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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%A0%84%EC%B4%88(...TRUNCATED)
๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ
๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ(้‡‘้Œข่‰)๋Š” ์ฒœ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•œ ํ˜„ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ€๋ƒ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ๋™๋ถ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋™๋ถ€์— ์ž์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด๋Œ€๋‹ค๋…„์ƒ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌ˜๋ชฉ์žฅ์€ 1996๋…„๊ฒฝ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์› ์‹๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ช…์นญ์€ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์†Œ์ฒ ์˜ ์† ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์†Œ์ฒ ์†(en:Zamia)์˜ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•™๋ช…์ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋™ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์–ดํœ˜ culcas ๋˜๋Š” colcas์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ž์–ด๋กœ qolqas(, ) ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ ํ† ๋ž€์†(en:Colocasia)๊ณผ์˜ ๊ทผ์—ฐ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋™์˜์–ด๋กœ๋Š” Caladium zamiaefolium, Zamioculcas loddigesii, Zamioculcas lanceolata ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” 1829๋…„์— ๋กœ๋””๊ทธ์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ(en:Loddiges)์ด Caladium zamiifolium์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,(Bot. Cab. 15: t. 1408. 1829 ) ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์‡ผํŠธ(en:Heinrich Wilhelm Schott)๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ Zamioculcas ์†์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๊ณ ,(Syn. Aroid. 71. 1856) ์•„๋Œํ”„ ์—ฅ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ(en:Adolf Engler)๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋ช…์นญ Zamioculcas zamiifolia ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(Das Pflanzenreich 4, 23B: 305. 1905.) ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ๋•…์†์˜ ๋‹ค์œก์งˆ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ค„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ณธ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ƒ๋ก์‹๋ฌผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์ด ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์น˜๋ฉด ๋‚™์—ฝ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋•…์†์ค„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ด๋‹ค. ์žŽ๋“ค์€ ๊นƒ๋ชจ์–‘(en:Pinnation)์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” 6-8์Œ์˜ ์†Œ์—ฝ(en:Leaflet (botany))์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰๊น”์€ ์ง™์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์œค์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ฝƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์„ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„ ๊ธธ์ด ์˜ ๋ฐ์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๋„๋Š” ์œก๊ฒฝํ™”์„œ(en:Spadix (botany))์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ”ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ 91%, ์žŽ์ž๋ฃจ์˜ 95%๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด‘๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ์€ ์‹ค๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฌผ ์—†์ด ๋„ค ๋‹ฌ ์ด์ƒ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์กด๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ •ํ™” ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์— ์ฝ”ํŽœํ•˜๊ฒ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์‹๋ฌผํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•™๋ถ€(Department of Plant and Environmental Science)์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฒค์  , ํ†จ๋ฃจ์—”, ์—ํ‹ธ๋ฒค์  , ์ž์ผ๋ Œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ 0.01ย mol/(m2 ์ผ) ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์„ฑ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ์นผ์Š˜(en:Calcium oxalate)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ•„๋กœ๋ด๋“œ๋ก (en:Philodendron) ๋“ฑ์˜, ๋…์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์†์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒœ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ์นผ์Š˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„, ์ ๋ง‰, ๊ฒฐ๋ง‰์— ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ—›์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์•”์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์งˆ ๋•Œ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์„ ๊ผˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ”ํžˆ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ์˜ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค 2015๋…„์— ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ธ ์‰ฌ๋ฆผํ”„(en:Brine shrimp)๋ฅผ ์น˜์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒ€์ •lethality assay์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ์˜ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋…์„ฑํ•™์  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ 1ย mg/mL๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ธ ์‰ฌ๋ฆผํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ "ํ†ต๋…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์€ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ์›์˜ˆ์‹๋ฌผ(en:Horticultural flora)๋กœ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์œค์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์žŽ์‚ฌ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. 15 ยฐC ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, 18ย - 26ย ยฐC์˜ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉด ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณง์ž˜ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋Œ€์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด์‹๋ฌผ(en:House plant)๋กœ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žŽ๊ด‘ํƒ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์ž. ์–ด๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์œ ํ™”๋น„๋ฃŒ(en:fish emulsion), ์ง€๋ ์ด๋˜ฅ ์•ก์ฒด๋น„๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ก์ฒด๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ผ ์˜จํ™”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— 1/4, 1/8์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ ํ™”๋ถ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘๊ด‘์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 270lx (25 fc) ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ด‘๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” 100์™€ํŠธ ๋ฐฑ์—ด์ „๊ตฌ์—์„œ 70cm ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ด‘๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”์šด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ ์•„์นจ์—, ๋น„๊ต์  ์ถ”์šด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์นจ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜คํ›„์— ํ–‡๋น›์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งžํ˜€๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค. ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๊ฝ‚์•„ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋–ผ๋‚ธ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์Šตํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์งˆ ํ™์— ๊ฝ‚์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™”๋ถ„ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆฌ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ€ํ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฉ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์œก์งˆ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜์„œ ์ค„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ป—์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์†Œ์š”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์งˆ ์ข‹์€ ์›์˜ˆ์šฉ ํ™์— ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฝ‚๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊ทธ๋•Œ ํ™์ด ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์š”๋ฒ• ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์šฐ์‚ผ๋ฐ”๋ผ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ(en:Usambara Mountains) ๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฆ™์„ ๊ท“๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง๋ผ์œ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ž€์ œ ํ˜„์—์„œ๋„ ์•ฝ์žฌ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์œผ๊นจ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฐœ์งˆ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ "์Œ์‹œํŒŒmshipa"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ฟ ๋งˆ์กฑ(en:Sukuma people)์ด ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ถค์–‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” acylated C-glycosylflavone apigenin 6-C-(6โ€ณ-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)- ฮฒ-glucopyranoside) ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ ์œ ๋…์‹๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์œก์‹๋ฌผ ์ฒœ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ(...TRUNCATED)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamioculcas
Zamioculcas
Zamioculcas is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, containing the single species Zamioculcas zamiifolia. It is a tropical herbaceous perennial plant, native to eastern Africa including Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Malawi, Mozambique,Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Common names include Zanzibar gem, ZZ plant, Zuzu plant, aroid palm, eternity plant and emerald palm. It is grown as a houseplant mainly for its attractive glossy foliage and easy care. Zamioculcas zamiifolia is winter hardy to USDA Zones 9โ€“10. Dutch nurseries started wide-scale, commercial propagation of the plant around 1996. It was first described as Caladium zamiifolium by Loddiges in 1829, but moved to the genus Zamioculcas by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and given its established name, Zamioculcas zamiifolia, by Adolf Engler. Etymology The genus Zamioculcas derives its name due to the similarity of its foliage to the cycad genus Zamia and its kinship to the Araceae genus Colocasia, whose name comes from the word โ€œโ€ or โ€œโ€ (in an ancient Middle Eastern dialect), and which is named qolqas (, ) in Arabic. Botanical synonyms include Caladium zamiaefolium, Zamioculcas loddigesii and Z. lanceolata. The species Zamiifolia means "leaves like Zamia" and is derived from the botanical name Zamia and the Latin folium, which means "leaf." Cultivars Zamioculcas zamiifolia 'HANSOTI13,' commercially known as 'Zenzi' Zamioculcas zamiifolia 'Dowon,' commercially known as 'Raven', is licensed by Costa Farms. Zamioculcas zamiifolia 'Super Nova' Zamioculcas zamiifolia โ€˜Chameleonโ€™ Description Growth Pattern It is an herbaceous perennial growing to tall, from a stout underground, succulent rhizome. It is normally evergreen, but becomes deciduous during drought, surviving drought due to the large potato-like rhizome that stores water until rainfall resumes. The branches are pinnate, long, with 6โ€“8 pairs of leaflets long; they are smooth, shiny, and dark green. The stems of these pinnate leaves are thickened at the bottom. Zamioculcas zamiifolia grows slowly, reaching heights and widths ranging from 2 to 4 feet. Inflorescence The flowers are produced in a small, bright yellow to brown or bronze spadix long, partly hidden among the branch bases; flowering is from mid summer to early autumn. Leaves Zamioculcas zamiifolia contains an unusually high water contents of leaves (91%) and petioles (95%) and has an individual leaf longevity of at least six months, which may be the reason it can survive extremely well under interior low light levels for four months without water. Cultivation Temperature It may survive outdoors as long as the temperature does not fall below around ; though best growth is between , while high temperatures give an increase in leaf production. In temperate regions, it is grown as a houseplant. Overwatering may destroy this plant through tuber rot. Bright, indirect light is best; some sun will be tolerated. Propagation Zamioculcas zamiifolia may be propagated by leaf cuttings: typically, the lower ends of detached leaves are inserted into a moist, gritty growing medium, and the pot is enclosed in a polythene bag. Though the leaves may well decay, succulent bulb-like structures should form in the bag, and these may be potted up to produce new plants. The process may take upwards of one year. The plant can also be propagated by division. Light Due to its strong green leaves, it is especially suitable for open, bright rooms. When grown indoors, the plant prefers bright indirect light but will tolerate low light conditions. However, lower light is not optimal for an extended period of time. Insufficient amounts of sunlight can result in leaves lengthening and/or falling off, yellowing (chlorosis), and generally uneven or disproportionate growth as the plant stretches towards a light source.When grown outdoors, Zamioculcas zamiifolia prefers part shade to full shade. Soil The substrate used must be well-drained and contain nutrients. It can be composed of a mixture of tanned ox manure, washed river sand and red earth (1:1:1). For indoor plants, use a well-drained potting soil mix. Water Zamioculcas zamiifolia roots are rhizomatous and have the ability to store moisture, thus aiding the plants in their drought resistance. The plants like regular waterings, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. Usage in traditional medicine Though little information is available, Z. zamiifolia is apparently used medicinally in the Mulanje District of Malawi and in the East Usambara mountains of Tanzania where juice from the leaves is used to treat earache. In Tanzania, a poultice of bruised plant material from Z. zamiifolia is used as a treatment for the inflammatory condition known as "mshipa". Roots from Z. zamiifolia are used as a local application to treat ulceration by the Sukuma people in north-western Tanzania. Chemicals Zamioculcas zamiifolia contains acylated C-glycosylflavone apigenin 6-C-(6โ€ณ-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)- ฮฒ-glucopyranoside). Air purification A 2014 study from the Department of Plant and Environmental Science at the University of Copenhagen shows that, in a laboratory setting, the plant is able to remove volatile organic compounds in this order of effectiveness: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene at a molar flux of around 0.01 mol/(m2 day). The same study stated that any effectiveness on indoor environments is inconclusive. Toxicity Zamioculcas zamiifolia is part of the family Araceae, which includes many poisonous genera, such as Philodendron, Monstera, Anthurium, Dieffenbachia, Aglaonema and Spathiphyllum, all of which contain insoluble calcium oxalate. An initial toxicological experiment, conducted by the University of Bergen in 2015, on extracts from Z. zamiifolia (using brine shrimp as a lethality assay), did not indicate lethality to the shrimp, even at concentrations of extracts up to 1ย mg/mL. The scientists conducting the experiment observed that, "โ€ฆOn the contrary, it could appear as though the extract contributed to improvements in the vitality of the larvae". References External links Monotypic Araceae genera Flora of Africa House plants Succulent plants Araceae Low light plants(...TRUNCATED)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%98%20%EB%86%8D%EC%97%85(...TRUNCATED)
์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋†์—…
์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋†์—…์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์›์ดˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†์—…, ์œ ๋ชฉ์—…, ์–ด์—…์ด ์ƒ์—…์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1939๋…„ ์„์œ  ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ์™€ ๋‚š์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒ์—…์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋†์—…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ํ‡ด์ƒ‰๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ž๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†์—… ๋ฐ ์–ด์—…์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฒฝ์ž‘๋œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์€ ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž ๊ต์—ญ์€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž ์žŽ์€ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์ด๋“๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ํฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„์œ  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ ๊ต์—ญ์„ ๋‚™ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ์œก์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์—… ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์กด ๊ณ ๋“  ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด 1908๋…„์— ์“ด ์ฑ… ใ€ŠํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ, ์˜ค๋งŒ, ์ค‘์•™์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„ ์ง€๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ „ใ€‹์—์„œ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋†์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€~1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์„์œ  ์‹œ์ถ”๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ด์ž, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ž… ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์ž, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ž๊ธ‰์ž์กฑ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ ์ดˆ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์•„๋ž๋†์—…๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•ด ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ๋†์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์—”์˜ ์œก์ง€ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์–‘ ์ž์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ 7์›” ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 11์›” ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 9์›”์—๋Š” ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์—์„œ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ๋†์—…์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†์—…์€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ด GDP์˜ 0.65%๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™œ์–‘์‹ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ํ† ์ง€ ์ค‘ 2.5% (28,000 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด) ๋งŒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” 20๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, 1980๋…„์— 256 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1996๋…„ 8,312 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” 2๋งŒ 8์ฒœ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ์ด์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ๋†์—…์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.1994๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋†์—… ํ† ์ง€ 8,312 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ์ค‘ 2,345 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋งŒ์ด ์˜๊ตฌ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์— ์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 5,987 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ๋…„์ƒ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตฌ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น๊ทผ, ๊ฐ์ž, ์–‘ํŒŒ, ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฌด ๋“ฑ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ฑ„์†Œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. 1960๋…„~1970๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋†์—…์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 4๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ง€์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์ด๋‚˜ ์•„๋ž๊ณ„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€์˜ 48%๋Š” ์ฑ„์†Œ(23,000ํ†ค), 33%๋Š” ๊ณผ์ผ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž(8,000ํ†ค), 11%๋Š” ๋จน์ด(70,000ํ†ค), 8%๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ(3,000ํ†ค) ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–‘ 128.000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ์—ผ์†Œ 78,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ๋‚™ํƒ€ 24,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ์†Œ 10,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ๋ง 1,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚™๋†์—…๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ญ 2,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰ 20%๋Š” ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์—์„œ ํ˜„์ง€ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋†์—… ๋ฐ ์–ด์—… ์žฅ๋ ค ์ •์ฑ…์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘˜์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ๋„ 1989๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ 1%๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 7์›”, 2017๋…„ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์™ธ๊ต ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„์™€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ํ์‡„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์ผ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์ธ ์†Œ 4์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณต์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ„ํš์€ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ์ผ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์†Œ 1๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์œก๋ฅ˜, ์œ ์ œํ’ˆ, ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์™ธ๊ต ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ์ ์ธ 2017๋…„ 6์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 400% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์˜ 98%๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ์–‘ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ํ† ์–‘์€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์งˆ ๋กฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์„ํšŒ์งˆ ์ ํ† ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋กฌ ์ ํ†  ํ† ์–‘์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ผ๋ถ„์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ์˜์–‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฏธํ’ํ™”ํ† ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธต ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋งค์šฐ ์–•๋‹ค. ์ง„์ฃผ 1939๋…„ ์„์œ  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์›์€ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ์˜€๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์˜ํ•ด์—๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 85๊ณณ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์€ 3๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ•œ์‹œ์•ผํ"๋Š” 4์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด 40์ผ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. "๊ฐ€์šฐ์Šค ์•Œ ์ผ€๋น„๋ฅด"๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๊ธฐ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. "๋ฃจ๋‹คํ"๋Š” 9์›” ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์›” ์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์šฐ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ์‚ผ๋ถ์ด ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์€ ์ง„์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€์ธ ์ฃผ๋ฐ”๋ผํ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฐ”๋ผํ๋Š” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง„์ฃผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง€์™€ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ ํ•ญ๋กœ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์— ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—„(๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ƒ์ )์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์ฃผ ์–‘์‹ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์ง„์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์—… 1966๋…„ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์˜ํ•ด์—์„œ ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์–ด์—… ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ํ•˜์—์„œ ์žกํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์˜จ, ์ˆ˜์ž์› ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๋น„์˜ฅํ•œ ํ† ์–‘ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 102๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธํ’ํ™”ํ† ์–‘์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–•๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ช‡ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋˜์–ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—ญ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด์—ผ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์ž๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋•…์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1966๋…„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์†๋„๋Š” 1๋…„๋‹น 2์ฒœ๋งŒ mยณ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, 2000๋…„์—๋Š” 1์–ต 2์ฒœ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์ธต์ด 2025๋…„์—๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋†์—… ์ง„์ฃผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋†์—…๋ถ€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋†์—…(...TRUNCATED)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Qatar
Agriculture in Qatar
Agriculture in Qatar Till quite recently, it was thought that Qatar's environment was not at all favourable for plantation and organic farming due to its harsh temperature during the summer months, desalinated chlorine water, poor annual rainfall and arid soil that all add up to quite the challenge of turning a desert area into a green oasis is inherently limited in scope due to the harsh climate and lack of arable land. In spite of this, small-scale farming, nomadic herding, pearling, and fishing were the predominant means of subsistence in the region until the commencement of oil drilling in 1939. Although the relative importance of these activities has declined as a means of livelihood (with commercial pearling disappearing completely), the government has attempted to encourage agriculture and fishing to provide a degree of self-sufficiency in food. History Date palms were one of the earliest crops to be cultivated in the peninsula. Beginning in the Bronze Age, the trading of date palms had a significant impact the Qatari economy. Date palm leaves were also commonly used as a construction material. However, as Qatar's geography and climate was unsuitable for large-scale crop cultivation, the bartering of date palms had a lesser impact on Qatar's revenues than did pearling. As the waters surrounding Qatar contain some of the most abundant pearling beds in the world, this was the main source of income for Qatar's inhabitants until the discovery of oil the 20th century. Pearl trading was supplemented in some areas by camel breeding. Fishing also played an important role in the economy. J.G. Lorimer's wrote about the role of agriculture for settled villagers in 1908 in his Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf: After Qatar began reaping significant monetary returns from oil drilling in the 1950s to 1960s, the number of Qataris employed in agriculture witnessed a decline, as the country now had the capacity to import large amounts of food. When food prices starting rising in the early 1970s, Qatar realized the importance of attaining food self-sufficiency. At the beginning of 1974, the emirate requested the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development to send researchers to study it and corroborate their results with those of an earlier UN report of the country's terrestrial and marine resources. After nearly half a year of study starting in July 1974, the research mission submitted its report to the government in November 1974. In September of that year, Qatar created a committee which would examine ways to help boost the country's agricultural development. A report released by Qatar's ministries, also in 1974, disclosed that agriculture only accounted for 0.65% of all contributions to Qatar's GDP. Cultivation and livestock Only 2.5% (28,000 ha.) of the land in Qatar is arable or suitable for use as pastureland. This is a major increase from the two prior decades. In 1996, 8,312 ha. of land was arable, while in 1980 only 2,256 ha. was arable. Farming currently plays only a minor role in the economy. Of the 8,312 ha. of arable land in 1994, 2,345 ha. were used to cultivate permanent crops, while 5,987 ha. were used to grow annual crops. Date palms were the most abundant permanent crop. Root vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, onions and fodder beets are also some of the most important crops produced by Qatari farms. Between 1960 and 1970 agriculture grew. The number of farms, for example, increased fourfold to 411. Qataris who own agricultural land or properties generally hold government jobs and hire Pakistanis, or non-Qatari Arabs to manage their farms. The government operates one experimental farm. Of land under cultivation in 1990, about 48 percent was used for vegetables (23,000 tons produced), 33 percent for fruit and date production (8,000 tons), 11 percent for fodder (70,000 tons), and 8 percent for grains (3,000 tons). In 1990 the country had approximately 128,000 head of sheep, 78,000 goats, 24,000 camels, 10,000 cattle, and 1,000 horses. There are also dairy farms and about 2,000 chickens for poultry. All but 20 percent of local demand for eggs is met domestically. Despite the encouragement of agriculture and fishing, these two elements of the economy together produced only about 1 percent of the gross domestic product in 1989. In July 2017, following the closure of Qatar's only land border with Saudi Arabia, the country announced plans to airlift 4,000 cows in a bid to meet around one-third of its dairy demand. Local company Baladna will be responsible for the dairy production. Later, Baladna announced that it will be importing an additional 10,000 cows so that they can meet Qatar's dairy requirements in full by 2018. Domestic production of meats, dairy products, and crops increased by 400% from June 2017, the onset of Qatar's diplomatic spat, to March 2018, according to the Ministry of Municipality and Environment. Nearly all (98%) the demand for poultry is being met. By 2019, Qatar's vegetable output increased by 20% since mid-2017 to 66,000 tonnes per year. It is expected to further increase by 20,000-40,000 tonnes by 2020. Prior to the embargo, Qatar produced only 20% and 10% of its dairy and poultry needs respectively. By 2019, the country became self-sufficient. Soils Qatar's soils vary in soil texture, ranging from sandy loam to heavy calcareous clay. The majority of cultivation that occurs is on clay loam soil. However, there are numerous problems with this soil, including high salinity levels, low amounts of nutrients, and a bad water-infiltration rate. Most of the soils in Qatar are orthents, meaning they lack horizon development and are very shallow. Pearling Pearling was the main source of revenue for Qatar until the discovery of oil in 1939. Approximately 85 pearl beds exist in Qatar's territorial waters. Historically, the season for pearl harvest was divided into 3 periods. Hansiyah lasted for 40 days and commenced in mid-April. Ghaus Al Kebir, the primary pearl diving season, took place from May to 10 September. Lastly, Ruddah occurred from late September to early October. Sambuk, a type of dhow, was traditionally used for pearling trips. From the 18th to 20th centuries, the majority of pearls were exported to Mumbai where they would be classified and sent to European markets. The remaining yield would be sent to markets in Baghdad. Zubarah, a settlement on the northwest coast of Qatar, is one of the best preserved and most extensive pearling settlements in the region. Reaching its climax in the 18th century, it was primarily an emporium and pearling settlement that capitalized on its proximity to pearl beds, possession of a large harbour and its central position on the Persian Gulf routes. After the introduction of the cultured pearl and the Great Depression in the 20th century, pearling ceased to be a viable option for many Qataris. Fishing The Qatar National Fishing Company was incorporated in 1966 to fish for shrimp in territorial waters and to process catches in a refrigerated factory. Japan is a large market for Doha's commercial fish. The total catch of fish and other aquatic animals for 1989 was 4,374 tons. Limitations Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased agricultural production. Orthents, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha., are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness. The limited groundwater that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that saltwater is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops. The northern section of Qatar comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the country, mainly due to the more advantageous hydro-geological conditions than those that exist in the southern section of the country. The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 million mยณ/year. This increased to 120 million mยณ/year by 2000. Studies have approximated that aquifer storage will be completely exhausted by 2025. References(...TRUNCATED)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84%20K%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B81(...TRUNCATED)
2019๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 2019์€ '์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ'์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด 37๋ฒˆ์งธ๋ฅผ ๋งž์€ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด์ž 2013๋…„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์Šน๊ฐ•์ œ ์ดํ›„ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ฐœ์š” ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „๋…„๋„์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด โ–ณ12๊ฐœํŒ€์ด 3์ฐจ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋กœ๋นˆ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ(1~33 ๋ผ์šด๋“œ)์™€ โ–ณ์ •๊ทœ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„ ์ƒ๏ฝฅํ•˜์œ„ ์Šคํ”Œ๋ฆฟ ๋‚ด์—์„œ 6๊ฐœํŒ€์ด ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋กœ๋นˆ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ํŒŒ์ด๋„ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ(34~38 ๋ผ์šด๋“œ)๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค ์šฐ์Šน, ์ค€์šฐ์Šน ํŒ€์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2020 ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์œ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2020 ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์œ„ ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ํŒ€์ด FA์ปต 2019์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ตฐ๊ฒฝํŒ€์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 4์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„ 12์œ„๋Š” ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 2020์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ {| |} ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๊ฐ๋…, ์ฃผ์žฅ, ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ ์Šคํฐ์„œ ๊ฐ๋… ๋ณ€ํ™” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ ํŒ€๋‹น AFC ์†Œ์† ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ตญ์ ์ธ 1์ธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 4์ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”๋ก€ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ: ๊ฒจ์šธ์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ดํ›„ ํ•˜๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ: ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ดํ›„ : ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ : ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1. ์ œ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด์˜์žฌ์™€ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋„ค๊ฒŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŒ€์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žฌํ™œ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ์ด ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์–ด ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ด์  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ณ„ SPOTV SPOTV+ SPOTV NOW (์ „๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ƒ์ค‘๊ณ„) (2019๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ ~) JTBC JTBC3 FOX SPORTS KBS 1TV KBS N Sports MBC ์Šคํฌ์ธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค (2019๋…„ 10์›” 6์ผ~) ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ตœ์ข… ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ œ30์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ "์šธ์‚ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ v ๊ฐ•์›", "๊ฒฝ๋‚จ v ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€" 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด 2019๋…„ 9์›” 22์ผ ํƒœํ’ "ํƒ€ํŒŒ"์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ(ํƒœํ’๊ฒฝ๋ณด)์œผ๋กœ 10์›” 2์ผ ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์šด๋“œ๋ณ„ ์ˆœ์œ„ 1~33 ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์ œ30์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ "์šธ์‚ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ v ๊ฐ•์›", "๊ฒฝ๋‚จ v ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€" 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด 2019๋…„ 9์›” 22์ผ ํƒœํ’ "ํƒ€ํŒŒ"์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ(ํƒœํ’๊ฒฝ๋ณด)์œผ๋กœ 10์›” 2์ผ ๋˜๋Š” 3์ผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 34~38 ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์šฐ์Šน ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋“์  ๋„์›€ ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ *์ตœ์ข… ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ: (์ถœ์ฒ˜: K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€) *๋“์ /๋„์›€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ต์ฒด ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ— ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํŒ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ด€์ค‘ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋ณ„ ๊ด€์ค‘ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ˆ˜์ƒ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ›„์›: ํ•˜๋‚˜์›ํ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค โ–ฒ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ƒ ํŒฌ ํ”„๋ Œ๋“ค๋ฆฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ƒ : ๋Œ€๊ตฌ FC ํ’€ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์ƒ : FC ์„œ์šธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์ƒ : ๋Œ€๊ตฌ FC ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์ƒ : ์•ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ์Šค ํŽ˜์–ดํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์ƒ : ์ƒ์ฃผ ์ƒ๋ฌด ์œ ์†Œ๋…„ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ƒ : ์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ๋‚˜๋ˆ”์ƒ : ์„ฑ๋‚จ FC, ๋ถ€์ฒœ FC 1995 โ–ฒ ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ ์ „๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถœ์žฅ : ์†ก๋ฒ”๊ทผ (์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค), ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ (๊ฐ•์› FC), ์ด์ธ์žฌ (์•ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ์Šค), ๋‹์† ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด (๋ถ€์ฒœ FC 1995) ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ํฌํ† ์ƒ : ์œ ์ƒ์ฒ  (์ธ์ฒœ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ FC) ์•„๋””๋‹ค์Šค ํƒฑ๊ณ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ : ๊น€๋Œ€์› (๋Œ€๊ตฌ FC) EA Sports ํ”ผํŒŒ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ4 Most Selected Player : ํ™์ฒ  (์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ) ๊ณต๋กœํŒจ : ๊ถŒ์˜์ง„ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ์žฅ โ–ฒ ์‹ฌํŒ์ƒ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ์‹ฌ์ƒ : ์ด๋™์ค€ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€์‹ฌ์ƒ : ์œค๊ด‘์—ด ์ด๋‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ ํ›„์› : ์‹ ๋ผ์Šคํ…Œ์ด ์ด๋‹ฌ์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํ›„์› : EA ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋งค๋‹ฌ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํŽผ์นœ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ•œ ๋ช…์„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ (70%), K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํŒฌ ํˆฌํ‘œ (20%), ํ”ผํŒŒ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ4 ์œ ์ € ํˆฌํ‘œ (10%) ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒฑ๊ณ  ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ํ›„์› : ์•„๋””๋‹ค์Šค ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ผ์Šค์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1๋ช…์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„ ์‹œ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋‹ฌ ๋‘ ๊ฑด์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•ด ์—ฐ๋งน ๊ณต์‹ SNS์ฑ„๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํŒฌ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ 2019 ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ”„๋กœ/์•„๋งˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์™€ FA์ปต ๋Œ€ํšŒ 1๋ถ€ (ํ”„๋กœ) K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 2019 2๋ถ€ (ํ”„๋กœ) K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 2019 3๋ถ€๊ฒฉ (์„ธ๋ฏธํ”„๋กœ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹ค์—…์ถ•๊ตฌ์—ฐ๋งน ์ฃผ๊ด€) ๋‚ด์…”๋„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019 4๋ถ€๊ฒฉ (์„ธ๋ฏธํ”„๋กœ) K3๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฐด์Šค 2019 5๋ถ€๊ฒฉ (์„ธ๋ฏธํ”„๋กœ) K3๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง 2019 6๋ถ€๊ฒฉ(์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด) K5๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019 7๋ถ€๊ฒฉ(์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด) K6๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019 8๋ถ€๊ฒฉ(์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด) K7๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019 FA์ปต FA์ปต 2019 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2019 2019 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ(...TRUNCATED)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20K%20League%201
2019 K League 1
The 2019 K League 1 was the 37th season of the top division of professional football in South Korea since its establishment in 1983, and the seventh season of the K League 1. Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors were the defending champions. In the 17th round on 23 June, Pohang Steelers were leading Gangwon FC 4โ€“0 away after 70 minutes, but Gangwon scored five unanswered goals including three in injury time to win 5โ€“4. Teams General information Stadiums Foreign players Restricting the number of foreign players strictly to four per team, including a slot for a player from AFC countries. A team could use four foreign players on the field each game including at least one player from the AFC confederation. Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer window. League table Positions by matchday Round 1โ€“33 Round 34โ€“38 Results Matches 1โ€“22 Teams play each other twice, once at home, once away. Matches 23โ€“33 Teams play every other team once (either at home or away). Matches 34โ€“38 After 33 matches, the league splits into two sections of six teams each, with teams playing every other team in their section once (either at home or away). The exact matches are determined upon the league table at the time of the split. Final A Final B Relegation playoffs The promotion-relegation playoffs were held between the winners of the 2019 K League 2 playoffs and the 11th-placed club of the 2019 K League 1. Busan IPark won 2โ€“0 on aggregate and were promoted to the K League 1, while Gyeongnam FC were relegated to the K League 2. Player statistics Top scorers Source: Top assist providers Source: Awards Main awards The 2019 K League Awards was held on 2 December 2019. Best XI Source: Monthly awards Player of the Round Attendance Attendants who entered with free ticket are not counted. See also 2019 in South Korean football 2019 K League 2 2019 Korean FA Cup References External links K League 1 seasons South Korea 2019 in South Korean football(...TRUNCATED)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%81%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99(...TRUNCATED)
ํ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™
ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์›์น™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ž์›๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ต๋ฆฌ, ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ผ€์ธ์ฆˆ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ธฐ์› ์กฐ์…‰ ์Š˜ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ (Joseph Schumpeter)๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์ด์ž ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์กด ๋ฉ”์ด ๋„ˆ๋“œ ์ผ€์ธ์ฆˆ (John Maynard Keynes)์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์Š˜ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ (Schumpeter)๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Schumpeter์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘” ํ˜์‹ ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์„œ์ˆ ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์ „์ฒด ์š”์†Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์—์„œ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํˆฌ์ž…๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์„ค๋ช… ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ ์ด๋ก ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ์ด๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ํ—ˆ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ์ •ํ†ต ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€์ด ๋‘ ์ด๋ก  ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Schumpeterian ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ด๋ก , ๋‚ด์ƒ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ด๋ก , ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™, ์‹  ์Š˜ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋“ฑ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ์„ ๋„์  ์ธ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ •์ฑ… ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. Paul Romer, Elhanan Helpman, Bronwyn Hall, W. Brian Arthur, Robert Axtell, Richard R. Nelson, Richard Lipsey, Michael Porter, Keun Lee, Christopher Freeman ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก  ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ง€์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ „ํŒŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๋ณธ ์ถ•์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰์ง„ ๋œ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค.: ์ง€์‹ (์•”๋ฌตํ™” ๋Œ€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ™”); ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ํ˜์‹  (์ฆ‰, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์ถœ, ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€, ๋ฉดํ—ˆ)์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์ •์ฑ…; ํ˜‘์—… ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์œ ์ถœ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํšจ๊ณผ; ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ (์ฆ‰, ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ, ์‘์ง‘, ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ)์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ˜์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ. 1970๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž ๋ฐ€ํ„ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋จผ (Milton Friedman)์€ New York Times์—์„œ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ, ์ง์› ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ด์ต์ด ์ค„์–ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด์ต์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ๊ณ ์šฉ ์ด๋“ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์Šค์ฟจ์˜ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์•„์–ผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฌ (David Ahlstrom) ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” "๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ด์ต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ดˆ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ์ด์œ  ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ด€์  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ „์ œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์€ ์š”์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์ด๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ์š”์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ, ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‘ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ ๋น„์˜ฅ ํ•œ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์€ ๊ณต๋™ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๋ฐ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ˜‘์—… ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€์˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์ธ์ง€ ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด : ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ธ๋„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ GDP ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ 1981-2004๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—, ํŠนํžˆ 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋งŽ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. R & D ์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ, ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ดํ…Œํฌ / ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜์‹  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜์‹  ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ๊ณ ์œ  ํ•œ R & D ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ต ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ์ด ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ด‰๋งค์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ 1 ์ธ๋‹น ์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜์‹  ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ˜์‹  ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ฐจ์›์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— Zvi Griliches์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™•์ธ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ œ์•ฝ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์˜์—ญ์€ ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์žฅ, ๊ธฐ์—… ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ ์บ ํผ์Šค ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง„์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” R & D ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ GDP ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ (algebra)๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜๋Š” '๊ธ์ •์  ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ'(์œ„)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์—…์  ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์—ฐ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ์ž์›๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋„์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜‘์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กฐ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๊ณ ์œ  ์ž์‚ฐ (์ฆ‰, ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ, ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์„œ์šธ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด)์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ฟ„, ์‹œ์นด๊ณ , ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์  ์ž๋ณธ, ํ˜์‹ , ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด๋˜๋Š” "ํ˜์‹  ๊ณต๊ฐ„"๊ณผ "์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ์š”๋žŒ"์ด๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ˜์‹  ์ฒด์ œ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ข‹์€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ, ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค : ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง์ข…, ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ; ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ๋†’๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™” ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ค€; ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์šด์†ก์˜ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ณ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ. ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ œ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋…ธ์Šค ์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ Research Triangle Park์—์„œ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณผํ•™ ํœด์Šคํ„ด, ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšŒ๋ž‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ƒํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ธ๋„ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์˜ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™ ๋‰ด์š• ํ…Œํฌ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  (๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋Œ€ํ•™) ์ •๋ฐ€ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ์† ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ์š”ํฌ์…”, ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์„์œ  ํ™”ํ•™ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์กฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋…์ผ ๋ฐ”๋ด - ๋ท” ๋ฅดํ…œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ (Baden-Wรผrttemberg)์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ณตํ•™ ์„œ์šธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ผ€์ธ์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ง€์‹๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜์‹  ๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜์‹  ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹ ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ํ˜์‹  ๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก (...TRUNCATED)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation%20economics
Innovation economics
Innovation economics is new, and growing field of economic theory and applied/experimental economics that emphasizes innovation and entrepreneurship. It comprises both the application of any type of innovations, especially technological, but not only, into economic use. In classical economics this is the application of customer new technology into economic use; but also it could refer to the field of innovation and experimental economics that refers the new economic science developments that may be considered innovative. In his 1942 book Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, economist Joseph Schumpeter introduced the notion of an innovation economy. He argued that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs and technological changes were at the heart of economic growth. However, it is only in recent years that "innovation economy," grounded in Schumpeter's ideas, has become a mainstream concept". Historical origins Joseph Schumpeter was one of the first and most important scholars who extensively tackled the question of innovation in economics. In contrast to his contemporary John Maynard Keynes, Schumpeter contended that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs and technological change were at the heart of economic growth, not independent forces that are largely unaffected by policy. He argued that "capitalism can only be understood as an evolutionary process of continuous innovation and 'creative destruction'". It is only in the 21st century that a theory and narrative of economic growth focused on innovation that was grounded in Schumpeter's ideas has emerged. Innovation economics attempted to answer the fundamental problem in the puzzle of total factor productivity growth. Continual growth of output could no longer be explained only in increase of inputs used in the production process as understood in industrialization. Hence, innovation economics focused on a theory of economic creativity that would impact the theory of the firm and organization decision-making. Hovering between heterodox economics that emphasized the fragility of conventional assumptions and orthodox economics that ignored the fragility of such assumptions, innovation economics aims for joint didactics between the two. As such, it enlarges the Schumpeterian analyses of new technological system by incorporating new ideas of information and communication technology in the global economy. Innovation economics emerges from other schools of thought in economics, including new institutional economics, new growth theory, endogenous growth theory, evolutionary economics and neo-Schumpeterian economics. It provides an economic framework that explains and helps support growth in today's knowledge economy. Leading theorists of innovation economics include both formal economists as well as management theorists, technology policy experts and others. These include Paul Romer, Elhanan Helpman, Bronwyn Hall, W. Brian Arthur, Robert Axtell, Richard R. Nelson, Richard Lipsey, Michael Porter, Keun Lee and Christopher Freeman. Theory Innovation economists believe that what primarily drives economic growth in today's knowledge-based economy is not capital accumulation as neoclassical economics asserts, but innovative capacity spurred by appropriable knowledge and technological externalities. Economic growth in innovation economics is the end-product of: knowledge (tacit vs. codified); regimes and policies allowing for entrepreneurship and innovation (i.e. R&D expenditures, permits and licenses); technological spillovers and externalities between collaborative firms; systems of innovation that create innovative environments (i.e. clusters, agglomerations and metropolitan areas). In 1970, economist Milton Friedman said in the New York Times that a business's sole purpose is to generate profits for their shareholders, and companies that pursued other missions would be less competitive, resulting in fewer benefits to owners, employees and society. Yet, data over the past several decades shows that while profits matter, good firms supply far more, particularly in bringing innovation to the market. This fosters economic growth, employment gains and other society-wide benefits. Business school professor David Ahlstrom asserts that "the main goal of business is to develop new and innovative goods and services that generate economic growth while delivering benefits to society". In contrast to neoclassical economics, innovation economics offer differing perspectives on main focus, reasons for economic growth and the assumptions of context between economic actors: Despite the differences in economic thought, both perspectives are based on the same core premise, namely the foundation of all economic growth is the optimization of the utilization of factors and the measure of success is how well the factor utilization is optimized. Whatever the factors, it nonetheless leads to the same situation of special endowments, varying relative prices and production processes. Thus, while the two differ in theoretical concepts, innovation economics can find fertile ground in mainstream economics, rather than remain in diametric contention. Evidence Empirical evidence worldwide points to a positive link between technological innovation and economic performance. The drive of biotech firms in Germany was due to the R&D subsidies to joint projects, network partners and close cognitive distance of collaborative partners within a cluster. For instance: These factors increased patent performance in the biotech industry. Innovation capacity explains much of the GDP growth in India and China between 1981 and 2004, but especially in the 1990s. Their development of a National Innovation System through heavy investment of R&D expenditures and personnel, patents and high-tech/service exports strengthened their innovation capacity. By linking the science sector with the business sector, establishing incentives for innovative activities and balancing the import of technology and indigenous R&D effort, both countries experienced rapid economic growth in recent decades. The Council of Foreign Relations also asserted that since the end of the 1970s the U.S. has gained a disproportionate share of the world's wealth through their aggressive pursuit of technological change, demonstrating that technological innovation is a central catalyst of steady economic performance. Concisely, evidence shows that innovation contributes to steady economic growth and rise in per capita income. However, some empirical studies investigating the innovation-performance-link lead to rather mixed results and indicate that the relationship is more subtle and complex than commonly assumed. In particular, the relationship between innovativeness and performance seems to differ in intensity and significance across empirical contexts, environmental circumstances and conceptual dimensions. All of the above has taken place in an era of data constraint as identified by Zvi Griliches in the 1990s. Because the primary domain of innovation is commerce, the key data resides there, continually out of campus reach in reports hidden within factories, corporate offices and technical centers. This recusal still stymies progress today. Recent attempts at data transference have led not least to the positive link (above) being upgraded to exact algebra between R&D productivity and GDP, allowing prediction from one to the other. This is pending further disclosure from commercial sources, but several pertinent documents are already available. Geography While innovation is important, it is not a happenstance occurrence as a natural harbor or natural resources are, but a deliberate, concerted effort of markets, institutions, policymakers and effective use of geographic space. In global economic restructuring, location has become a key element in establishing competitive advantage as regions focus on their unique assets to spur innovation (i.e. information technology in Silicon Valley, or digital media in Seoul). Even more, thriving metropolitan economies that carry multiple clusters (i.e. Tokyo, Chicago and London) essentially fuel national economies through their pools of human capital, innovation, quality places and infrastructure. Cities become "innovative spaces" and "cradles of creativity" as drivers of innovation. They become essential to the system of innovation through the supply side as ready, available, abundant capital and labor, good infrastructure for productive activities and diversified production structures that spawn synergies and hence innovation. In addition, they grow due to the demand side as diverse population of varying occupations, ideas and skills, high and differentiated level of consumer demand and constant recreation of urban order especially infrastructure of streets, water systems, energy and transportation. Worldwide examples Semiconductors and information technology in Silicon Valley in California Fintechs and Cyber Security in Belfast in Northern Ireland High-technology and life sciences in Research Triangle Park in North Carolina Energy companies in Energy Corridor in Houston, Texas Financial products and services in New York City Biotechnology in Genome Valley in Hyderabad, India and Boston, Massachusetts Nanotechnology in Tech Valley, New York (College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering) Precision engineering in South Yorkshire, United Kingdom Petrochemical complexes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Train locomotive and rolling stock manufacturing in Beijing, China Automotive engineering in Baden-Wรผrttemberg, Germany Digital media technologies in Digital Media City in Seoul, South Korea See also Business cluster Economic development Keynesian economics Knowledge economy Innovation International Innovation Index Metropolitan economy Neoclassical economics References Further reading External links Innovation Economics: The Economic Doctrine for the 21st Century Books and Journal Articles on Innovation Economics Innovation Economics: The Integration and Capitalization of Knowledge Innovation Economics Roundtable Business Week Podcast โ€“ Innovation Economics Business Models Innovation Innovation Economics in practice for city/regional growth and economic development Economic growth Macroeconomic theories Innovation(...TRUNCATED)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%20%ED%8F%B4(...TRUNCATED)
์ œ์ดํฌ ํด
์ œ์ดํฌ ํด(Jake Paul, 1997๋…„ 1์›” 17์ผ~)์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ, ๋ณต์„œ ๋ฐ ๋ž˜ํผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ธ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ Bizaardvark์—์„œ ๋‘ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋”ํฌ ๋งจ ์—ญ์„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์— ๋ฐ๋ท” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "It's Everyday Bro"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2018๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณต์„œ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํšŒ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ œ์ดํฌ ํด์€ 1997๋…„ 1์›” 17์ผ์— ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์ฃผ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 10์‚ด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์›ƒ๊ธด ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2013-2016: ๋ฐ”์ธ, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ, Bizaardvark ํด์€ 2013๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ธ์— ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํŒ”๋กœ์›Œ 530๋งŒ ๋ช…๊ณผ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜ 20์–ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์— ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์€ ์žฅ๋‚œ, ๋…ผ๋ž€, ํž™ํ•ฉ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2016๋…„์— ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ Bizaardvark์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. KTLA๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚œ, ํŒŒํ‹ฐ, ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์†Œ์Œ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜์ž, ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ๋Š” 2017๋…„์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017-2020: ํŒ€ 10๊ณผ ์Œ์•… ํด์€ 2016๋…„์— ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํŒ€ 10์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๊ณ , 10๋Œ€ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์–ธ์„œ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ง€๋จผํŠธ์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์—์ด์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 100๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›๋ฐ›์•„ 2017๋…„ 1์›”์— ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ ํŒ€๋”์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›”์— ๋ฐ๋ท” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "It's Everyday Bro"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 91์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ€ 10์€ 2018๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋ถ๋ฏธ ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‘˜์”ฉ ํŒ€์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํด์€ <ํฌ๋ธŒ์Šค>์˜ 2018๋…„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๋ชฉ๋ก์—์„œ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021-ํ˜„์žฌ: ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‚ฌ์—… ํด์€ 2021๋…„์— ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ œํ”„๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจํ—˜ ์ž๋ณธ "์•ˆํ‹ฐ ํŽ€๋“œ"๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆํ‹ฐ ํŽ€๋“œ๋Š” ์—”์ ค๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋กค๋ง ํŽ€๋“œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›„์›์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. 8์›”์— ํˆฌ์ž ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ 3000๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ•ด ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋„๋ฐ• ์—…์ฒด ์‹ฌํ”Œ๋ฒณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 7์›”์— ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ถˆ๋ง ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์ž์„ ๋‹จ์ฒด "๋ณต์‹ฑ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค"๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐธ๋ฅ˜์–ด๋ธ” ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ํ›„ 9์›”์— ๋ณต์„œ ์•„๋งŒ๋‹ค ์„ธ๋ผ๋…ธ์™€ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„์— ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฒ ํŒ… ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ ํ„ฐ(Betr)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์‹ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํด์€ ๋ณต์‹ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ 2018๋…„ 8์›”์— ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๋ฐ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผํˆฐ์ง€๋ฅผ 5๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ TKO๋กœ ๊บพ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ ๋ณต์‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ ํ›„ 2020๋…„ 1์›”์— ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์• ๋‹ˆ์Šจ๊น์„ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ TKO๋กœ ์ด๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 7์›”์— ์ „์ง ๋†๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋„ค์ดํŠธ ๋กœ๋นˆ์Šจ์„ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ KO๋กœ, 2021๋…„ 4์›”์— ์ „์ง ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒค ์•„์Šคํฌ๋ Œ์„ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ TKO๋กœ ๊บพ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›”์— ํƒ€์ด๋ก  ์šฐ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์Šคํ”Œ๋ฆฟ ๋””์‹œ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒผ๊ณ , 12์›” ์žฌ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ 6๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ KO๋กœ ๊บพ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด KO๋Š” ESPN์—์„œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋…น์•„์›ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ž€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๋…ผ๋ž€ ํด์€ 2018๋…„ 1์›” 3์ผ์— "I lost my virginity"๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„ฌ๋„ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ์—๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฝ”์Šคํ…”์ด ์ž์‹  ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋‚˜์ฒด๋กœ ํฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๋™์˜์ƒ์— ์—ฐ๋ น ์ œํ•œ์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ‚ด์Šคํƒ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์„ฌ๋„ค์ผ์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ฌ๋„ค์ผ์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํด๊ณผ ์ฝ”์Šคํ…”์ด ์˜ท์„ ๋‹ค ์ž…๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๋งŒ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. TMZ๋Š” ์ดํ‹€ ๋’ค์— ํด์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋žฉ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ "nigga"๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํ˜์˜ ํด์€ 2018๋…„ ์ดˆ์— ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์—๋“œํ”Œ๋ฃจ์–ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ 7๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์–ธ์„œ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ "๋กœ๋“œ๋งต"์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” 7๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด๋„ ์ „์ฒด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํŒ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2019๋…„ 1์›” 3์ผ์— ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๋ผ์ด์Šค๊ฒ€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ "๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ•์Šค"๋ฅผ ์—ด๋ฉด ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์•„์ดํ…œ 1๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‹น์ฒจ๋œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2020๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ์— ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์  ์ง€ ํ™€๋”ฉ์Šค์™€ ์ œํœดํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์›” ๊ตฌ๋…๋ฃŒ 19.99๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด "๊ธˆ์œต ์ž์œ  ์šด๋™"์€ ๊ตฌ๋…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ "์ œ์ดํฌ ํด์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์˜์‹, ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๊ณต์‹"๊ณผ "์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง, ์ฝ”์นญ, ํ›ˆ๋ จ"์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2022๋…„ 2์›” 18์ผ์— ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์„ธ์ดํ”„๋ฌธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ SNS์— ์˜คํ•ด์˜ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋‹‰ ์นดํ„ฐ, ์†”์ž ๋ณด์ด, ๋ฆด ์•ผํ‹ฐ, ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๋ฒค ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์ปคํ”ผ์งˆ๋ผ๋Š” 2022๋…„ 3์›”์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์™€ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ† ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ํŒฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 220๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์  ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•๋ฐฉํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ํด์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ž ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง‘ ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์†Œ์Œ ๋ฏผ์›์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณต์  ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•๋ฐฉํ•ด(public nuisance) ์ง‘๋‹จ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง‘์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์ธ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ ์• ํ€ด์ง€์…˜๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 250๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  2020๋…„ 7์›” 11์ผ์— ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ์นผ๋ผ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์žํƒ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ๋ผ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์Šค ์‹œ์žฅ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ์™€์ธํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด "๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ถ์„ ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํด๊ณผ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ์ฐธ์„์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2020๋…„ 11์›” 25์ผ์— <๋” ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋น„์ŠคํŠธ>์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๊ด€๋ จ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž ๋ง๋กœ ์Šคํ„ด์ด ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ 7์›” 11์ผ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์–ธํ–‰์„ ํ›„ํšŒํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ž, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19๋Š” "๊ฑฐ์ง“"์ด๋ฉฐ "๊ด€๋ จ ๋‰ด์Šค์˜ 98%๋Š” ๊ฐ€์งœ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด "์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ฉฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํƒ€์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์˜คํด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ "๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์‹"ํ•˜๊ณ  "๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ ํญ๋™ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ํด๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ 2020๋…„ 5์›” 30์ผ์— ์กฐ์ง€ ํ”Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์‹œ์œ„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜์ฃผ ์Šค์ฝ”์ธ ๋ฐ์ผ ํŒจ์…˜ ์Šคํ€˜์–ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์ €๋…์„ ๋จน์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋Š” ๊ณง ๊ฒฉํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์„ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํญ๋™์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํฌ์ฐฉ๋˜์ž, ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ ํ•œ๋ณตํŒ์— ์„œ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” SNS์—์„œ ํญ๋ ฅ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ทœํƒ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ฝํƒˆ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 6์›” 4์ผ์— ํญ๋™ ์ค‘์— ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์นจํ•ด(criminal trespass)์™€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํšŒ(unlawful assembly) ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜์ฃผ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ฒญ์€ 2021๋…„ 8์›”์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ํ˜์˜ ํ‹ฑํ†ก์ปค ์ €์Šคํ‹ด ํŒŒ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์Šค๋Š” 2021๋…„ 4์›” 9์ผ์— ํด์ด 2019๋…„์— ํŒ€ 10 ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด ๋งŒ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ํ˜์˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ 100% ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋กค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ "jailbait"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ชธ์„ ๋”๋“ฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์—์„œ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํด์€ 2021๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ์— ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์˜ ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ„ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ” ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ž์›๋ถ€์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋ถ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ํด์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์•…์˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ํด์€ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ ›๊ณผ ๊ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2017๋…„ 2์›”์— ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์—๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฝ”์Šคํ…”๊ณผ ๊ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2018๋…„ 11์›”์— ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 4์›”์— ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์กฐ์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ท€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 6์›”์— ์•ฝํ˜ผ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŽ์€ ํŒฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์•ฝํ˜ผ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํด๊ณผ ๋ชจ์กฐ๋Š” 7์›”์— ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, <์ธํ„ฐ์น˜>๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹ ์ „์— ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ก€์ž ์—ญ์‹œ ๋„ค๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์€ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ตฌ์†๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์€ MTV No Filter: Tana Turns 21 ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…นํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก์˜ ํ•œ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์ด "์žฌ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”, ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 2020๋…„ 1์›”์— ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 2์›”์— ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค„๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋กœ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์‹ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ”„๋กœ ๋ณต์‹ฑ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ๋ณต์‹ฑ ํŽ˜์ดํผ๋ทฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์˜ํ™” TV ์›น ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก EP ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋„์„œ ๋ชฉ๋ก You Gotta Want It (2016) ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1997๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ž˜ํผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ €๊ธ‰ ๊ถŒํˆฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜(...TRUNCATED)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake%20Paul
Jake Paul
Jake Joseph Paul (born January 17, 1997) is an American professional boxer, YouTuber, and actor. He initially rose to fame on Vine, before playing the role of Dirk Mann on the Disney Channel series Bizaardvark for two seasons. Paul's boxing career began in August 2018 when he defeated British YouTuber Deji Olatunji in an amateur contest via TKO in the fifth round. Turning professional in January 2020, Paul beat the YouTuber AnEsonGib, via TKO in the first round. Between 2020 and 2022, Paul won fights against retired basketballer Nate Robinson by second round KO, retired mixed martial artists Ben Askren, Tyron Woodley, and Anderson Silva by 1st-round TKO, twice by SD and 6th-round KO, and UD, respectively. Tommy Fury handed him his first professional loss via SD in February 2023. In August 2023, he defeated 38-year-old UFC Star Nate Diaz by UD. In January 2023, Paul announced that he would be making his professional MMA debut with the PFL. Early life Paul was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and grew up in Westlake, Ohio, with his older brother Logan, who is also a YouTuber and internet personality. They started filming themselves when Jake was 10. Their parents are Pamela Ann Stepnick (nรฉe Meredith) and realtor Gregory Allan Paul. Entertainment career 2013โ€“2016: Vine, YouTube and Bizaardvark Paul began his career in September 2013 posting videos on Vine. By the time Vine was discontinued by Twitter Inc., Paul had amassed 5.3ย million followers and 2ย billion views on the app. Paul launched his YouTube channel on May 15, 2014. His channel became known for pranks, controversies, and his hip hop music. After gaining acclaim on Vine and YouTube, Paul was hired onto the set of the Disney Channel series Bizaardvark, playing a character who accepted dare requests that he would then perform. On July 22, 2017, during the middle of filming the second season of Bizaardvark, the Disney Channel announced that Paul would be leaving the series. The announcement followed a news report from KTLA about public complaints from Paul's neighbors regarding the noise generated by Paul's pranks, parties, hazards and large crowds of fans congregating in their neighborhood. Paul later confirmed the news on his Twitter page, saying he would now focus more on his personal brand, YouTube channel, business ventures, and more mature acting roles. Paul later revealed in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter that he was actually fired from Bizaardvark by Disney, which wanted to expedite the process of weaning him off the show due to the KTLA segment. 2017โ€“2019: Music, business, and Team 10 Paul launched entertainment collective Team 10 in 2016. On January 17, 2017, his 20th birthday, it was reported that he had launched media company TeamDom with $1 million in funding to create an influencer marketing management and creative agency around teen entertainment. Investors included Danhua Capital, Horizons Alpha, Vayner Capital, Sound Ventures & A-Grade Investments and Adam Zeplain. Paul released the single "It's Everyday Bro", featuring Team 10, on May 30, 2017. It featured vocals from members of the team at the time, consisting of Nick Crompton, Chance Sutton, Ivan and Emilio Martinez and Tessa Brooks. It drew over 70 million views in one month and became the Youtube's third most disliked video. The song debuted and peaked at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Its title refers to how Paul at the time posted a video every single day. In 2017, Paul released and later deleted singles including "Ohio Fried Chicken," "Jerika," "No Competition," "That Ain't on the News," and "Litmas." The singles were deleted for various reasons, including his 2018 break-up with Erika Costell. On November 22, 2017, Paul released a remix of "It's Everyday Bro," featuring American rapper Gucci Mane in place of Team 10, alongside the new music video for it. On April 27, 2018, he released the single and music video for "Malibu" with now-former Team 10 member Chad Tepper. On May 11, he released another single and music video for "My Teachers", featuring now-former Team 10 members Sunny Malouf and Anthony Trujillo, along with the music video. On May 24, he released two singles, "Randy Savage" and "Cartier Vision". The former song features Team 10 and hip-hop duo Jitt & Quan, featuring vocals from Team 10 members at the time, consisting of Anthony Trujillo, Sunny Malouf, Justin Roberts, Erika Costell, and Chad Tepper; it was released along with the music video. The latter song features Anthony and the duo as well; the music video was released later on September 12. On August 15, 2018, Paul released another single titled "Champion," with a music video. The song was a diss track towards Paul's boxing opponent Deji Olatunji (ComedyShortsGamer), the younger brother of British YouTube star, internet personality, boxer, and rapper KSI, Their fight took place ten days later on August 25. Throughout the summer of 2018, Paul and Team 10 went on a tour in North America, performing their songs. Gradually, the Team 10 members split up throughout the year. Paul's varied business ventures ultimately led to his second place ranking in Forbes''' list of highest-paid YouTubers in 2018. On March 1, 2019, Paul released the track and music video for "I'm Single". The song focused on Paul's feelings about being single and his breakup with Erika Costell. As the social media accounts for Team 10 have been inactive since September 2019, some assumed that Team 10 had disbanded and Paul had formed a new team. 2019โ€“2020: More focus on music On December 13, 2019, Paul released another single "These Days", alongside a music video featuring model Julia Rose. The song features Jake rapping about his past long-distance relationship with his ex-girlfriend, Alissa Violet. Less than a year later, the song was removed from all streaming services. On July 24, 2020, Paul released the single "Fresh Outta London", which was released alongside the music video. For the video shoot, he threw a party at his home in Calabasas, California on July 11, in which he garnered national attention after being criticized by Calabasas mayor Alicia Weintraub after videos and pictures of the party surfaced online. On September 10, Paul released another single titled "23", alongside a music video at his house, which only starred his older brother Logan and also featured clips of him and a few of his friends. The title of the song refers to his age at the time, as well as American former basketball player Michael Jordan's jersey number. On October 15, Paul released the single "Dummy", featuring Canadian rapper TVGucci, who is signed to fellow Canadian rapper Drake's record label, OVO Sound. The lyric video was published on Paul's YouTube channel six days later, on October 21. 2021โ€“present: Sports business In 2021, Paul partnered with serial entrepreneur Geoffrey Woo to launch a capital firm branded as the 'Anti Fund', created to enable investors and fans to raise money through a quarterly subscription by using Angel List's Rolling Funds platform. Later, Anti Fund led investment in sports gambling firm Simplebet Inc. raising $30 million in a financing round in August 2021. Paul further founded 'Most Valuable Promotions' (MVP) with his business adviser, Nakisa Bidarian in 2021, signing professional boxer Amanda Serrano to a promotional deal in September 2021. In tandem, Paul founded an organization named โ€˜Boxing Bulliesโ€™ to help the youth combat bullying. In May 2022, Paul featured on the Forbes list for the highest paid athletes in 2022. Forbes estimated that Paul made $38 million from his three boxing bouts, and various other income streams in the period. In August 2022, Paul founded a sports-media and mobile-betting company, "Betr", alongside Simplebet founder Joey Levy. Paul claims to have received $50 million in series-A funding for this venture. In January 2023, Paul signed a multiyear contract with the Professional Fighters League to cofound and compete in a new pay-per-view division, known as Super Fight, as well as adopt the official role of โ€œhead of fighter advocacy.โ€ Boxing career Early career In 2018, Paul made his boxing debut in a white-collar match against English YouTuber Deji Olatunji. Paul vs Olatunji was the co-feature bout to Paul's older brother's fight, Logan Paul, against Olatunji's older brother, KSI. The bout took place on August 25 at Manchester Arena in Manchester, England. Paul defeated Olatunji via technical knockout in the 5th round. In 2020, Paul made his professional debut against English YouTuber AnEsonGib. The bout took place on January 30 at the Meridian at Island Gardens in Miami, Florida and was the co-feature bout to the WBO world middleweight title bout between professional boxers Demetrius Andrade and Luke Keeler. Paul defeated AnEsonGib via technical knockout in the 1st round and proceeded to call out KSI. On November 28, Paul returned to the ring against basketball player Nate Robinson and was the co-feature bout to the exhibition match between Mike Tyson and Roy Jones Jr. at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. Paul defeated Robinson via knockout in the 2nd round. Fighting MMA legends In 2021, after a back-and-forth on social media it was announced that Paul headline a bout with former Bellator MMA and ONE Welterweight Champion Ben Askren on April 17, 2021 at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. Paul defeated Askren via technical knockout in the 1st round. The event reportedly generated 1.45 million pay-per-view buys as per Triller, however, the legitimacy of both the match and the numbers of the event have been heavily questioned by multiple personalities, fans, MMA fighters and boxers alike. Prior to the Paul vs Askren bout, Paul and one of his cornermen, American professional boxer J'Leon Love, were involved in a backstage confrontation with former UFC Welterweight Champion Tyron Woodley. After Paul defeated Askren, Woodley called him out. On August 29 Paul fought Woodley at the Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse in Cleveland, Ohio and defeated him via split decision, with one judge scoring the fight 77โ€“75 for Woodley, while the other two judges scored it 77โ€“75 and 78โ€“74 in favor of Paul. After the bout, Woodley expressed his desires for a rematch and Paul offered him one if he tattooed 'I love Jake Paul' on his body. The event reportedly generated 500,000 pay-per-view buys. In December, Paul was originally scheduled to face English professional boxer Tommy Fury on December 18 at the Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida, but Fury withdrew due to medical issues. On December 6, it was announced that Paul would be rematching Woodley instead. Paul defeated Woodley via knockout in the 6th round. The event reportedly generated 200,000 pay-per-view buys. After the bout, Paul was awarded the ESPN Ringside Award for 'Knockout of the Night' over his victory on Woodley. In 2022, Paul was scheduled to face Fury for August 6 at Madison Square Garden in New York City, but Fury withdrew once again due to travel issues. On July 7, it was announced that Paul would face American professional boxer Hasim Rahman Jr., however, the event was canceled on July 30 due to weight issues from Rahman. After the cancellation, it was announced that Paul would be facing former UFC champion Anderson Silva on October 29 at the Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Arizona. Paul defeated Silva via unanimous decision with the judges scoring the bout 78โ€“73 (twice) and 77โ€“74 all in flavor of Paul. Paul vs Fury and Paul vs Diaz After two previous attempts failing, on January 27, 2023, it was announced that Paul would face Fury on February 26 in Saudi Arabia. Fury defeated Paul via split decision despite Paul knocking Fury down in the 8th round. One judge scored it 75โ€“74 to Paul, while the other two judges had it 76โ€“73 to Fury. The event reportedly generated 800,000 pay-per-views. After the bout, KSI's manager Mams Taylor revealed that he and Paul's team were in negotiations to have a bout with the YouTuber set for August at Wembley Stadium in London, England, however, Taylor stated that after the Fury loss, Paul exited the negations. Paul later confirmed that he opted out and chose to have a bout with Nate Diaz instead, who he deemed was the tougher opponent. On April 12, it was announced that Paul would face Diaz on August 5 at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. Although the fight was originally scheduled to be 8 rounds, it was later extended to 10. Paul defeated Diaz via unanimous decision with the judges scoring the bout 98โ€“91, 98โ€“91 and 97โ€“92 all in flavor of Paul. On October 16, it was announced that Paul will be returning to the ring on December 15 against a currently unannounced opponent. Most Valuable Promotions In 2021, Paul, alongside his adviser Nakisa Bidarian, founded a boxing promotion titled 'Most Valuable Promotions.' The promotions first singing was of Puerto Rican boxer and seven-division world champion Amanda Serrano. In 2022, Paul co-promoted with Eddie Hearn's Matchroom Boxing, Katie Taylor vs. Amanda Serrano billed as "For History". It was the first women's boxing match to headline Madison Square Garden, and was described as the 'biggest women's fight of all time'. The fight was universally acclaimed, being named Fight of the Year by Sports Illustrated and Event of the Year by The Ring. In 2023, Most Valuable Promotions and DAZN announced a new series of events billed as 'Most Valuable Prospects,' which would feature up-and-coming boxers headlining events on DAZN without pay-per-view. Their first event took place on May 26 which headlined Ashton Sylve vs Adam Kipenga at the Caribe Royale Orlando in Orlando, Florida. Sylve defeated Kipenga via unanimous decision. Mixed martial arts career Professional Fighter League On January 5, 2023, it was announced that Paul had signed a multi-year deal with the Professional Fighters League. Paul began training Brazilian jiu-jitsu in anticipation of his MMA debut with ADCC head organizer Mo Jassim and ATOS BJJ black belt Michael Perez. Controversies and legal issues Throughout his career, Paul has become the subject of many controversies due to his behavior, including being charged with criminal trespass and unlawful assembly. Content controversies On January 3, 2018, Paul uploaded a video to his YouTube channel titled "I lost my virginity" which used a thumbnail of himself and his then-girlfriend Erika Costell posing semi-nude on top of each other. The video was age-restricted by YouTube as a result, and critics such as Keemstar criticized the thumbnail as being inappropriate for his younger audience. The thumbnail was later changed with both Paul and Costell fully clothed and not touching each other. Two days later, on January 5, TMZ revealed a video in which Paul used a racial slur multiple times while freestyle rapping. On November 29, 2020, Paul sparked frustration after stating he paved the way for content house creation and boxing matches between high-profile social media stars. Many objected to Paul's claim, observing that he did not create the first content house, nor was he the first YouTube star to fight in a boxing match. Scam allegations On January 3, 2018, Paul started the website Edfluence, a program claiming to teach younger people how to be successful, learn life skills, and earn money online. The course cost $7 per user, which would allow the user to unlock a series of videos for a "roadmap" to success as an influencer. However, the seven dollars did not unlock the entire program, but only gave a few basic tips. Paul also promised his audience that if they joined the course, they would get to join "Team 1000", which did not happen. Following the situation, Paul was accused of scamming young followers and stealing their money. Then, two years later, on January 31, 2020, Edfluence was shut down, which stopped the course permanently. On February 15, Paul announced that he would partner with Los Angeles-based brand development group GenZ Holdings Inc. to create a $19.99-per-month platform aimed at teaching children how to build an online presence. "The Financial Freedom Movement" promises to give subscribers access to "Jake Paulโ€™s personal experience, rituals and secret formula" and "cutting edge mentorship, coaching, and training". The program has been criticized by some, with one interviewer questioning whether it would send a dangerous message to his young fanbase. On January 3, 2019, Paul, along with fellow YouTuber RiceGum, came under fire for promoting MysteryBrand, a website that offers the chance to open a digital "mystery box" of pre-selected items with a promise to win one in real life at random. Many users have said they have not received prizes they won through the site. On February 18, 2022, in a class-action lawsuit filed against the cryptocurrency company SafeMoon that alleged the company is a pump and dump scheme, Paul was named as a defendant along with musician Nick Carter, rappers Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty, and social media personality Ben Phillips for promoting the SafeMoon token on their social media accounts with misleading information as part of the 2022 Safemoon fraud allegations. On the same day, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media. In March 2022, YouTuber Coffeezilla uploaded a video in which he accused Paul of using cryptocurrency and non-fungible tokens to scam his fans out of $2.2 million. Party complaints, public nuisance lawsuits, and COVID-19 In addition to the 2017 public complaints that eventually led to Paul's dismissal from Bizaardvark, Paul's neighbors in the Beverly Grove neighborhood of Los Angeles filed a class-action public nuisance lawsuit against Paul. This came after Paul made his home address public, leading crowds of fans to gather outside Paul's residence, and noise complaints by neighbors.Wolfe, Chris (July 17, 2017). "In Beverly Grove, Social Media Star Jake Paulโ€™s Antics Stir Up The Neighborhood" . KTLA (Los Angeles). On April 24, 2018, it was reported that Paul was being sued by Cobra Acquisitions, the company that owns the house, for $2.5ย million. On February 23, 2020, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Paul was involved in an altercation with British singer Zayn Malik at Westgate, the hotel near the MGM Grand Garden Arena at which the two were staying. Paul and Malik's rooms were right across from each other and when Paul's older brother, Logan, went to Paul's hotel room, an argument broke out between Malik and Paul because Paul believed Malik was using a rude tone. Following the interaction, Paul posted about it on Twitter, which drew attention from Malik's girlfriend and American model Gigi Hadid. Paul later deleted his tweets which criticized Malik and then posted another tweet stating that he tweeted about the incident since he was drunk, acknowledging the fact in a tweet later in the day, writing, "someone needs to take my phone when i'm drunk because I'm a fucking idiot". Logan released the video footage on the 161st episode of his podcast, Impaulsive, in which he explained the whole situation. On July 11, 2020, Paul threw a large party at his home in Calabasas, California, despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Dozens of people attended without wearing masks and maintaining social distancing. After complaints from neighbors and videos surfaced on social media, Calabasas mayor Alicia Weintraub expressed outrage, saying, "They're having this large party, no social distancing, no masks, itโ€™s just a big huge disregard for everything that everybody is trying to do to get things back to functioning." She continued, saying, "It's really just a party acting like COVID does not exist, it's acting that businesses aren't closed". She later added that the city was looking into "all of our options" regarding penalties for Paul and the attendees of the party. On November 25, 2020, Paul attracted further COVID-related controversy due to statements in an interview with The Daily Beast. When interviewer Marlow Stern asked Paul if he regretted his words and actions regarding the July 11 party, Paul responded by saying that COVID-19 was a "hoax", also stating that "98 percent of news [about COVID-19] is fake", and that he believed the measures against COVID-19 in the United States should end, calling them "the most detrimental thing to our society." He then incorrectly stated that the flu had killed as many people in the United States in 2020 as COVID-19 did, and claimed that "Medical professionals have [recently] also said that masks do absolutely nothing to prevent the spread of coronavirus"; he later referred to said professionals as "dozens of my medical friends." When Stern tried to question his claims, Paul told Stern "You're arrogant. You're very arrogant", "you want clickbait", and "I've never even heard of you." The interview sparked condemnation from various individuals and media outlets, and fellow YouTuber Tyler Oakley, who called Paul "aggressively ignorant" and "embarrassing." Attending a riot at an Arizona mall and FBI raid On May 30, 2020, Paul and a few of his friends came to have dinner at P. F. Chang's outside of Scottsdale Fashion Square in Scottsdale, Arizona, as part of the George Floyd protests, where it quickly escalated and looting began in the mall. Multiple instances of footage show Paul and his friends outside of P. F. Chang's witnessing the riot and they made their way inside the mall where they documented the incident. People on social media criticized Paul for entering the mall and witnessing people looting stores. Paul later apologized on social media condemning the violence, and also denied the accusations of looting, instead saying he was filming as a public service for a future video. Paul said, "We filmed everything we saw in an effort to share our experience and bring more attention to the anger felt in every neighborhood we travelled through; we were strictly documenting, not engaging." On June 4, 2020, Paul was charged with criminal trespass and unlawful assembly, both misdemeanor charges, for being in the mall during the riot. On August 5, 2020, Paul's Calabasas mansion was raided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). In a statement to the Los Angeles Times the FBI stated, "The FBI is executing a federal search warrant at a residence in Calabasas in connection with an ongoing investigation." On the same day, the charges were dismissed without prejudice, the Scottsdale Police Department said it was "in the best interest of the community" and would allow a federal criminal investigation to be completed. Paul also explained in a now-deleted video that the raid was "completely related to the looting controversy." In August 2021 it was reported Paul would not face federal charges over the incident. Sexual assault allegations On April 9, 2021, a video was released by TikTok personality Justine Paradise who alleged that Paul forced her into oral sex and touched her without her consent during an incident at the Team 10 House in 2019. Paul responded to the accusations, saying, "Sexual assault accusations aren't something that I, or anyone should ever take lightly, but to be crystal clear, this claim made against me is 100% false." In a later video Paradise stated she received harassment and death threats over the accusation. On April 22, 2021, an article about Paul in The New York Times featured a second accusation by model and actress Railey Lollie. Lollie, who had started working for Paul at 17, alleged that Paul would call her "jailbait", and at one point groped her. Investigation in Puerto Rico On May 15, 2021, Paul was investigated by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources for riding a motorized vehicle on Puerto Rico's beaches, seen on a video that was posted online but then removed. It is illegal to ride motorized vehicles on Puerto Rico's beaches in order to protect natural wildlife such as sea turtles. Paul apologized stating he had intended no harm. SEC fine for undisclosed cryptocurrencies sponsorship In March 2023, Paul was among eight celebrities charged by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), with violating investor protection laws by promoting cryptocurrencies without disclosing that he had been sponsored to do so. He settled the charges for over $400,000 without admitting or denying the claims. Personal life Paul has English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Jewish, French and German ancestry. Paul has a net worth of approximately $17โ€“30 million. In January 2022, Forbes announced that Paul made approximately $38 million from boxing in 2021, making him the 46th highest paid athlete in the world for that period. Paul began dating fellow American YouTuber and internet personality Tana Mongeau in April 2019. In June 2019, the couple announced that they were engaged, although many fans and commentators did not believe that the engagement was legitimate. On July 28 of that year, Paul and Mongeau exchanged vows in Las Vegas. InTouch later reported that the couple had not obtained a marriage license prior to the ceremony and that the officiant was also not licensed by the state of Nevada. As a result, the marriage was not legally binding. Buzzfeed reported that Paul and Mongeau left the ceremony separately. The ceremony, which was available on pay-per-view for $50, was recorded by MTV for the show No Filter: Tana Mongeau. On an episode of the show, Mongeau stated that the ceremony was something "fun and lighthearted that we're obviously doing for fun and for content." The couple announced their break-up in January 2020. On April 3, 2023, Paul and Dutch speed skater Jutta Leerdam publicly confirmed being a couple, after the two had gotten in touch via Instagram a few months earlier. Boxing record Professional Amateur Honorary titles WBC Amateur Champion Triller Fight Club Champion WBA Champion Pay-per-view bouts Filmography Film Television Web shows Video games Discography Extended plays Singles Bibliography Paul, Jake. You Gotta Want It'', , Gallery Books 2016 (memoir) Awards and nominations Notes References Further reading External links 1997 births 21st-century American comedians American male boxers American conspiracy theorists American male child actors American male comedians American male film actors American male rappers American male television actors American people of English descent American people of French descent American people of German-Jewish descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Welsh descent American TikTokers American Vine (service) celebrities American YouTubers Boxers from Ohio Cruiserweight boxers YouTube boxers Internet-related controversies Living people Male actors from Cleveland American male bloggers Mass media people from Ohio Music YouTubers Musicians from Cleveland Rappers from Cleveland Rappers from Ohio People from Westlake, Ohio American video bloggers YouTubers from Ohio People associated with cryptocurrency(...TRUNCATED)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%20%EB%8F%84%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%20%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84(...TRUNCATED)
์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„
์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„()์€ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ 1854๋…„ 12์›” 23์ผ(๊ฐ€์—์ด 7๋…„ ์Œ๋ ฅ 11์›” 4์ผ)์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ '๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„'์ด๋ผ ํ•จ์€ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์˜ ๋™์ชฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ํ•ด์—ญ์„ ์ง„์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ๋„ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ 32์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„() ๋˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„()์ด๋ผ ํ†ต์นญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ง€์ง„์€ ๊ฐ€์—์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒœ์žฌ์ง€๋ณ€ ๋ฐ ๊ถ๊ถ ํ™”์žฌ, ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ ์›์ • ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์—ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์›ํ•˜์—ฌ 1854๋…„์„ ์›๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— '์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„'์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ๋„๋ผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€()๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋’ค ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ง€์ง„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ ์„œ์— ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต๋ถ€ํ„ด ๊ณ ์„œ ๋ฐ ์ผ๊ธฐ ์™ธ์—๋„ ํŽธ์ง€ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฌํ•ด ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋„ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์ง„ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ง„์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ 1707๋…„(ํ˜ธ์—์ด 4๋…„)์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„์€ 'ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„'์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ 147๋…„ ํ›„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์€ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์งง์€ ํŽธ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1605๋…„(๊ฒŒ์ด์ดˆ 9๋…„)์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ดˆ ์ง€์ง„๋„ ํ•œ๋•Œ ์ง„์›์—ญ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด๋„ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์˜ ํ•ด์ผ์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ดˆ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ฆˆ-์˜ค๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์™€๋ผ ํ•ด๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค์—์„œ ๋จผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ‹€ ํ›„์—” ํ˜ธ์š” ํ•ดํ˜‘์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.0์˜ ํ˜ธ์š” ํ•ดํ˜‘ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1855๋…„์—” ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6.9-7.4์˜ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„, ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„, ์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 3๋Œ€ ์ง€์ง„()์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1854๋…„ ์ด๊ฐ€์šฐ์—๋…ธ ์ง€์ง„, 1858๋…„ ํžˆ์—์“ฐ ์ง€์ง„ ๋“ฑ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ์ง€์ง„๋™ 1854๋…„ 12์›” 23์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธ ํ‘œ์ค€์‹œ(JST)๋กœ 9์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง„์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ํ•ดํŒ์ด ์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„ํŒ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์„ญ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ตฌํ˜•์ง€์ง„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๊นƒ ๋””์•„๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„  9์‹œ 15๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ ํ•ด์ €์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง„๋™์ด 2-3๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์ง„๋„7์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ์€ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋„4 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ์˜์—ญ์€ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ฟ , ์‹œ๊ณ ์ฟ  ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 300km ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ๋• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณง ๊ฐ•์ง„์ด ๋‹ฅ์ณ ๋•…์— ์—Ž๋“œ๋ ค์„œ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„  ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ•์ง„์ด ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋Œ€๋žต ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ 4-5๋ชจ๊ธˆ์„ ๋นจ ์ •๋„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‚ฌ ๊ณ ์น˜์—์„œ๋„ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ ธ "์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์ง€์ง„"์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฒฝ์ด ๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฐˆ ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทœ์Šˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์ง„ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ •๋„์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ถ„๊ณ ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์—ํ‚ค๋ฒˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋•…์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋ฏธ(ๅฎ‡ไฝ็พŽ, 1983, 2003)์˜ ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ถ”์ • ์ง„๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด ์ง€์ง„ ํ”ผํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๊ธดํ‚ค ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์„œ ์ด์„ธ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ง€์—ญ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ•˜์ฝ”๋„ค์Šˆ์ฟ ์™€ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ์ผ€์Šˆ์ฟ  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ฃผํƒ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ด๊ตญ, ์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตญ, ์˜ค๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์…‹์“ฐ๊ตญ, ์—์น˜์  ๊ตญ, ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹จ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋„์นด์ด๋„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตญ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ†  ๋ฒˆ์—์„  ์„ฑ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ง‘๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ 350์นธ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์ด ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋„์นด์ด๋„์˜ ์Šˆ์ฟ ์ฐจ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋งˆ์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ผ์Šค์นด์Šˆ์ฟ  ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ์ œํžˆ "์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ•๊ดด"๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ "์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€๋Š”" ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์Šˆ์ฟ  ์„œ์ชฝ์€ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ํžˆ๋น„์•ผ ๊ฐ• ์–ด๊ท€์˜€๋˜ ๊ณณ์€ ์ง„๋„ 5๊ฐ• ์ •๋„์˜ ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚  ๋ฐค์—” ์•„์‚ฌ์ฟ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—๋„์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜› ๊ฐ•์ด ์š”๋™์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ํฐ ์š”๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„๋™์ด ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋„ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์–‘์•ก์ƒํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ์— '๋•… ์œ„๋กœ ์ง„ํ™์ด ๋ถ„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค'๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋„์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ง€์ง„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋œ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€์˜ "๊ฐ‘์ธ๋…„ 11์›” ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™์ด ๋ถ„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ"(็”ฒๅฏ…ใฎๅไธ€ๆœˆ้งฟๆฒณใฎๅ›ฝๅคงๅœฐ้œ‡ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆณฅๆฐดใ‚’ใตใๅ‡บใ™ๅ›ณ)์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋œ "์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๊ฒฌ๋ฌธ๋ก"(ๅฎ‰ๆ”ฟ่ฆ‹่ž้Œฒ)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ผ์ด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋งˆ์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„  ์Šˆ์ฟ ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ฑ„๋„ ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  ๋•…์—” ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฟœ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณณ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„œ๋„ ์ง‘์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ ์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์‹œ์™€๋ผ์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„  ํ™ํƒ•๋ฌผ์ด 3m ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ€๋ ค์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ค๊ณ  ์Šˆ์ฟ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ›„์ง€๊ฐ• ๋‚˜๋ฃป๋ฐฐ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ์Šˆ์ฟ ์™€ ์—์ง€๋ฆฌ์Šˆ์ฟ ๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ ธ ํ›„์ง€๊ฐ•์„ ๋ง‰์•„ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฑด๋„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ์ƒ‰ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ ธ ๊ณ ์นธ์ง€๋งˆ์™€ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ง€๋งˆ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ง‘์ด ๋– ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  2-3์ผ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์›๋ž˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™ ์ง€์ง„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋งˆ์—์žํ‚ค๊ณถ ์ง€์—ญ์€ 0.8-1m ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ๋ถ๋ถ€์™€ ์•„์“ฐ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œต๊ธฐ, ์„œ๋ถ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต ํ™œ๋™๋ฉด์€ ํ•ด์ €์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์—”์Šˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ผํ•ญ์€ 1m ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ•ญ์€ ์œต๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์—ฐ์•ˆ 100m ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋ฌผ์ด ๋น ์ ธ ๊ฐฏ๋ฒŒ์ด ํŽผ์ณ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์„œ์ชฝ์€ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ ์š”์ฝ”์Šค์นด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ํ†  ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ 1m ๋‚จ์ง“ ์œต๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. "์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹๋„ ๋ชป ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ •๋„"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋˜ ์‚ฌํƒ€ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ(่–ฉๅŸตๅณ ) ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์€ ์œต๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œก์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ตญ๋„ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ์„ , ๋„๋ฉ”์ด ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ, ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ๋ณธ์„ ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ง€์นด์™€๊ฐ• ํ•˜๊ตฌ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„  ์ด์™€๋ถ€์น˜ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ(ๅฒฉๆทต, ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆผ)๊ณผ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ(ๆพๅฒก) ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์•ฝ 3m ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ ๋ฌผ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ƒ์Šต์ ์ธ ํ™์ˆ˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„  ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ "์ง€์ง„ ์”จ, ์ง€์ง„ ์”จ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์™€ ๋‹ค์˜ค. ๋‚ด ๋Œ€์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ, ์†์ž ๋Œ€์— ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ" ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 2,800์„ฌ์˜ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์— ์ž ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์ง„์› ๋™๋‚จ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์‡ผ์™€ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด, ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„ํŒ๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ถฉ์ƒ๋‹จ์ธต(๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ์—ญ๋‹จ์ธต)์˜ ํŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ˜• ์ง€์ง„์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ธ์—์ด๋‚˜ ์‡ผ์™€ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์œต๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ, ๋ฏธํ˜ธ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”์‚ฐ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ„ํ™”์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํญ๋ฐœ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™”์‚ฐ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋„ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šจํ‘ธ์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„ ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ธ "ๅคงๅœฐ้œ‡ๅพกๆ•‘็ฒฅไธฆ็”บๆ–นๆ–ฝ็ฑณๅทฎๅ‡บใ€ๅ…ถๅค–่ซธๅ‘ๅœฐ้œ‡ใซไป˜่žๆ›ธไธ€ไปถใƒป้งฟๅบœๅฃซๅคชๅคซ็”บ็”บ้ ญใ€่ฉๅŽŸๅ››้ƒŽๅ…ต่ก›็ญ†่จ˜" ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋•Œ์— ํ›„์ง€์‚ฐ ์ •์ƒ์— ์‚ฟ๊ฐ“ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์› ๊ณ , ๋‹น์ผ ์†Œ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋งŒํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํŠ€์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒ”๋ถ€ ๋Šฅ์„  ๋ถ€๊ทผ์— ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 17์ผ ํ›„์ธ 11์›” 21์ผ ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‹œ๊บผ๋จผ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฐ์˜ ์ ์„ค๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ด„์ฒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์ง์ „์—๋Š” 1852๋…„ ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€์•ผ๊ฒŒ์•ผ๋งˆ์‚ฐ, 1853๋…„ ์šฐ์Šค์‚ฐ, 1854๋…„ ์•„์†Œ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ„ํ™” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„์ธ 1855๋…„์—” ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋งˆ์—์‚ฐ์ด, 1856๋…„์—” ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ณ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋‹ค์ผ€์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์•„์†Œ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ„ํ™” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฐ€์™€์Šค๋ฏธ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ(ๆฒณ่ง’ๅปฃ, 1951)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Mk7๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋žต M8.4๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋ฏธ ํƒ€์“ฐ์˜ค(ๅฎ‡ไฝ็พŽ้พๅคซ, 1970)๋Š” ์ถ”์‚ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M8.4์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  1960๋…„ ๋ฐœ๋””๋น„์•„ ์ง€์ง„๋„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ M8.5๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์—์„  ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ํŒŒ์—ด๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋‹จ์ธตํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ Mw8.3, Mw8.1(์ด ํ•ฉ Mw8.4)๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 1944๋…„ ์‡ผ์™€ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ํญ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ์„œ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์— ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ๋‘์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด๊ฐ๋ถ€์˜ "๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ฒ€ํ† ํšŒ"์—์„œ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ "๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„๋™ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ"์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ Mw8.84๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑด์ถ•์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ M0 = 9.02 ร— 1021Nใƒปm, ์ฆ‰ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ Mw8.6์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 1973๋…„ ์•ˆ๋„ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํƒ€์นด๋กœ ํŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก  ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ์ดํ›„ 1972๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํžˆ๋กœ๊ฐ€ 1944๋…„ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์˜ ํŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ์—ญ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ถ”์ •์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ผ์˜ ๋†’์ด ๋ณ€๋™ ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ง€์ง„ ์ง„๋™ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ 1944๋…„ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ•ด๊ณก ์ถ•์„ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผœ ์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ๋กœ 100km, ๊ฐ€๋กœ 230km ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1976๋…„ ์ด์‹œ๋ฐ”์‹œ ๊ฐ€์“ฐํžˆ์ฝ”๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋˜ ํŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ ์ธ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ณก์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ํ•˜ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋„์ฟ ํƒ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ ์œต๊ธฐ, ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™, ์ง„๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„ ๋ถ„์„, ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์— ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์€ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ๋„ ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ณก๋„ ํŒ ์„ญ์ž…๋Œ€ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ ์ง„์›์—ญ์ด ํ•ด์•ˆ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์—๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค-์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ์ง„์› ๋‹จ์ธต์— ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ณก ์ถ•์„ ์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ๋”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ 2011๋…„ ์„ธ๋…ธ ๋ฐ์“ฐ์กฐ๋Š” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํŠธ๋กœํ”„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ์„ A(๋„์‚ฌ๋งŒ), B(๊ธฐ์ด์ˆ˜๋„), C(๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค), D(์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค), E(์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ) 5๊ฐœ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ํ›„ ๋„์นด์ด ์ชฝ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์€ ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ 'ํ˜ธ์—์ดํ˜•'๊ณผ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ์†ํ•ด์ง€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์€ ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” '์•ˆ์„ธ์ดํ˜•' 2๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ์ง€์ง„์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ณด์™„์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด์‹œ๋ฐ”์‹œ๋Š” ์„ธ๋…ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์€ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์—ฐ์•ˆ์˜ ์ง„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 'ํ˜ธ์—์ดํ˜•'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ 1944๋…„ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์„œ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„๋„๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜์ด ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋Š๋‚€ ์ง€์ง„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋‚˜ ์œ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ค์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ˆ˜ ์šฉ์ถœ ์ •์ง€ ํ˜„์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ์–‘, ์งˆ ์ฐจ์ด ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ '์•ˆ์„ธ์ดํ˜•' ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ ์ ˆ์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ฃจ์•„ ๋ผ์“ฐ์ฝ” ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™ ํ˜น์€ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ์ง€์ƒ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ์™€ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์•„์ง ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ›„์ง€๊ฐ• ํ•˜์ค‘๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ• ์–‘์•ˆ ๊ณ ์ €์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ 600m๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ์ด ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ์ด ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€์ง„๊ณ„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ ๊ด€์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ง€์ง„์ด๋ž€ ํฐ ๋‚œ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋…ผ์˜์กฐ์ฐจ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์กฐ ํ˜„์ƒ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ๋Š” '์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง•์กฐ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์ ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋…„๋„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์˜ค๋‹ค์™€๋ผ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฐ์‹œ์ดˆ(ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด์‹œ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ๊ตฌ) ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋งˆ์—์žํ‚ค ๋ถ€๊ทผ์€ ์ง€์ง„ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์นจ์‹๋˜์–ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์นจ๊ฐ• ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์™€๋„ค(ํ˜„ ๋งˆํ‚ค๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ์‹œ๋Š” ์ „๋…„๋„์— ๋•…์šธ๋ฆผ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์™€์‹œ๋กœ์ดŒ(๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ํ˜„ ๊ธฐ์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€์‹œ)์€ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋ฉฐ์น  ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ง„, ์—ฌ์ง„ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋ฐœ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ „์ง„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ง„ 5๊ฐœ์›” ์ „์ธ 1854๋…„ 7์›” 9์ผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.6๊ธ‰์˜ ์ด๊ฐ€์šฐ์—๋…ธ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ๋ฐ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์—ฌ์ง„์€ 9๋…„๊ฐ„ 2,979ํšŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์—ฌ์ง„์ธ์ง€ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์—ฌ์ง„์ธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฌ์ง„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1855๋…„ 11์›” 7์ผ(์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 2๋…„ ์Œ๋ ฅ 9์›” 28์ผ) - ์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ง„์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7-7.5๊ธ‰์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์—ฌ์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ ๋ถ•๊ดด, ๋•… ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง, ์ง„ํ™ ๋ถ„์ถœ ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„ 4์ผ ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ๋„ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์œ ๋ฐœ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ๋ฐœ์ง€์ง„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ง„ 75์ผ ํ›„์ธ 1855๋…„ 3์›” 18์ผ(์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 2๋…„ 2์›” 1์ผ) ๋„์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์กฐํ•˜๋‚˜-ํ˜ธํ‚ค์™€ํ‚ค ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6 ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธ‰์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ธ ํžˆ๋‹ค ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ง„ ์•ฝ 11๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์ธ 1855๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ(์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 2๋…„ 10์›” 2์ผ) ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.0-7.1๊ธ‰์˜ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 4๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ํ›„์ธ 1858๋…„ 4์›” 9์ผ(์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 5๋…„ 2์›” 26์ผ) ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.0-7.1๊ธ‰์˜ ํžˆ์—์“ฐ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 14์ผ ๋’ค์ธ 4์›” 23์ผ(์Œ๋ ฅ 3์›” 10์ผ)์—๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ์˜ค๋งˆ์น˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์„œ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์ง„). 1861๋…„ 2์›” 14์ผ์—๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6.0๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ถ„์ฟ  ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์˜ค ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ง„์›์—ญ์€ 1945๋…„ 1์›” 13์ผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฏธ์นด์™€ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ๋„์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ด์ฆˆ๊ตญ ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ์นด์‹œ์—์„œ 10m, ๋„๋ฐ”์‹œ์—์„œ 5-6m, ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋งŒ์—์„œ 6m, ๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋งˆ์ดˆ์—์„œ 9m, ์˜ค์™€์„ธ์‹œ์—์„œ 6m ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์„œ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋น ์ง ํ˜„์ƒ ๋‹ค์Œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณค์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋น ์ง ํ˜„์ƒ ์—†์ด ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์˜คํ›„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์นœ ์ œ2ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 3๋ฒˆ์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋งˆ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ์žํ‚ค์ดˆ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์นœ ์ œ์ผ ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์„์ธ "์กฐํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์œ ์‹คํƒ‘"(ๅธธ็ฆๅฏบๆดฅๆณขๆตๅคฑๅก”)์—์„œ๋Š” "์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋กœ์•ผ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์ด์•ผ๋งˆ ๋น„ํƒˆ์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํžˆ์ฝ”๋งˆ์—์„œ 5์ฒ™(ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์•ฝ 22.7m)์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์ด ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์˜จ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋†’์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋งˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฉ”์ด์˜ค ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์น˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ๋Œ€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ €๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฐ˜๋„์ง€์ง„์‚ฌ๊ณผ(ไผŠ่ฑ†ๅŠๅณถๅœฐ้œ‡ๅฒๆ–™)์—์„œ๋Š” "๊ณ ํ…์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ์‚ฌ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค 7-80๋ฆฌ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์šธ์˜ ๋ฌผ์•ˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š˜๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜ค๋ชฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค„ ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณค๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ๋„ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋‹ค ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๊นƒ ๋””์•„๋‚˜ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€ 15-20๋ถ„ ํ›„์— ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ผ๋ณธ์ฒด๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ ค์˜จ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋žต 5-6m์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์—์„  ์˜คํ›„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด 7-8ํšŒ์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์— ์ƒ๊ธด ํฐ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ฆฐ ๋””์•„๋‚˜ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ํ•จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค ์นจ์ˆ˜๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚œํŒŒ๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ—ค๋‹ค์–ดํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒํ•ญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํญํ’์šฐ์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ ค ์–‘๋ ฅ 1855๋…„ 1์›” 15์ผ(์Œ๋ ฅ 1854๋…„ 11์›” 27์ผ) 20์‹œ๊ฒฝ ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋…ธ๋ผ ์ธ๊ทผ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ์ขŒ์ดˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์–ด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ์ค‘ 1์›” 19์ผ(์Œ๋ ฅ 12์›” 2์ผ) 14์‹œ๊ฒฝ ์นจ๋ชฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฃผํƒ 841์ฑ„ ์œ ์‹ค, 30์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง‘์€ ๋‹จ 4์ฑ„๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 99๋ช…์ด ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ ค ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ†ต์ƒ ๊ต์„ญ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ง‰๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ง„ 6์ผ ํ›„์ธ ์Œ๋ ฅ 11์›” 10์ผ ์Œ€ 1,500์„ฌ, ๊ธˆ 3,000๋ƒฅ์„ ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์— ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง‘์ด ์œ ์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธˆ 3๋ถ„, ์ง‘์ด ์นจ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธˆ 2๋ถ„, ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 1๋ช…๋‹น ๊ฐ„์—์ด์“ฐ๋ณด 1๊ด€ ๋งŒํผ ์ด์žฌ๋ฏผ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ์ง€์—ญ ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ฌ์นด์Šˆ์ฟ ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 3์žฅ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ 9m ์ •๋„)์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ฌ์นด์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ์‹ค๋œ ์ฃผํƒ 8์ฑ„, ์™„์ „ ๋ถ•๊ดด 58์ฑ„, ํŒŒ์† 214์ฑ„์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋ช… ํ”ผํ•ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ์ง€์ง„ ์งํ›„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ”ผ๋‚œ์„ ๊ฐ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์•„๋ผ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 2์žฅ 6์ฒ™(8m)์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€, ์•„๋ผ์ด ๊ด€๋ฌธ์€ 1์žฅ(3m)๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณ ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผํƒ๋“ค์ด ์“ธ๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฌธ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—” ์กฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ ธ ๋‚˜๋ฃป๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด์งˆ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด, ์ด๋“ฌ์— ์ฐธ๊ทผ๊ต๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ์นด์ด๋„๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์งํ›„์—๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ œ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•œ ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ฒœ์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜จ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ฎ์ณ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์‹œ๋‚ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์นจ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด 426๊ทธ๋ฃจ, ๋ฐฐ 4์ฒ™์ด ์œ ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง‘ 4,081์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์— ๋– ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 440์„ฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฐญ์ด ๋ฌผ์— ์ž ๊ธฐ๊ณ  507์„ฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฐญ์€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋ฐญ์ด ๋˜์–ด ํ™ฉํํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฐ˜๋„ ๊ธฐ์Šˆ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ด์„ธ, ๊ธฐ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ์˜์ง€๋Š” ์–‘๋ ฅ 12์›” 4์ผ, 5์ผ ์ดํ‹€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ ๋ฎ์นœ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ฐญ ์ด 16๋งŒ 8์ฒœ ์„ฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ํ™ฉํํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง‘ 26,608์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค, ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์Œ€ 890์„ฌ, ๋ชฉ์žฌ 15,480๊ฐœ, ์„ ๋ฐ• 1,455์ฒ™, ์˜› ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 5๊ฐœ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด 699๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์™€์„ธ(ํ˜„ ์˜ค์™€์„ธ์‹œ)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „์˜ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฅ ํ•œ๋ผ ์ง€์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งˆ๋ฅธ๋ฐ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์ด ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 300m ์ •๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์Šค์ฆˆ๋ฉ”์ง€๋งˆ์„ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ „์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ๋„ ์ˆ  ํ•œ์ž”์„ ๋งˆ์‹ค ์ •๋„๋„ ์•„๋‹ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๊ธธ์„ 5-6์ •(5-600m) ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•ฝ 2์žฅ(6m)์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณ ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์น˜์นด์“ฐ์šฐ๋ผ์ •์—๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ „์„ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์™€ ์•„์™€ ์‹œ์‹œ์ฟ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ 4์ผ ์ง„์‹œ ํ•˜๊ฐ(์˜ค์ „ 9์‹œ๊ฒฝ) ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ์ง€์‹œ๋งˆ์„ฌ์„ ์น˜๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด ์‹œ์‹œ์ฟ ์ด๊ฐ€์™€์ฒœ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 3๋ฒˆ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋†€๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ง์ณ ์‚ฐ ์œ„๋กœ ๋„ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์™€๊ตญ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์ธ 5์ผ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ง‘ 141์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  8๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‚ฌ ๋„์‚ฌ ์šฐ์‚ฌ ์ง€์—ญ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋„์‚ฌ์‹œ)์—์„œ๋Š” "4์ผ ์•„์นจ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํŠผ ์งํ›„ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์ด ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฆฌ๋…ธ(ํ˜„ ๊ตฌ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ค์ •)์—์„œ๋„ "4์ผ ๋‚ฎ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์žˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์ถœ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋‹ค(ํ˜„ ๊ตฌ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ค์ •)์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์— ๋ฌผ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋„˜์ณ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ์Šˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋ถ„๊ณ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํ‚ค ๋ฒˆ ์ง€์—ญ๋„ 4์ผ ์•„์นจ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ์€ ํ›„ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ”๋“ค๋ ค ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋˜ ์™€์ค‘ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์ณค๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ดํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ปธ๋˜ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ์ฒœ๋ฏผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์™€๋ผ ์ œ๋„์—๋„ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณค๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€์น˜์ง€๋งˆ ์„ฌ ์˜ค์ฟ ๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” 5m์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง‘์ด ์œ ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋ฌด๋ผ์—๋„ 3m์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ๋„ˆ๋จธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์—๋„ ๋‹ฟ์•„ ๋Œ€๋žต 1ํ”ผํŠธ(30cm)์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ผ๋ณธ์ง€์ง„์‚ฌ๊ณผ(ๅคงๆ—ฅๆœฌๅœฐ้œ‡ๅฒๆ–™)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ง‘ 8,300์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค, 600์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์†Œ์‹ค, ์••์‚ฌ 300๋ช…, ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์— ์“ธ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง 300๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ์–ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž…์€ ํ”ผํ•ด๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ์ง‘์ด 3๋งŒ์ฑ„, ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 2-3์ฒœ๋ช…๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์žฌํ•ด๊ธฐ๋…๋น„ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Significant Earthquake - NOAA 1854๋…„ ์ง€์ง„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€์ง„ํ•ด์ผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ˜• ์ง€์ง„ 1854๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ 1854๋…„ 12์›”(...TRUNCATED)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854%20T%C5%8Dkai%20earthquake
1854 Tลkai earthquake
The 1854 Tลkai earthquake was the first of the Ansei great earthquakes (1854โ€“1855). It occurred at about 09:00 local time on 23 December 1854. It had a magnitude of 8.4 and caused a damaging tsunami. More than 10,000 buildings were destroyed and there were at least 2,000 casualties. It was the first of the three Ansei great earthquakes; the 1854 Ansei-Nankai earthquake of similar size hit southern Honshu the following day. Background The southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1300 years. Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment. Damage Much of central Japan experienced seismic intensities of 5 (on the JMA scale). Damage from this earthquake was particularly severe in the coastal areas of Shizuoka Prefecture from Numazu to Tenryลซ River, with many houses being damaged or destroyed. On the east side of the Izu Peninsula, Shimoda was hit by the tsunami one hour after the earthquake. A series of nine waves struck the city, destroying 840 houses and claiming 122 lives. Diana, the flagship of a visiting Russian admiral, Putyatin, in Japan to negotiate what would become the Treaty of Shimoda, was spun round 42 times on its moorings and was so badly damaged that it sank in a later storm. At Suruga Bay, on the west side of the Izu Peninsula, the village of Iruma was destroyed and a 10ย m high sand dome was deposited, on which the village was later reconstructed. Characteristics Earthquake The rupture area, magnitude and epicenter have been estimated from seismic intensity measurements, information about tsunami arrival times and evidence of co-seismic uplift/subsidence. Tsunami In most of the affected areas, run-up heights were in the range of 4โ€“6ย m. However, at Iruma, run-up heights of 13.2 and 16.5ย m have been measured, much higher than most of the surrounding area. This and the deposition of the unusual sand dome, with an estimated volume of 700,000ย m3, is interpreted to have been caused by the effects of resonance in the V-shaped Suruga bay. See also List of earthquakes in Japan List of historical earthquakes List of historical tsunamis References 1854 Tokai Ansei-Tokai earthquake Ansei-Tokai earthquake Tsunamis in Japan 19th-century tsunamis 1854 natural disasters December 1854 events Earthquakes of the Edo period 1854 disasters in Japan(...TRUNCATED)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%20%EC%BD%94%EC%BD%94(...TRUNCATED)
ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ์ฝ”์ฝ”
ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ์ฝ”์ฝ”(, 1977๋…„ 1์›” 8์ผ, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํŒŒํ…Œ๋ฅด๋…ธ ~ )๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ „ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํ’€๋ฐฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1993๋…„~1995๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ AC ๋ฐ€๋ž€ ์œ ์ŠคํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ํ›„ 1995๋…„์— AC ๋ฐ€๋ž€์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ AC ๋ฐ€๋ž€์˜ ๋ถ€๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŒŒ์˜ฌ๋กœ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ์ผ์ฐŒ๊ฐ์น˜ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ํฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ง์ฃผ์˜€๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฑด์žฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค ์ฃผ์ „์„ ์žก์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์†Œ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ธ ๋น„์ฒธ์ฐจ ์นผ์ดˆ๋‚˜ ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ FC ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2001๋…„์—” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ FC ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜์—์„œ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋‹ค ๋ถ€์ƒ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์žฆ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ ์  ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ ธ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 2002๋…„์— ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํด๋ผ๋ Œ์Šค ์„ธ๋„๋ฅดํ”„์™€ ๋งž๊ตํ™˜ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฐ€๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฒฉ ์ด์ ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฆ์€ ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถœ์ „ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ „์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„ ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ FC์—์„œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋ž€ ํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ž‘ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๋Š” 2009๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜„์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ฝ”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ 2007๋…„์— ํ˜„์—ญ์—์„œ ์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฆ์€ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ํŒŒ์˜ฌ๋กœ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ปธ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ฝ”์ฝ”์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ง€์˜ค๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ผํŒŒํ† ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ๋…์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ถ์ค‘๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์ง€๋‚œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ์ถœ์ „์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œํ’์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ถœ์ „๊ตญ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ G์กฐ์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 2๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์›๋งจ์‡ผ ๋•๋ถ„์— 2 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กœ์šด ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2์ฐจ์ „ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 10๋ถ„์— ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 28๋ถ„์— ์ด๋น„์ฐจ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜, ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 31๋ถ„์— ๋ฐ€๋ž€ ๋ผํŒŒ์ด์น˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‡๋‹ฌ์•„ ์‹ค์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1 : 2 ์—ญ์ „ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํƒˆ๋ฝ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ G์กฐ์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์™€ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1 : 0, 2 : 1๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 2์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1์Šน 1ํŒจ๋กœ ๋™๋ฅ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ +1, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 0์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ 2์œ„, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ 4์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ 2์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋„ ์•„์ง 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์„ ํ™•์ •์ง“์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด ์—ญ์‹œ ์•„์ง ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 16๊ฐ•์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ธธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ผ๋„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  3ํŒ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 3์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 34๋ถ„, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ํ•˜๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณด๋ฅดํ—คํ‹ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 0 : 0์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 3์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  1์Šน 1๋ฌด 1ํŒจ์ธ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 2์œ„, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ 3์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฒด์ ˆ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ „์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 3๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ ํฌ์†Œ์‹์ด ๋“ค๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์˜ ์—๋””์† ๋ฉ˜๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. G์กฐ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋Š” 3์Šน์ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 1์œ„์ด๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3ํŒ€์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ ๋™๋ฅ ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์ด 0, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋Š” -1, ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๋Š” -2์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์—์„œ ์•ž์„  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ 2์œ„๋กœ 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ์ด์ „ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„  ๋ฒค์น˜์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 18๋ถ„์— ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜์™€ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์–ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์˜ ์„ ์ „์— ํž˜์„ ๋‚ธ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 40๋ถ„์— ์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ธ ํ”ผ์—๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ํ•œ์ˆจ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ 1 : 1๋กœ ๋น„๊ธด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์Šน 1๋ฌด 1ํŒจ๋กœ ์กฐ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ „์›”๋“œ์ปต๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ ํŒŒ๋น„์˜ค ์นธ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋„ค์Šคํƒ€ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์˜ค๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ผํŒŒํ† ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ํ›„๋ณด ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ” ์œจ๋ฆฌ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ จํ•œ ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํŒŒ์˜ฌ๋กœ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ์นธ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋กœ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋„ ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œํ™”ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์•™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๋ณด ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜ 4๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ์†ก์ข…๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํƒœํด์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์„ ์žก์•„ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ๋„˜์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ์šธ์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜์ด ์ฐฌ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์ž”๋ฃจ์ด์ง€ ๋ถ€ํฐ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜ 18๋ถ„, ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ํ† ํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ฝ”๋„ˆํ‚ฅ์„ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ง„์ฒ ์˜ ๋งˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ด์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ 1 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜ 42๋ถ„์— ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฝ”๋„ˆํ‚ฅ ์ฐฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜๋น„์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ํŒ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋‹ค๋ฏธ์•„๋…ธ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํœ˜๋‘๋ฅธ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜์— ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ๋‘๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘ํŒŒ๋ง ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋›ฐ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋กœ ๋‹จ๋‹จ์ด ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๊ณต์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ง‰์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฒด๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ ์  ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์Šค ํžˆ๋”ฉํฌ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋งŒ 5๋ช…์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฐ•์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ซํžŒ ๋น—์žฅ์„ ๋‘๋“ค๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋๋‚ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 43๋ถ„, ํ™ฉ์„ ํ™์˜ ์งง์€ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ˜๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณผ์„ ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์ด ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์™ผ๋ฐœ ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ค ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰ํŒ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1 : 1๋กœ ๋น„๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณค๊ณ  ์Šน๋ถ€๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ง„์ผํ‡ด์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋˜ ๋‘ ํŒ€์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 13๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์‡„๋„ํ•˜๋˜ ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ํ† ํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์†ก์ข…๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณผ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ๋„์ค‘์— ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„๋ก  ๋ชจ๋ ˆ๋…ธ ์ฃผ์‹ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ† ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ „์— ๊น€๋‚จ์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํŒŒ์šธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‡ด์žฅ์„ ๋‹นํ•ด 10๋ช…์ด ๋›ฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์  ์—ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์  ์—ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 12๋ถ„, ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณจ๋“ ๊ณจ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1 : 2 ์—ญ์ „ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์ฝ”์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด์ž ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์›”๋“œ์ปต๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์€ํ‡ด ์ดํ›„ ํ˜„์—ญ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋„ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๊ณ„ ์ง„์ถœ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์š•์‹ฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜„์—ญ ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒ€์—์„œ ์˜คํผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฐํžˆ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๊ณ„์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฅ˜๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ Urban 77์˜ CEO๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋„ ๋ฏธ๋‚จ์ด์–ด์„œ ์†Œ๋…€ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์•˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 40๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฏธ์ค‘๋…„์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1977๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ AC ๋ฐ€๋ž€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ์ธํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋‚ ๋ ˆ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ AS ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์นผ์ดˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ L.R. ๋น„์ฒธ์ฐจ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-18 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-21 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1997๋…„ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜(...TRUNCATED)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Coco
Francesco Coco
Francesco Coco (; born 8 January 1977) is an Italian retired footballer who played as a defender. Although naturally right-footed, he played as a left wing-back (his favourite position) or, more commonly, as a left-back. He had spells with both AC Milan and Inter Milan, also spending a season at Barcelona. In his early career, Coco showed much promise and was regarded as a possible successor to Paolo Maldini; however, he failed to live up to expectations. Coco won two Serie A league titles and represented Italy at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Club career Born in Paternรฒ, Coco spent the majority of his club career with the Milan clubs; first with A.C. Milan between 1993 and 2002 and later with Inter between 2002 and 2007; he spent the 2001โ€“02 season on loan at FC Barcelona, with generally solid performances (he also had loan spells with Vicenza Calcio and Torino F.C.). He was part of the Milan teams that won the Serie A in 1995โ€“96 and 1998โ€“99. In 2002, Milan traded Coco to Inter in a part exchange deal for Clarence Seedorf, worth โ‚ฌ28 million. Despite reaching the 2002โ€“03 Champions League semi-finals and winning the 2004โ€“05 Coppa Italia, Coco's spell at Inter was blighted by injuries. Coco has since given interviews stating Inter made a mistake by letting him undergo back surgery in November 2003, telling him he would be out for no more than a month. In the end, he had to recover for two years. In 2005โ€“06, he was loaned to Livorno, after rejecting a move to Newcastle United despite playing a friendly against Yeading F.C. where he impressed in a 5โ€“0 home victory. He played one season at Livorno, and after his loan deal, he returned to Inter. During the summer of 2006, he tried to find a new club, but in the end, all negotiations failed and Coco remained at Inter. In January 2007, he joined English club Manchester City on a trial but after three days the club told him he was not in their plans. Later the English newspapers alleged that Manchester City was no longer interested in him because he had turned up for training smoking a cigarette. After a loan to Torino for the 2006โ€“07 season, he went back to Inter for the first part of the summer but mutually rescinded his contract with the Milan-based club on 7 September 2007. Later Coco declared his intention to quit football in order to pursue an acting career despite the rumoured interest of MLS sides New England Revolution and New York Red Bulls. International career Coco played for the Italy U18 team in the intermediary round of the 1995 European Under-18 Football Championship and for the Italy U21 team at the 1996 and 1998 UEFA U-21 Championship qualifying phases, playing also in the final round in the successful 2000 campaign under manager Marco Tardelli. Also, Coco played for the victorious Italy U23 team at the 1997 Mediterranean Games. Coco's full debut for the Italy national football team came in a 3โ€“0 win against Romania, on 7 October 2000, in a 2002 World Cup qualifying match under Giovanni Trapattoni. He also played for Italy in 2002 FIFA World Cup, and was last called up to the national side in September 2002. He achieved a total of 17 caps with the azzurri. Style of play Coco was a quick, physical, and tactically versatile player, who was primarily deployed as an offensive-minded fullback or as a wingback, due to his tenacity, and work-rate, as well as his defensive and offensive attributes. Although he was naturally right footed, he was also capable of playing both on the right and the left flank, and was known for his strong tackling, physicality, determination, and crossing ability with both feet. Due to his pace, stamina, skill, and technique, he was also occasionally utilised as a wide midfielder in a 3โ€“5โ€“2 or 3โ€“4โ€“3 formation. Despite his talent, he was often injury-prone and inconsistent, while he had a difficult character and lacked discipline off the pitch; his chances were often limited both at club and international level, due to the presence of Paolo Maldini in his position, whom Coco had initially been tipped to replace as Milan and Italy's starting left-back. Off the field Coco was not only a football player but also a businessman. Together with his father Antonio, they own shops and he has his own clothing label called "Urban 77". Coco is a celebrity in Italy and is well known in the party and society scene in Italy. He also wrote the foreword for the recently published book Mio marito รจ un calciatore (My husband is a footballer). Coco also famously had a long relationship with the Italian actress, showgirl, and model Manuela Arcuri. Following his retirement from professional football, Coco stated that he was interested in pursuing an acting career, and accepted to appear in L'Isola dei Famosi, the Italian celebrity adaptation of the TV format Survivor, which he abandoned voluntarily days after the beginning of the show. Honours Club Milan Serie A (2): 1995โ€“96, 1998โ€“99 Inter Coppa Italia (1): 2004โ€“05 International Italy UEFA Under-21 European Championship (1): 2000 Mediterranean Games (1): 1997 References External links Francesco Coco FootballDatabase provides profile and stats on Francesco Coco Francesco Coco's clothing label Profile at UEFA.com National Team stats. at FIGC official site Profile at tuttocalciatori.net 1977 births Living people People from Paternรฒ Men's association football fullbacks Italian men's footballers Italy men's international footballers Italy men's youth international footballers Italy men's under-21 international footballers Italian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Italian expatriate sportspeople in Spain AC Milan players LR Vicenza players Torino FC players FC Barcelona players Inter Milan players US Livorno 1915 players Serie A players La Liga players 2002 FIFA World Cup players Businesspeople from Sicily Participants in Italian reality television series Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy Competitors at the 1997 Mediterranean Games Mediterranean Games medalists in football Footballers from Sicily Sportspeople from the Province of Catania(...TRUNCATED)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%20%ED%86%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%8B%9C(...TRUNCATED)
๋‹ค๋ฏธ์•„๋…ธ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ
๋‹ค๋ฏธ์•„๋…ธ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ(, 1974๋…„ 5์›” 17์ผ, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋„ค๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฅด ~ )๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ „ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์ˆ˜๋น„ํ˜• ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1991๋…„~1993๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์—˜๋ผ์Šค ๋ฒ ๋กœ๋‚˜ FC ์œ ์ŠคํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ํ›„ 1993๋…„์— ์—˜๋ผ์Šค ๋ฒ ๋กœ๋‚˜ FC์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 1996๋…„ ์• ํ‹€๋ž€ํƒ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ AS ๋กœ๋งˆ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ ค 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ์—์„œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 262๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด 14๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ํ…Œ UD๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•ด 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ 44๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„์—” ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ง„์ถœํ•ด ํ€ธ์ฆˆ ํŒŒํฌ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์Šค FC์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ†ˆ์ง„ ํ„ฐ๋‹ค๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ 29๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  1๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ์— 2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณจ๋“ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‹ค๋ก„ ์Šค๋”์—์„œ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 1์‹œ์ฆŒ๋งŒ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๊ณ  ์‚ฐํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌํ”„๋ ˆ๋„์—์„œ 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2011๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ธ SP ๋ผ ํ”ผ์˜ค๋ฆฌํƒ€์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 15-16์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํŒ€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฆฌํžˆํ…์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ FC ํŒŒ๋‘์ธ ์™€ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์ฐจ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ๋งž๋ถ™์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ผ ํ”ผ์˜ค๋ฆฌํƒ€ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „ 1 : 5, 2์ฐจ์ „ 0 : 5๋กœ ๋Œ€ํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. U-21 ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— 1996๋…„ ์• ํ‹€๋ž€ํƒ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ C์กฐ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด ๋•Œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์— 0 : 1๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์— 2 : 3์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•ด 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์— ์ผ์ฐŒ๊ฐ์น˜ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ C์กฐ์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ 1 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ 0 : 0์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ธด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ฅผ 1 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ 0 : 0์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ธด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 1์Šน 1๋ฌด, 1๋“์  ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋™ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์— 0 : 1๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ๋’ค 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ 3 : 2๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€ 1์Šน 1ํŒจ๋กœ ์กฐ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 4์œ„๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋น„๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ 8๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์—ญ์‹œ 1์Šน์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด ์œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์—ด๋ง์ด ์ปธ๋Š”์ง€ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 24๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 37๋ถ„์— ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ” ๋ธŒ๋ž‘์นด๊ฐ€ 2๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 17๋ถ„์— ์ด๊ธฐํ˜•์ด 1๊ณจ์„ ๋งŒํšŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์นœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ 2 : 1๋กœ ์ด๊ฒจ 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ ์œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋‹ค๋“์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์— ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ 3์œ„๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๋””๋…ธ ์ดˆํ”„ ๊ฐ๋…์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ถ์ค‘๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์ง€๋‚œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ์ถœ์ „์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œํ’์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ถœ์ „๊ตญ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ G์กฐ์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 2๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์›๋งจ์‡ผ ๋•๋ถ„์— 2 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กœ์šด ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2์ฐจ์ „ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 10๋ถ„์— ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 28๋ถ„์— ์ด๋น„์ฐจ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜, ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 31๋ถ„์— ๋ฐ€๋ž€ ๋ผํŒŒ์ด์น˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‡๋‹ฌ์•„ ์‹ค์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1 : 2 ์—ญ์ „ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํƒˆ๋ฝ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ G์กฐ์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์™€ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1 : 0, 2 : 1๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 2์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1์Šน 1ํŒจ๋กœ ๋™๋ฅ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ +1, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 0์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ 2์œ„, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ 4์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ 2์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋„ ์•„์ง 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์„ ํ™•์ •์ง“์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด ์—ญ์‹œ ์•„์ง ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 16๊ฐ•์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ธธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ผ๋„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  3ํŒ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 3์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 34๋ถ„, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ํ•˜๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณด๋ฅดํ—คํ‹ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 0 : 0์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 3์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  1์Šน 1๋ฌด 1ํŒจ์ธ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 2์œ„, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ 3์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฒด์ ˆ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ „์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 3๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ ํฌ์†Œ์‹์ด ๋“ค๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์˜ ์—๋””์† ๋ฉ˜๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. G์กฐ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋Š” 3์Šน์ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 1์œ„์ด๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3ํŒ€์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ ๋™๋ฅ ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์ด 0, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋Š” -1, ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๋Š” -2์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์—์„œ ์•ž์„  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ 2์œ„๋กœ 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์˜ ์„ ์ „์— ํž˜์„ ๋‚ธ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 40๋ถ„์— ์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ธ ํ”ผ์—๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ํ•œ์ˆจ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ 1 : 1๋กœ ๋น„๊ธด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์Šน 1๋ฌด 1ํŒจ๋กœ ์กฐ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ „์›”๋“œ์ปต๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜ 4๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ์ฝ”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์†ก์ข…๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํƒœํด์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์„ ์žก์•„ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ๋„˜์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ์šธ์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜์ด ์ฐฌ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์ž”๋ฃจ์ด์ง€ ๋ถ€ํฐ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜ 18๋ถ„, ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ํ† ํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ฝ”๋„ˆํ‚ฅ์„ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ง„์ฒ ์˜ ๋งˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ด์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ 1 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜ 42๋ถ„์— ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฝ”๋„ˆํ‚ฅ ์ฐฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์œ ์ƒ์ฒ ์„ ๋งˆํฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜๋น„์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ํŒ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋ฅผ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๋กœ ์ณ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ  ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ๋‘๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘ํŒŒ๋ง ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋›ฐ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋กœ ๋‹จ๋‹จ์ด ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๊ณต์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ง‰์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฒด๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ ์  ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์Šค ํžˆ๋”ฉํฌ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋งŒ 5๋ช…์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฐ•์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ซํžŒ ๋น—์žฅ์„ ๋‘๋“ค๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋๋‚ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 43๋ถ„, ํ™ฉ์„ ํ™์˜ ์งง์€ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ˜๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณผ์„ ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์ด ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์™ผ๋ฐœ ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ค ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰ํŒ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1 : 1๋กœ ๋น„๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณค๊ณ  ์Šน๋ถ€๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ง„์ผํ‡ด์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋˜ ๋‘ ํŒ€์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 13๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์‡„๋„ํ•˜๋˜ ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ํ† ํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์†ก์ข…๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณผ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ๋„์ค‘์— ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„๋ก  ๋ชจ๋ ˆ๋…ธ ์ฃผ์‹ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ† ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ „์— ๊น€๋‚จ์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํŒŒ์šธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‡ด์žฅ์„ ๋‹นํ•ด 10๋ช…์ด ๋›ฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์  ์—ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „์—์„œ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด์šด์žฌ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ์™€ 1 : 1 ์ฐฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜คํ”„์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์„ ์–ธ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์ ธ ๋“์ ์ด ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์  ์—ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 12๋ถ„, ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณจ๋“ ๊ณจ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1 : 2 ์—ญ์ „ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด์ž ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์›”๋“œ์ปต๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ 2015๋…„๋„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฏธ์•„๋…ธ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 11์›”, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์— ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ ์ ์ˆ˜ 0 : 1๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•ด 60๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ง€์—ญ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜์ž ์ž” ํ”ผ์—๋กœ ๋ฒคํˆฌ๋ผ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์‚ฌํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ AS ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—˜๋ผ์Šค ๋ฒ ๋กœ๋‚˜ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ์ธํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋‚ ๋ ˆ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ํ…Œ UD์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ€ธ์Šค ํŒŒํฌ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์Šค FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— B์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹œ ํ’‹๋ณผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ ๋กœ๋‚˜๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-21 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ(...TRUNCATED)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiano%20Tommasi
Damiano Tommasi
Damiano Tommasi (; born 17 May 1974) is an Italian former footballer and current Mayor of Verona. A defensive midfielder during his footballing years, after a decade at Roma โ€“ winning the 2001 Serie A title โ€“ he continued his career abroad, going on to play for teams in three countries until his retirement from professional football at the age of 37. He amassed Serie A totals of 262 games and 14 goals. Tommasi earned 25 caps for Italy, and was a member of the team that took part in the 2002 World Cup. He successively served as the president of the Italian Footballers' Association between 2011 and 2020, before starting a political career the following year and being elected Mayor of Verona in the 2022 local elections. Club career Born in Negrar, Province of Verona, Tommasi started his professional career with local club Hellas Verona FC, in Serie B. He made his Serie A debut on 7 September 1996 with A.S. Roma in a 3โ€“1 win over Piacenza Calcio, and would be an instrumental figure in the side's 2001 conquest of the scudetto, with manager Fabio Capello even labelling him as the team's most important player. During a summer friendly match against Stoke City in 2004, Tommasi suffered a serious knee injury in a collision with Gerry Taggart, and was out of action long-term. In the summer of 2005 he accepted a one-year contract extension, with youth player wages (โ‚ฌ1,500 a month) โ€“ a contract which he instigated himself in the name of fairness. He finally returned to play on 30 October 2005, coming on as a second-half substitute for Olivier Dacourt during a league match against Ascoli Calcio 1898 and being hailed with a long standing ovation by the Roma supporters. On 27 November 2005, Tommasi scored after just two minutes in an eventual 1โ€“1 home draw against ACF Fiorentina, being an important first-team member as Roma finished runner-up. After ten years with the club, in July 2006 he joined Levante UD in Spain, spending two seasons with the La Liga strugglers, eventually ending in relegation in 2007โ€“08. On 10 September 2008, Tommasi agreed a one-year deal with English Football League Championship team Queens Park Rangers. On 9 January 2009, his contract was terminated by mutual consent and, after advanced talks with Chinese Super League's Tianjin Teda, he signed for the club early in the following month, citing an interest in a third experience abroad as the main reason for it. After one season, 35-year-old Tommasi left Teda and decided to return to Italy, joining amateurs Sant'Anna d'Alfaedo (Seconda Categoria), where he played alongside his two brothers. He made his debut with the team on 13 December 2009; he came out of retirement nearly six years later, with S.P. La Fiorita of San Marino. He stated on his decision: "It's a challenge that La Fiorita have given me the chance to experience all over again. I've been looking forward to this Europa League draw for ages now. Let's hope it will be a beautiful adventure and that I can add another chapter to my football career", and went to feature in their campaign in the UEFA Europa League campaign against FC Vaduz. International career Tommasi played for the Italy under-21 team that won the 1996 UEFA European Championship, also being picked for that year's Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta where he made three appearances. He made his debut for the senior side on 18 November 1998, under Dino Zoff, in a 2โ€“2 home draw against Spain, but did not become a regular team member until 2001. After featuring prominently during the Azzurri'''s 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, Tommasi was picked by manager Giovanni Trapattoni for the squad that would take part at the finals in Japan and South Korea. He played in all four matches during the tournament, which ended in round-of-16 exit; in the decisive clash against co-hosts South Korea, he came close to scoring twice: first when Roma teammate Francesco Totti played him in only to have his shot blocked by Lee Woon-Jae. During extra time, referee Byron Moreno disallowed him a goal due to a controversial offside decision, and the Italians were eventually defeated by a golden goal. Tommasi made his last appearance for Italy on 16 November 2003, in a 1โ€“0 home victory over Romania. He scored the first of two goals for his country on 5 September 2001, in a 1โ€“0 friendly win over Morocco. Style of play A quick, strong, tenacious, consistent, hardworking and versatile player, Tommasi primarily excelled at breaking down his opponents' plays and intercepting passes as a box-to-box or defensive midfielder, due to his stamina and hard-tackling style of play. He also possessed good technique, movement, intelligence and was an accurate passer, which enabled him to retain possession and start attacking plays after winning back the ball; these attributes allowed him to play anywhere in midfield, rather than being confined to a single position, and he was often deployed on the right flank earlier on in his career, as well as in the centre, or even as an offensive-minded midfielder, or in the mezzala role, due to his eye for goal. In his youth, he also played as a central defender. Post-retirement In January 2010, together with his agent Andrea Pretti and longtime friend Werner Seeber, Tommasi set up a company in China called Tommasi Pretti Seeber Sports Culture & Exchange Co., Ltd (TPS)'', aimed at creating a reliable bridge between Europe and the Asian country in the field of football. On 9 May 2011, he became the president of the Italian Footballers' Association, succeeding historical founder Sergio Campana who had been in office for 43 years. He resigned from his role in 2020. Political career In October 2021, it was announced Tommasi would run as the centre-left candidate for mayor of Verona for the 2022 election. After qualifying to the second round with around 40% of votes, on 26 June 2022 Tommasi won the runoff with over 54% of the vote over outgoing right-wing mayor Federico Sboarina in the traditionally right-wing city. Personal life Married to Chiara, Tommasi has six children: Beatrice, Camilla, Susanna, Samuele, Emanuele and Aurora. A philanthropist, he was heavily involved in charity work, and arranges for footballers' disciplinary fines to go to good causes. Tommasi first began his involvement with charitable organisations in 1994, when he chose to undertake civil service instead of military service, as he "did not want to serve his country by holding a rifle." For his charitable work, he received the "Altro-pallone" award in 2000. When first called up by the national side, Tommasi said he did not deserve the honour in that moment. Honours Club Roma Serie A: 2000โ€“01 Supercoppa Italiana: 2001 Coppa Italia: Runner-up 2005โ€“06 International Italy under-21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1996 Individual Pallone d'Argento: 2000โ€“01 A.S. Roma Hall of Fame: 2015 References External links National team data 1974 births Living people Footballers from the Province of Verona Italian men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Serie A players Serie B players Hellas Verona FC players AS Roma players La Liga players Levante UD footballers English Football League players Queens Park Rangers F.C. players Chinese Super League players Tianjin Jinmen Tiger F.C. players Italy men's under-21 international footballers Italy men's international footballers 2002 FIFA World Cup players Olympic footballers for Italy Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Italian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in England Expatriate men's footballers in China Italian expatriate sportspeople in Spain Italian expatriate sportspeople in England Italian expatriate sportspeople in China Mayors of places in Veneto(...TRUNCATED)
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JNR Class D51
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