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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 7 new columns ({'statistics', 'dataset_type', 'language', 'config', 'version', 'created_at', 'quality_checks'}) and 3 missing columns ({'tokens', 'id', 'messages'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/arzes/indian_history/output.meta.json (at revision 9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad), [/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/29243666770163-config-parquet-and-info-arzes-indian_history-3ced2a56/hub/datasets--arzes--indian_history/snapshots/9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad/dataset.json (origin=hf://datasets/arzes/indian_history@9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad/dataset.json), /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/29243666770163-config-parquet-and-info-arzes-indian_history-3ced2a56/hub/datasets--arzes--indian_history/snapshots/9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad/output.meta.json (origin=hf://datasets/arzes/indian_history@9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad/output.meta.json)]
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1887, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 674, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2272, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2218, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
config: struct<chars_per_token: int64, max_tokens: int64, min_tokens: int64, split_on_paragraphs: bool>
child 0, chars_per_token: int64
child 1, max_tokens: int64
child 2, min_tokens: int64
child 3, split_on_paragraphs: bool
created_at: timestamp[s]
dataset_type: string
language: string
quality_checks: struct<deduplication: bool, has_placeholders: bool, min_length_enforced: bool>
child 0, deduplication: bool
child 1, has_placeholders: bool
child 2, min_length_enforced: bool
statistics: struct<avg_tokens_per_sample: int64, compression_ratio: double, original_size_bytes: int64, total_sa (... 34 chars omitted)
child 0, avg_tokens_per_sample: int64
child 1, compression_ratio: double
child 2, original_size_bytes: int64
child 3, total_samples: int64
child 4, total_tokens: int64
version: string
to
{'id': Value('int64'), 'messages': List({'content': Value('string'), 'role': Value('string')}), 'tokens': Value('int64')}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1347, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 980, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 884, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 947, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1736, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1889, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 7 new columns ({'statistics', 'dataset_type', 'language', 'config', 'version', 'created_at', 'quality_checks'}) and 3 missing columns ({'tokens', 'id', 'messages'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/arzes/indian_history/output.meta.json (at revision 9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad), [/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/29243666770163-config-parquet-and-info-arzes-indian_history-3ced2a56/hub/datasets--arzes--indian_history/snapshots/9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad/dataset.json (origin=hf://datasets/arzes/indian_history@9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad/dataset.json), /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/29243666770163-config-parquet-and-info-arzes-indian_history-3ced2a56/hub/datasets--arzes--indian_history/snapshots/9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad/output.meta.json (origin=hf://datasets/arzes/indian_history@9035965ad2d918c755b25d125f2f554f0d9845ad/output.meta.json)]
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
id int64 | messages list | tokens int64 |
|---|---|---|
1 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia\nSearch Wikipedia\nSearch\nDonate\nCreate account\nLog in\n\nWikipedia began as an impossible dream. Today, we celebrate 25 years of humanity at its best. Join us\n\nContents hide\n(Top)\nPr... | 362 |
2 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Indus Valley Civilisation, at peak phase (2600–1900 BCE)\nAnatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.1 The earliest known human remains in South Asia date to 30... | 415 |
3 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Timeline of Indian history\nChandragupta Maurya overthrew the Nanda Empire and established the first great empire in ancient India, the Maurya Empire. India's Mauryan king Ashoka is widely recognised for the violent Kalin... | 443 |
4 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Southern India saw the rise of multiple imperial powers from the middle of the fifth century. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India in the 11th century. In the early medieval period, Indian mathematics, including Hin... | 315 |
5 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The early modern period began in the 16th century, when the Mughal Empire conquered most of the Indian subcontinent,16 signaling the proto-industrialisation, becoming the biggest global economy and manufacturing power.171... | 455 |
6 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Stone Age (6,000 BCE) carvings of Edakkal Caves in Kerala, India.\nPaleolithic\nMain article: South Asian Stone Age\nHominin expansion from Africa is estimated to have reached the Indian subcontinent approximately two mil... | 503 |
7 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the Homo sapiens range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may ... | 425 |
8 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mehrgarh painted pottery, 3000–2500 BCE38\nSettled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus River alluvium approximately 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation o... | 492 |
9 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Mohenjo-daro (one of the largest Indus cities). View of the site's Great Bath, showing the surrounding urban layout.\n\nDholavira, a city of the Indus Valley civilisation, with stepwell steps to reach the water level in a... | 396 |
10 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Iron Age (c. 1800 – 200 BCE)\nSee also: Iron Age in India\nVedic period (c. 1500 – 600 BCE)\nMain articles: Vedic period, Historical Vedic religion, and Vedas\nSee also: Indo-Aryan peoples and Indo-Aryan migrations\nStart... | 473 |
11 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society expanded from the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around t... | 418 |
12 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Kuru kingdom (c. 1200–450 BCE) was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in north-western India, around 1200–800 BCE,72 as well as with the composition of th... | 357 |
13 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st-century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate\nThe period between 800 and 200 BCE saw the formation of the Śramaṇa movement, from which Jainism and Buddhis... | 496 |
14 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The increasing urbanisation of India in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or \"Śramaṇa movements\" which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals.85 Mahavira (c. 599–527 BCE), proponent of Jainism, a... | 449 |
15 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Hindush warrior, on the Tomb of Xerxes I, circa 480 BCE.\nEarly \"republics\" or gaṇasaṅgha,96 such as Shakyas, Koliyas, Mallakas, and Licchavis had republican governments. Gaṇasaṅghas,96 such as the Mallakas, centered in... | 394 |
16 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Magadha state c. 600 BCE, which is later expanded from its capital Rajagriha – under the Haryanka dynasty and the later Shishunaga dynasty.\nMagadha formed one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas (Sanskrit: \"Great Realms\") or ... | 295 |
17 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Early sources, from the Buddhist Pāli Canon, the Jain Agamas and the Hindu Puranas, mention Magadha being ruled by the Pradyota dynasty and Haryanka dynasty (c. 544–413 BCE) for some 200 years, c. 600–413 BCE. King Bimbis... | 396 |
18 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Ashokan pillar at Vaishali, 3rd century BCE.\nThe Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) unified most of the Indian subcontinent into one state, and was the largest empire ever to exist on the Indian subcontinent.108 At its greatest... | 439 |
19 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Under Chandragupta Maurya and his successors, internal and external trade, agriculture, and economic activities all thrived and expanded across India thanks to the creation of a single efficient system of finance, adminis... | 505 |
20 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Ilango Adigal, author of Silappatikaram, one of the five great epics of Tamil literature.117\nDuring the Sangam period Tamil literature flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. Three Tamil dynasties, col... | 346 |
21 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Classical period (c. 200 BCE – 650 CE)\nMain article: Classical India\nAncient India during the rise of the Shunga Empire from the North, Satavahana dynasty from the Deccan, and Pandyan dynasty and Chola dynasty from the ... | 484 |
22 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Royal family, 1st century BCE in West Bengal.\nThe Shungas originated from Magadha, and controlled large areas of the central and eastern Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pushy... | 420 |
23 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Indian ship on lead coin of Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi, testimony to the naval, seafaring and trading capabilities of the Sātavāhanas during the 1st–2nd century CE.\nThe Śātavāhanas were based from Amaravati in Andhra Pra... | 395 |
24 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Silk Road and Spice trade, ancient trade routes that linked India with the Old World; carried goods and ideas between the ancient civilisations of the Old World and India. The land routes are marked as red, and the water ... | 419 |
25 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Depiction of the Buddha in Kanishka's coinage, Mathura art, 2nd century CE\nThe Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under the leadership of their first emper... | 410 |
26 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Current structure of the Mahabodhi Temple built during the Gupta era, 5th century CE. The location are marked where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment.\nThe Gupta period was noted for cultural creativity, e... | 468 |
27 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Vakatakas are noted for having been patrons of the arts, architecture and literature. The rock-cut Buddhist viharas and chaityas of Ajanta Caves (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) were built under the patronage of Vakatak... | 412 |
28 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Ruled by three dynasties Varmanas (c. 350–650 CE), Mlechchha dynasty (c. 655–900 CE) and Kamarupa-Palas (c. 900–1100 CE), from their capitals in present-day Guwahati (Pragjyotishpura), Tezpur (Haruppeswara) and North Gauh... | 502 |
29 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Kadamba shikara (tower) with Kalasa (pinnacle) on top, Doddagaddavalli.\nKadambas originated from Karnataka, was founded by Mayurasharma in 345 CE which at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial prop... | 478 |
30 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a centre of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors.170 During this time, Harsha converted to Buddhism from Surya worship.171 The Chinese... | 466 |
31 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "From the 8th to the 10th century, three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa, the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. The Sena dynasty would later assume cont... | 495 |
32 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Hindu Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century. While in Odisha, the Eastern Ganga Empire rose to power; noted for the adva... | 447 |
33 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Chalukya Empire\nMain article: Chalukya dynasty\nThe Chalukya Empire ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries, as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty,... | 303 |
34 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Galaganatha Temple at Pattadakal complex (UNESCO World Heritage) is an example of Badami Chalukya architecture\nGalaganatha Temple at Pattadakal complex (UNESCO World Heritage) is an example of Badami Chalukya architectur... | 431 |
35 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Arab traveller Suleiman described the Rashtrakuta Empire as one of the four great Empires of the world.196 The Rashtrakuta period marked the beginning of the golden age of southern Indian mathematics. The great south ... | 469 |
36 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "By the end of the 10th century, several feudatories of the empire took advantage of the temporary weakness of the Gurjara-Pratiharas to declare their independence, notably the Kingdom of Malwa, the Kingdom of Bundelkhand,... | 485 |
37 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Excavated ruins of Nalanda, a centre of Buddhist learning from 450 to 1193\nMain article: Pala Empire\nThe Pala Empire was founded by Gopala I.205206207 It was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal. The Palas reunified ... | 276 |
38 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Chola Empire under Rajendra Chola, c. 1030\nMedieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century and established the greatest empire South India had seen.213 They successfully united the South India und... | 437 |
39 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple is the world's largest functioning Hindu temple221 present in Tamil Nadu, India\nThe granite gopuram (tower) of Brihadeeswarar Temple, 1010\nThe granite gopuram (tower) of Brihadeeswarar T... | 510 |
40 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Shrine outer wall and Dravida style superstructure (shikhara) at Siddhesvara Temple at Haveri\nShrine outer wall and Dravida style superstructure (shikhara) at Siddhesvara Temple at Haveri\nOrnate entrance to the closed h... | 427 |
41 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting \"Indo-Muslim\" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion, and clothing. It is surmise... | 399 |
42 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "A Turco-Mongol conqueror from Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane), attacked the reigning sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi.236 The sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi an... | 494 |
43 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "In the first two decades after the founding of the empire, Harihara I gained control over most of the area south of the Tungabhadra river and earned the title of Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara (\"master of the eastern an... | 299 |
44 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Vijayanagara Emperors were tolerant of all religions and sects, as writings by foreign visitors show.252 The kings used titles such as Gobrahamana Pratipalanacharya (literally, \"protector of cows and Brahmins\") and ... | 295 |
45 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Photograph of the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire at Hampi, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1868\nPhotograph of the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire at Hampi, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1868259\nGajashaala, ... | 419 |
46 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Vijayanagara went into decline after the defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565). After the death of Aliya Rama Raya in the Battle of Talikota, Tirumala Deva Raya started the Aravidu dynasty, moved and founded a new capit... | 259 |
47 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Other kingdoms\nMain articles: Guhila dynasty and Kingdom of Mewar\nVijaya Stambha (Tower of Victory).\nVijaya Stambha (Tower of Victory).\nTemple inside Chittorgarh fort\nTemple inside Chittorgarh fort\nMan Singh (Manasi... | 383 |
48 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "In the north, the Rajput kingdoms remained the dominant force in Western and Central India. The Mewar dynasty under Maharana Hammir defeated and captured Muhammad Tughlaq with the Bargujars as his main allies. Tughlaq had... | 511 |
49 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "In the East, the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with, associated with a high point in the growth of regional culture and architecture. Under Kapilendradeva, Gajapatis became an empire stretchi... | 500 |
50 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Bhakti movement and Sikhism\nMain articles: Bhakti movement, Buddhism in India, and Sikhism\nSee also: History of Sikhism\nThe Bhakti movement refers to the theistic devotional trend that emerged in medieval Hinduism287 a... | 124 |
51 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods and goddesses, such as Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Shakti goddesses), and Smartism. 290291292 The movement was inspired by many poet-sai... | 234 |
52 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Rang Ghar, built by Pramatta Singha in Ahom kingdom's capital Rangpur, is one of the earliest pavilions of outdoor stadia in the Indian subcontinent\nRang Ghar, built by Pramatta Singha in Ahom kingdom's capital Rangpur, ... | 468 |
53 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim architecture in India UNESCO World Heritage Site declaration, 1983.302\nIn 1526, Babur swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered much of S... | 475 |
54 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Other Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites\nAgra Fort showing Yamuna river and Taj Mahal in the background\nAgra Fort showing Yamuna river and Taj Mahal in the background\nFatehpur Sikri, near Agra, showing Buland Darwaza, ... | 315 |
55 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "18th-century political formation in India\nThe Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas, Rajputs, Jats and Afghans. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Del... | 504 |
56 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Shaniwarwada palace fort in Pune, the seat of the Peshwa rulers of the Maratha Empire until 1818\nThe Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji.324 However, the credit for making the Marathas form... | 502 |
57 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Sikh Empire\nMain article: Sikh Empire\nSee also: Sikh architecture\nThe Sikh Empire was a political entity that governed the Northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, based around the Punjab, from 1799 to 1849. It... | 323 |
58 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Territories of India in 1763\nThe Kingdom of Mysore in southern India expanded to its greatest extent under Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought series o... | 369 |
59 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Nawabs of Bengal had become the de facto rulers of Bengal following the decline of Mughal Empire. However, their rule was interrupted by Marathas who carried out six expeditions in Bengal from 1741 to 1748, as a resul... | 492 |
60 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "After the fall of the Maratha Empire, many Maratha dynasties and states became vassals in a subsidiary alliance with the British. With the decline of the Sikh Empire, after the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, under the term... | 478 |
61 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Following the Dutch, the British — who set up in the west coast por... | 450 |
62 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The company's victory under Robert Clive in the 1757 Battle of Plassey and another victory in the 1764 Battle of Buxar (in Bihar), consolidated the company's power, and forced emperor Shah Alam II to appoint it the diwan,... | 372 |
63 | [
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"content": "Warren Hastings, the first governor-general of Fort William (Bengal) who oversaw the company's territories in India\nWarren Hastings, the first governor-general of Fort William (Bengal) who oversaw the company's territori... | 456 |
64 | [
{
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"content": "In return, the company undertook the \"defense of these subordinate allies and treated them with traditional respect and marks of honor.\"355 Subsidiary alliances created the Princely States of the Hindu maharajas and the... | 260 |
65 | [
{
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"content": "Late modern period and contemporary history (1857–1947)\nRebellion of 1857 and its consequences\nMain article: Indian Rebellion of 1857\nLakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who ea... | 506 |
66 | [
{
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"content": "After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels very quickly reached Delhi. The rebels had also captured large tracts of the North-Western Provinces and Awadh (Oudh). Most notably, in Awadh, the rebellion took on t... | 325 |
67 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
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"content": "A 1903 stereographic image of Victoria Terminus a terminal train station, in Mumbai, completed in 1887, and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\nAfter 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructu... | 237 |
68 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
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"content": "In 1905, Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and \"Eastern Bengal and Assam\", a largely Muslim eastern half. The British goal was said to be efficient administration but the p... | 379 |
69 | [
{
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"content": "Two silver rupee coins issued by the British Raj in 1862 and 1886 respectively, the first in obverse showing a bust of Victoria, Queen, the second of Victoria, Empress. Victoria became Empress of India in 1876. Two silver... | 379 |
70 | [
{
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"content": "Indian Renaissance\nMain articles: British Raj and Bengali Renaissance\nSir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), the author of Causes of the Indian Mutiny, was the founder of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, later the Aligarh M... | 458 |
71 | [
{
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"content": "During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system,... | 144 |
72 | [
{
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"content": "Famines\nMain articles: Famine in India and Timeline of major famines in India during British rule\nSee also: Demographics of India\nMap of famines in India during British Empire in year 1800–1885.\nMap of famines in Indi... | 454 |
73 | [
{
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"content": "World War I\nMain article: Indian Army during World War I\nIndian Cavalry on the Western front 1914\nIndian Cavalry on the Western front 1914\nIndian cavalry from the Deccan Horse during the Battle of Bazentin Ridge in 19... | 508 |
74 | [
{
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"content": "World War II\nMain article: India in World War II\nGeneral Claude Auchinleck (right), Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, with the then Viceroy Wavell (centre) and General Montgomery (left)\nGeneral Claude Auchinleck (... | 466 |
75 | [
{
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{
"content": "The Indian National Congress denounced Nazi Germany but would not fight it or anyone else until India was independent. Congress launched the Quit India Movement in August 1942, refusing to co-operate in any way with the g... | 456 |
76 | [
{
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"content": "Indian independence movement (1885–1947)\nMain article: Indian independence movement\nSee also: Indian independence activists and Pakistan Movement\nThe first session of the Indian National Congress in 1885. A. O. Hume, t... | 474 |
77 | [
{
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"content": "One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism,396 leading Indians to seek first \"self-rule\" and later \"complete independence\". However, historians are divided over the causes ... | 506 |
78 | [
{
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"content": "The British themselves adopted a \"carrot and stick\" approach in response to renewed nationalist demands. The means of achieving the proposed measure were later enshrined in the Government of India Act 1919, which introd... | 463 |
79 | [
{
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"content": "After World War II (c. 1946–1947)\n\"A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new; when an age ends; and when the soul of a nation long suppressed finds utterance.\"\n\n— Fro... | 425 |
80 | [
{
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"content": "Literacy in India grew very slowly until independence in 1947. An acceleration in the rate of literacy growth occurred in the 1991–2001 period. Independence and partition (1947–present)\nMain article: History of India (19... | 471 |
81 | [
{
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"content": "410411412 Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations anywhere in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gai... | 93 |
82 | [
{
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"content": "See also\nAdivasi\nEarly Indians\nIndia (Herodotus)\nList of Indian periods\nThe Cambridge History of India\nOutline of ancient India\nTimeline of Indian history\nBy topic\nCulture\nEconomy\nHistoriography\nForeign relati... | 499 |
83 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0. Eaton, Richard M. (31 July 1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. University ... | 504 |
84 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "ISBN 978-0-19-084495-0. Mithen, Steven J. (2006). After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BC. Harvard University Press. pp. 411–. ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7. Dubey-Pathak, Meenakshi (2014). \"The Rock Art of the Bh... | 508 |
85 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "\" The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World, MASCA research papers in science and archaeology. 1999, Vol 16, pp 107-151; ref : 7 p. 1/4. ISSN 1048-5325\nEarly India: A Concise History, D. N. Jha, 2004, p. 31\nMenon, S... | 512 |
86 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "44, 59. ISBN 978-1-337-40104-3. Nelson, James Melvin (2009). Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Springer. p. 77. Flood, Gavin Dennis (13 July 1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISB... | 511 |
87 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Samuel 2008, p. 47. Heitzman, James (31 March 2008). The City in South Asia. Routledge. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-134-28963-9. Samuel 2008, pp. 47–48. \"The beginning of the historical period, c. 500–150 BCE\". Encyclopædia B... | 507 |
88 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Fisher, Mary Pat (2011) First published 1991. Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths (8th ed. ). Prentice Hall. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-205-83585-0. The extreme antiquity of Jainism as a non-Vedic, indigenous ... | 502 |
89 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "\"East–West Orientation of Historical Empires\". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 12 September 2016. Romila Thapar. A History of India: Volume 1. p. 70. Thapar 2003, pp. 178–180. T... | 495 |
90 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The World Economy – Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2: Historical Statistics. OECD Publishing by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 656. ISBN 978-92-64-02262-1. Stadtner, Donald (1975... | 494 |
91 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-Sing, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 318–350\nwhich began about 127 CE. \"Falk 2001, pp. 121–136\... | 508 |
92 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 173. The precise number varies according to whether or not some barely started excavations, such as cave 15A, are counted. The ASI sa... | 477 |
93 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "RN Kundra & SS Bawa, History of Ancient and Medieval India\nInternational Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania by Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda p. 507\n\"Harsha\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. ... | 489 |
94 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. University of California Press. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-520-93202-9. Sunil Fotedar (June 1984). The Kashmir Series: Glimpses o... | 506 |
95 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "European Trade and Colonial Conquest. Anthem Press. pp. 341–. ISBN 978-1-84331-029-7. Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 112, 119. History of Buddhism in India, Translation by A Shiefner\nChandra, Satish (2009). History of Medi... | 512 |
96 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "283–319\nAsher & Talbot 2006, pp. 50–51. Ludden 2002, p. 67. \"Timur – conquest of India\". Gardenvisit. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Elliot & Dawson. The History of India As told By Its Own Historians V... | 511 |
97 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Jaico Publishing House. pp. 41, 43. ISBN 978-8 1-8495-602-3. Wagoner, Phillip B. (2001). \"Architecture and Royal Authority under the Early Sangamas\". In Fritz, John. M. ; Michell, George (eds. ). New Light on Hampi: Rec... | 510 |
98 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Dasharatha Sharma. Publisher: Motilal Banarsidass, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 1970. ISBN 0-8426-0262-3. John Merci, Kim Smith; James Leuck (1922). \"Muslim conquest and the Rajputs\". The Medieval History of India pg 67–115\nEa... | 504 |
99 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Lance Nelson (2007), An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies (Editors: Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff), Liturgical Press, ISBN 978-0-8146-5856-7, pp. 562–563\nSS Kumar (2010), Bhakti – the Yoga ... | 487 |
100 | [
{
"content": "You are a helpful assistant.",
"role": "system"
},
{
"content": "Maddison, Angus (2003): Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics, OECD Publishing, ISBN 92-64-10414-3, p. 261\nParthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), Why Europe Grew Rich and Asi... | 505 |
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