Chunk-level Retrieval Eval
Collection
Contextualized chunk-level (query2chunk) retrieval eval for the Citras benchmark. • 23 items • Updated
chunk_id string | chunk string | source_url string | title string | chunk_idx int64 | chunk_start_char int64 | chunk_end_char int64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0377f7ec-d481-4bb2-a878-5d279a2a11fe::0 | LCMV infections can occur after exposure to fresh urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting materials from infected rodents. Transmission may also occur when these materials are directly introduced into broken skin, the nose, the eyes, or the mouth, or presumably, via the bite of an infected rodent. Person-to-person transm... | 0377f7ec-d481-4bb2-a878-5d279a2a11fe | 0 | 0 | 467 | |
2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9::0 | LCMV is most commonly recognized as causing neurological disease, as its name implies, though infection without symptoms or mild febrile illnesses are more common clinical manifestations.
For infected persons who do become ill, onset of symptoms usually occurs 8-13 days after exposure to the virus as ... | 2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9 | 0 | 0 | 549 | |
2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9::1 | Other symptoms appearing less frequently include sore throat, cough, joint pain, chest pain, testicular pain, and parotid (salivary gland) pain.
Following a few days of recovery, a second phase of illness may occur. Symptoms may consist of meningitis (fever, headache, stiff neck, etc.), encephalitis (... | 2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9 | 1 | 550 | 1,032 | |
2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9::2 | LCMV has also been known to cause acute hydrocephalus (increased fluid on the brain), which often requires surgical shunting to relieve increased intracranial pressure. In rare instances, infection results in myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord) and presents with symptoms such as muscle weakness, paralysis, or ch... | 2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9 | 2 | 1,033 | 1,619 | |
2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9::3 | No chronic infection has been described in humans, and after the acute phase of illness, the virus is cleared from the body. However, as in all infections of the central nervous system, particularly encephalitis, temporary or permanent neurological damage is possible. Nerve deafness and arthritis have been reported.
... | 2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9 | 3 | 1,620 | 2,218 | |
2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9::4 | Infants infected In utero can have many serious and permanent birth defects, including vision problems, mental retardation, and hydrocephaly (water on the brain). Pregnant women may recall a flu-like illness during pregnancy, or may not recall any illness.
LCM is usually not fatal. In general, mortali... | 2f249bba-2201-424f-8515-182cd5272cd9 | 4 | 2,219 | 2,558 | |
935eb313-ccf5-4135-9de6-f6b9cfb6a8f5::0 | Individuals of all ages who come into contact with urine, feces, saliva, or blood of wild mice are potentially at risk for infection. Owners of pet mice or hamsters may be at risk for infection if these animals originate from colonies that were contaminated with LCMV, or if their animals are infected from other wild mi... | 935eb313-ccf5-4135-9de6-f6b9cfb6a8f5 | 0 | 0 | 708 | |
f28f93b1-0df2-47cf-9349-e85683402cf8::0 | During the first phase of the disease, the most common laboratory abnormalities are a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Liver enzymes in the serum may also be mildly elevated. After the onset of neurological disease during the second phase, an increase in protein level... | f28f93b1-0df2-47cf-9349-e85683402cf8 | 0 | 0 | 556 | |
f28f93b1-0df2-47cf-9349-e85683402cf8::1 | Virus can be detected by PCR or virus isolation in the CSF at during the acute stage of illness. | f28f93b1-0df2-47cf-9349-e85683402cf8 | 1 | 557 | 653 | |
8e253cda-fa64-4f77-ae17-e1d8774f96bb::0 | Aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis requires hospitalization and supportive treatment based on severity. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, may be considered under specific circumstances. Although studies have shown that ribavirin, a drug used to treat several other viral diseases, i... | 8e253cda-fa64-4f77-ae17-e1d8774f96bb | 0 | 0 | 446 | |
e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771::0 | LCMV infection can be prevented by avoiding contact with wild mice and taking precautions when handling pet rodents (i.e. mice, hamsters, or guinea pigs).
Rarely, pet rodents may become infected with LCMV from wild rodents. Breeders, pet stores, and pet owners should take measures to prevent infestati... | e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771 | 0 | 0 | 612 | |
e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771::1 | If you have a rodent infestation in and around your home, take the following precautions to reduce the risk of LCMV infection:
- Seal up rodent entry holes or gaps with steel wool, lath metal, or caulk.
- Trap rats and mice by using an appropriate snap trap.
- Clean up rodent food sources and nesting sites and ... | e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771 | 1 | 631 | 1,173 | |
e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771::2 | - Do not stir up dust by vacuuming, sweeping, or any other means.
- Thoroughly wet contaminated areas with a bleach solution or household disinfectant.
- Hypochlorite (bleach) solution: Mix 1 and 1/2 cups of household bleach in 1 gallon of water.
- Once everything is wet, take up contaminated materials with... | e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771 | 2 | 1,178 | 1,745 | |
e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771::3 | - Remove the gloves and thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water (or waterless alcohol-based hand rubs when soap is not available and hands are not visibly soiled).
The geographic distributions of the rodent hosts are widespread both domestically and abroad. However, infrequent recognitio... | e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771 | 3 | 1,750 | 2,384 | |
e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771::4 | Increasing physician awareness will improve disease recognition and reporting, which may lead to better characterization of the natural history and the underlying immunopathological mechanisms of disease, and stimulate future therapeutic research and development. | e273d4a7-96e7-4d03-848c-7bf991820771 | 4 | 2,385 | 2,648 | |
aca185f2-ebc5-4ce6-8298-9b1ba5a36474::0 | Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the parasite Taenia solium. This infection occurs after a person swallows tapeworm eggs. The larvae get into tissues such as muscle and brain, and form cysts there (these are called cysticerci). When cysts are found in the brain, the condition is called neurocystic... | aca185f2-ebc5-4ce6-8298-9b1ba5a36474 | 0 | 0 | 328 | |
679ad3a7-8b69-461e-96c1-c32f3051a534::0 | Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larvae of the tapeworm, Taenia solium. A person with an adult tapeworm, which lives in the person’s gut, sheds eggs in the stool. The infection with the adult tapeworm is called taeniasis. A pig then eats the eggs in the stool. The eggs develop into larvae inside the pig a... | 679ad3a7-8b69-461e-96c1-c32f3051a534 | 0 | 0 | 525 | |
679ad3a7-8b69-461e-96c1-c32f3051a534::1 | The larvae then come out of their cysts in the human gut and develop into adult tapeworms, completing the cycle.
People get cysticercosis when they swallow eggs that are excreted in the stool of people with the adult tapeworm. This may happen when people
- Drink water or eat food contaminated with tapewo... | 679ad3a7-8b69-461e-96c1-c32f3051a534 | 1 | 526 | 1,059 | |
679ad3a7-8b69-461e-96c1-c32f3051a534::2 | People who have tapeworm infections can infect themselves with the eggs and develop cysticercosis (this is called autoinfection). They can also infect other people if they have poor hygiene and contaminate food or water that other people swallow. People who live with someone who has a tapeworm infection in their intest... | 679ad3a7-8b69-461e-96c1-c32f3051a534 | 2 | 1,060 | 1,552 | |
679ad3a7-8b69-461e-96c1-c32f3051a534::3 | Both taeniasis and cysticercosis are most often found in rural areas of developing countries with poor sanitation, where pigs roam freely and eat human feces. Taeniasis and cysticercosis are rare among persons who live in countries where pigs are not raised and in countries where pigs do not have contact with human fec... | 679ad3a7-8b69-461e-96c1-c32f3051a534 | 3 | 1,553 | 2,044 | |
222c486b-1ba3-4c39-8873-1f733c4066b3::0 | If you think that you may have cysticercosis, please see your health care provider. Your health care provider will ask you about your symptoms, where you have travelled, and what kinds of foods you eat. The diagnosis of neurocysticercosis usually requires MRI or CT brain scans. Blood tests may be useful to help diagnos... | 222c486b-1ba3-4c39-8873-1f733c4066b3 | 0 | 0 | 604 | |
222c486b-1ba3-4c39-8873-1f733c4066b3::1 | More on: Taeniasis
More on: Resources for Health Professionals: Diagnosis | 222c486b-1ba3-4c39-8873-1f733c4066b3 | 1 | 610 | 686 | |
c8fc0c89-b9a7-478f-8334-fb956e09d4de::0 | Some people with cysticercosis do not need to be treated. There are medications available to treat cysticercosis for those who do need treatment. Sometimes surgery may be needed. Your doctor will advise you on which treatment is best for you.
More on: Resources for Health Professionals: Treatment
More on: Tae... | c8fc0c89-b9a7-478f-8334-fb956e09d4de | 0 | 0 | 326 | |
3652603f-30c4-4083-9771-11c11564be73::0 | To prevent cysticercosis, the following precautions should be taken:
- Wash your hands with soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food
- Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection
- Wash and peel all raw vegetables and fruits befor... | 3652603f-30c4-4083-9771-11c11564be73 | 0 | 0 | 625 | |
3652603f-30c4-4083-9771-11c11564be73::1 | iodine tablets in the filtered water; "absolute 1 micron" filters can be found in camping and outdoor supply stores
More on: Handwashing
More on: Food and Water Safety | 3652603f-30c4-4083-9771-11c11564be73 | 1 | 625 | 815 | |
f165f3f9-5603-4724-bddc-135d15572a38::0 | Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the intestine of humans and can cause intestinal disease. The name is derived from the worm’s distinctive whip-like shape. | f165f3f9-5603-4724-bddc-135d15572a38 | 0 | 0 | 225 | |
42d6925d-a37f-49d9-8b07-86b198988c2c::0 | Whipworm is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) and is the third most common roundworm of humans. Whipworm causes an infection called trichuriasis and often occurs in areas where human feces is used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens. The worms are spread from person to person by fecal-oral transmission ... | 42d6925d-a37f-49d9-8b07-86b198988c2c | 0 | 0 | 588 | |
42d6925d-a37f-49d9-8b07-86b198988c2c::1 | Trichuriasis also occurs in the southern United States. | 42d6925d-a37f-49d9-8b07-86b198988c2c | 1 | 589 | 644 | |
514af5c5-5488-4489-b65c-577b1b6c3366::0 | The standard method for diagnosing the presence of whipworm is by microscopically identifying whipworm eggs in a stool sample. Because eggs may be difficult to find in light infections, a concentration procedure is recommended. | 514af5c5-5488-4489-b65c-577b1b6c3366 | 0 | 0 | 227 | |
13a52913-27e0-41e9-b208-06a820efc761::0 | Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms), such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment. Infections are generally treated for 3 days. The recommended medications are effective. Health care providers may decide to repeat a stool exam after treatment. Iron supple... | 13a52913-27e0-41e9-b208-06a820efc761 | 0 | 0 | 452 | |
2595c0f7-8b7c-4b53-8898-06a58a14da62::0 | The best way to prevent whipworm infection is to always:
- Avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human feces, including where human fecal matter ("night soil") or wastewater is used to fertilize crops.
- Wash your hands with soap and warm water before handling food.
- Teach children the... | 2595c0f7-8b7c-4b53-8898-06a58a14da62 | 0 | 0 | 657 | |
2595c0f7-8b7c-4b53-8898-06a58a14da62::1 | - Effective sewage disposal systems. | 2595c0f7-8b7c-4b53-8898-06a58a14da62 | 1 | 663 | 699 | |
ef498e4a-b408-40e7-8b8e-8ef0b977d012::0 | Marine toxins are naturally occurring chemicals that can contaminate certain seafood. The seafood contaminated with these chemicals frequently looks, smells, and tastes normal. When humans eat such seafood, disease can result. | ef498e4a-b408-40e7-8b8e-8ef0b977d012 | 0 | 0 | 226 | |
72fc85ec-7ccb-4ad5-b418-769f9b589502::0 | Diagnosis of marine toxin poisoning is generally based on symptoms and a history of recently eating a particular kind of seafood. Laboratory testing for the specific toxin in patient samples is generally not necessary because this requires special techniques and equipment available in only specialized laboratories. If ... | 72fc85ec-7ccb-4ad5-b418-769f9b589502 | 0 | 0 | 556 | |
3eb2670b-b37f-4c88-bb6e-d6198fdf7189::0 | Other than supportive care there are few specific treatments for ciguatera poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, or amnesic shellfish poisoning. Antihistamines and epinephrine, however, may sometimes be useful in treating the symptoms of scombrotoxic fish poisoning. Intravenous manni... | 3eb2670b-b37f-4c88-bb6e-d6198fdf7189 | 0 | 0 | 391 | |
d20c541f-2c02-444f-b0a4-2ed41321078d::0 | Every year, approximately 30 cases of poisoning by marine toxins are reported in the United States. Because healthcare providers are not required to report these illnesses and because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of poisonings may be much greater. Toxic seafood poisonings are more ... | d20c541f-2c02-444f-b0a4-2ed41321078d | 0 | 0 | 517 | |
54c38746-acfd-4f95-a051-bc685ca3f748::0 | General guidelines for safe seafood consumption: | 54c38746-acfd-4f95-a051-bc685ca3f748 | 0 | 0 | 48 | |
3b5855ba-46b2-4b68-9cd6-17384b1fe7d3::0 | Some health departments test shellfish harvested within their jurisdiction to monitor the level of dinoflagellate toxins and asses the risk for contamination. Based on the results of such testing, recreational and commercial seafood harvesting may be prohibited locally during periods of risk. State and federal regulato... | 3b5855ba-46b2-4b68-9cd6-17384b1fe7d3 | 0 | 0 | 562 | |
9014982c-dadf-44d9-bfe0-8945a24c57d5::0 | It is important to notify public health departments about even one person with marine toxin poisoning. Public health departments can then investigate to determine if a restaurant, oyster bed, or fishing area has a problem. This prevents other illnesses. In any food poisoning occurrence, consumers should note foods eate... | 9014982c-dadf-44d9-bfe0-8945a24c57d5 | 0 | 0 | 492 | |
efc0eefc-22ad-4c6e-a555-d52e943f3440::0 | If you continue to live or travel in yellow fever-endemic areas, you should receive a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine after 10 years.
After receiving the vaccine, you should receive an International Certificate of Vaccination (yellow card) that has been validated by the vaccination center. This Ce... | efc0eefc-22ad-4c6e-a555-d52e943f3440 | 0 | 0 | 469 | |
367afc34-5c53-4a01-a7fe-43c63a19d9ca::0 | Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms. Infection with Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum causes illness in humans; less commonly, S. mekongi and S. intercalatum can cause disease. Although the worms that cause schistosomiasis are not found in the United Stat... | 367afc34-5c53-4a01-a7fe-43c63a19d9ca | 0 | 0 | 376 | |
cd282fea-bc2b-4593-b8a8-ac625964e1c5::0 | Schistosomiasis is an important cause of disease in many parts of the world, most commonly in places with poor sanitation. School-age children who live in these areas are often most at risk because they tend to spend time swimming or bathing in water containing infectious cercariae.
If you live in, or travel to, areas ... | cd282fea-bc2b-4593-b8a8-ac625964e1c5 | 0 | 0 | 411 | |
cd282fea-bc2b-4593-b8a8-ac625964e1c5::1 | Areas where human schistosomiasis is found include:
- Schistosoma mansoni
- distributed throughout Africa: There is risk of infection in freshwater in southern and sub-Saharan Africa–including the great lakes and rivers as well as smaller bodies of water. Transmission also occurs in the Nile River ... | cd282fea-bc2b-4593-b8a8-ac625964e1c5 | 1 | 416 | 916 | |
cd282fea-bc2b-4593-b8a8-ac625964e1c5::2 | - S. haematobium
- distributed throughout Africa: There is risk of infection in freshwater in southern and sub-Saharan Africa–including the great lakes and rivers as well as smaller bodies of water. Transmission also occurs in the Nile River valley in Egypt and the Mahgreb region of North Africa.
- f... | cd282fea-bc2b-4593-b8a8-ac625964e1c5 | 2 | 927 | 1,527 | |
93dbeb9a-bc93-4356-87f3-aa28c3152511::0 | Stool or urine samples can be examined microscopically for parasite eggs (stool for S. mansoni or S. japonicum eggs and urine for S. haematobium eggs). The eggs tend to be passed intermittently and in small amounts and may not be detected, so it may be necessary to perform a blood (serologic) test.
More on: Resour... | 93dbeb9a-bc93-4356-87f3-aa28c3152511 | 0 | 0 | 359 | |
035184c9-3f45-4ad0-9ae1-65f75a5075c3::0 | Safe and effective medication is available for treatment of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis. Praziquantel, a prescription medication, is taken for 1-2 days to treat infections caused by all Schistosoma species.
More on: Resources for Health Professionals: Treatment | 035184c9-3f45-4ad0-9ae1-65f75a5075c3 | 0 | 0 | 282 | |
e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d::0 | Prevention
No vaccine is available.
The best way to prevent schistosomiasis is to take the following steps if you are visiting or live in an area where schistosomiasis is transmitted:
- Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when you are in countries in which schistosomiasis occurs. Swimming in the ... | e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d | 0 | 0 | 573 | |
e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d::1 | Because water coming directly from canals, lakes, rivers, streams, or springs may be contaminated with a variety of infectious organisms, you should either bring your water to a rolling boil for 1 minute or filter water before drinking it. Bring your water to a rolling boil for at least 1 minute will kill any harmful p... | e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d | 1 | 574 | 1,173 | |
e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d::2 | Water held in a storage tank for at least 1 - 2 days should be safe for bathing.
- Vigorous towel drying after an accidental, very brief water exposure may help to prevent the Schistosoma parasite from penetrating the skin. However, do not rely on vigorous towel drying alone to prevent schistosomiasis.
T... | e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d | 2 | 1,174 | 1,650 | |
e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d::3 | More on: Schistosomiasis in Travelers
Control
In countries where schistosomiasis causes significant disease, control efforts usually focus on:
- reducing the number of infections in people and/or
- eliminating the snails that are required to maintain the parasite’s life cycle.
For a... | e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d | 3 | 1,656 | 2,229 | |
e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d::4 | Control measures can include mass drug treatment of entire communities and targeted treatment of school-age children. Some of the problems with control of schistosomiasis include:
- Chemicals used to eliminate snails in freshwater sources may harm other species of animals in the water and, if treatment is not s... | e704e779-5222-4694-98e9-6e1a83522c9d | 4 | 2,234 | 2,821 | |
64bcdc49-1aed-4e03-b8db-51cf0451f19b::0 | The head louse, or Pediculus humanus capitis, is a parasitic insect that can be found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes of people. Head lice feed on human blood several times a day and live close to the human scalp. Head lice are not known to spread disease. | 64bcdc49-1aed-4e03-b8db-51cf0451f19b | 0 | 0 | 261 | |
1cb1ab4f-59a4-4766-a79e-6e3064fb091b::0 | In the United States, infestation with head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. Head lice are not known to transmit disease; however, secondary bacterial infection of the skin resulting from scratching can occur ... | 1cb1ab4f-59a4-4766-a79e-6e3064fb091b | 0 | 0 | 633 | |
1cb1ab4f-59a4-4766-a79e-6e3064fb091b::1 | Such contact can be common among children during play at:
- school,
- home, and
- elsewhere (e.g., sports activities, playgrounds, camp, and slumber parties).
Uncommonly, transmission may occur by:
- wearing clothing, such as hats, scarves, coats, sports uniforms, or hair ribbons... | 1cb1ab4f-59a4-4766-a79e-6e3064fb091b | 1 | 634 | 1,156 | |
1cb1ab4f-59a4-4766-a79e-6e3064fb091b::2 | Reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States are not available; however, an estimated 6 million to 12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3 to 11 years of age. Some studies suggest that girls get head lice more often than boys, probably due to more f... | 1cb1ab4f-59a4-4766-a79e-6e3064fb091b | 2 | 1,167 | 1,649 | |
1cb1ab4f-59a4-4766-a79e-6e3064fb091b::3 | The head louse found most frequently in the United States may have claws that are better adapted for grasping the shape and width of some types of hair but not others. | 1cb1ab4f-59a4-4766-a79e-6e3064fb091b | 3 | 1,650 | 1,817 | |
e7427374-41c0-43bd-a064-77ec1bc2a187::0 | Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. The diagnosis of head lice infestation is best made by finding a live nymph or adult louse on the scalp or hair of a person.
Because adult and nymph lice are very small, move quickly, and avoid light, they may be difficult to find. Use of a fine-toothed louse comb m... | e7427374-41c0-43bd-a064-77ec1bc2a187 | 0 | 0 | 524 | |
e7427374-41c0-43bd-a064-77ec1bc2a187::1 | Nits frequently are seen on hair behind the ears and near the back of the neck. Nits that are attached more than ¼ inch from the base of the hair shaft are almost always non-viable (hatched or dead). Head lice and nits can be visible with the naked eye, although use of a magnifying lens may be necessary to find crawlin... | e7427374-41c0-43bd-a064-77ec1bc2a187 | 1 | 525 | 1,024 | |
e7427374-41c0-43bd-a064-77ec1bc2a187::2 | If no nymphs or adults are seen, and the only nits found are more than ¼ inch from the scalp, then the infestation is probably old and no longer active — and does not need to be treated. | e7427374-41c0-43bd-a064-77ec1bc2a187 | 2 | 1,030 | 1,216 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::0 | General Guidelines
Treatment for head lice is recommended for persons diagnosed with an active infestation. All household members and other close contacts should be checked; those persons with evidence of an active infestation should be treated. Some experts believe prophylactic treatment is prudent for persons wh... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 0 | 0 | 579 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::1 | For pediculicides that are only weakly ovicidal or not ovicidal, routine retreatment is recommended. For those that are more strongly ovicidal, retreatment is recommended only if live (crawling) lice are still present several days after treatment (see recommendation for each medication). To be most effective, retreatme... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 1 | 580 | 1,217 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::2 | For example, hats, scarves, pillow cases, bedding, clothing, and towels worn or used by the infested person in the 2-day period just before treatment is started can be machine washed and dried using the hot water and hot air cycles because lice and eggs are killed by exposure for 5 minutes to temperatures greater than ... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 2 | 1,218 | 1,772 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::3 | Vacuuming furniture and floors can remove an infested person's hairs that might have viable nits attached.
Treatment of the infested person(s): Requires using an Over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription medication. Follow these treatment steps:
- Before applying treatment, it may be helpful to remove... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 3 | 1,773 | 2,398 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::4 | Pay special attention to instructions on the label or in the box regarding how long the medication should be left on the hair and how it should be washed out.
- Have the infested person put on clean clothing after treatment.
- If a few live lice are still found 8–12 h... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 4 | 2,399 | 2,932 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::5 | - If, after 8–12 hours of treatment, no dead lice are found and lice seem as active as before, the medicine may not be working. Do not retreat until speaking with your health care provider; a different pediculicide may be necessary. If your health care provider recommends a different pediculicide, carefully follow the ... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 5 | 2,938 | 3,516 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::6 | - After each treatment, checking the hair and combing with a nit comb to remove nits and lice every 2–3 days may decrease the chance of self–reinfestation. Continue to check for 2–3 weeks to be sure all lice and nits are gone. Nit removal is not needed when treating with spinosad topical suspension.
- Retreatment ... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 6 | 3,522 | 4,107 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::7 | Retreatment with lindane shampoo is not recommended.
Supplemental Measures: Head lice do not survive long if they fall off a person and cannot feed. You don't need to spend a lot of time or money on housecleaning activities. Follow these steps to help avoid re–infestation by lice that have recently fall... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 7 | 4,108 | 4,702 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::8 | Clothing and items that are not washable can be dry–cleaned
OR
sealed in a plastic bag and stored for 2 weeks.
- Soak combs and brushes in hot water (at least 130°F) for 5–10 minutes.
- Vacuum the floor and furniture, particularly where the infested person sat or lay. However, the risk of getting infested ... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 8 | 4,703 | 5,096 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::9 | Head lice survive less than 1–2 days if they fall off a person and cannot feed; nits cannot hatch and usually die within a week if they are not kept at the same temperature as that found close to the human scalp. Spending much time and money on housecleaning activities is not necessary to avoid reinfestation by lice or... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 9 | 5,097 | 5,589 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::10 | Prevent Reinfestation:
More on: Prevention & Control
Over-the-counter Medications
Many head lice medications are available "over-the-counter" without a prescription at a local drug store or pharmacy. Each over-the-counter product approved by the FDA for the treatment of head lice contains one ... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 10 | 5,612 | 6,068 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::11 | -
Pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide;
Brand name products: A–200*, Pronto*, R&C*, Rid*, Triple X*, Licide*
Pyrethrins are naturally occurring pyrethroid extracts from the chrysanthemum flower. Pyrethrins are safe and effective when used as directed. Pyrethrins can only kill live lice, not unhatched eggs (n... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 11 | 6,079 | 6,542 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::12 | Pyrethrins generally should not be used by persons who are allergic to chrysanthemums or ragweed. Pyrethrin is approved for use on children 2 years of age and older.
-
Permethrin lotion, 1%;
Brand name product: Nix*.
Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid similar to naturally occurring pyrethrins. Permethrin lo... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 12 | 6,543 | 7,032 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::13 | Permethrin may continue to kill newly hatched lice for several days after treatment. A second treatment often is necessary on day 9 to kill any newly hatched lice before they can produce new eggs. Permethrin is approved for use on children 2 months of age and older.
Prescription Medications
T... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 13 | 7,033 | 7,625 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::14 | -
Benzyl alcohol lotion, 5%;
Brand name product: Ulesfia lotion*
Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol. Benzyl alcohol lotion, 5% has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of head lice and is considered safe and effective when used as directed. It kills lice but it is not ovicidal(i.e., does not kill lice eggs... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 14 | 7,636 | 8,085 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::15 | Benzyl alcohol lotion is intended for use on persons who are 6 months of age and older and its safety in persons aged more 60 years has not been established. It can be irritating to the skin.
-
Ivermectin lotion, 0.5%;
Brand name product: Sklice*
Ivermectin lotion, 0.5% was approved by the FDA in 2012 for tre... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 15 | 8,086 | 8,550 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::16 | It is effective in most patients when given as a single application on dry hair without nit combing. It should not be used for retreatment without talking to a healthcare provider.
Given as a tablet in mass drug administrations, oral ivermectin has been used extensively and safely for over two decades in many countrie... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 16 | 8,551 | 9,132 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::17 | It should not be used in children weighing less than 15 kg or in pregnant women.
-
Spinosad 0.9% topical suspension;
Brand name product: Natroba*
Spinosad is derived from soil bacteria. Spinosad topical suspension, 0.9%, was approved by the FDA in 2011. Since it kills live lice as well as unhatched eggs, ret... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 17 | 9,133 | 9,658 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::18 | Repeat treatment should be given only if live (crawling) lice are seen 7 days after the first treatment.
For second–line treatment only:
-
Lindane shampoo 1%;
Brand name products: None available
Lindane is an organochloride. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) no longer recommends it as a ... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 18 | 9,659 | 10,124 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::19 | Overuse, misuse, or accidentally swallowing lindane can be toxic to the brain and other parts of the nervous system; its use should be restricted to patients for whom prior treatments have failed or who cannot tolerate other medications that pose less risk. Lindane should not be used to treat premature infants, persons... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 19 | 10,125 | 10,705 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::20 | When treating head lice
- Do not use extra amounts of any lice medication unless instructed to do so by your physician or pharmacist. The drugs used to treat lice are insecticides and can be dangerous if they are misused or overused.
- All the medications listed above should be kept out of the eyes. If t... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 20 | 10,723 | 11,312 | |
c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba::21 | Always seek the advice of your health care provider if this should happen. He/she may recommend an alternative medication.
- Do not use different head lice drugs at the same time unless instructed to do so by your physician or pharmacist.
*Use of trade names is for identification purposes only and ... | c60c9366-3aaa-437c-94fd-b893841c00ba | 21 | 11,313 | 11,744 | |
937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28::0 | Head lice are spread most commonly by direct head-to-head (hair-to-hair) contact. However, much less frequently they are spread by sharing clothing or belongings onto which lice have crawled or nits attached to shed hairs may have fallen. The risk of getting infested by a louse that has fallen onto a carpet or furnitur... | 937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28 | 0 | 0 | 543 | |
937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28::1 | The following are steps that can be taken to help prevent and control the spread of head lice:
- Avoid head-to-head (hair-to-hair) contact during play and other activities at home, school, and elsewhere (sports activities, playground, slumber parties, camp).
- Do not share clothing such as hats, scarves,... | 937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28 | 1 | 549 | 968 | |
937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28::2 | Disinfest combs and brushes used by an infested person by soaking them in hot water (at least 130°F) for 5–10 minutes.
- Do not lie on beds, couches, pillows, carpets, or stuffed animals that have recently been in contact with an infested person.
- Machine wash and dry clothing, bed linens, and other items th... | 937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28 | 2 | 969 | 1,432 | |
937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28::3 | Clothing and items that are not washable can be dry-cleaned OR sealed in a plastic bag and stored for 2 weeks.
- Vacuum the floor and furniture, particularly where the infested person sat or lay. However, spending much time and money on housecleaning activities is not necessary to avoid reinfestation by lice or ni... | 937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28 | 3 | 1,433 | 1,973 | |
937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28::4 | To help control a head lice outbreak in a community, school, or camp, children can be taught to avoid activities that may spread head lice. | 937f6174-aeec-4b21-bc50-16f032c4fa28 | 4 | 1,984 | 2,123 | |
c840b061-b03f-46a6-aed6-c2dec4831202::0 | Body lice are parasitic insects that live on clothing and bedding used by infested persons. Body lice frequently lay their eggs on or near the seams of clothing. Body lice must feed on blood and usually only move to the skin to feed. Body lice exist worldwide and infest people of all races. Body lice infestations can s... | c840b061-b03f-46a6-aed6-c2dec4831202 | 0 | 0 | 616 | |
c840b061-b03f-46a6-aed6-c2dec4831202::1 | Infestation is unlikely to persist on anyone who bathes regularly and who has at least weekly access to freshly laundered clothing and bedding. | c840b061-b03f-46a6-aed6-c2dec4831202 | 1 | 617 | 760 | |
024ec447-e4b1-499b-ae3c-a65c322e31d4::0 | Body lice infestation is found worldwide but generally is limited to persons who live under conditions of crowding and poor hygiene who do not have access to regular bathing and changes of clean clothes, such as:
- the homeless,
- refugees,
- survivors of war or natural disasters.
Infestat... | 024ec447-e4b1-499b-ae3c-a65c322e31d4 | 0 | 0 | 633 | |
024ec447-e4b1-499b-ae3c-a65c322e31d4::1 | However, in the United States, actual infestation with body lice tends to be occur only in homeless, transient persons who do not have access to regular bathing and changes of clean clothes.
Body lice can transmit disease. Epidemics of typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever have been caused by body lice (typically... | 024ec447-e4b1-499b-ae3c-a65c322e31d4 | 1 | 634 | 1,086 | |
2f7a36b8-efb5-4d32-9323-4b6a2d160145::0 | Body lice infestation is diagnosed by finding eggs and crawling lice in the seams of clothing. Sometimes a body louse can be seen crawling or feeding on the skin.
Although body lice and nits can be large enough to be seen with the naked eye, a magnifying lens may be necessary to find crawling lice or eggs. | 2f7a36b8-efb5-4d32-9323-4b6a2d160145 | 0 | 0 | 312 | |
b6b8f96d-5d6c-4a22-b4ef-d383161dcee8::0 | A body lice infestation is treated by improving the personal hygiene of the infested person, including assuring a regular (at least weekly) change of clean clothes. Clothing, bedding, and towels used by the infested person should be laundered using hot water (at least 130°F) and machine dried using the hot cycle.
... | b6b8f96d-5d6c-4a22-b4ef-d383161dcee8 | 0 | 0 | 553 | |
b6b8f96d-5d6c-4a22-b4ef-d383161dcee8::1 | A pediculicide should be applied exactly as directed on the bottle or by your physician.
If you choose to treat, guidelines for the choice of the pediculicide are the same as for head lice.
More on: Head Lice Treatment | b6b8f96d-5d6c-4a22-b4ef-d383161dcee8 | 1 | 554 | 782 | |
3a6a8091-324d-46d2-a278-8f7696cf49aa::0 | Body lice are spread most commonly by direct contact with an infested person or an infested person’s clothing or bedding. Body lice usually infest persons who do not launder and change their clothes regularly.
The following are steps that can be taken to help prevent and control the spread of body lice:
... | 3a6a8091-324d-46d2-a278-8f7696cf49aa | 0 | 0 | 591 | |
3a6a8091-324d-46d2-a278-8f7696cf49aa::1 | Clothing and items that are not washable can be dry-cleaned OR sealed in a plastic bag and stored for 2 weeks.
- Do not share clothing, beds, bedding, and towels used by an infested person.
- Fumigation or dusting with chemical insecticides sometimes is necessary to control and prevent the spread of body lice... | 3a6a8091-324d-46d2-a278-8f7696cf49aa | 1 | 592 | 952 | |
13715a87-6ac0-475c-b357-27bbb1cca759::0 | There is no vaccine against La Crosse encephalitis virus (LACV). Reducing exposure to mosquito bites is the best defense against getting infected with LACV or other mosquito-borne viruses. There are several approaches you and your family can use to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases.
- Use repellent: When ... | 13715a87-6ac0-475c-b357-27bbb1cca759 | 0 | 0 | 494 | |
13715a87-6ac0-475c-b357-27bbb1cca759::1 | - Permethrin is a repellent/insecticide that can be applied to clothing and will provide excellent protection through multiple washes. You can treat clothing yourself (always follow the directions on the package!) or purchase pre-treated clothing. For best protection it is still necessary to apply other repellent to ex... | 13715a87-6ac0-475c-b357-27bbb1cca759 | 1 | 503 | 1,222 | |
13715a87-6ac0-475c-b357-27bbb1cca759::2 | - Keep mosquitoes from laying eggs near you: Mosquitoes can lay eggs even in small amounts of standing water. While Aedes triseriatus prefers treeholes, it will also lay eggs in artificial containers. You can fill treeholes in/around your yard with soil. Get rid of mosquito breeding sites by emptying standing water fro... | 13715a87-6ac0-475c-b357-27bbb1cca759 | 2 | 1,226 | 1,777 | |
28937a49-d45e-41f2-b07f-59e67beb6ef3::0 | Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Fact Sheets | 28937a49-d45e-41f2-b07f-59e67beb6ef3 | 0 | 0 | 76 | |
d6089f7b-4d25-4e2b-b368-9820a4509faf::0 | Infected dogs and cats shed Toxocara eggs in their feces into the environment. Once in the environment, it takes 2 to 4 weeks for Toxocara larvae to develop and for the eggs to become infectious. Humans or other animals can be infected by accidentally ingesting Toxocara eggs. For example, humans can become infected if ... | d6089f7b-4d25-4e2b-b368-9820a4509faf | 0 | 0 | 516 |
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