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mmlu_medical::medical_genetics::test::80 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | medical_genetics | test | medical_genetics:test:80 | 80 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | medical_genetics | Which of the following diagnostic techniques is of no value for the diagnosis of neural tube defects? | [] | ["Amniocentesis","Chorion villus sampling (CVS)","Maternal serum screening","Ultrasonography"] | B | Chorion villus sampling (CVS) | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 7d90a5b64daf4aa4dc2875f361169bd18ddb35c03c9de8dd515bd296a2d6363f | {"answer":1,"choices":["Amniocentesis","Chorion villus sampling (CVS)","Maternal serum screening","Ultrasonography"],"question":"Which of the following diagnostic techniques is of no value for the diagnosis of neural tube defects?","subject":"medical_genetics"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::113 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:113 | 113 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | What nutritional strategies will not improve performance during prolonged endurance type exercise?
| [] | ["Carbohydrate loading","Tapering","The classic glycogen loading regime","Exogenous carbohydrate ingestion during exercise"] | C | The classic glycogen loading regime | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 4d35e1b37fa5e5f7d4ee6e5926a902fe6faf845955538b78d7f9a87dfcf43bd4 | {"answer":2,"choices":["Carbohydrate loading","Tapering","The classic glycogen loading regime","Exogenous carbohydrate ingestion during exercise"],"question":"What nutritional strategies will not improve performance during prolonged endurance type exercise?\n","subject":"nutrition"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::289 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:289 | 289 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | The following types of research findings provide strong evidence for an association between diet and skeletal health:
| [] | ["Long-term intervention studies that have a large sample size with fracture as an endpoint","Experimental studies which measure bone remodelling through biochemical markers","Experimental studies which have a one-off measure of bone mineral density and bone mineral content","Case reports from individual patients"] | A | Long-term intervention studies that have a large sample size with fracture as an endpoint | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 66096c643c59b09317cd36283e3c471d97658584c2d297aecb64df35cbebe90d | {"answer":0,"choices":["Long-term intervention studies that have a large sample size with fracture as an endpoint","Experimental studies which measure bone remodelling through biochemical markers","Experimental studies which have a one-off measure of bone mineral density and bone mineral content","Case reports from ind... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::52 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:52 | 52 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | All of the following statements about plant embryogenesis are correct EXCEPT: | [] | ["The suspensor is derived from the basal cell.","Cotyledons are derived from the apical cell.","Shoot apical meristem formation occurs after seed formation.","Precursors of all three plant tissue systems are formed during embryogenesis."] | C | Shoot apical meristem formation occurs after seed formation. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 3b4e9d8c03a3f762723963c9c45f64792f83942a1465bbad4e81d4178a6b45fc | {"answer":2,"choices":["The suspensor is derived from the basal cell.","Cotyledons are derived from the apical cell.","Shoot apical meristem formation occurs after seed formation.","Precursors of all three plant tissue systems are formed during embryogenesis."],"question":"All of the following statements about plant em... | ||
mmlu_medical::clinical_knowledge::test::197 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | clinical_knowledge | test | clinical_knowledge:test:197 | 197 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | clinical_knowledge | Which of these is not necessary when examining the jugular venous pulse? | [] | ["Patient's neck muscles should be relaxed","Timing the pulsation with the radial pulse","Good lighting","Patient lying at 45 degree angle"] | B | Timing the pulsation with the radial pulse | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | c7eb0f51390980ba292b68316bba27dbda47ff27f123b5dbf5ddc8f7b55946e4 | {"answer":1,"choices":["Patient's neck muscles should be relaxed","Timing the pulsation with the radial pulse","Good lighting","Patient lying at 45 degree angle"],"question":"Which of these is not necessary when examining the jugular venous pulse?","subject":"clinical_knowledge"} | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::40 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:40 | 40 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | Which of the following conditions is characterized by incompetence of the esophageal sphincter? | [] | ["Crohn's disease","Esophageal varices","Gastroesophageal reflux disease","Pyloric stenosis"] | C | Gastroesophageal reflux disease | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 1a3ac6a2eb6a69b56926ddf9c8ba36d0938791ba67f59d27b9dd181e2f1eae35 | {"answer":2,"choices":["Crohn's disease","Esophageal varices","Gastroesophageal reflux disease","Pyloric stenosis"],"question":"Which of the following conditions is characterized by incompetence of the esophageal sphincter?","subject":"anatomy"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::58 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:58 | 58 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | The first groups of animals to develop lung tissue adequate to support their respiratory requirements without the use of supplementary gas exchange organs were the | [] | ["amphibians","reptiles","mammals","trematoda"] | B | reptiles | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | da2e0d9c7af2395e3ec394822118b275491fe7dd7125f33cebdf6f2f0a092850 | {"answer":1,"choices":["amphibians","reptiles","mammals","trematoda"],"question":"The first groups of animals to develop lung tissue adequate to support their respiratory requirements without the use of supplementary gas exchange organs were the","subject":"college_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::0 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:0 | 0 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 67-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She had a pulmonary embolism and required treatment in the hospital for 3 weeks. She had a retroperitoneal hemorrhage; anticoagulant therapy was temporarily discontinued, and she underwent placement of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. She had a ... | [] | ["Cerebral infarction during the hospitalization","Complication of the IVC filter placement","Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve","Hematoma of the left thigh"] | C | Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 645cd8499db16d2c8e7b16991ffbe3ae325493739b447f17a09cd4b8b692ebab | {"answer":2,"choices":["Cerebral infarction during the hospitalization","Complication of the IVC filter placement","Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve","Hematoma of the left thigh"],"question":"A 67-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She had a pulmonary embolism and requi... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::38 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:38 | 38 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | During muscular contraction, interactions between myosin and actin allow for shortening of each sarcomere. In addition to the power stroke, what other process of muscle contraction requires ATP? | [] | ["Tropomyosin-troponin interaction","Myosin-actin interaction","Calcium-troponin interaction","Myosin-actin detachment"] | D | Myosin-actin detachment | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | a245d57ec91c267cf1b948b7372bed562c9909f6b8dd9ccb12bf5d43c6de6509 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Tropomyosin-troponin interaction","Myosin-actin interaction","Calcium-troponin interaction","Myosin-actin detachment"],"question":"During muscular contraction, interactions between myosin and actin allow for shortening of each sarcomere. In addition to the power stroke, what other process of mus... | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::7 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:7 | 7 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | Which of the following best describes the human body's defense mechanism against environmental bacteria? | [] | ["Hair in the nose","Mucous membranes","Osteoblasts","Saliva"] | B | Mucous membranes | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | f77aecb89706d27982f982eeab57a4dee2a188df608d2667aa934ce400cc02e2 | {"answer":1,"choices":["Hair in the nose","Mucous membranes","Osteoblasts","Saliva"],"question":"Which of the following best describes the human body's defense mechanism against environmental bacteria?","subject":"anatomy"} | ||
mmlu_medical::virology::test::135 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | virology | test | virology:test:135 | 135 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | virology | The purpose of a double-blind or double-masked study is to: | [] | ["Achieve comparability of treated and untreated subjects","Reduce the effects of sampling variation","Avoid observer and subject bias","Avoid observer bias and sampling variation"] | B | Reduce the effects of sampling variation | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 44ba0aa1891a8cd38633868497a00f3b5396d89207e79b14cd12afc0abe4e593 | {"answer":1,"choices":["Achieve comparability of treated and untreated subjects","Reduce the effects of sampling variation","Avoid observer and subject bias","Avoid observer bias and sampling variation"],"question":"The purpose of a double-blind or double-masked study is to:","subject":"virology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::95 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:95 | 95 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | What is a major limitation of using BMI (body mass index) as a method of body fat measurements?
| [] | ["It is not an accurate measure for average people","It is more accurate than height-weight tables","It does not distinguish between fat and fat free mass","All of the above"] | C | It does not distinguish between fat and fat free mass | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 9d45010694aac2895445d4858c7fd3e433985cb2b05e5573830d079a2c3fe332 | {"answer":2,"choices":["It is not an accurate measure for average people","It is more accurate than height-weight tables","It does not distinguish between fat and fat free mass","All of the above"],"question":"What is a major limitation of using BMI (body mass index) as a method of body fat measurements?\n","subject":"... | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::213 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:213 | 213 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | Which of the following best accounts for the ability of legumes to grow well in nitrogen-poor soils? | [] | ["These plants make their own proteins.","These plants have a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.","These plants are capable of directly converting nitrogen gas into nitrates.","These plants do not require nitrogen to make plant proteins."] | B | These plants have a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | e19f527c35b3ec9d944c9e934e7d0853a7b79764c9dfaac6fe551bcc78f1f72a | {"answer":1,"choices":["These plants make their own proteins.","These plants have a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.","These plants are capable of directly converting nitrogen gas into nitrates.","These plants do not require nitrogen to make plant proteins."],"question":"Which of the following be... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::78 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:78 | 78 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | If the activity of an enzyme is constant over a broad range of pH values, it is likely that | [] | ["only ionizing groups on the enzyme participate in the reaction","only ionizing groups on the substrate participate in the reaction","ionizing groups on both the enzyme and substrate participate in the reaction","no ionizing groups on the enzyme or substrate participate in the reaction"] | D | no ionizing groups on the enzyme or substrate participate in the reaction | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 22e0f793ee7e51d377a182cada97217da6996de89de984b82a0af5320bc54ed2 | {"answer":3,"choices":["only ionizing groups on the enzyme participate in the reaction","only ionizing groups on the substrate participate in the reaction","ionizing groups on both the enzyme and substrate participate in the reaction","no ionizing groups on the enzyme or substrate participate in the reaction"],"questio... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::52 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:52 | 52 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | Approximately how many kJ of energy are expended if an athlete's steady-rate oxygen uptake averages 3.0 l/min for 5 minutes of exercise? | [] | ["60 kJ","150 kJ","300 kJ","500 kJ"] | C | 300 kJ | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | b7ef7edaef6568b778362d10536ce423546a779ab19844a6363b199457d27124 | {"answer":2,"choices":["60 kJ","150 kJ","300 kJ","500 kJ"],"question":"Approximately how many kJ of energy are expended if an athlete's steady-rate oxygen uptake averages 3.0 l/min for 5 minutes of exercise?","subject":"college_medicine"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::120 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:120 | 120 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | The Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype (ALP) is a collection of which lipoprotein abnormalities?
| [] | ["Reduced levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and raised triglycerides","Reduced levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and normal triglycerides","Raised levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and raised triglycerides","Reduced levels of HDL, a low proportion of small dense LDL... | A | Reduced levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and raised triglycerides | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 91692c4f0834cf48fba388cd199f092ca1258cc6bfac9b337cacc5ba2e9ccf1b | {"answer":0,"choices":["Reduced levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and raised triglycerides","Reduced levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and normal triglycerides","Raised levels of HDL, a high proportion of small dense LDL and raised triglycerides","Reduced levels of HDL, a low proport... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::57 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:57 | 57 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | Monoclonal antisera are distinguished from polyclonal antisera in which of the following ways? | [] | ["Each type of antibody in a monoclonal antiserum reacts against a single region of a single antigen; each type of antibody in a polyclonal antiserum reacts against multiple regions of different antigens.","A monoclonal antibody reacts against multiple regions of a single antigen; a polyclonal antibody reacts against a... | C | A monoclonal antiserum contains antibodies secreted from the descendants of a single B lymphocyte; a polyclonal antiserum contains antibodies secreted from the descendants of different B lymphocytes. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | e4a942a69761fb44c61f352d7cea7292ea99e958c50c7e856f87070fe7d74b36 | {"answer":2,"choices":["Each type of antibody in a monoclonal antiserum reacts against a single region of a single antigen; each type of antibody in a polyclonal antiserum reacts against multiple regions of different antigens.","A monoclonal antibody reacts against multiple regions of a single antigen; a polyclonal ant... | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::191 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:191 | 191 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | After consumption of a mixed meal, a complex cascade of events takes place that integrates fat metabolism at the whole body level. Which of the following is correct?
| [] | ["Consumption of a meal leads to suppression of lipase activity within adipose tissue leading to a decrease in plasma NEFA concentrations","Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase is activated by insulin and therefore is most active following meal consumption","During the postprandial period the VLDL synthesis pathway is sup... | D | All options given are correct | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 7109bb24309a608c8efb6e00616502729aa813649b454be87e6ed984d9d179a3 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Consumption of a meal leads to suppression of lipase activity within adipose tissue leading to a decrease in plasma NEFA concentrations","Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase is activated by insulin and therefore is most active following meal consumption","During the postprandial period the VLDL sy... | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::4 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:4 | 4 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Which vitamin is a major lipid-soluble antioxidant in cell membranes?
| [] | ["Vitamin A","Vitamin D","Vitamin E","Vitamin K"] | C | Vitamin E | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 08f19060b10ee3971efa8c81d02309805c39ad092fd130f106c729c6df72c5ca | {"answer":2,"choices":["Vitamin A","Vitamin D","Vitamin E","Vitamin K"],"question":"Which vitamin is a major lipid-soluble antioxidant in cell membranes?\n","subject":"nutrition"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::41 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:41 | 41 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | The net production of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis is: | [] | ["2 from glucose and 3 from glycogen.","2 from glucose and 4 from glycogen.","3 from glucose and 4 from glycogen.","3 from glucose and 2 from glycogen."] | A | 2 from glucose and 3 from glycogen. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 7689727164e3889831481e52d05360fa98731f9f4e6e29f2a4ad505a5cf38d8a | {"answer":0,"choices":["2 from glucose and 3 from glycogen.","2 from glucose and 4 from glycogen.","3 from glucose and 4 from glycogen.","3 from glucose and 2 from glycogen."],"question":"The net production of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis is:","subject":"college_medicine"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::266 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:266 | 266 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Which of these factors increases the risk for postmenopausal breast cancer?
| [] | ["Red meat","Dietary fat","Fish","Obesity"] | D | Obesity | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 9f6c05928989b0b3517d64ec00e6fd083544350bc5fa692f9f91a7154eb72724 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Red meat","Dietary fat","Fish","Obesity"],"question":"Which of these factors increases the risk for postmenopausal breast cancer?\n","subject":"nutrition"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::22 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:22 | 22 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | Which of the following factors can affect enzyme activity? | [] | ["Temperature.","pH.","The presence of certain metal ions.","All of the above."] | D | All of the above. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | ac8571504cd64d4e474984651aaaf7096c76b482f6074cd232f2cd5aebaab589 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Temperature.","pH.","The presence of certain metal ions.","All of the above."],"question":"Which of the following factors can affect enzyme activity?","subject":"college_medicine"} | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::171 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:171 | 171 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | Stomata allow gases, such as H2O and CO2, to exchange between the inside of a plant leaf and the surrounding environment. Which of the following occurs under normal daytime environmental conditions? | [] | ["H2O diffuses out of the leaf faster than CO2 enters.","H2O diffuses out of the leaf slower than CO2 enters.","CO2 diffuses out of the leaf faster than H2O enters.","H2O exchanges with CO2 at equal rates."] | A | H2O diffuses out of the leaf faster than CO2 enters. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 61cd6eab0d00adac9e7e1810988cd08ffba588ff9d7e01e57bd943f7c944d300 | {"answer":0,"choices":["H2O diffuses out of the leaf faster than CO2 enters.","H2O diffuses out of the leaf slower than CO2 enters.","CO2 diffuses out of the leaf faster than H2O enters.","H2O exchanges with CO2 at equal rates."],"question":"Stomata allow gases, such as H2O and CO2, to exchange between the inside of a ... | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::176 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:176 | 176 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | The vitamins which are lost most readily during cooking are:
| [] | ["vitamin E and niacin","vitamin D and vitamin E","riboflavin and vitamin C","vitamin C and thiamin"] | D | vitamin C and thiamin | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 731a6434ea0decccaa5c82277ac1ec1d9320babbd78c6192cd3abb12c17d4b54 | {"answer":3,"choices":["vitamin E and niacin","vitamin D and vitamin E","riboflavin and vitamin C","vitamin C and thiamin"],"question":"The vitamins which are lost most readily during cooking are:\n","subject":"nutrition"} | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::141 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:141 | 141 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 27-year-old man is admitted to the hospital 45 minutes after being involved in a motor vehicle collision. Physical examination shows a sluggish response to stimuli. Neurologic examination shows no other abnormalities. A skull x-ray shows a linear, nondepressed basal skull fracture. Two weeks later, the patient develo... | [] | ["Adenylyl cyclase","Ca2+ channels","Janus kinase","Serine kinase"] | A | Adenylyl cyclase | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 698b55b25347d4f4cdf4b616d25abffd581d8a356348f7fe290c9eeb4cf782a5 | {"answer":0,"choices":["Adenylyl cyclase","Ca2+ channels","Janus kinase","Serine kinase"],"question":"A 27-year-old man is admitted to the hospital 45 minutes after being involved in a motor vehicle collision. Physical examination shows a sluggish response to stimuli. Neurologic examination shows no other abnormalities... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::123 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:123 | 123 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | An organism belonging to the nekton is which one of the following? | [] | ["Whale","Barnacle","Cyanobacterium","Protist"] | A | Whale | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | faaed16599e28d3eb8249a22dbdb2a4718a75c4c10356e2b01041149d55df049 | {"answer":0,"choices":["Whale","Barnacle","Cyanobacterium","Protist"],"question":"An organism belonging to the nekton is which one of the following?","subject":"college_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::clinical_knowledge::test::82 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | clinical_knowledge | test | clinical_knowledge:test:82 | 82 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | clinical_knowledge | Which one of the following manoeuvres is not a central painful stimulus? | [] | ["Supra-orbital ridge pressure.","Pressure on the little finger pulp.","Trapezius squeeze.","Sternal rub."] | B | Pressure on the little finger pulp. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 8a3477ff38f2343aac4e09de9c19134dae9a1660564363e40308924e133535cc | {"answer":1,"choices":["Supra-orbital ridge pressure.","Pressure on the little finger pulp.","Trapezius squeeze.","Sternal rub."],"question":"Which one of the following manoeuvres is not a central painful stimulus?","subject":"clinical_knowledge"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::232 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:232 | 232 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Infants born to mothers who are vegan may be at increased risk of deficiency of which nutrient?
| [] | ["Vitamin C","Folate","Vitamin B12","Calcium"] | C | Vitamin B12 | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 5aeb1363c22fdcdb7b857ee0a7675ca2f4623c8842aebc56ab375f0cacbeb13e | {"answer":2,"choices":["Vitamin C","Folate","Vitamin B12","Calcium"],"question":"Infants born to mothers who are vegan may be at increased risk of deficiency of which nutrient?\n","subject":"nutrition"} | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::273 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:273 | 273 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | Which of the following are characteristics of both bacteria and fungi? | [] | ["Cell wall, DNA, and plasma membrane","Nucleus, organelles, and unicellularity","Plasma membrane, multicellularity, and Golgi apparatus","Cell wall, unicellularity, and mitochondria"] | A | Cell wall, DNA, and plasma membrane | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 56b7b4e6ef66c5537baa6c3c94ca5db3a9d3a4f4b7faf816c5bba285bab63c53 | {"answer":0,"choices":["Cell wall, DNA, and plasma membrane","Nucleus, organelles, and unicellularity","Plasma membrane, multicellularity, and Golgi apparatus","Cell wall, unicellularity, and mitochondria"],"question":"Which of the following are characteristics of both bacteria and fungi?","subject":"high_school_biolog... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::128 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:128 | 128 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | Root pressure created by a plant's roots causes water to enter the roots by | [] | ["translocation","adhesion","osmosis","capillary action"] | C | osmosis | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 9eff5fbfa662765723a5930e40a520e56063628468ff65cab0a46f6c463a1403 | {"answer":2,"choices":["translocation","adhesion","osmosis","capillary action"],"question":"Root pressure created by a plant's roots causes water to enter the roots by","subject":"college_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::virology::test::125 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | virology | test | virology:test:125 | 125 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | virology | The first acquired immune cell to respond defensively to HIV infection is: | [] | ["CD4+","CD8+","CD57","NK cells"] | B | CD8+ | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 7ec072d0db5d2ad7135f46e90604deba173ddaed6017ab74def6e5226d8d99da | {"answer":1,"choices":["CD4+","CD8+","CD57","NK cells"],"question":"The first acquired immune cell to respond defensively to HIV infection is:","subject":"virology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::135 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:135 | 135 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | A quote from a natural resources text states: "Whenever the original ecosystem becomes restructured by man, it tends to become simplified, with a resultant disruption of the stabilizing influences of density-dependent regulatory factors." This implies that in a disturbed ecosystem | [] | ["there exist large populations of a low number of species","population levels of a species are kept at equilibrium through natural regulatory mechanisms","a given prey organism is subject to higher predation rates by more diverse predators","a given prey organism is less likely to undergo a population surge"] | A | there exist large populations of a low number of species | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | c577f93ef78240bc2a8c4381e340dd526140c72cb697e7df16882a8a0dc60870 | {"answer":0,"choices":["there exist large populations of a low number of species","population levels of a species are kept at equilibrium through natural regulatory mechanisms","a given prey organism is subject to higher predation rates by more diverse predators","a given prey organism is less likely to undergo a popul... | ||
mmlu_medical::medical_genetics::test::42 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | medical_genetics | test | medical_genetics:test:42 | 42 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | medical_genetics | Tay-Sachs disease is caused by deficiency of _________________? | [] | ["Alpha-L-iduronidase","Glucose-6-phosphatase","Hexosaminidase A","Homogentisic acid oxidase"] | C | Hexosaminidase A | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | c64792967c7e4c585112d634e4cfdc1d4eee3c190648a15a75b32abc0bee2b97 | {"answer":2,"choices":["Alpha-L-iduronidase","Glucose-6-phosphatase","Hexosaminidase A","Homogentisic acid oxidase"],"question":"Tay-Sachs disease is caused by deficiency of _________________?","subject":"medical_genetics"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::62 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:62 | 62 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | Fungi participate in each of the following EXCEPT | [] | ["photosynthesis to produce glucose","fermentation to produce alcohol","association with humans to produce ringworm","association with the roots of plants to form mycorrhizae"] | A | photosynthesis to produce glucose | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | d95218e8878051ed280bac024d130fc771eaccd235641a672c685ca4110886cc | {"answer":0,"choices":["photosynthesis to produce glucose","fermentation to produce alcohol","association with humans to produce ringworm","association with the roots of plants to form mycorrhizae"],"question":"Fungi participate in each of the following EXCEPT","subject":"college_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::139 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:139 | 139 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | Which of the following is a correct statement about the cohesion-tension theory for the ascent of water in the xylem? | [] | ["The evaporation of water from leaf mesophyll cells generates tension in the water column.","Water moves from a source region with high hydrostatic pressure to a sink region with low hydrostatic pressure.","The cohesion of water molecules is responsible for the formation of embolisms (air bubbles) in the water column.... | A | The evaporation of water from leaf mesophyll cells generates tension in the water column. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 8e9db2dc62eed962cfdb010cd77adace28949c97b36e4b9db438cf95117fba8e | {"answer":0,"choices":["The evaporation of water from leaf mesophyll cells generates tension in the water column.","Water moves from a source region with high hydrostatic pressure to a sink region with low hydrostatic pressure.","The cohesion of water molecules is responsible for the formation of embolisms (air bubbles... | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::196 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:196 | 196 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that | [] | ["they live in very different habitats.","they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.","their chromosomes should be very similar.","they shared a common ancestor relatively recently."] | B | they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 2fde8ef456f3a71952227c839895af3313b5984ee648b01997c0b721baebd6e7 | {"answer":1,"choices":["they live in very different habitats.","they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.","their chromosomes should be very similar.","they shared a common ancestor relatively recently."],"question":"If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolut... | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::184 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:184 | 184 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 53-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of intermittent blood in his stool. He has had no pain with defecation. Physical examination shows a 1-cm, visible anal mass located below the dentate line. A biopsy of the mass is scheduled. If the mass if found to be malignant, it is most appropria... | [] | ["Internal iliac","Popliteal","Sacral","Superficial inguinal"] | D | Superficial inguinal | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | c058256b21bb64ec14de1cd0c1e3f6a064eb50ceb64012567f94503d4a73dede | {"answer":3,"choices":["Internal iliac","Popliteal","Sacral","Superficial inguinal"],"question":"A 53-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of intermittent blood in his stool. He has had no pain with defecation. Physical examination shows a 1-cm, visible anal mass located below the dentate li... | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::185 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:185 | 185 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | Which of the following is the correct characteristic of arteries? | [] | ["They are thin-walled blood vessels.","They contain valves that prevent backflow.","They always carry oxygenated blood.","They carry blood away from the heart."] | D | They carry blood away from the heart. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 72c8445083e4a240704f392df7f093aceebba0d4cbf7febde2c0657e9ddcfb65 | {"answer":3,"choices":["They are thin-walled blood vessels.","They contain valves that prevent backflow.","They always carry oxygenated blood.","They carry blood away from the heart."],"question":"Which of the following is the correct characteristic of arteries?","subject":"high_school_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::95 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:95 | 95 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 49-year-old man, who is recovering in the hospital 2 days after uncomplicated left femoral-popliteal bypass grafting for claudication, has now developed increasing pain in his left foot. Until now, the patient's postoperative course had been unremarkable and he has been treated with low-dose morphine for pain control... | [] | ["Bedside compartment pressure measurements","Doppler ultrasonography of the left lower extremity","Intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy","Intraoperative angiography"] | D | Intraoperative angiography | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | f886fc756a42e178c017cbdd3b816fb976b9eafc3eca1514741415406a315a74 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Bedside compartment pressure measurements","Doppler ultrasonography of the left lower extremity","Intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy","Intraoperative angiography"],"question":"A 49-year-old man, who is recovering in the hospital 2 days after uncomplicated left femoral-popl... | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::126 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:126 | 126 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 54-year-old man comes to the physician because of episodes of fainting for 3 months. He also has had difficulty performing daily tasks because he is easily fatigued. He had a myocardial infarction 12 years ago. His pulse is 40/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 138/85 mm Hg. Physical examination show... | [] | ["Right bundle branch block","Second-degree atrioventricular block, type I","Second-degree atrioventricular block, type II","Third-degree atrioventricular block"] | D | Third-degree atrioventricular block | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 2ea4e14e37047d90ca212f02c19cd2e7d73a5f96f152753e5f48b1ba958c31a7 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Right bundle branch block","Second-degree atrioventricular block, type I","Second-degree atrioventricular block, type II","Third-degree atrioventricular block"],"question":"A 54-year-old man comes to the physician because of episodes of fainting for 3 months. He also has had difficulty performin... | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::213 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:213 | 213 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 5-year-old boy returns to the office with his 19-year-old mother to discuss results of studies done to evaluate his behavior of eating dirt. The patient sits quietly while his mother answers questions about his health. She says her son seems healthy, although he does not seem to be as active as other children his age... | [] | ["Prescribe fluoxetine","Prescribe methylphenidate","Prescribe risperidone","Refer the patient to a child psychiatrist"] | D | Refer the patient to a child psychiatrist | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | b2d0e14843748d42e4e6650a394164ba000a133ddd4967d70fd93c38018df5bc | {"answer":3,"choices":["Prescribe fluoxetine","Prescribe methylphenidate","Prescribe risperidone","Refer the patient to a child psychiatrist"],"question":"A 5-year-old boy returns to the office with his 19-year-old mother to discuss results of studies done to evaluate his behavior of eating dirt. The patient sits quiet... | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::9 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:9 | 9 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Which of the following statements about human amino acid requirements in human nutrition is correct?
| [] | ["The amino acid requirements determined for adults is assumed to be the requirement pattern for all ages.","The amino acid requirements determined for adults is assumed to be the requirements for maintenance for all ages.","The amino acid pattern of breast milk is assumed to be the requirement pattern for all children... | B | The amino acid requirements determined for adults is assumed to be the requirements for maintenance for all ages. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | d1ef1cd8a12710ba5d581915923bb2b3d1a3bda107eefce760147ba5cd2c75cf | {"answer":1,"choices":["The amino acid requirements determined for adults is assumed to be the requirement pattern for all ages.","The amino acid requirements determined for adults is assumed to be the requirements for maintenance for all ages.","The amino acid pattern of breast milk is assumed to be the requirement pa... | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::97 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:97 | 97 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | In a patient with a normal healthy mouth, you would expect the mucosa covering the alveolar process supporting the mandibular teeth to be | [] | ["light pink in colour on both sides of the mucogingigival junction.","light pink below the mucogingival junction and red above it.","red below the mucogingival junction and light pink above it.","red on both sides of the mucogingival junction."] | C | red below the mucogingival junction and light pink above it. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 669fe069c611d5b53b72b597cacb9f1a9e1342a991eb46903fbeb1cb14591e4c | {"answer":2,"choices":["light pink in colour on both sides of the mucogingigival junction.","light pink below the mucogingival junction and red above it.","red below the mucogingival junction and light pink above it.","red on both sides of the mucogingival junction."],"question":"In a patient with a normal healthy mout... | ||
mmlu_medical::clinical_knowledge::test::253 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | clinical_knowledge | test | clinical_knowledge:test:253 | 253 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | clinical_knowledge | Oxygen is used: | [] | ["in glycolysis.","in the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA.","in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs' cycle).","in glycogenolysis."] | B | in the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 4c3090419bf25d7745694c8b376572e2f2a7a676731440c82e78e0ff9a651fbc | {"answer":1,"choices":["in glycolysis.","in the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA.","in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs' cycle).","in glycogenolysis."],"question":"Oxygen is used:","subject":"clinical_knowledge"} | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::87 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:87 | 87 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | The seventh cranial nerve supplies | [] | ["taste buds on the posterior third of the tongue.","muscles of the soft palate.","muscles of the lower lip.","the parotid salivary gland."] | C | muscles of the lower lip. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 401763ba3dafc6035d5aead84fec698791ab5a56a30ee41d84473c9c39fde3e8 | {"answer":2,"choices":["taste buds on the posterior third of the tongue.","muscles of the soft palate.","muscles of the lower lip.","the parotid salivary gland."],"question":"The seventh cranial nerve supplies","subject":"anatomy"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::292 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:292 | 292 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Additional dietary protein may:
| [] | ["Increase risk of hip fracture","Decrease calcium excretion in the urine","Stimulate production of insulin-like growth hormone","Reduce muscle mass and strength"] | C | Stimulate production of insulin-like growth hormone | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 00d63705194b032cfdbb6c1c054b59854e4bc03b438d9f581ab6c0fdf8ed6636 | {"answer":2,"choices":["Increase risk of hip fracture","Decrease calcium excretion in the urine","Stimulate production of insulin-like growth hormone","Reduce muscle mass and strength"],"question":"Additional dietary protein may:\n","subject":"nutrition"} | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::38 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:38 | 38 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | Which of the following statements most detracts from the claim that the human appendix is a completely vestigial organ? | [] | ["The appendix can be surgically removed with no immediate ill effects.","The appendix might have been larger in fossil hominids.","The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue.","Individuals with a larger-than-average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below-average-sized appendix.... | C | The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 07628837404b5607b572f5b87d8c87ee0182c511f2e37eb8fe78ade5b9028ecf | {"answer":2,"choices":["The appendix can be surgically removed with no immediate ill effects.","The appendix might have been larger in fossil hominids.","The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue.","Individuals with a larger-than-average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below-a... | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::166 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:166 | 166 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 15-year-old male presents to the office with the complaint of painless swelling in the left testicle that has varied in size over the past several months. There is no history of trauma. The lesion transilluminates well, and no inguinal nodes are palpable. Findings from a testicular scan are normal. The most appropria... | [] | ["injection with a sclerosing agent","needle aspiration","needle biopsy","surgical repair"] | D | surgical repair | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 2859687e3ad0734a4a5bbee2c9f1136009aaf5bfe36e8a306185599497bac704 | {"answer":3,"choices":["injection with a sclerosing agent","needle aspiration","needle biopsy","surgical repair"],"question":"A 15-year-old male presents to the office with the complaint of painless swelling in the left testicle that has varied in size over the past several months. There is no history of trauma. The le... | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::186 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:186 | 186 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Fibre supplements
| [] | ["May be helpful in diverticular disease","Are always easily fermented by colonic bacteria","Are usually derived from soluble fibre sources","Should be avoided in constipation"] | A | May be helpful in diverticular disease | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | c8e807c1ed823518d33f452368db546bf74e24e81783a58fbcf89306c6f0ea87 | {"answer":0,"choices":["May be helpful in diverticular disease","Are always easily fermented by colonic bacteria","Are usually derived from soluble fibre sources","Should be avoided in constipation"],"question":"Fibre supplements\n","subject":"nutrition"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::35 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:35 | 35 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | Which of the following releases most energy when completely oxidised in the body? | [] | ["One gram of glucose","One gram of palmitic acid","One gram of leucine","One gram of alcohol"] | B | One gram of palmitic acid | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 09fd1cef001cdc162c5bc106c1dd468c884e958bc4c8ced1759c76d48b7b8353 | {"answer":1,"choices":["One gram of glucose","One gram of palmitic acid","One gram of leucine","One gram of alcohol"],"question":"Which of the following releases most energy when completely oxidised in the body?","subject":"college_medicine"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::95 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:95 | 95 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | Both C4 and CAM plants employ physiological and biochemical strategies to reduce photorespiration. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two strategies? | [] | ["C4 plants fix CO2 as the 4-carbon acid oxaloacetate, while CAM plants fix CO2 as the 5-carbon acid ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate.","C4 plants fix CO2 in the mesophyll but carry out the Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath, while CAM plants fix CO2 and carry out the Calvin cycle in the mesophyll.","C4 plants fix CO2 in the ... | B | C4 plants fix CO2 in the mesophyll but carry out the Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath, while CAM plants fix CO2 and carry out the Calvin cycle in the mesophyll. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | fdfbc84529479d65beb2f88b83219cf3dc2e1fcbab23e80bc897988f67f8253f | {"answer":1,"choices":["C4 plants fix CO2 as the 4-carbon acid oxaloacetate, while CAM plants fix CO2 as the 5-carbon acid ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate.","C4 plants fix CO2 in the mesophyll but carry out the Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath, while CAM plants fix CO2 and carry out the Calvin cycle in the mesophyll.","C4 ... | ||
mmlu_medical::medical_genetics::test::51 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | medical_genetics | test | medical_genetics:test:51 | 51 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | medical_genetics | On average, how many fragments would a restriction enzyme which recognizes a specific 4 base sequence in DNA be expected to cleave a double-stranded bacteriophage with a genome size of 5,000 bp into? | [] | ["about 2","about 4","about 20","about 50"] | C | about 20 | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | a321ab55f9a7a439d36eff1f0486f4aa1eef54176cb30316dbe5fdec6d19f606 | {"answer":2,"choices":["about 2","about 4","about 20","about 50"],"question":"On average, how many fragments would a restriction enzyme which recognizes a specific 4 base sequence in DNA be expected to cleave a double-stranded bacteriophage with a genome size of 5,000 bp into?","subject":"medical_genetics"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::163 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:163 | 163 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | With an increasing number of sprints the: | [] | ["anaerobic contribution progressively increases.","pH of the muscle falls below 6.0.","blood glucose concentration falls below 3 mmol/L.","relative contribution of aerobic metabolism increases."] | D | relative contribution of aerobic metabolism increases. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 8652c5330ea5835b05c618a9f96528a6f91550a9bc3da24083f9c7803d6b51f2 | {"answer":3,"choices":["anaerobic contribution progressively increases.","pH of the muscle falls below 6.0.","blood glucose concentration falls below 3 mmol/L.","relative contribution of aerobic metabolism increases."],"question":"With an increasing number of sprints the:","subject":"college_medicine"} | ||
mmlu_medical::virology::test::131 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | virology | test | virology:test:131 | 131 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | virology | The rotavirus is an important cause of which of the following? | [] | ["Respiratory infection in adults","Gastroenteritis in children","Diarrhoea and vomiting in adults","Cancer"] | B | Gastroenteritis in children | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | f22029622e65d3fced53456e7842de0483d72d2e5d713a5c216287d0705d2a6e | {"answer":1,"choices":["Respiratory infection in adults","Gastroenteritis in children","Diarrhoea and vomiting in adults","Cancer"],"question":"The rotavirus is an important cause of which of the following?","subject":"virology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::80 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:80 | 80 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | Cancer cells grown in culture are similar to normal cells grown in culture in that they | [] | ["divide an indefinite number of times","do not display contact inhibition","require a surface for attachment in order to grow","proliferate to the same cell density"] | C | require a surface for attachment in order to grow | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | a3929a28210d9498f891135b1e82a1490d100baf24050ee0e66692af04b28a30 | {"answer":2,"choices":["divide an indefinite number of times","do not display contact inhibition","require a surface for attachment in order to grow","proliferate to the same cell density"],"question":"Cancer cells grown in culture are similar to normal cells grown in culture in that they","subject":"college_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::virology::test::34 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | virology | test | virology:test:34 | 34 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | virology | How is next generation sequencing (NGS) most often used? | [] | ["To identify a newly discovered virus","To search for drug resistant mutants","To identify quasi species viruses","Cannot be used"] | D | Cannot be used | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 8ad31959601ab2a1b645fd8239a473a2fd281e36df61512f468c6aecaff44b10 | {"answer":3,"choices":["To identify a newly discovered virus","To search for drug resistant mutants","To identify quasi species viruses","Cannot be used"],"question":"How is next generation sequencing (NGS) most often used?","subject":"virology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::medical_genetics::test::69 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | medical_genetics | test | medical_genetics:test:69 | 69 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | medical_genetics | Which of the following karyotypes is not compatible with survival to birth? | [] | ["47,XY,+13","47,XX,+18","47,XY,+21","45,Y"] | D | 45,Y | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | aa4586352b54a1243ef20d2e6a620d4ebbcac1f1782f1ea656621a6188f0ed4b | {"answer":3,"choices":["47,XY,+13","47,XX,+18","47,XY,+21","45,Y"],"question":"Which of the following karyotypes is not compatible with survival to birth?","subject":"medical_genetics"} | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::210 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:210 | 210 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 47-year-old man comes to the physician 12 hours after the sudden onset of a severe occipital headache and stiff neck. He has not had any other symptoms and has no history of severe headache. He has hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide and ranitidine. He is ... | [] | ["Cluster headache","Meningitis","Migraine","Subarachnoid hemorrhage"] | D | Subarachnoid hemorrhage | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 0286d518e791e1a5c5fc011a0aee27bee14564a9b2b8b0637233279b488c1f8e | {"answer":3,"choices":["Cluster headache","Meningitis","Migraine","Subarachnoid hemorrhage"],"question":"A 47-year-old man comes to the physician 12 hours after the sudden onset of a severe occipital headache and stiff neck. He has not had any other symptoms and has no history of severe headache. He has hypertension an... | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::75 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:75 | 75 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 45-year-old woman with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of progressive shortness of breath and nonproductive cough. Her temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), pulse is 82/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 136/85 mm Hg. Crackles are heard in both lower lung... | [] | ["Diffuse interstitial fibrosis","Intra-alveolar exudates","Multiple thromboemboli","Necrotizing vasculitis"] | A | Diffuse interstitial fibrosis | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 7d549ca2bcc0717a8a0492645db4e3d8401c6a286a04f4c756150516042a711d | {"answer":0,"choices":["Diffuse interstitial fibrosis","Intra-alveolar exudates","Multiple thromboemboli","Necrotizing vasculitis"],"question":"A 45-year-old woman with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of progressive shortness of breath and nonproductive cough. Her tem... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::40 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:40 | 40 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | A stem-boring beetle has laid its eggs in the center of a 5-year-old wood twig, and the eggs have matured into larvae. In proper order (inside to outside), what tissues and tissue regions would the larvae encounter as they eat their way toward the outside of the twig? (For simplicity, assume that the epidermis has alre... | [] | ["Pith; primary xylem; secondary xylem; vascular cambium; primary phloem; secondary phloem; cortex","Pith; secondary xylem; primary xylem; vascular cambium; secondary phloem; primary phloem; cortex","Pith; secondary xylem; primary xylem; vascular cambium; primary phloem; secondary phloem; cortex","Pith; primary xylem; ... | D | Pith; primary xylem; secondary xylem; vascular cambium; secondary phloem; primary phloem; cortex | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | c9c71bc29f5ca10a48aeef94ddf977e8134a0da0c8e6ab14948219b16a342556 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Pith; primary xylem; secondary xylem; vascular cambium; primary phloem; secondary phloem; cortex","Pith; secondary xylem; primary xylem; vascular cambium; secondary phloem; primary phloem; cortex","Pith; secondary xylem; primary xylem; vascular cambium; primary phloem; secondary phloem; cortex",... | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::116 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:116 | 116 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | Ectoderm gives rise to | [] | ["the neural tube.","ectomesenchymal cells.","dental enamel.","all three structures."] | D | all three structures. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 1dc4e6f8f00ac64d9bbb05129264fce98fa541f3d296ef525c9529027e8b7ce6 | {"answer":3,"choices":["the neural tube.","ectomesenchymal cells.","dental enamel.","all three structures."],"question":"Ectoderm gives rise to","subject":"anatomy"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::105 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:105 | 105 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | Rational choice theory is premised on the concept that actions are chosen based on the benefit to the individual. The three main assumptions of rational theory are completeness, transitivity, and independence of variables. This is most accurately described as what kind of system? | [] | ["Hierarchical","Patriarchal","Matriarchal","Oligarchic"] | A | Hierarchical | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | a0ed71e7241953905c147559e53aeaa23204537f4f858d4172b28ca54d4aa1bc | {"answer":0,"choices":["Hierarchical","Patriarchal","Matriarchal","Oligarchic"],"question":"Rational choice theory is premised on the concept that actions are chosen based on the benefit to the individual. The three main assumptions of rational theory are completeness, transitivity, and independence of variables. This ... | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::84 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:84 | 84 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | Which orbital wall is most likely to collapse in a 'blow out' fracture? | [] | ["The roof","The floor","The lateral wall","The medial wall"] | B | The floor | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 5c333910641d60bd2c83538e9753bae28df63a3dc6eaad00207bf23957bcb63d | {"answer":1,"choices":["The roof","The floor","The lateral wall","The medial wall"],"question":"Which orbital wall is most likely to collapse in a 'blow out' fracture?","subject":"anatomy"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::148 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:148 | 148 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | According to attachment theory, which of the following children is most likely to attach to a male psychologist, previously unknown to the child, in the course of a psychological study? | [] | ["A two month old female infant raised in a safe, stable environment","A five month old male infant raised in a safe, stable environment","An eight month old male infant raised by a single caregiver who frequently neglect the child","A thirteen month old female infant raised by two caregivers who occasionally neglect t... | A | A two month old female infant raised in a safe, stable environment | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | ae137dace65092a6d42e2d036c3ce11ae86ea2f748ccb6b48083ce046ea0b34d | {"answer":0,"choices":["A two month old female infant raised in a safe, stable environment","A five month old male infant raised in a safe, stable environment","An eight month old male infant raised by a single caregiver who frequently neglect the child","A thirteen month old female infant raised by two caregivers who ... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::6 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:6 | 6 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," is characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms th... | [] | ["Heart surgery patients who cannot run on treadmills may benefit from sauna use.","Patients on a diet would benefit from sauna use.","Salt restriction would be equal to sauna use for hypertensive patients.","Patients with skin conditions may be cured with sauna use."] | A | Heart surgery patients who cannot run on treadmills may benefit from sauna use. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 5d5ca2ccdf151e4c97d8f960b50d96e95663dee6fd2bcd3b3eda15e32c020bea | {"answer":0,"choices":["Heart surgery patients who cannot run on treadmills may benefit from sauna use.","Patients on a diet would benefit from sauna use.","Salt restriction would be equal to sauna use for hypertensive patients.","Patients with skin conditions may be cured with sauna use."],"question":"Sauna use, somet... | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::118 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:118 | 118 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | All of the following organs in the digestive system secrete digestive enzymes EXCEPT the | [] | ["mouth","stomach","gall bladder","small intestine"] | C | gall bladder | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | afb20c5bdf6f277bff1622335416d9d0b1efa9ff6ac182943e1e697794cb5852 | {"answer":2,"choices":["mouth","stomach","gall bladder","small intestine"],"question":"All of the following organs in the digestive system secrete digestive enzymes EXCEPT the","subject":"high_school_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::130 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:130 | 130 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time. Which of the following terms best describes this? | [] | ["artificial selection","directional selection","stabilizing selection","disruptive selection"] | B | directional selection | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 2318ec074a8e3c9fb08bcf1f1fd726f6a0c1e23cc89edefd124c5356d92680e5 | {"answer":1,"choices":["artificial selection","directional selection","stabilizing selection","disruptive selection"],"question":"Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time. Which of the following terms best describes this?","subject":"high_school_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::18 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:18 | 18 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Which country has undergone the most rapid nutrition transition in the last two decades?
| [] | ["China","Sweden","Britain","India"] | A | China | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | eda6ae6f169eb935db06119176bb99c9ff0e855fc68ad190185b35e3ea05b18a | {"answer":0,"choices":["China","Sweden","Britain","India"],"question":"Which country has undergone the most rapid nutrition transition in the last two decades?\n","subject":"nutrition"} | ||
mmlu_medical::clinical_knowledge::test::106 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | clinical_knowledge | test | clinical_knowledge:test:106 | 106 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | clinical_knowledge | The sex of a child is dictated by the inheritance of: | [] | ["the number of X chromosomes from the mother.","a recessive allele on the X chromosome.","a single Y chromosome from the mother.","a single Y chromosome from the father."] | D | a single Y chromosome from the father. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | aebb0f1ad511ca2bc795275559024027572f43047055718c12c2d9f7fb817340 | {"answer":3,"choices":["the number of X chromosomes from the mother.","a recessive allele on the X chromosome.","a single Y chromosome from the mother.","a single Y chromosome from the father."],"question":"The sex of a child is dictated by the inheritance of:","subject":"clinical_knowledge"} | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::203 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:203 | 203 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A previously healthy 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 2-day history of fever and pain and swelling of the right knee. She remembers injuring the knee while playing soccer last week, but she was able to finish the game. She has no history of rash or joint pain. Her sister has inflammatory bowel ... | [] | ["Nuclear scan of the right knee","MRI of the right knee","Antibiotic therapy","Arthrocentesis"] | D | Arthrocentesis | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 47d3350c9adbe6880411d8c217b4f044f27e42486f615039b6285d2b9de8789d | {"answer":3,"choices":["Nuclear scan of the right knee","MRI of the right knee","Antibiotic therapy","Arthrocentesis"],"question":"A previously healthy 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 2-day history of fever and pain and swelling of the right knee. She remembers injuring the knee while playing ... | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::190 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:190 | 190 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 68-year-old female presents to the emergency department with a 3-day history of worsening fever and headache. Today the patient is nauseated and less responsive. Lumbar puncture reveals a protein level of 89 mg/dL (reference range: 15-45 mg/dL) with pleocytosis. The most likely etiologic organism is | [] | ["Clostridium perfringens","Haemophilus influenzae","rhinovirus","Streptococcus pneumoniae"] | D | Streptococcus pneumoniae | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 973880f5c3142847e0fed3b040b396d5c30e69a6fb35bbcc05e5e91141fa1b03 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Clostridium perfringens","Haemophilus influenzae","rhinovirus","Streptococcus pneumoniae"],"question":"A 68-year-old female presents to the emergency department with a 3-day history of worsening fever and headache. Today the patient is nauseated and less responsive. Lumbar puncture reveals a pro... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::92 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:92 | 92 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | Walking down a street late at night, an adult male pedestrian notices a young female on the ground, not moving. The female is on the opposite side of the street. Crossing the street, the pedestrian notices that the young woman appears both much wealthier than he is and is of a different ethnicity. Seeing no one else pr... | [] | ["The person requiring aid appearing to be of a lower socioeconomic class rather than a higher one","The presence of another group of people one block up the street","The person requiring aid appearing to be the same ethnicity rather than a different one","The presence of one other person who is already approaching the... | D | The presence of one other person who is already approaching the girl | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | d473182cda1ffd9d952e19d6f0ba3111cb67d5278bdd9b6efec1e7e89d74ce5b | {"answer":3,"choices":["The person requiring aid appearing to be of a lower socioeconomic class rather than a higher one","The presence of another group of people one block up the street","The person requiring aid appearing to be the same ethnicity rather than a different one","The presence of one other person who is a... | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::83 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:83 | 83 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | It is correct to state that for the treatment of Bulimia Nervosa:
| [] | ["Fluoxetine is considered of benefit","The first approach is to discuss body image","It is not useful to discuss weight with patients","Treatments should target exclusively on purging practices"] | A | Fluoxetine is considered of benefit | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 062b8c7290d3ad2d412cfe8824baa87c327966e14ff3250afb77d08f464d2267 | {"answer":0,"choices":["Fluoxetine is considered of benefit","The first approach is to discuss body image","It is not useful to discuss weight with patients","Treatments should target exclusively on purging practices"],"question":"It is correct to state that for the treatment of Bulimia Nervosa:\n","subject":"nutrition... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::14 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:14 | 14 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | A patient comes into the ER looking extremely agitated. They are acting aggressive, and claiming they need medication or “bad things will happen”. What is the likely state of this patient’s dopamine system? | [] | ["There is decreased dopamine in the synaptic cleft.","There are decreased dopamine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane.","There is cell death in the areas with high dopamine cells.","There is seizure-like activity in the dopamine brain areas."] | B | There are decreased dopamine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 7b8a65b99eab5ef4d5dc2f34d2e87f0675219c135fb8265491b5b95644b1c8e8 | {"answer":1,"choices":["There is decreased dopamine in the synaptic cleft.","There are decreased dopamine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane.","There is cell death in the areas with high dopamine cells.","There is seizure-like activity in the dopamine brain areas."],"question":"A patient comes into the ER looking ... | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::219 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:219 | 219 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | A feature of amino acids NOT found in carbohydrates is the presence of | [] | ["carbon atoms","oxygen atoms","nitrogen atoms","hydrogen atoms"] | C | nitrogen atoms | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 775743382957d1ca83b0fe9e9342e56ed0c8728413e64f17802bbf4231ca33fd | {"answer":2,"choices":["carbon atoms","oxygen atoms","nitrogen atoms","hydrogen atoms"],"question":"A feature of amino acids NOT found in carbohydrates is the presence of","subject":"high_school_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::74 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:74 | 74 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber (MERRF) is an extremely rare disorder that affects neuromuscular systems. MERRF results from a mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that impairs protein synthesis, oxygen consumption, and energy production. When an affected male and a normal female reproduce, which of the follow... | [] | ["None of the offspring will be affected","All males and no females will be affected","Half of males and half of females will be affected","One-fourth of the offspring will be affected"] | A | None of the offspring will be affected | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 10509a5a4744f528dc8a7909b1441de25393689715bacc4091462050a4cf4b3b | {"answer":0,"choices":["None of the offspring will be affected","All males and no females will be affected","Half of males and half of females will be affected","One-fourth of the offspring will be affected"],"question":"Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber (MERRF) is an extremely rare disorder that affects neuromus... | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::52 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:52 | 52 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | Which sequence describes the systemic circulation? | [] | ["Left ventricle → aorta → arteries → veins → capillaries","Left ventricle → aorta → arteries →capillaries → veins","Right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → arteries → capillaries →veins","Right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → arteries → veins → capillaries"] | B | Left ventricle → aorta → arteries →capillaries → veins | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 7dc9d81b575d16bb4889877d04981039919ed1c3e5efbdfed7c8ad8f18fc09e6 | {"answer":1,"choices":["Left ventricle → aorta → arteries → veins → capillaries","Left ventricle → aorta → arteries →capillaries → veins","Right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → arteries → capillaries →veins","Right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → arteries → veins → capillaries"],"question":"Which sequence describes the sys... | ||
mmlu_medical::clinical_knowledge::test::217 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | clinical_knowledge | test | clinical_knowledge:test:217 | 217 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | clinical_knowledge | Endurance training increases the muscle's capacity to: | [] | ["contract faster.","break down phosphocreatine.","burn fat and carbohydrate.","generate energy anaerobically."] | C | burn fat and carbohydrate. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 2976db5f6c2014f9d7336b12faaeeb29faed4232c3bccadfd63726ff02f120f3 | {"answer":2,"choices":["contract faster.","break down phosphocreatine.","burn fat and carbohydrate.","generate energy anaerobically."],"question":"Endurance training increases the muscle's capacity to:","subject":"clinical_knowledge"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::212 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:212 | 212 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Which statement about intestinal "brakes" and "accelerators" is FALSE?
| [] | ["Dietary starch is a potent stimulator of small intestinal motility because it causes insulin release from the pancreas","Food in the stomach causes gastrin release, which stimulates acid secretion","Short-chain fatty acids which move from colon to caecum (reflux) promote ileo-caecal motility","The arrival of lipid in... | A | Dietary starch is a potent stimulator of small intestinal motility because it causes insulin release from the pancreas | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 29dfce6925e3b4aac15dff35a579f29b234e5ea6f4a37c6c0c6c2a6ee19f3c2a | {"answer":0,"choices":["Dietary starch is a potent stimulator of small intestinal motility because it causes insulin release from the pancreas","Food in the stomach causes gastrin release, which stimulates acid secretion","Short-chain fatty acids which move from colon to caecum (reflux) promote ileo-caecal motility","T... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::59 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:59 | 59 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | Which of the following is a biological attribute that would most likely allow a species to become cosmopolitan in distribution? | [] | ["Extreme habitat specialization","K-selected reproductive rate","Limited dispersal abilities","Capacity for long-distance dispersal"] | D | Capacity for long-distance dispersal | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 44bdb3f8dba5726283995133ded3b72a20cedb264074cfe22b39e201615a93c8 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Extreme habitat specialization","K-selected reproductive rate","Limited dispersal abilities","Capacity for long-distance dispersal"],"question":"Which of the following is a biological attribute that would most likely allow a species to become cosmopolitan in distribution?","subject":"college_bio... | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::58 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:58 | 58 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | Which of the following is the point at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another neuron? | [] | ["Dendrite","Glial cell","Nerve center","Synapse"] | D | Synapse | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | a441f8e76bae3e7ac062631cd3b16354faf39c343bbfaa6b23d521cb9529651f | {"answer":3,"choices":["Dendrite","Glial cell","Nerve center","Synapse"],"question":"Which of the following is the point at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another neuron?","subject":"anatomy"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_biology::test::25 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_biology | test | college_biology:test:25 | 25 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_biology | The process in which pioneer species colonize a bare substrate such as rock, sand, or glacial till is known as | [] | ["weathering","stabilizing succession","secondary succession","primary succession"] | D | primary succession | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 3648da93cb8f7d88762f64f3c4f72f1868c55f4db21650bc21e5acb57b91b6a5 | {"answer":3,"choices":["weathering","stabilizing succession","secondary succession","primary succession"],"question":"The process in which pioneer species colonize a bare substrate such as rock, sand, or glacial till is known as","subject":"college_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::107 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:107 | 107 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Which statement about absorption from the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract is most correct?
| [] | ["The absorption of glucose is associated with sodium uptake.","Fructose is absorbed more rapidly than glucose.","Galactose and fructose are absorbed by the same transporter at the brush border membrane.","Most water absorption along the GI tract occurs in the colon."] | A | The absorption of glucose is associated with sodium uptake. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 1f4e7fa6e0e5bd57ea84bc95d005e64e5baf0cca876a8207f64de0a4f73058cd | {"answer":0,"choices":["The absorption of glucose is associated with sodium uptake.","Fructose is absorbed more rapidly than glucose.","Galactose and fructose are absorbed by the same transporter at the brush border membrane.","Most water absorption along the GI tract occurs in the colon."],"question":"Which statement ... | ||
mmlu_medical::clinical_knowledge::test::168 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | clinical_knowledge | test | clinical_knowledge:test:168 | 168 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | clinical_knowledge | Which of the following is true about jaundice? | [] | ["Pale stools and dark urine are characteristic of the jaundice of haemalytic anaemia","Bilirubin is used by the liver in the synthesis of red blood cells","Itching may be a sign of obstructive jaundice","Putting a danger of infection sticker on blood samples from an intravenous drug user with jaundice is optional"] | C | Itching may be a sign of obstructive jaundice | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 102b3d0cb9511eaa482219fe7ad094b93897e26009026c6512252cf4e767dc30 | {"answer":2,"choices":["Pale stools and dark urine are characteristic of the jaundice of haemalytic anaemia","Bilirubin is used by the liver in the synthesis of red blood cells","Itching may be a sign of obstructive jaundice","Putting a danger of infection sticker on blood samples from an intravenous drug user with jau... | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::211 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:211 | 211 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | All of the following support the endosymbiotic theory that ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent, free-living prokaryotes EXCEPT: | [] | ["Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the eukaryotic host cell by a process similar to binary fission.","Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes that more closely resemble those of bacteria than of eukaryotic cells.","Mitochondria and chloroplasts function independently from the eukaryotic host c... | C | Mitochondria and chloroplasts function independently from the eukaryotic host cell. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | da3f2ad2ce0e7c75aa1b0325879c8bebeff31b9201c8515fa9353ad345648579 | {"answer":2,"choices":["Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the eukaryotic host cell by a process similar to binary fission.","Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes that more closely resemble those of bacteria than of eukaryotic cells.","Mitochondria and chloroplasts function independently from... | ||
mmlu_medical::professional_medicine::test::6 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | professional_medicine | test | professional_medicine:test:6 | 6 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | professional_medicine | A 72-year-old woman with advanced ovarian cancer metastatic to the liver is brought to the physician by her son because she cries all the time and will not get out of bed. On a 10-point scale, she rates the pain as a 1 to 2. She also has hypertension and major depressive disorder. She has received chemotherapy for 2 ye... | [] | ["Reassurance","Assess for suicidal ideation","Begin dextroamphetamine therapy","Increase oxycodone dosage"] | B | Assess for suicidal ideation | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 2dfb110c1591f04cc413f6a00b587040fc30f683b1b40e4ab7c9d8fd357ee67c | {"answer":1,"choices":["Reassurance","Assess for suicidal ideation","Begin dextroamphetamine therapy","Increase oxycodone dosage"],"question":"A 72-year-old woman with advanced ovarian cancer metastatic to the liver is brought to the physician by her son because she cries all the time and will not get out of bed. On a ... | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::20 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:20 | 20 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | Where is the sinoatrial node located? | [] | ["Between the left atrium and the left ventricle","Between the right atrium and the right ventricle","In the upper wall of the right atrium","In the upper wall of the left ventricle"] | C | In the upper wall of the right atrium | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | a3443326e2ea10a264332dc8732fb8a51f6e6c86edb5d3a2b0c979fc04c2a465 | {"answer":2,"choices":["Between the left atrium and the left ventricle","Between the right atrium and the right ventricle","In the upper wall of the right atrium","In the upper wall of the left ventricle"],"question":"Where is the sinoatrial node located?","subject":"anatomy"} | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::48 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:48 | 48 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) is a serious complication seen in infants born prematurely who have a compromised ability to facilitate oxygen diffusion across their alveolar membranes. This is caused by inadequate surfactant production. What role does surfactant play in facilitating oxygen diffusion? | [] | ["Increases surface permeability","Maintains alveoli in an open state","Depresses cilia of the lung","Dilates blood vessels"] | B | Maintains alveoli in an open state | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 0d25b2565d048e4d014258b9160caf7d33cca0d468bcbddcfc1562b551a5f880 | {"answer":1,"choices":["Increases surface permeability","Maintains alveoli in an open state","Depresses cilia of the lung","Dilates blood vessels"],"question":"Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) is a serious complication seen in infants born prematurely who have a compromised ability to facilitate oxygen dif... | ||
mmlu_medical::virology::test::76 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | virology | test | virology:test:76 | 76 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | virology | Poliovirus can most easily become more virulent by which of the following processes? | [] | ["Mutation of the RNA genome at only a few positions","Recombining with another enterovirus","Altering its protein coat","Multiple nucleotide deletions and substitutions"] | A | Mutation of the RNA genome at only a few positions | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | ef0c005ccbd5b69dcbf7078456923121d7d44755245be3de4fa6481ea4d28c96 | {"answer":0,"choices":["Mutation of the RNA genome at only a few positions","Recombining with another enterovirus","Altering its protein coat","Multiple nucleotide deletions and substitutions"],"question":"Poliovirus can most easily become more virulent by which of the following processes?","subject":"virology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::clinical_knowledge::test::231 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | clinical_knowledge | test | clinical_knowledge:test:231 | 231 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | clinical_knowledge | In all-out exercise such as sprinting the first fibre types to fatigue are the: | [] | ["Type I fibres.","Type Ia fibres.","Type IIa fibres.","Type IIX fibres."] | D | Type IIX fibres. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 542d5512b63664a8ec125d3fe4350a40de4017e4c64996dc3282316a325992f3 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Type I fibres.","Type Ia fibres.","Type IIa fibres.","Type IIX fibres."],"question":"In all-out exercise such as sprinting the first fibre types to fatigue are the:","subject":"clinical_knowledge"} | ||
mmlu_medical::virology::test::63 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | virology | test | virology:test:63 | 63 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | virology | Describe the coronavirus structure. | [] | ["Club shaped glycoprotein spikes protrude through a lipid bilayer","An icosahedral structure with an envelope","An icosahedral large pleomorphic virus","Large regimented barrel shaped virus"] | C | An icosahedral large pleomorphic virus | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 46543ad8cbc741f56e2eab4d49e3391245210f490039520bbb92db1bfdb65577 | {"answer":2,"choices":["Club shaped glycoprotein spikes protrude through a lipid bilayer","An icosahedral structure with an envelope","An icosahedral large pleomorphic virus","Large regimented barrel shaped virus"],"question":"Describe the coronavirus structure.","subject":"virology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::239 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:239 | 239 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | The major difference between cartilage and bone is that cartilage | [] | ["is a part of the skeletal system","is composed of collagen and salts","lacks blood vessels and nerves","secretes a matrix"] | C | lacks blood vessels and nerves | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | df213a60d78ebf2119136c0f4861e26dfa73274242510bb75d061827d9747813 | {"answer":2,"choices":["is a part of the skeletal system","is composed of collagen and salts","lacks blood vessels and nerves","secretes a matrix"],"question":"The major difference between cartilage and bone is that cartilage","subject":"high_school_biology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::virology::test::32 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | virology | test | virology:test:32 | 32 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | virology | Deep nucleotide sequencing (NGS) is now cheap enough for general application. What will the technique mainly be useful for? | [] | ["Speedy vaccine development","Identifying genetic variation","Giving details on virus excretion in symptomless carriers","Quickly identifying new viruses"] | D | Quickly identifying new viruses | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | a258edf7ca717c892037b19f3491f53cf25b3062dd5b6b73158b7d72172457c5 | {"answer":3,"choices":["Speedy vaccine development","Identifying genetic variation","Giving details on virus excretion in symptomless carriers","Quickly identifying new viruses"],"question":"Deep nucleotide sequencing (NGS) is now cheap enough for general application. What will the technique mainly be useful for?","sub... | ||
mmlu_medical::college_medicine::test::132 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | college_medicine | test | college_medicine:test:132 | 132 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | college_medicine | Which of the following factors does not influence success in sport? | [] | ["Ability to tolerate heavy training without succumbing to illness or injury.","Tactics.","The diet.","Ingestion of carnitine during exercise."] | D | Ingestion of carnitine during exercise. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 766d1d733d57d1f9acc7777cb3eb9ccf883343444ca6c7f52ac083213a2e272a | {"answer":3,"choices":["Ability to tolerate heavy training without succumbing to illness or injury.","Tactics.","The diet.","Ingestion of carnitine during exercise."],"question":"Which of the following factors does not influence success in sport?","subject":"college_medicine"} | ||
mmlu_medical::nutrition::test::293 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | nutrition | test | nutrition:test:293 | 293 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | nutrition | Greater milk consumption
| [] | ["Has been reported to be associated with a higher incidence of fracture and higher mortality in a few studies","During puberty seems to be associated with higher bone mineral density in later life","Is consistently associated with a lower rate of fractures","In countries with the highest rate of fracture suggests that... | A | Has been reported to be associated with a higher incidence of fracture and higher mortality in a few studies | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 48f65549700f15407018bf6a2cfa86b12d4ff5a558145452131d700e6c1a324a | {"answer":0,"choices":["Has been reported to be associated with a higher incidence of fracture and higher mortality in a few studies","During puberty seems to be associated with higher bone mineral density in later life","Is consistently associated with a lower rate of fractures","In countries with the highest rate of ... | ||
mmlu_medical::virology::test::47 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | virology | test | virology:test:47 | 47 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | virology | Papillomaviruses cause warts and cancer but how do they most often infect humans? | [] | ["Are water borne","Are airborne","Via scratches and breaks in the skin","Are nosocomial and spread in hospitals"] | C | Via scratches and breaks in the skin | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | a458483113d0eff46f6f600eb69d189a3f4d0d4cc98f55dc9360e8ea08d7930a | {"answer":2,"choices":["Are water borne","Are airborne","Via scratches and breaks in the skin","Are nosocomial and spread in hospitals"],"question":"Papillomaviruses cause warts and cancer but how do they most often infect humans?","subject":"virology"} | ||
mmlu_medical::high_school_biology::test::178 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | high_school_biology | test | high_school_biology:test:178 | 178 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | high_school_biology | Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? | [] | ["There is heritable variation among individuals.","Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.","Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.","Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less suite... | B | Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 113cdaae2d92fc7cb66dd72361d55e6cd336ee143553cb398d9ba4c458d183da | {"answer":1,"choices":["There is heritable variation among individuals.","Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.","Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.","Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characte... | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::91 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:91 | 91 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | On which surfaces of the teeth is dental plaque most likely to accumulate in the mouth of a patient with poor oral hygiene? | [] | ["The palatal surfaces of the upper molars and lingual surfaces of the lower incisors.","The buccal surfaces of the upper molars and lingual surfaces of the lower incisors.","The palatal surfaces of the upper molars and labial surfaces of the lower incisors.","The buccal surfaces of the upper molars and labial surfaces... | B | The buccal surfaces of the upper molars and lingual surfaces of the lower incisors. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | cd578c0c2e085ebcf1848790696035b4288e6d8e404ec5a5480ec1a6322c5a87 | {"answer":1,"choices":["The palatal surfaces of the upper molars and lingual surfaces of the lower incisors.","The buccal surfaces of the upper molars and lingual surfaces of the lower incisors.","The palatal surfaces of the upper molars and labial surfaces of the lower incisors.","The buccal surfaces of the upper mola... | ||
mmlu_medical::anatomy::test::124 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | anatomy | test | anatomy:test:124 | 124 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | anatomy | Parasympathetic preganglionic axons leave the CNS with the | [] | ["cervical spinal nerves.","thoracic spinal nerves.","lumbar spinal nerves.","sacral spinal nerves."] | D | sacral spinal nerves. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 91fe288e0cad58fe6c5259f356cf2eed4d67c0817edf9699f78e679416f4047b | {"answer":3,"choices":["cervical spinal nerves.","thoracic spinal nerves.","lumbar spinal nerves.","sacral spinal nerves."],"question":"Parasympathetic preganglionic axons leave the CNS with the","subject":"anatomy"} | ||
mmlu_medical::clinical_knowledge::test::133 | mmlu_medical | cais/mmlu | clinical_knowledge | test | clinical_knowledge:test:133 | 133 | multiple_choice_medical_knowledge | clinical_knowledge | The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: | [] | ["is located in the sarcoplasm.","catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.","catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.","catalyses the conversion of lactate to pyruvate."] | B | catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | false | {"answer_action":"answer","answer_argument":"content","penalty":0.0,"reward":1.0,"target":"correct_option","type":"exact_match"} | {"grader":"multiple_choice_exact_match"} | {"expected_route_complexity":"low"} | 62b587072a0c75e026516a4f8d1885b5e477062f15068cadb57c1f2192c38817 | {"answer":1,"choices":["is located in the sarcoplasm.","catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.","catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.","catalyses the conversion of lactate to pyruvate."],"question":"The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:","subject":"clinical_knowledge"} |
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Unified Medical Scenario Benchmark
This dataset unifies three medical AI evaluation sources into a single CUBE-oriented tabular schema for future prompt/model/tool routing experiments:
- MMLU-Medical from
cais/mmlu, using medical subject configs only. - HealthBench from
openai/healthbench, using the full 5,000-example set plus the 1,000-example hard subset marker. - MedAgentBench from
bdanko/medagentbench, converted from the localmedagentbench_cubeimplementation.
Splits
Random seed: 15179996.
| Split | Total | MMLU-Medical | HealthBench | MedAgentBench |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| train | 1,350 | 800 | 400 | 150 |
| validation | 450 | 200 | 200 | 50 |
| test | 1,371 | 871 | 400 | 100 |
HealthBench split policy:
- Train: 400 hard.
- Validation: 200 hard.
- Test: 400 hard.
MedAgentBench split policy:
- Train: 150.
- Validation: 50.
- Test: 100.
MMLU-Medical split policy:
- Train: 800.
- Validation: 200.
- Test: 871.
MMLU-Medical rows are sampled from the 1,871-question medical test pool using the fixed seed above.
Schema
The dataset uses one shared schema across all benchmark families. JSON-bearing fields are encoded as strings for stable Parquet compatibility.
Important columns:
benchmark:mmlu_medical,healthbench, ormedagentbench.source_dataset,source_config,source_split,source_id: provenance.scenario_type: routing-relevant task category.question,choices_json,correct_option,correct_answer: multiple-choice evaluation fields.messages_json,rubrics_json,ideal_completions_json: HealthBench conversation and rubric fields.instruction,context,acceptable_answers_json,tools_json,tool_names_json: MedAgentBench agent task fields.is_hard: HealthBench hard subset marker.reward_spec_json: machine-readable reward contract.eval_spec_json: machine-readable evaluation/grader contract.router_metadata_json: routing metadata such as complexity and guardrail/tool-use hints.original_record_sha256,original_record_json: source-record audit trail.
Reward Semantics
MMLU-Medical uses exact-match multiple-choice reward:
- Reward
1.0when the answer action'scontentmatchescorrect_option. - Reward
0.0otherwise.
HealthBench uses weighted rubric reward:
- Score range
[0.0, 1.0]. - Score is based on physician-authored rubric criteria.
- Evaluation requires a rubric grader compatible with the HealthBench grader template.
MedAgentBench uses the official MedAgentBench task success evaluator:
- Reward
1.0when the official evaluator returns task success. - Reward
0.0otherwise. - Evaluation requires a compatible FHIR server and the official
src/server/tasks/medagentbench/refsol.pymodule distributed separately by the MedAgentBench authors. - The tabular dataset includes task data and tool schemas. It does not use
acceptable_answers_jsonas the benchmark grader.
Load Example
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("bdanko/unified_medical_scenario_benchmark")
print(ds)
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