Datasets:

littletreee
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PhySciBench

id string	question string	answer string	category string	type string	files list	rubrics list
physci-001	Regarding the Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) experimental results for Ta and Cr doped CsV₃Sb₅ in Figure 1, which of the following statements are correct? Options: A. In the STM topography images at positive bias (Figs. c and e), the observed bright spots correspond to the substitutional Ta or Cr dopant atoms. B. T...	A, E	atomic-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-001.png" ]	null
physci-002	Based on the analysis of the KV3Sb5 crystal structure and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) images (image_1 and image_2), determine which of the following two images corresponds to the antimony (Sb) surface and which to the potassium (K) surface, and analyze the reasons why.	Image_1 is the K surface, and Image_2 is the Sb surface.	atomic-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-002.png", "file-003.png" ]	null
physci-003	Based on the given diffraction pattern, state the crystal system (e.g., cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal) and whether the sample is single-crystalline or polycrystalline	Hexagonal Symmetry and Single Crystallinity	atomic-anwser	multimodal-qa	[ "file-004.png" ]	null
physci-004	image_4_1 is the real-space MIM-Im mapping image of tBLG, and image_4_2 is its magnified view. Please estimate the moiré period length based on the images and then calculate the corresponding twist angle accurately.	The average real-space periodicity is (14.7 ± 0.4) nm, and the twist angle is (0.96 ± 0.03)°.	atomic-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-005.png", "file-006.png" ]	null
physci-005	The image_5_1 is the experimentally obtained ARPES band map, and the following three(imag_5_2,imag_5_3,imag_5_4) are calculated band structures. Which of the latter three corresponds to the first image? Please explain.	image_5_4	atomic-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-007.png", "file-008.png", "file-009.png", "file-010.png" ]	null
physci-006	The provided image illustrates the atomic structures of a thin film grown on a substrate. A detailed analysis of the crystal structure for both the thin film and the substrate is requested. The analysis should include the determination of the following crystallographic parameters for each component:Crystal System，Brava...	1.Substrate Crystal System: Cubic Bravais Lattice: Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Space Group: F-43m (No. 216) Coordination Number: 4 Coordination Polyhedron: Tetrahedron 2.Thin Film Crystal System: Cubic Bravais Lattice: Simple Cubic Space Group: Pm-3m (No. 221) Coordination: For the body-centered orange atom: Coordination...	long-form-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-011.jpg" ]	[ { "criterion1": "Substrate Crystal System, Bravais Lattice, and Space Group", "explanation": "Evaluates whether the response correctly identifies and clearly states the crystal system, Bravais lattice type, and space group for the substrate, in alignment with the reference answer. Full credit requires: (a) ...
physci-007	Answer the questions below based on the figure: 1.What special electronic-structure feature is observed near the K point? Approximately what is the binding energy (in eV) of its energy vertex? 2.Based on (1), what special electronic-structure feature is observed near the M′ point? In panels (f–e), what color arrow indi...	1.A Dirac cone structure is observed near the K point. According to Fig. 1g, the binding energy of its energy vertex (the Dirac point) is about 0.06 eV (or 60 meV). 2.A saddle point, i.e., a van Hove singularity, is observed near the M′ point. In panels (f–e), this feature is indicated by cyan arrows.	long-form-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-012.png" ]	[ { "criterion1": "Identification of K-point feature type", "explanation": "Evaluates whether the response correctly identifies the special electronic-structure feature near the K point as a Dirac cone (or equivalent wording clearly describing a Dirac-like linear band crossing). Answers that name an incorrect...
physci-008	From the ARPES experimental data shown below, determine whether the sample is hole-doped or electron-doped.	n-type doped	atomic-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-013.png" ]	null
physci-009	Please accurately describe the differences between the surface electronic structures of Figure 1 and Figure 2 near the Γ-point.	Figure 1 displays the classic, single, linear Dirac cone surface state found in a topological insulator. In contrast, Figure 2 reveals an unconventional, unidirectional momentum-split surface electronic structure composed of two parabolic bands, which appears in a Kagome metal. The two are fundamentally different in te...	long-form-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-014.png", "file-015.png" ]	[ { "criterion1": "Description of Figure 1 Surface Electronic Structure", "explanation": "Evaluates whether the response correctly and clearly describes the surface electronic structure in Figure 1 near the Γ-point. To score well, the student should identify that Figure 1 shows a single, linear Dirac-cone...
physci-010	Read the paper: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04985-y Figure 6 aims to investigate an effect known as “band bending,” i.e., an overall energy shift of the electronic bands at a material’s surface caused by molecules adsorbed on that surface. The authors performed a “heat–cool–reheat” thermal cycle on the sample in...	Ar gas (as well as N₂) induces a p-type (hole) doping effect in the sample. O₂ gas induces an n-type (electron) doping effect.	long-form-answer	multimodal-qa	[]	[ { "criterion1": "Correct Doping Type for Ar Environment", "explanation": "Evaluates whether the response correctly identifies the effect of Ar gas on the surface charge-carrier concentration. To earn full credit, the answer must explicitly state that Ar (in this experiment) leads to p-type doping (i.e., inc...
physci-011	Read the information in the figure and determine whether the following statement is correct: At 12 T, the phonon mean free path l_{\rm ph} in the low-temperature limit is approximately 15 μm.	Incorrect.	atomic-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-016.png" ]	null
physci-012	Read the article: Topological flat bands in a family of multilayer graphene moiré lattice. Please look at panel e (t1+2) and panel h (t2+4). One is composed of three layers of graphene, and the other consists of six layers. Although the number of layers differs by a factor of two, the bright yellow high-resistance reg...	\nu = 0, \nu = -4, and \nu = +4	atomic-answer	multimodal-qa	[]	null
physci-013	Read the article: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04548-w .List all labeled material layers in the device stack (including electrodes) shown in Figure 1a	Si: The silicon substrate serving as the back-gate electrode. SiO₂: An insulating layer. hBN: Used to encapsulate the TDBG. TDBG: The core active material of the device. M: Metal electrodes located on both sides of the device. Top hBN and monolayer graphene: The monolayer graphene acts as the top-gate electrode.	long-form-answer	multimodal-qa	[]	[ { "criterion1": "Complete Identification of All Labeled Layers", "explanation": "Evaluates whether the response lists all distinct labeled material layers and electrodes shown in Figure 1a as reflected in the reference answer: Si, SiO₂, hBN (encapsulating layer), TDBG, metal electrodes (M), and the top hBN ...
physci-014	The following figure shows the variation of the coherence length with doping concentration. Please read out the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the Present work data points, for example: (4.5 nm, 0.065)	4.5 nm, 0.065), (4.4 nm, 0.070), (2.9 nm, 0.078), (2.5 nm, 0.090), (2.1 nm, 0.110), (2.0 nm, 0.150), (2.4 nm, 0.180), (2.7 nm, 0.202), (2.8 nm, 0.220), (3.0 nm, 0.221), (4.4 nm, 0.240).	atomic-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-017.png" ]	null
physci-015	The figure below shows how the ac magnetic susceptibility \chi_{\mathrm{ac}} varies with temperature T. What is the Curie temperature at a pressure of 0.52 GPa?	2.1 K	atomic-answer	multimodal-qa	[ "file-018.png" ]	null
physci-016	One of the references in this paper investigates the growth of MgO thin films using IBAD technology. Please state the optimal values for deposition rate and ion beam flux mentioned in the article when the ion energy is fixed at 800 eV.	Deposition rate: 0.18 nm/s;ion beam flux: 60 mA	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-019.pdf" ]	null
physci-017	Please search the literature and arrange the following four events in the chronological order of their scientific development: A. Z2classification of three-dimensional topological insulators. B. Realizing a topological phase transition in HgTe quantum wells by varying thickness. C. The Quantum Spin Hall (QSH) state in ...	B、A、C、D	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[]	null
physci-018	Based on this paper and the original articles it cites, which reference numbers in the paper report the band gap of 2H-WTe₂, and what indirect band-gap values do they provide?	References 5, 23, 29, 30: The result is approximately 0.7 eV；Reference 46: The result is 0.97 eV.	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-020.pdf" ]	null
physci-019	Among the six core topics in this article: * Stoichiometric analysis and kinetic extraction (including dwell-time fitting, HMM, Arrhenius analysis) * Environmentally induced reactions (chemical / mechanical / light / plasmon) * Electron-transfer reactions & electron catalysis * Single-molecule redox reactions *...	electrode–molecule coupling homogeneity (i.e., the assumption of a single, uniform electrode-molecule coupling strength)	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-021.pdf" ]	null
physci-020	In the main text and all Supplementary Notes (1–4) of this paper, the authors, in order to prove that the electron–hole asymmetry in graphene can only originate from electron–electron correlations, constructed a multi-layered exclusion framework based on experimental self-energy, band velocity, carrier density calibrat...	Consistency of the Luttinger surface density under charge carrier momentum conservation（Luttinger-consistency of the carrier density）	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-022.pdf" ]	null
physci-021	Use only the following four papers (main text, figures, captions, Methods/Supplement): - Roldán-Molina et al., "Topological spin waves in the atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion crystal" — triangular-lattice J + DMI + anisotropy + field → skyrmion crystal with magnon Chern bands & chiral edge modes. - McClarty, "Topologic...	B>A>E>G>J>F>H>C>K>L>N	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-023.pdf", "file-024.pdf", "file-025.pdf", "file-026.pdf" ]	null
physci-022	(Four-paper integrated mega-sorting · 12-step “from micromagnetics to programmable DW in-memory computing” chain) Use only the following four papers (main text + figures + captions + methods + SI) as ground truth: Parkin 2008 – Magnetic Domain-Wall Racetrack Memory (PARKIN). Gu 2022 – Three-dimensional racetrac...	B>E>A>D>C>F>G>H>I>J>K>L	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-027.pdf", "file-028.pdf", "file-029.pdf", "file-030.pdf" ]	null
physci-023	You may only use the information contained in the following four papers (including main text, figures, captions, Methods and Supplementary where needed): Cao et al., Nature 556, 43–50 (2018) – Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices (abbrev. SC-TBG paper). Cao et al., Nature 556, 80...	N>A>B>C>J>K>D>E>F>G>H>I>M>L	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-031.pdf", "file-032.pdf", "file-033.pdf", "file-034.pdf" ]	null
physci-024	You may only use the following three papers (including their main text, figures, captions, and any brief descriptions of canonical materials in the references) as ground truth: Q. Si & F. Steglich, Heavy fermions and quantum phase transitions, Science 329, 1161 (2010). P. Gegenwart, Q. Si & F. Steglich, Quantum cr...	I: Q3-K3-F4-T1-S1 II: Q2-K1-F2-T2-S2 III: Q2-K4-F2-T3-S2 IV: Q4-K2-F3-T4-S3	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-035.pdf", "file-036.pdf", "file-037.pdf" ]	null
physci-025	Read the four provided papers [1]–[4] (full PDFs are available in the workspace). Each paper discusses one or more materials- and interface-level bottlenecks that currently prevent 2D TMDs from being used in industrial-scale CMOS-like logic technology. However, the bottlenecks addressed by these papers are **not ...	A → { [1] } ; not { [2], [3], [4] } B → { [2] } ; not { [1], [3], [4] } C → { [3] } ; not { [1], [2], [4] } D → { [4] } ; not { [1], [2], [3] } E → { [1], [2], [3] } ; not { [4] } F → { [1], [2], [3], [4] } ; not { }	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-038.pdf", "file-039.pdf", "file-040.pdf", "file-041.pdf", "file-042.pdf", "file-043.pdf" ]	null
physci-026	### Task: Classify Graphene Transport Regimes You are presented with a set of experimental scenarios observed in high-mobility graphene devices. Each scenario is paired with a proposed transport regime (Diffusive / Ballistic / Viscous) and one or more supporting references. Your task is to: 1. Carefully read all the...	C, D, G, H, J, L	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-044.pdf", "file-045.pdf", "file-046.pdf", "file-047.pdf", "file-048.pdf", "file-049.pdf", "file-050.pdf", "file-051.pdf", "file-052.pdf" ]	null
physci-027	Context You are provided with 8 reference documents related to semiclassical transport, Berry curvature, and condensed matter theory. These texts are excerpts from research articles and book chapters. Your task is to determine the correct logical order in which some of these documents contribute to the derivati...	G → C → F → A → D	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-053.pdf", "file-054.pdf", "file-055.pdf", "file-056.pdf", "file-057.pdf", "file-058.pdf", "file-059.pdf", "file-060.pdf", "file-061.pdf", "file-062.pdf" ]	null
physci-028	You are given references A–G, covering multiple transport formalisms: relativistic hydrodynamics, thermo-electric response, plasmon damping, imbalance relaxation, phonon scattering, Boltzmann transport, etc. Some references may be directly relevant to the reasoning, some only indirectly; determine relevance yourself. ...	C	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-063.pdf", "file-064.pdf", "file-065.pdf", "file-066.pdf", "file-067.pdf", "file-068.pdf", "file-069.pdf" ]	null
physci-029	Read the provided literature on lattice strain and answer the following question: CuAg bimetallic electrodes were synthesized through the following two methods: (1) All CuAg bimetallic electrodes were prepared by melting physical mixtures of Cu (99.999%) and Ag (99.999%) in the desired atomic ratios under Ar in a...	indeterminate	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-070.pdf", "file-071.pdf", "file-072.pdf", "file-073.pdf", "file-074.pdf", "file-075.pdf" ]	null
physci-030	A Mott insulator is a class of materials named in honor of the British physicist Sir Nevill F. Mott (recipient of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics). According to conventional band theory, such materials ought to be metallic, but due to strong electron–electron correlations they instead exhibit insulating behavior. In 1...	C	atomic-answer	long-context-qa	[ "file-076.pdf", "file-077.pdf", "file-078.pdf", "file-079.pdf", "file-080.pdf" ]	null
physci-031	Take \lambda = Z = 2, calculate the ground-state magnetic susceptibility of the helium atom.Check values for the Bohr radius a_0, electron charge e, electron mass m_e, Planck’s constant \hbar, and unit conversions,convert to eV/G² (using 1/T^2 = 10^{-8}/G^2)Using the variational hydrogenic wavefunction ψ₀(r) = (λ³/πa₀³...	\alpha_{B}=-1.23\times10^{-18}\ \text{eV}/(\text{G})^{2}.	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[]	null
physci-032	Consider a nucleon moving in the $-z$ direction, described in the Color Glass Condensate effective theory by the colour current \[ J_a^\mu \equiv \delta^{\mu -}\delta(x^+)\rho_a(x_\perp) \] (this form is valid in a frame where the nucleon is very fast). Recall from the solution in Lorenz gauge of the classical Yang–...	\[ \frac{d\sigma}{d^2p_\perp} = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^2}\int d^2X_\perp d^2r_\perp \, e^{-ip_\perp\cdot r_\perp} \frac{1}{N}\,\text{tr}\Big((U(X_\perp+\tfrac{r_\perp}{2})-1)(U^\dagger(X_\perp-\tfrac{r_\perp}{2})-1)\Big). \]	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[ "file-081.pdf" ]	null
physci-033	A quantum mechanical system has eigenvalues and orthonormal eigenfunctions of the energy operator H_{0} given byE_{1} \longrightarrow \psi_{1}, \quad E_{2} \longrightarrow \psi_{2}, \psi_{3}.Suppose the system is subject to a perturbation. In the H_{0} representation, the perturbation operator has the matrix formH’= \b...	\[\begin{aligned}E &= E_{1} + \frac{c^{2} + b^{2}}{E_{1} - E_{2}} + \frac{a(c^{2} - b^{2})}{(E_{1} - E_{2})^{2}}, \\[6pt]E &= E_{2} + a + \frac{c^{2}}{E_{2} - E_{1}} + \frac{b^{2}c^{2}}{2a(E_{2} - E_{1})^{2}} - \frac{ac^{2}}{(E_{2} - E_{1})^{2}}, \\[6pt]E &= E_{2} - a + \frac{b^{2}}{E_{2} - E_{1}} + \frac{ab^{2}}{(E_{2...	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[ "file-082.pdf" ]	null
physci-034	Hamiltonian of a forced harmonic oscillator system: $$\n\hat H=\hat H_0+\hat U,\qquad \hat H_0=\hbar\omega\left(\hat a^\dagger \hat a+ frac{1}{2} ight),\qquad \hat U=\hbar g(\hat a+\hat a^\dagger). $$ The initial state of the system is the ground state $\lvert 0\rangle$ of $\hat H_0$. We can take $\hbar$ as 1 for ease ...	$\\langle p\\rangle = -\\frac{\\sqrt{2}g}{\\omega}\\sin(\\omega t)$	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[]	null
physci-035	Calculate the transmission probability for a particle (energy $E > 0$) through a delta potential barrier \[ V(x) = V_{0}\,\delta(x) \] using the momentum representation.Please search and consult Zeng Jin-Yan, Quantum Mechanics, Vol. I (4th Edition), in the perturbation and scattering-related parts, for references on th...	\[ T=\frac{1}{\left\|1+i\,\dfrac{mV_0}{\hbar^{2}k}\right\|^{2}} =\frac{1}{1+\left(\dfrac{mV_0}{\hbar^{2}k}\right)^{2}} \]	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[ "file-082.pdf" ]	null
physci-036	Using the tight-binding method to treat s-state electrons in a two-dimensional rectangular crystal with lattice constants a (x-direction) and b (y-direction), considering only nearest-neighbor hopping. Due to the spherical symmetry of the s-state wave function, let the hopping integrals be: $$ J(\pm a, 0) = J_1^s, \qu...	Electron effective mass at band bottom (k = 0): $$ m_e^* = \begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{\hbar^2}{2J_1^s a^2} & 0 \\ 0 & -\dfrac{\hbar^2}{2J_2^s b^2} \end{pmatrix} $$ Hole effective mass at band top (k = (π/a, π/b)): $$ m_h^* = -m_e^{\prime *} = \begin{pmatrix} -\dfrac{\hbar^2}{2J_1^s a^2} & 0 \\ 0 & -\dfrac{\hbar^2}{2J_2^s...	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[]	null
physci-037	We consider QED with only photons (thus, it is a free theory). Given a closed contour $\gamma$ in spacetime, we define the following quantity, \[ W_\gamma \equiv \langle 0 \| T \exp \left( i e \int_\gamma dx^\mu \, A_\mu(x) \right) \| 0 \rangle . \] Express it in terms of the photon propagator. Calculate the coordinate s...	\[ W_\gamma=\exp\!\left(-\frac{e^2}{8\pi^2}\int_\gamma \mathrm{d}u^\mu\,\mathrm{d}v^\nu\, \frac{g_{\mu\nu}}{(u-v)^2-i0^+}\right). \]	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[ "file-081.pdf" ]	null
physci-038	Consider a real massless scalar field φ in D = 6 − 2ε dimensions with Lagrangian density: L = ½(∂μφ)² + (λ/3!)φ³ Using dimensional regularization and momentum-subtraction renormalization at the symmetric point p² = q² = (p+q)² = −M², calculate the one-loop β-function β = M ∂λ/∂M.For a detailed derivation of renormali...	\[ \beta = \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} M \frac{\partial}{\partial M}\!\left( \frac{\lambda^3}{8 (4\pi)^3 \epsilon} \left[ 1 - 2\epsilon \ln\!\left(\frac{M}{\mu}\right) + O(\epsilon^2)\right]\right) = -\frac{3 \lambda^3}{4 (4\pi)^3}. \]	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[ "file-081.pdf" ]	null
physci-039	Using a BCFW shift on the lines 3,4, derive an expression of the colour ordered amplitude $1^- 2^- 3^- 4^+ 5^+ 6^+$ that has only two terms.For a systematic treatment of on-shell recursion, spinor-helicity, and factorization used above, see the relevant scattering-amplitudes chapters in François Gelis, Quantum Fiel...	\[ \mathcal{A}_6(1^-2^-3^-4^+5^+6^+) = -\frac{4ig^4}{[2\|P_3+P_4\|5\rangle} \left\{ \frac{\langle 1\|P_2+P_3\|4]^3}{[23]\langle 34\rangle \langle 56\rangle \langle 61\rangle (p_2+p_3+p_4)^2} + \frac{\langle 3\|P_4+P_5\|6]^3}{[61][12]\langle 34\rangle \langle 45\rangle (p_3+p_4+p_5)^2} \right\}. \]	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[ "file-081.pdf" ]	null
physci-040	Write down the Green’s formula for a classical scalar field whose initial condition is set on the time-like surface t = z. A more systematic derivation of the characteristic initial value (Goursat) problem and Green’s formula on light-like hypersurfaces can be found in François Gelis’ Quantum Field Theory, in the chap...	The standard solution is the Green's formula for the Goursat problem on the light-front (t=z). Standard Form (Double-sided derivative): \[\Phi(x) = -i \int_{y^->0} d^4y \, G_R^0(x,y)\, U'(\Phi(y)) + i \int_{y^-=0} dy^+ d^2y_\perp \, G_R^0(x,y)\,\overleftrightarrow{\partial^-}\Phi(y)\] ACCEPT the answer if it matches...	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[ "file-081.pdf" ]	null
physci-041	Calculate the expression in coordinate space of the retarded propagator given below (for m = 0)： \[ \tilde{G}^{0}_{R}(k) =\frac{i}{\left(k_{0}+i0^{+}\right)^{2}-\left(\mathbf{k}^{2}+m^{2}\right)}\ \]See François Gelis, Quantum Field Theory, chapter on Green’s Functions and Causal Propagators for the coordinate-space d...	\[ G_{R}^{0}(x,y) = \pm \frac{i}{2\pi}\theta(r^{0})\delta(r_{0}^{2}-\mathbf{r}^{2}) \, . \]	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[ "file-081.pdf" ]	null
physci-042	It is possible to write field theories with continuous symmetries linking fermions and bosons; such transformations are called supersymmetries.It is possible to write supersymmetric nonlinear field equations by adding cubic and higher-order terms to the Lagrangian. Show that the following rather general field theory, c...	\[ \mathcal{L} = \partial_\mu \phi^* \partial^\mu \phi + \chi^\dagger i \bar{\sigma}^\mu \partial_\mu \chi - g^2 (\phi^* \phi)^2 + i g (\phi \chi^T \sigma^2 \chi - \phi^* \chi^\dagger \sigma^2 \chi^*). \tag{3.50} \]	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[]	null
physci-043	Determine the limiting behavior of the surface tension coefficient $\alpha$ of liquid ammonia near absolute zero, as a function of temperature, and write down the explicit expression (Assume the low-temperature ripplon model of Atkins (1953), originally developed for liquid helium, can be formally applied to liquid am...	$$ \alpha = \alpha_{0} - 0.13 \frac{T^{7/3}}{\hbar^{4/3}} \frac{\rho^{2/3}}{\alpha_{0}^{2/3}}. $$	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[]	null
physci-044	Let the BCS superconducting Hamiltonian under an external magnetic field h be: $$ \hat{H} = \sum_k [(\xi_k + \mu_B h)\hat{C}_{k\uparrow}^{\dagger}\hat{C}_{k\uparrow} + (\xi_k - \mu_B h)\hat{C}_{k\downarrow}^{\dagger}\hat{C}_{k\downarrow}] - \Delta \sum_k (\hat{C}_{k\uparrow}^{\dagger}\hat{C}_{-k\downarrow}^{\dagger} +...	$$ 1 = -g \int \frac{d\vec{k}}{(2\pi)^3} \frac{1}{2E_k} [n_F(\mu_B h + E_k) - n_F(\mu_B h - E_k)] $$	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[]	null
physci-045	In the presence of an external magnetic field h, the BCS Hamiltonian is \[\hat{H} = \sum_k [(\xi_k + \mu_B h)\hat{C}{k\uparrow}^{\dagger}\hat{C}{k\uparrow} + (\xi_k - \mu_B h)\hat{C}{k\downarrow}^{\dagger}\hat{C}{k\downarrow}] - \Delta \sum_k (\hat{C}{k\uparrow}^{\dagger}\hat{C}{-k\downarrow}^{\dagger} + \hat{C}{-k\do...	\[ \begin{aligned} \langle \hat{C}_{k\uparrow}^{\dagger}\hat{C}_{k\uparrow} \rangle &= V\frac{1}{\beta }\sum_{\omega_n} \int \frac{d\vec{k}}{(2\pi)^3} G_{\uparrow\uparrow}(\vec{k}, i\omega_n) e^{i\omega_n \eta} \\ &= \sum_k \big[ u_k^2\, n_F(\mu_B h + E_k)+v_k^2\, n_F(\mu_B h - E_k) \big], \end{aligned} \],\[ \begin{al...	atomic-answer	scientific-reasoning	[]	null
physci-046	I'm reading the Nature paper "Ambient-pressure superconductivity onset above 40 K in (La,Pr)₃Ni₂O₇ films" (Vol. 640, 17 April 2025, pp. 641–646). Please extract all reported superconducting parameters from the main text and figure captions. The parameters to extract are: - Sample chemical composition - Substrate (typ...	{ "Sample chemical composition": "La2.85Pr0.15Ni2O7", "Substrate": "SrLaAlO4 (001), ~2% in-plane compressive strain", "Film thickness (nm)": 6.6, "Tc_onset (K)": 45, "Tc_zero (K)": "NA", "TBKT (K)": 9, "TM (K)": 8.5, "Out-of-plane critical field Bc⊥ (T, 90%)": 68, "In-plane critical field Bc∥ (T, 90%)...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-047	I’ve been looking into McCrone et al.’s 2003 study on doped RuSr₂GdCu₂O₈ about magneto-transport properties, which you can find online from open-access sources(such as arxiv). I’d like you to pull out a specific subset of the samples discussed there. Please go through the whole paper carefully and focus only on sampl...	[ { "composition": "Ru0.975Sn0.025Sr2GdCu2O8", "dopant_element": "Sn", "doping_level_percent": 2.5, "datasets_reported": ["rho_T", "Hall_RH_T", "TEP_S_T"], "superconductivity": "Yes", "Tc_onset_K": 40.5 }, { "composition": "Ru0.925Sn0.075Sr2GdCu2O8", "dopant_element": "Sn", "do...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-048	I’m reading the PRX paper “Many-Body Electronic Structure of NdNiO₂ and CaCuO₂”. I’m mainly interested in what is described in the main text and figure captions. Does it include a summary table with the bandwidth (W) and hopping parameters (e.g., t, t′, t″, tz, and any Ni–Nd hybridization terms such as tNi–Nd³ᶻ²⁻ʳ² and...	NdNiO₂,3.01,−0.357,0.091,−0.043,−0.032,0.023,0.012 CaCuO₂,4.14,−0.469,0.100,−0.090,−0.054,null,null	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-049	I need your assistance with analyzing a Phys. Rev. B study on the two-dimensional nature of superconductivity in Li-intercalated nitride-chloride systems (LixZrNCl and LixHfNCl). Please locate this study and extract the quantitative superconducting parameters reported for each sample composition listed in the main text...	[ { "sample_name": "Li₀.₁₇ZrNCl", "host_system": "ZrNCl", "intercalant_type": "Li", "c0_div3_Angstrom": "9.4", "Tc_K": "14.2", "lambda_ab_muSR_Angstrom": "3700", "lambda_ab_M_Angstrom": "4700", "kappa": "56", "Hc2_parallel_c_T": "4.7", "xi_ab_Angstrom": "83" }, { "sampl...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-050	For a recent analysis on electron–phonon coupling effects, I’m compiling quantitative Raman-scattering data from the paper “Measurements of Raman scattering by electrons in metals: The effects of electron–phonon coupling.” Please go through the main text, figure captions, and tables, but do not need to refer to numeric...	[ { "element_or_compound": "Al", "lambda_exp": "0.26", "Gamma_exp_cm-1": "375", "qualitative_coupling_category": "weak" }, { "element_or_compound": "Mo", "lambda_exp": "0.33", "Gamma_exp_cm-1": "450", "qualitative_coupling_category": "weak" }, { "element_or_compound": "Nb", "lambda_exp": "1.15", "Gamma_exp_c...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-051	We are analyzing how structural vacancy ordering correlates with superconducting behavior in Fe-based layered compounds. Around 2011, a research group from USTC reported that several alkali- and thallium-intercalated Fe–Se single crystals exhibited both superconductivity and high-temperature antiferromagnetic ordering....	[ { "sample_name": "K0.8Fe2−ySe2", "Tc_onset_K": 31.5, "Tc_zero_K": 30.5, "Thump_K": 170, "TN_K": 540, "TS_K": 551 }, { "sample_name": "Rb0.8Fe2−ySe2", "Tc_onset_K": 32.0, "Tc_zero_K": 31.5, "Thump_K": 250, "TN_K": 534, "TS_K": 540 }, { "sample_name": "Cs0.8...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-052	A 2013 study on universal scaling relations in superconductors investigated whether organic and other exotic materials follow the same empirical relation among the superconducting penetration depth (λₛ), DC conductivity (σdc), and critical temperature (Tc). The authors compared results obtained from different spectrosc...	[ { "sample_name": "(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2", "sigma_dc_Ohm_inv_cm": 3800, "lambda_s_micrometer": 0.8, "Tc_K": 8.6, "measurement_technique": "MW SI (35 GHz)", "reference_ID": "[19]", "consistent_measurement": "yes", "on_scaling_line": "true" }, { "sample_name": "(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-053	A 2008 study used high-field magnetization and μSR measurements to determine exchange parameters in quasi-two-dimensional Heisenberg magnets of the form [Cu(HF2)(pyz)2]X. For each compound, the paper reports the saturation field Bc, the in-plane exchange J, and the ordering temperature TN, and uses these values to esti...	[ { "compound": "[Cu(HF2)(pyz)2]BF4", "anion": "BF4−", "Bc_T": 18.0, "g_factor": 2.13, "J_K": 6.3, "TN_K": 1.54, "Jperp_over_J": 9e-4, "dimensionality_rank": "highest_2D" }, { "compound": "[Cu(HF2)(pyz)2]ClO4", "anion": "ClO4−", "Bc_T": 19.1, "g_factor": 2.30, "...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-054	A 2009 optical study reconstructs the electron–boson "glue" function P̃(ω) from normal-state infrared conductivity for ten cuprates, and tabulates room-temperature strong-coupling parameters per sample (doping x, Tc, ħωp, ħω̃, λ, plus the split into peak ≤100 meV and continuum ≥100 meV, with corresponding Tc_pk and Tc_...	family,sample_label,doping_x,Tc_K,omega_p_eV,omega_tilde_meV,lambda_total,lambda_pk,lambda_cnt,Tc_pk_K,Tc_cnt_K,dominant_channel Bi-2201,UD0,0.09,0,1.75,,,,,,, Bi-2201,UD1,0.11,10,1.77,70,2.96,2.85,0.11,160,5,peak Bi-2201,OpD,0.16,35,1.92,81,2.95,2.47,0.48,140,116,peak Bi-2201,OD,0.22,0,1.93,103,1.42,0.95,0.47,64,113,c...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-055	A 2010 crystallographic study determined effective atomic radii in the iron-arsenide family REFeAsO (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb) using a hard-sphere model. The table lists r_RE, r_Fe, r_As, half_a, and r_O (in pm). Based on those values, note that r_As and r_Fe remain nearly constant, while r_RE decreases with inc...	RE,r_RE_pm,r_Fe_pm,r_As_pm,half_a_pm,r_O_pm,trend_type La,143.42,46.76,194.42,201.84,93.12,null Ce,139.28,46.11,194.46,200.29,95.10,decreasing Pr,137.62,45.72,194.66,199.45,95.15,decreasing Nd,136.06,45.37,194.57,198.57,95.45,decreasing Sm,133.17,44.81,194.86,197.35,95.97,decreasing Gd,130.50,44.20,194.94,196.00,96.50,...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-056	A 2004 experimental study investigated field-induced quantum fluctuations and competing orders in several hole- and electron-doped cuprate superconductors. For each compound discussed (La-112, NCCO, PCCO, Y-123, Bi-2212, Hg-1234), the authors compared the irreversibility field H*, the upper critical field Hc2, and thei...	compound,Tc_K,Hc2_T,Hstar_T,hstar_ratio,proximity_to_QCP Hg-1234,125,500,,,closest La-112,43,,,,closest Bi-2212,93,,,0.45,intermediate PCCO,21,,,0.53,intermediate NCCO,21,,,,intermediate Y-123,93,,,,farther	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-057	Find the 2005 study that analyzed the universal scaling relation between the superfluid stiffness (1/λ²) and the normal-state conductivity σ₀ in molecular superconductors. The work compared several families including quasi-one-dimensional (TMTSF) salts, quasi-two-dimensional BEDT/BETS-based charge-transfer salts, and t...	material,dimensionality,Tc_K,lambda_um,sigma0_1e3_S_cm,inv_lambda2_um_inv2,sigma0_S_cm,gamma_e_tilde kappa-BETS2GaCl4,2D,0.16,2.3,250,0.189,250000,0.000 (TMTSF)2ClO4,q1D,1.1,1.27,39,0.620,39000,0.000 alpha-ET2NH4Hg(SCN)4,2D,1.1,1.1,36,0.826,36000,0.000 beta-ET2IBr2,2D,2.2,0.90,26,1.235,26000,0.000 lambda-BETS2GaCl4,2D,...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-058	Identify the early high-field experimental study (circa 2008–2009) that analyzed Pauli-limited behaviour of the upper critical field in FeAs-based superconductors, comparing a clean LaO₀․₉₃F₀․₀₇FeAs sample with an As-deficient LaO₀․₉F₀․₁FeAs₁₋δ sample prepared using tantalum-foil wrapping during final annealing (which ...	{ "As_deficient_sample": { "Tc_K": 28.5, "(dBc2/dT)_Tc_T_per_K": -5.4, "B_c2(0)_T": 106, "alpha_Maki": 1.31, "Bp_c2(0)_T": 63, "PLB_observed": true, "H_orientation": "H∥ab" }, "Clean_reference_sample": { "Tc_K": 25.0, "(dBc2/dT)_Tc_T_per_K": -2.9, "B_c2(0)_T": 45, "al...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-059	Identify the early high-field local-probe transport study on iron-pnictide superconductors that decomposes the critical current density into a field-independent collective pinning term and a low-field defect term, compares charge-doped 1111/122 compounds to isovalently substituted BaFe₂(As₁₋ₓPₓ)₂, and infers quasiparti...	{ "compounds": [ { "name": "PrFeAsO1-y", "doping_type": "charge_doped", "collective_pinning_detected": true, "beta_range_low": 0.5, "beta_range_high": 0.63, "sigma_tr_A2": 6.7, "sigma_tr_A2_upper_bound": null, "sin_delta0": 0.3, "mean_free_path_l_nm": 10, ...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-060	Identify the ultrafast pump-probe study that compared nonthermal destruction of superconductivity and melting of charge-density-wave (CDW) order under femtosecond laser excitation. From that work, extract quantitative parameters for representative materials, distinguishing superconductors (SC) and CDW compounds. Return...	{ "superconductors": [ { "name": "La1.85Sr0.15CuO4", "category": "SC", "Tc_or_Tm_K": 38.5, "FT_uJ_per_cm2": 5.8, "lambda_op_nm": 150, "Uv_K_per_atom": 2.6, "Uc_K_per_atom": 0.3, "Uv_to_Uc_ratio": 8.5, "tau_ps": 0.9, "dominant_destruction_mechanism": "pho...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-061	Identify the ARPES study that systematically compared dopant-induced scattering and bandwidth control across multiple Fe-based superconductor families. The paper analyzes (i) band-selective scattering strongest on the dxy-derived γ band, and (ii) universal bandwidth control governing superconductivity through a bandwid...	{ "series": [ { "name": "LiFe1-xCoxAs", "dopant_site": "Fe", "doping_type": "electron", "gamma_band_scattering": "strong", "bandwidth_trend": "increase", "bond_length_trend": "decrease", "scattering_absent_statement": null, "notes": "Co@Fe strongest", "consist...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-062	Identify the mid-2010s single-crystal study on the RPdBi half-Heusler family that combines (i) non-centrosymmetric superconductivity at an extremely low carrier density (~10¹⁹ cm⁻³), (ii) type-II antiferromagnetic order at Q = (½, ½, ½) for selected rare-earth members, and (iii) a de Gennes scaling trend in which Tₙ in...	{ "samples": [ { "sample": "YPdBi", "Hc2_0_T": 2.7, "alpha_WHH_equiv": 0.82, "exceeds_orbital_limit": true, "Hc2_linear_down_to_T_over_Tc": 0.20, "Pauli_limit_relation": "comparable", "AFM_Q": null, "TN_K": null, "topology_expected": "trivial" }, { ...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-063	Identify the early-2000s experimental study that investigated low-temperature thermal conductivity in magnetic superconductors of the RNi₂B₂C borocarbide family (R = Y, Lu, Tm, Er, Ho, Dy), focusing on how superconductivity coexists or competes with local-moment magnetism. The work compared nonmagnetic and magnetic mem...	{ "samples": [ { "sample": "YNi2B2C", "Tc_K": 15.6, "TN_K": null, "kappa_peak_ratio": 0.60, "phonon_suppression_below_TN": false, "electronic_contribution_fraction": 0.35, "scattering_dominant_mechanism": "electron-phonon", "magnetism_effect_on_Tc": "none" }, { "sample": "ErNi2B2C", "Tc_K": 11.0, "TN_K":...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-064	Identify the experimental–computational study on transition-metal diborides TMB₂ (TM = Ti, V, Ta, Nb, Y) that measured generalized phonon density-of-states (GDOS) by inelastic neutron scattering on polycrystalline ¹¹B-based samples, compared with ab-initio DFT calculations (mixed-basis pseudopotentials), and derived is...	compound,a_A,c_A,a_opt_A,c_opt_A,MB_A,BB_A,sigma_over_m_barn_per_amu,E2g_meV,B1g_meV,lambda,omega_log_meV,Tc_mu013_K,N0_states_per_cell_spin,superconductivity_comment TaB2,3.08,3.27,3.08,3.27,2.42,1.80,0.033,100.6,68.8,0.79,25.8,10.6,0.452,modest_coupling_low_ωlog VB2,2.998,3.056,2.979,2.995,2.30,1.77,0.098,114.9,69.6,...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-065	Identify the early-2000s theoretical–experimental analysis that re-evaluated the temperature dependence of the upper critical field Hc₂(T) in high-Tc cuprate superconductors using a scaling of reversible magnetization M(H,T), while introducing a correction for a temperature-dependent Ginzburg–Landau parameter κ(T). Th...	sample_id,compound,crystal_type,Tc_K,group_label,kappa_assumption_effect,hc2_norm_ref_tempK,hc2_slope_near_Tc,curve_shape,notable_features,reference_number Bi#1,Bi2.12Sr1.9Ca1.2Cu1.96O8+x,single crystal,86.9,group2,minor,70,linear,downward_curvature,curves_identical_for_kappa_variants,7 Bi#2,Bi2.12Sr1.9Ca1.2Cu1.96O8+...	long-form-answer	structured-information-extraction	[]	null
physci-066	### Question Modeling the Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field # Problem Description Model the motion of a charged particle (mass m = 9.1 × 10^(-31) kg, charge q = -1.6 × 10^(-19) C) in a uniform magnetic field by Python. The magnetic field is aligned along the z-axis with a strength B = 0.1 T. The...	import numpy as np def particle_position_at_time(velocity, position, magnet_field, mass, charge, t): """ velocity: np.array shape (1,3) position: np.array shape (1,3) magnet_field: np.array shape (1,3) mass: float charge: float t: time in seconds (float) Returns: np.array shape (3,) pos...	long-form-answer	code-generation	[]	null
physci-067	### Question Calculating the Photonic Band Structure of a Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal with Broken Inversion Symmetry # Problem Description Please write a Python script to design a two-dimensional photonic crystal with a triangular lattice of dielectric rods with a permittivity of ε = 12. Within the real-space uni...	import numpy as np from numpy import pi, sqrt import math # Try to import efficient symmetric eigensolver try: from scipy.linalg import eigh eigh_func = eigh except Exception: # fallback to numpy.linalg.eig (less optimal for hermitian matrices but acceptable) eigh_func = np.linalg.eig # --------------...	long-form-answer	code-generation	[]	null
physci-068	### Question Simulating Exciton Dynamics in a Quantum Dot with Phonon Assistance # Problem Description Please write a Python script to model the dynamics of an exciton (an electron-hole pair) in a quantum dot interacting with a phonon reservoir. The system's evolution is governed by a Lindblad master equation: \frac{...	import numpy as np import math from scipy.linalg import expm # Physical constants hbar = 1.054571817e-34 # Js eV = 1.602176634e-19 # J kB = 1.380649e-23 # J/K # Given/problem parameters Delta_meV = 0.1 # meV (interpreted as energy splitting Δ_E = ħΔ) Delta_J = Delta_meV 1e-3 * eV # convert ...	long-form-answer	code-generation	[]	null
physci-069	### Question Electronic Transport in Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbon # Problem Description Please write a Python script to simulate the electronic transport properties of a zigzag graphene nanoribbon (ZGNR) using the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method. The system consists of a central scattering region connecte...	import numpy as np from scipy import linalg # physical constants e_charge = 1.602176634e-19 # C h_planck = 6.62607015e-34 # J*s # tight-binding parameters (eV) t_ev = -2.7 t = t_ev # geometry parameters a_cc = 1.42e-10 # m (C-C bond length) N = 2 # ribbon width (zigzag chains) M = 10 # numbe...	long-form-answer	code-generation	[]	null
physci-070	### Question Spatiotemporal Chaos in Coupled Pendulum Array # Problem Description Please write a Python script to investigate spatiotemporal chaos in a one-dimensional array of N coupled pendulums. Each pendulum experiences gravitational potential and harmonic coupling with its nearest neighbors. The equations of moti...	import numpy as np from scipy.integrate import solve_ivp # Parameters N = 10 alpha = 0.01 t_max = 500.0 dt = 0.1 t_eval = np.arange(0, t_max + dt, dt) theta0 = np.linspace(0.01, 0.1, N) omega0 = np.zeros(N) y0 = np.concatenate([theta0, omega0]) def coupled_pendulum(t, y, k): theta = y[:N] omega = y[N:] dt...	long-form-answer	code-generation	[]	null
physci-071	### Question Pattern Formation in Reaction-Diffusion System # Problem Description Write a Python script to study pattern formation in a one-dimensional Gray-Scott reaction-diffusion system. The system consists of two chemical species U and V with the following equations: ∂U_i/∂t = D_u(U_{i+1} - 2U_i + U_{i-1}) - U_iV_...	import numpy as np # Parameters N = 12 Du = 0.16 Dv = 0.08 F = 0.04 k = 0.06 dt = 0.1 t_max = 10.0 steps = int(t_max / dt) # Initialize concentrations U = np.ones(N) V = 0.5 + 0.01 * np.arange(1, N + 1) # Time evolution for _ in range(steps): U_new = U.copy() V_new = V.copy() for i in range(N): l...	long-form-answer	code-generation	[]	null
physci-072	### Question Critical Temperature of Ferromagnetic Ising Chain # Problem Description Write a Python script to calculate the critical temperature of a one-dimensional ferromagnetic Ising chain with nearest-neighbor coupling. The Hamiltonian is: H = -J Σ⟨i,j⟩ S_i S_j, where S_i = ±1 are spin variables and J > 0 is the f...	import numpy as np def critical_temperature_ising_1d(J, k_B=1.0): """ 计算一维Ising链的临界温度根据精确解，一维Ising链没有有限温度相变，临界温度为0 """ return 0.0 # 计算不同耦合强度的临界温度 J_values = [1.0, 2.0] results = [] for J in J_values: T_c = critical_temperature_ising_1d(J) results.append((J, T_c)) print(f"Coupling str...	long-form-answer	code-generation	[]	null
physci-073	### Question Quantum Wavefunction Evolution in Coupled Quantum Wells # Problem Description Write a Python script to investigate quantum wavefunction evolution in a one-dimensional array of N coupled quantum wells. Each well has a finite potential barrier, and the wavefunctions couple through quantum tunneling. The tim...	import numpy as np # Parameters N = 6 ħ = 1.0 m = 1.0 V_i = 0.5 k = 0.8 σ = 0.2 dt = 0.01 t_final = 10.0 def initialize_wavefunctions(): # 每个阱的位置 x_positions = np.arange(N) # 均匀分布的相位 phases = np.linspace(0, np.pi/4, N) # 初始化波函数 ψ = np.zeros(N, dtype=complex) # 在每个阱中心放置高斯波包 fo...	long-form-answer	code-generation	[]	null

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PhySciBench

PhySciBench is a benchmark for evaluating deep-research capabilities in the physical sciences, introduced in "Deep Research in Physical Sciences: A Multi-Agent Framework and Comprehensive Benchmark" (arXiv:2606.18648).

📖 Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.18648
💻 Code & evaluation: https://github.com/yigengjiang/physci-deepresearch

Overview

PhySciBench comprises 200 expert-curated questions (a single test split), balanced between physics and chemistry, spanning six task categories (the type field) that reflect real-world scientific workflows:

multimodal-qa — perception and reasoning over scientific figures
long-context-qa — synthesis across full documents and supplementary materials
structured-information-extraction — schema-conformant parsing into JSON/CSV
scientific-reasoning — multi-step, principle-grounded derivation
experimental-design — procedurally complete synthesis/characterization protocols
code-generation — executable computational implementations

State-of-the-art systems struggle: the strongest baseline, Gemini Deep Research, reaches only 33.5% accuracy.

Files

physcibench.json — 200 records (the test split; the scorable metadata).
files/ — referenced figures and source PDFs (141 files). The official scorer is fully functional on physcibench.json alone.

Record schema

Field	Description
`id`	Unique id, e.g. `physci-001`
`question`	The question text
`answer`	Ground-truth answer
`category`	Reporting label (`long-form-answer` / `atomic-answer`)
`type`	Task category (one of the six above)
`files`	Referenced figure/PDF filenames under `files/`
`rubrics`	Scoring rubric (for rubric-graded items; `null` otherwise)

Usage

from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
import json

path = hf_hub_download("littletreee/PhySciBench", "physcibench.json", repo_type="dataset")
data = json.load(open(path))
print(len(data), "records")

For the official LLM-as-judge evaluation pipeline (predictions.jsonl → metrics.json), see the GitHub repository.

License & usage

The evaluation code (on GitHub) is licensed under Apache-2.0.

PhySciBench is only used for academic research. Commercial use in any form is prohibited. The copyright of all third-party materials in files/ (papers, figures, tables, excerpts, datasets, and supplementary materials) belongs to their original owners and remains under their original copyrights and licenses; these are not covered by the PhySciBench license unless explicitly stated. If there is any infringement in PhySciBench, please email yigengjiang@gmail.com and we will remove it immediately. Without prior approval, you cannot distribute, publish, copy, disseminate, or modify PhySciBench in whole or in part. You must strictly comply with the above restrictions.

Citation

If you find our work helpful for your research, please consider citing our work.

@article{jiang2026physcidr,
  title   = {Deep Research in Physical Sciences: A Multi-Agent Framework and Comprehensive Benchmark},
  author  = {Jiang, Yigeng and Yang, Tengchao and Cui, Taoyong and Wan, Jiaxing and Wang, Yuan and Wang, Weida and Liu, Zhiyu and Peng, Chuyi and Luo, Binzhao and Gao, Maoli and Huang, Huaihai and Zeng, Yuqianer and Zheng, Ziyang and Huang, Dongchen and Chen, Chao and Liu, Zichao and Shen, Weiping and Pu, Shuchen and Zhou, Siyu and Ma, Runmin and Hu, Yusong and Chao, Fei and Zhang, Bo and Zheng, Xiawu and Wang, Zifu and Bai, Lei and Cai, Yunqi and Zhang, Shufei},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.18648},
  year    = {2026}
}

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Paper for littletreee/PhySciBench

Deep Research in Physical Sciences: A Multi-Agent Framework and Comprehensive Benchmark

Paper • 2606.18648 • Published 5 days ago