. Johnson, and P. de Miroshedji. Excavations at Choga Mish (Čoḡā Mīš), Farukhabad (Farroḵābād), and Susa also addressed these issues. W. Sumner’s work at Malyan in Fārs and his survey of that region was an effort to study systematically the development of urbanism in what is clearly a transplanted or secondary mode. The increased emphasis on survey (Table 5) was itself an expression of a new conceptual framework—in this case one concerned with the spatial relationships among sites as expressed in settlement patterns. In this sense work in Khuzistan paralleled certain developments in the highlands of the plateau: archeologists such as R. Dyson, W. Kleiss, L. Levine, C. Goff, T. C. Young, and L. Vanden Berghe began to turn away from the old research models that focused on the excavation of a single site and to address their problems in terms of whole regions. A secondary development of this approach was the realization that it was premature to attempt the construction of prehistoric cultural sequences for the whole of Iran (or even for the whole of western Iran). Instead, by the seventies research had begun to concentrate on the development of strictly local sequences, sometimes confined to a single valley within the Zagros mountains (e.g. the Kangāvar valley sequence). In time this approach revealed that even the lowlands of the southwest could not be treated as a unit: clear sequential distinctions developed between Susians and Deh Luran (Deh Lorān). Not all of these methodological innovations—research directed at problem-solving, the search for local sequences, regional interpretations of sites—were the direct result of increased interest in the rise of the state and the growth of urbanism, but those interests were certainly a significant spur.
Most recently there has been a growing realization among Iranian prehistorians, that, while the Neolithic and Early Urban periods are exciting, fashionable, and worthy of study, the long Chalcolithic period that separates them is possibly of equal importance. How did people move from the origins of agriculture to the beginnings of city life? What pressures and historical trends within the Chalcolithic (6th-5th millennia B.C.) led to the rise of literate civilization? These are critical questions, but apparently it has been difficult for prehistorians to construct useful explanatory models for the Chalcolithic. As Table 4 shows, much attention has been directed to Chalcolithic sites, and the publication of these data will undoubtedly advance explanatory frameworks for this critical time range.
Archeologists working on Iron Age materials—the other end of the prehistoric spectrum in Iran—have equaled both the quantities of data recovered and, at least in part, the development of field techniques and conceptual frameworks for earlier time ranges. Much of this effort has been inspired by Dyson (another anthropologist) and his work at Ḥasanlū. Approaches to the Iron Age have always followed lines more familiar to historians than to prehistorians, for there is a considerable body of relevant textual material primarily from Assyria and Babylonia. Traditionally, scholars have asked when and from where did the Iranians enter onto the Iranian plateau, or, what is the ethnological and political background of the Median/Achaemenid empire? While the approach to such questions remains, as it should, essentially historical, scholars working on the Iron Age have profited much from developments in method and theory among archeologists dealing with more strictly prehistoric situations. One result of such epistemological influence is that economic and social patterns within the Iron Age are now considered as worthy of study as ethno-political issues.
In all this activity one period has remained relatively neglected: the Middle and Later Bronze Age (2500-1400 B.C.). Outside of Khuzistan, only two significant sites for this time range have been excavated—Tureng and Godin Tepes. In both cases the main motivation for excavation was the establishment of a regional cultural sequence in depth, without which no further analysis could be attempted. It appears that this important period has been, and continues to be neglected because it yields few beautiful objects and is too dimly lit by textual evidence to inspire those scholars with an historical orientation, while it presents the prehistorian with none of the exciting problems contained in the concept of the Neolithic or Urban Revolutions. As a result no dynamic explanatory models, or even any very clear idea of what explanations are needed, have been developed to animate research on the Bronze Age, and those archeologists dealing with this time range remain perhaps the most traditional of all scholars working in Iranian archeology.
Perhaps the most pervasive trend in Iranian archeology over the last two decades has been the gradual realization that we should attempt to understand Iranian prehistory for its own sake. As a result, Mesopotamian relations and cultural connections are increasingly seen as a secondary issue. Such connections are of vital importance in understanding prehistoric events on the Iranian plateau and in Khuzistan, but Iranian prehistory is no longer viewed as a study undertaken primarily to illuminate ancient Mesopotamia. At the same time, discoveries about the prehistory of Iran can and should be incorporated on their own merits into our efforts at understanding the prehistory of the Near East as a whole and prehistoric people around the world. Although these two developments might seem contradictory—on the one hand the growth of a kind of archeological nationalism and independence, and on the other, the realization that Iranian prehistory is only part of an international picture—they are the natural and compatible developments which result from the maturation of any academic discipline.
Bibliography: Given in the text.
(T. C. Young)
Originally Published: December 15, 1986
Last Updated: August 11, 2011
This article is available in print.
Vol. II, Fasc. 3, pp. 281-288 |
Light Emitting Diode, also known as LED, it can be used in many settings. They come in different forms including overhead bulbs, solar, tail bulbs, spot lights, decorative, ceiling, street lights, etc. LED generally use little energy compared to the standard light bulbs. They also last much longer, lasting for about eight to ten years. They are also environment-friendly.
The uses of super bright LED bulb is as many as they come. Since they are customized to be used for different purposes, let us look at how these bulbs are being used:
Presently, the new battle now is LED lighting versus CFL light bulbs. Considering both technologies are still fairly young and quickly improving with each passing year it is difficult to say which will win out in the long run. In the meantime, there are a few characteristics that are easily comparable and unlikely to change in the near future. It is these features that may determine whether or not LED light bulbs will successfully overtake CFL bulbs as the main lighting solution alternative.
The CFL lights operate by driving an electric current through a tube which contains argon and Mercury vapor. This creates an invisible ultraviolet light that excites a fluorescent coating on the inside of the bowl. This is what actually creates the visible light. However, CFL's require more energy when they are first turned on than LED. Also, a CFL lights typically takes 30 seconds to three minutes to completely turn on.
With the present breakthroughs, the key is checking the label to determine how warm the color of the light bulb will be before buying it. While the amount of mercury required is incredibly small it is enough that many users are concerned about it which drives them away from purchasing CFL lights. On the other hand, LED bulb include no Mercury all.
While CFL's have shown to use up to 75 percent less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs, LED has proved to be even more efficient. It uses up to 80 percent less energy than incandescent bulbs and can last more than 25 times longer. Also, they produce a much smaller amount of heat and CFL's that makes the bold relatively cool to the touch.
LED lighting can include various special features to suit some applications including dimmable light bulbs and recessed lighting. Also, LED's operate better outdoors, especially in cooler temperatures.
While LED light bulb initially costs much more, they do provide a better long-term ROI than traditional CFL lights. Considering the challenges CFL lights must overcome so that it remains a mainstream option, there is a good chance LED will eventually overtake CFL traditional bulbs completely. |
Teen suicide is a pressing issue that demands our attention. While discussions surrounding this topic have become more prevalent, there seems to be a missing variable that often goes unnoticed. In order to truly understand and address the root causes of teen suicide, it is crucial to explore the role of mental health in these discussions. This article aims to shed light on this missing variable and emphasize the importance of considering mental health as a significant factor in preventing teen suicide. By delving into the complexities of this issue, we can hope to create a more comprehensive approach towards supporting and protecting our vulnerable youth.
The misclassification of drug overdoses as suicide attempts
There is growing concern that a significant number of crises labeled as drug overdoses in adolescents may actually be suicide attempts. This misclassification has serious implications for understanding and addressing the underlying causes of these incidents. An article published in The Journal of Pediatrics highlights this issue, presenting evidence and examples that shed light on the potential misinterpretation of drug overdoses as intentional self-harm. By examining the available data and considering the psychological factors involved, it becomes evident that accurate identification and classification of these cases are crucial for effective prevention and intervention strategies.
The impact of stressors on teen suicide rates during the pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a multitude of stressors that have significantly impacted teenagers. One major stressor is the lack of education due to school closures and remote learning challenges. Many students have struggled with adapting to online classes, leading to feelings of frustration, isolation, and a decline in academic performance. Additionally, insufficient mental health support has exacerbated the emotional toll on teenagers.
The closure of schools and limited access to counseling services have left many adolescents without the necessary resources to cope with their mental health issues. Furthermore, food shortages and economic instability have added financial strain to families, increasing anxiety and uncertainty among teenagers. These stressors, combined with the social isolation and disruption of daily routines, have contributed to an alarming increase in suicide attempts among teenagers during the pandemic.
The role of adult behavior and childhood maltreatment in teen suicide
Adult behavior, particularly when stressed adults turn to alcohol and drugs as coping mechanisms, can have a significant impact on children’s behavior and their susceptibility to suicidal thoughts. Children often model the behaviors they observe in adults, and if they witness adults using substances to cope with stress, they may be more likely to engage in similar behaviors themselves. This can lead to a cycle of substance abuse and mental health issues that increase the risk of suicidal ideation in adolescence.
Furthermore, childhood maltreatment has been strongly linked to suicidal ideation. The trauma and emotional distress caused by abuse or neglect can have long-lasting effects on a child’s mental health, increasing their vulnerability to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic and school closures have exacerbated this issue. With limited access to support systems such as teachers, counselors, and friends, children experiencing maltreatment may feel even more isolated and hopeless. It is crucial for communities and policymakers to prioritize the identification and intervention of childhood maltreatment during these challenging times to prevent further harm and reduce the risk of teen suicide. |
Even though cold sores and fever blisters are widespread, herpes sores can be excruciating and unsightly.
The following article discusses the appearance and symptoms of herpes on the tongue and its causes and spread.
Additionally, we will discuss how you can treat and manage it (because it is an incurable condition) and what precautions you can take to prevent infection.
We're glad you're here to learn more so you can make informed health decisions.
In most cases, those who contract oral herpes experience mild or no symptoms.
However, people experiencing symptoms may find them extremely uncomfortable, especially when they appear in awkward places, like the tongue.
In such a case, it's called an "outbreak."
Symptoms of oral herpes usually appear in stages, as follows:
First-time outbreaks of oral herpes usually cause the most intense symptoms, and recurrent episodes are generally less troublesome.
Some symptoms are uncommon during recurrent outbreaks but usually occur before and during the first outbreak.
A few of these are:
In most cases, oral herpes is caused by herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1).
In addition, it can be caused by herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2), most commonly associated with genital herpes.
Several things can trigger an outbreak of oral herpes, resulting in painful sores on the tongue and lips, gums, roof of the mouth, and cheeks a few days after becoming infected with either virus.
Among the most common triggers are:
It's hard to distinguish between herpes and canker sores visually, but their symptoms are very different.
Canker sores, often in clusters, occur inside the mouth and are usually red with whitish centres.
It can be extremely uncomfortable to eat and drink when you have them.
The canker sore is not contagious and is a mouth ulcer, not a blister filled with fluid.
It is unclear what causes canker sores, but stress, hormone changes, food allergies, mouth injuries, immune system problems, and viral infections can all trigger them.
A canker sore is unlike a herpes sore because it occurs only inside the mouth and often appears on the tongue, inner lips, back of the throat, or inside the cheek.
Herpes sores and canker sores usually heal by themselves after two weeks, but they can be extremely painful as they do so.
Herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) cause oral herpes, both highly contagious.
In most cases, oral herpes is caused by HSV-1, while HSV-2 causes genital herpes.
A person with oral herpes usually spreads it by sharing saliva or contacting someone infected with HSV-1.
Contracting this disease by kissing, touching, or sharing personal objects with an infected person, such as towels, makeup, and utensils is possible.
Herpes on the tongue can be effectively treated with many options available today.
Treatment options typically recommended by your doctor include:
By practising proper hygiene, you can ensure that the virus doesn't spread to other parts of your body, and you can treat any symptoms you may experience. Herpes on the tongue is highly uncomfortable and often difficult to treat since the tongue contains muscles that are frequently used. You should avoid spicy or salty foods if you have sores on your tongue and choose excellent, soft, nutritious foods instead. Despite the pain of drinking, it's important not to become dehydrated. Sip small amounts of cool water frequently with a straw, if necessary, throughout the day. After a breakout, change or sanitise your toothbrush, as herpes can survive for many days.
To soothe your sores, you can take several over-the-counter pain relievers. In addition to oral pain relievers like ibuprofen and acetaminophen, your pharmacy should also carry topical creams and ointments. These topical medications are best applied to prevent an outbreak from spreading as soon as you notice one coming. It is always a good idea to ask your pharmacist or provider if you have any questions about using an OTC medication inside your mouth.
Your doctor may prescribe a topical and/or oral medication if proper hygiene and over-the-counter medications don't alleviate your symptoms. Anti-herpes medications (such as acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir) can be effective if taken at the first sign of an outbreak. You may also need to take antiviral medication daily if you experience recurrent episodes. This can significantly reduce the risk of an outbreak and spreading the infection.
You can keep yourself and those around you safe and healthy regardless of whether you have herpes or know someone who does.
To reduce your risk of experiencing future outbreaks of herpes on the tongue if you have already been diagnosed with herpes and have experienced herpes on the tongue in the past, take the following precautions:
The following precautions should be taken if you have never been diagnosed with oral herpes:
Generally, tongue herpes heals independently after a few weeks without medical treatment.
A doctor should, however, be consulted in certain situations.
If you experience any of the following symptoms, see a medical professional immediately:
Is it possible to mistake herpes on the tongue for something else?
Herpes sores on the tongue often appear red with yellow or white centres, similar to canker sores. Herpes sores and canker sores are both painful, but there is a significant difference between the two, the most crucial being that herpes sores are contagious.
Mobi Doctor offers online urgent care. |
Hexdump is a command-line utility used to display the contents of a file or data stream in various formats, including ASCII, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal representations. It provides a way to inspect the binary data of files or input streams in a human-readable format, making it useful for analyzing file formats, examining data structures, and debugging.
Key features and functionalities of hexdump include:
- Multiple Output Formats: Hexdump can display the contents of files or input streams in several different formats, including hexadecimal, ASCII, octal, and decimal representations. Users can specify the desired format using command-line options to view the data in the most suitable format for their needs.
- Customizable Display: Hexdump allows users to customize the display of data by specifying options such as the number of bytes per line, the number of columns, and the format of the output. This flexibility enables users to tailor the output to their preferences and the requirements of their analysis.
- Offset Display: Hexdump displays the byte offset of each line of output, making it easy to track the position of data within the file or input stream. This information helps users navigate large files and correlate the displayed data with its location in the file.
- Filtering and Skipping: Hexdump provides options for filtering and skipping data based on byte ranges or patterns. Users can specify byte offsets to start and end the display, as well as patterns to skip or highlight specific data within the input.
- Binary and Text Mode: Hexdump can operate in binary or text mode, allowing users to handle both binary and text files seamlessly. In text mode, non-printable characters are displayed as periods (‘.’) for clarity, while binary mode displays the raw byte values.
- Integration with Other Tools: Hexdump can be integrated with other command-line utilities and scripts to perform complex data analysis tasks. By piping the output of hexdump to other tools, users can extract, manipulate, and process binary data efficiently.
hexdump Command Examples
1. Print the hexadecimal representation of a file, replacing duplicate lines by ‘*’:
# hexdump [path/to/file]
2. Display the input offset in hexadecimal and its ASCII representation in two columns:
# hexdump -C [path/to/file]
3. Display the hexadecimal representation of a file, but interpret only n bytes of the input:
# hexdump -C -n[number_of_bytes] [path/to/file]
4. Don’t replace duplicate lines with ‘*’:
# hexdump --no-squeezing [path/to/file]
Overall, hexdump is a versatile and powerful tool for inspecting and analyzing binary data on Unix-like operating systems. Whether used for debugging, reverse engineering, or forensic analysis, hexdump provides essential functionality for working with binary files and data streams effectively. |
Project Spotlight: Prairie Dogs and Cattle
Cullom Simpson, Whitney Gann, Bonnie Warnock, and Louis A. Harveson
The black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) plays an important role in maintaining ecological integrity in western grasslands. A 2010 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department inventory of prairie dog populations revealed that their range has decreased in the southern and western boundaries of their historical range within the Trans-Pecos region.
Potential competition between prairie dogs and cattle influences conservation and management strategies for these native herbivores. Understanding the relationship between cattle and prairie dogs is important for maintaining health in grasslands and guiding sound species management.
The objectives for this study included assessing spatial variation and trade-offs between forage quality and quantity in and out of prairie dog colonies, documenting seasonal variation in forage quality and quantity, and evaluating movement and grazing patterns of cattle in the prairie dog colonies. Results of the study indicate that plant species composition and biomass was similar on and off the prairie dog colonies, and crude protein levels were 10 percent higher on the prairie dog colonies compared to non-prairie dog colonies.
Movement data indicate that cattle graze within the prairie dog colonies during the growing seasons because of the highly nutritious regrowth promoted by prairie dogs’ foraging activity. This study provides evidence that landowners who seek to graze cattle on prairie dog colonies may see a mutually beneficial relationship in the form of positive vegetative feedback. The use of appropriate stocking rates and rotational grazing can be administered so that cattle have access to the prairie dog colonies when vegetation is at its highest nutritional value, while removing grazing pressure and competition between prairie dogs and cattle when nutritional value is lower. |
'Jubilee' was an Allied amphibious assault on Dieppe on the north coast of German-occupied France (19 August 1942).
The undertaking involved more than 6,000 infantry, most of them Canadian, supported by substantial British naval and air elements as well as considerably more limited number of US infantry.
The 'Jubilee' operation was undertaken for a number of reasons, principally the chance to exercise some of the large numbers of battle-ready troops now awaiting the launch of the 'second front' landings in North-West Europe, the testing of the amphibious warfare tactics and weapons developed for the proposed 'second front' operation, the examination of the feasibility of assaulting a defended port, the evaluation of the defensive tactics and weapons used by the Germans against an amphibious assault, and the diversion of German forces (especially air forces) from the Eastern Front.
Dieppe was chosen as the site for the operation for the triple reasons that it was typical of the type of French port on the English Channel which would, it was currently planned, eventually receive the 'second front' operation, it lay within the range of fighters operating from the southern part of England, and the destruction of its port facilities would have a significant effect on the movement of German coastal convoys along the English Channel’s southern side.
The object of the operation was to take and hold a major port for a short period, both to prove that such an undertaking was possible and to gather intelligence from prisoners and captured materials while assessing the German responses. The raid was also intended to draw the Luftwaffe’s air units into a large, planned encounter.
In its immediate aftermath, the raid was considered to be a total failure, for major objectives were accomplished and 4,384 of the 6,086 men who made it ashore were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. The squadrons of the RAF and RCAF failed to lure large number of German aircraft into open battle and lost 119 aircraft, while the Royal Navy suffered 550 casualties. However catastrophic it was in itself, 'Jubilee' did provide a significant number of operational and tactical lessons which the Allies eagerly learned, digested and implemented, with major benefits for the conduct of later amphibious operations such as 'Torch' and 'Neptune' (iii).
The origins of the raid were somewhat unusual, for while a number of raids had been planned, the Dieppe raid became a reality as a result of the thinking of the new Chief of Combined Operations, Vice Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, and one of Mountbatten’s principal assistants, Captain J. Hughes-Hallett, was the naval commander in the operation. It should be noted, however, that the operation was undertaken without the approval of the Combined Chiefs-of-Staff, and many elements in the planning suffered from the unofficial nature of the raid.
Mountbatten’s predecessor, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes, had been ordered to organise raids on German-occupied Europe. Keyes was replaced by Mountbatten in 1941 at the insistence of Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and there followed a number of raids, most notably 'Archery' on Vågsøy, 'Biting' on Bruneval and, on a larger scale, 'Chariot' on St Nazaire. It has been argued that these raids, undertaken while Mountbatten headed Combined Operations, were in fact planned under the leadership of Keyes.
The operation against Dieppe was initially planned as 'Rutter' for implementation late in June or early in July 1942, and was an essentially more simple undertaking whose primary objective was to seize and hold a major port for a short period, firstly to see if this was feasible, secondly to gather intelligence, and thirdly to examine the German responses, as noted above. Secondary objectives were to spur the Luftwaffe into a large-scale air battle with the British and Canadian fighter squadrons of the RAF, and to make use of Canadian troops and so, it was hoped, satisfy the Canadian commanders and government after the long period of inaction for the Canadian forces in the UK.
Keyes planned the operation with the support, authorised by GHQ Home Forces, of Lieutenant General B. L. Montgomery’s South-East Command, and 'Rutter' was approved in May 1942. The undertaking was to comprise a main attack onto the Dieppe town beach, two flanking attacks by paratroops, 1,000 sorties by Allied air forces, and a naval bombardment. Major General J. H. Roberts’s Canadian 2nd Division was to spearhead the attack, elements of this formation being entrusted with the task of advancing as far as Arques la Bataille, some 3 miles (4.8 km) inland of Dieppe.
The operation then was scaled down, especially in terms of the RAF’s contribution as the infliction of major damage on the town was not desired, but the troops nonetheless boarded their ships on 5 July. The weather worsened while the ships were still in harbour, however, and on 7 July 'Rutter' was cancelled.
Shortly before his departure to take command of the 8th Army in North Africa, Montgomery urged that the concept should be wholly abandoned. Almost all concerned believed that a raid on Dieppe was now out of the question, but Mountbatten had other ideas, and from 11 July started to revise 'Rutter' into 'Jubilee'. Despite the fact that he had not received Combined Chiefs-of-Staff authority for the undertaking, and thus suffered a severe shortage of the most recent intelligence information, Mountbatten instructed his staff to proceed late in July. The revised operation was still based on the Canadian 2nd Division as the formation which would attack Dieppe, Puys on its eastern side and Pourville on its western side. However, the airborne component of 'Rutter', in which paratroopers were to have been used to take the German flanking gun batteries at Berneval le Grand le Grand in the east and Varengeville in the west, was now replaced by an amphibious component in which Nos 3 and 4 Commandos, totalling 1,057 men under the command of Lieutenant Colonels J. Durnford-Slater and the Lord Lovat respectively, were to tackle Berneval le Grand and Belleville sur Mer in the east and Varengeville and Quiberville in the west. Some 50 men of the new US Rangers were interspersed among the commandos, and a small composite special section from the Small Scale Raiding Force, Special Operations Executive, Special Intelligence Service and No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando conducted limited intelligence-gathering activities.
Armoured support was provided by 30 example of the new Churchill infantry tank, these heavyweight machines being delivered onto the beach by another innovation, the LCT tank landing craft.
Dieppe was weakly defended in terms of the quality of the German troops, although in numbers and weapons the defence was up to strength. The core of the defence was Generalleutnant Konrad Haase’s 302nd Division, a static formation for garrison duties, of Generaloberst Curt Haase’s 15th Army within Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt’s Heeresgruppe 'D' charged with the defence of German-occupied northern France. The 302nd Division comprised the 570th Regiment, 571st Regiment and 572nd Regiment each of two battalions, the 302nd Artillerieregiment, the 302nd Aufklärungsabteilung, the 302nd Panzerjägerabteilung, the 302nd Pionierbataillon and the 302nd Nachrichtenkompanie. These units were deployed along the beaches of Dieppe and neighbouring towns to cover all possible landing places. Konrad Haase was fully aware of his formation’s limitations, and concentrated the 571st Regiment in the town with the heavier guns carefully concealed. So far as heavier weapons (machine guns, mortars and artillery) were concerned, the town and port was adequately protected with a concentration on the main approach (particularly in a large number of cliff caves), and there was a reserve to the rear of the town. Elements of the 571st Regiment also defended the radar station near Pourville, the battery at Varengeville and the 'Hess' battery at Quiberville. To the west the 570th Regiment manned the other 'Goebbels' flanking battery at Berneval le Grand.
The Luftwaffe contribution to the forthcoming battle forces was provided by 200 fighters, mostly of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 type, of Oberstleutnant Walter Oesau’s Jagdgeschwader 2 and Major Gerhard Schöpfel’s JG 26, and by bombers of Oberstleutnant Hans von Koppelow’s Kampfgeschwader 2 and the anti-shipping aircraft of Major Hans Waldforts’s III/KG 53, Hauptmann Kowaleski’s II/KG 40 and Hauptmann Joachim Pötter’s I/KG 77. Most of these 100 bombers were Dornier Do 217 machines.
The massive Allied air support for the operation, under the command of Air Vice Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory, amounted to some 74 squadrons from nine Allied nations, most of these units being provided by Air Marshal Sir William Sholto Douglas’s RAF Fighter Command and including 48 equipped with the Supermarine Spitfire fighter in the expectation that the German fighter force in northern France would be drawn up into a major air battle. The Allied air armada was therefore decidedly fighter-heavy, the relative weakness of the bomber element later having a dire effect on the course of events.
In theory, therefore, the Allies had a significant aerial advantage, especially in numbers, but the German air units were all of high quality and the battle would also be fought over German-controlled territory.
Some 237 warships and landing craft, organised into 13 groups and including eight destroyers which could provide gunfire support during the landings, left five southern English ports between Southampton in the west and Littlehampton in the east during the night of 18/19 August, this total including nine infantry landing ships (Prins Albert, Prinses Beatrix, Invicta, Queen Emma, Prinses Astrid, Glengyle, Prince Charles, Prince Leopold and Duke of Wellington) and 179 landing craft escorted by the eight destroyers and numerous coastal craft. Of the escort type, the destroyers were Albrighton, Berkeley, Bleasdale, Brocklesby, Calpe, Fernie, Garth and Free Polish Slazak, and the other elements comprised the gunboat Locust, the minesweepers Alresford, Bangor, Blackpool, Bridlington, Bridgeport, Rhyl, Sidmouth and Tenby of the 9th Minesweeping Flotilla, and Blyth, Clacton, Eastbourne, Felixstowe, Ilfracombe, Polruan and Stornoway of the 13th Minesweeping Flotilla, 12 motor gun boats, four steam gun boats and 20 motor launches.
The assault vessels carried 4,963 Canadian, 1,075 British and 50 US troops. Great emphasis was placed on obtaining tactical surprise to get ashore past the defences of the 302nd Division and the powerful coastal batteries in the area so that a defensive perimeter could be thrown around Dieppe while a special detachment pushed inland to the airfield near St Aubin and destroyed aircraft and facilities before pulling back to the town for the orderly evacuation planned for the evening.
Even as the assault force neared the French coast early in the morning of 18 August, however, things began to go wrong. No. 3 Commando was to make two landings 8 miles (13 km) to the east of Dieppe to silence the coastal battery near Berneval le Grand as this could fire on the landing at Dieppe 4 miles (6.4 km) to the west. The three 6.7-in (170-mm) and four 4.1-in (105-mm) guns of the 2/770th Heeresküstenartillerieabteilung had therefore to be taken out of action by the time the main force approached the main beach. The vessels carrying No. 3 Commando, approaching in the east to land on Yellow 1 and Yellow 2 beaches flanking Berneval le Grand , encountered a German coastal convoy. This latter was on a regular run whose schedule was known to British intelligence, but the non-authorised nature of the operation meant that such information had been neither requested nor provided. Moreover, the convoy had been spotted by the British 'Chain Home' radar network at 21.30, but no warning was transmitted to the 'Jubilee' force.
As it was, the S-boote escorting the convoy broke away to tackle the British vessels, torpedoing some of the landing craft and disabling SGB-5. The motor launch ML-346 and flak landing craft LCF-1 then combined their efforts to drive away the S-boote, but the assault group had been dispersed, with some losses, and the German coast defence organisation had been alerted. Some four-fifths of the force carrying No. 3 Commando were lost, and only a handful of the scattered landing craft reached the beaches to disgorge a mere 18 commandos. These reached the perimeter of the 'Goebbels' battery via Berneval le Grand and engaged their target with small arms fire, but lacked the strength to assault and destroy any of the guns: the commandos were at least able to snipe at the gun crews, distracting the German gunners and so preventing them from firing on the main assault. The commandos were eventually forced to withdraw in the face of superior German numbers.
In the 'Cauldron' sub-operation, No. 4 Commando landed in force on the Orange 1 and Orange 2 beaches some 6 miles (9.7 km) to the west of Dieppe. No. 4 Commando’s task was to neutralise the 'Hess' coastal battery at Blancmesnil Ste Marguerite near Varengeville. While the smaller part of the commando landed on the Orange 2 beach near Quiberville and moved inland before sweeping round to attack the rear of the battery which the larger part of the commando was attacking after coming ashore over the Orange 1 beach at Vasterval sur Mer. Thus this battery of six 5.9-in (150-mm) guns was neutralised.
This was the only unqualified success of 'Jubilee', and after it No. 4 Commando withdrew at 07.30 as planned, most of the men returning safely to England. This portion of 'Jubilee' was deemed a model for future amphibious commando assaults as part of major landing operations.
Between the two commando assaults, the Canadians in the centre were crucified, in part at least as a result of the inexperience of Roberts, who committed his reserve force to the main beaches, and also in part to the poor small unit leadership once the men were ashore.
This main assault was delivered over four beaches: in the west was Blue beach near Puys, in the centre Red and White beaches on the Dieppe waterfront, and in the east Green beach near Pourville.
The landing at Puys on the eastern flank of the Canadian assault was undertaken by the Royal Regiment of Canada which, with the Essex Scottish Regiment and the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry, constituted Brigadier S. Lett’s Canadian 4th Brigade. The German defence of the Blue beach area had been alerted by the naval engagement between the small German convoy and the craft carrying No. 3 Commando had alerted the German defenders at Blue beach. Here the landing by the Royal Regiment of Canada supplemented by three platoons of the Black Watch of Canada and an artillery detachment was tasked to neutralise machine gun and artillery batteries protecting the Dieppe beaches. The assault was delayed by 20 minutes and the smoke screens which should have hidden the attack had lifted. This the Canadians had lost the advantage of both surprise and darkness, and approached the beach only after the Germans had fully manned their defensive positions and were wholly prepared to beat off the landings. Firing from well prepared and ideally sited defences, the Germans held the Canadian unit which landed on the beach. As soon as they reached the shore, the Canadians found themselves pinned against the tall wire-topped seawall, enfiladed by German machine gun and unable to advance, and the Royal Regiment of Canada was in effect destroyed, its 556 men suffering 225 men killed and 264 captured, leaving just 33 to return to England. Blue beach was defended by just 60 Germans, who at no time felt the need for reinforcement of their position.
On the other flank of the main assault of 'Jubilee', at Green beach and at the same time as No. 4 Commando’s 'Cauldron' landing, the 1/South Saskatchewan Regiment came ashore at 04.52 without prior detection and therefore without being engaged by the German defence, left its landing craft on the beach and moved toward Pourville. On the approach to Green beach, however, some landing craft had drifted off course and most of the battalion’s men found themselves to the west of the Scie river rather than to the east of it as planned. Because it had been landed in the wrong place, the battalion, whose objective was the hills to the east of the village, had to enter Pourville so that its men could cross the river by the only bridge. Before the Canadians were able to reach this bridge, the Germans had positioned machine guns and anti-tank guns, and these halted the Canadian progress. With the battalion’s dead and wounded accumulating on the bridge and its approaches, Lieutenant Colonel Charles C. I. Merritt, the battalion’s commanding officer, attempted to give the attack renewed impetus by repeatedly and openly crossing the bridge, in order to demonstrate that it was feasible to do so. The assault did start to move once again, but the 1/South Saskatchewan and the Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, which had landed beside them and, with Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal constituted Brigadier H. A. Young’s 6th Brigade, were unable to reach their target. The Camerons did manage to penetrate farther inland than any other troops that day, but were also soon forced back as German reinforcements rushed to the scene. Both battalions suffered more losses as they withdrew, and courage performance of the landing craft crew members allowed 341 men to embark before increasing pressure meant that the rest had to be left to surrender. Another 141 had died.
One of the objectives of 'Jubilee' was to discover the performance and therefore the significance of the German radar station on the cliff-top to the east of the little town of Pourville. To achieve this, an RAF radar specialist, Flight Sergeant Jack Nissenthall, was attached to 1/South Saskatchewan and was to attempt to enter the radar station and learn its secrets, accompanied by a small unit of 11 Saskatchewans as bodyguards. Nissenthall volunteered for the mission fully aware of the fact that, as a result of the highly sensitive nature of his knowledge of Allied radar technology, his bodyguard unit was under orders to kill him if necessary to prevent him being captured. He also carried a cyanide pill as a last resort. Nissenthall and his bodyguard failed to enter the radar station, which was very strongly defended, but Nissenthall was able to crawl up to the rear of the station under German fire and cut all the telephone wires associated with the installation. This forced the crew inside the site to resort to radio communications to talk to their commander, and these transmissions which were intercepted by listening posts on the south coast of England. The Allies were able to learn a great deal about the location and density of German radar stations along the channel coast thanks to this one simple act, which helped to convince Allied commanders of the importance of developing radar jamming technology. Of this small unit, only Nissenthall and one other returned safely to England.
The main attack was in the centre of the 2nd Division’s front and right on the beach of Dieppe town over two points (Red and White beaches). As the landing craft approached their designated beaches, four escort destroyers shelled the coast, and at 05.15, this gunfire bombardment was supplemented by the attacks of five RAF squadrons of Hawker Hurricane fighter-bombers, which bombed the coastal defences and created a smoke screen to protect the assault troops. Between 05.20 and 05.23, some 30 minutes after the initial landings, the main frontal assault was made by the Essex Scottish Regiment and the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry Regiment. The eastern assault by the latter was held at the beach. The western assault by the former gained a hold in a shore-front casino, but few soldiers made it across the road and they were soon held.
The infantry of these two battalions was to be supported by Churchill tanks of the Canadian 14th Army Tank Regiment (The Calgary Regiment) landing at the same time, but the armour was late to arrive on the beach. As a result the infantry had to deliver their attack without armour support. The infantrymen were met by heavy machine gun fire from emplacements dug into the overlooking cliffs, were able to clear the obstacles and scale the sea wall, and suffered heavy losses right on the beach. When they did arrive, only 29 of the tanks were landed. Two of these sank in deep water, and 12 more became bogged on the soft shingle beach. So only 15 tanks reached and crossed the seawall, whereupon they were faced by a series of tank obstacles which prevented their entry into the town. Blocked from going farther forward, the tanks were compelled to return to the beach, where they provided fire support for the now retreating infantry. None of the tanks managed to return to England, and all the crews which landed were either killed or captured.
The engineers whose task it was to clear such obstacles were unable to do so because of heavy fire which the tanks could not suppress. Back on the beach, the tanks provided fire support as they could and covered the retreat. The supporting naval gunfire bombardment was provided by destroyers, whose guns lacked the weight of fire and range to destroy the German strongpoints without themselves coming under heavy fire. Moreover, the destroyers were unable to communicate directly with the those on shore to make their bombardment effective.
Not knowing the situation on the beaches because of the smoke screen laid by the supporting destroyers, and also the victim of only garbled communication with his forces ashore, at about 07.00 Roberts committed his two reserve units: the 584 men of the Fusiliers Mont-Royal, of whom only 125 returned to England, and the 369 Royal Marines of No. 40 (RM) Commando, at the time known as 'A' Commando. The Fusiliers Mont-Royal, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Dollard Ménard approached the beach in 26 landing craft. The landing craft were heavily engaged by the Germans, who hit them with heavy machine gun, mortar and grenade fire, and destroyed them; only a few men managed to reach the town. These men were then sent in toward the centre of Dieppe and became pinned down under the cliffs, and Roberts ordered the Royal Marines to land in order to support them.
The role of the marines had not originally been to support the landed infantry, and therefore had to transfer from their gunboats and motor boat transports onto landing craft. The Royal Marine landing craft were heavily engaged on their way to the beach, many being destroyed or disabled, and the Royal Marines who did reach the shore were either killed or captured. As he became aware of the situation, the Royal Marine commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Phillipps, donned white gloves to give semaphore signals to warn off the following craft, and was hit and killed in the process. All but one of the landing craft saw the signal and complied, though several craft were already hit.
The situation was hopeless, and at 10.50 the order was given for a general withdrawal from the main landing beaches. This had been completed by 13.00.
The Allied air operation in support of 'Jubilee' resulted in some of the fiercest air combat since 1940. The RAF’s main objectives were to create and maintain a protective umbrella over the amphibious force and beach-heads, and also to force the Luftwaffe into a battle of attrition on the Allies' own terms. Some 48 squadrons of Supermarine Spitfire fighters were committed, with eight squadrons of Hurricane fighter-bombers, four squadrons of North American Mustang reconnaissance fighters and seven squadrons of No. 2 Group’s light bombers.
Although initially slow to respond to the raid, the German fighters soon began to make their presence felt. While the Allied fighters were moderately successful in protecting the ground and sea forces from bombing, they were hampered by operating far from their home bases. The Spitfires in particular were at the edge of their ranges, with some only being able to spend five minutes over the combat area.
A little known element of 'Jubilee' was a British attempt, orchestrated by the Naval Intelligence Division, to locate and seize a German Enigma four-rotor enciphering machine and its associated code books and rotor setting sheets to assist the 'Ultra' decryption work of Bletchley Park. The task was entrusted to a small party of No. 30 Commando, a Royal Navy unit created specifically for the intelligence-gathering role, which was to exploit the presence of other troops landing at Dieppe as a distraction to ease its task of reaching the local headquarters of the German navy and capturing the Enigma machine.
The comparatively recent introduction of the four-rotor machine was preventing cryptanalysis of 'Enigma' transmissions, so the Allies were eager to get their hands on one to discover any weaknesses in the new system. But the raid was a failure and no machine was obtained.
The Germans had remained in total control of the situation and lost some 591 men killed and wounded, together with 48 aircraft. On the Allied side the Canadians had lost some 3,367 men killed, wounded or taken prisoner out of their initial complement of almost 5,000 men, the commandos 247 of their 1,000 men, the Royal Navy 550 men killed and wounded plus the escort destroyer Berkeley and 33 landing craft, and the RAF 109 men killed, wounded and captured, and 106 aircraft including 64 Spitfire, 20 Hurricane, 10 Mustang and six Douglas Boston machines, and the USAAF 13 aircraft. A particular discouraging feature of the air fighting was the poor showing of the RAF’s latest Spitfire fighters, which revealed themselves no real match for the Luftwaffe’s Fw 190 fighters.
It should be added, though, that the casualty figures vary. According to one source, of the 6,090 men involved, 1,027 were killed and 2,340 captured. The Official History of the Canadian Army gives the figures of 907 Canadians killed (including some in captivity) while about 2,210 Canadians out of the 4,963 sent made it back to England (it must be noted that nearly 1,000 of these never landed).
The capture of a copy of the Dieppe plan, wholly wrongly brought ashore by Brigadier W. W. Southam, commander of the Canadian 6th Brigade and one of the Canadians who were taken prisoner, made it possible for the Germans to carry out a thorough analysis of the operation. Senior German officers were not impressed: Konrad Haase, for example, considered it incomprehensible that the Allies believed it feasible for one division to be able to overrun a German regiment supported by artillery. He added that the strength of naval and air forces was wholly insufficient to suppress the defenders during the landings. General Adolf-Friedrich Kuntzen, commander of the LXXXI Corps in the 15th Army, believed it inconceivable that the Pourville landings were not supported by armour.
The Germans were also unimpressed by the Churchill tanks abandoned in the withdrawal. One report assessed that in its current form the Churchill was easy to defeat: its 2-pdr gun was described as poor and obsolete, and the armour was compared unfavourably with that of current German and Soviet tanks.
However, the Germans recognised that the Allies were certain to learn some lessons from the operation, and with von Rundstedt observed that 'Just as we will evaluate these experiences for the future, so will the assaulting force…perhaps even more so as it has gained the experience dearly. He will not do it like this a second time!'
So far as the Allies were concerned, the lessons learned at Dieppe were essentially what not to do in future amphibious assaults, and thereby laid the foundations for the tactical and operational concepts which characterised the 'Overlord' landings in Normandy two years later. Most notably, 'Jubilee' emphasised the need for preliminary artillery and air support; the need for a sustained element of surprise; the need for full intelligence about German fortifications; the avoidance of a direct frontal attack on a defended port city; and the need for proper re-embarkation craft.
A direct result of the lessons learned at Dieppe was the British development of a whole range of specialist armoured vehicles which allowed their engineers to perform many of their tasks protected by armour. The operation showed major deficiencies in RAF ground support techniques, and this led to the creation of a fully integrated tactical air force to support major ground offensives.
Another effect of the raid was change in the Allies' previous belief that seizure of a major port would be a prerequisite for success in the creation of a second front. The revised appreciation was that the amount of damage that would be done to a port by the bombardment required to take it would almost certainly render it useless as a port, at least in the short term. As a result, the decision was taken to construct prefabricated 'Mulberry' harbours to be towed in sections to lightly defended beaches and there assembled as part of a large-scale invasion. |
Traditional, Modern, and Post-Modern
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Indic Visions in an Age of Science by Varadaraja V. Raman
(New York, NY: Metanexus, 2011).
Indian culture and civilization have contributed significantly to humanity’s heritage. They are as ancient as any, more ancient than many. Indian civilization is remarkable in its uninterrupted continuity since the misty millennia of unrecorded history. Scholars are unable to trace its precise roots, except to note that there flourished in India cultures that preceded the Vedic-Sanskritic and the Dravidian-Tamil which are the principal weaving threads in the fabric of current Indic civilization.
The Indian subcontinent has witnessed countless triumphs and tribulations, with more than its share of famines, frustrations, wars and battles. The resilience of Indic culture to alien intrusions, whether pillaging and plundering, or of the occupying kind, has few parallels in history. Religions which practically obliterated many ancient cultures to whom they brought their messages, did not destroy Hinduism. Every outsider who ever walked into India has been touched one way or another by the Indian people. In the long run, India has also benefited from her contacts with the aliens who barged into her shores.
Whether in food or costume, in marriage customs or festivals, there are significant regional variations within India. Not unlike in Europe when Christendom reigned supreme, the people of India, even with their linguistic and alimentary diversity, have maintained a commonalty, bound together largely by their Sanskritic and Tamil heritages. In our own times, English and modern science bind the elite of the nation, while the people at large are woven together in a political, cultural, and national fabric through a democratic system of government and by a unified framework of culture such as they have seldom experienced before in their long history.
The inhabitants of India range from primal tribes that still guard their one-with-nature ways to sophisticated groups that contribute to international debates and to modern science and technology. Present day Hindus are products of healthy mixtures from waves upon waves of immigrants and invaders. They include descendents from Africans, Greeks, Mongols, Persians, Afghans, Portuguese, and more.
Indic visions in an age of science is a vast subject. Indic visions include profound insights and illuminating thoughts, poetic imagination and flights of fancy, breakthroughs in mathematics, and ethical principles that range from the purely pragmatic to the impractically idealistic. They are reflected in art, music, science, philosophy, poetry, even pornography, in grammar, gourmet cuisine, stories, sinful and sacred.
Indus Valley civilization
The Indus valley civilization is one of the most ancient civilizations unearthed by archeologists. It has received more attention and commentaries than most other submerged civilizations have. It is said to have flourished between 2500 and 1900 B.C.E. Sir John Marshall often gets the lion’s share of the credit for this, but other important scientists in the field, such as; D. Banerji, K. N. Dikshit, E. Mackay, and M. S. Vats, must also be mentioned in this context.
The question of whether the Indus civilization had developed a script is a fascinating one. Here, as in other similar situations, there are divergent views among specialists in the matter of interpreting ancient data. Some have claimed to have deciphered it, others are still struggling with the task. There is also new hypothesis to the effect that they are not scripts at all. What is known is that there were mass-produced inscriptions in the Indus civilization such as are found nowhere else among ancient civilizations. Thus in a sense it may be said that the first version of printing began in the Indus valley.
The people of the Indus valley civilization were adepts in the construction of roads and residential structures, but there seem to be no big monuments or places for worship there. A building which in the ruins has been interpreted as a granary. The findings of archeologists make it clear that those people had the technologies of brick-making and pottery. We have no idea of what they thought or reflected upon, their religion or philosophy.
An old and a new theory
Nineteenth century Indologists discovered that many words in Sanskrit sound similar to roots words in some European languages. There are also some striking parallels between the Vedic pantheon and the ancient Greek. From phonetic and mythopoeic similarities, they formulated a theory by which in the remote past, nomadic peoples streamed from Central Asia into India via the Afghan passes and established a new civilization in the northern plains of India.
This so-called ‘Aryan Invasion Theory’ was held suspect right from the start by Indian thinkers. It has been subjected to critical deconstruction in recent decades. In the new century, it has hardly any adherent, staunch or lukewarm, in India or beyond, though slightly modified versions of it still persist. The idea of Dravidians having been pushed from the north has also been rejected by most serious scholars. It often happens that yesterday’s theory in history is today’s nonsense. Some Indian scholars even suggest that the Aryan Invasion Theory was a carefully crafted scheme, a trickery perpetrated by the colonial British to justify their occupation of India as just another instance in a long pattern of alien intrusions, on the questionable moral principle, it would seem, that if a bank had been robbed many times before, I too should have the right to do so now.
In a new paradigm, which is slowly gaining ground among an increasing number of people in India, the Indus-Saraswati culture which emerged in the northern river valleys was in fact the original civilization of India. The proponents of this model remind us that the townships in Indus valley were no less impressive than their Mesopotamian counterparts. An eminent scholar arguing for this theory believes that “the history of civilization dates to the Rig Vedic people who lived on the banks of the Saraswati long before Indus Valley civilization.” This thesis has not yet achieved universal recognition.
Debates on history and confirmation of the legitimate roots of culture are no doubt of enormous import, since they have implications on many aspects of cultural self-image and national integrity. Nevertheless, my focus in these lectures will not be with how it all began, nor with controversies on ancient history. I will focus rather on some of the visions that arose from India‘s intellectual and moral roots, and present some of the recent results that have been obtained in this regard. Many of the recent interpretations of ancient texts are gaining adherence from an increasing number of people affiliated to the tradition, and therefore deserve recognition. Culturally meaningful interpretations will always carry much weight in the analysis of thought and history.
General impression of Indic civilization and its causes
Indic civilization is not given much importance in the global context, perhaps because there is no incentive to pay attention to a civilization that is not wreaking havoc in the world. Another reason for this benign neglect is that it is often cast in a religious framework. Furthermore, the general impression created about Indic civilization is that it is essentially concerned with other-worldly matters, and engaged intensely only in spiritual pursuits. Though Indian citizens include members of many different faith communities, the vast majority of the people of India are affiliated to values and worldviews that are labeled as Hindu. As it used to be in medieval Europe, practically every aspect of Indian culture is linked in some way or another to the religious framework of the people.
Some modern Hindu scholars have rightly complained that the scientific mind of India has not been given sufficient emphasis in the Western world. But one may ask in fairness, how many Indian thinkers gave the deserved importance to their own scientific heritage before Europeans came on the scene? If anything, from the close of the nineteenth century, eminent spokespeople for Indic traditions stressed, if not overstressed, Indian spirituality rather than India‘s overall intellectual vigor.
In other words, if the general impression that was created up until the middle of the twentieth century was that Indic civilization has been uniquely, if not excessively spiritual, that impression arose as much from the emphasis on spirituality placed by the prestigious exponents of Indic culture as from misunderstandings and distortions on the part of Western scholars. The eloquence of Swami Vivekananda, the first propagator of Hindu thought to the modern West, the interpretations of the Vedas and the Bhagavad Gita by Sri Aurobindo, one of the foremost scholar-sages of the Hindu tradition in modern times first, and the prolific writings of S. Radhakrishnan, a most learned author on the tradition: all these were essentially spiritualistic in their interpretations. Such thinkers created in the science-dominated technological Western mind a picture in which Hindus had always been drawn only to other-worldly matters. Even today, the weight of Indian writings on Hindu thought leans more on the spiritual, the religious, and the philosophical than on its scientific insights.
The enormous role that spirituality has played in shaping and enriching Indic civilization cannot be denied and should not be underplayed. But it must be allowed that at least part of the source of the Western characterization of India may be traced to the writings of some illustrious Hindu thinkers of the 20th century.
Be that as it may, in the interest of obtaining a more complete picture, we need to bring out the more this-worldly dimensions of Indic culture also.
It should be recalled that already in the early nineteenth century some European historians began to uncover that significant science and mathematics had been formulated in the Indian subcontinent. It was not out of the blue that the eminent French mathematician Pierre Simone de Laplace wrote early in that century: “The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in India… The importance of this invention is more readily appreciated when one considers that it was beyond the two greatest men of Antiquity, Archimedes and Apollonius.”
In recent decades, the number of scientifically informed investigators exploring the legacy of India‘s scientific thought has been steadily growing, both within India and beyond. These scholars have uncovered insights in classical Indic texts which have relevance and significance beyond religious frameworks.
On resurgent civilizations
Considered from a long time-span, the civilizations of the world may be put into three broad groups: First we have those that flourished in the distant past, and have completely disappeared, their precious legacies relegated to artifacts in museums and to books and articles. Such were the civilizations of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, as also Norse, Mayan, and Aztec civilizations. Then there are civilizations which are no longer in their former splendor, but some of whose worldviews, creative ideas, and artistic genius continue to nourish modern civilizations. Such are the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.
Finally, we have the Chinese, the Indic, and the Islamic-Arab civilizations: three major civilizations which flourished with great verve and vigor at various times, but which, as a result of various historical forces, became for some time dormant in their scientific creativity. In the second half of the twentieth century, these civilizations have been slowly waking up from a long slumber as it were. They have already asserted themselves in the global context, and show every promise of becoming creative and active again in the scientific field, perhaps with even greater accomplishments than before.
The civilizations of China, India, and the Arab world did not lose their creative capacities in art, music, and poetry, nor in local technologies, during their pre-modern scientific phase. It is now well established that India was economically very productive and prosperous in the era prior to the intrusion of the British into the subcontinent. But modern science did not emerge in these cultures. Whatever the reasons for this, it has had drastic consequences on the self-appraisal of the resurgent civilizations, as also on their appraisal of modern science. The matter is complicated by the fact that they have suffered adversely from European colonialism. This additional factor in the lives of these awakening civilizations is playing a role, both subtle and overt, in their renaissance.
The search for roots
The search for cultural and scientific roots in the Western world led to a rediscovery of ancient Greece and Rome. In this context two things must be noted. First, the unsavory memories of Greco-Roman cultural and political colonization had long disappeared from the psyche of the West when modern science began to emerge. Furthermore, modern science was not imported into the West from an oppressing and exploiting culture, though it had been nourished, even instigated by its contacts with Arab scholarship. There was thus no reason in the West to react with irritation towards ancient Greece or Rome. Secondly, in the enthusiasm of the discovery of insightful ancient Greek thought, some people were persuaded that the ancient Greeks had known some of the results of 18th and 19th century science. Almost unconsciously one developed a romantic vision of the ancients, which made one see more in the past than there was actually there. What was ignored in such views was that there were basic methodological differences between ancient and modern science.
In the Non-Western world, two major forces are at play in this context. One of these is the motivation to become part of international science, and make contributions to the advancement of human knowledge. Hindu, Chinese, and Islamic scientists, like everyone else, have been making their marks in substantial ways in this regard. To this group belongs the likes of; S.N. Bose, Meghnad Saha, C. V. Ramans, and countless others in present-day India. The other force springs from the memory of colonial oppression that is part of the Non-West’s recent history, and from the fact that the West is still hegemonic in the international arena. Therefore, the re-discovery of Non-Western cultural roots tends to be colored by an undercurrent of animosity towards the West. Added to this is the fact that Western historians and scholars, in their explorations into and commentaries on Non-Western cultures, have in many instances, whether consciously or unwittingly, unacceptably transformed various aspects of those cultures, often portraying them as creatively inferior, or as intrinsically limited in their capacity for scientific reasoning.
It is in this unsavory scenario that a good deal of writing and reflection on the roots of Non-Western science are occurring. As a result, the joy of discovery is often tainted by cultural misunderstandings, antagonisms, and acrimony, provoking unpleasant exchanges between otherwise serious and balanced scholars.
As in the West, with respect to Greece, here too there is the risk of reading more into the texts than what their authors might have meant. It is important in such contexts to differentiate between deep insights of keen thinkers in ages past on the one hand, and quantitatively, experimentally, and instrumentally derived results of modern science on the other. Uncovering intuitively grasped profound truths in thinkers of the distant past can be very meaningful, but reading too many modern ideas in ancient texts may not be doing their authors justice.
The twin roots of Indic culture
Many streams have nurtured Indic visions, even as many rivers vivify the Indian subcontinent, both in the northern plains and in the southern peninsula. The two most influential of these have been, as mentioned earlier, the Vedic-Sanskritic and the Dravidian-Tamil. They have always interacted and enriched each other. Whether the two had a common source is another issue of debate which is not only hard to track down, but also wrought with political and cultural sensitivities which will not concern us here.
The Vedas are among the most ancient utterances of the human spirit in its quest to connect with the Cosmos. Tradition ascribes them to spiritually awakened sage-poets, reverentially referred to as rishis. The rishis are believed to have received Vedic truths from transcendental sources. Tradition affirms that the Vedas are eternal, and that the chanted hymns existed as pure cosmic vibrations until the rishis heard and articulated them for the benefit of humankind.
We may interpret this to mean that truths about the human condition and mystical visions about the world beyond have more than temporal validity. Their relevance is not for one historical age or another, but for all times. They constitute what Augustine Steuch in the 16th century called philosophia perennis; Nuggets of wisdom that are of eternal significance. It has been said that that is the reason why the Vedas have stood the test of time, and have inspired the major doctrinal tenets of the Hindu world, the third largest religious family in the world.
Just as most Arab nations are rooted in Islamic culture, and the secularized Western civilization still draws its sustenance from Judeo-Christian roots, so too, though the modern nation of India is a secular democracy, and its Constitution respects and gives equal rights to all religions, it is also deeply embedded in a culture that had its beginnings in Vedic visions. Denying this cultural reality sometimes leads to fears and conflicts. It may not be long before Western civilization has a similar experience.
All dynamic civilizations have pondered questions of life and death. They have also wondered about the nature of matter and motion, gazed at the sky and the stars, developed methods of counting a |
What Are The Long-Term Lung Problems After Covid-19?– Lungs are a vital part of the respiratory system that allows gaseous exchange in your body. Oxygen from the atmosphere is provided to the bloodstream by this organ, which, in turn, collects carbon dioxide from the same bloodstream and delivers it back into the atmosphere. A healthy person takes in 12-16 breathes per minute, which shows the normal functioning of the person. However, when the breathing rate deviates from the normal, it indicates abnormalities in the functioning of the organ. Other indications include coughing, wheezing sounds while breathing, chest pain, short breath, etc. Such symptoms indicate lung disorders or post effects of any other disease, the most recent being COVID-19. Covid Care Center in Jaipur- Asthma Bhawan
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that can infect your upper and lower respiratory tract. If the infection gets severe, it reaches up to the lungs. Scientists are learning new things about the virus SARS-CoV-19 from the Corona Virus family every day.
How does COVID-19 virus gain entry? | What are the long-term lung problems after covid-19? Asthma Bhawan
COVID-19 virus gains entry into your body when a healthy person comes in contact with a diseased person and inhales the droplets released by the infected person. Droplets might vary in size; smaller droplets called aerosols stay in the air for more extended periods and can infect people even after some time. Also, droplets stay on different surfaces for different periods. Anyone inhaling aerosols can gain infection; can allow entry of the virus into the body. Keep update yourself with Interstitial Lung Disease Hospital In India and get know about What Are The Long-Term Lung Problems After Covid-19?
Mucous membranes line your nose, mouth, and eyes. The virus comes in contact with healthy cells and multiplies within them. It reaches and infects nearby cells. The lining of the respiratory tract gets inflamed. Hence, the infection and inflammation can even extend up to the lungs.
Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 Virus:
COVID-19 can have a long-term effect on the lungs. COVID-infected people can suffer from certain elements. Problems that might occur are: Also check: What did Asthma Patients need to Know during COVID-19?
- Difficulty in breathing
- Inflammation in lungs
- Scarring of tissue in their lungs
- Feeling fatigued
- Formation of clots
- Loss of smell or taste
- Fever and dizziness
- Short breath
Thus, effects vary greatly in different individuals. In severe cases, lung transplants may need due to severe damage in the lungs of the diseased person. A new subvariant of omicron, XBB.1.16 is increasing nowadays rapidly since the end of January 2023.
What can we do to treat post covid-19 effects?
Sadly, there is no medication for post-COVID effects. But certain preventions and rehabilitation therapies can help overcome such effects. Also, regular check-ups for the health of the lungs are mandatory if there are severe effects on the organ.
Also, healthy lifestyle practices are necessary for patients with extended illness and serious COVID effects including a healthy diet, intake of fresh air, and avoiding smoke and dust.
Moreover, allergens irritate the cells of the respiratory lining, thereby producing anti-allergic responses. Thus, in a healthy person, these responses come down to normal after a few hours. But in patients with lung disorders or cases like post COVID, such responses are elicited for a particular allergen and are not brought back to normal. Thus, such triggered responses begin to show symptoms that an infected person shows.
Know more about What Are The Long-Term Lung Problems After Covid-19? Visit Difference between Asthma, Allergies, and COVID-19
What goes as a major concern is if we know actual long-term effects of COVID-19?
The disease is so new that scientists are trying to figure out long-term effects or if they are ill-effects of the virus itself. Also, people call it long-haulers or post COVID conditions which vary from person to person according to their immune responses. Studies revealed that the lower two lobes were often damaged. It is necessary to study COVID, but it is also vital to know post-COVID and the long-term effects of COVID. Until then, keep regular check-ups to avoid lung damage and better recovery. Also check What are BA.4 and BA.5 sub-variants of Omicron? |
A lottery is a form of gambling in which participants buy tickets for a chance to win a prize based on a random drawing. Lotteries are often run by state governments and can offer a wide range of prizes, from sports team drafts to cash jackpots. Some states even use their lottery revenues to fund education and other public services. Although the casting of lots has a long record in human history (including several instances in the Bible), lotteries as a means of material gain are relatively recent, with the first publicly held lottery to distribute money prizes taking place in Bruges in 1466. Lottery games have a broad appeal, with participation reaching more than 60% of adults in states that have them. Lottery advertising emphasizes the large rewards that can be won, but the truth is that most winners do not keep all of the money.
The popularity of lotteries has fueled a growth in gambling and other state revenues, which is problematic in an anti-tax era. State officials are also often dependent on the revenue from lottery sales and face pressure to increase ticket prices and jackpots. In addition, lotteries have developed extensive specific constituencies — convenience store operators, lottery suppliers (with heavy contributions to state political campaigns); teachers (in those states in which lotteries are earmarked for education; and state legislators, who quickly become accustomed to the extra income).
There is an inherent risk in playing the lottery, and people should be clear-eyed about the odds of winning. But there is also a strong and inextricable impulse to gamble, especially in an age of inequality and limited social mobility. Lottery advertising reinforces this irrational behavior by promoting mega-sized jackpots, which drive ticket sales and earn the games free publicity on news sites and television. Many people play the lottery because they want to improve their odds by purchasing more tickets or by selecting numbers that have special sentimental value, like birthdays or home addresses. However, this strategy can be expensive and doesn’t necessarily improve your chances of winning. |
Originally published in Maximum Yield (April 2005)
Today’s plant enthusiast has an overwhelming selection of products and information to sift through in order to achieve their planting goals. Such goals vary from backyard gardening to greenhouse hydroponics to large-scale vegetable production for consumption or profit.
Growers now have access to many plant species and are faced with finding the optimal nutrient mix to achieve the best tasting, brightest, and biggest fruits while choosing a product that is easy to use as well as cost effective.
Hydroponic techniques allow the grower to control areas never before possible, which have given rise to harvests never before imagined.
Think like a plant
To best care for any plants the first approach is to think like a plant. At a basic level, humans need vitamin supplements to aid in digestion, oxygen utilization, and muscle building because these essential vitamins and trace mineral elements are not found in adequate supply in our rapidly degrading daily diets.
Just the same, scientists have identified 16 essential elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, O, C, H) that plants require for normal metabolism. Plant material has also been found to contain as many as 60 trace elements, mostly from soil and water impurities, but some of those mysterious elements can make all the difference in proper metabolic function.
Supplying your plants with the perfect amount of readily available nutrients at just the right time is no easy task. Fortunately, this article is designed to demystify enough about plant metabolism to help you make better informed decisions. Understanding plant biochemistry is the first step in assessing your choice of nutrient formulations, organic materials, grow mediums, activators, microbes, water quality and treatment, “boost juices” and “magic mists.”
Plant nutrition and metabolism is a concert of many factors. Not even a single violinist is forgotten. Selection of a cultivar, environmental conditions, presence of raw materials, and efficient nutrient uptake are vital to achieving any planting goal. When one begins to think like a plant, it becomes apparent what areas require the most attention.
In general, consider these factors in order of importance:
- Water quality
- Plant requirements
- Growing environment
- Nutrient properties
- Soil/medium properties
- Feeding directions
Special consideration should be given to the nutritional requirements of your chosen plant. In general, leafy, slow- growing, and semi-woody stem plants will require less attention to nutrition than would fast-growing, fruit-bearing vegetables or flowers.
An organism’s DNA is its blueprint for construction and survival. If a growing plant was compared to a home under construction and its host environment acted as the building supply yard, one could easily visualize what might happen if a drywall screw was used in place of a lag bolt, or carpet in place of concrete because “nature” was out of stock at that moment in time… Price check on aisle four… Just like a chain, an organism is only as strong as its weakest link and every building block needs to be combined in the right order, the right place and the right time.
A plant’s life cycle is divided into four stages, each with varying needs.
- Germination: Young plants require very few nutrients as their seed pods are filled with simple sugars, amino acids, and hormones. During this stage plants are very susceptible to shock and should be cared for gently. Germination works best in warm, humid environments and can be accelerated by adding a root stimulating hormone, like the auxin, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA).
- Acclimation: Once plants have sprouted, it’s time to expose sprouts to the growing environment and nutrient solution. Young plants require low dose fertilizing because their root systems have not yet fully developed by Keith Roberto and Brandon Matthews Maximum Yield Indoor Gardening USA March / April 2005 61 and are not capable of utilizing all nutrients. Over fertilizing will damage or kill young plants.
- Vegetative growth: This stage is marked by exponential growth and large consumption of nutrients and water. The demand for Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P) increase as they are essential elements primarily required for the formation of amino acids and energy utilization, respectively. Be careful not to over fertilize at this stage because plants under ideal conditions will uptake more nitrogen than necessary, delaying fruit initiation.
- Maturation: A dramatic shift in nutrition, hormone regulation, and water consumption will take place. Potassium (K) and Calcium ions (Ca2+) play vital roles in maturation as it is a required element in the formation of proteins, sugars, and oils, as wells as proper function of hormones, enzymes, and ion exchange.
To customize the best nutrient solution, a little research on your plant’s needs would be a good start. Many manufacturers make nutrient solutions in single, two, three and even four-part formulations, allowing the motivated grower to fine tune his/her feeding regiment.
Experience and a simple understanding of chemistry will reveal that single part fertilizers are not the best choice because of the large changes in most plants’ metabolic requirements. In addition, many one part solutions have more additives than could possibly remain dissolved in solution. Refrain from buying liquid nutrients that have precipitated crystals at the bottom because those components are unavailable for uptake once out of solution.
Take the time to read labels!
If there is no ingredients label then there are no plant foods in the bottle. State by state labeling regulations require that a Guaranteed Minimum Analysis disclose in detail all of the major constituent salts in solution. Some products make outrageous claims that are physiological nonsense. When the biochemistry of photosynthesis, respiration, and electron transport are better understood it becomes easier to cater to your plant’s needs and separate the reality from the TV show going on at the local grow store.
Simply put, photosynthesis uses light energy to reduce (add electrons to) carbon dioxide (CO2) and water to form sugars as oxygen is released. Electrons and protons are raw energy. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments that harness the sun’s light energy to establish a proton gradient among the chloroplast’s inner membranes. In a complicated series of reduction/ oxidation reactions, the Calvin cycle yields one glucose molecule per molecule per six ‘turns’, requiring 18 molecules of ATP.
Coupled to photosynthesis, aerobic respiration is the process where glucose from the Calvin cycle is digested to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) the molecule responsible for 95% of metabolic energy. Glucose is phosphorylated (addition of energy rich phosphate groups) and split into two three-carbon sugars. These sugars are oxidized (loss of electrons) to pyruvic acid, in turn donating electrons to NAD+, reducing it to NADH. This sugar molecule and energy carrier are subsequently used in the Krebs cycle to transfer electrons in the formation of more ATP than was consumed in the Calvin cycle. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain with a voltage of 0.82, more than half that of an AA battery. Who knows, maybe our fields of green can be harnessed to put the power companies out of business… sorry, pinch me, I out of business… sorry, pinch me, I dozed off!
Enzymes and Cofactors:
All biochemical reactions are catalyzed or accelerated by reaction specific enzymes, often requiring cofactors like Mg2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+. Enzymes are globular proteins that speed reactions by decreasing the activation energy required to carry out the given reaction. Enzymes can accelerate a reaction by as much as a million times, literally, without being consumed. Most cells have the necessary enzymes already present, but vigorous growth or plant stress can deplete the availability of essential nutrients, cofactors, and coenzymes. Coenzymes are vitamins like niacin (B3) and ribofl avin (B2), essential components of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, the afore mentioned NAD+ molecule that participates in redox reactions. Coenzymes are also referred to as organic cofactors.
Imagine a plant’s biochemical pathways as a road trip throughout New York. There are very few paths to take to reach the destination, and most likely, a few bridges and tunnels are on the route. These bridges are enzymes that take your car from one landmass to another; effectively accelerating the normal pace it would take you to swim.
Of course, there is always traffic at the tollbooth as we trade our ‘cofactors’ for access to the enzyme. The bridge has a max fl ow rate when it is fully saturated with cars (substrate).
Provided that everyone has their money in hand at the tollbooth, traffic will proceed at the fastest rate with the most cars traveling on the bridge. It is possible to maximize a metabolic function to the extent that a rate-limiting enzyme will allow. Enzymes are coded for by a cell’s genetic material and it is difficult to increase their intracellular concentration. They can be inhibited, competed for, and otherwise regulated.
Optimal metabolic efficiency is the ultimate goal. Apparently, there are many required Apparently, there are many required organic and inorganic nutrients to make these metabolic processes function properly. Most three part nutrient solutions have all these bases covered, but what about supercharging your nutrient mixture? Adding a little bit of this and a little bit of that may boost plant growth and yield or it could completely kill your plants if used incorrectly. Whatever you use, follow the manufacturer’s label exactly.
The biggest factor to consider is cost as anyone will notice these miracle formulas are expensive and sometimes unnecessary.
Light For starters, let’s consider optimizing the growing environment.
The Calvin cycle contain 12 enzymes, five of which are light activated and rate limiting to photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the primary photon receptive molecule and is most active in the blue region at 430 nm and the orange region at 663nm. A magnesium atom rests in its center, bonded to four nitrogen-based light sensitive ‘antennae’, specialized for the transfer of electrons when illuminated.
To maximize light intensity, bulbs should only be used within the manufacturer’s estimated life span. New high output enhanced spectrum bulbs are available with emission wavelengths near optimal combined with lower operating temperature. Cooler lights are more efficient at converting electricity to light energy as no energy is wasted as heat.
Temperature and humidity are also huge variables in the rate of photosynthesis. A pH test kit and other sensors would be a good investment and you could always ask a friend to borrow a light intensity meter.
The relative concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is 365 ppm. Studies have shown that air movement can have a large impact on carbon fixation and overall growth. A concentration of 1000 ppm can raise photosynthetic rates by as much as 60%. However, increasing the concentration to 1500 ppm will cause stomata to close and photosynthesis will stop. This is more effective in some plants than others and should be applied during the light cycle.
Oxygen In much the same manner, root zones and reservoirs need to have a favorable concentration of diffused oxygen. Root rot occurs when O2 levels are very low and anaerobic respiration occurs releasing lactic acid and ethanol, also known as fermentation. This is prevented by choosing a quality medium with good water and air retaining properties. The ideal medium for most hydroponic applications is one that:
- Maintains an equal ratio of air to water.
- Helps to buffer pH changes over time as well as stabilize levels of nutrients.
- Is easily flushed and can be re-wetted after complete dehydration.
- Can be reused or is biodegradable.
- Is inexpensive and easy to use both indoors and out.
As for the reservoirs, cooling, circulating, or bubbling will help keep the nutrient solution clean and oxygen rich. UV and ozone treatment are generally only used for commercial applications and should be performed before adding nutrients or other additives to avoid triggering chemical reactions between nutrient ions in a charged reservoir.
Change reservoir water every other week. Keep reservoirs clean, cool and free from stray light as algae will easily contaminate a translucent tank and consume all available oxygen in doing so. Certain additives like hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, will keep the reservoir relatively aseptic.
Hydrogen peroxide should only be used in 3% solutions when adding to a reservoir, for it is deadly to roots in higher concentrations. For every 10 gallons of nutrient solution, pre-dilute three tablespoons of 35% H2O2 to a gallon of distilled water.
Mix half of the reservoir with H2O2 and the other half with nutrient solution. Combine the two while mixing gently, taking into consideration the total volume of the reservoir. It is unlikely that dissolved oxygen content will significantly increase in low concentrations or without the presence of peroxidases to break it down. Be sure to practice this before killing your prizewinners.
Water quality is as important as any nutrient formula. Many water supplies have levels of contaminants that could be harmful to your plants. Solution pH (ideally 5.5 to 7) is also vital as some nutrients become insoluble or unavailable.
Most commonly encountered contaminants are sodium chloride (table salt), boron, and calcium bicarbonate. Besides being toxic to plants in high concentrations, calcium bicarbonate will clog hydroponics systems. Reverse osmosis is an expensive but effective way of purifying even the most contaminated water and should be employed by every serious grower.
Nutrient formulas designed for “hard” water use are questionable. In some parts of New York, water is 32 ppm, while upstate it’s 1100 ppm. In Arizona I hear it is 200 ppm. There is no way to compensate for such a wide range of water hardness other than to start with pure water. Invest in an RO system and stick to the time tested and true soft water formulas.
Dissolved salts reduce the osmotic potential of water and increase the energy needed for nutrient uptake while disrupting the intracellular osmotic balance. Lettuce, strawberries, and peppers are among the most salt sensitive crops. Elevated sodium levels above 110 mg/L will result in wilted leaves, stunted growth and fruit set, and can cause deficiencies in calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Boron is a common water contaminant and exists in a fine balance in plants. Trace amounts of boron are essential in many biochemical processes but concentrations above 0.75 mg/L are harmful.
Chloride is a common fertilizer contaminant and should be monitored closely, not to exceed 180 mg/L. In general, leaves will show signs of toxicity and deficiency first. Close attention should be paid to whether symptoms appear in new or old growth as the location of trace elements serve as an indicator to the culprit.
Many organic fertilizers extracted from seaweed or fish emulsion can contain harmful levels of sodium, ammonia, and heavy metals. “Boost” juices are often high in sodium, especially if they contain organic counterparts or are super concentrated.
In addition, organic fertilizers are not suitable for media-less, pure-water hydroponic applications for many reasons. Organic debris easily clogs emitters and filters. They also contain unprocessed amino acids and sugars that serve as a breeding ground for bacteria that will consume the very dissolved oxygen your roots are starving for and releasing potentially harmful byproducts into solution. Not to mention, where are all the aerobic bacteria that are required to break down this stuff going to live? Scuba anyone?
Michael Christiansen said it best – “Organics is feeding the soil, hydroponics is feeding the plant“. If you want to grow in water, keep the dirt in the garden outside where it belongs.
Symbiotic, mutually beneficial bacteria and fungi can be introduced in the growing environment. Specialized bacteria can be used as pest or fungus control. Beneficial mycorrhizal fungi are best applied in root zones where they actually penetrate root membranes, increasing the effective surface area by 10 to 100X. They also serve as bioactivators, capable of breaking down complex nutrients, making them more available for uptake. These are very specific processes and need special consideration of plant species and grow method compatibility. Some solutions will have bioactivators in them.
The term activator refers to a molecule or organism that alters the chemical state of minerals, vitamins, or other substrates, making them more easily utilized in the plant. Humic acid is the remnants of amino acids, carbohydrates, and decayed plant matter that is thousands of years old.
Humates are the salts of humic acids, which form complexes with phosphorus and trace elements making troublesome ions more readily available. Fulvic acid is the acid radical found in humic matter and is readily soluble. Iron, calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium are the most insoluble elements in a nutrient formula and are facilitated by fulvic acid.
|Cell elongation, gene activation, adventitious roots, vascular differentiation, fruit development, production of ethylene, “bending”effect.
|Auxins are very concentration and tissue specific. Ca2+ is required for transport.
|In [low], best unused to promote root growth in young plants.
|Cell elongation and division, internodal elongation, transition from juvenile to adult stages, initiation of bolting and flowering.
|GA’s are highly regulated by light and life cycle.
|During vegetative growth, can be used as a stem elongator. Also initiates flowering.
|Cell division, expansion and growth of lateral buds, root and shoot formation in combination with auxin. Increased uptake of sugar in cells. Cell differentiation.
|Partners with auxins. Ca2+ is required for auxin/cytokinin initiated cell division.
|High auxin/cytikinin ratio favor roots. Low ratios favor shoot formation.
|Fruit ripening, leaf separation and death. inhibits flowering mostly, but initiates it in pineapple and mangos. Role in sex expression and stem elongation.
|Inhibited by high CO2 or low O2. Auxin stimulates ethylene production.
|Shaking or blowing plants increase ethylene, making stems thicker and shorter. Difficult to use because it is most effective as a gas.
|Water conservation in drought by closing stomata. Seed dormancy. Has antagonistic effect on other hormones.
|May have Ca2+ antagonistic effects.
|Oligosaccharins and other plant regulators
|Newly studied compounds, not traditional hormones. have specific effects in all plants, unlike hormones.
|Released from cell walls by specific enzymes, possibly initiated by other hormones.
|Specialized spplications have not yet been identified.
The acid-growth hypothesis of auxins may also apply to humic and fulvic acid. The auxin IAA stimulates H+ pumps in cell walls.
This acidification in turn stimulates pH dependent enzymes such as expansions that facilitate cell division by breaking load- bearing bonds in cell walls. Loose cell walls facilitate the translocation of materials necessary for cell division.
Magic plant tonics are usually hormone, enzyme, cofactor, and micronutrient formulas that aim to facilitate normal plant metabolism and nutrient uptake.
Hormones are organic compounds produced in one part of the plant and transported to another to stimulate or inhibit growth. Plant hormone theory is very complex because it depends on the presence and concentration of other hormones, non- hormonal factors like Ca and Zn ions, environmental queues, and tissue specificity.
Plant tonics claiming to affect multiple stages of growth as an ‘overall invigorator’ are nonsense because it is impossible to formulate an effective hormone supplement, in one bottle, to cover the wide range of precise stimulators over time. For example, auxins alone promote root and cell growth. In conjunction with cytokinin and gibberellin, the trio prolongs plant death.
Upon flowering, shorter light cycles reduce auxin synthesis, triggering leaf senescence and abscission. These tonics are effective mostly as foliar sprays because it has been proven that leaves are adapted to nutrient uptake. Although this method is not as effective as traditional fertigation, when used supplementarily, they combine to provide a very effective system at delivering hormones, micronutrients, trace elements, and other cofactors through a wider range of the plant’s growth stages.
Foliar sprays should be used with a wetting agent to reduce surface tension in an effort to increase coverage and availability.
As you may have gathered, there’s a lot more going on inside your plants than one might imagine at fi rst glance. Understanding how to best care for your favorite cultivar has to start with an understanding of how plants work from the inside out.
Making the right decisions about when and what to feed and what to forgo completely are much easier once you know the fundamentals. Last but not least, plants are just like computers, Garbage in, Garbage out, so feed your garden well because we are of course, what we eat.
Christie, Bruce, and Mike Nichols. “Salinity & Hydroponics”. Maximum Yield. April, 2004. Pp. 44, 46, 50, 54, 56. Moore, Clark, Vodopich. Botany, 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Morgan, Lynette. “Not By Water Alone”. The Growing Edge. Volume 15, No. 6, 2004. Pp. 35-52. Taiz, Lincoln, and Eduardo Zeiger. Plant Physiology, 2nd Ed. Sunderland, Sinauer Assoc., 1998. Roberto, Keith. How-To hydroponics, 4th Ed. The Futuregarden Press. New York: 2003. |
Rock music is a broad genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in the United States in the early 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and in the United States. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, a style which drew heavily on the African-American genres of blues and rhythm and blues, and from country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical styles. Musically, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass and drums and one or more singers. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse–chorus form, but the genre has become extremely diverse. Like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political. |
For millions of Americans, Dorothea Lange’s photo of a migrant farmworker with a furrowed brow, clutching two of her children, has come to symbolize the hardships of the Great Depression.
Now, a vast collection of Lange’s photography is viewable online in the Oakland Museum of California’s digital archive of her work, including more than 600 items.
Throughout the 1930s, ’40s and ’50s, Lange traveled the United States documenting people impacted by the economic collapse of 1929 with an empathetic eye. Her personal collection of 6,000 prints and 40,000 negatives are now housed at the OMCA, and they capture many important facets of life in the first half of the 20th century. In addition to portraits of Dust Bowl refugees and migrant workers, Lange captured the horrors of internment of Japanese Americans, the hope of Black Californian shipyard workers during World War II and the journey of migrant workers from Mexico.
All of those pieces and more are now available on the Oakland Museum of California’s website. |
But soil is only one of two primary ways this odourless, invisible and tasteless radioactive gas can enter our homes: the other is through water. (Note: Radon can also enter homes through building materials, to a lesser extent.)
Not every home is at risk, however. When a home’s water supply comes from surface water, radon isn’t a problem as our municipal treatment plants remove the radon. Homes (often rural) that use groundwater for their water supply (such as a private well or public supply that uses groundwater) may be at risk of having radon in its water.
Radon in water can cause harm in two ways: through inhaling the gas and through ingesting it. When radon-infused water is disturbed during daily activities such as showering, washing dishes and cooking, the concentration of radon in the air can increase, which can contribute to radon-induced lung cancer. Drinking water that contains radon is less harmful than inhaling it.
If you are concerned there may be radon in your home, the first step is to test the air. If your home contains radon at a concentration greater than 200 Bq/m3 and your water source is groundwater, you should test the water in your home using a commercial radon-in-water test kit.
If radon is present in your water at a high level, it can be mitigated. There are two main methods that are used: aeration, to displace the radon, and activated carbon treatment, to trap the radon. Aeration is the preferred method for removing high levels of radon as activated carbon only addresses a small percentage of a home’s overall water use.
Do you have concerns about radon in your home? Contact us. We would be happy to answer any questions you may have.
“Guide for Radon Measurements in Residential Dwellings (Homes).” Health Canada, 2017, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/guide-radon-measurements-residential-dwellings.html. Accessed 21 March 2021.
“A Citizen’s Guide to Radon.” United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2016, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-12/documents/2016_a_citizens_guide_to_radon.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2021. |
Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, affects a significant portion of the population and can have a profound impact on daily life. Those who struggle with social anxiety may find it difficult to engage in social interactions, make new friends, or participate in everyday activities. However, there are strategies and techniques that can help individuals overcome socially challenged behaviors and manage their symptoms effectively. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore various approaches to overcoming social anxiety and provide professional guidance for those seeking to improve their social skills and overall well-being.
Understanding Social Anxiety Disorder
More Than Just Shyness
Social anxiety disorder is more than just shyness. It is a mental health condition characterized by an intense fear of being judged, evaluated, or scrutinized by others. People with social anxiety often experience excessive self-consciousness and may avoid social situations altogether to prevent feelings of embarrassment or humiliation. This fear can be debilitating, impacting various aspects of life, including work, school, and personal relationships.
The Vicious Cycle
The avoidance of social situations often leads to a vicious cycle where the lack of social interaction exacerbates the anxiety, making it even more difficult to engage in social activities. This cycle can lead to isolation, depression, and a decreased quality of life.
Symptoms and Causes of Social Anxiety Disorder
Physical and Emotional Manifestations
The symptoms of social anxiety disorder can manifest both physically and emotionally. Individuals may experience blushing, sweating, trembling, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty speaking or finding the right words. They may also have negative thoughts, worry excessively about social situations, and fear being the center of attention.
The causes of social anxiety disorder are multifaceted and can include a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Research suggests that a family history of anxiety disorders, certain brain differences, and past negative experiences can contribute to the development of social anxiety.
Seeking Professional Help
Importance of Diagnosis
If you believe you may be struggling with social anxiety disorder, it is essential to seek professional help. A healthcare provider or mental health professional can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options. The first step in overcoming social anxiety is to understand and acknowledge the problem. By working with a professional, you can develop a personalized treatment plan that may include therapy, medication, or a combination of both.
Types of Professionals
Various professionals can help diagnose and treat social anxiety disorder, including psychologists, psychiatrists, and licensed counselors. It’s crucial to find a healthcare provider who specializes in anxiety disorders for the most effective treatment.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
How CBT Works
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the gold standard for treating social anxiety disorder. This type of therapy focuses on identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and beliefs that contribute to social anxiety. Through CBT, individuals learn new coping strategies, develop healthier perspectives on social interactions, and practice exposure to feared situations. CBT can be conducted individually or in a group setting, allowing individuals to learn from others who share similar experiences.
Duration and Effectiveness
CBT is generally a short-term treatment, often lasting between 12 to 16 sessions. Studies have shown that CBT is highly effective in reducing symptoms of social anxiety disorder, with benefits that last long after the treatment has ended.
Types of Medication
In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly used antidepressants that can also be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms. Beta-blockers may be prescribed to control physical symptoms such as rapid heart rate and trembling.
Risks and Benefits
However, medication should always be used in conjunction with therapy and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. While medication can provide quick relief from symptoms, it does not address the underlying cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety. Additionally, medications can have side effects and potential for dependency.
The Role of Community
Support groups can be a valuable resource for individuals with social anxiety disorder. Interacting with others who share similar experiences can provide a sense of validation, empathy, and encouragement. Support groups offer a safe space to discuss challenges, share coping strategies, and learn from the successes of others.
Online vs. In-Person Groups
Both online and in-person support groups are available, each with its own set of advantages. Online groups offer anonymity and convenience, while in-person groups provide direct social interaction that can be beneficial for practice and feedback.
Strategies for Overcoming Social Anxiety
Gradual exposure is a technique commonly used in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. It involves gradually and systematically facing feared social situations in a controlled manner. Start by exposing yourself to mildly anxiety-provoking situations and gradually work your way up to more challenging scenarios. This gradual approach allows you to build confidence and develop coping skills along the way.
Challenge Negative Thoughts
Negative thoughts and self-critical beliefs often contribute to social anxiety. It is essential to challenge and reframe these thoughts to create a more positive and realistic mindset. Identify and question negative thoughts by asking yourself if there is any evidence to support them. Replace negative thoughts with more balanced and compassionate ones.
Practice Relaxation Techniques
Relaxation techniques can help reduce anxiety and promote a sense of calmness. Deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, and mindfulness meditation are effective relaxation techniques that can be practiced regularly. Engaging in relaxation techniques before entering a social situation can help alleviate anxiety symptoms.
Improve Social Skills
Building social skills can greatly enhance confidence and reduce social anxiety. Practice active listening, maintaining eye contact, and initiating conversations. Joining social or hobby groups can provide opportunities to interact with others in a supportive and non-threatening environment. Consider taking a social skills training course or seeking guidance from a therapist specialized in social anxiety.
Set Realistic Goals
Setting realistic goals can help you track your progress and provide a sense of accomplishment. Start with small, achievable goals related to social interactions, such as initiating a conversation with a stranger or attending a social event for a short period of time. Celebrate each milestone and gradually increase the difficulty of your goals as you become more comfortable.
Utilize Positive Visualization
Positive visualization involves imagining yourself successfully navigating social situations and experiencing positive outcomes. Visualize yourself engaging in conversations, feeling confident, and enjoying social interactions. This technique can help reduce anxiety and build confidence by creating a mental image of success.
Take Care of Your Physical Health
Maintaining good physical health can have a positive impact on overall well-being and help manage social anxiety. Engage in regular exercise, eat a balanced diet, and get enough sleep. Avoid excessive consumption of caffeine and alcohol, as they can contribute to feelings of anxiety. Taking care of your physical health can provide a solid foundation for managing social anxiety.
Seek Support from Loved Ones
Reach out to trusted friends and family members for support. Let them know about your struggles with social anxiety and communicate your needs. Having a strong support system can provide encouragement, understanding, and a sense of belonging. Surrounding yourself with individuals who are supportive and accepting can help alleviate social anxiety.
Be kind and compassionate towards yourself. Understand that overcoming social anxiety takes time and effort. Treat yourself with patience and understanding, and avoid self-criticism. Practice self-care activities that promote relaxation and self-reflection, such as journaling, engaging in hobbies, or spending time in nature.
Maintain a Growth Mindset
Adopting a growth mindset can be instrumental in overcoming socially challenged behaviors. Embrace the idea that personal growth and improvement are possible. Acknowledge that setbacks and failures are part of the learning process. Instead of viewing them as evidence of your inadequacy, see them as opportunities for growth and development.
Overcoming socially challenged behaviors and managing social anxiety disorder requires a multifaceted approach. Seeking professional help, such as therapy and medication, can provide valuable guidance and support. Additionally, employing strategies such as gradual exposure, challenging negative thoughts, practicing relaxation techniques, improving social skills, setting realistic goals, and maintaining physical health can contribute to long-term success in overcoming social anxiety. Remember to be patient with yourself, seek support from loved ones, and cultivate a growth mindset. With determination and perseverance, it is possible to overcome socially challenged behaviors and lead a fulfilling life.
- “Social Anxiety Disorder: More Than Just Shyness,” National Institute of Mental Health, Link
- “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Link
- “The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses,” Cognitive Therapy and Research, Link
- “Social Anxiety Disorder: Recognition, Assessment and Treatment,” National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Link |
|Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin is buried
beside his mother
at Svyatogorsky Monastery, near Mikhailovskoye, Russia.
Tomb of Alexander Pushkin
Pushkin died as a result of a pistol wound sustained in a duel with Baron Georges d'Anthès who, allegedly,
was having an affair with his wife Natalya. Pushkin married
the beautiful 16 year old Natalya Nikolayevna Goncharova in 1832 but their marriage was not a
The Tsar, fearing a popular uprising, had Pushkin buried
in secret on February 6, 1837. Pushkin, a controversial
figure, had previously been expelled from St Petersburg and
from the Russian civil service for his revolutionary
writings. He was also involved with the radical group who
instigated the 1825 Decembrist uprising.
Pushkin is widely regarded as Russia's greatest poet and
the forefather of modern Russian literature. He mixed Old
Slavonic with colloquial Russian to create a powerful lyrical
Pushkin's masterpiece was the verse novel Eugene
Onegin (1833). It concerns the romantic exploits
of a dashing young aristocrat and provided a rich cast of
characters that subsequent Russian writers drew upon. |
Table of contents:
- How do we reduce disaster risks?
- How human activities contribute to natural disasters?
- Can we predict natural disasters?
- How AI can and will predict disasters?
- What technology is used to detect natural disasters?
- What are two natural disasters?
How do we reduce disaster risks?
Disaster mitigation – Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards; for example, planting mangroves to reduce the risk posed by tidal surges or raising awareness of natural hazards through school-based education projects.
How human activities contribute to natural disasters?
Our sprawling cities and consumption of fossil fuels also have a direct impact on the environment. These activities are also causing changes in global weather patterns, leading to an increase in natural disasters like floods and wildfires.
Can we predict natural disasters?
Summary: Predicting the size, location, and timing of natural hazards is virtually impossible, but now, earth scientists are able to forecast hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and landslides using fractals. ... A good example of a fractal is the branching system of a river.
How AI can and will predict disasters?
Artificial intelligence can use the seismic data to analyze the magnitude and patterns of earthquakes. ... AI-based systems look for changes in the images to predict the risk of disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Moreover, these systems also monitor aging infrastructure.
What technology is used to detect natural disasters?
Land-based sensors, including radar sensors, collect similar data along the coastline. This system, called the Web-enabled Awareness Research Network, can help save lives and limit the impacts of natural disasters.
What are two natural disasters?
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.
- How do I get out of stress mode?
- What do intake mean?
- How much of Netflix Freud is true?
- What is the most prolific animal on earth?
- What rhymes unbearable?
- Why did Matilda suffer incessantly?
- Is a syndrome a diagnosis?
- Does social media help with loneliness?
- Who owns four pillars?
- What is the most important organ system in body?
You will be interested
- What should be done in case of shock?
- What is realism example?
- Who invented kissing with tongue?
- Why is social literacy important?
- How can I prevent my baby from getting my cold?
- What is CNS damage?
- Is Silent Treatment childish?
- Is Quirky positive or negative?
- Why is my stool so dark?
- Can Apple cider vinegar reduce anxiety? |
Table of contents:
- What is an example of relearning in psychology?
- What is the relearning?
- What is relearning AP Psychology?
- What is reconstruction in psychology?
- What's an example of relearning?
- What is relearning forgetting?
- Is AP Psychology All memorization?
- What does schema mean in psychology?
- What is the Bartlett effect?
- What is an example of relearning memory?
- Is relearning something easier?
- How do you change a schema in psychology?
- What did Bartlett find in his study?
- How do cognitive psychologists use speed to assess behavior?
What is an example of relearning in psychology?
Relearning, also known as the Savings Method, is a way of measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that has been previously learned and then forgotten
. To illustrate, let's say you had memorized Martin Luther King Jr's "I Have a Dream" speech at the beginning of your freshman year.
What is the relearning?
[ rē-lûr′nĭng ] n. The process of regaining a skill or ability that has been partially or entirely lost.
What is relearning AP Psychology?
relearning. a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
. in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. retrieval.
What is reconstruction in psychology?
Reconstruction in learning and memory is the process of recalling a series of stimuli in the order that they were presented
. This contrasts with free recall where the order is not required.
What's an example of relearning?
An example of this could be memory of algebra procedures
. Many people forget algebraic procedures quickly unless they review them frequently. A relearning session can test how quickly a person can review and remember the material they have forgotten.
What is relearning forgetting?
Relearning is a form of spacing practice
. Research shows that spreading out knowledge even past the point where you start forgetting stuff assists with later recall the same way that spreading out reviews does before you forget.
Is AP Psychology All memorization?
In general, the perception of AP Psychology leans toward the class and test being easier than most other AP classes. ... It's a lot of memorization of terms, theories, and psychologists
, but the way you're asked to use this knowledge on the test and in the class isn't necessarily highly complex.
What does schema mean in psychology?
A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
. Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information that is available in our environment.
What is the Bartlett effect?
Abstract. As a result of more rapid forgetting of qualifications inconsistent with the body of a message
(see 7: 3691), it was hypothesized that the persuasive impact of a qualified message would decline less with time relative to that of an unqualified message.
What is an example of relearning memory?
Relearning (also known as the savings method) is a method of measuring the retention of learned material by measuring how much faster a person can relearn material that had been previously learned and then forgotten. An example of this could be memory of algebra procedures
Is relearning something easier?
The subtle difference between learning and relearning In other cases too, "relearning" tends to be easier than starting "from scratch
How do you change a schema in psychology?
How Schemas Change. The processes through which schemas are adjusted or changed are known as assimilation and accommodation
. In assimilation, new information is incorporated into pre-existing schemas.
What did Bartlett find in his study?
In his major work, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology
(1932), Bartlett advanced the concept that memories of past events and experiences are actually mental reconstructions that are coloured by cultural attitudes and personal habits, rather than being direct recollections of observations made at ...
How do cognitive psychologists use speed to assess behavior?
How do cognitive psychologists use speed to assess behavior? They measure small differences in response times to gain insight into the mental processing
that is necessary for those responses. |
This entry is a stub
Henry “Box” Brown was an abolitionist born into slavery during the early 19th century. After his wife and children were sold away to a North Carolina plantation in 1848, Brown sought to free himself from his bondage.
Armed with only some water and a manual drill, he squeezed into a three-foot-long, two-foot-tall shipping box with only three air holes. He endured a 27-hour trip via wagon and steamer until he arrived safely in Philidelphia, Pennsylvania. Brown would go on to travel throughout New England to speak of the evils of enslavement.
Along the Richmond Canal walk rests a steel reproduction of Henry’s box, memorializing the stories of those who sought freedom from Richmond’s slavery. |
The Bad News
There is no cure. ALS is always fatal.
What Happens to the Body
Motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord degenerate in ALS, which in turn leads to loss of muscle function.
Facts About ALS
- Every 90 minutes, someone is diagnosed and passes away from ALS.
- 90% of cases occur without a family history.
- Onset is usually between the ages of 40 and 70 years.
- Life expectancy is only 2 to 4 years.
Who Gets It
- Veterans have two times the incidence of ALS compared to others.
- The Midwest has the highest prevalence of ALS in the United States and rates in Michigan almost doubled over ten years.
Pollution & ALS
Persistent organic pollutants, like pesticides, increase ALS risk and decrease ALS survival.
The Immune System & ALS
- Neutrophils: higher levels of these immune cells are associated with rapid ALS progression.
- CD4 T Cells: these cells guide other types of immune cells and large decreases in their numbers are associated with disease progression.
- NK Cells: cells that clean out diseased or dead cells in healthy people. In ALS patients, they become dysregulated and begin to attack healthy motor neurons. |
Bringing together indigenous youth for the sustainable use of nature
Driving Change, Inspiring Tangible Solutions
August 18, 2022
17 August 2022
14:00-16:00 (CEST) / 08:00-10:00 (EDT)
Indigenous peoples and local communities hold deep, intricate knowledge of climate, biodiversity and ecosystems that often stretches back over generations due to their sustained connection to nature through nature-based livelihoods (i.e., hunting, fishing, herding and gathering) and spirituality. Indigenous peoples own, manage, use or occupy about 25% of the global land and approximately 35% of all remaining terrestrial areas with very low human intervention. These figures increase substantially when contributions of local communities are accounted. Despite intensifying pressures on indigenous territories, nature managed by indigenous peoples and local communities is declining less rapidly compared to other lands (IPBES, 2019). However, indigenous and local knowledge, a key enabler for sustainable conservation, is at risk of disappearing. This loss of indigenous and local knowledge is largely associated with communities being displaced from indigenous territories, lack of documentation and a decline in transmission to younger generations.
Indigenous youth act as a conduit for indigenous and local knowledge – as custodians and vocal advocates, practising sustainable use of wild species as a key part of their identity and for their well-being. Indigenous youth today are navigating both traditional and digital spaces simultaneously. Yet, there are few avenues for their voices to be included in the dialogue and decision-making processes around nature conservation or in research and programmes. Therefore, this event has been designed to act as a platform to highlight some voices and lessons among indigenous youth who are leading the way in the adopting and amplifying solutions in the sustainable use of nature. p These themes are very much in line with upcoming thematic assessment on Sustainable Use of Wild Species undertaken by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the foremost global authority working to strengthen the science-policy interface on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and long-term sustainable development.
Overview of the Event
The virtual Indigenous Youth and Intergenerational Wisdom Storytelling Event was held jointly by BES-Net and the African Wildlife Foundation on 17 August 2022. It provided a platform to bring together indigenous and local youth to share knowledge and discuss experiences and solutions on the sustainable use of wild species in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration.
Five local youth champions from different countries shared their stories and the reason behind their belief in the importance of biodiversity in a fireside circle.
Given indigenous youth are often under-represented stakeholders, this event offered a learning opportunity to hear their deep-rooted perspectives, expertise and experience in sustainable use. Inter alia, the event will highlight how youth can be drivers of change and inspire tangible solutions to sustainably using wild species, including the ways in which they document and preserve their peoples’ and communities’ indigenous and local knowledge.
The event recording is available here. |
The Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) appear in and around Kiruna in the far north of Sweden. The sky comes alive with color as streaks of pinks, greens, and purples dance around and make beautiful and breathtaking patterns. Around January, when the winter is fully set, you can see the Northern Lights throughout the Swedish Lapland (the large expanse of land in the northwest corner of Sweden that covers almost a quarter of the entire country). The Northern Lights are visible in Sweden from early September to as late as the end of March or the beginning of April.
These undulating rainbows are a unique natural phenomenon that occurs when electrically charged particles from the sun collide in the Earth’s atmosphere. The kind of gas particles involved determines the colors we will see (low-lying oxygen causes the most common green color, oxygen higher in the atmosphere causes the red color, and the bluish-purple hues come from nitrogen). These varying colors are truly magical, as the colors dance across the night sky, moving to some unheard music.
Long winter nights are usually welcome, as visitors with the Northern Lights on their bucket list flock to the Swedish Lapland to view the incredible light show. It is best to view these lights on clear evenings. Any time between 6:00 am and 2:00 pm in Sweden is ideal, but the most spectacular show usually takes place around 10:00 pm to 11:00 pm.
The Sami (indigenous people of Sweden) believed that the Northern Lights were the souls of the dead. The Sami did not sing or dance to the Northern Lights because they feared that the dead would feel disrespected and the Northern Lights would dip down and carry the offenders to the afterlife.
On the other hand, the Vikings thought that the Northern Lights were the Valkyries taking fallen soldiers to meet their chief god, Odin.
In Latin, the name Aurora Borealis translates to “dawn of the north.” Aurora is the Roman goddess of dawn and the Northern Lights, for millennia, have been cloaked with different myths and stories, therefore captivating mankind.
The Swedish Lapland is a snow-covered playground, a winter wonderland that offers endless options for winter sports and a lifetime experience of viewing and experiencing one of the world’s most extraordinary natural displays. In Sweden, you can watch the Northern Lights in action from:
This is the country’s northernmost city with a population of about 17,000 people. It is the perfect location to explore Sweden’s great white north. To get to Kiruna, you can take a scenic 12-hour train ride from Stockholm or a 90-minute flight from Stockholm. Although you can get to Kiruna by car from Stockholm, it can be quite dangerous due to the extreme weather conditions and the frequency of wildlife. The journey to Kiruna by car is quite long, with low speed limits and high speeding tickets.
Kiruna is a beautiful city to travel to because it is one of the most unusual places in Sweden. It is the largest town in the Swedish Lapland, and although it is quite modern, you can experience the Sami culture, visit the Icehotel, as well as watch the Northern Lights or visit Sweden’s highest mountain, Kebnekaise.
Kiruna is 145 km north of the Arctic Circle, meaning that you can experience the Midnight Sun and the polar night here. During winter, Kiruna has zero hours of sunlight per day, and it makes it the perfect destination for anyone who has the Northern Lights on their bucket list.
Aurora Sky Station is located in Abisko National Park (100 km west of Kiruna). Abisko National Park is popular for its clear skies, and it is one of the best spots to watch the Northern Lights. The observation tower that is accessible via an open-air chairlift is designed with minimal lighting to make sure that you can watch the Northern Lights clearly.
The Aurora Sky Station is surrounded by mountains, and at the right hours during winter, you can have a spectacular view of the Northern Lights. There is also a café, a Northern Lights exhibition, and a souvenir shop that visitors can visit and get a firsthand experience of Abisko National Park and the Aurora Sky Station.
The charming village of Jukkasjärvi is only 20 minutes away from Kiruna by car. Jukkasjärvi is home to 550 inhabitants and the famous Icehotel is located here. Visiting the world’s first Icehotel is an incredible experience in itself, but combining your stay at the Icehotel with a safari of the Northern Lights can be quite magical.
The Northern Lights in Jukkasjärvi are quite visible, and there are numerous chances to experience winter sports under the dancing lights. This small village is framed by glassy lakes and the village’s only road passes by a handful of Swedish rustic homes, eventually leading to a charming wooden church that is one of the oldest in the region. The scenic drive to Jukkasjärvi, leading up to the magical Northern Lights, is quite breathtaking.
This is another tiny northern village in Sweden that is home to a mere 400 inhabitants. It is located 60 km north of the Arctic Circle and lies in the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Laponia. Porjus stands on the edge of a beautiful lake in the stillness of nature and away from the city lights.
You can enjoy your view of the dancing lights from the porch of a rented cabin with a glass of glögg (mulled wine) in your hand. This quiet village is accessible from Kiruna via bus, car, or train. Experiencing the Northern Lights from Porjus is quite coveted due to the low population and the uniqueness of the small village.
If you are visiting this majestic part of the world specifically to watch the Northern Lights, plan a trip into the Swedish northern wilderness anytime from early September to late March. The Northern Lights are one of Mother Nature’s finest masterpieces, and ticking the experience off of your bucket list should be a magical experience.
Swedish Lapland is a culture-rich, magical wonderland that opens up the unique world of the Sami culture, culinary specialties and vast expanses of nature. This arctic territory presents the outdoor enthusiast with endless options such as hiking, skiing, dog sledding, and fishing. The world-class accommodation that harnesses the natural surroundings, as well as the cultural experiences are all unmatched.
The magnificent nature of the Swedish Lapland may seem untouched, but for millennia the Sami have lovingly used their land and named every valley and mountain peak. The people, animals, and nature are intrinsically connected. An adventure in this part of the world is the best way to explore something different, like wintertime glamping, fly fishing, snowmobile tours, hot air balloon rides, Nordic skiing, and a taste of the unique flavors of the Swedish Lapland.
Auroral activity is at its peak when the nights are their darkest i.e., between early September and late March.
The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon and you cannot accurately predict when they are visible. However, it is our responsibility to make sure that you have high chances of seeing the Northern Lights on your tour. You can always check our website for more details.
The Northern Lights are more visible when the skies are clear.
The tour guide assigned to you will take pictures of you with the Northern Lights in the background. They can also take group photos with the Northern Lights in the background. This service is free of charge.
If the tour you have booked gets canceled, you have three options:
Northern Lights tours can be canceled due to unfavorable weather conditions. This is meant for the safety of all the visitors and it is best to wait until the weather is more favorable.
Ideally, you should be in an open space at a high altitude and away from street lights. |
Term papers are one of the most common kinds of academic writing assignments. A term paper is usually a written study paper written by students on a particular academic term, relating to a certain subject of research, for purposes of achieving a specific grade. Merriam contador online de caracteres Webster states that it»is a significant written exam or assignment using a specified term, typically of a term regarding the main term.» The exact definition of term papers varies from instructor to instructor, but it usually involves a comprehensive examination of the student’s written work and is normally accompanied by a detailed reaction to the assignment. If awarded, a grade is given to indicate the extent of the mission’s academic importance.
Usually, term papers are required for students entering college, higher school, or alternative postsecondary associations. A research paper, on the other hand, is needed for people entering the professional world such as careers in the legal profession, law, medicine, engineering, and other scientific professions. Due to its specialized format, study papers frequently take longer to finish than term papers.
For those pursuing a Bachelor’s degree, study papers and term papers must be considered a set. Students must complete the assigned mission, get a grade, then submit it to the professor who assigned the course. If there are additional requirements such as a study citation or a detailed sms character count reply, these will also be completed together. In the event of online classes, the professor might require the pupil to incorporate a self-written reply to the assignment; however, in the instance of a physical classroom, the student is expected to compose the required information.
Since the primary aim of term papers and research papers is to make a grade, it is simple to see why they’re frequently assigned together. But some teachers are more lenient towards the sharing of thoughts and one of the pupil’s own gifts to the overall assignment. Should this happen, term papers and research papers could be separated from the pupil. Others are somewhat more rigorous and enforce both documents in the same class.
The purpose of term papers and research papers is not to score high on a test. An assignment isn’t graded based; instead it’s an chance for pupils to display their academic understanding, compose an engaging essay, and add valuable information to their chosen field of study. For this reason, academic papers should be written in an informative, organized, and reader-based format. While there may be times when a term paper may want to rely on certain information that must not be found in another source, it is important to cite sources correctly. This may be decided by checking the Internet for websites offering citations.
When term papers and research papers are assigned together, students must always check to ensure they understand all the requirements for each assignment. Each paper should have its own due date and needs to be completed on or before the due date indicated on the assignment. All duties should include the titles of their professor, the title of the pupil, and a deadline, which may be emailed to the student. Pupils should also be invited to go back to their professors to help with any assignments, as failure to do so may lead to grade suspension. |
The use of photovoltaic solar panels has increased considerably in recent years. Every time we can find more homes and neighborhood communities that have solar panels in their facilities. The reason for this is because they are available at more affordable prices (because they are easier to manufacture).
What are the different types of photovoltaic panels?
But not only that, also because we can find various types of solar panels that fit perfectly to what we are looking for and what we need in our home. The type of solar panel is decisive when carrying out the installation —in addition, the options are very varied— that is why in this article we explain what type of solar panels are and their characteristics. Read on to clear your doubts!
Tapes of solar panels: depending on the material
If we focus on analyzing solar panels according to the material with which they have been manufactured, then we can identify two different types. These are:
- Monocrystalline solar panels : Monocrystalline solar panels, or monocrystalline silicon, are currently the most expensive as they are more efficient and more difficult to manufacture, and also have a greater amount of silicon. Its composition is single crystal, it has a crystalline structure of great purity, continuous, rounded edges and without grain limit.
- Polycrystalline solar panels : These are more recent, they began to be manufactured in the 1980s. The manufacturing process of these photovoltaic solar panels (polycrystalline type) is much faster and they continue to offer great performance. Polycrystalline glass plates are the most widespread worldwide. The appearance is lighter than that of monocrystalline.
Solar panels types: depending on the installation
Now that you know what type of solar panels are according to the material, we are going to delve into the types that exist according to the installation. In this case we find two different photovoltaic solar panels (types or installations):
- Solar panels connected to the network : They are those that are connected to the general electrical network. These plates are connected to other elements of the installation, such as the inverters and optimizers (not essential) and from there to the network of the electricity company, as well as to the electrical installation of the home.
- Isolated solar panels : These are photovoltaic solar panels that are not connected to the general network. Many times, because it does not reach the place where the installation is carried out. For example, in isolated homes and on farms with solar pumps for extracting water. These solar panels, in addition to the elements included in the network installation, also have charge regulators and batteries.
Solar panels types: according to function
If we focus on analyzing what type of solar panels are according to the function they perform, then we find three different types. These are the following:
- Photovoltaic solar panel : The photovoltaic solar panel works thanks to the photovoltaic effect. This means that it takes advantage of solar radiation to generate energy thanks to the semiconductor materials with which it has been manufactured. These solar panels generate an electric current due to the photons of light that collide with the conductive material and push the neutrons of the atom in question. In addition, the hole that is free is used by the protons of other atoms that jump from one side to another to occupy them. This decompensation that is generated is known as the electric current that is later used to obtain electricity. They are the most used solar panels.
- Thermal solar panel : The thermal solar panel, also known as a solar collector, allows the use of energy from the sun to convert it into heat. At a domestic level, these solar panels have several uses, such as to obtain hot water through boilers, but also for home heating. Solar thermal panels can be used, on the other hand, to heat swimming pools and to generate electricity with a complementary mechanical system.
- Hybrid solar panel: The hybrid solar panel, or hybrid solar panel, is a combination of a photovoltaic solar panel with a thermal one. The two combined technologies allow to produce both electricity and heat simultaneously. These are solar panels that are very unknown to many users, although they have been evolving positively in recent years.
Solar panels types: according to uses
Solar panels can also be differentiated according to uses. Now, in reality, there does not have to be a significant difference between one and the other – sometimes the difference is only in the number of solar panels included in the kit. And it is that on many occasions, when talking about solar panels according to uses, we refer to solar kits . Some of the most popular photovoltaic solar panels, types and kits in this case are solar panels for boats, solar panels for pumping water, solar panels for caravans… Also solar panels for heating or solar panels for Sanitary Hot Water (DHW). In these last two examples we talk about thermal solar panels.
Solar panels types: according to power and cells
Last but not least, we can make a final distinction based on power and cells. The most common is that we find photovoltaic solar panels with a power of 250W to 300W , however, we can also find devices with lower power —such as 150W solar panels— or higher power —the highest powers, to date today, they reach up to 500W—. When talking about cells, which are the small parts in which the glass of the solar panel is made up, the most common is to find a quantity of 60 per product , although we can also find them of 24 and 70. The power of each cell depends , in general, of the material with which it has been manufactured. |
A spacecraft propelled by a nuclear propulsion technology will be sent into orbit as part of a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency experiment.
This technology, according to Michael Leahy, director of DARPA’s Tactical Technology Office, might provide the US military an edge over adversaries by making satellites more maneuverable and less susceptible to assault. But, as Leahy pointed out on Jan. 14, skepticism and fear of nuclear energy are issues that will need greater education and understanding to “make individuals comfortable with this.”
Leahy spoke at a Mitchell Institute virtual event hosted by the Air Force Association to discuss recent research recommending the use of nuclear thermal propulsion for US military satellites and urging the Defense Department to enhance funding for the technology.
DARPA stated last year that it would spend roughly $30 million on a spacecraft named Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO), which will use a nuclear thermal propulsion technology. If successful, the research might open the path for military satellites to have nuclear propulsion systems.
The DRACO project, according to Leahy, is “the next major gamble we wanted to make in space.” NASA’s work on nuclear propulsion systems for space exploration has piqued the agency’s interest, and it thinks the technology may be extended to military satellites.
According to the Mitchell study, satellites fuelled by chemical propellants have poor maneuverability, making them ideal targets for anti-satellite weapons. “Chinese space maneuver warfare forces will comprise vehicles with nuclear thermal and electric propulsion capable of swiftly shifting between orbits to execute offensive and defensive missions,” according to the report.
Nuclear reactors can run in space for years without needing to be refueled, making them an attractive option for deep space travel. However, because of fears that harmful radioactive elements might reenter the atmosphere, the United States abandoned plans to deploy nuclear propulsion for Earth-orbiting satellites decades ago.
DARPA is fully aware of the safety concerns, according to Leahy, and these problems are being discussed with the Department of Energy nuclear specialists. He described the DRACO demonstration, which is set to debut in 2025, as “a voyage of discovery,” emphasizing that the demonstrator would employ low-enriched uranium.
Nuclear-powered satellites would be sent into orbit by conventional chemical rockets, according to Ron Faibish, a nuclear engineer with General Atomics.
“There will be no nuclear power propelling anything on Earth through the atmosphere when we launch,” Faibish stated. “Where there would be no chance of reentry,” the DRACO demonstration will be sent into cislunar space above Earth orbit.
General Atomics was awarded a $22 million DARPA contract to build the DRACO nuclear reactor.
The US Space Force should examine adopting nuclear propulsion for important national security space systems like GPS or missile-warning satellites, according to Christopher Stone, senior fellow for space studies at the Mitchell Institute and study author.
Threat to the orbit
Remember that Russia successfully tested anti-satellite missiles not long ago by destroying its aging satellite Kosmos-1408, putting the International Space Outpost and the newly launched Chinese orbital station in jeopardy.
Russia first denied participation in the event but later revealed that she was testing the most advanced missiles capable of destroying satellites in Earth’s orbit.
The bureau’s chief emphasized the US chemical-powered satellites’ lack of flexibility at a time when the Chinese space force “would be equipped with nuclear and electric propulsion vehicles capable of swiftly shifting orbits to carry out defensive and offensive operations.”
Interesting fact! DARPA committed approximately $30 million in the DRACO nuclear-powered lunar spacecraft prototype project last year. If it succeeds, it will open the door for the construction of similar military-grade gadgets.
Nuclear reactors in space may function for years without needing to be refueled. For years, however, the US refused to employ this technology in orbit for concerns of radioactive elements entering the atmosphere.
The failure of nuclear-powered satellites has been a disastrous event throughout Earth’s history.
This is a historical reference! One of the radar reconnaissance satellites of the US-A class, the Soviet “Cosmos-954”, featured a nuclear onboard power reactor as a power source. The device lost control of ground services on October 28, 1977.
The satellite fell in northern Canada after entering the earth’s atmosphere. Although 37.1 kilos of nuclear fuel were spread in the sky, just a few hundred radioactive bits reached the Earth, falling across a 100-square-kilometer region.
The radioactivity was high in regions where some of them fell – up to 200 roentgen per hour. Only because the weapon dropped in sparsely inhabited parts of Canada did mass deaths not occur.
DARPA would work with specialists from the Department of Energy to fix this challenge, according to Leahy. In 2025, a DRACO prototype based on low-enriched uranium will be sent into space. |
The Educational Legacy of Alcott, Emerson, Fuller, Peabody and Thoreau
A volume in the series: Current Perspectives in Holistic Education. Editor(s): John P. Miller, University of Toronto. Kelli Nigh, University of Toronto.
Transcendental Learning discusses the work of five figures associated with transcendentalism concerning their views on education. Alcott, Emerson, Fuller, Peabody and Thoreau all taught at one time and held definite views about education. The book explores these conceptions with chapters on each of the five individuals and then focuses the main features of transcendental learning and its legacy today. A central thesis of the book is that transcendental learning is essentially holistic in nature and provides rich educational vision that is in many ways a tonic to today’s factory like approach to schooling. In contrast to the narrow vision of education that is promoted by governments and the media, the Transcendentalists offer a redemptive vision of education that includes:
-educating the whole child-body, mind, and soul,
-happiness as a goal of education.
-educating students so they see the interconnectedness of nature,
-recognizing the inner wisdom of the child as something to be honored and nurtured,
- a blueprint for environmental education through the work of Thoreau,
- an inspiring vision for educating women of all ages through the work of Margaret Fuller,
- an experimental approach to pedagogy that continually seeks for more effective ways of educating children,
- a recognition of the importance of the presence of teacher and encouraging teachers to be aware and conscious of their own behavior.
-a vision of multicultural and bilingual education through the work of Elizabeth Peabody
The Transcendentalists, particularly Emerson and Thoreau, sewed the seeds for the environmental movement and for non-violent change. Their work eventually influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. and it continues to resonate today in the thinking of Aung Sang Suu Kyi and the Dalai Lama. The Transcendentalists’ vision of education is worth examining as well given the dissatisfaction with the current educational scene.
"A Transcendental Education provides a powerfully hopeful, integrative, and holistic vision that can help guide education out of its current vacuum. The book is thoughtfully explicated, expertly synthesized and completely relevant for anyone interesting in helping education find itself. Like the transcendentalists themselves, this is both down-to-earth and soaring in its potential implications."
Tobin Hart author of "The Secret Spiritual World of Children" and "From Information to Transformation: Education for the Evolution of Consciousness."
"The secret to a vital, renewed America lies in the life and writings of the Transcendentalist community of Concord, Massachusetts in the 19th century. Jack Miller, who I know has been devoted to a new, living form of education throughout his career, has written a book that could inspire a revolution in teaching. It goes against the tide, as do Emerson and Thoreau. But it offers a blueprint and a hope for our children."
Thomas Moore, author of "Care of the Soul."
"A timely account of great thinking on genuine education. Reading this, today's beleaguered teachers should experience a renewal of spirit and commitment."
Nel Noddings, author of "Happiness and Education."
1. Transcendental Learning 2. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Visionary and Mentor 3. Bronson Alcott: Pioneer in Spiritual Education 4. Margaret Fuller: Voice for and Educator of Women 5. Henry David Thoreau: Environmental Education/Holistic Educator 6. Elizabeth Peabody 7. A Transcendental Pedagogy 8. The Legacy: Holistic Education
"John P. Miller’s vision of the current state of the world is bleak, characterized by increasing corporate corruption, financial instability, distrust of politicians, environmental destruction, and “an empty lifestyle based on materialism and consumption†(Miller, 2011, p. 4). In addition, he suggests that overall, contemporary educational systems’ pervasive emphasis on preparation for competition in the global economy is only intensifying the fragmentation and alienation felt by many youth. However, throughout history, some advocates for children have called for radical changes in methods of educating, towards a more balanced holistic approach. In a time in which it is essential to marshal all potential resources to support spirit based education, the “American transcendentalists†are a potent and overlooked source. Miller’s book demonstrates that this small group of American philosopher/educators has much to offer.
Miller’s style is clear and straightforward so that ideas presented can be easily understood; thus the book is appropriate for a wide audience, from undergraduates to academics. It is a book well worth pondering, a distinctive addition to the holistic/spiritual educator’s library. In concluding, Miller says: “Their work should encourage us to look within and trust our own intuitions so we can “build our own world†(Miller, 2011, p. 122). This is crucial wisdom echoing across centuries to a world that, more than ever, cries out for inspired rebuilding." Dr. Aostre N. Johnson Saint Michael's College in International Journal of Children's Spirituality
"One can point to alternative schools, such as Waldorf and Montessori schools, and certian private schools, but hardly any of our public schools, where a holistic educational model is so desperately needed. However, for those who view teaching as a subversive activity, Miller ofers valuable advice for bringing the principles of Transcendental learning into the classroom." Barry Andrews in Thoreau Society Bulletin
"Useful for educational history or philosophy classes, the book would also be appropriate for those exploring outdoor learning, environmental education, feminist pedagogy or peace studies. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readership levels." S.T. Schroth Knox College in CHOICE
Web price: $53.76 (Reg. 63.25)
- EDU009000 - EDUCATION: Educational Psychology
- EDU016000 - EDUCATION: History
- EDU037000 - EDUCATION: Research
- A Holistic Educator's Journey Seeking Wholeness in America, Canada, Japan and Asia
- Flourishing in the Holistic Classroom
- Holistic Education and Embodied Learning
- Learning in Nature
- Qualitative Research With Diverse and Underserved Communities
- Teaching from the Thinking Heart The Practice of Holistic Education
- Teaching Human Development for Educators |
Trianon 100: Life Stopped in Hungary and Mourning Began When Treaty was Signed
Almost two years after World War I, Hungarians had to face another, even bigger loss: the dismantling of historic Hungary, the Kingdom of Hungary. Everyone believed the treaty was unjust and forced upon Hungarians. Losing two-thirds of its territory with more than 3 million Hungarians caused such a shock that Hungary sent politicians with no future ambitions to sign the treaty. When they did, life stopped in the whole country and Hungarians began to mourn.
In preparation for the announcement, by June 4, 1920, the government had ordered military readiness for all corps, concentrated military units, and police patrols had been doubled in cities.
Although the Treaty was to be signed in the afternoon, the whole day went with a number of demonstrations, and Holy Masses. In the morning, a march began from Heroes’ Square through Andrássy Boulevard, with the participants including many refugees and those Hungarians forced to leave their motherland. Pubs, shops, schools, and universities had been closed during the day.
News from Paris came in at ten o’clock in the morning, after which bells tolled around Hungary, at some places reportedly ringing the whole day. The whole country began to mourn, people dressed in black, and black flags were hung on public buildings.
At around the time of the signing, in protest against the dictate, the bells of Hungary began to toll once again, in addition, traffic stopped for ten minutes.
After the signing ceremony, Prime Minister Sándor Simonyi-Semadam announced martial law in order to maintain public order. Beside minor incidents, for example, a gang attack against the secretary of factory owner Manfréd Weiss, June 4th and the coming days reportedly passed calmly on the streets.
The Trianon Treaty then influenced Hungarian public life along with other foreign affairs in the coming years. |
Backflow & Cross Connection
Backflow is the plumbing term for an unwanted flow of water in the reverse direction.
When you connect to the City of Ridgefield water distribution center, the intention is for the water to flow from the system to the customer. However, the flow of water could be reversed from the customer back into the distribution system. If cross-connections exist within the customer's plumbing system when this backflow occurs, then it is possible to contaminate the public water supply.
There are two types of backflow.
Backpressure backflow occurs when the pressure of the nonpotable system exceeds the positive pressure in the water distribution lines; that is, the water pressure within an establishment's plumbing system exceeds that of the water distribution system. For example, the pressure in a hot water boiler system increases to a point that it exceeds the pressure in the water distribution system, a backflow from the boiler to the public water system may occur.
Backpressure can result from an increase in downstream pressure, a reduction in the potable water supply pressure or a combination of both. Reductions in potable water supply pressure occur whenever the amount of water being used exceeds the amount of water being supplied, such as during water line flushing, fire fighting or breaks in water mains.
Backsiphonage occurs when there is a partial vacuum (negative pressure) in a water supply system, which draws the water from a contaminated source into a potable water supply. The effect is similar to siphoning or drinking water through a straw.
For example, during a large fire, high flows of water are pumped out of the distribution system through a fire hydrant. This can result in significantly reduced water pressure around the withdrawal point and create a partial vacuum in the system, causing suction of contaminated water into the potable water system. During such conditions, it is possible for water to be withdrawn from nonpotable sources located near the fire hydrant. Air-conditioning systems, water tanks, boilers, fertilizer tanks and washing machines are possible sources of backsiphonage.
Backflow Prevention Devices
A backflow preventer is a method or mechanical device to prevent backflow and provides a physical barrier to backflow.
The City of Ridgefield's Cross Connection Control Program requires any customer who has a backflow prevention device to test their backflow assemblies:
- After initial installation
- After any repair, replacement or relocation
- Annually by a certified backflow assembly tester
Annual inspection of Backflow prevention devices is mandated by RMC 13.55.040.
As a courtesy, our Public Works Department sends reminder letters when it is time to have your backflow assembly tested.
The city's letter notification cycle is April through September. Annual testing is required per the Department of Health WAC 246-290-490(5)iv. If you recently built a house and have a backflow assembly on your premises, the next test will become due between April and September of the following year.
You can find a current list of City Approved and Certified Backflow Testers at the top of this page. Please note, this list is provided as a convenience only and is not intended to endorse or recommend a particular service.
A cross-connection is any temporary or permanent connection between a public water system or consumer's potable (i.e., drinking) water system and any source or system containing non-potable water or other substances.
Examples of Common Cross Connections
- Hot tubs
- Auxiliary water systems (wells)
- Hoses submerged in polluted or contaminated water
- Water (from a well or pond) pumped into an irrigation system directly connected to the water supply system
- An underground lawn sprinkler system directly connected to the water supply system
- A fountain or swimming pool directly connected to the water supply system for filling
City and State Requirements Protect Our Community's Water Supply
If you have or are planning on installing an irrigation system, you must first comply with state and local laws. These laws require that all irrigation systems have approved backflow protection. A plumbing permit is also required when installing an irrigation system. Without proper backflow protection, your irrigation system could endanger the health of your family, neighbors, and others in the community who are using the public water supply system.
Testers are required to enter their test reports in our web test portal. Usernames and passwords have been provided by the City. If you have forgotten your login credentials send an email to the City requesting your username and password.
For more information on the Web Test Portal please see Related Documents.
For more information regarding cross connection please contact the City's Cross Connection Coordinator at 360-857-5010.
A New Way to Submit Tests
- Test the backflow assembly
- Log into the Web Test Portal
- Enter the serial number and the house number to locate the backflow assembly
- Enter test results (on a simple test entry screen)
- Enter suggested changes, e.g. model, size, serial number (if appropriate)
- Click submit and pay the fee
- Print a completed test report for the customer (optional)
Redefine the Paperwork
Enter test results in the field using a tablet with a Wi-Fi connection or a smartphone. Upload them in the field or wait until you are back in the office, or continue using paper in the field and submit them online when you are back in the office.
The website will track your submitted tests; you will no longer have to contact the utility to find out if your tests have been received. The website confirmation number is all you need to confirm the tests have been uploaded to the utility.
- Why is backflow prevention important?
- I received a letter saying I need to install a backflow preventer. How do I do that?
- I am a renter. Why did I receive a letter about the backflow preventer?
- I received a letter to test my backflow preventer at a home/property I sold previously. How do I update my information?
- Why do backflow preventers have to be tested each year? |
Ron Hines DVM PhD
Sodium is the most prevalent mineral in your cat or dog’s blood stream. When dry, sodium exists as common salt, but when dissolved in the blood, salt separates into its electrolyte halves, sodium (Na+ =cation) and chlorine (Cl- =anion).
In that disassociated form, most of the sodium is found in the fluid portion of your dog or cat’s body. The next most common mineral is potassium. However, most of your dog or cat’s potassium (K+) resides in the fluid within the cells of its tissues. A small portion resides in the blood. Blood sodium and blood potassium tend to fluctuate in tandem – when sodium is high potassium is usually low and vice versa. Read about your pet’s sodium to potassium ratio here.
Levels of sodium in your dog or cat’s blood stream are controlled by a hormone produced in its adrenal glands called aldosterone. Aldosterone alerts its kidneys of the need to conserve and reabsorb sodium from the urine as it is produced, or (by its absence) let excess sodium leave the pet’s body through its urine.
Sodium is important in keeping body fluids within your pet in their right location as well as in the proper action of its muscle and nerve cells.
Reasons Why Your Dog Or Cat’s Blood Sodium Level Might Be Higher Than It Should Be (= hypernatremia)
True hypernatremia (=high blood sodium) is relatively uncommon in dogs and cats. What is common is dehydration hypernatremia (pseudohypernatremia) that increases the amount of sodium because the smaller total volume of blood has become more concentrated. However, the total amount of body sodium in that situation has not changed.
Loss of large amounts of body fluids through large skin wounds or burns can also elevate your pet’s blood sodium in that way. True hypernatremia can be an effect of prolonged administration of high doses of corticosteroid medications (e.g. prednisone) or overactive adrenal glands that produce too much similar natural cortisol (Cushing’s disease/hyperadrenocorticism).
High blood sodium levels also occur in a rare form of diabetes (diabetes insipidus). It can also occur in some forms of kidney disease and an unusual form of adrenal gland disease (hyperaldosteronism). Among other rare causes would be pets forced to drink salty water or consume highly salted food, overuse of certain laxatives (e.g. lactulose, sorbitol), or overly concentrated (hypertonic) intravenous fluids. Newborn puppies and kittens also have more difficulty controlling their blood sodium levels than more mature dogs and cats because their kidneys are not fully developed yet. (read here)
Chronic, mild dehydration that could elevate your pet’s blood sodium is thought to be most common in cats consuming dry cat foods. The signs of dehydration, as in humans, can be nebulous (vague) and only significant over extended periods of time. More severe dehydration can accompany any disease in which apathy or reduced mobility occurs.
Reasons Why Your Dog Or Cat’s Blood Sodium Level Might Be Low (=hyponatremia)
Hyponatremia can also occur in your pet when its diabetes is not well controlled and its blood sugar levels remain higher than they should be. That is because high blood sugar levels pull additional fluid out of cells, increasing blood volume and diluting electrolytes like sodium. It does not always occur because the pet’s kidneys usually attempt to counteract that effect.
Congestive heart failure, or the diuretics (e.g. furosemide/Lasix®) often used to treat it, can also cause blood sodium levels to become low. Liver disease that depresses your pet’s blood albumen levels can also be responsible for low blood sodium levels.
Sodium can leave your pet’s blood stream and enter abnormal fluid accumulations that exist in your dog or cat. That can happen in FIP in cats, free fluid in the chest (chylothorax), pancreatitis and peritonitis. Blood sodium levels can also temporarily fall after relieving urethral blockages in cats suffering from FUS.
Blood sodium levels can also be low in dogs and cats in end stage kidney failure or other health problems that cause a lower than normal blood pH (metabolic acidosis).
Blood Collection And Other Lab And Clinical Errors, False Readings
Blood samples with an abnormally high amount of lipids (primarily cholesterol and triglycerides) fool blood analytical machines into diluting the blood sample with too much reagent. The more-diluted sample then has less sodium per unit of volume. So, the sample reports back a sodium content lower than it really is (=Pseudohyponatremia). That is why it is best to bring your pet to the vet on an empty stomach (≥8 hour fast) unless specifically told not to. If its blood lipid level is still reported back as being high, the cause of that needs to be determined. (read here) Miniature Schnauzers are the most commonly bred affected. Blood samples obtained from pets with other health issues (e.g., too much blood protein =albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) can also cause blood sodium levels to falsely appear lower than they really are.
False readings of elevated blood sodium (pseudohypernatraemia) are very rare. But just as excessive amounts of blood proteins (=albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) give falsely low sodium readings, a lack of those proteins can be responsible for falsely high sodium lab results.
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In manufacturing and metalworking processes, dies and punches play a vital role in shaping and shaping materials.
These tools are used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, and electrical. Tooling and punches are critical to manufacturing precision parts and achieving consistent results in volume production. In this article, we’ll delve into the world of dies and punches, their types, and their importance in various manufacturing processes.
A punch die can be defined as a specialized tool used to form or cut materials into a specific shape. They are usually made of hardened steel and are designed to withstand high pressure and repeated use. Molds are used in a variety of applications, from cutting and forming sheet metal to forming plastic or rubber parts. There are different types of molds, including cutting dies, forming dies, and extrusion dies, each with a specific purpose.
On the other hand, the punch corresponds to the die.
They are usually made from high-quality steel and used in conjunction with molds to create the desired shape or holes in the material. Punch punches come in various shapes and sizes depending on the desired result. For example, a standard punch is a cylindrical tool with a sharp end that is used to create holes or shapes in materials. Steel die punches are another type that have a specific shape or pattern carved into the working end to create intricate designs or form complex parts.
Steel punches and dies are widely used in manufacturing processes that require precision and accuracy. These tools are commonly used in industries such as automotive and aerospace, where tight tolerances and consistency are critical. Steel punches and dies are known for their durability and longevity, making them ideal for high-volume production. Additionally, they can be sharpened or repaired to extend their service life, further reducing production costs.
To ensure correct alignment and stability during manufacturing, punch supports are used. Punch holders are specialized tooling components that hold the punch securely in place as it interacts with the material. They are typically made from high-strength materials such as steel or carbide to provide stability and support to the stamping process. The punch holder is designed to withstand the forces exerted during punching operations and maintain accuracy at all times.
When purchasing dies and punches, it is crucial to find a reliable and reputable supplier.
Punch mold suppliers specialize in manufacturing and supplying molds and punches for various industrial applications. These suppliers have extensive knowledge and expertise and can recommend the most suitable molds and punches based on specific requirements. They also often offer customization options to meet specific design or material needs.
Post time: Nov-25-2023 |
String Pool | Java
String pool in Java is a pool of String literals and interned Strings in JVM for efficient use of String object. Since String is Immutable Class In Java, it makes sense to cache and shares them in JVM. Java creators introduced this String pool construct as an optimization on the way String objects are allocated and stored. It is a simple implementation of the Flyweight pattern, which in essence, says this: when a lot of data is common among several objects, it is better to just share the same instance of that data than creating several different “copies” of it.
There are mainly two ways to create a string.
1. Direct Initialization
String myString = "Hello!! Pumpkin";
2. Using constructor
String myString = new String("Hello!! Pumpkin")
Whenever a String is created using direct initialization, the JVM checks for the String in the Java Heap memory.
If a String with the same value is found, then only the reference of the String that is already present is pointed to the new String that we want to create.
If the string is created using new constructor then it will get allocated new space in heap regardless of the object exists in pool or not. The same is illustrated in the below image.
As the string is immutable, when you try to modify the value of the String that you have created from String Pool, a new String is created or reference from String Pool.
String Pool helps the java heap memory to be used optimally, as few Strings are created on the Java Heap. This helps in less work for the garbage collector.
Let's see JVM string pool implementation in Java 6, 7 and 8
The string pool is implemented as a fixed capacity HashMap with each bucket containing a list of strings with the same hashCode. The default size of the table/pool is 1,009 buckets. It was a constant in the early versions of Java 6 and became configurable between Java6u30 and Java6u41. You need to specify –
String pool was located in PermGen Space which is very limited.
Java7 (until Java7u40)
String pool moved from PermGen space to heap space. You are limited only by a much higher heap size. It means that you can set the string pool size to a rather high value in advance (this value depends on your application requirements). As a rule, one starts worrying about the memory consumption when the memory data set size grows to at least several hundred megabytes. In this situation, allocating 8-16 MB for a string pool with one million entries seems to be a reasonable trade off.
String pool size was increased in Java7u40 (this was a major performance update) to 60013. This value allows you to have approximately 30,000 distinct strings in the pool before you start experiencing collisions. Java 8 still accepts –
You can also read codepumpkin's series of articles on JVM Internals.
That's all for this topic. If you guys have any suggestions or queries, feel free to drop a comment. We would be happy to add that in our post. You can also contribute your articles by creating contributor account here.
Happy Learning 🙂
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About the Author
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<pre><code class="java"> String foo = "bar"; </code></pre>For more information on supported HTML tags in disqus comment, click here. |
Monarch and regal fritillary survey
There is an urgent need to track monarch butterflies and regal fritillaries annually across their range to better understand them and provide them with more effective conservation in Nebraska. A community science project was launched in 2015 and refined in 2020 to monitor populations of monarchs and regal fritillaries across the state. This expansive survey effort is not possible without the help of volunteers.
Join us in this rare butterfly survey. Find information below on how to identify monarchs and regal fritillaries, a link to the survey protocol, and instructions for participating in this community science project.
Proper identification of monarchs and regal fritillaries is important while conducting surveys. These tips and photos above will help you correctly identify these species of butterflies.
The regal fritillary (Argynnis idalia) is a large butterfly that is similar in size to the monarch butterfly. The upper side of the forewing is bright red-orange with black markings. The upper side of the hindwing is black with a row of white spots, and on the wing edge is a row of spots that are orange in males and white in females. The underside of the forewing is orange with a band of white spots and a black fringe. The hindwing is dark greenish brown with elongate white spots.
The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippusis) is possibly the best known butterfly in the U.S. They are bright orange with black veins and white spots. Males have a black spot that is actually a pheromone pouch on each hindwing and usually have thinner venation. Females lack the black spots and have thicker veins.
While the viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus) is not a target species for this survey, it is a mimic and surveyors need to be able to differentiate between viceroys and monarchs. The coloring and pattern of monarch and viceroy wings look nearly identical. However, a viceroy has a black line crossing the post-median hindwing and is smaller than the monarch.
Surveys take place from June 15 to August 15. Surveyors are assigned to sites. Before going into the field, volunteers are asked to practice their distance estimation either on their own or at one of our three practice areas at Schramm Park State Recreation Area near Gretna, the Turpin Outdoor Education Center in Lincoln, or the Game and Parks building in Norfolk.
The survey is a 200-meter walk (often off-trail) looking for butterflies. The distance and angle to each butterfly is recorded. Surveyors will then investigate vegetation, habitat, and land-use variables. A survey takes about 20-30 minutes to complete.
In-person training sessions
Volunteers must attend a training before they can survey for butterflies. We have in-person training sessions each spring in late May and early June. In May 2022, we hosted our last Zoom training, but you can watch the recording here, which still counts as a training. You only need to attend one training.
May 18, 2024: In-person training at Homestead National Monument near Beatrice from 1-5 p.m.
June 1, 2024: In-person training at Schramm Park State Recreation Area near Gretna from 1-5 p.m.
Help without surveying
If the survey doesn’t sound like it is for you but you are still looking for ways to help, please help us spread the word by sharing this flyer advertising the survey. We are always looking for more volunteers. |
What was the state of agriculture sector on the eve of Independence?
The condition of India’s agricultural sector on the eve of independence can be summed up with the following points – fragmented land ownership, outdated technology, rainfall dependant, low productivity, subsistence farming, and feud amongst landowners and cultivators.
What was the state of agriculture before independence in India?
High levels of risk and instability The agricultural sector in pre-independence India was very prone to crumbling and highly volatile. In other words, there was not stable production rate for various crops. The main reason for this was improper infrastructure for perennial irrigation.
What was the state of Indian economy on the eve of Independence Class 12?
On the eve of independence Indian economy was in very bad shape due to the presence of British colonial rule. The sole purpose of the British colonial rule in India was to reduce the country to being a feeder economy for Great Britain’s own rapidly expanding modern industrial base.
What was the state of primary sector on the eve of Independence?
Primary sector had fuedal and semi fuedal institutions , surplus labour which then also leaded to low productivity. There was no positive result whenever any new technology was tried.
What were the main problems faced by the Indian agriculture during the colonial period?
Here we detail about the thirteen major problems faced by Indian agriculture.
- Inequality in Land Distribution:
- Land Tenure System:
- Sub-division and Fragmentation of holdings:
- Cropping Pattern:
- Instability and Fluctuations:
- Conditions of Agricultural Labourers:
- Poor Farming Techniques and Agricultural Practices:
What is the main features of Indian economy on the eve of Independence?
Stagnant economy: There was very slow or no economic growth in the country. As a result of stagnation, there was unemployment, death, and suffering due to lack of food. 2. Backward economy: Indian economy was a backward and per capita income was very low and in India, it was just Rs.
What are the problems faced by farmers prior independence?
Small and scattered land holdings were very difficult to cultivate. At the time of independence, old and outdated methods of farming were used in the agriculture sector. There was insufficient use of fertilisers and other machines. Agriculture was excessively dependent upon rainfall.
Who is the father of agriculture in India?
M. S. Swaminathan
Swaminathan has been called the “Father of Green Revolution in India” for his role in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India. He is the founder of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation….
|M. S. Swaminathan
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research
What is Indian economy on the eve of independence?
The Indian economy was an agro-based economy on the eve of independence. ● 75% of the Indian population was earning a livelihood from agriculture. ● Despite being a primary source of income for a major population, this sector faced a decline under the British rule.
What is meant by stagnant economy class 12?
Economic growth of less than 2 to 3% annually is considered stagnation, and it is highlighted by periods of high unemployment and involuntary part-time employment. Stagnation can also occur on a smaller scale in specific industries or companies. 0Thank You. CBSE > Class 12 > Economics.
What were the main features of Indian economy on the eve of Independence?
What was the main features of Indian economy on the eve of Independence?
Our economy had been a victim of enormous exploitation. Our natural resources, iron ores, gold mines, wealth and manpower was subject to intense exploitation. Due to these atrocities, the Indian economy on the eve of independence showed poor/low economic growth.
What were the main problems that Indian agriculture faced before independence?
Biggest problems faced by farmers in India?
- Small and fragmented land-holdings:
- Manures, Fertilizers and Biocides:
- Lack of mechanisation:
- Soil erosion:
- Agricultural Marketing:
- Scarcity of capital:
What was the life expectancy of birth in India on the eve of Independence?
Explaination / Solution: Life expectancy in India was 32 years at the time of independence in 1947.
What is the meaning of Eve of Independence?
1 the proclamation made by the second American Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which asserted the freedom and independence of the 13 Colonies from Great Britain. 2 the document formally recording this proclamation. Independence.
Is a period of slow or no economic growth?
Economic stagnation is a prolonged period of slow economic growth (traditionally measured in terms of the GDP growth), usually accompanied by high unemployment. |
A headache-inducing logic problem from Singapore's Math Olympiad went viral earlier this year, sparking online debates, a Twitter hashtag, and even a song that mimics the process of elimination that leads to the correct answer.
The task — figuring out a girl named Cheryl's birthday with seemingly little information — was maddening at first glance.
But the problem wasn't nonsense: it's actually a test of logical reasoning skills. And questions like these help explain how Singapore's students have come to rank as some of the best problem-solvers in the world — by being taught math differently, and well.
A 2005 study from the American Institutes for Research praised Singapore's method of teaching math, saying it was much better than the American method. On reason was that word problems and real-world examples were used not just to show students that math is important outside the classroom, but to illustrate how math works.
Here's the problem Singaporean high school students were asked to solve, reworded slightly for clarity:
Albert and Bernard just became friends with Cheryl, and they want to know when her birthday is. Cheryl marks 10 possible dates: May 15, May 16, May 19, June 17, June 18, July 14, July 16, August 14, August 15, or August 17.
Then Cheryl tells Albert the month of her birthday, but not the day. She tells Bernard the day of her birthday, but not the month. Then she asked if they can figure it out.
Albert: I don't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but I know Bernard doesn't know either.
Bernard: At first I didn't know when Cheryl's birthday is, but now I know.
Albert: If you know, then I know too!
When is Cheryl's birthday?
This problem is meant to test logical and analytical reasoning skills. Students have to work backward from the information they're given to the solution. It's not something that can be solved by a formula, but requires rigorous logical and technical skills.
So when is Cheryl's birthday?
Good news if you're struggling: this is not from a general textbook. It was designed for the top 40 percent of high school math and science students in the country for use in a math competition, and was a relatively challenging question for that competition, according to the Singapore and Asian School Math Olympiad, the group that wrote the question.
Bernard, who knows the date, has more information in this situation than Albert, who knows the month. No matter what Cheryl told Albert, there's no way Albert could figure out her birthday.
Bernard, though, might have been able to figure out Cheryl's birthday on his own, but only on two out of Cheryl's 10 possible dates.
If Cheryl told Bernard she was born on the 18th or 19th, he would know her birthday right away. That's because the 18th and 19th only show up once in Cheryl's list of possibilities. The rest of the dates are duplicates: the 14th could be in July or August, the 15th could be in May or August, the 16th in May or July, and the 17th in June or August. But the 18th could only be in June, and the 19th only in May.
But Bernard didn't know when Cheryl's birthday was at first — so she wasn't born on the 18th or 19th.
How did Albert know that Bernard didn't know? When Cheryl told him the month, she must have said July or August, because every possible date in July and August is also in another month. If she had told Albert she was born in May or June, she might have been born on May 19 or June 18, and Albert wouldn't be certain that Bernard was in the dark.
As soon as Albert says that, though, Bernard figures it out. He knows Cheryl must have told Albert her birthday is in July or August, because that's the only way Albert can be certain that Bernard doesn't know her birthday. Narrowing the months down to two possibilities is all it takes for him to find the answer. That means the date Cheryl gave Bernard must not be a possibility in both July and August. It's only a possibility in one of the two months.
We already knew Cheryl's birthday isn't the 18th or 19th. Eliminating the dates that are in both July and August knocks out the 14th. That leaves three possible birthdays out of the original 10: July 16, August 15, or August 17.
But now Albert knows, too. That means Cheryl must not have told him she was born in August, because he'd still be confused; two of the possible dates are in August. The only remaining possibility is July 16.
The best math and problem-solving students in Singapore are really good
These problems show up in Singapore for a reason: they're meant to strengthen and test students' problem solving skills — and they seem to work.
"This kind of problems trains a person to analyze a problem in order to come to a logical solution," Henry Ong, the director of Singapore and Asian Schools Math Olympiad, wrote in a statement. "We are not saying this problem is for every student (since it involves rather sophisticated reasoning)."
Singapore has a disproportionate share of top problem-solvers. Its 15-year-olds had the highest scores, tied with Korea, on the problem-solving portion of the Programme for International Student Assessment, a standardized test administered to students in developed countries in 2012. Almost 10 percent of students performed well enough to be considered "highly skilled problem-solvers" — the highest share in the world. In the US, just 2.7 percent of students tested that well.
Students might be so good at problem-solving because they're very good at math. Students in Singapore scored second in the world, behind students in Shanghai, on the math portion of the PISA. Forty percent of Singapore's students are considered top performers in math, compared with just 8 percent in the US.
In another international test of math abilities, the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, Singapore has been ranked at or near the top every time it's been given since 1995.
Why Singapore's students are so good at math
In the US, teachers teach a concept, move on to the next one, then return to the earlier concept and teach it again, later that school year or the next year. In Singapore, students are expected to fully understand a concept before moving on: they start learning fractions two years before they learn decimals, for example. Teachers still review, but in much less depth.
Students in Singapore also start out solving problems with concrete objects. Then they move on to drawing pictures to represent the problem. Then they solve the problems in the abstract, using only numbers.
Here's an example of how drawing out a word problem works:
These methods are supposed to help students develop number sense — an understanding of how numbers are composed of other numbers, and a deeper understanding of why math works the way it does. In the US, the American Institutes for Research report found, students too often learned math as a rote series of steps without understanding what they were doing or why.
Can Singapore's methods work in the US?
Because Singapore has a national curriculum, it might seem easy to export the secrets of its math success: just give Singapore's textbooks and lesson plans to American students.
Doing just that has in fact become increasingly popular. Two parents who moved to the US from Singapore in the late 1990s began importing and distributing Singapore textbooks, at first for homeschoolers, and later for schools. The textbook publishing giant Houghton Mifflin Harcourt later adapted a series of Singapore textbooks for use in the US. Singapore math textbooks have been used in Los Angeles; Montgomery County, Maryland; Seattle; and dozens of smaller districts.
The central concepts of Singapore's approach — teaching fewer concepts in more depth and developing number sense — are front and center in the Common Core standards.
Studies of schools that have used Singapore's textbooks show mixed results: the people who love it really love it, and test scores go up. But it's challenging for teachers, and many schools who try the textbooks eventually give up. In the early 2000s, four schools in Montgomery County, Maryland, tried the Singapore approach, but quickly abandoned it due to poor planning and preparation and concerns about how much the switch would cost.
Some Los Angeles schools use, and love, the Singapore textbooks, crediting them for an increase in standardized math test scores. But they haven't been adopted districtwide.
Just importing textbooks isn't enough, several reports have found. The 2005 report from the American Institutes for Research noted there are other possible explanations for Singapore's success.
Singapore is a tiny country — 5.4 million people, about the same size as Finland — with a highly centralized education bureaucracy. Its standardized tests are more challenging, and schools are judged not only for how many students are proficient but for how much progress they made. (The US only judges proficiency.)
And standards for teachers are in Singapore are higher. The 2005 report noted that the Praxis test, the standard certification exam for American teachers, had multiple-choice math questions. In Singapore, those questions would be at best at a sixth-grade level, it noted. |
How to Calculate PPD in Nursing Home
The PPD (Patient Per Day) is a crucial metric used in nursing homes to determine staffing needs and ensure quality care for residents. Calculating the PPD accurately is essential for meeting regulatory requirements and maintaining patient safety. In this article, we will explain how to calculate PPD in a nursing home and address some frequently asked questions about the process.
1. What is PPD?
PPD stands for Patient Per Day and is a measure of the number of patients cared for by nursing staff in a 24-hour period. It helps determine the appropriate staffing levels needed to provide quality care.
2. Why is PPD important in nursing homes?
PPD is essential to ensure that each resident receives adequate attention and care. Overstaffing or understaffing can lead to compromised patient safety and quality of care.
3. How do you calculate PPD?
To calculate PPD, divide the total number of patients cared for during a 24-hour period by the total number of nursing hours provided during that period.
4. What factors should be considered when calculating PPD?
When calculating PPD, factors such as the acuity level of patients, staff skill mix, and the number of non-nursing hours spent on administrative tasks should be considered.
5. Can PPD vary between different nursing homes?
Yes, PPD can vary between nursing homes based on their unique patient population, staffing levels, and organizational structure.
6. How can PPD be used to improve patient care?
By accurately calculating PPD, nursing homes can identify staffing gaps and make informed decisions to ensure adequate staff coverage, leading to improved patient care.
7. What is the ideal PPD ratio?
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question as the ideal PPD ratio depends on various factors such as patient acuity, facility size, and state regulations.
8. Are there regulatory requirements for PPD in nursing homes?
Yes, many states have regulations that define minimum PPD requirements for nursing homes. It is important to comply with these regulations to ensure quality care.
9. How often should PPD be calculated?
PPD should ideally be calculated on a regular basis, such as monthly or quarterly, to identify trends and make necessary adjustments to staffing levels.
10. What challenges are associated with calculating PPD?
Some challenges in calculating PPD include accurately recording patient census, accounting for different levels of care required, and factoring in non-nursing hours spent on administrative tasks.
11. What can nursing homes do to improve PPD accuracy?
To improve PPD accuracy, nursing homes should ensure accurate patient census data, implement electronic documentation systems, regularly review and adjust staffing levels, and provide ongoing staff education.
In conclusion, calculating PPD in a nursing home is a crucial process that helps determine staffing needs and ensure quality care for residents. By carefully considering various factors and complying with regulatory requirements, nursing homes can use PPD as a powerful tool to improve patient care and safety. |
Introducing our unique visual arts curriculum that takes every child on a journey to various artists and art forms across the world!
The Saturday Art Class curriculum is designed as a combination of visual art-based milestones and various topics that helps children build exposure to the outside world as well as develop the following outcomes:
Our curriculum topics ensure that children can understand themselves and are exposed to the world around them; along with inculcating skills of imagination and self-expression!
Children explore art from various parts of India and explore the work of Indian artists.
Our lesson plans under this theme focus on contemporary and former Indian artists and art forms.
Through the development of a strong sense and knowledge of Indian art, this theme of our curriculum aids in building a positive perspective of cultural identity and self-esteem within children.
Children will be exposed to a wider range of artists who use different forms and techniques. This topic will focus on art and artists from across the world both from the present and the past.
It is through the development of a strong sense and knowledge of global arts that children can build a holistic perspective about themselves and the world.
Students will explore the use of various materials to create things like collages, origami, and other craft-related activities.
The art class plans under this theme will focus on craft-related activities that refine the children's motor skills and put an emphasis on children using their imagination and creating activities related to craft work.
Self-expression and imagination-based activities
Students are provided with prompts in the form of inquiry-based questions.
These questions are designed in a way that compels them to use their imagination and express themselves in their own unique manner.
Students are able to think about different situations and will express what they imagine bringing them to life through self-expression. Through the development of their imagination and self-expression, we build creativity in children. |
- Stanley British Primary School
- What is British Primary?
The Wisdom of Reflection
Posted by Stanley Communications on 5/19/2022 3:00:00 PM
Whether your child ends the year exploring fractions, building bridges, performing The Phantom Tollbooth, or writing poetry, their learning doesn’t end once they finish the show, the coffeehouse, or the test. Here at Stanley, after the culminating event of a unit, it is time to reflect on what they have learned. As the 2021-22 school year comes to an end, it feels fitting to share a few thoughts on the British Primary value of reflection.
At Stanley, reflection happens throughout your child’s day, but especially at the end of a unit, at the end of trimester, and at the end of a school year. As Stanley BPS teachers, we invite students to reflect on what they learned from the unit, not only the content, but also on the process they experienced. We support them to reflect on what they learned about themselves as a learner, and what they will take with them into future learning experiences. We provide opportunities for students to think about where they started and where they ended up, and to remember and review the steps and strategies that helped form new understandings, growth and learning. We believe that even reflection on their false starts or dead-ends is valuable. Reflection helps reinforce habits of mind and dispositions as learners.
An interesting question we might ask our students to reflect on is, “How does this connect with other parts of your life, or other things you’re learning or thinking about?” As Nan Munger, Middle School art teacher describes, “I do final critiques with the eighth grade and reflection forms with all my students. They consider questions like, which of the school’s seven goals for learners have I built most and how? What was I most proud of? What do I want to build going forward? What will be helpful for next year?” We create opportunities for reflection that show the interconnectivity of our world.
A natural reflection question is “What am I still pondering about this topic? What am I still curious about?” We emphasize with our students that life-long learning means pursuing one topic at various points throughout their lives for many years! As Nan Munger says, “With final projects where it’s open-ended, I’ll push learners to consider things like, ‘What are some things I’ve enjoyed most in this block? What are some things I wish I would have gotten to?’ And that’s often how they figure out what they’re going to do for their final synthesis project.”
While learners might first translate “What did you learn?” into concrete facts, Stanley teachers know that there’s more to learning than facts. Perhaps that’s where questions like, “What does this mean for who I want to be in this world?” come in. As Carolyn Hambidge, founder of Stanley BPS, shares, “Reflecting is important because you get to know yourself more. Each child gets to know themselves. Until they really have a knowledge of who they are and finding out what they love to do and what they are passionate about, that's how wisdom grows. You can’t have wisdom without knowing yourself a bit, and reflecting helps you. So often people do what they’re told in school but don’t reflect. I love how the children here are allowed to reflect on what they’ve done.”
As Carolyn so beautifully captures, reflection grows wisdom. We can have a lot of life experiences, but until we slow down and reflect, we don’t necessarily develop wisdom. These last days of school will be filled with reflection for your children, many moments for wisdom to grow! They’ll reflect about their learning, about their growth as learners, about themselves as an important part of a community, and about how what they have learned connects to their lives and the world around them. We hope that you, too, will pause and reflect on your child’s and your growth this year.
We wish you a beautiful summer, full of learning, growth, and joy. We wish you many moments to stop and reflect before we all return in the Fall well-rested and wiser. |
Individuals who adhere to a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle may be at an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and blood clots. Atherosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries and it is a condition that can lead to stroke and heart attacks.
This is the conclusion of an analysis of numerous articles published on vegetarianism biochemistry for the past 30 years. The publication can be read in the Agricultural and Food Chemistry of ACS journal.
In the review, Duo Li informs that people who eat meat are known for having notably increased combination of heart problems when compared to vegetarians. However, lower-risk vegetarians are not really immune to this problem. Their diet has the tendency to lack numerous important ingredients such as vitamin B12, zinc, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids.
Although a balanced vegetarian meal can offer sufficient protein, this is not always the case in terms of fat and fatty acids. Vegetarians tend to deal with increased blood levels of homocysteine as well as lower levels of HDK, which is a good type of cholesterol. This places them at risk for cardiovascular disease.
In conclusion, there is a potent scientific ground for vegans and vegetarians to increase their daily omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B12 allocation to help lower those risks. Salmon and other oily fish, and many kinds of nuts provide a great source of omega-3s. Eggs, fortified milk and seafood are good sources of vitamin B12. |
What you need to know if you consider translating content into Bahasa Languages?
Despite the fact that the majority of the population (62% as of 2014) speaks English, Bahasa Malaysia (BM) has been the only official language in Malaysia since 1968.
Translation from English into Malay is becoming increasingly demanded; organizations and institutions that aim to reach large audiences in the country. The stakeholders in key government bodies and NGO officials must keep their communication in Bahasa Malaysia to ensure maximum reach and efficiency.
Sometimes, “Bahasa” is used to refer to Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia interchangeably. This, however, is not exactly correct. Even though both languages stem from the same family, their distinctions are significant. The information below refers to both Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Indonesia (collectively referred to as “Bahasa”).
Bahasa belongs to the Austronesian family, a Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of languages.
Total number of speakers (native and as a second language): up to 250,000,000 (estimated)
It’s spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, East Timor, Brunei, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Christmas Island, and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
Officially spoken in: Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore.
Recognized as minority language in: East Timor, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Thailand, and Philippines.
Influences and borrowings.
Arabic, Sanskrit, Tamil, Persian, Portuguese, Chinese, Dutch, and English heavily influenced Bahasa languages. The highest number of borrowed words come from the mentioned languages.
Latin is the official alphabet used in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore.
Jawi – Arabic alphabet is co-officially used in a few states in Malaysia, but not nation-wide, while it is co-official nation-wide in Brunei.
There are two standards: The Indonesian standard used in Indonesia, and the Malaysian standard used in Malaysia and Singapore.
There are 10 known variants in Malaysia, with standard Bahasa Malaysia is standardized across the country. Also there isBrunei Bahasa, which is a variant of Bahasa Malaysia spoken in Brunei Darussalam. Indonesia has a number of known variants of its own as well.
Honorifics and registers.
As monarchies, Malaysia and Brunei have special language registers when referring to members of Royal families. These are honorifics as well as certain verbs and nouns which are not used by and in relation to commoners. If your target audience is the Royal family, you’d need to adjust the language accordingly.
The following Royal registers of Bahasa Malaysia exist:
Royal Malay language
Royal Brunei language
Other uses: Indonesian is used at UN peacekeeping missions
Maven International, a translation company in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, has been successfully providing translation services from English into Malay and Indonesian languages since 2013. We have translated content for some clients into the Brunei variant of Bahasa Malaysia as well as into Royal Brunei and Royal Malay registers and transliterated content using Jawi alphabet.
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Dr.Cline began to become terrified of what the storm was becoming capable of and began warning Galveston residence. But it was too late, very few got out of the city in time. The wind blew the water out of Galveston bay and into the city itself. In effect, the storm 's trajectory made galveston the victim of two storm surges , the first in the bay, and the second from the Gulf. Many men and women began furiously chopping holes in their parlor floors to hopefully admit water and to anchor their homes in place. The winds remain at a sustained 150 miles per hour and had gust up to two hundred miles per hour. “The sea followed. Galveston became Atlantis.” Waves swept through neighborhoods taking houses and families with them. One resident describes …show more content…
More than 3,600 homes were destroyed on Galveston Island and the added toll on commercial structures created a loss of $30 million, about $700 million in today 's dollars.” While the storm was extreme, so was the response of the survivors. Despite the unimaginable devastation the survivors faced, they immediately began rebuilding their city. By 10 a.m. Sept. 9 the Mayor of Galveston, Walter C. Jones had called an emergency city council meeting, and by the end of the day had appointed a Central Relief Committee. The newspaper even continued to publish from Galveston and never missed an issue. The first issue published was a front and back list of the dead, giving the survivors a reason to rebuild; for their lost loved ones. In the first week after the storm telegraph and water service were restored. Lines for a new telephone system were being laid by the second. "In the third week, Houston relief groups went home, the saloons reopened, the electric trolleys began operating and freight began moving through the harbor.” Residents of Galveston quickly decided that they would rebuild, that the city would survive, and almost as soon, leaders began deciding how it would do so. The two civil engineering projects leaders decided to pursue - building a seawall and raising the island 's
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One way the Galveston Hurricane affected the economy of Galveston was through widespread destruction of infrastructure and property, resulting in significant economic losses for Galveston and the
With my education, along with my drive and ambition, I plan to return to Baldwin County in order to implement new ideas for constructing hurricane-resistant structures. Although my dream remains to lessen the aftermath of hurricanes, I also plan to volunteer in organizations that help to protect the beaches. I hope be an active participant in sea turtle conservancy, sand dune conservancy, and wildlife refuge conservancy. Protecting the environment remains the first step in lessening the destruction of hurricanes.
Book Review: Isaac’s Storm Introduction: Isaac’s Storm: A Man, a Time, and the Deadliest Hurricane in History, written by Erik Larsen, is a book which may very well be called one-of-a-kind, as it describes one of the most disastrous of the natural calamities of the world-the Galveston hurricane of 1900 and the events which precede it. The author has carefully analysed the hurricane, scrutinized the impact caused by the actions of several people prior to the hurricane that ultimately resulted in massive destruction (Larson, 2011). He has pointed out with precision how the wrongful thought processes of that time led to such a tragedy. Review: The author has pointed out the fact that the thoughtless actions of some men are mostly to blame for the tragedy.
Although storms like Hurricane Katrina occur once in every one hundred years, being prepared and storing water, food, medicines, and other supplies keep families ready for any disaster. Natural disasters can leave communities without power for days and even for weeks. Being prepared in the event of severe weather and disasters like Hurricane Katrina, can reduce fear and anxiety that accompanies disasters. A crucial element of self-sufficient living is survival. Our government does not have all the resources to be totally prepared to take care of the vast numbers of people in a disaster.
This hurricane also caused the rails between Miami and New York to shut down and the rerouting of cruise ships. Even as the storm neared Myrtle Beach they evacuated two coastal counties and redirected traffic away from the coasts. The total number of people who evacuated in the eastern seaboard is around
Following the tragic event, the Water and Sewage Board in New Orleans ordered taller levees to be constructed. Hurricane Betsy in 1965 caused leaders to redesign the levee system and the responsibility of levee construction was placed under the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Once again citizens of New Orleans started to reconstruct their city after another natural disaster. Only forty years later Hurricane Katrina, the unfortunate event that was due to the failure of levees to withhold water, left many homeless, dead and looting for survival. Not only did the levees fail the people of New Orleans, but their government also fell short of supplying the desperate citizens of the city with aid and support.
As the city was pumped dry, the sheer level and scope of damage became an insurance and federal aid minefield for many residents. A team was assembled by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDI) to examine its urban design, energy security, coastal protection, toxic waste, public health and global warming. They were in place to present practices and course of actions to take in order to protect Gulf Coast Residents. Financial, emotional and health factors made every Katrina survivor’s recovery story different and each factor created unique problems for those individuals and their families. Insurance scams and contractor fraud made many people weary and distrustful regarding the rebuilding efforts and is one of many contributing factors to why many former residents have not returned to New Orleans.
Although Hurricane Katrina wasn’t expected to ever hit land, it is one of the biggest storms to hit the United States. The storm devastated the city and the country more than anyone would have every thought. Zeitoun, by Dave Eggers, displays many of the disastrous events that take place during and after Hurricane Katrina. The book follows Zeitoun and his wife Kathy, a Muslim couple, with four kids and their own painting business, through the storm. After the storm, while Kathy and the kids are staying with friends and family, Zeitoun rides around in his canoe rescuing survivors and watching his properties which has a phone he uses to keep in touch with Kathy.
By August 28, evacuations were underway across the region. That day, the National Weather Service predicted that after the storm hit, “most of the Gulf Coast area will be uninhabitable for weeks…perhaps longer.” New Orleans was at particular risk. Though about half the city actually lies above sea level, its average elevation is about six feet below sea level and it is completely surrounded by water. Over the course of the 20th
Current Reflective Essay Paper On August 25, 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall on the coast of Texas. It was originally set to be a category 1 hurricane and wasn 't supposed to be that bad of a natural disaster. Although a number of adding factors made Hurricane Harvey a catastrophic event, the hurricane increased levels as it reached land which was one of the biggest impacts. The main two factors that made Harvey one of the most destructive natural disasters to ever hit the United States was all the recorder rainfall over the city of Houston and the release of the Addicks and Barker reservoirs.
On August 29, 2005, a category five hurricane, named Hurricane Katrina struck the city of New Orleans and destroyed everything in its path. As all the other residents of New Orleans, I was one of the people who experienced this horrible disaster. No one ever predicts that this kind of thing will ever happen to them. Everyone has their story about what happened to them during Hurricane Katrina, but I am going to tell you about my experience and how to affected my life.
Additionally, scientists had been warning New Orleans and the government that climate change would lead to increased storm activity and that the city’s defenses weren’t strong enough for such a storm. However, these warnings were ignored by the government and no preventative measures were taken which has influenced the effects of the storm. The reason for the poor response of the government and their negligence of the warnings is arguable. However, it is positive that the reason for this is that the majority of the people affected were the poor, and mostly colored, citizen of New Orleans. The city is racially and economically segregated and these citizen lived in the lower parts of the city, which go down to 11 feet below sea level.
When the storm made landfall, it had a Category 3 rating, and it brought sustained winds of 100–140 miles per hour–and stretched some 400 miles across. Chris Rose did a great job writing about the process of Hurricane Katrina. Chris Rose described the process in great details. When he talked about the houses under water and the writing on the houses, you could imagine the images in your head. Chris Rose got the name for this book from one of his short stories. |
“Posterity! You will never know how much it cost the present generation to preserve your freedom! I hope you will make a good use of it.” ~ John Adams
Adams expressed this sentiment in a letter to his wife, Abigail, dated 26th April 1777. He concluded his statement by adding:
“If you do not, I shall repent in Heaven, that I ever took half the Pains to preserve it.”
Adams, J., n.d. Founders Online: John Adams To Abigail Adams, 26 April 1777. [online] Founders.archives.gov. Available at: <https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-02-02-0169> [Accessed 15 August 2020].
Mini Bio: John Adams
John Adams was born 30th October 1735 in Braintree, Massachusetts. He was a Founding Father and the second president of the United States of America.
Adams was unique among the Founding Fathers and early presidents: his closest advisor was his wife, Abigail, and together they opposed slavery as an absolute evil.
Adams and Jefferson, friends and revolutionaries, were part of a five-man committee appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence. On Adams’ suggestion, Jefferson was chosen to write the final document. Yet, Jefferson could not debate as well as he wrote, and it was left to the tenacious and persuasive Adams to convince the Congress to ratify the document.
Adams served two terms as George Washington’s vice president and was elected the nation’s second president on Washington’s retirement. Adams ran for a second term but lost to Jefferson. Bitter about the campaign tactics of Jefferson’s supporters, Adams left Washington and did not attend Jefferson’s inauguration.
Years later, Adams and Jefferson resumed their friendship, became close correspondents, and lived to extreme old age.
In an astonishing coincidence, Adams and Jefferson died on the same day, 4th July 1826 – the 50th anniversary of the adoption of The Declaration of Independence.
According to tradition, Adams’ last words were, “Jefferson still survives.” In fact, Jefferson had died five hours earlier. |
Class 5 had a long-awaited trip to visit and learn about the stunning Lincoln Cathedral. Mrs Ballard was also keen to take advantage of this opportunity to steep ourselves in British history. We went to see one of the first sites William the Conqueror deemed important to build a Norman Cathedral. Our guide for the day, Sally, filled our heads with facts and figures about the Cathedral and we definitely all learnt new things we didn’t know before! Did you know that for 4,000 years the Giza pyramid was the tallest building in the world until Lincoln Cathedral built its spires in the 1300’s? Lincoln held this prestigious title for over 200 years (when the spires fell down in a storm)! We learnt that the stone carvings on the building’s exterior are not gargoyles, but actually ‘grotesques’ and we learnt how to read the stories within stained glass windows amongst many, many other things. Our heads were full!
Class 5 had a private tour of the Cathedral, fun making a clay tile of the ‘West Face’. We also learnt, through assembling a large model, the names of different parts of the Cathedral and when they were added to the original Normal building. Finally, we were treated to explore and learn in the Cathedral’s new Discovery Centre. It was fabulous for the children to play with models, print and stamp, dress up and make Norman and Gothic arches with key stones! Overall, Lincoln is steeped in history and well worth a visit! |
Boston faces a rapidly changing environment unlike anything it has seen in its past four centuries. Fortunately, the city has been an early national leader in weaving climate preparedness into its policies and programs, beginning with its first executive order on climate change in 2007. Building on this foundation, Imagine Boston 2030 can set the city on a course to be effectively carbon neutral by midcentury, while also prepared to survive and thrive in a rapidly changing climate.
Although the Paris climate talks at 2015's end achieved meaningful commitments to greenhouse-gas reductions, the planet is still on a path toward dangerous changes to the natural environment. Boston is at particular risk. The city is expected to experience significant increases in extreme heat waves and intense rain storms. Days over 90 degrees are projected to increase from a current average of 10 per year to 30–60 days by the end of the century.
Since many of its neighborhoods and buildings are built on filled tidelands, Boston is especially vulnerable to sea-level rise. Boston Harbor has risen roughly 10 inches since 1920; current projections indicate an additional sea-level rise of between 2 and 6 feet by the end of century. The costs could be devastating: A 2013 report from the Oganization for Economic Co-operation and Development says Boston can expect losses of more than $230 million a year due to coastal flooding, making it the eighth most vulnerable city on the planet.
This threat is especially poignant in East Boston. Home to more than 40,000 residents encompassing the full swath of economic, ethnic, and demographic diversity, this shoreline community has large tracts of land that are vulnerable to flooding. Between Logan Airport and critical highway and MBTA tunnels, more than 250,000 people come through East Boston every day; the airport alone generates $20 million in daily economic activity.
For several years, the community organization Neighborhood of Affordable Housing (NOAH) has been engaging East Boston's residents in understanding how they can reduce carbon emissions while getting better prepared for climate change. In early 2015, with the financial support of the Kresge Foundation and in partnership with the Urban Land Institute and others, NOAH led a climate resiliency planning process that included community members, business owners, and major institutions such as the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport) and the state Department of Transportation. Residents learned about simple, low-cost ways to reduce flooding risks in their homes and strategized longer-term ideas for coastal parks and green infrastructure to protect their community. NOAH recently secured a follow-up grant from Kresge to further develop this approach.
The kind of climate change planning under way in East Boston could be replicated in all neighborhoods and across all sectors of the economy. Rather than envisioning incremental change based only on what is viewed as economically, politically, and technologically possible, the city can set ambitious goals that will achieve environmental sustainability as well as economic and social resilience.
Following in the paths of New York, London, and Copenhagen, Boston should aim for buildings that are both net-zero energy and carbon neutral—that means buildings that produce or purchase enough renewable energy to meet their own energy needs and that remove or offset as much carbon from the atmosphere as they put into it.
Ambitious to be sure, but the city already has precedent-setting sustainability initiatives on which to build, including requirements that all major new buildings be LEED certifiable by the US Green Building Council. It will be important to establish clear expectations about preparedness for new residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, taking into account the ever-evolving nature of expected climate change impacts. The city's full range of incentives should be deployed. These could include revising zoning to allow for additional height in areas where ground floors could experience flooding, incorporating "living with water" design strategies into zoning, steering project mitigation fees into neighborhood-scale resiliency efforts, and requiring buildings in projected flood zones to locate critical infrastructure out of harm's way. Strategies and incentive programs for adapting existing buildings will be more challenging but equally critical.
Given Boston's many innovative design and engineering firms, the building sector is ripe for creative solutions. A building should be as safe and useful at the end of its life as it is at the beginning; the challenge of climate change is also an opportunity for great design.
Boston's increasing population needs ways to get around that are affordable, safe, and ever-more carbon efficient. Mayor Martin Walsh's Complete Streets executive order encourages a mix of transportation options, from bikes to bus rapid transit. But because our current network of roadways and mass transit is so vulnerable to sea-level rise, this is also a critical opportunity to think about how to prepare our transportation infrastructure for the coming storms. There is little point in creating climate-prepared buildings if people can't get to them after a flood or major storm. Such efforts will require close cooperation across jurisdictions, including Massport, the MBTA, and the state Department of Transportation. Boston can plan to be a city less dependent on traditional cars (and parking!) and more supportive of healthy, enjoyable, carbon-efficient, and climate-prepared mobility options that focus on people.
Boston's energy infrastructure has largely been built for the approach of the last century. To decarbonize our energy infrastructure and prepare it for a changing climate requires a wholesale rethinking of our supply, distribution, and end-use efficiency. By midcentury, the city will need to envision solar power covering Boston's rooftops managed by smart microgrids, a conversion from fuel oil and natural gas to super-efficient electric heat pumps or cogeneration steam for heating, the use of cold ocean water to cool our buildings through district-chilled water systems, and the large-scale procurement of wind power and hydropower. The city and its built environment are among the largest users of power in New England. To realize this energy vision, Boston will need to use that consumer power. The decisions made and investments approved by these authorities over the next 15 years will likely define Boston's energy infrastructure and supply options for much of the rest of the century.
Wanter and wastewater
The Boston Water and Sewer Commission and the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority have been leaders at analyzing and planning for climate change vulnerabilities. Imagine Boston 2030 can expand on this work through embracing widespread adoption of green infrastructure solutions, such as the design of small parks and natural areas (sometimes referred to as storm swales) to better absorb rainwater. New York City and Philadelphia have made major commitments to implementing green infrastructure, and Boston should head down the same path. The ongoing restoration of the Muddy River in the Fenway—while falling short of being prepared for major storms—does demonstrate the aesthetic, recreational, and ecosystem value of such approaches; there are many more such opportunities in Boston.
Boston is blessed with one of the nation's greatest networks of urban parks and open spaces. Beyond their beauty and tranquility, parks can help protect against storm surge, absorb precipitation, and reduce the urban heat island effect. Street trees and the urban canopy are critical resources in reducing the effects of heat waves. Planting thousands of trees to reach Boston's goal of a 35 percent tree canopy is not just about the beauty of our streets; the air quality and cooling benefits will be critical for Bostonians' health and well-being as we encounter our hot new climate in the decades to come.
Neighborhood-scale solutions undoubtedly will be a necessary element of preparing Boston for climate change as well as getting to carbon neutrality. In the Talbot-Norfolk Triangle section of Dorchester, residents have been working to develop the city's first eco-district, looking to create a new model of green and equitable redevelopment. Efforts include retrofitting an older housing stock to save energy costs and transforming vacant lots into community green spaces. The city's Climate Ready Boston program is currently working to identify resiliency districts and critical areas for preparedness planning at a local scale.
The path forward
Given what we know now, it is clear that climate change cannot be a separate planning consideration or a secondary principle. Boston has significant support from the private sector, civic society, and the citizenry in embracing the importance of climate change, and the city is actively participating in global groups on this topic, including the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. Imagine Boston 2030 is a profound opportunity to bring all these efforts together into a truly comprehensive strategy for the city's future in a changing climate. Nothing less than Boston's 500th birthday is at stake. |
With the introduction of smart meters, many people have started to monitor their energy usage more closely. These devices provide real-time data on electricity consumption, allowing users to make informed decisions and potentially save money. However, a common concern among consumers is the accuracy of these smart meters. How can we be certain that the readings are reliable? In this article, we will delve into the technical aspects of smart meters and explore the different ways to ensure their accuracy.
Understanding smart meter technology
To understand the accuracy of smart meters, it is important to first comprehend how they work. Smart meters use advanced technology to measure and record electricity consumption. Unlike traditional analog meters, which require manual reading, smart meters automatically send data to utility companies for billing purposes. They utilize advanced algorithms and sensors to capture precise measurements, taking into account factors such as voltage fluctuations and power factor correction. As a result, smart meters provide highly accurate readings in most cases.
Verification through calibration
In order to ensure the accuracy of smart meters, regular calibration is essential. Calibration involves comparing the measurements of a device to a known standard. Utility companies often calibrate smart meters periodically to maintain their accuracy. This process involves testing against calibrated reference instruments under controlled conditions. Any discrepancies detected during calibration are typically corrected by adjusting the smart meter's firmware or replacing faulty components. By following strict calibration procedures, utility companies can ascertain that the smart meters are providing accurate readings.
Independent testing and certification
In addition to calibration, independent testing and certification play a vital role in verifying the accuracy of smart meters. Third-party organizations, such as national metrology institutes, conduct tests to evaluate the performance of smart meters. These tests involve comparing the readings of multiple smart meters installed side by side to identify any outliers or systematic errors. Smart meters that pass these rigorous tests are awarded certification, indicating their accuracy and reliability.
In conclusion, smart meters are generally accurate in measuring electricity consumption. Through regular calibration and independent testing, utility companies ensure the reliability of these devices. However, occasional inaccuracies may still occur due to factors like tampering or technical glitches. If you suspect any discrepancies in your energy bills, it is always recommended to reach out to your utility provider for further investigation. Overall, smart meters provide an efficient and transparent way to monitor energy usage, empowering consumers to make more informed decisions regarding their electricity consumption.
Contact: Eason Wang
Add: 1F Junfeng Building, Gongle, Xixiang, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China |
This is a series of articles where it is about teaching chess as if it were the training of a football team. Train your chess with a few simple exercises. At the end of this article, you have available the first 2 parts. The ideal is to start in order, although it is not necessary to do it that way.
I will explain in this third chapter how a tower moves and some tasks that can be done in class so that students learn the movement of this piece. These tasks will be equivalent to touching the ball performed by football players. In training a professional footballer spends at least 10-15 minutes touching the ball. Chess the equivalent is moving the piece, making a move.
How towers move
The towers move in rows or columns, horizontally or vertically and capture a rival piece taking its place. They cannot jump, pass over the pieces of their own side. The equivalent in the Middle Ages would be the catapult. In the Marvel universe he would be Captain America.
The catapult was a military machine of antiquity for launching objects over long distances. The rook in chess moves over a long distance, since it can move in rows and columns. Captures a rival piece taking its place.
On an empty board with only a tower, ask your students to move it from square “a1” to box “h8”. They must write on a form that boxes have toured the tower. That is, you must put 1. Ta1-b1. 2. Tb1-c1, and so on until you reach Th8. Ask students to create at least 5 paths from a1 to h8 and order them from most moves to fewest moves. Repeat the exercise 5 times.
Here is a concept for a game that combines chess and football using rook moves. Let’s call it “Torres Fútbol Chess”.
Objective of the game: The objective is to bring the rook towards the opponent’s goal and score a goal, using the basic rules of chess.
- 2 teams of chess pieces (preferably with rooks of different colors)
- A small ball
Rules of the game:
- Place the chessboard on a flat surface.
- Each player chooses a team of chess pieces. The towers will be used as players on the field.
- The remaining pieces are placed in their standard initial positions on the board.
- Place the ball in the center of the board.
- Players take turns moving their towers, as if they were football players on the field.
- During his turn, a player can move one of his rooks according to the rules of rook movement in chess. The tower can only move in straight vertical or horizontal lines, without jumping over other pieces.
- The objective is to bring the tower towards the opponent’s goal and score a goal by moving the tower to the goal box.
- Ball movement:
- The ball can be moved in each turn after moving the tower.
- When a rook moves, the player can move the ball to a square adjacent to the rook, in any direction (vertical, horizontal or diagonal), as long as that square is unoccupied.
- Score a goal:
- To score a goal, a player must move the rook to the opponent’s goal square, while the ball is in a square adjacent to the tower.
- If a player scores a goal, a point is scored and the game is restarted with the pieces in their starting positions. The player who scored the goal has the first turn in the next game.
- Game Ending:
- Play continues until a predetermined number of goals is reached, such as the best of 3 or 5 matches.
- At the end of the game, the player with the most goals wins.
This game combines the strategic aspects of chess with the excitement of football, giving children the opportunity to practice rook moves while having fun. I hope you enjoy it!
This article is part of a series in which I create original content to train chess as if it were football. In this third chapter we talk about the towers and the way in which you can train with them. Chess is trained in many ways; this is one of them.
If you are a chess monitor and you carry out what I just put, please I would love you to leave a comment to know how it has gone and thus enrich this article. In addition, you can contribute your own ideas. Thank you.
Follow the series
In this section I will add the articles of this series. |
Virginia Tech entomology expert available to discuss stink bug infestations throughout the Mid-Atlantic
Every year throughout Virginia and much of the Mid-Atlantic region, brown marmorated stink bugs are a nuisance to homeowners and a potential economic threat to farmers. During the spring and summer these insects feed on a wide range of fruit and vegetable crops. Then they ride out the cold winters by hiding out in your home entering through windows, cracks, and other small openings in your house.
“This invasive species from Asia is rapidly spreading throughout much of North America as well as Europe” said Tom Kuhar, professor of vegetable entomology in the Department of Entomology in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Virginia Tech. “Over the past 10 years, researchers from Virginia Tech and other institutions have discovered a lot about the ecology of this bug and how to best manage it on crops and in homes.”
Controlling brown marmorated stink bugs is typically done using insecticide treatments on the crops they feed on.
However, there are some homemade traps and techniques such as closing off entryways that can help reduce the number of stink bugs in your home. A simple way to trap them using an aluminum pan, light, and dish soap is shown in the video below.
The overall goal of Kuhar’s program is to develop, evaluate, and help implement sound integrated pest management practices that can enhance the profitability and sustainability of crop production in Virginia, as well as improve food and environmental quality by minimizing the use of toxic pesticides. His research focuses on investigating the biology, ecology, and control of arthropod pests and to use this knowledge to develop and deliver useful pest management information to agricultural clientele and the scientific community. |
Home » Environment » Rising Sea Levels In India: Threat To Coastal Cities & Communities
Imagine the beautiful coastal cities of India, where people live near the sea, enjoying its beauty and resources. But a problem lurks beneath the surface – the sea is rising and getting closer to these cities, leading to rising sea levels in India. Explore more about this increasing problem in this article.
We will discuss how the sea is rising, why it’s happening, and what it means for the cities and people living by the coast. It’s a big issue that needs our attention as it’s affecting our communities and the places we call home. So, let’s dive in and learn more about the rising sea levels in India and how it’s a threat to our coastal cities and communities.
As the world warms due to climate change, rising sea levels is one of the most pressing challenges. This phenomenon significantly affects India’s coastal regions, threatening cities and communities along the coastline. This section will examine the rising sea levels’ causes and how they impact these vulnerable coastal areas.
Causes of Rising Sea Levels
The prime causes of rising sea levels are listed below:
Global Warming: The primary driver of rising sea levels is global warming. When the Earth’s temperature increases due to the greenhouse effect, it melts polar ice caps and glaciers. This melted ice water flows into the oceans, causing them to expand and raise sea levels.
Thermal Expansion: As the planet warms, the oceans absorb heat. Warmer water takes up more space, causing the seawater to expand. This expansion contributes significantly to rising sea levels.
Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Regions
Rising sea levels have major impacts on coastal regions, which are listed below:
Increased Flooding: Rising sea levels result in more frequent and severe coastal flooding. During high tides and storms, water can breach coastal defences and inundate low-lying areas, causing property damage and disrupting communities.
Erosion and Land Loss: Coastal erosion intensifies as higher water levels erode shorelines and wash away coastal land. This leads to losing valuable land, infrastructure, and even entire communities.
Salinization: As seawater encroaches on freshwater sources, it can contaminate groundwater, making it unsuitable for drinking and agriculture. This poses significant challenges for communities dependent on these resources.
Displacement of Communities: Rising sea levels force people living in vulnerable coastal areas to abandon their homes and seek higher ground. This displacement results in social and economic disruptions.
Damage to Ecosystems: Coastal ecosystems, such as mangroves and coral reefs, are susceptible to sea-level rise. They provide essential habitat for marine life and act as natural buffers against storm surges. As these ecosystems are damaged or submerged, the impacts ripple through the food chain and affect fishing industries.
Vulnerable Coastal Cities and Regions
As the threat of rising sea levels in India looms ever larger, it’s crucial to identify the coastal cities and regions in India that are most at risk. These areas hold significant economic importance and are home to millions of people. This section will highlight the vulnerable coastal cities and regions, their importance, and discuss their pressing challenges.
List of Indian Coastal Cities and Regions at Risk:
Mumbai, Maharashtra: India’s financial capital, Mumbai, is known for its thriving economy and population density. However, its coastal low-lying areas are highly susceptible to sea-level rise and flooding.
Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Its industrial and IT hub faces threats due to its coastal location. Both industries and residential areas are at risk.
Kolkata, West Bengal: With its historic significance and bustling port, Kolkata’s coastal regions are vulnerable to rising sea levels in India.
Kochi, Kerala: Kochi’s importance as a port and commercial center makes it susceptible to sea-level rise, which could disrupt maritime activities and livelihoods.
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh: This city’s port is vital for trade, but it is also at risk from sea-level rise, potentially affecting both port operations and the local population.
These coastal cities are not just densely populated but also economically significant. They drive various industries and contribute substantially to the nation’s economy. The challenges faced by these cities include the risk of displacement, damage to infrastructure, disruptions to industries, and concerns related to public health and safety. Additionally, the tourism sector, a major source of income for several coastal areas, could suffer due to sea-level rise and its associated impacts. Identifying these vulnerable coastal cities and regions is the first step in developing strategies to protect their populations and economies from the rising sea levels in India that threaten their existence.
Environmental Consequences and Socioeconomic Impact
The consequences of rising sea levels extend beyond human settlements, affecting the delicate balance of coastal ecosystems and biodiversity. Additionally, these rising waters heighten the risks posed by natural disasters in these regions. Apart from these consequences, the socioeconomic ramifications of rising sea levels reach far beyond the environmental sphere, profoundly affecting the lives and livelihoods of coastal communities. In this section, we’ll explore the environmental repercussions & socioeconomic impacts of rising sea levels in India.
Effects on Coastal Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Rising sea levels profoundly impact coastal ecosystems, affecting the plants and animals that call these areas home.
Mangrove forests, coral reefs, and wetlands, vital habitats for various species, are particularly vulnerable.
Increased Risk of Natural Disasters (e.g., Floods, Cyclones)
The rise in sea levels amplifies the risks associated with natural disasters, making coastal communities more susceptible to flooding and the destructive forces of cyclones.
The consequences can be devastating, with potential loss of lives, extensive property damage, and economic setbacks.
Loss of Natural Defenses (e.g., Mangrove Forests)
Mangrove forests, known for their dense root systems, act as natural shields against coastal erosion and storm surges.
However, as sea levels rise, these invaluable defences face the threat of submersion, leaving coastal areas more exposed to the erosive power of the sea.
Displacement and Relocation of Coastal Communities
Rising sea levels are compelling coastal communities to leave their homes and seek refuge in safer areas.
This displacement disrupts established ways of life, cultural ties, and the social fabric of these communities.
Economic Losses and Impact on Industries (e.g., Fishing, Tourism)
Key industries in coastal regions, such as fishing and tourism, suffer economic losses due to the changing marine environment and reduced tourist activity.
The economic impact ripples through these communities, affecting jobs and local economies.
Health and Well-being Concerns for Affected Populations
The constant threat of sea-level rise and its associated challenges affect coastal residents’ physical and mental well-being.
Access to healthcare services becomes increasingly challenging in areas prone to sea-level rise, raising health disparities and concerns.
Understanding the multifaceted socioeconomic impact & environmental consequences of rising sea levels in India highlights the urgent need for comprehensive strategies that address the physical threats and the well-being and resilience of coastal communities and the coastal ecosystem.
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
Addressing the challenges posed by rising sea levels requires a multi-pronged approach involving governments, communities, and sustainable urban planning. Some strategies to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of sea-level rise, including government initiatives and policies, community-based approaches, and sustainable urban planning and infrastructure development, are:
Government Initiatives and Policies
Governments are at the forefront of combating rising sea levels. They can implement policies to reduce the factors driving climate change, such as greenhouse gas emissions. Climate adaptation policies can help communities prepare for and respond to sea-level rise, including regulations, early warning systems, and disaster preparedness.
Community-Based Approaches and Resilience-Building
Empowering communities to be more resilient is essential. Education and awareness campaigns can help people understand the risks and take necessary precautions. Communities can engage in nature-based solutions, like restoring mangrove forests and enhancing beach ecosystems, to bolster their resilience.
Sustainable Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development
Sustainable urban planning focuses on designing cities and coastal areas to withstand the challenges posed by rising sea levels. This may involve elevating structures, constructing effective coastal defences, and incorporating green spaces that absorb excess water. Investing in resilient infrastructure, such as seawalls, stormwater management systems, and flood-resistant buildings, is vital for safeguarding coastal regions.
These mitigation and adaptation strategies form the foundation for building resilience in the face of rising sea levels, safeguarding communities, and ensuring the sustainable development of coastal areas.
Examining real-life examples is crucial in understanding how coastal cities in India tackle the complex issue of rising sea levels. In this section, we’ll delve into case studies that showcase successful strategies and innovative solutions implemented by Indian cities. These case studies highlight the resilience and determination of communities and local governments in the face of sea-level rise challenges.
Examples of Indian cities implementing successful strategies:
Mumbai’s Coastal Resilience: Mumbai, a city vulnerable to sea-level rise, has undertaken ambitious projects like the “Mumbai Coastal Road.” This initiative combines sustainable coastal protection measures and urban planning to mitigate flooding risks.
Kochi’s Flood Resilience: Kochi, another coastal city, is actively working on enhancing its flood resilience. Measures such as flood barriers, building elevation, and improved drainage systems are being implemented.
Chennai’s Sustainable Urban Planning: Chennai is investing in sustainable urban planning, emphasizing the development of green infrastructure and effective stormwater management systems to combat the impacts of rising sea levels.
Highlighting Innovative Solutions and Best Practices
Nature-Based Solutions: Indian cities are increasingly turning to nature-based solutions, including mangrove restoration and the creation of artificial reefs, to bolster coastal resilience.
Early Warning Systems: Coastal communities are proactively establishing early warning systems. These systems provide critical alerts during storm surges and floods, enabling residents to evacuate safely.
Community Engagement: Successful strategies often involve active community engagement and education, ensuring that residents are well-prepared and actively contribute to resilience-building efforts.
These case studies demonstrate that through innovative approaches, collaboration, and community involvement, coastal cities in India are making significant strides in their battle against rising sea levels.
Global Cooperation and Climate Change
In the face of a global climate crisis, addressing rising sea levels demands a united front of nations working harmoniously. In this section, we’ll explore the significance of international collaboration in tackling the challenges posed by sea-level rise and delve into India’s pivotal role in global efforts to combat this pressing issue.
Importance of International Collaboration
The issue of rising sea levels transcends borders, making it imperative for countries to collaborate on a global scale. Climate change recognizes no geographical boundaries, and its consequences impact nations worldwide. International cooperation is vital for collectively sharing knowledge, technology, and resources to combat the rising tide.
India’s Role in Global Efforts to Combat Sea-Level Rise
With its vast coastline and substantial population, India is crucial in the global fight against sea-level rise. The actions and policies of India have far-reaching consequences on the global climate landscape. India has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions and increasing its renewable energy capacity, demonstrating its dedication to global climate mitigation endeavours.
Recognizing the importance of international collaboration and India’s role on the global stage is essential as we collectively strive to address the impacts of rising sea levels and combat climate change.
Rising sea levels are a global challenge that demands urgent attention. It is not only an environmental issue but a socioeconomic and humanitarian one. To protect the coastal regions of India and the world, a collective effort involving individuals, communities, and policymakers is imperative. We can work towards a more resilient and sustainable future facing rising sea levels and climate change. |
Global sea levels have raised about 8 inches since 1880, and the rate of rise is accelerating. Scientists expect seas to rise 1.3 to 3.9 feet by the end of the century, which would put the homes of more than 100 million people worldwide at risk for regular flooding or even under water.
Take a closer look at rising sea levels on NASA's Climate Time Machine.
Jocelyn "Extraordinarie1" Goode
Amy Hope "Queen of love and hope"
'Wood you?'/'Drowning waters' is a collaboration touching on the effects of global warming and deforestation. Our eco system is in danger. Imagine two major organs in your body suddenly stopped working and the domino effect that takes place after.
Our sea levels are rising effecting our coastlines and land, yet only a few areas are tended to. We are drowning and suffocating at the same time.
Artist would like viewers to support Idle No More. |
Cost budgeting involves aggregating the estimated costs of individual schedule activities or work packages to establish a total cost baseline for measuring project performance.
Although the project manager may be able to calculate a total budget based on assigned resources early in the project, it is important to determine when money will be spent during the project life cycle. The timing of these planned costs will require other parts of the organization to coordinate so that the costs can be properly funded and paid for on a timely basis.
Cost budgeting occurs after cost estimating. Many projects start with a total budget before the specifics of a project are defined, but in many cases, these preset budgets may be reconsidered after cost estimation occurs. Cost budgets are also frequently adjusted in response to other project management processes, illustrating the iterative nature of the project management process.
On some projects of smaller scope, cost estimating and cost budgeting are so tightly linked that they are viewed as a single process that can be performed by a single person over a relatively short period of time. There are distinct processes being applied, however, as the inputs, tools and techniques and outputs for each are different. Early scope definition is critical to both processes, as the ability to influence project cost is greatest at the early stages of the project.
Cost budgeting involves summing the estimated costs of the work activities at the work package level or higher, depending on the needs of the project and the policies of the performing organization. If bottom-up estimation was used to estimate activity costs, a time-phased budget at the activity level can be produced by allocating the activities' costs to the time periods in which the project schedule says the activities will take place. Rolling activity costs up to the work package level is then straightforward.
Baseline spend curve
The baseline S-curve shows the total planned cumulative expenditure, period by period throughout the duration of the project. At the planned end date of the project, the cumulative cost reaches the full budget amount, known as budget at completion (BAC).
In the simplified example below, a project consisting of 6 tasks is shown. Tasks are labeled A through F, and each is associated with a cost. The network diagram at the bottom illustrates the dependencies among the tasks.
At the end of time period 1, task A has completed, so the cost expended after period 1 is $10.
At the end of time period 2, tasks B and C have also completed, so the cost expended after period 2 is ($10 + $25 + $20) = $55.
At the end of period 3, tasks D and E have also completed, so the cost expended after period 3 is ($55 + $15 + $45) = $115.
At the end of period 4, task F has completed, so the cost expended after period 4, the end of the project, is ($115 + $25) = $140. This is the budget at completion, as it represents the planned cumulative costs to be expended on the project.
As project performance information is periodically collected, the comparison of actual costs to the planned budget baseline will provide vital information concerning the health of the project. Summarizing both values using this cumulative cost graph technique provides a quick visual indicator of any problems in managing project costs. This will be discussed further in the context of the Cost Control process.
Cost budgeting process inputs
- Project scope statement
The project scope statement describes any funding constraints, such as required fiscal year boundaries and other funding cycles that limit the acquisition and expenditure of funds.
- Work breakdown structure (WBS)
The WBS provides the relationship between project components and project deliverables. This provides the structure for the aggregation of costs used for budgeting, monitoring, and control.
- WBS dictionary
The WBS dictionary, the companion document to the WBS, contains the details for each component, includes a code or account identifier, statement of work, responsible organization, and a list of milestones. Other information can include a list of associated schedule activities, resources required, and an estimate of cost.
- Activity cost estimates
The activity cost estimates represent the cost data that will form the basis of the amounts in the cost budget.
- Supporting detail for activity cost estimates
The supporting detail for the activity cost estimate describes how the estimates were formed and provides the basis for determining the accuracy of the estimates. The degree of uncertainty in the estimates will be used to gauge how much additional funding may be necessary to cover estimating errors.
- Project schedule
The project schedule includes the planned start and finish dates for the activities, work packages, planning packages, and control accounts. These dates are used to allocate estimated costs to the calendar periods in which they are planned to occur.
- Resource calendars
The resource calendar shows holidays and the availability of specific resources. It defines calendar periods within an activity's duration during which costs can or cannot occur, due to the availability of key resources. This prevents funding requests and cost expenditures from being scheduled on holidays or during the absence of the authorizing stakeholder or project manager.
A contract can be a complex document or a simple purchase order. Regardless of the format, a contract is a binding legal agreement. The contract supplies information about what products, services, or results have been purchased, along with their costs.
- Cost management plan
The cost management plan, a component of the project management plan, defines how cost budgeting will be carried out.
Cost budgeting process tools
To make monitoring and controlling costs easier, schedule activity cost estimates are aggregated by the work packages that comprise the WBS. The work package cost estimates can then be aggregated at higher levels of the WBS, if needed, to reach the summary level needed for the performing organization's financial control method.
The above example illustrates the concept of cost aggregation. The first column shows the WBS number for the work package that the activity will produce. Here, the WBS numbering system uses an outline scheme to indicate which components fit into others.
The names of the schedule activities and their summary elements appear in the second column.
The use of the bottom-up estimating technique has resulted in a cost estimate for each Level 4 (lowest-level) work package. In the example, only the work packages 188.8.131.52 through 184.108.40.206 are shown at this level.
The sum of these three Level 4 work packages is $6,960. This total amount is considered the aggregated cost for these work packages and is shown as the estimate for the Level 3 control account 1.2.5, "Technical feasibility analysis."
The values of each Level 3 control account are also aggregated. In this case, only the control accounts 1.2.1 through 1.2.5 are shown. They aggregate to $15,200, which is shown as the Level 2 cost estimate for control account 1.2, "Preliminary investigation stage."
Finally, while not explicitly illustrated on the diagram, the aggregated amounts for each Level 2 control account are summed or aggregated to produce the total project estimate, shown as the Level 1 Cost of $623,816 for the Product development project.
The process that the project management team and sponsor use for monitoring and controlling the costs will generally specify a level of detail at which costs should be budgeted and tracked, and variances reported. This makes it easier to locate where significant variances are occurring without reviewing potentially large amounts of insignificant detail, and provides the most control for the minimum effort.
The level of aggregation may also vary from one part of the project's work to another, if some activities run more significant risks of cost overruns than others. In the example above, the Technical feasibility analysis (WBS 1.2.5) costs are being budgeted at the detail level of the work package, but the Initial product screening stage (WBS 1.1) was budgeted only at the highest ("stage") level. The risk of a significant overrun in the Initial product screening stage was deemed too low to break down the costs further.
Cost budgeting techniques
When specific schedule activities have not been defined and estimated, parametric estimating can be applied to the planning components to provide a high-level budget for the affected work. This will generally be necessary when the project is in the conceptual stage of development and the details of the work are not known. It is also true in rolling wave planning for later phases. In this case, the later phases are not planned in detail, pending the availability of missing information. For the next phase, the necessary detail will be produced only as an outcome of the current work.
In these situations, using parametric estimating at the phase or other planning component level can set the budget. For parametric estimating to be most effective, the following should be considered:
- The model that is used should be based on accurate historical information;
- The model should work for different sizes of projects (in other words, the model should be scalable); and
- The parameters used in the model should be quantifiable.
Reserve analysis sets aside reserves to be used for unplanned changes. The changes might be due to anticipated risks and thus involve the cost of the contingency plan, or they might be due to an anticipated rate of errors and rework ("known unknowns", or contingency reserves). On the other hand, they might be the result of unexpected events that require workarounds, and for which no contingency plan exists ("unknown unknowns", or management reserves).
Management reserves are not part of the project cost baseline, but they are included in the budget for the project. Cost budget reserves are discussed in more detail in a subsequent section.
Funding limit reconciliation
The timing of funds and planned costs for projects must solve two problems: solvency and fiscal timing.
For a project to be solvent, funds must always be available to meet planned costs. This means that, for any given period, the level of available funds will always be slightly higher than the amount required by the total time-phased budget baseline. The principle is the same as the funding requirement for a personal bank checking account.
Funds must also match the timing of the planned costs within the organization's fiscal cycles. This is the case even if the planned costs shift due to schedule changes. Funds are authorized for disbursement to the project in cycles that are set by the customer or organization to follow their fiscal cycles. The funds can then be spent only for work performed in the same fiscal cycle.
For example: Funds for work in a company's fiscal year 2016 will be disbursed shortly before the start of the fiscal year. They can then be used only to pay for invoices that relate to work that was completed in the same fiscal year.
Unused funds expire at the end of the fiscal year, and, conversely, if there are overruns, they must be accommodated through additional funds disbursed in the same fiscal year.
Because work may accelerate or slip across fiscal cycle boundaries, every time the schedule changes, the funds made available must be reconciled with the actual budgeted costs. When the disbursed funds cannot cover the additional costs, or when there will be excess funds in one cycle and a shortage in the next, the usual technique is to shift other portions of the work between the fiscal periods. This maneuver reduces the overrun or consumes the excess. This is done by imposing date constraints on some work packages, schedule milestones, or WBS components in the project schedule.
Reconciling the funding limit is normally performed by the finance function within the organization. It is unusual to simply request changes in the fund disbursement schedule, because the planned expenditures on a given project must be balanced with the total available cash flow in the organization, taking into account the priorities of other projects and business operations. If funding were constantly being shifted, managing the cash flow would become extremely difficult.
The cost budgeting process produces the following outputs:
- Cost baseline;
- Project funding requirements;
- Updates to the cost management plan; and
- Requested changes.
The primary goal of the cost budgeting process is to determine the cost baseline. Once the cost budget is approved, it becomes the cost baseline. The cost baseline will be used to measure and monitor cost performance on the project. As noted earlier, the cost baseline is developed by summing estimated costs by period and is usually displayed in the form of an S-curve.
Some projects may have multiple cost or resource baselines to measure different aspects of project performance. For example, internal labor costs may be tracked separately from external costs of contractors or from total labor hours.
Project funding requirements
Funding requirements are derived from the cost baseline and must exceed the cost baseline in every period by an amount that will cover expenditures associated with both early progress and cost overruns. Funding occurs in incremental amounts. Each increment must be sufficient to cover all expenditures in every period between the posting of the first increment and the posting of the next increment.
The diagram below shows the comparison of the funding levels to the cost baseline results. The funding requirements are always higher than the project cost baseline's S-curve, as the total funds include the cost baseline plus the management contingency reserve. Some portion of the management contingency reserve can be included incrementally in each funding increment or funded when needed, depending on organizational policies.
Keeping the budget up to date
The cost management plan is updated with approved change requests that resulted from the cost budgeting process if those approved changes impact the management of costs.
When budgets are allocated to fit within constraints, some control accounts may not have funding that is sufficient to accomplish the required scope. A change request is then necessary to request additional funding, reduce the scope, or perhaps adjust other planning documentation such as the risk response plan. Requested changes are processed for review and distribution through an integrated change control process.
Cost budget reserves
As noted previously, reserves analysis is a Cost Budgeting technique used to identify the areas in need of reserves. Typically, budget allocations provide challenges to individual control accounts. In order to mitigate the risk of insufficient funds, it is appropriate to establish a cost reserve.
Types of reserves
- Contingency reserve
A contingency reserve is an amount set aside to account for known risks or uncertainties identified in the estimates. For example, during the estimating process, an estimate for the likely amount may have been established, but a more pessimistic or conservative amount was considered plausible. The budgeting strategy in this case could be to set the budget at the lower amount and to reserve the difference in a special contingency amount. The project manager's strategy will be to actively monitor the planning component that the reserve covers so that the costs are controlled within the lower amount. The reserve is available as a safety net, but can be released if it is not required.
These contingency reserves are estimated costs to be used at the discretion of the project manager to deal with estimating errors and with risk events that have been identified in the risk register (the catalogue of identified project risks).
These risk events are called "known unknowns," because although their size cannot be predicted with certainty and they may not occur at all, their causes are familiar, and their impacts tend to follow similar patterns on similar projects. Their risk response plans and associated contingency reserves are part of the project scope, schedule, and cost baselines.
- Management Reserve
In some cases large, unexpected risks that impact the project budget may materialize. These risks are referred to as "unknown unknowns," because their size, cause, and likelihood are all impossible to predict. An example might be a labor strike in the middle of a long construction project.
In the case of these unknown unknowns, the project manager may need to draw on additional funding that was not part of the budget. For this reason, the sponsor's management may agree to set aside an additional reserve called the management reserve that may be drawn upon to deal with unplanned events, but only with their specific approval.
Since such events by definition cannot be foreseen, the project management team may perform a reserve analysis based on the experiences of prior, similar projects. This management reserve is excluded from the cost budget, but is part of the total funding request.
- Appropriate use of reserves
Reserves should not be used to accommodate scope changes. Any addition to project scope must be formally initiated with a change request, and corresponding adjustments to budget and schedule baselines must be negotiated.
Mature project management cultures understand the benefits of identifying uncertainties and establishing a reserve mechanism to actively manage risks and uncertainties. Less mature organizations may treat reserves with skepticism and may automatically disallow any budget category identified as a contingency. Often these same organizations wonder why they are constantly struggling with projects that cannot be completed within their budgets.
The uncertainty of cost estimates and the occurrence of risk events are unavoidable. Because they are not certain, they should not be factored into the base estimates for the project work. To shield the project from the turbulence that would result when these estimating errors and risk events surface, the project management team should put in place the appropriate reserves, and carefully control their use to meet only the intended purposes.
Reserve analysis and estimating methods
To develop and establish the appropriate cost reserves, the project management team must use the reserve analysis technique, defined earlier.
The method that should be used to establish cost reserves for a planning component or work package depends on the type of estimating method that was originally used to establish the budget. Recall the estimating methods previously discussed:
- Analogous (also known as Top-down);
In addition, range estimating, also known as three-point estimating, may be used. Three-point estimates for activity durations are based on three types of estimates:
- Most likely: The duration of the schedule activity, given the resources likely to be assigned, realistic expectations of availability for the schedule activity, dependencies on other participants, and interruptions;
- Optimistic: The activity duration is based on a best-case scenario of what is described in the most likely estimate; and
- Pessimistic: The activity duration is based on a worst-case scenario of what is described in the most likely estimate.
An activity duration estimate can be constructed by using an average of the three estimated durations. That average will often provide a more accurate activity duration estimate than the single-point, most likely estimate. In the diagram below, a weighted average has been used to determine the estimate, as more weight has been given to the most likely estimate.
The following table describes how one might establish the cost reserve based on the estimating method applied.
|Establishing the reserve
Evaluate the degree to which the historical project(s) used as the basis for the analogous estimate differ in terms of complexity, resource types, and optional elements of scope. Establish a general contingency percentage based on the accuracy level predicted of the estimate, e.g., 30%, and apply that percentage contingency to each control account.
Evaluate the sensitivity of the parametric measures and devise a contingency. For example, for material, if measurements were accurate within 10%, use a 10% contingency. Also, consider adding a contingency for scrap or wasted material, or expected product defect rates.
Collect the contingencies estimated for specific activities or work packages into a common contingency account.
Range, or Three-point, estimating
Establish a contingency based on the difference between the "most likely" estimate and three-point estimate, as illustrated below.
The diagrams below illustrate the calculation of contingency for three-point estimates. It is important to establish a reserve proportionate to the amount of uncertainly represented by the range of the estimate.
In the diagram below, using statistical analysis one can determine that the confidence of achieving M is about 30%, which is not high.
By adding a reserve represented by the difference between the three-point estimate and the most-likely estimate (E M), the confidence of success is closer to 60%.
Confidence intervals are a statistical concept that is beyond the scope of this article. However, given an estimate that was generated using the three-point estimating technique, a project manager should be able to determine an appropriate contingency amount proportionate to the amount of uncertainty represented by the range of the estimate.
For example, if the supporting detail of a work package estimate noted that the Three-Point Estimating technique was used with the optimistic estimate being $2,500, the most likely estimate being $3,000, and the pessimistic estimate being $5,000, then the project manager would calculate an estimate E = (O + 4M + P) / 6, or [$2,500 + (4 x $3,000) + $5,000] / 6 = $3,250. The project manager could then establish a reserve amount based upon the formula of E - M, or $250 ($3,250 - $3,000).
Similarly if the supporting detail of a work package estimate noted that the Three-Point Estimating technique was used with the optimistic estimate being $100, the most likely estimate being $1,000, and the pessimistic estimate being $10,000, then the project manager would calculate an estimate E = [$100 + (4 x $1,000) + $10,000] / 6 = $2,350. The project manager could establish a reserve amount based upon the formula of E - M, or $1,350 ($2,350 - $1,000).
Note that in the two examples above, the amount of the reserve changes to reflect the amount of uncertainty represented by the range of the estimate. In the second example, there is a greater variance between the optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimates, so the reserve amount is greater to reflect this uncertainty.
Thanks to Ignacio Manzanera for providing this book |
- I. Introduction to Watercolor Landscapes
- II. The Beauty of Aqueous Artistry
- III. Essential Supplies for Watercolor Landscapes
- IV. Techniques for Creating Stunning Watercolor Landscapes
- V. Tips for Choosing the Right Colors for Your Watercolor Landscapes
- VI. Understanding Composition in Watercolor Landscapes
- VII. How to Create Depth and Perspective in Watercolor Landscapes
- VIII. Capturing Light and Shadow in Watercolor Landscapes
- IX. Common Mistakes to Avoid in Watercolor Landscapes
I. Introduction to Watercolor Landscapes
Watercolor landscapes are a captivating form of art that allows artists to depict the beauty and serenity of nature using delicate brushstrokes and transparent pigments. This medium offers a unique blend of unpredictability and control, making it both challenging and rewarding for enthusiasts.
The Essence of Watercolor Landscapes
Watercolor landscapes capture the essence of natural scenery, evoking emotions and transporting viewers to picturesque locations. Whether it’s a serene meadow bathed in golden sunlight or a majestic mountain range piercing through misty clouds, watercolors can vividly portray the tranquility, grandeur, or even drama found in different landscapes.
The Magic of Transparency
One of the defining characteristics of watercolors is their transparency. The pigment is diluted with water before being applied to paper, allowing light to pass through multiple layers and create luminosity. This transparency gives watercolors their ethereal quality, as colors blend subtly on the paper surface.
Capturing Light and Atmosphere
A successful watercolor landscape captures not only the physical features but also the play of light and atmosphere within a scene. Artists use various techniques like wet-on-wet washes for soft backgrounds or dry brush strokes for intricate details to convey depth, distance, shadows, reflections, or even weather effects such as rain or fog.
In watercolor landscapes, every brushstroke holds significance. Artists must master both precision and spontaneity to create expressive marks that bring life into their paintings. From broad washes suggesting distant horizons to delicate lines depicting tree branches swaying in the wind – each stroke contributes to telling a visual story.
II. The Beauty of Aqueous Artistry
Watercolor painting is a unique form of art that has captivated artists and art enthusiasts for centuries. Its ethereal beauty lies in its ability to capture the delicate and transparent nature of water, creating stunning landscapes that are both vibrant and tranquil.
1. The Magic of Transparency
One of the most remarkable aspects of watercolor painting is its transparency. Unlike other mediums, where layers can be opaque or heavy, watercolors allow light to pass through them, creating a luminous effect on the paper. This quality lends itself perfectly to capturing the subtle nuances found in landscapes.
2. Vibrant Color Washes
In watercolor painting, color washes are created by diluting pigments with water before applying them onto paper. This technique produces soft gradients and blends that add depth and dimension to the artwork. The use of vibrant colors brings life to landscapes, evoking emotions and capturing the essence of nature.
3. Unpredictable Effects
Aqueous artistry often involves embracing unpredictability as part of its charm. Watercolor paints have a mind of their own when they come into contact with wet surfaces, creating beautiful textures such as blooms or blossoms that add an element of surprise to each stroke.
4. Expressive Brushwork
The brushwork in watercolor painting is fluid and expressive, reflecting the artist’s emotions and intentions onto paper effortlessly. It allows for spontaneous strokes or controlled details depending on the desired effect, giving each artwork a unique personality.
5. Capturing Atmosphere
Aqueous artistry excels at conveying mood and atmosphere through subtle techniques such as wet-on-wet blending or dry brush strokes. These methods help artists capture the ever-changing qualities of landscapes, from the misty morning fog to the golden hues of sunset.
Watercolor landscapes are a testament to the beauty and versatility of this art form. Through transparency, vibrant color washes, unpredictable effects, expressive brushwork, and the ability to capture atmosphere, watercolor paintings transport viewers to serene and captivating natural scenes.
Whether you are an artist or an admirer of art, exploring the world of aqueous artistry can open up a new realm of creativity and appreciation for nature’s beauty. So grab your brushes and let your imagination flow as you dive into the enchanting world of watercolor landscapes.
III. Essential Supplies for Watercolor Landscapes
When it comes to creating stunning watercolor landscapes, having the right supplies is essential. Here are some must-have items that every aspiring watercolor artist should consider:
A. Quality Watercolor Paints
The foundation of any great watercolor landscape starts with high-quality paints. Look for paints that offer vibrant pigments and excellent lightfastness to ensure your artwork stands the test of time.
B. Variety of Brushes
Investing in a variety of brushes will give you more versatility and control over your paintings. Different brush shapes and sizes allow you to create various textures, from fine details to broad washes.
C. Watercolor Paper
The choice of paper can greatly impact the outcome of your watercolor landscapes. Opt for acid-free, heavyweight paper specifically designed for watercolors. Cold-pressed or rough surfaces provide more texture, while hot-pressed surfaces offer smoother results.
D. Palette and Mixing Trays
A palette is essential for mixing different colors together and creating unique shades that bring life to your landscapes. Consider investing in a large palette with separate compartments or mixing trays to keep your colors organized.
E. Masking Fluid
Masking fluid is a handy tool when it comes to preserving areas on your painting that you want to keep untouched by paint or add highlights later on.
F . Water Containers
Having clean containers filled with fresh water nearby is crucial for keeping your brushes clean as well as diluting or rinsing out colors when needed during the painting process.
By ensuring you have these essential supplies at hand, you’ll be well-prepared to embark on your watercolor landscape journey. Remember, investing in quality materials will enhance both the process and the final result of your artistic endeavors.
IV. Techniques for Creating Stunning Watercolor Landscapes
Watercolor landscapes are a captivating form of artistic expression that can capture the beauty and essence of nature in a unique way. To create stunning watercolor landscapes, there are various techniques that artists can employ to bring their vision to life on paper.
1. Wet-on-Wet Technique
The wet-on-wet technique involves applying wet paint onto a wet surface, allowing the colors to blend and flow freely. This technique is ideal for capturing the softness and fluidity of landscapes, such as serene skies or tranquil waters. By using large brushes and plenty of water, artists can achieve beautiful gradients and seamless transitions between colors.
2. Dry Brush Technique
The dry brush technique involves using minimal amounts of water on a brush loaded with concentrated pigment. This technique creates texture and detail in your landscape by allowing the brush strokes to stand out more prominently on the paper’s surface. It works well for depicting rough textures like tree bark or rocky mountainsides.
3. Glazing Technique
The glazing technique involves layering transparent washes of color over dry layers, creating depth and richness in your landscape paintings. By gradually building up layers, artists can achieve luminous effects that give their artwork an ethereal quality. This technique is particularly effective when painting sunsets or capturing atmospheric conditions like misty mornings.
4. Negative Painting Technique
The negative painting technique involves painting around objects rather than directly filling them in with color, creating shapes through negative space instead. This method allows you to highlight the subject by emphasizing its surroundings, resulting in a visually intriguing composition with intricate details.
5.Color Mixing Techniques
An essential aspect of watercolor painting is mastering color mixing. By understanding how different pigments interact with each other, artists can create a wide range of hues and achieve the desired mood for their landscapes. Experimenting with complementary colors, warm and cool tones, and different color harmonies can add vibrancy and visual interest to your artwork.
Remember, creating stunning watercolor landscapes requires practice, patience, and experimentation. Don’t be afraid to try new techniques or take inspiration from other artists while developing your unique style. With time and dedication, you’ll be able to capture the essence of nature’s beauty on paper through the magical medium of watercolors.
V. Tips for Choosing the Right Colors for Your Watercolor Landscapes
When it comes to creating stunning watercolor landscapes, selecting the right colors is crucial. The colors you choose will set the mood and evoke specific emotions in your artwork. Here are some helpful tips to guide you in choosing the perfect color palette for your watercolor landscapes:
1. Consider the Time of Day
Think about the time of day or season you want to depict in your landscape painting. Different times of day have distinct lighting conditions that affect color perception. For example, a sunrise scene may feature warm hues like oranges and pinks, while a sunset painting might incorporate deeper shades of red and purple.
2. Study Nature’s Color Palette
Nature provides an abundance of inspiration when it comes to color selection. Observe real-life landscapes or study photographs that capture scenes similar to what you wish to paint. Pay attention to how different elements appear in nature and replicate those colors in your artwork.
3. Harmonize with a Limited Color Scheme
A limited color scheme can create harmony and unity within your painting, allowing certain elements to stand out more prominently while maintaining balance overall. Choose three or four main colors that work well together and use variations of these hues throughout your composition.
4. Experiment with Complementary Colors
Complementary colors are located opposite each other on the color wheel, such as blue-orange or red-green combinations. Utilizing complementary pairs can add visual interest and vibrancy to your watercolor landscapes by creating contrast between various elements.
5. Play with Temperature Contrasts
The temperature of a color refers to its perceived warmth or coolness on the spectrum from warm yellows and reds to cool blues and greens. Experiment with temperature contrasts in your landscapes to create depth and dimension. Warm colors tend to advance, while cool colors recede.
6. Use Color for Depth Perception
Colors can also be used strategically to convey depth in your watercolor landscapes. Lighter, brighter hues typically appear closer, while darker shades recede into the distance. By carefully selecting the right colors for foreground, middle ground, and background elements, you can enhance the sense of depth within your artwork.
7. Consider Emotional Impact
The choice of color can greatly influence the emotional impact of your painting. Warm tones like reds and yellows evoke energy and excitement, while cooler blues and greens create a sense of calmness or tranquility. Think about the mood you want to convey in your artwork when selecting colors.
By taking these tips into consideration when choosing colors for your watercolor landscapes, you’ll be able to create visually captivating artworks that effectively communicate your desired message or evoke specific emotions within viewers.
VI. Understanding Composition in Watercolor Landscapes
When it comes to creating beautiful watercolor landscapes, understanding composition is key. Composition refers to the arrangement of elements within a painting and plays a crucial role in capturing the viewer’s attention and conveying the desired message or mood. In this section, we will explore some essential aspects of composition that can elevate your watercolor landscapes to new heights.
The Rule of Thirds
An important principle in composition is the rule of thirds. Imagine dividing your painting into nine equal sections using two horizontal and two vertical lines that intersect. The idea is to place key elements along these lines or at their intersections, which creates a more visually appealing balance and harmony within the artwork.
Leading lines are another powerful tool for guiding the viewer’s eye through your landscape painting. These are actual or implied lines that lead from one point (such as foreground) to another (such as background). By strategically incorporating leading lines into your composition, you can create depth, movement, and visual interest.
Framing elements add depth and context to watercolor landscapes by enclosing them with natural or architectural features like trees, archways, or windows. These elements help create a sense of focus on the main subject while providing visual boundaries within which all other components interact.
Balancing Foreground and Background
A well-balanced composition pays attention not only to what lies in the foreground but also what exists in the background. Consider how different objects interact with each other across various layers of depth – whether it’s mountains fading into distance or trees overlapping each other – ensuring harmony between these layers adds complexity and dimensionality to your artwork.
The Power of Negative Space
Don’t underestimate the power of negative space in watercolor landscapes. Negative space refers to the areas around and between objects. Skillfully using negative space allows your main subject to stand out while creating a sense of breathing room and visual balance. Experiment with leaving some areas unpainted or applying lighter washes to emphasize this technique.
VII. How to Create Depth and Perspective in Watercolor Landscapes
Creating depth and perspective in watercolor landscapes is essential for capturing the essence of a scene and bringing it to life on paper. By using various techniques, you can transform a flat painting into a three-dimensional masterpiece. Here are some tips to help you add depth and perspective to your watercolor landscapes:
1. Establishing the Foreground, Middle Ground, and Background
To create depth in your painting, start by dividing your composition into three distinct areas: the foreground, middle ground, and background. The foreground objects should be larger and more detailed than those in the middle or background. This contrast will give the illusion of distance.
2. Overlapping Objects
Incorporating overlapping objects is another effective way to convey depth in your watercolor landscapes. By overlapping elements such as trees or rocks, you can suggest that one object is closer to the viewer while others recede into the distance.
3. Atmospheric Perspective
Utilize atmospheric perspective by adding subtle changes in color and value as objects recede into the distance. Lighten colors as they move towards the background while intensifying hues for closer objects.
4. Size Variation
Varying sizes of objects within your landscape can also contribute to creating an illusion of depth. Smaller elements tend to appear farther away, while larger ones appear closer.
5.Contrast between Light and Shadow
The play between light and shadow adds dimensionality to any artwork including watercolor landscapes.Start by identifying light sources within your scene then paint areas directly hit by light with brighter colors while contrasting them with darker shades where shadows fall.This interplay will enhance the sense of depth and perspective.
6. Linear Perspective
Linear perspective is an essential technique for creating depth in any painting, including watercolor landscapes. By using converging lines to depict the vanishing point, you can give the impression of distance and space.
7. Incorporating Texture
Add texture to your watercolor landscapes to create a sense of depth by using various techniques such as dry brushing or splattering paint onto the paper. This will add visual interest and make certain elements appear closer or farther away.
By following these guidelines, you can infuse your watercolor landscapes with depth and perspective, bringing them to life on paper, immersing viewers into a captivating world filled with beauty and imagination.
VIII. Capturing Light and Shadow in Watercolor Landscapes
Capturing light and shadow is essential in creating dynamic and realistic watercolor landscapes. By understanding how light interacts with the elements of a landscape, you can bring depth, dimension, and mood to your paintings. Here are some techniques to help you master this aspect of watercolor artistry.
1. Observe the Lighting Conditions
Before starting your painting, take time to observe the lighting conditions of your chosen landscape. Notice where the light is coming from, whether it’s a bright sunny day or a soft diffused light during sunrise or sunset. Understanding these lighting conditions will guide your color choices and brushwork.
2. Create Contrast with Value
The interplay between light and shadow relies on contrast, which creates visual interest in your artwork. Use different values of colors to differentiate between areas that are in direct sunlight versus those in shadow. Darker values indicate shadows while lighter values represent highlights.
3. Utilize Wet-on-Wet Techniques
To achieve soft transitions between lights and shadows, employ wet-on-wet techniques in watercolor painting. Wet the paper surface before laying down pigment so that colors blend naturally together when applied onto damp areas.
4. Experiment with Washes
Incorporate washes into your artwork to create subtle variations of color within specific areas affected by light and shadow. Apply multiple layers of transparent washes to build up intensity gradually while maintaining transparency for luminosity.
5. Add Texture through Dry Brushing
Dry brushing is an effective technique for adding texture to surfaces affected by strong lighting conditions such as tree trunks or rocks catching sunlight beams or casting shadows onto the ground. Use a dry brush with minimal water and lightly stroke it across the paper to create texture and depth.
6. Pay Attention to Reflections
In landscapes featuring bodies of water, reflections play a significant role in capturing light and shadow accurately. Observe how light interacts with the surface of the water and mirror those effects in your painting, taking note of distortions or ripples that may alter the reflection.
7. Enhance Depth with Layering
To enhance depth in your watercolor landscape, layer multiple washes or glazes using progressively darker values for foreground elements as they recede into the distance. This technique creates an illusion of space and atmospheric perspective.
8. Experiment with Different Brush Strokes
Varying your brush strokes can add interest to areas affected by light and shadow. Experiment with techniques such as stippling, cross-hatching, or scumbling to achieve different textures or patterns that mimic natural lighting effects.
By mastering the art of capturing light and shadow in your watercolor landscapes, you can bring them to life on paper while evoking emotions within viewers. Remember to practice these techniques regularly while developing your own unique style!
IX. Common Mistakes to Avoid in Watercolor Landscapes
Creating beautiful watercolor landscapes requires practice and skill, but it’s easy to fall into common mistakes that can hinder your artistic progress. By being aware of these pitfalls, you can avoid them and enhance the quality of your aqueous artistry.
Mistake 1: Overworking the Paper
One common mistake beginners make is overworking the paper. Watercolor is a delicate medium that thrives on spontaneity and transparency. Layering too many colors or excessive brush strokes can result in muddiness and loss of luminosity. Instead, aim for simplicity and let the paint breathe on the paper.
Mistake 2: Ignoring Value Contrast
Value contrast refers to the difference between light and dark areas in a painting. Neglecting this aspect can lead to flat, uninteresting landscapes. Create depth by incorporating various values into your composition, emphasizing highlights and shadows to add dimensionality.
Mistake 3: Neglecting Composition Principles
A strong composition serves as the backbone of any artwork, including watercolor landscapes. Failing to consider principles such as rule of thirds or leading lines can result in a disorganized or unbalanced painting. Plan your composition beforehand by sketching thumbnails or using viewfinders.
Mistake 4: Using Too Much Water
Water control is essential in watercolor painting, as excessive water dilutes pigments and weakens their vibrancy. Using too much water also increases drying time and makes it difficult to achieve crisp details or textures in your landscapes. Experiment with different ratios of paint-to-water until you find what works best for you.
Mistake 5: Neglecting Brushwork Techniques
The way you handle your brushes greatly impacts the outcome of your watercolor landscapes. Avoid using only small brushes or consistently applying even pressure throughout your painting. Experiment with various brush sizes and techniques such as wet-on-wet, dry brushing, or splattering to add interest and texture.
Mistake 6: Lack of Patience
Watercolor is a medium that requires patience and time for layers to dry before adding more detail. Rushing the process can lead to smudges, bleeding colors, or unintended mixing on the paper. Embrace the waiting periods as an opportunity to observe your work from a distance and plan your next steps.
Mistake 7: Fear of Making Mistakes
Don’t let fear hold you back from experimenting and taking risks in watercolor landscapes. Mistakes are inevitable but also valuable learning experiences. Embrace them as opportunities for growth rather than viewing them as failures.
Remember, practice is key in mastering watercolor landscapes. By avoiding these common mistakes, you’ll be well on your way to creating stunning aqueous artistry that captures the beauty of nature with confidence and skill.
Janet Sanders is a talented and passionate writer with an affinity for all things creative. Born and raised in a small town, Janet’s love for coloring and art blossomed at an early age. She would spend hours meticulously filling in coloring books, allowing her imagination to run wild with vibrant hues.
Janet excelled academically, earning a Bachelor’s degree in Fine Arts from the renowned Art Institute of New York City. During her time there, she honed her skills as a visual artist while also delving into the world of literature and writing. This combination allowed her to develop a unique perspective that seamlessly blends colors with words.
With over 5 years of professional experience as a content writer, Janet has mastered the art of captivating readers through engaging storytelling techniques. Her ability to create vivid imagery with words has garnered recognition within the industry.
When she’s not busy crafting compelling content or exploring new ways to express herself creatively, you can find Janet immersed in various coloring projects. Whether it’s experimenting with different mediums or creating intricate designs on canvas, she finds solace and joy in every stroke of color.
Janet believes that colors have the power to evoke emotions, tell stories, and inspire others. Through her writing prowess combined with her passion for coloring, she aims to create content that not only entertains but also sparks imagination within readers.
As an SEO expert proficient in English fluency, Janet understands how important it is to optimize content for search engines without compromising its artistic integrity. With this skill set at hand, she effortlessly weaves together keywords seamlessly into her work while maintaining readability and organic flow.
Janet Sanders is committed to delivering high-quality content that captivates audiences across various platforms. Her dedication towards providing valuable insights coupled with her innate talent for visualization makes her an invaluable asset when it comes to creating engaging written pieces. |
How forests benefit Canadians
A key contributor to the economy
While the Canadian forest sector represents a smaller percentage of Canada’s economy than other resource sectors, it contributes more to the balance of trade for every dollar of value added and accounts for about seven per cent of Canada’s total exports in 2018. Furthermore, the sector generated $2.9 billion in revenue for provincial, territorial, and federal governments in 2017 and contributed approximately $25.8 billion to Canada’s economy in 2018.
A key contributor to our communities
Throughout Canada’s history, the forest products industry has been one of the most significant contributors to employment. The forest industry employed about 210,600 people across the country in 2018, including an estimated 11,600 Indigenous employees (2016), in 300 communities from coast to coast that rely on the forest sector for jobs and income. Many of these communities, often far from urban areas, would have few or no alternatives without the forest sector.
When indirect jobs are included the number soars to nearly 600,000 people across the country. Forestry’s contribution is particularly important in many rural and Indigenous communities, in which forest-related work is often the main source of income.
For more information, see The State of Canada’s Forests 2019 report: employment.
The forest products industry is one of the largest employers of Indigenous People in Canada with about 11,600 Indigenous people employed in the forest sector (2016), representing approximately six per cent of total forestry workforce. The sector includes more than 1,400 Indigenous firms. Working closely with Indigenous communities will help to ensure that those communities, our industry, and the Canadian economy thrive. Through existing and expanding relationships with Indigenous Peoples and communities, the industry aims to attract more Indigenous workers, contractors, and suppliers to the sector.
Gender equity in Canada’s forest sector
Data from Statistics Canada in 2017 reveals that women make up roughly 17 per cent of the natural resources workforce, with the largest gender gaps in trades positions, as well as executive level positions and seats on Boards, a 1.5 per cent increase since 2001. In study after study, the numbers support the increasing presence of women in the forestry industry as leading business practice.
In November 2018, the Canadian Institute of Forestry in collaboration with the centre for social intelligence launched a national action plan initiative to promote gender equity in the forest sector. This work will support efforts to actively identify and address barriers and gaps in employment within the sector.
This is Canada’s first public-private funded national gender equity project and it aims to create a diverse and inclusive work force that provides the foundation for a thriving forest sector and healthy communities.
This three-year project will involve the creation of a National Action Plan that will promote gender equity across Canada’s forest sector.
A key contributor to history, culture, and lifestyle
Forests provide much more than jobs. While some of these other benefits might be harder to measure, we do know that approximately 11 million Canadians living in or adjacent to forested areas, as well as those living in urban areas, deeply value and enjoy forests. Forests in Canada help increase our quality of life by promoting mental well-being and serving as a tangible connection through time — linking our past with our future. Forests also help to encourage physical activity, provide recreational and ecotourism opportunities for people living in both urban and rural areas, and are important for aesthetic reasons.
Urban forests: A connection through time
Urban forests increase our quality of life by promoting mental well-being and encouraging physical activity. They reduce air pollution, provide shade and cool temperatures in the summer, protect biodiversity, and ensure more resiliency in the face of extreme weather events and climate change. Urban trees also provide economic benefits, such as diverse employment opportunities, increased property values, reductions in energy use and improved stormwater absorption.
Trees represent a shared cultural history by serving as a visual and emotional anchor to our historical roots while strengthening a sense of community among residents. Across Canada, community residents are working together to create future urban legacies organizing various initiatives tailored to local environments, which encourage residents to participate in re-shaping their neighbourhoods by planting trees to increase the tree cover on their own properties.
Several initiatives across Canada are designed to provide younger generations with the knowledge and passion to promote and protect their urban forests for the future.
Trees in our urban forests and new innovations in building with wood are the unbroken link between our past and our future. By preserving, protecting, and promoting urban forests, Canadian urban landscapes will continue to flourish and provide residents with benefits for generations to come.
A key contributor to the environment and life itself
Forests benefit Canadians environmentally with the rich ecosystem they support. This ecosystem preserves soils, cycles nutrients, and supports biodiversity. Trees, other forest plants, and forest soils also filter pollutants from air and water, acting as natural cleansers.
Forests are a vital part of the carbon cycle, both storing and releasing this essential element in a dynamic process of growth, decay, disturbance and renewal. At a global scale, forests help maintain Earth’s carbon balance. The “carbon cycle” refers to the constant movement of carbon from the land and water through the atmosphere and living organisms. This cycle is fundamental to life on the planet.
Over the past four decades, forests have moderated climate change by absorbing about one-quarter of the carbon emitted by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and the changing of land uses. Carbon uptake by forests reduces the rate at which carbon accumulates in the atmosphere and thus reduces the rate at which climate change occurs.
Canada’s northern boreal forests have the largest storehouse of terrestrial carbon in the world, holding nearly twice as much carbon per square kilometre as tropical forests. Trees in cities and other urban areas also help improve air and water quality and reduce surface and air temperatures. How well forests will continue to remove the proportion of carbon now being emitted by human activities will affect the future rate of carbon increase in the atmosphere. |
Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease Overview
Dementia is a general term for symptoms of mental decline that interfere with a person’s daily life. It is not a normal part of aging. The symptoms can include problems with memory, communication, and thinking. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s begin slowly and get worse over time.
- How to Respond to Dementia-Related Psychosis When someone you care for starts getting agitated about something from long ago they’re reliving, it’s important to be supportive and make them feel validated and heard.
- A Look at Dementia- Related Psychosis As people go through the stages of dementia, they can sometimes hear things that aren’t there, or believe something didn’t happen when it did. Find out what can bring this on, and how to deal with it.
Understanding Alzheimer's Disease: the Basics
Alzheimer's is a disease that robs people of their memory. At first, people have a hard time remembering recent events, though they might easily recall things that happened years ago.
As time goes on, other symptoms can appear, including:
Read more on: alzheimers |
With recent events bringing much needed attention to the #blacklivesmatter movement, many authors have been doing their bit by sharing books you can read with your children that encourage and support discussions about race and racism. Books often have a way to present complex and important topics in an easy to follow, age appropriate manner, which helps parents and guardians to broach these subjects with children from a young age.
If you’re looking to increase the diversity on your child’s book shelf, why not check out a few of the ones below. I will include a link to where you can buy the books, but try to support your local independent book shops if you can – you may find that they have even more fantastic books on this subject.
My Hair is a Garden by Cozbi A. Cabrera
Ages 5-8. Blurb: ‘After a day of being taunted by classmates about her unruly hair, Mackenzie can’t take any more. On her way home from school, she seeks the guidance of her wise and comforting neighbor, Miss Tillie. Using the beautiful garden in her backyard as a metaphor, Miss Tillie shows Mackenzie that maintaining healthy hair is not a chore nor is it something to fear. But most importantly, Mackenzie learns that natural black hair is beautiful.’
Something Happened in Our Town by Marianne Celano, Marietta Collins and Ann Hazzard
Ages 4-8. Blurb: ‘Emma and Josh heard that something happened in their town. A Black man was shot by the police. “Why did the police shoot that man?” “Can police go to jail?” Something Happened in Our Town follows two families – one White, one Black – as they discuss a police shooting of a Black man in their community. The story aims to answer children’s questions about such traumatic events, and to help children identify and counter racial injustice in their own lives.’
Harlem’s Little Blackbird by Renee Watson
Ages 3-7. Blurb: ‘Born to parents who were both former slaves, Florence Mills knew at an early age that she loved to sing, and that her sweet, bird-like voice, resonated with those who heard her. Performing catapulted her all the way to the stages of 1920s Broadway where she inspired everyone from songwriters to playwrights. Yet with all her success, she knew firsthand how prejudice shaped her world and the world of those around her. As a result, Florence chose to support and promote works by her fellow black performers while heralding a call for their civil rights. Featuring a moving text and colorful illustrations, Harlem’s Little Blackbird is a timeless story about justice, equality, and the importance of following one's heart and dreams.
Little Leaders: Bold Women in Black History by Vashti Harrison
Ages 8-11. Blurb: ‘Featuring forty trailblazing black women in American history, Little Leaders educates and inspires as it relates true stories of breaking boundaries and achieving beyond expectations. Illuminating text paired with irresistible illustrations bring to life both iconic and lesser-known female figures of Black history such as abolitionist Sojourner Truth, pilot Bessie Coleman, chemist Alice Ball, politician Shirley Chisholm, mathematician Katherine Johnson, poet Maya Angelou, and filmmaker Julie Dash. Among these biographies, readers will find heroes, role models, and everyday women who did extraordinary things – bold women whose actions and beliefs contributed to making the world better for generations of girls and women to come.’
There is also another version of Little Leaders called Little Leaders: Exceptional Men in Black History.
A Good Kind of Trouble by Lisa Moore Ramee
Ages 10-12. Blurb: ‘Twelve-year-old Shayla is allergic to trouble. All she wants to do is to follow the rules. (Oh, and she’d also like to make it through seventh grade with her best friendships intact, learn to run track, and have a cute boy see past her giant forehead.) But in junior high, it’s like all the rules have changed. Now she’s suddenly questioning who her best friends are and some people at school are saying she’s not black enough. Wait, what? Shay’s sister, Hana, is involved in Black Lives Matter, but Shay doesn't think that's for her. After experiencing a powerful protest, though, Shay decides some rules are worth breaking. She starts wearing an armband to school in support of the Black Lives movement. Soon everyone is taking sides. And she is given an ultimatum. Shay is scared to do the wrong thing (and even more scared to do the right thing), but if she doesn't face her fear, she'll be forever tripping over the next hurdle. Now that’s trouble, for real.
There are so many books out there that can help you and your children learn and understand other people’s lives and experiences. Which book will you be adding to your list? |
Tzarist Russia in the War
Russia's participation in the war was self-contradictory both in motives and in aims. That bloody struggle was waged essentially for world domination. In this sense it was beyond Russia’s scope. The war aims of Russia herself (the Turkish Straits, Galicia, Armenia) were provincial in character, and to be decided only incidentally according to the degree in which they answered the interests of the principal contestants.
At the same time Russia, as one of the great powers, could not help participating in the scramble of the advanced capitalist countries, just as in the preceding epoch she could not help introducing shops, factories, railroads, rapid-fire guns and airplanes. The not infrequent disputes among Russian historians of the newest school as to how far Russia was ripe for present-day imperialist policies often fall into mere scholasticism, because they look upon Russia in the international arena as isolated, as an independent factor, whereas she was but one link in a system.
India participated in the war both essentially and formally as a colony of England. The participation of China, though in a formal sense “voluntary,” was in reality the interference of a slave in the fight of his masters. The participation of Russia falls somewhere halfway between the participation of France and that of China. Russia paid in this way for her right to be an ally of advanced countries, to import capital and pay interest on it – that is, essentially, for her right to be a privileged colony of her allies – but at the same time for her right to oppress and rob Turkey, Persia, Galicia, and in general the countries weaker and more backward than herself. The twofold imperialism of the Russian bourgeoisie had basically the character of an agency for other mightier world powers.
The Chinese compradors are the classic type of the national bourgeoisie, a kind of mediating agency between foreign finance capital and the economy of their own country. In the world hierarchy of the powers, Russia occupied before the war a considerably higher position than China. What position she would have occupied after the war, if there had been no revolution, is a different question. But the Russian autocracy on the one hand, the Russian bourgeoisie on the other, contained features of compradorism, ever more and more clearly expressed. They lived and nourished themselves upon their connections with foreign imperialism, served it, and without their support could not have survived. To be sure, they did not survive in the long run even with its support. The semi-comprador Russian bourgeoisie had world-imperialistic interests in the same sense in which an agent working on percentages lives by the interests of his employer.
The instrument of war is the army. Inasmuch as every army is considered unconquerable in the national mythology, the ruling classes of Russia saw no reason for making an exception of the army of the tzar. In reality, however, this army was a serious force only against semi-barbaric peoples, small neighbours and disintegrating states; on the European arena it could act only as part of a coalition; in the matter of defence it could fulfil its task only be the help of the vastness of spaces, the sparsity of population, and the impassability of the roads. The virtuoso of this army of serfs had been Suvorov. The French revolution in breaking open the doors of the new society and the new military art, had pronounced a death-sentence on the Suvorov type of army. The semi-annulment of serfdom and the introduction of universal military service had modernised the army only as far as it had the country – that is, it introduced into the army all the contradictions proper to a nation which still has its bourgeois revolution to accomplish. It is true that the tzar’s army was constructed and armed upon Western models; but this was more form than essence. There was no correspondence between the cultural level of the peasant-soldier and modern military technique. In the commanding staff, the ignorance, light-mindedness and thievery of the ruling classes found their expression. Industry and transport continually revealed their bankruptcy before the concentrated demands of wartime. Although appropriately armed, as it seemed, on the first day of the war, the troops soon turned out to have neither weapons nor even shoes. in the Russo-Japanese war the tzarist army had shown what it was worth. In the epoch of counter-revolution the monarchy, with the aid of the Duma, had filled up the military stores and put many new patches on the army, especially upon its reputation for invincibility. In 1914 came a new and far heavier test.
In the matter of military supplies and finances, Russia at war suddenly finds herself in slavish dependence upon her allies. This is merely a military expression of her general dependence upon advanced capitalist countries. but help from the Allies does not save the situation. The lack of munitions, the small number of factories for their production, the sparseness of railroad lines for their transportation, soon translated the backwardness of Russia into the familiar language of defeat – which served to remind the Russian national liberals that their ancestors had not accomplished the bourgeois revolution and that the descendants, therefore, owed a debt to history.
The first days of war were the first days of disgrace. After a series of partial catastrophes, in the spring of 1915 came the general retreat. The generals took out their own criminal incapacity on the peaceful population. Enormous tracts of land were violently laid waste. Clouds of human locusts were driven to the rear with whips. The external rout was completed with an internal one.
In answer to alarmed questions from his colleagues as to the situation at the front, the War Minister Polivanov answered in these words: “I place my trust in the impenetrable spaces, impassable mud, and the mercy of Saint Nicholas Mirlikisky, Protector of Holy Russia” (Session of August 4, 1915). A week later General Ruszky confessed to the same ministers: “The present-day demands of military technique are beyond us. At any rate we can’t keep up with the Germans.” That was not the mood of a moment. Officer Stankevich reports the words of an engineer of the corps: “It is hopeless to fight with the Germans, for we are in no condition to do anything; even the new methods of fighting become the causes of our failure.” There is a cloud of such testimony. The one thing the Russian generals did with a flourish was to drag human meat out of the country. Beef and pork are handled with incomparably more economy. Grey staff non-entities, like Yanushkevich under Nikolai Nikolaievich, and Alexeiev under the tzar, would stop up all cracks with new mobilisations, and comfort themselves and the Allies with columns of figures when columns of fighters were wanted. About fifteen million men were mobilised, and they brimmed the depots, barracks, points of transit, crowded, stamped, stepped on each other’s feet, getting harsh and cursing. If these human masses were an imaginary magnitude for the front, for the rear they were a very real factor of destruction. About five and a half million were counted as killed, wounded and captured. The number of deserters kept growing. Already in July 1915 the ministers chanted: “Poor Russia! Even her army, which in past ages filled the world with the thunder of its victories ... Even her army turns out to consist only of cowards and deserters.”
The ministers themselves, with a gallows joke at the “bravery in retreat” of their generals, wasted hours in those days discussing such problems as whether to remove or not to remove the bones of the saints from Kiev. The tsar submitted that it was not necessary, since “the Germans would not risk touching them, and if they did touch them, so much the worse for the Germans.” But the Synod had already started to remove them. “When we leave,” they said, “we will take with us what is most precious.” This happened not in the epoch of the Crusades, but in the twentieth century when the news of the Russian defeats came over the wireless.
The Russian successes against Austria-Hungary had their roots rather in Austria-Hungary than in Russia. The disintegrating Hapsburg monarchy had long ago hung out a sign for an undertaker, not demanding any high qualifications of him. In the past Russia had been successful against inwardly decomposing states like Turkey, Poland, Persia. The south-western front of the Russian army, facing Austria, celebrated immense victories which made it very different from the other fronts. Here there emerged a few generals, who to be sure demonstrated no military gifts, but were at least not thoroughly imbued with the fatalism of steadily-beaten commanders. From this milieu there arose subsequently several white “heroes” of the civil war.
Everybody was looking for someone upon whom to lay the blame. They accused the Jews wholesale of espionage. They set upon people with German names. The staff of the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaievich gave orders to shoot a colonel of the gendarmes, Myasoyedov, as a German spy, which he obviously was not. They arrested Sukhomlinov, the War Minister, an empty and slovenly man, accusing him – possibly not without foundation – of treason. The British Minister of Foreign Affairs, Grey, said to the president of the Russian Parliamentary Delegation: Your government is very bold if it dares in time of war indict its War Minister for treason. The staff and the Duma accused the court of Germanophilism. All of them together envied the Allies and hated them. The French command spared its army by putting in Russian soldiers. England warmed up slowly. In the drawing-rooms of Petrograd and the headquarters at the front they gently joked: “England has sworn to fight to the last drop of blood ... of the Russian soldier.” These jokes seeped down and reached the trenches. “Everything for the war!” said the ministers, deputies, generals, journalists. “Yes,” the soldier began to think in the trenches, “they are all ready to fight to the last drop ... of my blood.”
The Russian army lost in the whole war more men than any army which ever participated in a national war – approximately two and a half million killed, or forty per cent of all the losses of the Entente. In the first months the soldiers fell under shell fire unthinkingly or thinking little; but from day to day they gathered experience – bitter experience of the lower ranks who are ignorantly commanded. They measured the confusion of the generals by the number of purposeless manoeuvres on soleless shoes, the number of dinners not eaten. From the bloody mash of people and things emerged a generalised word: “the mess,” which in the soldiers’ jargon was replaced by a still juicier term.
The swiftest of all to disintegrate was the peasant infantry. As a general rule, the artillery with its high percentage of industrial workers, is distinguished by an incomparably greater hospitality to revolutionary ideas: this was clearly evident in 1905. If in 1917, on the contrary, the artillery showed more conservatism than the infantry, the cause lies in the fact that through the infantry divisions, as through a sieve, there passed ever new and less and less trained human masses. The artillery, moreover, suffering infinitely fewer losses, retained its original cadres. The same thing was observed in other specialised troops. But in the long run the artillery yielded too. During the retreat from Galicia a secret order was issued by the commander-in-chief: flog the soldiers for desertion and other crimes. The soldier Pireiko relates: “They began to flog soldiers for the most trivial offences; for example, for a few hours’ absence without leave. And sometimes they flogged them in order to rouse their fighting spirit.” As early as September 17, 1915, Kuropatkin wrote, citing Guchkov: “The lower orders began the war with enthusiasm; but now they are weary, and with the continual retreats have lost faith in a victory.” At about the same time the Minister of the Interior spoke of the presence in Moscow of 30 000 convalescent soldiers: “That’s a wild crowd of libertines knowing no discipline, rough-housing, getting into fights with the police (not long ago a policeman was killed by the soldiers), rescuing arrested men, etc. Undoubtedly, in case of disorders this entire horde will take the side of the mob.” The same soldier, Pireiko, writes: “Everyone, to the last man, was interested in nothing but peace ... Who should win and what kind of peace it would be, that was of small interest to the army. It wanted peace at any cost, for it was weary of war.”
An observant woman, Feodorchenko, serving as sister of mercy, listened to the conversations of the soldiers, almost to their thoughts, and cleverly wrote them down on scattered slips of paper. The little book thus produced The People at War, permits us to look in that laboratory where bombs, barbed-wire entanglements, suffocating gases, and the baseness of those in power, had been fashioning for long months the consciousness of several million Russian peasants, and where along with human bones age-old prejudices were cracking. In many of the self-made aphorisms of the soldiers appear already the slogans of the coming civil war.
General Ruszky complained in December 1916 that Riga was the misfortune of the northern front. This is a “nest of propaganda, and so is Dvinsk.” General Brussilov confirmed this: From the Riga district troops arrive demoralised; soldiers refuse to attack. They lifted one company commander on the points of their bayonets. It was necessary to shoot several men, etc., etc. “The ground for the final disintegration of the army was prepared long before the revolution,” concedes Rodzianko, who was in close association with the officers and visited the front.
The revolutionary elements, scattered at first, were drowned in the army almost without a trace, but with the growth of the general discontent they rose to the surface. The sending of striking workers to the front as a punishment increased the ranks of the agitators and the retreat gave them a favourable audience. “The army in the rear and especially at the front,” reports a secret service agent, “is full of elements of which some are capable of becoming active forces of insurrection, and others may merely refuse to engage in punitive activities.” The Gendarme Administration of the Petrograd province declares in October 1916, on the basis of a report made by a representative of the Land Union, that “the mood in the army is alarming, the relation between officers and soldiers is extremely tense, even bloody encounters are taking place. Deserters are to be met everywhere by the thousands. Everyone who comes near the army must carry away a complete and convincing impression of the utter moral disintegration of the troops.” Out of caution the report adds that although much in these communications seems hardly probable, nevertheless it must be believed, since many physicians returning from the active army have made reports to the same effect. The mood of the rear corresponded to that of the front. At a conference of the Kadet party in October 1916, a majority of the delegates remarked upon the apathy and lack of faith in the victorious outcome of the war “in all layers of the population, but especially in the villages and among the city poor.” On October 30, 1916, the director of the Police Department wrote, in a summary of his report, of “the weariness of war to be observed everywhere, and the longing for a swift peace, regardless of the conditions upon which it is concluded.” In a few months all these gentlemen – deputies, police, generals, and land representatives, physicians and former gendarmes – will nevertheless assert that the revolution killed patriotism in the army, and that the Bolsheviks snatched a sure victory out of their hands.
The place of coryphées, in the chorus of military patriotism, undoubtedly belonged to the Constitutional Democrats (Kadets). Having already in 1905 broken its dubious ties with the revolution, liberalism at the beginning of the counter-revolutionary period had raised the banner of imperialism. One thing flowed from another: once it proved impossible to purge the country of the feudal rubbish in order to assure to the bourgeoisie a dominant position, it remained to form a union with the monarchy and the nobility in order to assure to capital the best position in the world market. If it is true that the world catastrophe was prepared in various quarters, so that it arrived to a certain degree unexpectedly even to its most responsible organisers, it is equally indubitable that Russian liberalism, as the inspirer of the foreign policy of the monarchy, did not occupy the last place in its preparation. The war of 1914 was quite rightly greeted by the leaders of the Russian bourgeoisie as their war. In a solemn session of the State Duma on July 26, 1914, the president of the Kadet faction announced: “We will make no conditions or demands. We will simply throw in the scales our firm determination to conquer the enemy.” In Russia, too, national unity became the official doctrine. During a patriotic manifestation in Moscow the master of ceremonies, Count Benkendorff, cried to the diplomats: “Look! There is your revolution which they were prophesying in Berlin!” “A similar thought,” explained the French minister Paléologue, “was evidently in the minds of all.” People considered it their duty to nourish and propagate illusions in a situation which, it would seem, absolutely forbade illusions.
They did not wait long for sobering lessons. Very soon after the beginning of the war one of the more expansive Kadets, a lawyer and landlord, Rodichev, exclaimed at a session of the Central Committee of his party: “Do you really think we can conquer with those fools?” Events proved that it was not possible to conquer with fools. Liberalism, having more than half lost faith in the victory, tried to employ the momentum of the war in order to carry out a purgation of the camarilla and compel the monarchy to a compromise. The chief implement towards this end was to accuse the court party of Germanophilism and of preparing a separate peace.
In the spring of 1915, while the weaponless soldiers were retreating along the whole front, it was decided in governmental circles, not without pressure from the Allies, to recruit the initiative of private industry for work in behalf of the army. The Special Conference called for this end included, along with bureaucrats, the more influential industrialists, The Land and City unions which had arisen at the beginning of the war, and the Military-Industrial Committees created in the spring of 1915, became the points of support of the bourgeoisie in the struggle for victory and for power. The State Duma, backed by these organisations, was induced to intercede more confidently between the bourgeoisie and the monarchy.
These broad political perspectives did not, however distract attention from the important problems of the day. Out of the Special Conference as out of a central reservoir tens of hundreds of millions, mounting up to billions, flowed down through distributing canals, abundantly irrigating the industries and incidentally nourishing numberless appetites. In the State Duma and in the press a few of the war profits for 1914 and 1915 were published. The Moscow textile company of the Riabushinskys showed a net profit of 75 per cent; the Tver Company, 111 per cent; the copperworks of Kolchugin netted over 12 million on a basic capital of 10 million. In this sector patriotic virtue was rewarded generously, and moreover immediately.
Speculation of all kinds and gambling on the market went to the point of paroxysm. Enormous fortunes arose out of the bloody foam. The lack of bread and fuel in the capital did not prevent the court jeweller Faberget from boasting that he had never before done such a flourishing business. Lady-in-waiting Vyrubova says that in no other season were such gowns to be seen as in the winter of 1915-16, and never were so many diamonds purchased. The night clubs were brim full of heroes of the rear, legal deserters, and simply respectable people too old for the front but sufficiently young for the joy of life. The grand dukes were not among the last to enjoy this feast in times of plague. Nobody had any fear of spending too much. A continual shower of gold fell from above. “Society” held out its hands and pockets, aristocratic ladies spread their skirts high, everybody splashed about in the bloody mud – bankers, heads of the commissariat, industrialists, ballerinas of the tzar and the grand dukes, orthodox prelates, ladies-in-waiting, liberal deputies, generals of the front and rear, radical lawyers, illustrious mandarins of both sexes, innumerable nephews, and more particularly nieces. All came running to grab and gobble, in fear lest the blessed rain should stop. And all rejected with indignation the shameful idea of a premature peace.
Common gains, external defeats, and internal dangers, drew together the parties of the ruling classes. The Duma, divided on the eve of the war, achieved in 1915 its patriotic oppositional majority which received the name of “Progressive Bloc.” The official aim of this bloc was of course declared to be a “satisfaction of the needs created by the war.” On the left the social-democrats and Trudoviks did not enter the bloc; on the right the notorious Black Hundred groups. All the other factions of the Duma – the Kadets, the Progressives, three groups of Octobrists, the Centre and a part of the Nationalists, entered the bloc or adhered to it – as also the national groups: Poles, Lithuanians, Mussulmans, Jews, etc. In order not to frighten the tzar with the formula of a responsible ministry, the bloc demanded “a united government composed of men enjoying the confidence of the country.” The Minister of the Interior, Prince Sherbatov, at that time characterised the bloc as a temporary “union called forth by the danger of social revolution.” It required no great penetration to realise this. Miliukov, the leader of the Kadets, and thus also of the oppositional bloc, said at a conference of his party: “We are treading a volcano ... The tension has reached its extreme limit ... A carelessly dropped match will be enough to start a terrible conflagration ... Whatever the government – whether good or bad – a strong government is needed now more than ever before.”
The hope that the tzar, under the burden of defeat, would grant concessions, was so great that in the liberal press there appeared in August the slate of a proposed “Cabinet of confidence” with the president of the Duma, Rodzianko, as premier (according to another version, the president of the Land Union, Prince Lvov, was indicated for that office), Guchkov as Minister of the Interior, Miliukov, Foreign Minister, etc. A majority of these men who here nominated themselves for a union with the tzar against the revolution, turned up a year later as members of the “Revolutionary Government.” History has permitted herself such antics more than once. This time the joke was at least a brief one.
A majority of the ministers of Goremykin’s cabinet were no less frightened than the Kadets by the course things were taking, and therefore inclined towards an agreement with the Progressive Bloc. “A government which has not behind it the confidence of the supreme ruler, nor the army, nor the cities, nor the zemstvos, nor the nobles, nor the merchants, nor the workers, not only cannot function, but cannot even exist – the thing is obviously absurd.” In these words, Prince Sherbatov in August 1915 appraised the government in which he himself was Minister of the Interior. “If you only arrange the scene properly and offer a loophole,” said the Foreign Minister Sazonov, “the Kadets will be the first to propose a compromise. Miliukov is the greatest possible bourgeois and fears a social revolution above everything. Besides, a majority of the Kadets are trembling for their own capital.” Miliukov on his side considered that the Progressive Bloc “would have to give in somewhat.” Both sides were ready to bargain, and everything seemed thoroughly oiled. But on August 29 the Premier, Goremykin, a bureaucrat weighed down with years and honours, an old cynic playing politics between two games of grand-patience and defending himself against all complaints by remarking that the war is “not my business,” journeyed out to the tzar at headquarters and returned with the information that all and everybody should remain in their places, except the rambunctious Duma, which was to be dissolved on the 3rd of September. The reading of the tzar’s order dissolving the Duma was heard without a single word of protest: the deputies gave a “hurrah” for the tzar, and dispersed.
How did the tzar’s government, supported according to its own confession by nobody at all, survive for over a year and a half after that? A temporary success of the Russian troops undoubtedly exerted its influence and this was reinforced by the good golden rain. The successes at the front soon ceased, to be sure, but the profits at the rear continued. However, the chief cause of the successful propping up of the monarchy for twelve months before its fall, was to be found in a sharp division in the popular discontent. The chief of the Moscow Secret Service Department reported a rightward tendency of the bourgeoisie under the influence of “a fear of possible revolutionary excesses after the war.” During the war, we note, a revolution was still considered impossible. The industrialists were alarmed, over and above that, by “a coquetting of certain leaders of the Military Industrial Committee with the proletariat.” The general conclusion of this colonel of gendarmes, Martynov – in whom a professional reading of Marxist literature had left some traces – announced as the cause of a certain improvement in the political situation “the steadily growing differentiation of social classes concealing a sharp contradiction in their interests, a contradiction felt especially keenly in the times we are living through.”
The dissolution of the Duma in September 1915 was a direct challenge to the bourgeosie, not to the workers. But while the liberals were dispersing with cries of “Hurrah!” – to be sure, not very enthusiastic cries – the workers of Petrograd and Moscow responded with strikes of protest. That cooled off the liberals still more. They feared worst of all the intrusion of an uninvited third party in their family discussion with the monarchy. But what further step was to be taken? Accompanied by a slight growl from the left wing, liberalism cast its vote for a well-tried recipe: to stand exclusively on legal grounds, and render the bureaucracy “as it were, unnecessary” in the course of a mere fulfilment of their patriotic functions. The ministerial slate at any rate would have to be laid aside for a time.
The situation in those days was getting worse automatically. In May 1916 the Duma was again convoked, but nobody knew exactly what for. The Duma, in any case, had no intention of summoning a revolution, and aside from that there was nothing for it to say. “At that session” – Rodzianko remembers – “the proceedings were languid; the deputies attended irregularly...The continual struggle seemed fruitless, the government would listen to nothing, irregularities were increasing, and the country was headed for ruin.” In the bourgeoisie’s fear of revolution and its impotence without revolution, the monarchy found, during the year 1916, a simulacrum of social support.
By autumn the situation was still worse. The hopelessness of the war had become evident to all. The indignation of the popular masses threatened any moment to flow over the brim. While attacking the court party as before for Germanophilism, the liberals now deemed it necessary to feel out the chances of peace themselves, preparing their own future. Only in this way can you explain the negotiations of one of the leaders of the Progressive Bloc, the deputy Protopopov, with the German diplomat, Warburg, in Stockholm in the autumn of 1916. The Duma delegation, making friendly visits to the French and English, could easily convince itself in Paris and London that the dear Allies intended in the course of the war to squeeze all the live juice out of Russia, in order after the victory to make this backward country their chief field of economic exploitation. A defeated Russia in tow to a victorious Entente would have meant a colonial Russia. The Russian possessing classes had no other course but to try to free themselves from the too close embrace of the Entente, and find an independent road to peace, making use of the antagonism of the two more powerful camps. The meeting of the Duma deputy with the German diplomat, as a first step on this road, was both a threat in the direction of the Allies with a view to gaining concessions, and a feeling out of the actual possibilities of rapprochement with Germany. Protopopov was acting in agreement not only with the tzarist diplomats – the meeting occurred in the presence of the Russian ambassador in Sweden – but also with the whole delegation of the State Duma. Incidentally the liberals by means of this reconnoitre were pursuing a not unimportant domestic goal. “Rely on us” – they were hinting to the tzar – “and we will make you a separate peace better and more reliable than Stürmer can.” According to Protopopov’s scheme – that is, the scheme of his backers – the Russian government was to inform the Allies “several months in advance” that she would be compelled to end the war, and that if the Allies refused to institute peace negotiations, Russia would have to conclude a separate peace with Germany. In his confession written after the revolution, Protopopov speaks as of something which goes without saying of the fact that “all reasonable people in Russia, among them probably all the leaders of the party of ’the People’s Freedom’ (Kadets), were convinced that Russia was unable to continue the war.”
The tzar, to whom Protopopov upon his return reported his journey and negotiations, treated the idea of a separate peace with complete sympathy. He merely did not see the necessity of drawing the liberals into the business. The fact that Protopopov himself was included incidentally in the staff of the court camarilla, having broken with the Progressive bloc, is explained by the personal character of this fop, who had fallen in love, according to his own words, with the tzar and the tzarina – and at the same time, we may add, with an expected portfolio as Minister of the Interior. But this episode of Protopopov’s treason to liberalism does not alter the general content of the liberal foreign policy – a mixture of greed, cowardice and treachery.
The Duma again assembled on November 1. The tension in the country had become unbearable. Decisive steps were expected of the Duma. It was necessary to do something, or at the very least say something. The Progressive Bloc found itself compelled to resort to parliamentary exposures. Counting over from the tribune the chief steps taken by the government, Miliukov asked after each one: “Was this stupidity or treason?” High notes were sounded also by other deputies. The government was almost without defenders. It answered in the usual way: the speeches of the Duma orators were forbidden publication. The speeches therefore circulated by the million. There was not a government department, not only in the rear but at the front, where the forbidden speeches were not transcribed – frequently with additions corresponding to the temperament of the transcriber. The reverberation of the debate of November 1 was such that terror seized the very authors of the arraignment.
A group of extreme rightists, sturdy bureaucrats inspired by Durnovo, who had put down the revolution of 1905, took that moment to present to the tzar a proposed programme. The eye of these experienced officials, trained in a serious police school, saw not badly and pretty far, and if their prescription was no good, it is only because no medicine existed for the sickness of the old régime. The authors of the programme speak against any concessions whatever to the bourgeois opposition, not because the liberals want to go too far, as think the vulgar Black Hundreds – upon whom these official reactionaries look with some scorn – no, the trouble is that the liberals are “so weak, so disunited and, to speak frankly, so mediocre, that their triumph would be as brief as it would be unstable.” The weakness of the principal opposition party, the “Constitutional Democrats” (Kadets), is indicated, they point out, by its very name. It is called democratic, when it is in essence bourgeois. Although to a considerable degree a party of liberal landlords, it has signed a programme of compulsory land redemption. “Without these trumps from a deck not their own” – write these secret counsellors, using the images to which they are accustomed – “the Kadets are nothing more than a numerous association of liberal lawyers, professors and officials of various departments – nothing more.” A revolutionist, they point out, is a different thing. They accompany their recognition of the significance of the revolutionary parties with a grinding of teeth: “The danger and strength of these parties lies in the fact that they have an idea, they have money (!), they have a crowd ready and well organised.” The revolutionary parties “can count on the sympathy of an overwhelming majority of the peasantry, which will follow the proletariat the very moment the revolutionary leaders point a finger to other people’s land.” What would a responsible ministry yield in these circumstances? “A complete and final destruction of the right parties, a gradual swallowing of the intermediate parties – the Centre, the Liberal-Conservatives, the Octobrists and the Progressives of the Kadet party – which at the beginning would a decisive importance. But the same fate would menace the Kadets ... and afterwards would come the revolutionary mob, the Commune, destruction of the dynasty, pogroms of the possessing classes, and finally the peasant-brigand.” It is impossible to deny that the police anger here rises to a certain kind of historic vision.
The positive part of their programme was not new, but consistent: a government of ruthless partisans of the autocracy; abolition of the Duma; martial law in both capitals; preparation of forces for putting down a rebellion. This programme did in its essentials become the basis of the government policy of the last pre-revolutionary months. But its success presupposed a power which Durnovo had had in this hands in the winter of 1905, but which by the autumn of 1917 no longer existed. The monarchy tried, therefore, to strangle the country stealthily and in sections. Ministers were shifted upon the principle of “our people” – meaning those unconditionally devoted to the tzar and tzarina. But these “our people” – especially the renegade Protopopov – were insignificant and pitiful. The Duma was not abolished, but again dissolved. The declaration of martial law in Petrograd was saved for a moment when the revolution had already triumphed. And the military forces prepared for putting down the rebellion were themselves seized by rebellion. All this became evident after two or three months.
Liberalism in those days was making its last efforts to save the situation. All the organisations of the enfranchised bourgeoisie supported the November speeches of the Duma opposition with a series of new declarations. The most impudent of these was the resolution of the Union of Cities on December 9: “Irresponsible criminals, fanatics, are preparing for Russia’s defeat, shame and slavery.” The State Duma was urged “not to disperse until the formation of a responsible government is attained.” Even the State Council, organ of the bureaucracy and of the vast properties, expressed itself in favour of calling to power people who enjoyed the confidence of the country. A similar intercession was made by a session of the united nobility: even the moss-covered stones cried out. But nothing was changed. The monarchy would not let the last shreds of power slip out of its hands.
The last session of the last Duma was convoked, after waverings and delays, on February 14, 1917. Only two weeks remained before the coming of revolution. Demonstrations were expected. In the Kadet organ Rech, alongside an announcement by the chief of the Petrograd Military District, General Khabalov, forbidding demonstrations, was printed a letter from Miliukov warning the workers against “dangerous and bad counsel” issuing from “dark sources.” In spite of strikes, the opening of the Duma was sufficiently peaceful. Pretending that the question of power no longer interested it, the Duma occupied itself with a critical, but still strictly business question: food supplies. The mood was languid, as Rodzianko subsequently remembered: “We felt the impotence of the Duma, weariness of a futile struggle.” Miliukov kept repeating that the Progressive Bloc “will act with words and with words only.” Such was the Duma that entered the whirlpool of the February revolution.
1. Prime Minister from January to November 1916. [Trans.]
Source: Marxist Internet Archive |
The modern development of economic relations cannot be imagined without the processes of globalization. It has embraced almost all spheres of human life. The processes of globalization today are the main trend of world development and are the main guiding vectors. For students of economics and business schools, anything on the topic of globalization will be a real challenge. Studying this topic takes a lot of time and effort, so it is better to turn to economics homework help. The assignment writing service will write your case study in a timely manner.
- Key Points of Globalization Effect
- Total Quality Management (TQM) in Terms of Globalization
- Other Consequences of Globalization
Globalization determines the main processes in the world economy:
- sets certain dynamics for the development of international business;
- accelerates global competition for goods and services;
- forms the structure of the goods;
- sets the level of competitiveness of goods and services in the new market;
- control of international capital flows and foreign direct investment in multinational companies;
- increasing the transfer of capital, labor, technology and financial resources.
Key Points of Globalization Effect
Put simply, barriers to trade between different countries are being removed, and national economies are being integrated in the current situation. This leads to an increase in the exchange of labor, financial resources, technology and capital. To expand customers and become more competitive, businesses are expanding around the world. The operational function facilitates this process. All consumers tend to trust standardized products more, for example, the world-famous brands Apple, Nike or McDonald's.
To achieve such a high level, businesses need to focus on a few key points:
- meeting the needs of consumers through interesting product design;
- quality management logistics;
- location of working capacities;
- inventory management process;
- efficient supply chain management.
Later in the article, we talk about the establishment of these economic processes in the context of globalization.
Operations Management Focus on Product Design
The different countries've got different business strategies according to their culture. As the individuals are the rulers in the market, the managers who don't know the culture and attitude will fail in the global business market. Organizational culture is just how things are done regularly. The political and environmental differences between countries is a superb concern for the managers.
When designing something or services, it should fit the culture. The option of technology and skills are an issue for operation in global market and the labor cost and skilled laborers. The travelling and the storage area capacities are other difficulties for global operations.
By the way, developing a product design to enter a new market can be a great topic for research. If you are one of those who need it, but do not know where to start, contact the business plan writing service.
Global Web and Supply Chain Management
The current stage of logistics development is determined by two main factors: the globalization of the world economy and the global scientific and technological revolution, which generate new customer needs for logistics services and various forms of their satisfaction. These problems pose problems for logistics, which must be solved if you want to stay afloat. Without logistics solutions to the problems that the market puts forward, it will be difficult for an enterprise to achieve leadership positions, so you need to pay serious attention to logistics problems.
Business globalization is expressed in the following:
- Improved communications and transportation have made physical distances less important, thanks to which enterprises can operate in a single, worldwide market;
- There is a reduction in trade barriers between countries and an increase in international trade and competition, which complicates the tasks of logistics;
- The location of enterprises does not take place on a national basis, but in countries and regions with low production costs.
Logistics Development Factors
Development of competition caused by the transition from the seller's market to the buyer's market
Entrepreneurs began to pay more and more attention not to the product itself, but to the quality of its delivery, the strategy for the development of global sourcing. Improving the work in the distribution of goods did not require such large additional investments as, for example, mastering the release of a new product, and at the same time ensured a high competitiveness of the supplier by:
- reducing costs;
- reducing order fulfillment time;
- adhering to an agreed delivery schedule.
Cash invested in distribution began to influence the position of the supplier in the market much more than the same funds invested in production. In these conditions, high competitive advantage depended not on the amount of capital investments, but on the ability to properly organize the logistics process and conduct continuous development of logistics.
Increased requirements for the quality of product distribution processes
Increased requirements for the quality of the processes of selling finished products, caused by tough competition, led to the same requirements from manufacturers to suppliers of raw materials, materials, components, and semi-finished products. As a result, a complex system of connections between various market entities was formed, which required the improvement of existing models of organizing supply and sales, the ultimate goal was the development of logistics. Due to this, the following were actively developed:
- methods and models of optimal placement of warehouses;
- determination of optimal consignments, schemes of transport routes;
- general integrated development of logistics.
Unification of the rules and norms of foreign economic activity
Measures were taken to unify the rules of foreign economic activity, to simplify the passage of customs barriers, control and technological procedures at border crossings. The development of logistics was influenced by:
- concentration of transshipment and warehouse points in the context of the integration of the economies of countries;
- creation of international distribution centers;
- new transportation technologies (for example, intermodal) and information processing;
- the use of automatic systems for reading and addressing goods.
Operations Management and Location of Manufacturing Facility
The decision to locate production facilities directly affects the profitability of the organization. Many companies from developing countries such as China, India and Taiwan are active in global value chains in high-tech sectors of the economy. For example, in China, Foxconn is one of the clearest examples of this process.
The company itself and its manufacturing units located in mainland China are owned by Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. Ltd. Foxconn is the world's largest manufacturer of electronic equipment (electronics contractor), as well as components for many leading companies. In particular, it manufactures a full line of Apple products, products and components for Dell, HP, Sony, Intel and Microsoft. Foxconn manufactures products that meet the strictest international quality standards.
It is the ability of international companies to separate and move fragments of the production chain in space that has led China over the past 30 years to gain a reputation as a "global factory" of multinational corporations.
Impact of Globalization on Inventory Management Process
Inventories are goods or materials that a company intends to sell to customers for a profit. Inventory management, which is one of the most important elements of the supply chain, is the tracking of inventory from the manufacturer to the warehouse, and from there to the point of sale. The goal of inventory management is to have the right product in the right place at the right time. This requires comprehensive inventory information to know when to re-order, how much to order, and where the stock is stored.
Globalisation and technology, along with consumer empowerment, are changing the way we manage inventory. Supply chain operators will use technologies that provide valuable insights into how to improve global supply chain performance. They will anticipate anomalies in logistics costs and productivity before they occur and have an understanding of where automation can provide the benefits of scale up. In the near future, these technologies will further change the inventory management process:
Intelligent and adaptive AI will improve inventory accuracy and reduce waste.
Internet of things
The data collected from IoT sensors will provide information about the location and status of stocks.
The disparate parties will be linked together through a single and immutable system of recording all transactions.
Smart Order Management
Supply chains will leverage inventory awareness for more accurate demand forecasting and automation.
Unprecedented computing power will help solve problems that were previously considered unsolvable.
Total Quality Management (TQM) in Terms of Globalization
The quality of products in the general case largely depends on the level of requirements for competitiveness and quality established by regulatory and technological documentation, the ability to successfully implement business processes at enterprises, the quality of resources purchased for the production of products, mechanisms and methods of production management, labor and organizational decisions. Business processes include:
- main processes, including organization, production, sales, logistics, planning, development, procurement, service, marketing;
- service processes (fuel and energy supply, communications, repair, installation and adjustment of equipment, transport, work with personnel, information services, documentation, etc.);
- processes for monitoring the competitiveness and quality of production processes, manufactured goods, processes for performing labor functions and duties by personnel.
In modern conditions of competition, there is an urgent need to monitor the study of consumer demand and the degree of consumer satisfaction with the quality of goods sold, expanding segments and market horizons. Information on consumer demand and satisfaction is the basis for selecting targeted quality requirements and decision-making processes.
Other Consequences of Globalization
- The globalization of the world economy affects all states, in particular, determining the development and diffusion of technologies between countries, the use of labor, the manufacture of goods and the supply of services and investments. As a result, parameters such as competitiveness, labor productivity and production efficiency in general change. Thus, world globalization has become the main trigger for the growth of international competition.
- The growth rate of foreign direct investment today is incredibly high and significantly exceeds the indicators of world trade. Largely due to these investments, shifts are taking place that directly affect national economies: industrial restructuring and technology transfer, the formation of global enterprises.
- Due to the impact of globalization on the world market, trade in services (managerial, legal, informational, financial, etc.) is becoming the main factor in trade relations between countries. Thus, as of 1970, the export of services accounted for no more than 33% of foreign investments. Today this figure is already 50%. The most important commodity in the context of the globalization of the world market is intellectual capital.
- As a result of deepening internationalization, one can observe an increase in interaction and interdependence between the economies of states. Thus, world globalization and some kind of integration are taking place, the formation of a single international economic system as a new structure. The centers for the process of globalization of world finance are the three largest economies: the United States, Western Europe and Japan. |
Trolling has become an epidemic and has grown from the desire of people, especially teenagers to make use of the internet and to feed off of the lack of intelligence and the embarrassment of their victims. Unlike how stalking and cyberbullying’s consequences have been stated time and again, the damage to teens emotional and psychological development due to trolling has been understated largely. The attitude however towards this problem has gradually begun to change. Trolling has been identified by experts as a type of cyberbullying which exists on social media sites and online platforms such as forums and gaming rooms. The reaction to this problem is still divided with some thinking of it as being something truly harmless.
Trolling has been recognized as a form of bullying because its characteristics are very similar to that of cyber bullying. Trolling comprises of the perpetrator ridiculing the victim on social media, embarrassing them and abusing them. This has also been defined as being ‘Revenge of the Nerds’ bullying as it involves anonymous attacks made on those who may be weak or young but are good with technology.
Some people find trolling to not be as big of a deal as cyberbullying is which is why they treat both the concepts very differently. A majority of the people who hold such views are adolescents who are still passing through their teenage years and see no harm in this. They believe that trolling and cyberbullying differ because the intent and motive behind both are different. They see trolls as simply looking to make people laugh and consider them to be harmless whereas cyberbullies are seen by them as wanting to inflict harm and pain on the victims. For some, trolling is also a way through which kids can be taught to become smarter and to start thinking on their own which can help them to stand up for themselves in the real world.
Parents need to realize how harmful trolling can be for the safety of their child. Once they see this as a threat, they can speak to their child regarding it and teach them how to deal with such people. While teens tend to be emotional and impulsive, parents need to teach them to ignore such behavior and to avoid responding to them regardless of how provocative they may be. Perpetrators are able to feed off of their victim’s behavior which is why not responding in any way is the best thing to do. By doing so, the perpetrator will no longer feel the need or urge to indulge in the behavior and due to lack of motivation will eventually give up. Thus, at the end of the day, it is the responsibility of the parents to not only educate their child about how they should avoid and not respond to such behavior but they should also be taught not to engage in such behavior on their own. Being the victim of such behavior can truly be harmful which is why engaging in it should also not be considered. |
The world of chemistry, brimming with reactive substances and transformative experiments, necessitates an environment where safety and functionality are paramount. Chemistry class tables, the unsung heroes of the laboratory, provide this secure foundation. These specialized pieces of furniture endure a plethora of substances, resist various physical impacts, and serve as steadfast platforms for scientific exploration. The importance of Quality Chemistry Lab Furniture in creating an optimal learning environment is unparalleled, as these robust structures form the backbone of educational laboratories.
Delving into Material Science: The Backbone of Lab Tables
Understanding what chemistry class tables are composed of takes us on a journey through the domain of material science, where various substances come together to form resilient, long-lasting, and safe surfaces for experimental work.
Epoxy Resin Surfaces: A Synonym for Durability
Epoxy resin, renowned for its outstanding chemical resistance and robustness, is a prevalent material in the fabrication of chemistry class tables. The seamless, non-porous nature of epoxy resin makes it impermeable to spills, preventing absorption that could otherwise lead to contamination or material degradation. These surfaces resist scratches, heat, and corrosive action, providing a reliable workstation for students and educators alike.
The manufacturing process of epoxy resin countertops involves casting the resin and curing it to form a solid material, resulting in a continuous surface devoid of crevices or seams. This attribute further bolsters its stance as a hygienic option, discouraging bacterial growth and facilitating straightforward cleaning and maintenance.
Phenolic Resins: Harmonizing Lightness and Strength
An alternative yet equally compelling material is phenolic resin. Created by applying heat and pressure to layers of paper or fabric saturated with synthetic resin, these surfaces offer remarkable chemical resistance. Though generally lighter and more flexible than epoxy, they do not compromise on durability, presenting a more versatile option for chemistry class tables.
Phenolic tops’ resistance to a variety of corrosive agents ensures they remain unscathed during chemical spills, preserving the integrity of the students’ workspace. Additionally, their heat-resistant property safeguards the surface against damage from hot apparatus or reactions, keeping safety hazards to a minimum.
Stainless Steel: Embracing Industrial Robustness
In specific educational settings, stainless steel also emerges as a viable material choice. Known for its strength, resistance to high temperatures and moisture, stainless steel is easy to sanitize and offers a modern, sleek appearance. However, its susceptibility to scratching and its reactive nature with certain chemicals necessitate careful consideration based on the laboratory’s specific needs.
Laminate: Balancing Economy and Functionality
High-pressure laminate surfaces, though not as resistant to chemicals and heat as epoxy or phenolic resins, bring to the table an economical option. These surfaces, constructed by pressing together layers of resin-treated paper under high pressure, provide a reasonably durable, cost-effective solution for environments that do not engage with highly corrosive substances.
The Significance of Quality Craftsmanship
Behind every reliable chemistry class table stands a reputable manufacturer committed to producing Quality Chemistry Lab Furniture. These companies harness premium materials and innovative manufacturing techniques to create furniture that embodies safety, durability, and functionality. Their products undergo rigorous testing to meet national and international standards, an assurance that educators and students are working on furniture capable of withstanding the laboratory’s demanding environment.
The crafting process, which transforms raw materials into high-caliber furniture, is a testament to human ingenuity. It adapts scientific breakthroughs in material science into tangible products that support further discovery, highlighting an interconnected cycle of knowledge and application.
The Role of Chemistry Class Tables in Education
Chemistry class tables serve as more than mere physical structures. They are catalysts of learning, platforms where theoretical concepts meet practical application. The quality of these tables directly influences the educational experience, impacting students’ safety and the accuracy of experimental results.
A well-constructed table, resistant to the chemicals and procedures it encounters, not only prevents accidents but also stands as a beacon of reliability for students who are still familiarizing themselves with the laboratory environment. These tables need to inspire confidence, assuring students that their exploratory steps into the world of chemistry are supported by structures designed to withstand the very reactions they are studying.
In these crucibles of learning, mistakes are inevitable, but Quality Chemistry Lab Furniture ensures these errors do not translate into disasters. Instead, they become learning opportunities, teaching budding scientists the importance of rigorous safety protocols and precise experimental practices.
In the Realm of Continuous Evolution
The educational landscape is constantly evolving, and with it, the demands placed on the physical environments where learning occurs. Chemistry class tables, thus, are not static entities. They reflect advancements in material science, educational needs, and safety standards. These pieces of furniture encapsulate a field’s progression and stand ready to meet the requirements of ever-advancing scientific exploration.
In essence, the materials comprising chemistry class tables underscore a commitment to education, innovation, and safety. They symbolize a willingness to invest in the foundational elements of the scientific journey, nurturing curiosity within confines that encourage rather than inhibit. As educators and students interact with these robust surfaces, they partake in a legacy of discovery, supported by the silent, steadfast tables that bear witness to their scientific pursuits. |
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Understanding the proteins in living organisms is vital for developing drugs/medicines and understanding how organisms function. Every protein is made from a chain of amino acids. Scientists have been able to determine the amino acids in a protein but to determine the 3D structure of what the protein looks like typically was very time consuming. Until recently only about 17 percent of known proteins had 3D maps of their structure. The 3D structures of proteins are quite complex. They wrap and fold, forming creases similar to origami folding. Because of that, sometimes protein folding is called ‘paper folding’.
Last year, Google’s DeepMind group announced that they had developed an AI algorithm that could quickly determine the paper-folding structure of a protein given the constituent amino acid information. DeepMind released the information as a free on-line searchable database consisting of more than 350,000 different proteins. The biology community was amazed at the announcement. Many said that the information should speed up biological research by a factor of years.
Christine Orengo, a computational biologist at University College London (UCL), said that “it’s totally transformative from my perspective. Having the shapes of all these proteins really gives you insight into their mechanisms.”
Demis Hassabis, co-founder and chief executive of DeepMind, said that “this is the biggest contribution an AI system has made so far to advancing scientific knowledge. I don’t think it’s a stretch to say that.”
Hassabis told TechCrunch that “structural biologists are not yet used to the idea that they can just look up anything in a matter of seconds, rather than take years to experimentally determine these things. And I think that should lead to whole new types of approaches to questions that can be asked and experiments that can be done. Once we start getting wind of that, we may start building other tools that cater to this sort of serendipity: What if I want to look at 10,000 proteins related in a particular way? There isn’t really a normal way of doing that, because that isn’t really a normal question anyone would ask currently. So I imagine we’ll have to start producing new tools, and there’ll be demand for that once we start seeing how people interact with this.” |
The most comprehensive survey of fish larvae in Cockburn Sound has now uncovered more than 40,000 of the tiny creatures from at least 50 families.
Researchers started monthly surveys in September 2021 as part of the WAMSI Westport Marine Science Program.
Researcher Jake Nilsen, from Curtin University, said at least 128 unique taxa had been identified, including pink snapper, whiting, trevallies and flatheads. Sea garfish and yellowfin whiting were recorded for the first time.
Another first-time recording was larvae of the highly sought after King George whiting.
Mr Nilsen said the King George whiting (pictured) was a particularly interesting find given the species typically spawns further offshore.
DNA techniques are also being used for species that are more challenging to identify and where there is limited information on their larval stages, including species of whiting and baitfish.
Now fieldwork has been completed, researchers will focus on analysing the vast dataset to identify patterns of when and where fish use Cockburn Sound during their larval stages.
Researchers from the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development are also working on the fish larvae project by providing research vessels and staff for the sampling. |
The outbreak of the COVID-19 disease has shattered our lives. Being a communicable disease the major cause of it has been the man to man contact but now the virus has been found in several river bodies as well.
River Bodies Reported To Have COVID-19 Virus
The coronavirus pandemic has forced us to stay away from fellow human beings as it is a communicable disease. It was known to have spread through human contact and air transmission.
But now there is another transmission medium of the virus which is worrying everyone. Recently it was found out that several river bodies in India had the virus.
As per the researchers, the disease has also begun to transmit through water. The COVID-19 virus was found across many rivers in the state of Gujarat after some researchers tested the water samples.
Longevity Of The Virus In Water Bodies
Initially, many researchers had claimed that coronavirus does not survive in water. But the recent development has proved something else. After the proper testing of the water samples, the researchers have concluded that the virus actually survives in water.
And that too for a long time which is good enough to infect a large number of people dependent on the water body. The virus reaches the water bodies by waste disposal and also when any COVID infected person comes in direct contact with the river or lake.
The careless disposal of hospital waste and face masks in water bodies are the biggest causes. Also, there were reports of dead bodies of coronavirus patients being thrown in rivers. Careless acts like this have contributed to this.
This might interest you: Black Fungus Infection Resulted In Eye Removal Of 3 Children |
Vitamin B6 (also known as pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin found in many foodstuffs including meat, fish, eggs, potatoes, beans, nuts and cereals.
It has several important functions, including allowing the body to use and store energy from protein and carbohydrates in food. It also helps to form haemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen around the body.
Magnesium is a mineral found in many foods, such as leafy vegetables, grains and nuts, as well as meats and dairy products. It activates enzymes, contributes to energy production, and helps regulate calcium levels, as well as copper, zinc, potassium, vitamin D, and other important nutrients in the body.
Some people have suggested that some autistic people do not have enough vitamin B6 and that this can lead to a wide range of difficulties (such as difficulties with social communication and social interaction).
Some people believe that that those difficulties can be overcome by eating more foodstuffs that contain vitamin B6 or by taking vitamin B6 supplements. Magnesium supplements are sometimes taken at the same time as the vitamin B6 supplements to counteract the side effects of the vitamin B6.
It is unclear whether most autistic people do or do not have a deficiency of vitamin B6. It is also unknown whether a vitamin B6 deficiency can cause or worsen symptoms (of autism or related issues) or arises because of autism, or is completely unrelated to autism.
There is a reasonable amount of low-quality research (11 group studies and two single-case design studies with three or more participants) into the use of vitamin B6 and magnesium supplements as an intervention for autistic individuals.
However, because the quality of that research is so poor, we cannot determine whether vitamin B6 and magnesium is likely to provide any benefits to anyone who is autistic. We must wait for further research of sufficiently high quality to be completed.
There is a need for further research into the use of vitamin B6 and magnesium supplements for autistic people. Specifically, there is a need for studies which use robust methodology, for example, large-scale, placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind trials carried out on several sites.
That research should also identify which individuals are most likely to benefit from which formulations and dosages; should determine if vitamin B6 and magnesium supplements can be used as one of the elements within comprehensive, multi-component, treatment models; should compare vitamin B6 and magnesium supplements with other interventions which are designed to achieve similar results, such as special diets.
That research should also identify if vitamin B6 and magnesium supplements have any beneficial or harmful effects in the medium to long term. It should also involve autistic people in the design, development and evaluation of those studies.
There is some evidence that taking excessive amounts of vitamin B6 and magnesium supplements can result in potentially harmful effects, such as nerve damage to the arms and legs, hands and feet.
Because of this, we cannot recommend the use of these supplements. If you are taking any kind of dietary supplements you should follow guidance on their usage from the appropriate organisation in your own country (such as the Food Standards Agency in the UK or the Office of Dietary Supplements in the USA).
Please read our Disclaimer on Autism Interventions |
When I think about companies that are on the cutting-edge of touch technology, I immediately think of Disney Research. Their team seems to come up with innovative ideas nonstop, and they often provide the creativity needed for other companies to take their own ideas into completely different directions. Their newest idea is an incredible example of the power of touch as it relates to technology. They’ve discovered how to harvest energy from a touch, rub or slide of the fingers.
When we want to engage with technology, we typically have to plug a power cord into the wall or add batteries, and then it “works.” Imagine what it would be like to provide the electricity for our everyday objects by simply touching, rubbing or sliding our fingers. In the video example below, you can see a child creating energy on the paper pages of a book.
The only things used to make this possible are a piece of paper, a Teflon sheet, a piece of silver-coated polyester, a few wires, some conductive adhesive and tape. We often mention in our articles here on Bit Rebels about how almost everything in our homes in the future will be interactive. According to this example, that even includes what some people would now call ‘old fashioned books’ that are sitting on your bookshelf.
There are many different applications for this energy-harvesting technology. I’m reminded of the Matrix movie, and how they talk about human beings as batteries. Imagine if we could someday harvest enough electricity from our own bodies to power everything in our lives.
Until that day comes, Disney Research is providing this example for how this technology could be used by a child to engage with a book. The electricity generated by the child’s touch can make the pages light up, make a noise, reveal a hidden design, etc. This is one of those awe-inspiring innovations that I’m sure will spawn a whole truckload of new ideas. If you want to read more about this, you can click over to the Disney Research press release which has all the details. |