url_ko
stringlengths
31
426
title_ko
stringlengths
1
63
text_ko
stringlengths
1.73k
151k
url_en
stringlengths
31
158
title_en
stringlengths
1
96
text_en
stringlengths
69
289k
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%A0%84%EC%B4%88
๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ
๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ(้‡‘้Œข่‰)๋Š” ์ฒœ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•œ ํ˜„ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ€๋ƒ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ๋™๋ถ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋™๋ถ€์— ์ž์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด๋Œ€๋‹ค๋…„์ƒ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌ˜๋ชฉ์žฅ์€ 1996๋…„๊ฒฝ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์› ์‹๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ช…์นญ์€ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์†Œ์ฒ ์˜ ์† ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์†Œ์ฒ ์†(en:Zamia)์˜ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•™๋ช…์ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋™ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์–ดํœ˜ culcas ๋˜๋Š” colcas์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ž์–ด๋กœ qolqas(, ) ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ ํ† ๋ž€์†(en:Colocasia)๊ณผ์˜ ๊ทผ์—ฐ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋™์˜์–ด๋กœ๋Š” Caladium zamiaefolium, Zamioculcas loddigesii, Zamioculcas lanceolata ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” 1829๋…„์— ๋กœ๋””๊ทธ์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ(en:Loddiges)์ด Caladium zamiifolium์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,(Bot. Cab. 15: t. 1408. 1829 ) ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์‡ผํŠธ(en:Heinrich Wilhelm Schott)๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ Zamioculcas ์†์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๊ณ ,(Syn. Aroid. 71. 1856) ์•„๋Œํ”„ ์—ฅ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ(en:Adolf Engler)๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋ช…์นญ Zamioculcas zamiifolia ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(Das Pflanzenreich 4, 23B: 305. 1905.) ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ๋•…์†์˜ ๋‹ค์œก์งˆ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ค„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ณธ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ƒ๋ก์‹๋ฌผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์ด ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์น˜๋ฉด ๋‚™์—ฝ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋•…์†์ค„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ด๋‹ค. ์žŽ๋“ค์€ ๊นƒ๋ชจ์–‘(en:Pinnation)์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” 6-8์Œ์˜ ์†Œ์—ฝ(en:Leaflet (botany))์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰๊น”์€ ์ง™์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์œค์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ฝƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์„ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„ ๊ธธ์ด ์˜ ๋ฐ์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๋„๋Š” ์œก๊ฒฝํ™”์„œ(en:Spadix (botany))์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ”ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ 91%, ์žŽ์ž๋ฃจ์˜ 95%๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด‘๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ์€ ์‹ค๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฌผ ์—†์ด ๋„ค ๋‹ฌ ์ด์ƒ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์กด๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ •ํ™” ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์— ์ฝ”ํŽœํ•˜๊ฒ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์‹๋ฌผํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•™๋ถ€(Department of Plant and Environmental Science)์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฒค์  , ํ†จ๋ฃจ์—”, ์—ํ‹ธ๋ฒค์  , ์ž์ผ๋ Œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ 0.01ย mol/(m2 ์ผ) ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์„ฑ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ์นผ์Š˜(en:Calcium oxalate)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ•„๋กœ๋ด๋“œ๋ก (en:Philodendron) ๋“ฑ์˜, ๋…์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์†์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒœ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ์นผ์Š˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„, ์ ๋ง‰, ๊ฒฐ๋ง‰์— ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ—›์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์•”์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์งˆ ๋•Œ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์„ ๊ผˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ”ํžˆ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ์˜ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค 2015๋…„์— ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ธ ์‰ฌ๋ฆผํ”„(en:Brine shrimp)๋ฅผ ์น˜์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒ€์ •lethality assay์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ์˜ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋…์„ฑํ•™์  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ 1ย mg/mL๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ธ ์‰ฌ๋ฆผํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ "ํ†ต๋…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์€ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ์›์˜ˆ์‹๋ฌผ(en:Horticultural flora)๋กœ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์œค์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์žŽ์‚ฌ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. 15 ยฐC ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, 18ย - 26ย ยฐC์˜ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉด ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณง์ž˜ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋Œ€์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด์‹๋ฌผ(en:House plant)๋กœ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žŽ๊ด‘ํƒ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์ž. ์–ด๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์œ ํ™”๋น„๋ฃŒ(en:fish emulsion), ์ง€๋ ์ด๋˜ฅ ์•ก์ฒด๋น„๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ก์ฒด๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ผ ์˜จํ™”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— 1/4, 1/8์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ ํ™”๋ถ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘๊ด‘์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 270lx (25 fc) ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ด‘๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” 100์™€ํŠธ ๋ฐฑ์—ด์ „๊ตฌ์—์„œ 70cm ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ด‘๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”์šด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ ์•„์นจ์—, ๋น„๊ต์  ์ถ”์šด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์นจ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜คํ›„์— ํ–‡๋น›์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งžํ˜€๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค. ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๊ฝ‚์•„ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋–ผ๋‚ธ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์Šตํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์งˆ ํ™์— ๊ฝ‚์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™”๋ถ„ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆฌ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ€ํ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฉ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์œก์งˆ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜์„œ ์ค„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ป—์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์†Œ์š”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์งˆ ์ข‹์€ ์›์˜ˆ์šฉ ํ™์— ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฝ‚๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊ทธ๋•Œ ํ™์ด ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์š”๋ฒ• ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์šฐ์‚ผ๋ฐ”๋ผ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ(en:Usambara Mountains) ๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฆ™์„ ๊ท“๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง๋ผ์œ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ž€์ œ ํ˜„์—์„œ๋„ ์•ฝ์žฌ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์œผ๊นจ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฐœ์งˆ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ "์Œ์‹œํŒŒmshipa"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ฟ ๋งˆ์กฑ(en:Sukuma people)์ด ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ถค์–‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ธˆ์ „์ดˆ๋Š” acylated C-glycosylflavone apigenin 6-C-(6โ€ณ-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)- ฮฒ-glucopyranoside) ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ ์œ ๋…์‹๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์œก์‹๋ฌผ ์ฒœ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamioculcas
Zamioculcas
Zamioculcas is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, containing the single species Zamioculcas zamiifolia. It is a tropical herbaceous perennial plant, native to eastern Africa including Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Malawi, Mozambique,Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Common names include Zanzibar gem, ZZ plant, Zuzu plant, aroid palm, eternity plant and emerald palm. It is grown as a houseplant mainly for its attractive glossy foliage and easy care. Zamioculcas zamiifolia is winter hardy to USDA Zones 9โ€“10. Dutch nurseries started wide-scale, commercial propagation of the plant around 1996. It was first described as Caladium zamiifolium by Loddiges in 1829, but moved to the genus Zamioculcas by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and given its established name, Zamioculcas zamiifolia, by Adolf Engler. Etymology The genus Zamioculcas derives its name due to the similarity of its foliage to the cycad genus Zamia and its kinship to the Araceae genus Colocasia, whose name comes from the word โ€œโ€ or โ€œโ€ (in an ancient Middle Eastern dialect), and which is named qolqas (, ) in Arabic. Botanical synonyms include Caladium zamiaefolium, Zamioculcas loddigesii and Z. lanceolata. The species Zamiifolia means "leaves like Zamia" and is derived from the botanical name Zamia and the Latin folium, which means "leaf." Cultivars Zamioculcas zamiifolia 'HANSOTI13,' commercially known as 'Zenzi' Zamioculcas zamiifolia 'Dowon,' commercially known as 'Raven', is licensed by Costa Farms. Zamioculcas zamiifolia 'Super Nova' Zamioculcas zamiifolia โ€˜Chameleonโ€™ Description Growth Pattern It is an herbaceous perennial growing to tall, from a stout underground, succulent rhizome. It is normally evergreen, but becomes deciduous during drought, surviving drought due to the large potato-like rhizome that stores water until rainfall resumes. The branches are pinnate, long, with 6โ€“8 pairs of leaflets long; they are smooth, shiny, and dark green. The stems of these pinnate leaves are thickened at the bottom. Zamioculcas zamiifolia grows slowly, reaching heights and widths ranging from 2 to 4 feet. Inflorescence The flowers are produced in a small, bright yellow to brown or bronze spadix long, partly hidden among the branch bases; flowering is from mid summer to early autumn. Leaves Zamioculcas zamiifolia contains an unusually high water contents of leaves (91%) and petioles (95%) and has an individual leaf longevity of at least six months, which may be the reason it can survive extremely well under interior low light levels for four months without water. Cultivation Temperature It may survive outdoors as long as the temperature does not fall below around ; though best growth is between , while high temperatures give an increase in leaf production. In temperate regions, it is grown as a houseplant. Overwatering may destroy this plant through tuber rot. Bright, indirect light is best; some sun will be tolerated. Propagation Zamioculcas zamiifolia may be propagated by leaf cuttings: typically, the lower ends of detached leaves are inserted into a moist, gritty growing medium, and the pot is enclosed in a polythene bag. Though the leaves may well decay, succulent bulb-like structures should form in the bag, and these may be potted up to produce new plants. The process may take upwards of one year. The plant can also be propagated by division. Light Due to its strong green leaves, it is especially suitable for open, bright rooms. When grown indoors, the plant prefers bright indirect light but will tolerate low light conditions. However, lower light is not optimal for an extended period of time. Insufficient amounts of sunlight can result in leaves lengthening and/or falling off, yellowing (chlorosis), and generally uneven or disproportionate growth as the plant stretches towards a light source.When grown outdoors, Zamioculcas zamiifolia prefers part shade to full shade. Soil The substrate used must be well-drained and contain nutrients. It can be composed of a mixture of tanned ox manure, washed river sand and red earth (1:1:1). For indoor plants, use a well-drained potting soil mix. Water Zamioculcas zamiifolia roots are rhizomatous and have the ability to store moisture, thus aiding the plants in their drought resistance. The plants like regular waterings, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. Usage in traditional medicine Though little information is available, Z. zamiifolia is apparently used medicinally in the Mulanje District of Malawi and in the East Usambara mountains of Tanzania where juice from the leaves is used to treat earache. In Tanzania, a poultice of bruised plant material from Z. zamiifolia is used as a treatment for the inflammatory condition known as "mshipa". Roots from Z. zamiifolia are used as a local application to treat ulceration by the Sukuma people in north-western Tanzania. Chemicals Zamioculcas zamiifolia contains acylated C-glycosylflavone apigenin 6-C-(6โ€ณ-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)- ฮฒ-glucopyranoside). Air purification A 2014 study from the Department of Plant and Environmental Science at the University of Copenhagen shows that, in a laboratory setting, the plant is able to remove volatile organic compounds in this order of effectiveness: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene at a molar flux of around 0.01 mol/(m2 day). The same study stated that any effectiveness on indoor environments is inconclusive. Toxicity Zamioculcas zamiifolia is part of the family Araceae, which includes many poisonous genera, such as Philodendron, Monstera, Anthurium, Dieffenbachia, Aglaonema and Spathiphyllum, all of which contain insoluble calcium oxalate. An initial toxicological experiment, conducted by the University of Bergen in 2015, on extracts from Z. zamiifolia (using brine shrimp as a lethality assay), did not indicate lethality to the shrimp, even at concentrations of extracts up to 1ย mg/mL. The scientists conducting the experiment observed that, "โ€ฆOn the contrary, it could appear as though the extract contributed to improvements in the vitality of the larvae". References External links Monotypic Araceae genera Flora of Africa House plants Succulent plants Araceae Low light plants
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%98%20%EB%86%8D%EC%97%85
์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋†์—…
์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋†์—…์€ ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์›์ดˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†์—…, ์œ ๋ชฉ์—…, ์–ด์—…์ด ์ƒ์—…์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1939๋…„ ์„์œ  ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ์™€ ๋‚š์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒ์—…์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋†์—…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ํ‡ด์ƒ‰๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ž๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†์—… ๋ฐ ์–ด์—…์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฒฝ์ž‘๋œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์€ ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž ๊ต์—ญ์€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž ์žŽ์€ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์ด๋“๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ํฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„์œ  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ ๊ต์—ญ์„ ๋‚™ํƒ€ ์‚ฌ์œก์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์—… ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์กด ๊ณ ๋“  ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด 1908๋…„์— ์“ด ์ฑ… ใ€ŠํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ, ์˜ค๋งŒ, ์ค‘์•™์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„ ์ง€๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ „ใ€‹์—์„œ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋†์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€~1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์„์œ  ์‹œ์ถ”๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ด์ž, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ž… ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์ž, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ž๊ธ‰์ž์กฑ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ ์ดˆ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์•„๋ž๋†์—…๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•ด ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ๋†์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์—”์˜ ์œก์ง€ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์–‘ ์ž์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ 7์›” ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 11์›” ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 9์›”์—๋Š” ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์—์„œ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ๋†์—…์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†์—…์€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ด GDP์˜ 0.65%๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™œ์–‘์‹ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ํ† ์ง€ ์ค‘ 2.5% (28,000 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด) ๋งŒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” 20๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, 1980๋…„์— 256 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1996๋…„ 8,312 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” 2๋งŒ 8์ฒœ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ์ด์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ๋†์—…์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.1994๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋†์—… ํ† ์ง€ 8,312 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ์ค‘ 2,345 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋งŒ์ด ์˜๊ตฌ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์— ์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 5,987 ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ๋…„์ƒ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตฌ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น๊ทผ, ๊ฐ์ž, ์–‘ํŒŒ, ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฌด ๋“ฑ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ฑ„์†Œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. 1960๋…„~1970๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋†์—…์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 4๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ง€์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์ด๋‚˜ ์•„๋ž๊ณ„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€์˜ 48%๋Š” ์ฑ„์†Œ(23,000ํ†ค), 33%๋Š” ๊ณผ์ผ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ถ”์•ผ์ž(8,000ํ†ค), 11%๋Š” ๋จน์ด(70,000ํ†ค), 8%๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ(3,000ํ†ค) ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–‘ 128.000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ์—ผ์†Œ 78,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ๋‚™ํƒ€ 24,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ์†Œ 10,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ๋ง 1,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚™๋†์—…๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ญ 2,000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰ 20%๋Š” ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์—์„œ ํ˜„์ง€ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋†์—… ๋ฐ ์–ด์—… ์žฅ๋ ค ์ •์ฑ…์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘˜์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ๋„ 1989๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ 1%๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 7์›”, 2017๋…„ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์™ธ๊ต ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„์™€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ํ์‡„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์ผ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์ธ ์†Œ 4์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณต์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ„ํš์€ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ์ผ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์†Œ 1๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์œก๋ฅ˜, ์œ ์ œํ’ˆ, ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์™ธ๊ต ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ์ ์ธ 2017๋…„ 6์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 400% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์˜ 98%๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ์–‘ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ํ† ์–‘์€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์งˆ ๋กฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์„ํšŒ์งˆ ์ ํ† ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋กฌ ์ ํ†  ํ† ์–‘์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ผ๋ถ„์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ์˜์–‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฏธํ’ํ™”ํ† ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธต ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋งค์šฐ ์–•๋‹ค. ์ง„์ฃผ 1939๋…„ ์„์œ  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์›์€ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ์˜€๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์˜ํ•ด์—๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 85๊ณณ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์€ 3๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ•œ์‹œ์•ผํ"๋Š” 4์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด 40์ผ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. "๊ฐ€์šฐ์Šค ์•Œ ์ผ€๋น„๋ฅด"๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๊ธฐ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. "๋ฃจ๋‹คํ"๋Š” 9์›” ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์›” ์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์šฐ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ์‚ผ๋ถ์ด ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์€ ์ง„์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€์ธ ์ฃผ๋ฐ”๋ผํ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ์ง„์ฃผ ์ฑ„์ทจ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฐ”๋ผํ๋Š” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง„์ฃผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง€์™€ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ ํ•ญ๋กœ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์— ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—„(๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ƒ์ )์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์ฃผ ์–‘์‹ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์ง„์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์—… 1966๋…„ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์˜ํ•ด์—์„œ ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์–ด์—… ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ํ•˜์—์„œ ์žกํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์˜จ, ์ˆ˜์ž์› ๋ถ€์กฑ, ๋น„์˜ฅํ•œ ํ† ์–‘ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 102๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธํ’ํ™”ํ† ์–‘์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–•๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ช‡ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋˜์–ด ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—ญ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด์—ผ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์ž๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋•…์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1966๋…„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์†๋„๋Š” 1๋…„๋‹น 2์ฒœ๋งŒ mยณ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, 2000๋…„์—๋Š” 1์–ต 2์ฒœ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์ธต์ด 2025๋…„์—๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋†์—… ์ง„์ฃผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋†์—…๋ถ€ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋†์—…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Qatar
Agriculture in Qatar
Agriculture in Qatar Till quite recently, it was thought that Qatar's environment was not at all favourable for plantation and organic farming due to its harsh temperature during the summer months, desalinated chlorine water, poor annual rainfall and arid soil that all add up to quite the challenge of turning a desert area into a green oasis is inherently limited in scope due to the harsh climate and lack of arable land. In spite of this, small-scale farming, nomadic herding, pearling, and fishing were the predominant means of subsistence in the region until the commencement of oil drilling in 1939. Although the relative importance of these activities has declined as a means of livelihood (with commercial pearling disappearing completely), the government has attempted to encourage agriculture and fishing to provide a degree of self-sufficiency in food. History Date palms were one of the earliest crops to be cultivated in the peninsula. Beginning in the Bronze Age, the trading of date palms had a significant impact the Qatari economy. Date palm leaves were also commonly used as a construction material. However, as Qatar's geography and climate was unsuitable for large-scale crop cultivation, the bartering of date palms had a lesser impact on Qatar's revenues than did pearling. As the waters surrounding Qatar contain some of the most abundant pearling beds in the world, this was the main source of income for Qatar's inhabitants until the discovery of oil the 20th century. Pearl trading was supplemented in some areas by camel breeding. Fishing also played an important role in the economy. J.G. Lorimer's wrote about the role of agriculture for settled villagers in 1908 in his Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf: After Qatar began reaping significant monetary returns from oil drilling in the 1950s to 1960s, the number of Qataris employed in agriculture witnessed a decline, as the country now had the capacity to import large amounts of food. When food prices starting rising in the early 1970s, Qatar realized the importance of attaining food self-sufficiency. At the beginning of 1974, the emirate requested the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development to send researchers to study it and corroborate their results with those of an earlier UN report of the country's terrestrial and marine resources. After nearly half a year of study starting in July 1974, the research mission submitted its report to the government in November 1974. In September of that year, Qatar created a committee which would examine ways to help boost the country's agricultural development. A report released by Qatar's ministries, also in 1974, disclosed that agriculture only accounted for 0.65% of all contributions to Qatar's GDP. Cultivation and livestock Only 2.5% (28,000 ha.) of the land in Qatar is arable or suitable for use as pastureland. This is a major increase from the two prior decades. In 1996, 8,312 ha. of land was arable, while in 1980 only 2,256 ha. was arable. Farming currently plays only a minor role in the economy. Of the 8,312 ha. of arable land in 1994, 2,345 ha. were used to cultivate permanent crops, while 5,987 ha. were used to grow annual crops. Date palms were the most abundant permanent crop. Root vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, onions and fodder beets are also some of the most important crops produced by Qatari farms. Between 1960 and 1970 agriculture grew. The number of farms, for example, increased fourfold to 411. Qataris who own agricultural land or properties generally hold government jobs and hire Pakistanis, or non-Qatari Arabs to manage their farms. The government operates one experimental farm. Of land under cultivation in 1990, about 48 percent was used for vegetables (23,000 tons produced), 33 percent for fruit and date production (8,000 tons), 11 percent for fodder (70,000 tons), and 8 percent for grains (3,000 tons). In 1990 the country had approximately 128,000 head of sheep, 78,000 goats, 24,000 camels, 10,000 cattle, and 1,000 horses. There are also dairy farms and about 2,000 chickens for poultry. All but 20 percent of local demand for eggs is met domestically. Despite the encouragement of agriculture and fishing, these two elements of the economy together produced only about 1 percent of the gross domestic product in 1989. In July 2017, following the closure of Qatar's only land border with Saudi Arabia, the country announced plans to airlift 4,000 cows in a bid to meet around one-third of its dairy demand. Local company Baladna will be responsible for the dairy production. Later, Baladna announced that it will be importing an additional 10,000 cows so that they can meet Qatar's dairy requirements in full by 2018. Domestic production of meats, dairy products, and crops increased by 400% from June 2017, the onset of Qatar's diplomatic spat, to March 2018, according to the Ministry of Municipality and Environment. Nearly all (98%) the demand for poultry is being met. By 2019, Qatar's vegetable output increased by 20% since mid-2017 to 66,000 tonnes per year. It is expected to further increase by 20,000-40,000 tonnes by 2020. Prior to the embargo, Qatar produced only 20% and 10% of its dairy and poultry needs respectively. By 2019, the country became self-sufficient. Soils Qatar's soils vary in soil texture, ranging from sandy loam to heavy calcareous clay. The majority of cultivation that occurs is on clay loam soil. However, there are numerous problems with this soil, including high salinity levels, low amounts of nutrients, and a bad water-infiltration rate. Most of the soils in Qatar are orthents, meaning they lack horizon development and are very shallow. Pearling Pearling was the main source of revenue for Qatar until the discovery of oil in 1939. Approximately 85 pearl beds exist in Qatar's territorial waters. Historically, the season for pearl harvest was divided into 3 periods. Hansiyah lasted for 40 days and commenced in mid-April. Ghaus Al Kebir, the primary pearl diving season, took place from May to 10 September. Lastly, Ruddah occurred from late September to early October. Sambuk, a type of dhow, was traditionally used for pearling trips. From the 18th to 20th centuries, the majority of pearls were exported to Mumbai where they would be classified and sent to European markets. The remaining yield would be sent to markets in Baghdad. Zubarah, a settlement on the northwest coast of Qatar, is one of the best preserved and most extensive pearling settlements in the region. Reaching its climax in the 18th century, it was primarily an emporium and pearling settlement that capitalized on its proximity to pearl beds, possession of a large harbour and its central position on the Persian Gulf routes. After the introduction of the cultured pearl and the Great Depression in the 20th century, pearling ceased to be a viable option for many Qataris. Fishing The Qatar National Fishing Company was incorporated in 1966 to fish for shrimp in territorial waters and to process catches in a refrigerated factory. Japan is a large market for Doha's commercial fish. The total catch of fish and other aquatic animals for 1989 was 4,374 tons. Limitations Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased agricultural production. Orthents, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha., are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness. The limited groundwater that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that saltwater is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops. The northern section of Qatar comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the country, mainly due to the more advantageous hydro-geological conditions than those that exist in the southern section of the country. The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 million mยณ/year. This increased to 120 million mยณ/year by 2000. Studies have approximated that aquifer storage will be completely exhausted by 2025. References
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84%20K%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B81
2019๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 2019์€ '์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ'์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด 37๋ฒˆ์งธ๋ฅผ ๋งž์€ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด์ž 2013๋…„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์Šน๊ฐ•์ œ ์ดํ›„ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ฐœ์š” ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „๋…„๋„์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด โ–ณ12๊ฐœํŒ€์ด 3์ฐจ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋กœ๋นˆ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ(1~33 ๋ผ์šด๋“œ)์™€ โ–ณ์ •๊ทœ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„ ์ƒ๏ฝฅํ•˜์œ„ ์Šคํ”Œ๋ฆฟ ๋‚ด์—์„œ 6๊ฐœํŒ€์ด ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋กœ๋นˆ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ํŒŒ์ด๋„ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ(34~38 ๋ผ์šด๋“œ)๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค ์šฐ์Šน, ์ค€์šฐ์Šน ํŒ€์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2020 ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์œ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2020 ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์œ„ ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ํŒ€์ด FA์ปต 2019์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ตฐ๊ฒฝํŒ€์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 4์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„ 12์œ„๋Š” ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 2020์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ {| |} ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๊ฐ๋…, ์ฃผ์žฅ, ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ ์Šคํฐ์„œ ๊ฐ๋… ๋ณ€ํ™” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ ํŒ€๋‹น AFC ์†Œ์† ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ตญ์ ์ธ 1์ธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 4์ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”๋ก€ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ: ๊ฒจ์šธ์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ดํ›„ ํ•˜๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ: ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ดํ›„ : ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ : ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1. ์ œ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด์˜์žฌ์™€ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋„ค๊ฒŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŒ€์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žฌํ™œ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ์ด ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์–ด ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ด์  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ณ„ SPOTV SPOTV+ SPOTV NOW (์ „๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ƒ์ค‘๊ณ„) (2019๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ ~) JTBC JTBC3 FOX SPORTS KBS 1TV KBS N Sports MBC ์Šคํฌ์ธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค (2019๋…„ 10์›” 6์ผ~) ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ตœ์ข… ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ œ30์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ "์šธ์‚ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ v ๊ฐ•์›", "๊ฒฝ๋‚จ v ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€" 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด 2019๋…„ 9์›” 22์ผ ํƒœํ’ "ํƒ€ํŒŒ"์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ(ํƒœํ’๊ฒฝ๋ณด)์œผ๋กœ 10์›” 2์ผ ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์šด๋“œ๋ณ„ ์ˆœ์œ„ 1~33 ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์ œ30์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ "์šธ์‚ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ v ๊ฐ•์›", "๊ฒฝ๋‚จ v ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€" 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด 2019๋…„ 9์›” 22์ผ ํƒœํ’ "ํƒ€ํŒŒ"์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ(ํƒœํ’๊ฒฝ๋ณด)์œผ๋กœ 10์›” 2์ผ ๋˜๋Š” 3์ผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 34~38 ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์šฐ์Šน ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋“์  ๋„์›€ ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ *์ตœ์ข… ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ: (์ถœ์ฒ˜: K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€) *๋“์ /๋„์›€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ต์ฒด ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ— ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํŒ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ด€์ค‘ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋ณ„ ๊ด€์ค‘ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ˆ˜์ƒ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ›„์›: ํ•˜๋‚˜์›ํ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค โ–ฒ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ƒ ํŒฌ ํ”„๋ Œ๋“ค๋ฆฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ƒ : ๋Œ€๊ตฌ FC ํ’€ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์ƒ : FC ์„œ์šธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์ƒ : ๋Œ€๊ตฌ FC ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์ƒ : ์•ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ์Šค ํŽ˜์–ดํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์ƒ : ์ƒ์ฃผ ์ƒ๋ฌด ์œ ์†Œ๋…„ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ƒ : ์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ๋‚˜๋ˆ”์ƒ : ์„ฑ๋‚จ FC, ๋ถ€์ฒœ FC 1995 โ–ฒ ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ ์ „๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถœ์žฅ : ์†ก๋ฒ”๊ทผ (์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค), ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ (๊ฐ•์› FC), ์ด์ธ์žฌ (์•ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ์Šค), ๋‹์† ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด (๋ถ€์ฒœ FC 1995) ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ํฌํ† ์ƒ : ์œ ์ƒ์ฒ  (์ธ์ฒœ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ FC) ์•„๋””๋‹ค์Šค ํƒฑ๊ณ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ : ๊น€๋Œ€์› (๋Œ€๊ตฌ FC) EA Sports ํ”ผํŒŒ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ4 Most Selected Player : ํ™์ฒ  (์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ) ๊ณต๋กœํŒจ : ๊ถŒ์˜์ง„ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ์žฅ โ–ฒ ์‹ฌํŒ์ƒ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ์‹ฌ์ƒ : ์ด๋™์ค€ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€์‹ฌ์ƒ : ์œค๊ด‘์—ด ์ด๋‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ ํ›„์› : ์‹ ๋ผ์Šคํ…Œ์ด ์ด๋‹ฌ์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํ›„์› : EA ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋งค๋‹ฌ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํŽผ์นœ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ•œ ๋ช…์„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ (70%), K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํŒฌ ํˆฌํ‘œ (20%), ํ”ผํŒŒ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ4 ์œ ์ € ํˆฌํ‘œ (10%) ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒฑ๊ณ  ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ํ›„์› : ์•„๋””๋‹ค์Šค ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ผ์Šค์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1๋ช…์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„ ์‹œ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋‹ฌ ๋‘ ๊ฑด์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•ด ์—ฐ๋งน ๊ณต์‹ SNS์ฑ„๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํŒฌ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ 2019 ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ”„๋กœ/์•„๋งˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์™€ FA์ปต ๋Œ€ํšŒ 1๋ถ€ (ํ”„๋กœ) K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 2019 2๋ถ€ (ํ”„๋กœ) K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 2019 3๋ถ€๊ฒฉ (์„ธ๋ฏธํ”„๋กœ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹ค์—…์ถ•๊ตฌ์—ฐ๋งน ์ฃผ๊ด€) ๋‚ด์…”๋„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019 4๋ถ€๊ฒฉ (์„ธ๋ฏธํ”„๋กœ) K3๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฐด์Šค 2019 5๋ถ€๊ฒฉ (์„ธ๋ฏธํ”„๋กœ) K3๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง 2019 6๋ถ€๊ฒฉ(์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด) K5๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019 7๋ถ€๊ฒฉ(์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด) K6๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019 8๋ถ€๊ฒฉ(์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด) K7๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019 FA์ปต FA์ปต 2019 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2019 2019 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20K%20League%201
2019 K League 1
The 2019 K League 1 was the 37th season of the top division of professional football in South Korea since its establishment in 1983, and the seventh season of the K League 1. Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors were the defending champions. In the 17th round on 23 June, Pohang Steelers were leading Gangwon FC 4โ€“0 away after 70 minutes, but Gangwon scored five unanswered goals including three in injury time to win 5โ€“4. Teams General information Stadiums Foreign players Restricting the number of foreign players strictly to four per team, including a slot for a player from AFC countries. A team could use four foreign players on the field each game including at least one player from the AFC confederation. Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer window. League table Positions by matchday Round 1โ€“33 Round 34โ€“38 Results Matches 1โ€“22 Teams play each other twice, once at home, once away. Matches 23โ€“33 Teams play every other team once (either at home or away). Matches 34โ€“38 After 33 matches, the league splits into two sections of six teams each, with teams playing every other team in their section once (either at home or away). The exact matches are determined upon the league table at the time of the split. Final A Final B Relegation playoffs The promotion-relegation playoffs were held between the winners of the 2019 K League 2 playoffs and the 11th-placed club of the 2019 K League 1. Busan IPark won 2โ€“0 on aggregate and were promoted to the K League 1, while Gyeongnam FC were relegated to the K League 2. Player statistics Top scorers Source: Top assist providers Source: Awards Main awards The 2019 K League Awards was held on 2 December 2019. Best XI Source: Monthly awards Player of the Round Attendance Attendants who entered with free ticket are not counted. See also 2019 in South Korean football 2019 K League 2 2019 Korean FA Cup References External links K League 1 seasons South Korea 2019 in South Korean football
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%81%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99
ํ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™
ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์›์น™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ž์›๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ต๋ฆฌ, ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ผ€์ธ์ฆˆ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ธฐ์› ์กฐ์…‰ ์Š˜ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ (Joseph Schumpeter)๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์ด์ž ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์กด ๋ฉ”์ด ๋„ˆ๋“œ ์ผ€์ธ์ฆˆ (John Maynard Keynes)์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์Š˜ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ (Schumpeter)๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Schumpeter์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘” ํ˜์‹ ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์„œ์ˆ ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์ „์ฒด ์š”์†Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์—์„œ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํˆฌ์ž…๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์„ค๋ช… ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ ์ด๋ก ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ์ด๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ํ—ˆ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ์ •ํ†ต ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€์ด ๋‘ ์ด๋ก  ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Schumpeterian ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ด๋ก , ๋‚ด์ƒ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ด๋ก , ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™, ์‹  ์Š˜ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๋“ฑ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ์„ ๋„์  ์ธ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ •์ฑ… ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. Paul Romer, Elhanan Helpman, Bronwyn Hall, W. Brian Arthur, Robert Axtell, Richard R. Nelson, Richard Lipsey, Michael Porter, Keun Lee, Christopher Freeman ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก  ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ง€์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ „ํŒŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๋ณธ ์ถ•์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰์ง„ ๋œ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค.: ์ง€์‹ (์•”๋ฌตํ™” ๋Œ€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ™”); ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ํ˜์‹  (์ฆ‰, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์ถœ, ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€, ๋ฉดํ—ˆ)์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์ •์ฑ…; ํ˜‘์—… ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์œ ์ถœ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํšจ๊ณผ; ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ (์ฆ‰, ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ, ์‘์ง‘, ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ)์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ˜์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ. 1970๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž ๋ฐ€ํ„ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋จผ (Milton Friedman)์€ New York Times์—์„œ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ, ์ง์› ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ด์ต์ด ์ค„์–ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด์ต์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ๊ณ ์šฉ ์ด๋“ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์Šค์ฟจ์˜ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์•„์–ผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฌ (David Ahlstrom) ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” "๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ด์ต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ดˆ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ์ด์œ  ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ด€์  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ „์ œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์€ ์š”์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์ด๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ์š”์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ, ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‘ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ ๋น„์˜ฅ ํ•œ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์€ ๊ณต๋™ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๋ฐ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ˜‘์—… ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€์˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์ธ์ง€ ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด : ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ธ๋„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ GDP ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ 1981-2004๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—, ํŠนํžˆ 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋งŽ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. R & D ์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ, ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ดํ…Œํฌ / ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜์‹  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜์‹  ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ๊ณ ์œ  ํ•œ R & D ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ต ํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ์ด ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ด‰๋งค์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ 1 ์ธ๋‹น ์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜์‹  ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ˜์‹  ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ฐจ์›์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— Zvi Griliches์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™•์ธ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ œ์•ฝ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์˜์—ญ์€ ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์žฅ, ๊ธฐ์—… ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ ์บ ํผ์Šค ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง„์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” R & D ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ GDP ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ (algebra)๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜๋Š” '๊ธ์ •์  ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ'(์œ„)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์—…์  ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์—ฐ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ์ž์›๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ์ž ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋„์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜‘์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กฐ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๊ณ ์œ  ์ž์‚ฐ (์ฆ‰, ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ, ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์„œ์šธ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด)์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ฟ„, ์‹œ์นด๊ณ , ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์  ์ž๋ณธ, ํ˜์‹ , ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด๋˜๋Š” "ํ˜์‹  ๊ณต๊ฐ„"๊ณผ "์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ์š”๋žŒ"์ด๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ˜์‹  ์ฒด์ œ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ข‹์€ ์ธํ”„๋ผ, ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค : ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง์ข…, ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ; ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ๋†’๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™” ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ค€; ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์šด์†ก์˜ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ณ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ. ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ œ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋…ธ์Šค ์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ Research Triangle Park์—์„œ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณผํ•™ ํœด์Šคํ„ด, ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšŒ๋ž‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ƒํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ธ๋„ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์˜ ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™ ๋‰ด์š• ํ…Œํฌ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  (๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋Œ€ํ•™) ์ •๋ฐ€ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ์† ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ์š”ํฌ์…”, ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์„์œ  ํ™”ํ•™ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์กฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋…์ผ ๋ฐ”๋ด - ๋ท” ๋ฅดํ…œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ (Baden-Wรผrttemberg)์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ณตํ•™ ์„œ์šธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ผ€์ธ์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ง€์‹๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜์‹  ๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜์‹  ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค ์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹ ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ํ˜์‹  ๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation%20economics
Innovation economics
Innovation economics is new, and growing field of economic theory and applied/experimental economics that emphasizes innovation and entrepreneurship. It comprises both the application of any type of innovations, especially technological, but not only, into economic use. In classical economics this is the application of customer new technology into economic use; but also it could refer to the field of innovation and experimental economics that refers the new economic science developments that may be considered innovative. In his 1942 book Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, economist Joseph Schumpeter introduced the notion of an innovation economy. He argued that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs and technological changes were at the heart of economic growth. However, it is only in recent years that "innovation economy," grounded in Schumpeter's ideas, has become a mainstream concept". Historical origins Joseph Schumpeter was one of the first and most important scholars who extensively tackled the question of innovation in economics. In contrast to his contemporary John Maynard Keynes, Schumpeter contended that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs and technological change were at the heart of economic growth, not independent forces that are largely unaffected by policy. He argued that "capitalism can only be understood as an evolutionary process of continuous innovation and 'creative destruction'". It is only in the 21st century that a theory and narrative of economic growth focused on innovation that was grounded in Schumpeter's ideas has emerged. Innovation economics attempted to answer the fundamental problem in the puzzle of total factor productivity growth. Continual growth of output could no longer be explained only in increase of inputs used in the production process as understood in industrialization. Hence, innovation economics focused on a theory of economic creativity that would impact the theory of the firm and organization decision-making. Hovering between heterodox economics that emphasized the fragility of conventional assumptions and orthodox economics that ignored the fragility of such assumptions, innovation economics aims for joint didactics between the two. As such, it enlarges the Schumpeterian analyses of new technological system by incorporating new ideas of information and communication technology in the global economy. Innovation economics emerges from other schools of thought in economics, including new institutional economics, new growth theory, endogenous growth theory, evolutionary economics and neo-Schumpeterian economics. It provides an economic framework that explains and helps support growth in today's knowledge economy. Leading theorists of innovation economics include both formal economists as well as management theorists, technology policy experts and others. These include Paul Romer, Elhanan Helpman, Bronwyn Hall, W. Brian Arthur, Robert Axtell, Richard R. Nelson, Richard Lipsey, Michael Porter, Keun Lee and Christopher Freeman. Theory Innovation economists believe that what primarily drives economic growth in today's knowledge-based economy is not capital accumulation as neoclassical economics asserts, but innovative capacity spurred by appropriable knowledge and technological externalities. Economic growth in innovation economics is the end-product of: knowledge (tacit vs. codified); regimes and policies allowing for entrepreneurship and innovation (i.e. R&D expenditures, permits and licenses); technological spillovers and externalities between collaborative firms; systems of innovation that create innovative environments (i.e. clusters, agglomerations and metropolitan areas). In 1970, economist Milton Friedman said in the New York Times that a business's sole purpose is to generate profits for their shareholders, and companies that pursued other missions would be less competitive, resulting in fewer benefits to owners, employees and society. Yet, data over the past several decades shows that while profits matter, good firms supply far more, particularly in bringing innovation to the market. This fosters economic growth, employment gains and other society-wide benefits. Business school professor David Ahlstrom asserts that "the main goal of business is to develop new and innovative goods and services that generate economic growth while delivering benefits to society". In contrast to neoclassical economics, innovation economics offer differing perspectives on main focus, reasons for economic growth and the assumptions of context between economic actors: Despite the differences in economic thought, both perspectives are based on the same core premise, namely the foundation of all economic growth is the optimization of the utilization of factors and the measure of success is how well the factor utilization is optimized. Whatever the factors, it nonetheless leads to the same situation of special endowments, varying relative prices and production processes. Thus, while the two differ in theoretical concepts, innovation economics can find fertile ground in mainstream economics, rather than remain in diametric contention. Evidence Empirical evidence worldwide points to a positive link between technological innovation and economic performance. The drive of biotech firms in Germany was due to the R&D subsidies to joint projects, network partners and close cognitive distance of collaborative partners within a cluster. For instance: These factors increased patent performance in the biotech industry. Innovation capacity explains much of the GDP growth in India and China between 1981 and 2004, but especially in the 1990s. Their development of a National Innovation System through heavy investment of R&D expenditures and personnel, patents and high-tech/service exports strengthened their innovation capacity. By linking the science sector with the business sector, establishing incentives for innovative activities and balancing the import of technology and indigenous R&D effort, both countries experienced rapid economic growth in recent decades. The Council of Foreign Relations also asserted that since the end of the 1970s the U.S. has gained a disproportionate share of the world's wealth through their aggressive pursuit of technological change, demonstrating that technological innovation is a central catalyst of steady economic performance. Concisely, evidence shows that innovation contributes to steady economic growth and rise in per capita income. However, some empirical studies investigating the innovation-performance-link lead to rather mixed results and indicate that the relationship is more subtle and complex than commonly assumed. In particular, the relationship between innovativeness and performance seems to differ in intensity and significance across empirical contexts, environmental circumstances and conceptual dimensions. All of the above has taken place in an era of data constraint as identified by Zvi Griliches in the 1990s. Because the primary domain of innovation is commerce, the key data resides there, continually out of campus reach in reports hidden within factories, corporate offices and technical centers. This recusal still stymies progress today. Recent attempts at data transference have led not least to the positive link (above) being upgraded to exact algebra between R&D productivity and GDP, allowing prediction from one to the other. This is pending further disclosure from commercial sources, but several pertinent documents are already available. Geography While innovation is important, it is not a happenstance occurrence as a natural harbor or natural resources are, but a deliberate, concerted effort of markets, institutions, policymakers and effective use of geographic space. In global economic restructuring, location has become a key element in establishing competitive advantage as regions focus on their unique assets to spur innovation (i.e. information technology in Silicon Valley, or digital media in Seoul). Even more, thriving metropolitan economies that carry multiple clusters (i.e. Tokyo, Chicago and London) essentially fuel national economies through their pools of human capital, innovation, quality places and infrastructure. Cities become "innovative spaces" and "cradles of creativity" as drivers of innovation. They become essential to the system of innovation through the supply side as ready, available, abundant capital and labor, good infrastructure for productive activities and diversified production structures that spawn synergies and hence innovation. In addition, they grow due to the demand side as diverse population of varying occupations, ideas and skills, high and differentiated level of consumer demand and constant recreation of urban order especially infrastructure of streets, water systems, energy and transportation. Worldwide examples Semiconductors and information technology in Silicon Valley in California Fintechs and Cyber Security in Belfast in Northern Ireland High-technology and life sciences in Research Triangle Park in North Carolina Energy companies in Energy Corridor in Houston, Texas Financial products and services in New York City Biotechnology in Genome Valley in Hyderabad, India and Boston, Massachusetts Nanotechnology in Tech Valley, New York (College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering) Precision engineering in South Yorkshire, United Kingdom Petrochemical complexes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Train locomotive and rolling stock manufacturing in Beijing, China Automotive engineering in Baden-Wรผrttemberg, Germany Digital media technologies in Digital Media City in Seoul, South Korea See also Business cluster Economic development Keynesian economics Knowledge economy Innovation International Innovation Index Metropolitan economy Neoclassical economics References Further reading External links Innovation Economics: The Economic Doctrine for the 21st Century Books and Journal Articles on Innovation Economics Innovation Economics: The Integration and Capitalization of Knowledge Innovation Economics Roundtable Business Week Podcast โ€“ Innovation Economics Business Models Innovation Innovation Economics in practice for city/regional growth and economic development Economic growth Macroeconomic theories Innovation
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%20%ED%8F%B4
์ œ์ดํฌ ํด
์ œ์ดํฌ ํด(Jake Paul, 1997๋…„ 1์›” 17์ผ~)์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ, ๋ณต์„œ ๋ฐ ๋ž˜ํผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ธ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ Bizaardvark์—์„œ ๋‘ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋”ํฌ ๋งจ ์—ญ์„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์— ๋ฐ๋ท” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "It's Everyday Bro"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2018๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณต์„œ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํšŒ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ œ์ดํฌ ํด์€ 1997๋…„ 1์›” 17์ผ์— ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์ฃผ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 10์‚ด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์›ƒ๊ธด ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2013-2016: ๋ฐ”์ธ, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ, Bizaardvark ํด์€ 2013๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ธ์— ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํŒ”๋กœ์›Œ 530๋งŒ ๋ช…๊ณผ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜ 20์–ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์— ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์€ ์žฅ๋‚œ, ๋…ผ๋ž€, ํž™ํ•ฉ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2016๋…„์— ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ Bizaardvark์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. KTLA๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚œ, ํŒŒํ‹ฐ, ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์†Œ์Œ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜์ž, ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ๋Š” 2017๋…„์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017-2020: ํŒ€ 10๊ณผ ์Œ์•… ํด์€ 2016๋…„์— ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํŒ€ 10์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๊ณ , 10๋Œ€ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์–ธ์„œ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ง€๋จผํŠธ์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์—์ด์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 100๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›๋ฐ›์•„ 2017๋…„ 1์›”์— ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ ํŒ€๋”์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›”์— ๋ฐ๋ท” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "It's Everyday Bro"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 91์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ€ 10์€ 2018๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋ถ๋ฏธ ํˆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‘˜์”ฉ ํŒ€์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํด์€ <ํฌ๋ธŒ์Šค>์˜ 2018๋…„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๋ชฉ๋ก์—์„œ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021-ํ˜„์žฌ: ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‚ฌ์—… ํด์€ 2021๋…„์— ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ œํ”„๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจํ—˜ ์ž๋ณธ "์•ˆํ‹ฐ ํŽ€๋“œ"๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆํ‹ฐ ํŽ€๋“œ๋Š” ์—”์ ค๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋กค๋ง ํŽ€๋“œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›„์›์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. 8์›”์— ํˆฌ์ž ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ 3000๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ•ด ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋„๋ฐ• ์—…์ฒด ์‹ฌํ”Œ๋ฒณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 7์›”์— ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„๋ถˆ๋ง ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์ž์„ ๋‹จ์ฒด "๋ณต์‹ฑ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค"๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐธ๋ฅ˜์–ด๋ธ” ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ํ›„ 9์›”์— ๋ณต์„œ ์•„๋งŒ๋‹ค ์„ธ๋ผ๋…ธ์™€ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„์— ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฒ ํŒ… ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ ํ„ฐ(Betr)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์‹ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํด์€ ๋ณต์‹ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ 2018๋…„ 8์›”์— ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๋ฐ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผํˆฐ์ง€๋ฅผ 5๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ TKO๋กœ ๊บพ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ ๋ณต์‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ ํ›„ 2020๋…„ 1์›”์— ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์• ๋‹ˆ์Šจ๊น์„ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ TKO๋กœ ์ด๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 7์›”์— ์ „์ง ๋†๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋„ค์ดํŠธ ๋กœ๋นˆ์Šจ์„ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ KO๋กœ, 2021๋…„ 4์›”์— ์ „์ง ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒค ์•„์Šคํฌ๋ Œ์„ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ TKO๋กœ ๊บพ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›”์— ํƒ€์ด๋ก  ์šฐ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์Šคํ”Œ๋ฆฟ ๋””์‹œ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒผ๊ณ , 12์›” ์žฌ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ 6๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ KO๋กœ ๊บพ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด KO๋Š” ESPN์—์„œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋…น์•„์›ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ž€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๋…ผ๋ž€ ํด์€ 2018๋…„ 1์›” 3์ผ์— "I lost my virginity"๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„ฌ๋„ค์ผ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ์—๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฝ”์Šคํ…”์ด ์ž์‹  ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋‚˜์ฒด๋กœ ํฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๋™์˜์ƒ์— ์—ฐ๋ น ์ œํ•œ์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ‚ด์Šคํƒ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์„ฌ๋„ค์ผ์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ฌ๋„ค์ผ์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํด๊ณผ ์ฝ”์Šคํ…”์ด ์˜ท์„ ๋‹ค ์ž…๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๋งŒ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. TMZ๋Š” ์ดํ‹€ ๋’ค์— ํด์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋žฉ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ "nigga"๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํ˜์˜ ํด์€ 2018๋…„ ์ดˆ์— ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์—๋“œํ”Œ๋ฃจ์–ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ 7๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์–ธ์„œ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ "๋กœ๋“œ๋งต"์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” 7๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด๋„ ์ „์ฒด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํŒ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2019๋…„ 1์›” 3์ผ์— ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๋ผ์ด์Šค๊ฒ€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ "๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ•์Šค"๋ฅผ ์—ด๋ฉด ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์•„์ดํ…œ 1๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‹น์ฒจ๋œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2020๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ์— ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์  ์ง€ ํ™€๋”ฉ์Šค์™€ ์ œํœดํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์›” ๊ตฌ๋…๋ฃŒ 19.99๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด "๊ธˆ์œต ์ž์œ  ์šด๋™"์€ ๊ตฌ๋…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ "์ œ์ดํฌ ํด์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์˜์‹, ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๊ณต์‹"๊ณผ "์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง, ์ฝ”์นญ, ํ›ˆ๋ จ"์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2022๋…„ 2์›” 18์ผ์— ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์„ธ์ดํ”„๋ฌธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ SNS์— ์˜คํ•ด์˜ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋‹‰ ์นดํ„ฐ, ์†”์ž ๋ณด์ด, ๋ฆด ์•ผํ‹ฐ, ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๋ฒค ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์ปคํ”ผ์งˆ๋ผ๋Š” 2022๋…„ 3์›”์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์™€ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ† ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ํŒฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 220๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์  ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•๋ฐฉํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ํด์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ž ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง‘ ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์†Œ์Œ ๋ฏผ์›์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณต์  ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•๋ฐฉํ•ด(public nuisance) ์ง‘๋‹จ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง‘์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์ธ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ผ ์• ํ€ด์ง€์…˜๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 250๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  2020๋…„ 7์›” 11์ผ์— ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ์นผ๋ผ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์žํƒ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ๋ผ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์Šค ์‹œ์žฅ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ์™€์ธํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด "๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ถ์„ ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํด๊ณผ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ์ฐธ์„์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํด์€ 2020๋…„ 11์›” 25์ผ์— <๋” ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋น„์ŠคํŠธ>์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๊ด€๋ จ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž ๋ง๋กœ ์Šคํ„ด์ด ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ 7์›” 11์ผ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์–ธํ–‰์„ ํ›„ํšŒํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ž, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19๋Š” "๊ฑฐ์ง“"์ด๋ฉฐ "๊ด€๋ จ ๋‰ด์Šค์˜ 98%๋Š” ๊ฐ€์งœ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด "์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ฉฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํƒ€์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์˜คํด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ "๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์‹"ํ•˜๊ณ  "๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ ํญ๋™ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ํด๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ 2020๋…„ 5์›” 30์ผ์— ์กฐ์ง€ ํ”Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์‹œ์œ„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜์ฃผ ์Šค์ฝ”์ธ ๋ฐ์ผ ํŒจ์…˜ ์Šคํ€˜์–ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์ €๋…์„ ๋จน์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋Š” ๊ณง ๊ฒฉํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์„ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํญ๋™์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํฌ์ฐฉ๋˜์ž, ๋„คํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ ํ•œ๋ณตํŒ์— ์„œ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” SNS์—์„œ ํญ๋ ฅ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ทœํƒ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ฝํƒˆ ํ˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 6์›” 4์ผ์— ํญ๋™ ์ค‘์— ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์นจํ•ด(criminal trespass)์™€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํšŒ(unlawful assembly) ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜์ฃผ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ฒญ์€ 2021๋…„ 8์›”์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ํ˜์˜ ํ‹ฑํ†ก์ปค ์ €์Šคํ‹ด ํŒŒ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์Šค๋Š” 2021๋…„ 4์›” 9์ผ์— ํด์ด 2019๋…„์— ํŒ€ 10 ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด ๋งŒ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ ํ˜์˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ 100% ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋กค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ "jailbait"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ชธ์„ ๋”๋“ฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์—์„œ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํด์€ 2021๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ์— ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์˜ ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ„ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ” ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ž์›๋ถ€์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋ถ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ „๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ํด์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์•…์˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ํด์€ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ ›๊ณผ ๊ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2017๋…„ 2์›”์— ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์—๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฝ”์Šคํ…”๊ณผ ๊ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2018๋…„ 11์›”์— ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 4์›”์— ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์กฐ์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ท€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 6์›”์— ์•ฝํ˜ผ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŽ์€ ํŒฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์•ฝํ˜ผ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํด๊ณผ ๋ชจ์กฐ๋Š” 7์›”์— ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, <์ธํ„ฐ์น˜>๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹ ์ „์— ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ก€์ž ์—ญ์‹œ ๋„ค๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์€ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ตฌ์†๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์€ MTV No Filter: Tana Turns 21 ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…นํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก์˜ ํ•œ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์ด "์žฌ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”, ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 2020๋…„ 1์›”์— ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 2์›”์— ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค„๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋กœ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์‹ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ”„๋กœ ๋ณต์‹ฑ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ๋ณต์‹ฑ ํŽ˜์ดํผ๋ทฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์˜ํ™” TV ์›น ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก EP ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋„์„œ ๋ชฉ๋ก You Gotta Want It (2016) ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1997๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ž˜ํผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ €๊ธ‰ ๊ถŒํˆฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake%20Paul
Jake Paul
Jake Joseph Paul (born January 17, 1997) is an American professional boxer, YouTuber, and actor. He initially rose to fame on Vine, before playing the role of Dirk Mann on the Disney Channel series Bizaardvark for two seasons. Paul's boxing career began in August 2018 when he defeated British YouTuber Deji Olatunji in an amateur contest via TKO in the fifth round. Turning professional in January 2020, Paul beat the YouTuber AnEsonGib, via TKO in the first round. Between 2020 and 2022, Paul won fights against retired basketballer Nate Robinson by second round KO, retired mixed martial artists Ben Askren, Tyron Woodley, and Anderson Silva by 1st-round TKO, twice by SD and 6th-round KO, and UD, respectively. Tommy Fury handed him his first professional loss via SD in February 2023. In August 2023, he defeated 38-year-old UFC Star Nate Diaz by UD. In January 2023, Paul announced that he would be making his professional MMA debut with the PFL. Early life Paul was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and grew up in Westlake, Ohio, with his older brother Logan, who is also a YouTuber and internet personality. They started filming themselves when Jake was 10. Their parents are Pamela Ann Stepnick (nรฉe Meredith) and realtor Gregory Allan Paul. Entertainment career 2013โ€“2016: Vine, YouTube and Bizaardvark Paul began his career in September 2013 posting videos on Vine. By the time Vine was discontinued by Twitter Inc., Paul had amassed 5.3ย million followers and 2ย billion views on the app. Paul launched his YouTube channel on May 15, 2014. His channel became known for pranks, controversies, and his hip hop music. After gaining acclaim on Vine and YouTube, Paul was hired onto the set of the Disney Channel series Bizaardvark, playing a character who accepted dare requests that he would then perform. On July 22, 2017, during the middle of filming the second season of Bizaardvark, the Disney Channel announced that Paul would be leaving the series. The announcement followed a news report from KTLA about public complaints from Paul's neighbors regarding the noise generated by Paul's pranks, parties, hazards and large crowds of fans congregating in their neighborhood. Paul later confirmed the news on his Twitter page, saying he would now focus more on his personal brand, YouTube channel, business ventures, and more mature acting roles. Paul later revealed in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter that he was actually fired from Bizaardvark by Disney, which wanted to expedite the process of weaning him off the show due to the KTLA segment. 2017โ€“2019: Music, business, and Team 10 Paul launched entertainment collective Team 10 in 2016. On January 17, 2017, his 20th birthday, it was reported that he had launched media company TeamDom with $1 million in funding to create an influencer marketing management and creative agency around teen entertainment. Investors included Danhua Capital, Horizons Alpha, Vayner Capital, Sound Ventures & A-Grade Investments and Adam Zeplain. Paul released the single "It's Everyday Bro", featuring Team 10, on May 30, 2017. It featured vocals from members of the team at the time, consisting of Nick Crompton, Chance Sutton, Ivan and Emilio Martinez and Tessa Brooks. It drew over 70 million views in one month and became the Youtube's third most disliked video. The song debuted and peaked at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Its title refers to how Paul at the time posted a video every single day. In 2017, Paul released and later deleted singles including "Ohio Fried Chicken," "Jerika," "No Competition," "That Ain't on the News," and "Litmas." The singles were deleted for various reasons, including his 2018 break-up with Erika Costell. On November 22, 2017, Paul released a remix of "It's Everyday Bro," featuring American rapper Gucci Mane in place of Team 10, alongside the new music video for it. On April 27, 2018, he released the single and music video for "Malibu" with now-former Team 10 member Chad Tepper. On May 11, he released another single and music video for "My Teachers", featuring now-former Team 10 members Sunny Malouf and Anthony Trujillo, along with the music video. On May 24, he released two singles, "Randy Savage" and "Cartier Vision". The former song features Team 10 and hip-hop duo Jitt & Quan, featuring vocals from Team 10 members at the time, consisting of Anthony Trujillo, Sunny Malouf, Justin Roberts, Erika Costell, and Chad Tepper; it was released along with the music video. The latter song features Anthony and the duo as well; the music video was released later on September 12. On August 15, 2018, Paul released another single titled "Champion," with a music video. The song was a diss track towards Paul's boxing opponent Deji Olatunji (ComedyShortsGamer), the younger brother of British YouTube star, internet personality, boxer, and rapper KSI, Their fight took place ten days later on August 25. Throughout the summer of 2018, Paul and Team 10 went on a tour in North America, performing their songs. Gradually, the Team 10 members split up throughout the year. Paul's varied business ventures ultimately led to his second place ranking in Forbes''' list of highest-paid YouTubers in 2018. On March 1, 2019, Paul released the track and music video for "I'm Single". The song focused on Paul's feelings about being single and his breakup with Erika Costell. As the social media accounts for Team 10 have been inactive since September 2019, some assumed that Team 10 had disbanded and Paul had formed a new team. 2019โ€“2020: More focus on music On December 13, 2019, Paul released another single "These Days", alongside a music video featuring model Julia Rose. The song features Jake rapping about his past long-distance relationship with his ex-girlfriend, Alissa Violet. Less than a year later, the song was removed from all streaming services. On July 24, 2020, Paul released the single "Fresh Outta London", which was released alongside the music video. For the video shoot, he threw a party at his home in Calabasas, California on July 11, in which he garnered national attention after being criticized by Calabasas mayor Alicia Weintraub after videos and pictures of the party surfaced online. On September 10, Paul released another single titled "23", alongside a music video at his house, which only starred his older brother Logan and also featured clips of him and a few of his friends. The title of the song refers to his age at the time, as well as American former basketball player Michael Jordan's jersey number. On October 15, Paul released the single "Dummy", featuring Canadian rapper TVGucci, who is signed to fellow Canadian rapper Drake's record label, OVO Sound. The lyric video was published on Paul's YouTube channel six days later, on October 21. 2021โ€“present: Sports business In 2021, Paul partnered with serial entrepreneur Geoffrey Woo to launch a capital firm branded as the 'Anti Fund', created to enable investors and fans to raise money through a quarterly subscription by using Angel List's Rolling Funds platform. Later, Anti Fund led investment in sports gambling firm Simplebet Inc. raising $30 million in a financing round in August 2021. Paul further founded 'Most Valuable Promotions' (MVP) with his business adviser, Nakisa Bidarian in 2021, signing professional boxer Amanda Serrano to a promotional deal in September 2021. In tandem, Paul founded an organization named โ€˜Boxing Bulliesโ€™ to help the youth combat bullying. In May 2022, Paul featured on the Forbes list for the highest paid athletes in 2022. Forbes estimated that Paul made $38 million from his three boxing bouts, and various other income streams in the period. In August 2022, Paul founded a sports-media and mobile-betting company, "Betr", alongside Simplebet founder Joey Levy. Paul claims to have received $50 million in series-A funding for this venture. In January 2023, Paul signed a multiyear contract with the Professional Fighters League to cofound and compete in a new pay-per-view division, known as Super Fight, as well as adopt the official role of โ€œhead of fighter advocacy.โ€ Boxing career Early career In 2018, Paul made his boxing debut in a white-collar match against English YouTuber Deji Olatunji. Paul vs Olatunji was the co-feature bout to Paul's older brother's fight, Logan Paul, against Olatunji's older brother, KSI. The bout took place on August 25 at Manchester Arena in Manchester, England. Paul defeated Olatunji via technical knockout in the 5th round. In 2020, Paul made his professional debut against English YouTuber AnEsonGib. The bout took place on January 30 at the Meridian at Island Gardens in Miami, Florida and was the co-feature bout to the WBO world middleweight title bout between professional boxers Demetrius Andrade and Luke Keeler. Paul defeated AnEsonGib via technical knockout in the 1st round and proceeded to call out KSI. On November 28, Paul returned to the ring against basketball player Nate Robinson and was the co-feature bout to the exhibition match between Mike Tyson and Roy Jones Jr. at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. Paul defeated Robinson via knockout in the 2nd round. Fighting MMA legends In 2021, after a back-and-forth on social media it was announced that Paul headline a bout with former Bellator MMA and ONE Welterweight Champion Ben Askren on April 17, 2021 at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. Paul defeated Askren via technical knockout in the 1st round. The event reportedly generated 1.45 million pay-per-view buys as per Triller, however, the legitimacy of both the match and the numbers of the event have been heavily questioned by multiple personalities, fans, MMA fighters and boxers alike. Prior to the Paul vs Askren bout, Paul and one of his cornermen, American professional boxer J'Leon Love, were involved in a backstage confrontation with former UFC Welterweight Champion Tyron Woodley. After Paul defeated Askren, Woodley called him out. On August 29 Paul fought Woodley at the Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse in Cleveland, Ohio and defeated him via split decision, with one judge scoring the fight 77โ€“75 for Woodley, while the other two judges scored it 77โ€“75 and 78โ€“74 in favor of Paul. After the bout, Woodley expressed his desires for a rematch and Paul offered him one if he tattooed 'I love Jake Paul' on his body. The event reportedly generated 500,000 pay-per-view buys. In December, Paul was originally scheduled to face English professional boxer Tommy Fury on December 18 at the Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida, but Fury withdrew due to medical issues. On December 6, it was announced that Paul would be rematching Woodley instead. Paul defeated Woodley via knockout in the 6th round. The event reportedly generated 200,000 pay-per-view buys. After the bout, Paul was awarded the ESPN Ringside Award for 'Knockout of the Night' over his victory on Woodley. In 2022, Paul was scheduled to face Fury for August 6 at Madison Square Garden in New York City, but Fury withdrew once again due to travel issues. On July 7, it was announced that Paul would face American professional boxer Hasim Rahman Jr., however, the event was canceled on July 30 due to weight issues from Rahman. After the cancellation, it was announced that Paul would be facing former UFC champion Anderson Silva on October 29 at the Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Arizona. Paul defeated Silva via unanimous decision with the judges scoring the bout 78โ€“73 (twice) and 77โ€“74 all in flavor of Paul. Paul vs Fury and Paul vs Diaz After two previous attempts failing, on January 27, 2023, it was announced that Paul would face Fury on February 26 in Saudi Arabia. Fury defeated Paul via split decision despite Paul knocking Fury down in the 8th round. One judge scored it 75โ€“74 to Paul, while the other two judges had it 76โ€“73 to Fury. The event reportedly generated 800,000 pay-per-views. After the bout, KSI's manager Mams Taylor revealed that he and Paul's team were in negotiations to have a bout with the YouTuber set for August at Wembley Stadium in London, England, however, Taylor stated that after the Fury loss, Paul exited the negations. Paul later confirmed that he opted out and chose to have a bout with Nate Diaz instead, who he deemed was the tougher opponent. On April 12, it was announced that Paul would face Diaz on August 5 at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. Although the fight was originally scheduled to be 8 rounds, it was later extended to 10. Paul defeated Diaz via unanimous decision with the judges scoring the bout 98โ€“91, 98โ€“91 and 97โ€“92 all in flavor of Paul. On October 16, it was announced that Paul will be returning to the ring on December 15 against a currently unannounced opponent. Most Valuable Promotions In 2021, Paul, alongside his adviser Nakisa Bidarian, founded a boxing promotion titled 'Most Valuable Promotions.' The promotions first singing was of Puerto Rican boxer and seven-division world champion Amanda Serrano. In 2022, Paul co-promoted with Eddie Hearn's Matchroom Boxing, Katie Taylor vs. Amanda Serrano billed as "For History". It was the first women's boxing match to headline Madison Square Garden, and was described as the 'biggest women's fight of all time'. The fight was universally acclaimed, being named Fight of the Year by Sports Illustrated and Event of the Year by The Ring. In 2023, Most Valuable Promotions and DAZN announced a new series of events billed as 'Most Valuable Prospects,' which would feature up-and-coming boxers headlining events on DAZN without pay-per-view. Their first event took place on May 26 which headlined Ashton Sylve vs Adam Kipenga at the Caribe Royale Orlando in Orlando, Florida. Sylve defeated Kipenga via unanimous decision. Mixed martial arts career Professional Fighter League On January 5, 2023, it was announced that Paul had signed a multi-year deal with the Professional Fighters League. Paul began training Brazilian jiu-jitsu in anticipation of his MMA debut with ADCC head organizer Mo Jassim and ATOS BJJ black belt Michael Perez. Controversies and legal issues Throughout his career, Paul has become the subject of many controversies due to his behavior, including being charged with criminal trespass and unlawful assembly. Content controversies On January 3, 2018, Paul uploaded a video to his YouTube channel titled "I lost my virginity" which used a thumbnail of himself and his then-girlfriend Erika Costell posing semi-nude on top of each other. The video was age-restricted by YouTube as a result, and critics such as Keemstar criticized the thumbnail as being inappropriate for his younger audience. The thumbnail was later changed with both Paul and Costell fully clothed and not touching each other. Two days later, on January 5, TMZ revealed a video in which Paul used a racial slur multiple times while freestyle rapping. On November 29, 2020, Paul sparked frustration after stating he paved the way for content house creation and boxing matches between high-profile social media stars. Many objected to Paul's claim, observing that he did not create the first content house, nor was he the first YouTube star to fight in a boxing match. Scam allegations On January 3, 2018, Paul started the website Edfluence, a program claiming to teach younger people how to be successful, learn life skills, and earn money online. The course cost $7 per user, which would allow the user to unlock a series of videos for a "roadmap" to success as an influencer. However, the seven dollars did not unlock the entire program, but only gave a few basic tips. Paul also promised his audience that if they joined the course, they would get to join "Team 1000", which did not happen. Following the situation, Paul was accused of scamming young followers and stealing their money. Then, two years later, on January 31, 2020, Edfluence was shut down, which stopped the course permanently. On February 15, Paul announced that he would partner with Los Angeles-based brand development group GenZ Holdings Inc. to create a $19.99-per-month platform aimed at teaching children how to build an online presence. "The Financial Freedom Movement" promises to give subscribers access to "Jake Paulโ€™s personal experience, rituals and secret formula" and "cutting edge mentorship, coaching, and training". The program has been criticized by some, with one interviewer questioning whether it would send a dangerous message to his young fanbase. On January 3, 2019, Paul, along with fellow YouTuber RiceGum, came under fire for promoting MysteryBrand, a website that offers the chance to open a digital "mystery box" of pre-selected items with a promise to win one in real life at random. Many users have said they have not received prizes they won through the site. On February 18, 2022, in a class-action lawsuit filed against the cryptocurrency company SafeMoon that alleged the company is a pump and dump scheme, Paul was named as a defendant along with musician Nick Carter, rappers Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty, and social media personality Ben Phillips for promoting the SafeMoon token on their social media accounts with misleading information as part of the 2022 Safemoon fraud allegations. On the same day, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media. In March 2022, YouTuber Coffeezilla uploaded a video in which he accused Paul of using cryptocurrency and non-fungible tokens to scam his fans out of $2.2 million. Party complaints, public nuisance lawsuits, and COVID-19 In addition to the 2017 public complaints that eventually led to Paul's dismissal from Bizaardvark, Paul's neighbors in the Beverly Grove neighborhood of Los Angeles filed a class-action public nuisance lawsuit against Paul. This came after Paul made his home address public, leading crowds of fans to gather outside Paul's residence, and noise complaints by neighbors.Wolfe, Chris (July 17, 2017). "In Beverly Grove, Social Media Star Jake Paulโ€™s Antics Stir Up The Neighborhood" . KTLA (Los Angeles). On April 24, 2018, it was reported that Paul was being sued by Cobra Acquisitions, the company that owns the house, for $2.5ย million. On February 23, 2020, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Paul was involved in an altercation with British singer Zayn Malik at Westgate, the hotel near the MGM Grand Garden Arena at which the two were staying. Paul and Malik's rooms were right across from each other and when Paul's older brother, Logan, went to Paul's hotel room, an argument broke out between Malik and Paul because Paul believed Malik was using a rude tone. Following the interaction, Paul posted about it on Twitter, which drew attention from Malik's girlfriend and American model Gigi Hadid. Paul later deleted his tweets which criticized Malik and then posted another tweet stating that he tweeted about the incident since he was drunk, acknowledging the fact in a tweet later in the day, writing, "someone needs to take my phone when i'm drunk because I'm a fucking idiot". Logan released the video footage on the 161st episode of his podcast, Impaulsive, in which he explained the whole situation. On July 11, 2020, Paul threw a large party at his home in Calabasas, California, despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Dozens of people attended without wearing masks and maintaining social distancing. After complaints from neighbors and videos surfaced on social media, Calabasas mayor Alicia Weintraub expressed outrage, saying, "They're having this large party, no social distancing, no masks, itโ€™s just a big huge disregard for everything that everybody is trying to do to get things back to functioning." She continued, saying, "It's really just a party acting like COVID does not exist, it's acting that businesses aren't closed". She later added that the city was looking into "all of our options" regarding penalties for Paul and the attendees of the party. On November 25, 2020, Paul attracted further COVID-related controversy due to statements in an interview with The Daily Beast. When interviewer Marlow Stern asked Paul if he regretted his words and actions regarding the July 11 party, Paul responded by saying that COVID-19 was a "hoax", also stating that "98 percent of news [about COVID-19] is fake", and that he believed the measures against COVID-19 in the United States should end, calling them "the most detrimental thing to our society." He then incorrectly stated that the flu had killed as many people in the United States in 2020 as COVID-19 did, and claimed that "Medical professionals have [recently] also said that masks do absolutely nothing to prevent the spread of coronavirus"; he later referred to said professionals as "dozens of my medical friends." When Stern tried to question his claims, Paul told Stern "You're arrogant. You're very arrogant", "you want clickbait", and "I've never even heard of you." The interview sparked condemnation from various individuals and media outlets, and fellow YouTuber Tyler Oakley, who called Paul "aggressively ignorant" and "embarrassing." Attending a riot at an Arizona mall and FBI raid On May 30, 2020, Paul and a few of his friends came to have dinner at P. F. Chang's outside of Scottsdale Fashion Square in Scottsdale, Arizona, as part of the George Floyd protests, where it quickly escalated and looting began in the mall. Multiple instances of footage show Paul and his friends outside of P. F. Chang's witnessing the riot and they made their way inside the mall where they documented the incident. People on social media criticized Paul for entering the mall and witnessing people looting stores. Paul later apologized on social media condemning the violence, and also denied the accusations of looting, instead saying he was filming as a public service for a future video. Paul said, "We filmed everything we saw in an effort to share our experience and bring more attention to the anger felt in every neighborhood we travelled through; we were strictly documenting, not engaging." On June 4, 2020, Paul was charged with criminal trespass and unlawful assembly, both misdemeanor charges, for being in the mall during the riot. On August 5, 2020, Paul's Calabasas mansion was raided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). In a statement to the Los Angeles Times the FBI stated, "The FBI is executing a federal search warrant at a residence in Calabasas in connection with an ongoing investigation." On the same day, the charges were dismissed without prejudice, the Scottsdale Police Department said it was "in the best interest of the community" and would allow a federal criminal investigation to be completed. Paul also explained in a now-deleted video that the raid was "completely related to the looting controversy." In August 2021 it was reported Paul would not face federal charges over the incident. Sexual assault allegations On April 9, 2021, a video was released by TikTok personality Justine Paradise who alleged that Paul forced her into oral sex and touched her without her consent during an incident at the Team 10 House in 2019. Paul responded to the accusations, saying, "Sexual assault accusations aren't something that I, or anyone should ever take lightly, but to be crystal clear, this claim made against me is 100% false." In a later video Paradise stated she received harassment and death threats over the accusation. On April 22, 2021, an article about Paul in The New York Times featured a second accusation by model and actress Railey Lollie. Lollie, who had started working for Paul at 17, alleged that Paul would call her "jailbait", and at one point groped her. Investigation in Puerto Rico On May 15, 2021, Paul was investigated by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources for riding a motorized vehicle on Puerto Rico's beaches, seen on a video that was posted online but then removed. It is illegal to ride motorized vehicles on Puerto Rico's beaches in order to protect natural wildlife such as sea turtles. Paul apologized stating he had intended no harm. SEC fine for undisclosed cryptocurrencies sponsorship In March 2023, Paul was among eight celebrities charged by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), with violating investor protection laws by promoting cryptocurrencies without disclosing that he had been sponsored to do so. He settled the charges for over $400,000 without admitting or denying the claims. Personal life Paul has English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Jewish, French and German ancestry. Paul has a net worth of approximately $17โ€“30 million. In January 2022, Forbes announced that Paul made approximately $38 million from boxing in 2021, making him the 46th highest paid athlete in the world for that period. Paul began dating fellow American YouTuber and internet personality Tana Mongeau in April 2019. In June 2019, the couple announced that they were engaged, although many fans and commentators did not believe that the engagement was legitimate. On July 28 of that year, Paul and Mongeau exchanged vows in Las Vegas. InTouch later reported that the couple had not obtained a marriage license prior to the ceremony and that the officiant was also not licensed by the state of Nevada. As a result, the marriage was not legally binding. Buzzfeed reported that Paul and Mongeau left the ceremony separately. The ceremony, which was available on pay-per-view for $50, was recorded by MTV for the show No Filter: Tana Mongeau. On an episode of the show, Mongeau stated that the ceremony was something "fun and lighthearted that we're obviously doing for fun and for content." The couple announced their break-up in January 2020. On April 3, 2023, Paul and Dutch speed skater Jutta Leerdam publicly confirmed being a couple, after the two had gotten in touch via Instagram a few months earlier. Boxing record Professional Amateur Honorary titles WBC Amateur Champion Triller Fight Club Champion WBA Champion Pay-per-view bouts Filmography Film Television Web shows Video games Discography Extended plays Singles Bibliography Paul, Jake. You Gotta Want It'', , Gallery Books 2016 (memoir) Awards and nominations Notes References Further reading External links 1997 births 21st-century American comedians American male boxers American conspiracy theorists American male child actors American male comedians American male film actors American male rappers American male television actors American people of English descent American people of French descent American people of German-Jewish descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Welsh descent American TikTokers American Vine (service) celebrities American YouTubers Boxers from Ohio Cruiserweight boxers YouTube boxers Internet-related controversies Living people Male actors from Cleveland American male bloggers Mass media people from Ohio Music YouTubers Musicians from Cleveland Rappers from Cleveland Rappers from Ohio People from Westlake, Ohio American video bloggers YouTubers from Ohio People associated with cryptocurrency
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%20%EB%8F%84%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%20%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84
์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„
์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„()์€ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ 1854๋…„ 12์›” 23์ผ(๊ฐ€์—์ด 7๋…„ ์Œ๋ ฅ 11์›” 4์ผ)์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ '๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„'์ด๋ผ ํ•จ์€ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์˜ ๋™์ชฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ํ•ด์—ญ์„ ์ง„์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ๋„ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ 32์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„() ๋˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„()์ด๋ผ ํ†ต์นญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ง€์ง„์€ ๊ฐ€์—์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒœ์žฌ์ง€๋ณ€ ๋ฐ ๊ถ๊ถ ํ™”์žฌ, ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ ์›์ • ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์—ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์›ํ•˜์—ฌ 1854๋…„์„ ์›๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— '์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„'์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ๋„๋ผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€()๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋’ค ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ง€์ง„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ ์„œ์— ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต๋ถ€ํ„ด ๊ณ ์„œ ๋ฐ ์ผ๊ธฐ ์™ธ์—๋„ ํŽธ์ง€ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฌํ•ด ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋„ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์ง„ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ง„์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ 1707๋…„(ํ˜ธ์—์ด 4๋…„)์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„์€ 'ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„'์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ 147๋…„ ํ›„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์€ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์งง์€ ํŽธ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1605๋…„(๊ฒŒ์ด์ดˆ 9๋…„)์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ดˆ ์ง€์ง„๋„ ํ•œ๋•Œ ์ง„์›์—ญ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด๋„ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์˜ ํ•ด์ผ์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ดˆ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ฆˆ-์˜ค๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์™€๋ผ ํ•ด๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค์—์„œ ๋จผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ‹€ ํ›„์—” ํ˜ธ์š” ํ•ดํ˜‘์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.0์˜ ํ˜ธ์š” ํ•ดํ˜‘ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1855๋…„์—” ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6.9-7.4์˜ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„, ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„, ์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 3๋Œ€ ์ง€์ง„()์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1854๋…„ ์ด๊ฐ€์šฐ์—๋…ธ ์ง€์ง„, 1858๋…„ ํžˆ์—์“ฐ ์ง€์ง„ ๋“ฑ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ์ง€์ง„๋™ 1854๋…„ 12์›” 23์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธ ํ‘œ์ค€์‹œ(JST)๋กœ 9์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง„์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ํ•ดํŒ์ด ์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„ํŒ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์„ญ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ตฌํ˜•์ง€์ง„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๊นƒ ๋””์•„๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„  9์‹œ 15๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ ํ•ด์ €์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง„๋™์ด 2-3๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์ง„๋„7์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ์€ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋„4 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ์˜์—ญ์€ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ฟ , ์‹œ๊ณ ์ฟ  ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 300km ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ๋• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณง ๊ฐ•์ง„์ด ๋‹ฅ์ณ ๋•…์— ์—Ž๋“œ๋ ค์„œ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„  ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ•์ง„์ด ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋Œ€๋žต ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ 4-5๋ชจ๊ธˆ์„ ๋นจ ์ •๋„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‚ฌ ๊ณ ์น˜์—์„œ๋„ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ ธ "์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์ง€์ง„"์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฒฝ์ด ๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฐˆ ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทœ์Šˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์ง„ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ •๋„์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ถ„๊ณ ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์—ํ‚ค๋ฒˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋•…์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋ฏธ(ๅฎ‡ไฝ็พŽ, 1983, 2003)์˜ ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ถ”์ • ์ง„๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด ์ง€์ง„ ํ”ผํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๊ธดํ‚ค ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์„œ ์ด์„ธ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ง€์—ญ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ•˜์ฝ”๋„ค์Šˆ์ฟ ์™€ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ์ผ€์Šˆ์ฟ  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ฃผํƒ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ด๊ตญ, ์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตญ, ์˜ค๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์…‹์“ฐ๊ตญ, ์—์น˜์  ๊ตญ, ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹จ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋„์นด์ด๋„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตญ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ†  ๋ฒˆ์—์„  ์„ฑ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ง‘๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ 350์นธ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์ด ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋„์นด์ด๋„์˜ ์Šˆ์ฟ ์ฐจ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋งˆ์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ผ์Šค์นด์Šˆ์ฟ  ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ์ œํžˆ "์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ•๊ดด"๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ "์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€๋Š”" ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์Šˆ์ฟ  ์„œ์ชฝ์€ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ํžˆ๋น„์•ผ ๊ฐ• ์–ด๊ท€์˜€๋˜ ๊ณณ์€ ์ง„๋„ 5๊ฐ• ์ •๋„์˜ ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚  ๋ฐค์—” ์•„์‚ฌ์ฟ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—๋„์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜› ๊ฐ•์ด ์š”๋™์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ํฐ ์š”๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„๋™์ด ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋„ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์–‘์•ก์ƒํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ์— '๋•… ์œ„๋กœ ์ง„ํ™์ด ๋ถ„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค'๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋„์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ง€์ง„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋œ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€์˜ "๊ฐ‘์ธ๋…„ 11์›” ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™์ด ๋ถ„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ"(็”ฒๅฏ…ใฎๅไธ€ๆœˆ้งฟๆฒณใฎๅ›ฝๅคงๅœฐ้œ‡ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆณฅๆฐดใ‚’ใตใๅ‡บใ™ๅ›ณ)์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋œ "์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๊ฒฌ๋ฌธ๋ก"(ๅฎ‰ๆ”ฟ่ฆ‹่ž้Œฒ)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ผ์ด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋งˆ์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„  ์Šˆ์ฟ ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ฑ„๋„ ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  ๋•…์—” ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฟœ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณณ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„œ๋„ ์ง‘์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ ์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์‹œ์™€๋ผ์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„  ํ™ํƒ•๋ฌผ์ด 3m ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ€๋ ค์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ค๊ณ  ์Šˆ์ฟ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ›„์ง€๊ฐ• ๋‚˜๋ฃป๋ฐฐ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ์Šˆ์ฟ ์™€ ์—์ง€๋ฆฌ์Šˆ์ฟ ๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ ธ ํ›„์ง€๊ฐ•์„ ๋ง‰์•„ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฑด๋„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ์ƒ‰ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ ธ ๊ณ ์นธ์ง€๋งˆ์™€ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ง€๋งˆ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ง‘์ด ๋– ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  2-3์ผ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์›๋ž˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™ ์ง€์ง„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋งˆ์—์žํ‚ค๊ณถ ์ง€์—ญ์€ 0.8-1m ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ๋ถ๋ถ€์™€ ์•„์“ฐ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œต๊ธฐ, ์„œ๋ถ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต ํ™œ๋™๋ฉด์€ ํ•ด์ €์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์—”์Šˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ผํ•ญ์€ 1m ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ•ญ์€ ์œต๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์—ฐ์•ˆ 100m ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋ฌผ์ด ๋น ์ ธ ๊ฐฏ๋ฒŒ์ด ํŽผ์ณ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์„œ์ชฝ์€ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ ์š”์ฝ”์Šค์นด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ํ†  ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ 1m ๋‚จ์ง“ ์œต๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. "์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹๋„ ๋ชป ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ •๋„"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋˜ ์‚ฌํƒ€ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ(่–ฉๅŸตๅณ ) ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์€ ์œต๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œก์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ตญ๋„ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ์„ , ๋„๋ฉ”์ด ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ, ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ๋ณธ์„ ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ง€์นด์™€๊ฐ• ํ•˜๊ตฌ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„  ์ด์™€๋ถ€์น˜ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ(ๅฒฉๆทต, ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆผ)๊ณผ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ(ๆพๅฒก) ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์•ฝ 3m ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ ๋ฌผ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ƒ์Šต์ ์ธ ํ™์ˆ˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„  ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ "์ง€์ง„ ์”จ, ์ง€์ง„ ์”จ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์™€ ๋‹ค์˜ค. ๋‚ด ๋Œ€์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ, ์†์ž ๋Œ€์— ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ" ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ 2,800์„ฌ์˜ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์— ์ž ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์ง„์› ๋™๋‚จ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์‡ผ์™€ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด, ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„ํŒ๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ถฉ์ƒ๋‹จ์ธต(๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ์—ญ๋‹จ์ธต)์˜ ํŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ˜• ์ง€์ง„์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ธ์—์ด๋‚˜ ์‡ผ์™€ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์œต๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ, ๋ฏธํ˜ธ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”์‚ฐ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ„ํ™”์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํญ๋ฐœ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™”์‚ฐ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋„ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šจํ‘ธ์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„ ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ธ "ๅคงๅœฐ้œ‡ๅพกๆ•‘็ฒฅไธฆ็”บๆ–นๆ–ฝ็ฑณๅทฎๅ‡บใ€ๅ…ถๅค–่ซธๅ‘ๅœฐ้œ‡ใซไป˜่žๆ›ธไธ€ไปถใƒป้งฟๅบœๅฃซๅคชๅคซ็”บ็”บ้ ญใ€่ฉๅŽŸๅ››้ƒŽๅ…ต่ก›็ญ†่จ˜" ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋•Œ์— ํ›„์ง€์‚ฐ ์ •์ƒ์— ์‚ฟ๊ฐ“ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์› ๊ณ , ๋‹น์ผ ์†Œ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋งŒํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํŠ€์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒ”๋ถ€ ๋Šฅ์„  ๋ถ€๊ทผ์— ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 17์ผ ํ›„์ธ 11์›” 21์ผ ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‹œ๊บผ๋จผ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฐ์˜ ์ ์„ค๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ด„์ฒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์ง์ „์—๋Š” 1852๋…„ ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€์•ผ๊ฒŒ์•ผ๋งˆ์‚ฐ, 1853๋…„ ์šฐ์Šค์‚ฐ, 1854๋…„ ์•„์†Œ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ„ํ™” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„์ธ 1855๋…„์—” ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋งˆ์—์‚ฐ์ด, 1856๋…„์—” ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ณ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋‹ค์ผ€์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์•„์†Œ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ„ํ™” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฐ€์™€์Šค๋ฏธ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ(ๆฒณ่ง’ๅปฃ, 1951)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Mk7๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋žต M8.4๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋ฏธ ํƒ€์“ฐ์˜ค(ๅฎ‡ไฝ็พŽ้พๅคซ, 1970)๋Š” ์ถ”์‚ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M8.4์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  1960๋…„ ๋ฐœ๋””๋น„์•„ ์ง€์ง„๋„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ M8.5๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜์—์„  ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ํŒŒ์—ด๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋‹จ์ธตํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ Mw8.3, Mw8.1(์ด ํ•ฉ Mw8.4)๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 1944๋…„ ์‡ผ์™€ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ํญ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ์„œ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์— ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ๋‘์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด๊ฐ๋ถ€์˜ "๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ฒ€ํ† ํšŒ"์—์„œ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ "๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„๋™ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ"์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ Mw8.84๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑด์ถ•์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ M0 = 9.02 ร— 1021Nใƒปm, ์ฆ‰ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ Mw8.6์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 1973๋…„ ์•ˆ๋„ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํƒ€์นด๋กœ ํŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก  ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ์ดํ›„ 1972๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํžˆ๋กœ๊ฐ€ 1944๋…„ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก์˜ ํŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ์—ญ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ถ”์ •์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ผ์˜ ๋†’์ด ๋ณ€๋™ ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ง€์ง„ ์ง„๋™ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ 1944๋…„ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ•ด๊ณก ์ถ•์„ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผœ ์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ๋กœ 100km, ๊ฐ€๋กœ 230km ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1976๋…„ ์ด์‹œ๋ฐ”์‹œ ๊ฐ€์“ฐํžˆ์ฝ”๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋˜ ํŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ ์ธ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ณก์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ํ•˜ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋„์ฟ ํƒ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ ์œต๊ธฐ, ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™, ์ง„๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„ ๋ถ„์„, ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์— ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์€ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ๋„ ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ณก๋„ ํŒ ์„ญ์ž…๋Œ€ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ ์ง„์›์—ญ์ด ํ•ด์•ˆ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์—๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค-์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ์ง„์› ๋‹จ์ธต์— ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ณก ์ถ•์„ ์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ๋”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ 2011๋…„ ์„ธ๋…ธ ๋ฐ์“ฐ์กฐ๋Š” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํŠธ๋กœํ”„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ์„ A(๋„์‚ฌ๋งŒ), B(๊ธฐ์ด์ˆ˜๋„), C(๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค), D(์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค), E(์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ) 5๊ฐœ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ํ›„ ๋„์นด์ด ์ชฝ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์€ ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ 'ํ˜ธ์—์ดํ˜•'๊ณผ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ์†ํ•ด์ง€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์€ ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” '์•ˆ์„ธ์ดํ˜•' 2๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ์ง€์ง„์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ณด์™„์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด์‹œ๋ฐ”์‹œ๋Š” ์„ธ๋…ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์€ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์—ฐ์•ˆ์˜ ์ง„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 'ํ˜ธ์—์ดํ˜•'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ 1944๋…„ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์„œ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„๋„๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜์ด ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋Š๋‚€ ์ง€์ง„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋‚˜ ์œ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ค์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ˆ˜ ์šฉ์ถœ ์ •์ง€ ํ˜„์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ์–‘, ์งˆ ์ฐจ์ด ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ง„์›์—ญ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ '์•ˆ์„ธ์ดํ˜•' ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ ์ ˆ์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ฃจ์•„ ๋ผ์“ฐ์ฝ” ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™ ํ˜น์€ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ์ง€์ƒ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ์™€ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์•„์ง ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ฐ„๋ฐ”๋ผ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ›„์ง€๊ฐ• ํ•˜์ค‘๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ• ์–‘์•ˆ ๊ณ ์ €์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ 600m๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ์ง€์ง„์‚ฐ์ด ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ์ด ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์ชฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€์ง„๊ณ„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ ๊ด€์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ง€์ง„์ด๋ž€ ํฐ ๋‚œ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋…ผ์˜์กฐ์ฐจ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์กฐ ํ˜„์ƒ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ๋Š” '์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง•์กฐ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์ ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋…„๋„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์˜ค๋‹ค์™€๋ผ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฐ์‹œ์ดˆ(ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด์‹œ ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ๊ตฌ) ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋งˆ์—์žํ‚ค ๋ถ€๊ทผ์€ ์ง€์ง„ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์นจ์‹๋˜์–ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์นจ๊ฐ• ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์™€๋„ค(ํ˜„ ๋งˆํ‚ค๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ์‹œ๋Š” ์ „๋…„๋„์— ๋•…์šธ๋ฆผ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์™€์‹œ๋กœ์ดŒ(๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ํ˜„ ๊ธฐ์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€์‹œ)์€ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋ฉฐ์น  ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ง„, ์—ฌ์ง„ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋ฐœ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ „์ง„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ง„ 5๊ฐœ์›” ์ „์ธ 1854๋…„ 7์›” 9์ผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.6๊ธ‰์˜ ์ด๊ฐ€์šฐ์—๋…ธ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ๋ฐ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์—ฌ์ง„์€ 9๋…„๊ฐ„ 2,979ํšŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์—ฌ์ง„์ธ์ง€ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์—ฌ์ง„์ธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฌ์ง„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1855๋…„ 11์›” 7์ผ(์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 2๋…„ ์Œ๋ ฅ 9์›” 28์ผ) - ์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ง„์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7-7.5๊ธ‰์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์—ฌ์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ ๋ถ•๊ดด, ๋•… ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง, ์ง„ํ™ ๋ถ„์ถœ ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„ 4์ผ ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ๋„ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์œ ๋ฐœ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ๋ฐœ์ง€์ง„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ง„ 75์ผ ํ›„์ธ 1855๋…„ 3์›” 18์ผ(์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 2๋…„ 2์›” 1์ผ) ๋„์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์กฐํ•˜๋‚˜-ํ˜ธํ‚ค์™€ํ‚ค ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6 ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธ‰์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ธ ํžˆ๋‹ค ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ง„ ์•ฝ 11๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์ธ 1855๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ(์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 2๋…„ 10์›” 2์ผ) ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.0-7.1๊ธ‰์˜ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์—๋„ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 4๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ํ›„์ธ 1858๋…„ 4์›” 9์ผ(์•ˆ์„ธ์ด 5๋…„ 2์›” 26์ผ) ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.0-7.1๊ธ‰์˜ ํžˆ์—์“ฐ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 14์ผ ๋’ค์ธ 4์›” 23์ผ(์Œ๋ ฅ 3์›” 10์ผ)์—๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ์˜ค๋งˆ์น˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์„œ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์ง„). 1861๋…„ 2์›” 14์ผ์—๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6.0๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ถ„์ฟ  ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์˜ค ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ง„์›์—ญ์€ 1945๋…„ 1์›” 13์ผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฏธ์นด์™€ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ๋„์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ด์ฆˆ๊ตญ ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ์นด์‹œ์—์„œ 10m, ๋„๋ฐ”์‹œ์—์„œ 5-6m, ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋งŒ์—์„œ 6m, ๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋งˆ์ดˆ์—์„œ 9m, ์˜ค์™€์„ธ์‹œ์—์„œ 6m ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์„œ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์—”์Šˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋น ์ง ํ˜„์ƒ ๋‹ค์Œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณค์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋น ์ง ํ˜„์ƒ ์—†์ด ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์˜คํ›„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์นœ ์ œ2ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 3๋ฒˆ์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋งˆ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ์žํ‚ค์ดˆ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์นœ ์ œ์ผ ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์„์ธ "์กฐํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์œ ์‹คํƒ‘"(ๅธธ็ฆๅฏบๆดฅๆณขๆตๅคฑๅก”)์—์„œ๋Š” "์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋กœ์•ผ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์ด์•ผ๋งˆ ๋น„ํƒˆ์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํžˆ์ฝ”๋งˆ์—์„œ 5์ฒ™(ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์•ฝ 22.7m)์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์ด ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์˜จ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋†’์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋งˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์ณค๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฉ”์ด์˜ค ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์น˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ๋Œ€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ €๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฐ˜๋„์ง€์ง„์‚ฌ๊ณผ(ไผŠ่ฑ†ๅŠๅณถๅœฐ้œ‡ๅฒๆ–™)์—์„œ๋Š” "๊ณ ํ…์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ์‚ฌ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค 7-80๋ฆฌ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์šธ์˜ ๋ฌผ์•ˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š˜๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์— ์˜ค๋ชฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค„ ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณค๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ๋„ ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋‹ค ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๊นƒ ๋””์•„๋‚˜ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€ 15-20๋ถ„ ํ›„์— ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ผ๋ณธ์ฒด๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ ค์˜จ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋žต 5-6m์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์—์„  ์˜คํ›„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด 7-8ํšŒ์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์— ์ƒ๊ธด ํฐ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ฆฐ ๋””์•„๋‚˜ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ํ•จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค ์นจ์ˆ˜๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚œํŒŒ๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ—ค๋‹ค์–ดํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒํ•ญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํญํ’์šฐ์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ ค ์–‘๋ ฅ 1855๋…„ 1์›” 15์ผ(์Œ๋ ฅ 1854๋…„ 11์›” 27์ผ) 20์‹œ๊ฒฝ ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋…ธ๋ผ ์ธ๊ทผ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ์ขŒ์ดˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์–ด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ์ค‘ 1์›” 19์ผ(์Œ๋ ฅ 12์›” 2์ผ) 14์‹œ๊ฒฝ ์นจ๋ชฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฃผํƒ 841์ฑ„ ์œ ์‹ค, 30์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง‘์€ ๋‹จ 4์ฑ„๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 99๋ช…์ด ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ ค ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ†ต์ƒ ๊ต์„ญ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ง‰๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ง„ 6์ผ ํ›„์ธ ์Œ๋ ฅ 11์›” 10์ผ ์Œ€ 1,500์„ฌ, ๊ธˆ 3,000๋ƒฅ์„ ์‹œ๋ชจ๋‹ค์— ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง‘์ด ์œ ์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธˆ 3๋ถ„, ์ง‘์ด ์นจ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธˆ 2๋ถ„, ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 1๋ช…๋‹น ๊ฐ„์—์ด์“ฐ๋ณด 1๊ด€ ๋งŒํผ ์ด์žฌ๋ฏผ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ์ง€์—ญ ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ˜ธ ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ฌ์นด์Šˆ์ฟ ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 3์žฅ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ 9m ์ •๋„)์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ด๋‹ฅ์ณ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ฌ์นด์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ์‹ค๋œ ์ฃผํƒ 8์ฑ„, ์™„์ „ ๋ถ•๊ดด 58์ฑ„, ํŒŒ์† 214์ฑ„์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋ช… ํ”ผํ•ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ์ง€์ง„ ์งํ›„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ”ผ๋‚œ์„ ๊ฐ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์•„๋ผ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 2์žฅ 6์ฒ™(8m)์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€, ์•„๋ผ์ด ๊ด€๋ฌธ์€ 1์žฅ(3m)๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณ ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผํƒ๋“ค์ด ์“ธ๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฌธ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—” ์กฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ ธ ๋‚˜๋ฃป๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด์งˆ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด, ์ด๋“ฌ์— ์ฐธ๊ทผ๊ต๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ์นด์ด๋„๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์งํ›„์—๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ œ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•œ ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ฒœ์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜จ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ฎ์ณ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์‹œ๋‚ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์นจ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด 426๊ทธ๋ฃจ, ๋ฐฐ 4์ฒ™์ด ์œ ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง‘ 4,081์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์— ๋– ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 440์„ฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฐญ์ด ๋ฌผ์— ์ž ๊ธฐ๊ณ  507์„ฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฐญ์€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋ฐญ์ด ๋˜์–ด ํ™ฉํํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฐ˜๋„ ๊ธฐ์Šˆ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ด์„ธ, ๊ธฐ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ์˜์ง€๋Š” ์–‘๋ ฅ 12์›” 4์ผ, 5์ผ ์ดํ‹€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ ๋ฎ์นœ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ฐญ ์ด 16๋งŒ 8์ฒœ ์„ฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ํ™ฉํํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง‘ 26,608์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค, ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์Œ€ 890์„ฌ, ๋ชฉ์žฌ 15,480๊ฐœ, ์„ ๋ฐ• 1,455์ฒ™, ์˜› ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 5๊ฐœ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด 699๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์™€์„ธ(ํ˜„ ์˜ค์™€์„ธ์‹œ)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „์˜ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฅ ํ•œ๋ผ ์ง€์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งˆ๋ฅธ๋ฐ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์ด ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 300m ์ •๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์Šค์ฆˆ๋ฉ”์ง€๋งˆ์„ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ „์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ๋„ ์ˆ  ํ•œ์ž”์„ ๋งˆ์‹ค ์ •๋„๋„ ์•„๋‹ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๊ธธ์„ 5-6์ •(5-600m) ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•ฝ 2์žฅ(6m)์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณ ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์น˜์นด์“ฐ์šฐ๋ผ์ •์—๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ „์„ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์™€ ์•„์™€ ์‹œ์‹œ์ฟ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ 4์ผ ์ง„์‹œ ํ•˜๊ฐ(์˜ค์ „ 9์‹œ๊ฒฝ) ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ์ง€์‹œ๋งˆ์„ฌ์„ ์น˜๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด ์‹œ์‹œ์ฟ ์ด๊ฐ€์™€์ฒœ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 3๋ฒˆ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋†€๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ง์ณ ์‚ฐ ์œ„๋กœ ๋„ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์™€๊ตญ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์ธ 5์ผ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ง‘ 141์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  8๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‚ฌ ๋„์‚ฌ ์šฐ์‚ฌ ์ง€์—ญ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋„์‚ฌ์‹œ)์—์„œ๋Š” "4์ผ ์•„์นจ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํŠผ ์งํ›„ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์ด ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฆฌ๋…ธ(ํ˜„ ๊ตฌ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ค์ •)์—์„œ๋„ "4์ผ ๋‚ฎ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์žˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์ถœ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋‹ค(ํ˜„ ๊ตฌ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ค์ •)์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€์— ๋ฌผ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋„˜์ณ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ์Šˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋ถ„๊ณ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํ‚ค ๋ฒˆ ์ง€์—ญ๋„ 4์ผ ์•„์นจ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ์€ ํ›„ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ”๋“ค๋ ค ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋˜ ์™€์ค‘ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์ณค๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ดํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ปธ๋˜ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ์ฒœ๋ฏผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์™€๋ผ ์ œ๋„์—๋„ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณค๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€์น˜์ง€๋งˆ ์„ฌ ์˜ค์ฟ ๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” 5m์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง‘์ด ์œ ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋ฌด๋ผ์—๋„ 3m์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ๋„ˆ๋จธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์—๋„ ๋‹ฟ์•„ ๋Œ€๋žต 1ํ”ผํŠธ(30cm)์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ผ๋ณธ์ง€์ง„์‚ฌ๊ณผ(ๅคงๆ—ฅๆœฌๅœฐ้œ‡ๅฒๆ–™)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ง‘ 8,300์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค, 600์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์†Œ์‹ค, ์••์‚ฌ 300๋ช…, ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์— ์“ธ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง 300๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ์–ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž…์€ ํ”ผํ•ด๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ์ง‘์ด 3๋งŒ์ฑ„, ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 2-3์ฒœ๋ช…๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์žฌํ•ด๊ธฐ๋…๋น„ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Significant Earthquake - NOAA 1854๋…„ ์ง€์ง„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€์ง„ํ•ด์ผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ˜• ์ง€์ง„ 1854๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ 1854๋…„ 12์›”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854%20T%C5%8Dkai%20earthquake
1854 Tลkai earthquake
The 1854 Tลkai earthquake was the first of the Ansei great earthquakes (1854โ€“1855). It occurred at about 09:00 local time on 23 December 1854. It had a magnitude of 8.4 and caused a damaging tsunami. More than 10,000 buildings were destroyed and there were at least 2,000 casualties. It was the first of the three Ansei great earthquakes; the 1854 Ansei-Nankai earthquake of similar size hit southern Honshu the following day. Background The southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the Nankai Trough, which marks the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A-E) that can rupture independently, the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1300 years. Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment. Damage Much of central Japan experienced seismic intensities of 5 (on the JMA scale). Damage from this earthquake was particularly severe in the coastal areas of Shizuoka Prefecture from Numazu to Tenryลซ River, with many houses being damaged or destroyed. On the east side of the Izu Peninsula, Shimoda was hit by the tsunami one hour after the earthquake. A series of nine waves struck the city, destroying 840 houses and claiming 122 lives. Diana, the flagship of a visiting Russian admiral, Putyatin, in Japan to negotiate what would become the Treaty of Shimoda, was spun round 42 times on its moorings and was so badly damaged that it sank in a later storm. At Suruga Bay, on the west side of the Izu Peninsula, the village of Iruma was destroyed and a 10ย m high sand dome was deposited, on which the village was later reconstructed. Characteristics Earthquake The rupture area, magnitude and epicenter have been estimated from seismic intensity measurements, information about tsunami arrival times and evidence of co-seismic uplift/subsidence. Tsunami In most of the affected areas, run-up heights were in the range of 4โ€“6ย m. However, at Iruma, run-up heights of 13.2 and 16.5ย m have been measured, much higher than most of the surrounding area. This and the deposition of the unusual sand dome, with an estimated volume of 700,000ย m3, is interpreted to have been caused by the effects of resonance in the V-shaped Suruga bay. See also List of earthquakes in Japan List of historical earthquakes List of historical tsunamis References 1854 Tokai Ansei-Tokai earthquake Ansei-Tokai earthquake Tsunamis in Japan 19th-century tsunamis 1854 natural disasters December 1854 events Earthquakes of the Edo period 1854 disasters in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%20%EC%BD%94%EC%BD%94
ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ์ฝ”์ฝ”
ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ์ฝ”์ฝ”(, 1977๋…„ 1์›” 8์ผ, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํŒŒํ…Œ๋ฅด๋…ธ ~ )๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ „ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํ’€๋ฐฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1993๋…„~1995๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ AC ๋ฐ€๋ž€ ์œ ์ŠคํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ํ›„ 1995๋…„์— AC ๋ฐ€๋ž€์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ AC ๋ฐ€๋ž€์˜ ๋ถ€๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŒŒ์˜ฌ๋กœ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ์ผ์ฐŒ๊ฐ์น˜ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ํฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ง์ฃผ์˜€๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฑด์žฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค ์ฃผ์ „์„ ์žก์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์†Œ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ธ ๋น„์ฒธ์ฐจ ์นผ์ดˆ๋‚˜ ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ FC ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2001๋…„์—” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ FC ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜์—์„œ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋‹ค ๋ถ€์ƒ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์žฆ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ ์  ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ ธ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 2002๋…„์— ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํด๋ผ๋ Œ์Šค ์„ธ๋„๋ฅดํ”„์™€ ๋งž๊ตํ™˜ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฐ€๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฒฉ ์ด์ ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฆ์€ ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถœ์ „ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ „์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„ ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ FC์—์„œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋ž€ ํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ž‘ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๋Š” 2009๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜„์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ฝ”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ 2007๋…„์— ํ˜„์—ญ์—์„œ ์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฆ์€ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ํŒŒ์˜ฌ๋กœ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ปธ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ฝ”์ฝ”์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ง€์˜ค๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ผํŒŒํ† ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ๋…์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ถ์ค‘๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์ง€๋‚œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ์ถœ์ „์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œํ’์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ถœ์ „๊ตญ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ G์กฐ์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 2๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์›๋งจ์‡ผ ๋•๋ถ„์— 2 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กœ์šด ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2์ฐจ์ „ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 10๋ถ„์— ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 28๋ถ„์— ์ด๋น„์ฐจ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜, ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 31๋ถ„์— ๋ฐ€๋ž€ ๋ผํŒŒ์ด์น˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‡๋‹ฌ์•„ ์‹ค์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1 : 2 ์—ญ์ „ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํƒˆ๋ฝ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ G์กฐ์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์™€ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1 : 0, 2 : 1๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 2์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1์Šน 1ํŒจ๋กœ ๋™๋ฅ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ +1, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 0์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ 2์œ„, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ 4์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ 2์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋„ ์•„์ง 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์„ ํ™•์ •์ง“์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด ์—ญ์‹œ ์•„์ง ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 16๊ฐ•์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ธธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ผ๋„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  3ํŒ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 3์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 34๋ถ„, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ํ•˜๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณด๋ฅดํ—คํ‹ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 0 : 0์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 3์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  1์Šน 1๋ฌด 1ํŒจ์ธ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 2์œ„, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ 3์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฒด์ ˆ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ „์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 3๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ ํฌ์†Œ์‹์ด ๋“ค๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์˜ ์—๋””์† ๋ฉ˜๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. G์กฐ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋Š” 3์Šน์ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 1์œ„์ด๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3ํŒ€์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ ๋™๋ฅ ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์ด 0, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋Š” -1, ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๋Š” -2์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์—์„œ ์•ž์„  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ 2์œ„๋กœ 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ์ด์ „ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„  ๋ฒค์น˜์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 18๋ถ„์— ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜์™€ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์–ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์˜ ์„ ์ „์— ํž˜์„ ๋‚ธ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 40๋ถ„์— ์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ธ ํ”ผ์—๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ํ•œ์ˆจ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ 1 : 1๋กœ ๋น„๊ธด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์Šน 1๋ฌด 1ํŒจ๋กœ ์กฐ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ „์›”๋“œ์ปต๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ ํŒŒ๋น„์˜ค ์นธ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋„ค์Šคํƒ€ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์˜ค๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ผํŒŒํ† ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ํ›„๋ณด ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ” ์œจ๋ฆฌ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ จํ•œ ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํŒŒ์˜ฌ๋กœ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ์นธ๋‚˜๋ฐ”๋กœ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋„ ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œํ™”ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฐฑ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ง๋””๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์•™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๋ณด ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ๋ฐฑ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜ 4๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ์†ก์ข…๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํƒœํด์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์„ ์žก์•„ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ๋„˜์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ์šธ์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜์ด ์ฐฌ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์ž”๋ฃจ์ด์ง€ ๋ถ€ํฐ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜ 18๋ถ„, ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ํ† ํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ฝ”๋„ˆํ‚ฅ์„ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ง„์ฒ ์˜ ๋งˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ด์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ 1 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜ 42๋ถ„์— ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฝ”๋„ˆํ‚ฅ ์ฐฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜๋น„์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ํŒ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋‹ค๋ฏธ์•„๋…ธ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํœ˜๋‘๋ฅธ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜์— ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ๋‘๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘ํŒŒ๋ง ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋›ฐ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋กœ ๋‹จ๋‹จ์ด ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๊ณต์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ง‰์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฒด๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ ์  ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์Šค ํžˆ๋”ฉํฌ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋งŒ 5๋ช…์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฐ•์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ซํžŒ ๋น—์žฅ์„ ๋‘๋“ค๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋๋‚ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 43๋ถ„, ํ™ฉ์„ ํ™์˜ ์งง์€ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ˜๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณผ์„ ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์ด ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์™ผ๋ฐœ ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ค ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰ํŒ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1 : 1๋กœ ๋น„๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณค๊ณ  ์Šน๋ถ€๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ง„์ผํ‡ด์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋˜ ๋‘ ํŒ€์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 13๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์‡„๋„ํ•˜๋˜ ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ํ† ํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์†ก์ข…๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณผ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ๋„์ค‘์— ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„๋ก  ๋ชจ๋ ˆ๋…ธ ์ฃผ์‹ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ† ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ „์— ๊น€๋‚จ์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํŒŒ์šธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‡ด์žฅ์„ ๋‹นํ•ด 10๋ช…์ด ๋›ฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์  ์—ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์  ์—ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 12๋ถ„, ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณจ๋“ ๊ณจ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1 : 2 ์—ญ์ „ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์ฝ”์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด์ž ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์›”๋“œ์ปต๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์€ํ‡ด ์ดํ›„ ํ˜„์—ญ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋„ ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๊ณ„ ์ง„์ถœ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์š•์‹ฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜„์—ญ ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒ€์—์„œ ์˜คํผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฐํžˆ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๊ณ„์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฅ˜๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ Urban 77์˜ CEO๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋„ ๋ฏธ๋‚จ์ด์–ด์„œ ์†Œ๋…€ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์•˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 40๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฏธ์ค‘๋…„์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1977๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ AC ๋ฐ€๋ž€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ์ธํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋‚ ๋ ˆ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ AS ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์นผ์ดˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ L.R. ๋น„์ฒธ์ฐจ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-18 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-21 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1997๋…„ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Coco
Francesco Coco
Francesco Coco (; born 8 January 1977) is an Italian retired footballer who played as a defender. Although naturally right-footed, he played as a left wing-back (his favourite position) or, more commonly, as a left-back. He had spells with both AC Milan and Inter Milan, also spending a season at Barcelona. In his early career, Coco showed much promise and was regarded as a possible successor to Paolo Maldini; however, he failed to live up to expectations. Coco won two Serie A league titles and represented Italy at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Club career Born in Paternรฒ, Coco spent the majority of his club career with the Milan clubs; first with A.C. Milan between 1993 and 2002 and later with Inter between 2002 and 2007; he spent the 2001โ€“02 season on loan at FC Barcelona, with generally solid performances (he also had loan spells with Vicenza Calcio and Torino F.C.). He was part of the Milan teams that won the Serie A in 1995โ€“96 and 1998โ€“99. In 2002, Milan traded Coco to Inter in a part exchange deal for Clarence Seedorf, worth โ‚ฌ28 million. Despite reaching the 2002โ€“03 Champions League semi-finals and winning the 2004โ€“05 Coppa Italia, Coco's spell at Inter was blighted by injuries. Coco has since given interviews stating Inter made a mistake by letting him undergo back surgery in November 2003, telling him he would be out for no more than a month. In the end, he had to recover for two years. In 2005โ€“06, he was loaned to Livorno, after rejecting a move to Newcastle United despite playing a friendly against Yeading F.C. where he impressed in a 5โ€“0 home victory. He played one season at Livorno, and after his loan deal, he returned to Inter. During the summer of 2006, he tried to find a new club, but in the end, all negotiations failed and Coco remained at Inter. In January 2007, he joined English club Manchester City on a trial but after three days the club told him he was not in their plans. Later the English newspapers alleged that Manchester City was no longer interested in him because he had turned up for training smoking a cigarette. After a loan to Torino for the 2006โ€“07 season, he went back to Inter for the first part of the summer but mutually rescinded his contract with the Milan-based club on 7 September 2007. Later Coco declared his intention to quit football in order to pursue an acting career despite the rumoured interest of MLS sides New England Revolution and New York Red Bulls. International career Coco played for the Italy U18 team in the intermediary round of the 1995 European Under-18 Football Championship and for the Italy U21 team at the 1996 and 1998 UEFA U-21 Championship qualifying phases, playing also in the final round in the successful 2000 campaign under manager Marco Tardelli. Also, Coco played for the victorious Italy U23 team at the 1997 Mediterranean Games. Coco's full debut for the Italy national football team came in a 3โ€“0 win against Romania, on 7 October 2000, in a 2002 World Cup qualifying match under Giovanni Trapattoni. He also played for Italy in 2002 FIFA World Cup, and was last called up to the national side in September 2002. He achieved a total of 17 caps with the azzurri. Style of play Coco was a quick, physical, and tactically versatile player, who was primarily deployed as an offensive-minded fullback or as a wingback, due to his tenacity, and work-rate, as well as his defensive and offensive attributes. Although he was naturally right footed, he was also capable of playing both on the right and the left flank, and was known for his strong tackling, physicality, determination, and crossing ability with both feet. Due to his pace, stamina, skill, and technique, he was also occasionally utilised as a wide midfielder in a 3โ€“5โ€“2 or 3โ€“4โ€“3 formation. Despite his talent, he was often injury-prone and inconsistent, while he had a difficult character and lacked discipline off the pitch; his chances were often limited both at club and international level, due to the presence of Paolo Maldini in his position, whom Coco had initially been tipped to replace as Milan and Italy's starting left-back. Off the field Coco was not only a football player but also a businessman. Together with his father Antonio, they own shops and he has his own clothing label called "Urban 77". Coco is a celebrity in Italy and is well known in the party and society scene in Italy. He also wrote the foreword for the recently published book Mio marito รจ un calciatore (My husband is a footballer). Coco also famously had a long relationship with the Italian actress, showgirl, and model Manuela Arcuri. Following his retirement from professional football, Coco stated that he was interested in pursuing an acting career, and accepted to appear in L'Isola dei Famosi, the Italian celebrity adaptation of the TV format Survivor, which he abandoned voluntarily days after the beginning of the show. Honours Club Milan Serie A (2): 1995โ€“96, 1998โ€“99 Inter Coppa Italia (1): 2004โ€“05 International Italy UEFA Under-21 European Championship (1): 2000 Mediterranean Games (1): 1997 References External links Francesco Coco FootballDatabase provides profile and stats on Francesco Coco Francesco Coco's clothing label Profile at UEFA.com National Team stats. at FIGC official site Profile at tuttocalciatori.net 1977 births Living people People from Paternรฒ Men's association football fullbacks Italian men's footballers Italy men's international footballers Italy men's youth international footballers Italy men's under-21 international footballers Italian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Italian expatriate sportspeople in Spain AC Milan players LR Vicenza players Torino FC players FC Barcelona players Inter Milan players US Livorno 1915 players Serie A players La Liga players 2002 FIFA World Cup players Businesspeople from Sicily Participants in Italian reality television series Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy Competitors at the 1997 Mediterranean Games Mediterranean Games medalists in football Footballers from Sicily Sportspeople from the Province of Catania
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%20%ED%86%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%8B%9C
๋‹ค๋ฏธ์•„๋…ธ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ
๋‹ค๋ฏธ์•„๋…ธ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ(, 1974๋…„ 5์›” 17์ผ, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋„ค๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฅด ~ )๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ „ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์ˆ˜๋น„ํ˜• ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1991๋…„~1993๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์—˜๋ผ์Šค ๋ฒ ๋กœ๋‚˜ FC ์œ ์ŠคํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ํ›„ 1993๋…„์— ์—˜๋ผ์Šค ๋ฒ ๋กœ๋‚˜ FC์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 1996๋…„ ์• ํ‹€๋ž€ํƒ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ AS ๋กœ๋งˆ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ ค 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ์—์„œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 262๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด 14๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ํ…Œ UD๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•ด 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ 44๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„์—” ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ง„์ถœํ•ด ํ€ธ์ฆˆ ํŒŒํฌ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์Šค FC์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ†ˆ์ง„ ํ„ฐ๋‹ค๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ 29๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  1๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ์— 2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณจ๋“ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‹ค๋ก„ ์Šค๋”์—์„œ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 1์‹œ์ฆŒ๋งŒ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๊ณ  ์‚ฐํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌํ”„๋ ˆ๋„์—์„œ 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2011๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ธ SP ๋ผ ํ”ผ์˜ค๋ฆฌํƒ€์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 15-16์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํŒ€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฆฌํžˆํ…์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ FC ํŒŒ๋‘์ธ ์™€ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์ฐจ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ๋งž๋ถ™์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ผ ํ”ผ์˜ค๋ฆฌํƒ€ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „ 1 : 5, 2์ฐจ์ „ 0 : 5๋กœ ๋Œ€ํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. U-21 ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— 1996๋…„ ์• ํ‹€๋ž€ํƒ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ C์กฐ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด ๋•Œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์— 0 : 1๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์— 2 : 3์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•ด 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์— ์ผ์ฐŒ๊ฐ์น˜ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ C์กฐ์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ 1 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ 0 : 0์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ธด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ฅผ 1 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ 0 : 0์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ธด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 1์Šน 1๋ฌด, 1๋“์  ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋™ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์— 0 : 1๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ๋’ค 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ 3 : 2๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€ 1์Šน 1ํŒจ๋กœ ์กฐ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 4์œ„๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋น„๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ 8๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์—ญ์‹œ 1์Šน์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด ์œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์—ด๋ง์ด ์ปธ๋Š”์ง€ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 24๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 37๋ถ„์— ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ” ๋ธŒ๋ž‘์นด๊ฐ€ 2๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 17๋ถ„์— ์ด๊ธฐํ˜•์ด 1๊ณจ์„ ๋งŒํšŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์นœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ 2 : 1๋กœ ์ด๊ฒจ 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ ์œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋‹ค๋“์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์— ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ 3์œ„๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๋””๋…ธ ์ดˆํ”„ ๊ฐ๋…์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ถ์ค‘๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์ง€๋‚œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ์ถœ์ „์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œํ’์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ถœ์ „๊ตญ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ G์กฐ์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์ฐจ์ „ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 2๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์›๋งจ์‡ผ ๋•๋ถ„์— 2 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กœ์šด ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2์ฐจ์ „ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 10๋ถ„์— ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 28๋ถ„์— ์ด๋น„์ฐจ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜, ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 31๋ถ„์— ๋ฐ€๋ž€ ๋ผํŒŒ์ด์น˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‡๋‹ฌ์•„ ์‹ค์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1 : 2 ์—ญ์ „ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํƒˆ๋ฝ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ G์กฐ์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์™€ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1 : 0, 2 : 1๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 2์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1์Šน 1ํŒจ๋กœ ๋™๋ฅ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ +1, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 0์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ 2์œ„, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ 4์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ 2์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋„ ์•„์ง 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์„ ํ™•์ •์ง“์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด ์—ญ์‹œ ์•„์ง ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 16๊ฐ•์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ธธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ผ๋„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  3ํŒ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 3์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 34๋ถ„, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ํ•˜๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณด๋ฅดํ—คํ‹ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์™€ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 0 : 0์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 3์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  1์Šน 1๋ฌด 1ํŒจ์ธ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๊ฐ€ 2์œ„, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ 3์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฒด์ ˆ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ „์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 3๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ ํฌ์†Œ์‹์ด ๋“ค๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์˜ ์—๋””์† ๋ฉ˜๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. G์กฐ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋Š” 3์Šน์ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ 1์œ„์ด๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3ํŒ€์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ 1์Šน 2ํŒจ๋กœ ๋™๋ฅ ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์ด 0, ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„๋Š” -1, ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด๋Š” -2์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณจ ๋“์‹ค์—์„œ ์•ž์„  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ 2์œ„๋กœ 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—์ฝฐ๋„๋ฅด์˜ ์„ ์ „์— ํž˜์„ ๋‚ธ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 40๋ถ„์— ์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ธ ํ”ผ์—๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ํ•œ์ˆจ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ 1 : 1๋กœ ๋น„๊ธด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 1์Šน 1๋ฌด 1ํŒจ๋กœ ์กฐ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ „์›”๋“œ์ปต๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜ 4๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ์ฝ”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์†ก์ข…๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํƒœํด์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์„ ์žก์•„ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ๋„˜์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒŒ์šธ์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜์ด ์ฐฌ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์ž”๋ฃจ์ด์ง€ ๋ถ€ํฐ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜ 18๋ถ„, ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ํ† ํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ฝ”๋„ˆํ‚ฅ์„ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋น„์—๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ง„์ฒ ์˜ ๋งˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ด์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ 1 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜ 42๋ถ„์— ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฝ”๋„ˆํ‚ฅ ์ฐฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์œ ์ƒ์ฒ ์„ ๋งˆํฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜๋น„์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ํŒ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋ฅผ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๋กœ ์ณ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ  ์ฝ”์ฝ”๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ๋‘๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘ํŒŒ๋ง ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋›ฐ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋กœ ๋‹จ๋‹จ์ด ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๊ณต์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ง‰์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฒด๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ ์  ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์Šค ํžˆ๋”ฉํฌ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋งŒ 5๋ช…์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฐ•์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ซํžŒ ๋น—์žฅ์„ ๋‘๋“ค๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋๋‚ด ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 43๋ถ„, ํ™ฉ์„ ํ™์˜ ์งง์€ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฐฑ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํŒŒ๋ˆ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ˜๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณผ์„ ์„ค๊ธฐํ˜„์ด ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์™ผ๋ฐœ ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ค ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰ํŒ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1 : 1๋กœ ๋น„๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณค๊ณ  ์Šน๋ถ€๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ง„์ผํ‡ด์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋˜ ๋‘ ํŒ€์˜ ํŒ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 13๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์‡„๋„ํ•˜๋˜ ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ํ† ํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์†ก์ข…๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณผ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ๋„์ค‘์— ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„๋ก  ๋ชจ๋ ˆ๋…ธ ์ฃผ์‹ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ† ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ „์— ๊น€๋‚จ์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํŒŒ์šธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‡ด์žฅ์„ ๋‹นํ•ด 10๋ช…์ด ๋›ฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์  ์—ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „์—์„œ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด์šด์žฌ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ์™€ 1 : 1 ์ฐฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜คํ”„์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์„ ์–ธ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์ ธ ๋“์ ์ด ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์  ์—ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 12๋ถ„, ์•ˆ์ •ํ™˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณจ๋“ ๊ณจ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1 : 2 ์—ญ์ „ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด์ž ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์›”๋“œ์ปต๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ 2015๋…„๋„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฏธ์•„๋…ธ ํ†ฐ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 11์›”, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์— ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ ์ ์ˆ˜ 0 : 1๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•ด 60๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ง€์—ญ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜์ž ์ž” ํ”ผ์—๋กœ ๋ฒคํˆฌ๋ผ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์‚ฌํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ AS ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—˜๋ผ์Šค ๋ฒ ๋กœ๋‚˜ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ์ธํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋‚ ๋ ˆ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ํ…Œ UD์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ€ธ์Šค ํŒŒํฌ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์Šค FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— B์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹œ ํ’‹๋ณผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ ๋กœ๋‚˜๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-21 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiano%20Tommasi
Damiano Tommasi
Damiano Tommasi (; born 17 May 1974) is an Italian former footballer and current Mayor of Verona. A defensive midfielder during his footballing years, after a decade at Roma โ€“ winning the 2001 Serie A title โ€“ he continued his career abroad, going on to play for teams in three countries until his retirement from professional football at the age of 37. He amassed Serie A totals of 262 games and 14 goals. Tommasi earned 25 caps for Italy, and was a member of the team that took part in the 2002 World Cup. He successively served as the president of the Italian Footballers' Association between 2011 and 2020, before starting a political career the following year and being elected Mayor of Verona in the 2022 local elections. Club career Born in Negrar, Province of Verona, Tommasi started his professional career with local club Hellas Verona FC, in Serie B. He made his Serie A debut on 7 September 1996 with A.S. Roma in a 3โ€“1 win over Piacenza Calcio, and would be an instrumental figure in the side's 2001 conquest of the scudetto, with manager Fabio Capello even labelling him as the team's most important player. During a summer friendly match against Stoke City in 2004, Tommasi suffered a serious knee injury in a collision with Gerry Taggart, and was out of action long-term. In the summer of 2005 he accepted a one-year contract extension, with youth player wages (โ‚ฌ1,500 a month) โ€“ a contract which he instigated himself in the name of fairness. He finally returned to play on 30 October 2005, coming on as a second-half substitute for Olivier Dacourt during a league match against Ascoli Calcio 1898 and being hailed with a long standing ovation by the Roma supporters. On 27 November 2005, Tommasi scored after just two minutes in an eventual 1โ€“1 home draw against ACF Fiorentina, being an important first-team member as Roma finished runner-up. After ten years with the club, in July 2006 he joined Levante UD in Spain, spending two seasons with the La Liga strugglers, eventually ending in relegation in 2007โ€“08. On 10 September 2008, Tommasi agreed a one-year deal with English Football League Championship team Queens Park Rangers. On 9 January 2009, his contract was terminated by mutual consent and, after advanced talks with Chinese Super League's Tianjin Teda, he signed for the club early in the following month, citing an interest in a third experience abroad as the main reason for it. After one season, 35-year-old Tommasi left Teda and decided to return to Italy, joining amateurs Sant'Anna d'Alfaedo (Seconda Categoria), where he played alongside his two brothers. He made his debut with the team on 13 December 2009; he came out of retirement nearly six years later, with S.P. La Fiorita of San Marino. He stated on his decision: "It's a challenge that La Fiorita have given me the chance to experience all over again. I've been looking forward to this Europa League draw for ages now. Let's hope it will be a beautiful adventure and that I can add another chapter to my football career", and went to feature in their campaign in the UEFA Europa League campaign against FC Vaduz. International career Tommasi played for the Italy under-21 team that won the 1996 UEFA European Championship, also being picked for that year's Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta where he made three appearances. He made his debut for the senior side on 18 November 1998, under Dino Zoff, in a 2โ€“2 home draw against Spain, but did not become a regular team member until 2001. After featuring prominently during the Azzurri'''s 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, Tommasi was picked by manager Giovanni Trapattoni for the squad that would take part at the finals in Japan and South Korea. He played in all four matches during the tournament, which ended in round-of-16 exit; in the decisive clash against co-hosts South Korea, he came close to scoring twice: first when Roma teammate Francesco Totti played him in only to have his shot blocked by Lee Woon-Jae. During extra time, referee Byron Moreno disallowed him a goal due to a controversial offside decision, and the Italians were eventually defeated by a golden goal. Tommasi made his last appearance for Italy on 16 November 2003, in a 1โ€“0 home victory over Romania. He scored the first of two goals for his country on 5 September 2001, in a 1โ€“0 friendly win over Morocco. Style of play A quick, strong, tenacious, consistent, hardworking and versatile player, Tommasi primarily excelled at breaking down his opponents' plays and intercepting passes as a box-to-box or defensive midfielder, due to his stamina and hard-tackling style of play. He also possessed good technique, movement, intelligence and was an accurate passer, which enabled him to retain possession and start attacking plays after winning back the ball; these attributes allowed him to play anywhere in midfield, rather than being confined to a single position, and he was often deployed on the right flank earlier on in his career, as well as in the centre, or even as an offensive-minded midfielder, or in the mezzala role, due to his eye for goal. In his youth, he also played as a central defender. Post-retirement In January 2010, together with his agent Andrea Pretti and longtime friend Werner Seeber, Tommasi set up a company in China called Tommasi Pretti Seeber Sports Culture & Exchange Co., Ltd (TPS)'', aimed at creating a reliable bridge between Europe and the Asian country in the field of football. On 9 May 2011, he became the president of the Italian Footballers' Association, succeeding historical founder Sergio Campana who had been in office for 43 years. He resigned from his role in 2020. Political career In October 2021, it was announced Tommasi would run as the centre-left candidate for mayor of Verona for the 2022 election. After qualifying to the second round with around 40% of votes, on 26 June 2022 Tommasi won the runoff with over 54% of the vote over outgoing right-wing mayor Federico Sboarina in the traditionally right-wing city. Personal life Married to Chiara, Tommasi has six children: Beatrice, Camilla, Susanna, Samuele, Emanuele and Aurora. A philanthropist, he was heavily involved in charity work, and arranges for footballers' disciplinary fines to go to good causes. Tommasi first began his involvement with charitable organisations in 1994, when he chose to undertake civil service instead of military service, as he "did not want to serve his country by holding a rifle." For his charitable work, he received the "Altro-pallone" award in 2000. When first called up by the national side, Tommasi said he did not deserve the honour in that moment. Honours Club Roma Serie A: 2000โ€“01 Supercoppa Italiana: 2001 Coppa Italia: Runner-up 2005โ€“06 International Italy under-21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1996 Individual Pallone d'Argento: 2000โ€“01 A.S. Roma Hall of Fame: 2015 References External links National team data 1974 births Living people Footballers from the Province of Verona Italian men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Serie A players Serie B players Hellas Verona FC players AS Roma players La Liga players Levante UD footballers English Football League players Queens Park Rangers F.C. players Chinese Super League players Tianjin Jinmen Tiger F.C. players Italy men's under-21 international footballers Italy men's international footballers 2002 FIFA World Cup players Olympic footballers for Italy Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Italian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in England Expatriate men's footballers in China Italian expatriate sportspeople in Spain Italian expatriate sportspeople in England Italian expatriate sportspeople in China Mayors of places in Veneto
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84%20D51%ED%98%95%20%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%20%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%B0%A8
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ D51ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ D51ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ()๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„(JNR) ์ด์ „์˜ย ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„, ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์‹2๊ธฐํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ณผ์—ด์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ํ…๋”์‹ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ดย ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿย ์ค‘์— ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์„œ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ฒ ์— ์†Œ์†๋œ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด 1,115๋Ÿ‰์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,ย ๋””์ ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์™€ย ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„, ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ์ฒ ๋„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 32๋Ÿ‰, ์ด๋ถ€๋ฆฌ์ข…๊ด€์ฒ ๋„(1944๋…„์— ๊ตญ์œ ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค)์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 5๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์–ด, ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„, ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ย ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ์ฒ ๋„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 30๋Ÿ‰, ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 5๋Ÿ‰, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œย ์œ ์—”๊ตฐย ์ „์šฉ์œผ๋กœย ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค์‚ฌ์–‘์„ 2๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 1,184๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 1987๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 62๋…„) 4์›”ย ๊ตญ์ฒ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋ฏผ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ• ย ๋•Œ,ย ์„œ์ผ๋ณธ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„(JR์„œ์ผ๋ณธ)์ด 1๋Ÿ‰(200ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ)์„,๋‹ค์Œ 1988๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 63๋…„)์—”ย ๋™์ผ๋ณธ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„(JR๋™์ผ๋ณธ)์—์„œ 1๋Ÿ‰(498ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ)์ด ๋ณต์ ๋˜์–ด ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ D51ํ˜•์ด ๋™ํƒœ๋ณด์กด ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย JR๋™์ผ๋ณธ์˜ 498ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณต์ ํ•œ ํ›„ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์—”ํŠธ ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€ํ™œ, JR์„œ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ 200ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2017๋…„์— ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜์„ ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜ธ๋กœ, ๋ณธ์„  ์šดํ–‰์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ฐ๊ณ ์ด์น˜"๋ผ๋Š”ย ๋ณ„๋ช…์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค..ย ๋˜ํ•œ "๋ฐ์ฝ”์ด์น˜"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1929๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 4๋…„)์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์— ๊ฒน์ณ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‡ผ์™€ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด, 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ˆ˜์†ก๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ณ„ํšํ•ด๋‘” ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ์‹ ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ๋Š” ์ค‘๋‹จ๋๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์†ก๋Ÿ‰ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ํ˜• ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œย 1936๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 11๋…„)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ ์šฉ์ ‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‘์šฉํ•ด ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์–ด ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ฃผ์ž„์ธ ์‹œ๋งˆ ํžˆ๋ฐ์˜ค๋Š” "์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„, ์ œ์ผ์˜ ํšŒ์‹ฌ์ž‘"์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ 2-8-2์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ D50ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด๋‹ค.๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์ด D50ํ˜•์€ 13kg/cmยฒ์˜€๋˜๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด D51ํ˜•์€ 14kg/cmยฒ๋กœ 1kg/cmยฒ์Šน์••ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์„ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฒณ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ ์šฉ์ ‘(์•„ํฌ ์šฉ์ ‘)์œผ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ณต๋ฒ•์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ•์ค‘์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์žฅ์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ „๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ์ตœ๋Œ€๋™์ถ•์ค‘์„ 14.3t์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๋•๋ถ„์—, D50ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž…์„ ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋˜ ๋ณ‘์„  ์ž…์„ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.ย ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์ถ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์„ ์— ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์กด์žฌํ•œ 18.3m ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์ฐจ๋Œ€์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ „ํ™˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„ ๋•๋ถ„์— D51์˜ ์šด์˜๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œํ˜•์€ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์„ 15kg/cm 2ย ๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šน์••ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ.์ดˆ๊ธฐํ˜•์ด๋‚˜, ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•๋„ ์ „ํ›„ย ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์Šน์••ํ•˜๋Š”ย ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์—ฐ์†Œ์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ดํšจ์œจ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ์šฉ์ ‘์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ฑ„์šฉ๋ฐ ๋™๋ฅœ์‹ฌ ๋“ฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ C57ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ D51ํ˜•์€ ์ œ์กฐ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ˜•, ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•, ์ „์‹œํ˜•์˜ 3์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ˜• D51 1 ~ 85 - 91 ~ 100 ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ์กฐ๋œ 95๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ž˜์ƒ์ž์™€ ๊ตด๋š ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ ˆ์ผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋†“๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฎ๋Š” ๊ธด ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™ธ๊ด€์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ์™€์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "๋ฐ˜๋ฅ˜ ์„ ํ˜•" ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜์„œ "๋ฐ˜๋ฅ˜ํ˜•"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด "๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ฟ ์ง€"๋ผ๋Š” ํ†ต์นญ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค.ย ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์˜ 22-23ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋”์ด ๋” ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์„ ํ˜•(ๅ…จๆต็ทšๅฝข)์„ ์ค„์—ฌ '์ „๋ฅ˜ํ˜•(ๅ…จๆตๅฝข)' '์Šˆํผ๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ฟ ์ง€'๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.ย ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ 23ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์กฐ์ข…์„ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ํ†ตํ‘œ ๊ฑธ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ, ์ ๊ฒ€์šฉ ๋ฐœํŒ์œ„์— ๋ฒˆํ˜ธํŒ์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดย ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ›„์— ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ"๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ฟ ์ง€"ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋˜ํ•œ, 22-23ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์šด์ „์„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ์ข๋‹ค.ย ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š”, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ†ต์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, D50ํ˜• ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์žฅ์ด ์งง์•„์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ›„๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์›Œ์ ธ ๊ทธ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ ํ•œ ์šด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ D50ํ˜•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์Šน๋ฌด์›์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ด์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , "D50ํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์šด์ „๋Œ€ ํ•œ์ชฝ์— ๋†“์•„๋‘” ๋„์‹œ๋ฝ์ด ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ข์€ D51ํ˜•์˜ ์šด์ „๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†“์•„๋‘” ๋„์‹œ๋ฝ์ด(๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์—ด์— ์˜ํ•ด) ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์ฆ์–ธ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ย ์ œ1๋™์ถ•๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ•์ค‘์ด 14.99tยท14.80tยท14.79tยท14.21t๋กœ ์ œ1๋™์ถ•์ด ๋” ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ฒฌ์ธ์‹œ์— ์ œ1๋™์ถ•์˜ ์ถ•์ค‘์ด ์ €ํ•˜ํ•ด ์•ก๋ฉด์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์ „์ด ๋นˆ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์Šน๋ฌด์›๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ฟ ์ง€ํ˜•์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ƒ ๋ฒ”์šฉํ˜•์˜ ์ง‘์—ฐ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋™์‚ฌ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋œ ์˜ˆ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ด ๋ณ„๋ช…์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„ ํŒฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ณ„๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ˜• D51์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์นญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ตญ์ฒ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ํ›„, ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜์„ ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, D51ํ˜• 1ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ™œ ์˜ˆ์ • ํ›„๋ณด์— ์˜ฌ๋ž์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง‘์—ฐ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ์ •๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ตญ C57ํ˜• 1ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์™€ C58ํ˜• 1ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ง‘์—ฐ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋„๋ฉด์ด ์—†์ž ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜• D51์šฉ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ๊ณต์žฅ(ํ˜„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ผํ„ฐ)์‹ ์ง‘์—ฐ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜• D51 86 ~ 90 - 101 ~ 954 ์ „์ˆ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ฟ ์ง€ํ˜•์€ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ์‹œ์— ๊ณต์ „์ด ๋งŽ์ด์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ฒฌ์ธ์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๋™์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ œ1๋™์ถ•์˜ ์ถ•์ค‘์ด 13.17t๋กœ์จ ์ œ2~์ œ4๋™์ถ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด 1t์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ธฐ์—, ์ ์ •ํ•œ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, 1937~1938๋…„์— ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ 86-90ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์˜จ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตด๋š ์•ž์— ์นจ๋ชฉ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์–ด, ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ง์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด ๋™๋ฅœ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š”, ๋™๋ ฅ์‹ ์—ญ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋™์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ์ด ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ฟ ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ฟ ์ง€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ ํ–‰ํ˜•์‹์ธ D50ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋™๋ฅœ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์‹œ์— ์‹คํšจ์ถ•์ค‘์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ์ œ1๋™๋ฅœ์˜ ์ ์ฐฉ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ›„์—๋„ ๋™์ถ•์ค‘์€ ์ œ1๋™์ถ•๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ 14.73tยท14.77tยท14.95tยท15.11t, ์ฆ‰, 1์ฐจํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ1๋™์ถ•๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ4๋™์ถ•๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ•์ค‘์ด ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ, ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ•์ค‘์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋Š” ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ์Šน์•• ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณต์ „์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ ์ฐฉ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์ •์‹œ ์šดํ–‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ์—์“ฐ ๋ณธ์„ ๋“ฑ ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ธ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•„๋‘๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํŒ์ธ ์ด ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•๋งˆ์ € ๊ธฐํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต์ „์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” D50ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ด๋“ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ D50ํ˜• 50๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์˜ ํ˜น์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ”ผํ, ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”, ํƒ€๊ตฌ ์ „์ž…์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ ธ, D51ํ˜• ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์—†์–ด์ง„ ํ›„์—์•ผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ D51ํ˜•์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„, ์ˆ˜์†ก๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™์ถ•์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 1938๋…„ 6์›” ์™„์„ฑ๋œ 101ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์–ด ์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ D51์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ํผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ‹€์ด ์••์—ฐ๊ฐ•ํŒ์„ ๋šซ์€ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋Œ€ํ‹€์ด ์•„๋‹Œ D51 355-359ยท403-405 ๋“ฑ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ•์ œ๋Œ€ํ‹€์„ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„ 1943๋…„๋„ ์ œ์กฐ๋ถ„ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ œ์—ฐํŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธํŒ, ํ…๋”์˜ ์„ํƒ„๊ณ ์ธกํŒ์„ ๋ชฉ์žฌ๋กœ ๋Œ€์šฉํ•ด, ๋˜ ์—ฐ์‹ค์ „๋ถ€ ์ƒ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์‹ค๋ฌธ ์ƒ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ์ „ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ด๋“ค๋„ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์–‘์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œํ˜• D51 1001 ~ 1161 1944๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1945๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ถ„์€ ์œ„์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜• ํ›„๊ธฐ ๋ฐ D52ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ ๊ฒ€์šฉ ๋ฐœํŒยท๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด ๋’€๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”์— ๋”ํ•ด์„œ, ๋Œ€ํ‹€์„ ์ƒ๋žตํ•œ ์„ ์ €ํ˜• ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ์ž์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์‹œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ, ๋˜ ์•ž์—์„œ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ†ต์••๊ณผ ๋™๋ฅœ์ƒ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•์‹์ด ๋  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ณณ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๊ฒฐ๋ฒˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  1001๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฒผ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋Œ€์šฉ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์กฐ์•…ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฒณ2์—ด์šฉ์ ‘์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์š” ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒณ1์—ด์šฉ์ ‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ™”ํ•˜์ž, ์šฉ์ ‘ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ 1140ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ํญ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์‚ฌ์ด์—์„  'ํญํƒ„์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ถ„'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰์ด ์Ÿ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ์ „ํ›„ ์ด๋“ค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋Œ€์šฉ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ •๊ทœ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ , X์„  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์ •๋œ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์กด์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š”, ์ „์Ÿ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธด ์—ฐ์‹ค ์ „๋ฉด๊ณผ ์—ฐ์‹ค๋ฌธ ์ƒ๋ถ€์˜ ํŒŒํŽธ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ ์–‘์‚ฐ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ธฐ์ธ D51ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด 5๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ๊ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 8๊ฐœ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด 1936๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1945๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 1,115๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ ์ค‘ 8๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ์‚ฌ์ฒ ์˜ ์ „์‹œ ๋งค์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋‚ด์ง€ํ™”์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ์— ํŽธ์ž…๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์™ธ์ง€์šฉ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ „ํ™ฉ ์•…ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œํ•ด๊ถŒ ์ƒ์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์†กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋˜ํ•œ 955 ~ 1000์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „์‹œํ˜•์„ 1001๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฒจ์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ ์†Œ์œ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” 1161ํ˜ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„, ์ „์Ÿ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด 32๋Ÿ‰(1944๋…„์‚ฐ 5๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ•œ๋•Œ D51 1162-1166์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค),์ „ํ›„ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด 30๋Ÿ‰, ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ์— ๋‚ฉํ’ˆ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด 2๋Ÿ‰, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ 1951๋…„์— ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ์— ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด 5๋Ÿ‰์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด D51ํ˜•์€ ์ด 1,184๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ(์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„) ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ย ๋ฐœ์ฃผํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „๋ถ€ 1,107๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค.ย ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1935๋…„(23๋Ÿ‰) ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ (13๋Ÿ‰) : D51 1 - 13 ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ (10๋Ÿ‰) : D51 14 - 23 1936๋…„(25๋Ÿ‰) ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ (14๋Ÿ‰) : D51 24 - 37 ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ (5๋Ÿ‰) : D51 38 - 42 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œย (6๋Ÿ‰) : D51 43 - 48 1937๋…„(52๋Ÿ‰) ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ (27๋Ÿ‰) : D51 49 - 67, 71 - 78 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 68 - 70 ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ (17๋Ÿ‰) : D51 79 - 85, 91 - 100 ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ๊ณต์žฅย (5๋Ÿ‰) :D51 86 - 90 1938๋…„(127๋Ÿ‰) ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ (6๋Ÿ‰) : D51 101 - 106 ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ (14๋Ÿ‰) : D51 107 - 120 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (27๋Ÿ‰) : D51 121 - 133, 173 - 186 ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐย (39๋Ÿ‰) : D51 134 - 172 ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ณต์žฅ (8๋Ÿ‰) : D51 187 - 194 ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ๊ณต์žฅ (8๋Ÿ‰) : D51 199 - 206 ๋‹ค์นดํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ณต์žฅ (7๋Ÿ‰) : D51 211 - 217 ๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ณต์žฅ (7๋Ÿ‰) : D51 220 - 226 ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ๊ณต์žฅ (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 229 - 231 ์“ฐ์น˜์žํ‚ค๊ณต์žฅ (2๋Ÿ‰) : D51 232 - 233 ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ณต์žฅ (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 234 - 236 ๋‚˜์—๋ณด๊ณต์žฅ (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 237 - 239 1939๋…„(196๋Ÿ‰) ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ณต์žฅ (10๋Ÿ‰) : D51 195 - 198, 243 - 244, 469 - 472 ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ๊ณต์žฅ (15๋Ÿ‰) : D51 207 - 210, 245 - 250, 473 - 477 ๋‹ค์นดํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ณต์žฅ (11๋Ÿ‰) : D51 218, 219, 251 - 254, 478 - 481, 490 ๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ณต์žฅ (10๋Ÿ‰) : D51 227, 228, 255 - 258, 482 - 485 ๋‚˜์—๋ณด๊ณต์žฅ (4๋Ÿ‰) : D51 240 - 242, 489 ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ๊ณต์žฅ (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 259, 260, 486 ์“ฐ์น˜์žํ‚ค๊ณต์žฅ (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 261, 262, 487 ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ณต์žฅ (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 263, 264, 488 ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ (45๋Ÿ‰) : D51 265 - 309 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (50๋Ÿ‰) : D51 310 - 359 ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ (27๋Ÿ‰) : D51 379 - 405 ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ (15๋Ÿ‰) : D51 442 - 456 1940๋…„(184๋Ÿ‰) ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (43๋Ÿ‰) : D51 360 - 378, 589 - 612 ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ (45๋Ÿ‰) : D51 406 - 441, 613 - 621 ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ (20๋Ÿ‰) : D51 457 - 468, 581 - 588 ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ณต์žฅ (10๋Ÿ‰) : D51 506 - 515 ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ๊ณต์žฅ (13๋Ÿ‰) : D51 518 - 530 ๋‹ค์นดํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ณต์žฅ (10๋Ÿ‰) : D51 491 - 500 ๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ณต์žฅ (9๋Ÿ‰) : D51 535 - 543 ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ๊ณต์žฅ (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 548 - 550 ์“ฐ์น˜์žํ‚ค๊ณต์žฅ (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 551 - 553 ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ณต์žฅ (4๋Ÿ‰) : D51 555 - 558 ๋‚˜์—๋ณด๊ณต์žฅ (4๋Ÿ‰) : D51 559 - 562 ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ (17๋Ÿ‰) : D51 564 - 580 ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ค‘๊ณต์—…ย (3๋Ÿ‰) : D51 632 - 634 1941๋…„(79๋Ÿ‰) ๋‹ค์นดํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ณต์žฅ (6๋Ÿ‰) : D51 501 - 505, 690 ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ณต์žฅ (2๋Ÿ‰) : D51 516-517 ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ๊ณต์žฅ (5๋Ÿ‰) : D51 531 - 534, 685 ๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ณต์žฅ (4๋Ÿ‰) : D51 544 - 547 ์“ฐ์น˜์žํ‚ค๊ณต์žฅ (1๋Ÿ‰) : D51 554 ๋‚˜์—๋ณด๊ณต์žฅ (1๋Ÿ‰) : D51 563 ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ (25๋Ÿ‰) : D51 622 - 631, 670 - 684 ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ค‘๊ณต์—… (17๋Ÿ‰) : D51 635 - 641, 660 - 669 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (18๋Ÿ‰) : D51 642-659 1942๋…„(112๋Ÿ‰) ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ถ€ (12๋Ÿ‰) : D51 686 - 689, 819 - 826 ๋‹ค์นดํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ถ€ (9๋Ÿ‰) : D51 691 - 694, 831 - 835 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (33๋Ÿ‰) : D51 695 - 727 ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (12๋Ÿ‰) : D51 728 - 739 ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ (20๋Ÿ‰) : D51 748 - 767 ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ (13๋Ÿ‰) : D51 773 - 785 ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ค‘๊ณต์—… (13๋Ÿ‰) : D51 791 - 803 1943๋…„(163๋Ÿ‰) ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ (33๋Ÿ‰) : D51 740 - 747, 846, 847, 916, 917, 1063 - 1083 ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ (40๋Ÿ‰) : D51 768 - 772, 843 - 845, 918 - 949 ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ (15๋Ÿ‰) : D51 786 - 790, 866 - 875 ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ค‘๊ณต์—… (35๋Ÿ‰) : D51 804 - 818, 896 - 915 ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ถ€ (12๋Ÿ‰) : D51 827 - 830, 848 - 852, 861 - 863 ๋‹ค์นดํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ถ€ (15๋Ÿ‰) : D51 836 - 842, 853 - 860 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (13๋Ÿ‰) : D51 876 - 888 1944๋…„(146๋Ÿ‰) ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (19๋Ÿ‰) : D51 889 - 895, 1051 - 1062 ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ค‘๊ณต์—… (50๋Ÿ‰) : D51 1001 - 1050 ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ (46๋Ÿ‰) : D51 1084 - 1129 ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ (31๋Ÿ‰) : D51 1130 - 1160 ์—์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฒ ๋„ D51 864ยท865: ์—์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฒ ๋„(์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ)์—์„œ ๋งค์ˆ˜. 1944๋…„์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋งค์ˆ˜๋œ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•์— ์ค€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ๋žญ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์กฐ์‹œ์— ๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ์บก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ถ€์—๋„ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๋ง‰์ด๋ฅผ ์„ธ์›Œ์„œ ์บ”๋ฒ„์Šค์ œ ํฌ์žฅ์„ ์šด์ „๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค.ย ์ด ๋‘ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ถ€๋ฆฌ์ข…๊ด€์ฒ ๋„ D51 950 - 954 : 1944๋…„์— ์ด๋ถ€๋ฆฌ์ข…๊ด€์ฒ ๋„์—์„œ ๋งค์ˆ˜. ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์‚ฌ์ฒ ์ด D51 ๋™๋“ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค. 3๋Ÿ‰์„ย ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ฐœ์—… ์ „์ธ 1940๋…„ 5์›” ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด ๊ฐœ์—… ์งํ›„์ธ 1941๋…„ 1์›”์— ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์™„์„ฑ์ผ์€ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ, 1941๋…„ 1์›” 9์ผ, 11์ผ, 13์ผ์ด๋‹ค.ย ์ดํ›„ ์ˆ˜์†ก๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1942๋…„ 7์›” 17์ผใƒป1943๋…„ 5์›” 7์ผ์— ๋‘ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” D5101 - D5104๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ, D5105๊ฐ€ ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•์— ์ค€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜•ํƒœ๋„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์งˆ์†Œ D51 1161 : ์ผ๋ณธ์งˆ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋งค์ˆ˜. ํ•˜์ด๋‚œ์„ฌ์˜ ์ผ์งˆํฅ์—…์„๋ฌด์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ ๋ณธ์ ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ œํ•ด๊ถŒ์ด ์ƒ์‹ค๋ผ ๋ฐœ์†ก์ด ์•ˆ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตญ์ฒ ์ด ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ D51ํ˜• ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ด๋„ ์œ ์ผํ•œ 1945๋…„์‚ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฒ ๋„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ค๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•˜์ด๋‚œ์„ฌ์˜ ์ฒ ์„์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ์งˆํฅ์—…์„๋ฌด์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ํ˜‘๊ถค(1067mm)์ด๋ฉฐ, 1942๋…„ ๋ฐ 1943๋…„(1944๋…„ ์„ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค)์— 5๋Ÿ‰์˜ D51ํ˜•์ด ๊ณต์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ข…์ „์‹œ์—๋Š” 2๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ „ํ›„์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด๋…๋ถ€์ฒ ๋„ยท๋Œ€๋งŒ์ฒ ๋กœ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 1939๋…„์—์„œ 1944๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 32๋Ÿ‰(D51 1 - 32)์ด ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 1~27์ด ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•์—, 28-32๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œํ˜•์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ ์†Œ์œ ์˜€๋˜์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.์ƒ์‚ฐ๋‚ด์—ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1939๋…„(3๋Ÿ‰) ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ : D51 4 - 6 1940๋…„(3๋Ÿ‰) ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ : D51 1 - 3 1941๋…„(12๋Ÿ‰) ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ : D51 7 - 18 1942๋…„(6๋Ÿ‰) ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ : D51 19 - 24 1943๋…„(3๋Ÿ‰) ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ : D51 25 - 27 1944๋…„(5๋Ÿ‰, ์ „์‹œํ˜•) ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ : D51 28 - 32 ์ด ์ค‘ ์ „์‹œํ˜•์˜ D51 28 - 32๋Š” ์ œํ•ด๊ถŒ ์ƒ์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐœ์†ก๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ D51 1162 - 1166์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋๋‹ค.์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „์‹œํ˜•(1000๋ฒˆ๋Œ€)์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด 5๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ „์ „์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ(๋”์€ ์ƒ๋‹จ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ทธ๋ž€ ์ƒ์ž ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์–‘)๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋๋‹ค.ย ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™ธ์ง€์šฉ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ„์‹ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒด, ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ์–‘์˜ ์ „์‹œํ˜•๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์••๋ ฅ์ด 12kg/cm2๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ด 5๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„์ธ 1946๋…„ 4์›”์—์•ผ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ D51ํ˜•์€, ์ „ํ›„ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ์— ๊ณ„์Šน๋˜์–ด DT650ํ˜•(DT651-682)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์นญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„์ธ 1951๋…„, ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์›์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ, 5๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•์ด ๋Œ€๋งŒ์— ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋˜์–ด DT683 - 687์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ œ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ๊ฐ€ 3๋Ÿ‰(DT683 - 685), ์‹ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ค‘๊ณต์ด 2๋Ÿ‰(DT 686ยท687)์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค.์ด 5๋Ÿ‰์ด D51์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹ ํ˜•๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ (์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ) ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ฐจ 1949๋…„ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถœ ๋ฌผ์ž์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ฒ ํ˜• ๊ฐ์ฐจ๋“ฑ 30๋Ÿ‰์ด ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ 1์›”์—์„œ 4์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜•์‹๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์™€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ D51 27์ธ ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์šฉ์€ D51-27).๋˜ ๋ฐฉํ•œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šด์ „์„์€ ๋ฐ€ํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋ผ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ํ˜•์‹์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธํŒ์— ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ฆด ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ "ะ”"์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋ผํ‹ด ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ "D"๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šค์ด ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ์ ๋ น ํ›„์—๋„ ์ฒ ๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์‹์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์šฉ D51์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๋‚ด์—ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐย (7๋Ÿ‰) : D51 - 1 - 7 ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ย (7๋Ÿ‰) : D51 - 8 - 14 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (6๋Ÿ‰) : D51 - 15 - 20 ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ (5๋Ÿ‰) : D51 - 21 - 25 ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ค‘๊ณต์—…ย (5๋Ÿ‰) : D51 - 26 -ย  30 ์œ ์—”๊ตฐใƒป์ฒ ๋„์ฒญ 1950๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ด ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ณด์ถฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ 8๊ตฐ์€ ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ ๋ช…์˜๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํƒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋งŒ์ฃผ์ฒ ๋„๋‚˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์šฉํ•ด '๋ฏธ์นด์ดํ˜•'์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ค‘๊ณต์—…๋งŒ์ด D51ํ˜•์„ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถคยท๋ฐ€ํํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฉํ’ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐย ๋‚ด์—ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1950๋…„(2๋Ÿ‰) ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ค‘๊ณต์—…ย : D51 101 - 102 ๋‘ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํœด์ „ ํ›„ ์ฒ ๋„์ฒญ(ํ˜„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์‚ฌ)์— ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋ฏธ์นด7ํ˜•์ธ ๋ฏธ์นด7-1, ๋ฏธ์นด7-2๋กœ 1960๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ „ํ›„, ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‚œ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋งค๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ธ‰์ฆ์— ์˜ํ•ด, ์ „์‹œ์ค‘๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ญ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ „์‹œ์ค‘์— ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์‚ฐ๋๋˜ ์ Š์€ ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์—ฌ๊ฐ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋Š” 1942๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , 1946๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1947๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ C57ํ˜• 32๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ C59ํ˜• 73๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ณด์™„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ฐจํ•ด ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ C57ยท59 ๋‘ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1948๋…„๊ฒฝ์— ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๊ธˆ ๋ด‰์‡„๊ฐ€ ๋‹จํ–‰๋  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ชผ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ์žฌ์ •์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋™๊ฒฐ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์–ด ๊ตญ์ฒ ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ œ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์˜€๋‹ค.๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋”์šฑ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก 1948๋…„์— GHQ์ธก ๋‹ด๋‹น ์žฅ๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ธ€๋กœํŠธ์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ D51์˜ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด, C57ํ˜•์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ C60ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ C62ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํ–‰์žฅ์น˜์™€ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•œ C61ํ˜• ์—ฌ๊ฐ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 33๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ œ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์„œ๋ฅ˜์ƒ์œผ๋ก  ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ํšŒ๊ณ„์ƒ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ด๋ฏธ ์ฐจ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์„œ๋ฅ˜์ƒ '๊ฐœ์กฐ'๋กœ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํšŒ๊ณ„๊ฐ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ด ํšŒํ”ผ์ฑ…์€ ์ „์ „์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์ฒ ์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์˜€๋‹ค.์ฆ‰ ๊ตญ์ฒ  ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ ์ „์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธ€๋กœํŠธ์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋‹คํ–‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ๋…๊ด€์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ•๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๋˜ ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์น˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํ—ˆ๊ณต์— ๋– ์žˆ๋˜ C57ํ˜• ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ์ฐจ์˜ ์กด์žฌ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋™๊ฒฐ๋กœ ๊ณค๊ถ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , 33๋Ÿ‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด์ค‘๊ฐ„ํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋œ C57์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ž”์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1960๋…„์—๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 6๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ถ•์ค‘์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•์‹ D61ํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ 1956๋…„ 11์›”์˜ ์šด์ „ ์—…๋ฌด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ์ถ•์ค‘๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•œย ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ์†Œ์†์˜ D51 65์ด๋‹ค.ย ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์žฌ๊ฐ€์‹ ํ˜ธ์žฅ ์ „ํ›„์— ๊ฐ€ํƒ€์ฝ”๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ํ—˜ํ•œ๊ณณ์ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์ด ๋ณธ์„ ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์šด์šฉ์ด ๊ณค๋ž€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ์—์„œ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ด๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด D51์€ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย D51 65์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ4๋™์ถ•ํ›„๋ถ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ(ไธป่‡บ)์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ œ4๋™์ถ•๊ณผ ์ข…๋Œ€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ท ํ˜•์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผœ ์ถ•์ค‘์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™์ถ•์ค‘์„ ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ 13.96t์—์„œ 15.46t์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ถ•์ค‘๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์‹œ์— ๊ณต์ „ ์–ต์ œ์— ๋”ํ•ด, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ถค๋„๋ณด์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์—๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ผ, ์ƒ์Šน ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋‚ด๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์„ ๊ถค๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋ฉฐ, D51์˜ ์šด์šฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์— ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌํŠธ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค, ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋™๋ ฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ํ›„์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์—๋Š” ๋„์ž…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.ย ๋‹ค๋งŒ, D51 65๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์Šค์ดํƒ€์ œ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ, ์Šค์ดํƒ€์กฐ์ฐจ์žฅ์˜ ์ž…ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ๋น„๊ต์  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ด ์‚ฌ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ด ์ถ•์ค‘๊ฐ€๋ณ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ D51์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋œ DD51ํ˜•์—์„œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ–์—๋„ D51ํ˜•์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‚ฌ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์™€ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๋žญ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „์‹ค ํŠน๋ณ„์ •๋น„๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ผ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์šด์ „์‹ค์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฌด์›๋ฌธ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ€ํํ˜• ์šด์ „์‹ค๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ๋‚˜์œ ์„ํƒ„์„ ์ƒ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธํ† , ํ‰๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ย D51 112, 121, 123, 248, 313, 381, 389, 411, 503, 551, 645, 647, 672, 695, 821, 914, 931, 946, 1024, 1068 20๋Ÿ‰์—๋Š”ํˆฌํƒ„๋Ÿ‰์ด 4~5t์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ 2์ธ์Šน๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ž๋™๊ธ‰ํƒ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ž˜์‚ฌ๊ด€ ์ฆ์„ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ค‘์œ  ๋ณ‘์†Œ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ATS์šฉ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์„ค์น˜, ๋ถ€๋“ฑ ์„ค์น˜, ์ง€๋ถ• ํ›„๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ, ์šด์ „์‹ค ์ขŒ์šฐ์— ์„ ํšŒ์ฐฝ ์„ค์น˜, ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์—ฐ ์žฅ์น˜(์ง‘์—ฐ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ๋‹ด๋‹น ๊ณต์žฅ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์„ธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค), ์œ ๋„ ํ†ตํ’ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์žฅ์ฐฉ ๋“ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜์€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.์ค‘์œ  ๋ณ‘์—ฐ ์žฅ์น˜์šฉ ์ค‘์œ  ํƒฑํฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„์˜ ๋” ๋’คํŽธ์— 680๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๋ณด์ฝ”ํ˜• ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ€์ด์Šค์™€, ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ(ํ…๋”)์˜ ํƒ„๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐฉ์— 1500L ํ˜น์€ 3000L์˜ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฒด ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋น„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค(๋Œ€ํ˜• 3000L ํƒฑํฌ ์žฅ๋น„์ฐจ๋Š” ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค).๋˜, ๋น„์‚ฌ์“ฐ์„  ์—ํ‚ค์ฝ” ๋„˜์–ด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ํžˆํ† ์š”์‹œ๊ตฌ์˜ D51๋Š”, ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒฑํฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์„์ธก ๋ฐœํŒ ์œ„์ชฝ์— 200๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์œ ๋„ ํ†ตํ’ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” 1963๋…„ 3์›” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋œ D51 349๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ 117, 120, 167, 226, 232, 241, 252, 276, 285, 293, 308, 315, 328, 343, 345, 357, 371, 391, 413, 457, 492, 509, 539, 570, 605, 711, 725, 733, 742, 842, 952, 953, 1037, 1042, 1119ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ 36๋Ÿ‰์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์‹ ๋‹ค์˜ ๋ฐ€๋ฆผ์ด ๋งŽ์•„ ๋˜ ๋ถˆ๋˜ฅ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ค์ด์™€์ผ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ์†Œ์† ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์šฉ ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ ยท์ง€์„ ์— ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์–ด๋””์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์‹œ์ฝ”์ฟ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„์‚ฐ์„  ํ•œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฃผ์˜ค ๋ณธ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ฝ”๋‹คํ…Œ ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„(์˜ค์ƒค๋งŒ๋ฒ  ์—ญย -ย ์˜คํƒ€๋ฃจ ์—ญย ์‚ฌ์ด)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š”,๊ธ‰ํ–‰์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ๋งŽ์•„, ์šฐ์—์“ฐ ๋ณธ์„  ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ๋…ธ์„ ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย D51ํ˜•์€ ์ถ•์ค‘์ด ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ๋ณธ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์š” ๋ณธ์„ , ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์ „ยท๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์–‘๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์„ (ํ›„์ˆ )์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•„, ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์—ด์•…ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์งํ›„์—๋„, D51ํ˜•์€ 9ํ• ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์ธ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์ชฝ ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€์™€ ์ž…์„  ๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™์ถ•์ค‘์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐจ์ฒด ์ „์žฅ ๋‹จ์ถ•๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋™์ถ•์ค‘๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ์‹œ์— ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ด๋™ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์˜€๋˜ D50ํ˜•์ด ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๋˜, ์ฐจ์ฒด ์ „์žฅ ๋‹จ์ถ• ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๊ธด ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์šด์ „๋Œ€์˜ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”๋กœ ๋•Œ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์˜ ์ž‘์—… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด, ์šด์ „๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„“๊ณ  ์Šน์ฐจ๊ฐ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ D50ํ˜•์„ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ์Šน๋ฌด์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํ˜นํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ˜•(๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ฟ ์ง€ํ˜•)์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ์„œ 1ยท2ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ˜•์˜ ์‹ ์ฐจ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ตฌ์˜€๋˜ ์“ฐ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์†Œํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋‹จ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜ˆ์™ธ ์—†์ด 2๋…„ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „์ถœ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์ธ  ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ด, ๊ณต์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์†Œ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š”, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์„  ๋‹ด๋‹น ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ทจ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ „์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ฌ์„œ, ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์Šค์™€๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1941๋…„์— D51ํ˜• 3๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ํ•ด์— ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „์†์‹œ์ผœ D50ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค.ย ์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด, ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋‚˜์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ณ ์†์ฃผํ–‰์‹œ์˜ ํƒˆ์„ ๋Œ€๋น„์žฅ์น˜์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋น„๊ต์  ์˜จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1941๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ C59ํ˜•์€, ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ณ„ํšํ• ๋• D51ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–‘์‚ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์˜ ์šฉ์ดํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, D51ํ˜•์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ณตํ†ต๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  D51ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ 500mm ์—ฐ์žฅํ•ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์•ž์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚จ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ฒ ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ง๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์™€, ๋†’์€ ์ธ์ง€๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด, "๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ"๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š”ย ์•ž์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์šด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ „์‹œ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์˜จ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธํ‚ค์‡ผ์„ ใƒป๋ฌด๋กœ๋ž€ ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ• ๋•Œ, ์œ ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์˜ ํƒ„๊ด‘์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋กœ๋ž€ ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” 2,400 t์˜ ์„ํƒ„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ D50ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1952๋…„ย 2์›”์— ์˜ค์ด์™€์ผ€ย - ๋ฌด๋กœ๋ž€ย ๊ฐ„์— 3,000ํ†ค์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ ์€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์„  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ ๋กœ ์œ ํšจ๊ธธ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ด ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฌ๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๋นˆ ์ฐจ์ผ ๋•Œ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์ƒ์Šน๊ณก๋ฐฐ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ํ™”์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์—ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒ ํ™”๋‚˜ ๋””์ คํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1967๋…„๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋กœ, ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ D51ํ˜•์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํŠนํžˆ 1960๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„ธํ‚คํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ , ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ , ์˜ค์šฐ ๋ณธ์„ , ํ•˜์ฟ ๋น„ ์„  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ค‘๋ จ์ด๋‚˜ 3์ค‘๋ จ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ "SL๋ถ"์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ, ์ฒ ๋„ ๋™ํ˜ธ์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž‘๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์Šค์ปด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์šฐ์—์“ฐ ๋ณธ์„ ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์›ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋˜ ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ„ํ’๋‹น๋‹นํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„ ๋™ํ˜ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„, ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋„ ์ž”์กด ์–‘์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒ ๋„ ์ดฌ์˜์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒฌ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•์‹์ด ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ D51์ด ์˜ค์ž "๋˜ D51์ธ๊ฐ€"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ์ˆจ์„ ๋‚ด์‰ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์…”ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์˜ ์˜ค์ด์™€์ผ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ D51๋กœ, C57 135์ด ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•œ ๊ตญ์ฒ ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šด์ „์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์ผ ํ›„์ธ 1975๋…„ 12์›” 24์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ,์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตญ์ฒ ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šด์ „ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ฒ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ณธ์„  ์ฃผํ–‰์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ์ฒ  ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์„ ์žฅ์‹ํ•œ ์˜ค์ด์™€์ผ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ์†Œ์†์˜ D51์€, ํ˜„์ง€ ์˜ค์ด์™€์ผ€๋‚˜ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๋‹ค์ดํ† ๊ตฌ ์šฐ์—๋…ธ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€๋“ฑ, ๊ฐ์ง€์— ๋ณด์กด์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,ย 1976๋…„ 4์›” 13์ผย ์‹ฌ์•ผ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์˜ค์ด์™€์ผ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ“ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ์‹ ํ˜• ๋””์ ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ 8๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 4๋Ÿ‰(241, 465, 603, 1086ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ)์ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํ˜„์žฌ ์•„๋น„๋ผ์ • ์ฒ ๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๊ด€์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ ์˜ค์ด์™€์ผ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณ  ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์†Œ์‹ค๋œ ์ •ํƒœ๋ณด์กด์˜ˆ์ •๊ธฐ์ธ 241ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์™ธ์— ์˜คํƒ€๋ฃจ์“ฐ์ฟ ์ฝ”๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์™€ ์˜ค์ด์™€์ผ€๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ 320ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย 320ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๋  ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ–ˆ์„ 603ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ 231ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์กด๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ D51ย ์ค‘ 916ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์ด ๋งˆ์—๋ฐ”์‹œ์‹œ ๋งˆ์—๋ฐ”์‹œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ณต์›์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์™ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋งŒ์—์„œ DT650๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ 37๋Ÿ‰์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋Œ€๋งŒ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋๊ณ  ์ด ์ค‘ 4๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๋๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2011๋…„ 11์›” DT668ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ™œ๋๋‹ค.ย ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ด‘์šฉ, ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์€ํ‡ด ํ›„ 6๋Ÿ‰(1, 2, 23, 25, 26, 27)์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ง€์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ๋„ 4ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ด‘์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ D51ํ˜•์€ ํ์ฐจ, ์ œ์ ํ›„์‹ค์— 178๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ „๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€, ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€, ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค, ํ•™๊ต, ๊ณต์› ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ ์ค‘ 1, 187, 488, 745ํ˜ธ์˜ 4๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ค€์ฒ ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ด๋ฐ–์— 2๋Ÿ‰(200, 498ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ)์ด ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ‘์—, ๋ณด์กด๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์™€ ์†Œ์žฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ D51ํ˜• D51 1๏ผš๊ตํ† ์‹œ ์‹œ๋ชจ์ฟ„๊ตฌ ใ€Œ๊ตํ† ์ฒ ๋„๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ใ€ (๊ตฌ ์šฐ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์ง€ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ด€) - ๋™ํƒœ๋ณด์กด์ค‘ย 2006๋…„์—, ์ค€์ฒ ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •. D51 2๏ผš์˜ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์“ฐ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ ใ€Œ์“ฐ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋งˆ๋‚˜๋น„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๊ด€ใ€ D51 6๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ย ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ์นด์™€์‹œย ใ€Œ๊ฐ€๋ฌด์ด์ฝ”ํƒ„ ์—ญ ์—ญํ„ฐใ€ D51 8๏ผšํšจ๊ณ ํ˜„ย ์•„๋งˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค์‹œย ใ€Œ์˜ค๋ชจ๋…ธ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 10๏ผšํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ย ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ํƒ€์‹œย ใ€Œ๊ธฐ์ฐจํด๋Ÿฝใ€ D51 11๏ผš์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ์‹œ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๊ตฌย ใ€Œ๋…ธ์‹œ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 14๏ผš์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ย ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ ˆ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œย ใ€Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ ˆ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์šด๋™๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 18๏ผš์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜„ย ์šฐ๋ฒ ์‹œย ใ€Œ๋„ํ‚ค์™€๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 25๏ผšํšจ๊ณ ํ˜„ย ๋ฏธํƒ€์นด์‹œย ใ€Œํ•˜์ง€์นด๋ฏธ์ด์ผ€๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 47๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ย ์ด์™€๋ฏธ์ž์™€์‹œย ใ€Œ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 51๏ผš๊ตํ† ์‹œย ์šฐ์ฟ„๊ตฌย ใ€Œ๋„๋กœ์ฝ”์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ ์•ž 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ™€ใ€ D51 59๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ย ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์ด๋‚˜๊ตฐย ๋‹ค์“ฐ๋…ธ์ •ย ใ€Œ๊ณ ์ง„์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 66๏ผš๊ตํ† ๋ถ€ย ์†Œ๋ผ์ฟ ๊ตฐย ์„ธ์ด์นด์ •ย ใ€Œ๊ฐ€์™€๋‹ˆ์‹œ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ตใ€ D51 68๏ผš์ด์™€ํ…Œํ˜„ ์ด์™€ํ…Œ๊ตฐย ์‹œ์ฆˆ์ฟ ์ด์‹œ์ •ย ใ€Œ์ฝ”์ด์™€์ด๋†์žฅใ€ D51 70๏ผš์ด๋ฐ”๋ผํ‚คํ˜„ ์“ฐ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์‹œย ใ€Œ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 75๏ผš๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ํ˜„ ์กฐ์—์“ฐ์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ณ ์น˜๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 86๏ผšํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ์‹œ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๊ตฌย ใ€Œํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ์‹œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์›ŒํŒŒํฌใ€ D51 89๏ผš์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ๋„์š”ํ•˜์‹œ์‹œย ใ€Œ๋„์š”ํ•˜์‹œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋™์‹๋ฌผ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 95๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์นด์™€๊ตฐ ์‹ ํ† ์ฟ ์ •ย ใ€Œ์‹ ํ† ์ฟ  ์‚ฐ ์Šคํ‚ค์žฅใ€ D51 96๏ผš๊ตฐ๋งˆํ˜„ ์•ˆ๋‚˜์นด์‹œ ใ€Œ์šฐ์Šค์ด ๊ณ ๊ฐœ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฌธํ™”๋งˆ์„ใ€ D51 101๏ผš์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ์‹œ๋งˆ๋‹ค์‹œ ใ€Œ์ค‘์•™๊ทผ๋ฆฐ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 103๏ผš์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜„ ์ด์™€์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์‹œย ใ€Œ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 113๏ผš์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์™€์‹œ ใ€Œ์ค‘์•™๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 118๏ผš์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆํ˜„ ๋„์ฝ”๋กœ์ž์™€์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ณ ํ…Œ์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 125๏ผš์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ ํ›„๋‚˜๋ฐ”์‹œย ใ€Œํ›„๋‚˜๋ฐ”์‹œ์‹œ ํ–ฅํ† ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ด€ใ€ D51 140๏ผš์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆํ˜„ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๊ฐ€์•ผ์‹œย ใ€Œ์•„๋ผ์นด์™€๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 146๏ผš๋„์น˜๊ธฐํ˜„ ๋ชจ์นด์‹œย  ใ€Œ๋ชจ์นด ์—ญใ€ D51 155๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ์‹œ์˜ค์ง€๋ฆฌ์‹œย ใ€Œ์‹œ์˜ค์ง€๋ฆฌ์‹œ ๊ด€๊ณต์„œใ€ D51 158๏ผš์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€ ์ด๋ฐ”๋ผํ‚ค์‹œย ใ€ŒSL๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 159๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์ด์™€๋‚˜์ด๊ตฐ ์ด์™€๋‚˜์ด์ • ใ€Œ์šด๋™๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 170๏ผš๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋ชจํ† ํ˜„ ํžˆํ† ์š”์‹œ์‹œ ใ€Œํžˆํ† ์š”์‹œ์‹œ SL์ „์‹œ๊ด€๏ผˆ์•ผํƒ€์ผ€์—ญ ์•ž๏ผ‰ใ€ D51 172๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ† ์‹œย ใ€Œ์˜ค์ฟ ๋ณด ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 176๏ผš์˜ค์ดํƒ€ํ˜„ ํžˆํƒ€์‹œย ใ€Œ๋‹ค์ง€๋งˆ ํ˜ผ๋งˆ์น˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 187๏ผš์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆ์‹œ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ตฌ ใ€ŒJR ๋™์ผ๋ณธย ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ผํ„ฐใ€๏ผˆ์ค€ ์ฒ ๋„๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ๏ผ‰ D51 194๏ผš์‹œ๋งˆ๋„คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋…ธ์•„์‹œ๊ตฐ ์“ฐ์™€๋…ธ์ •ย ใ€Œ์“ฐ์™€๋…ธ์—ญ ์•žใ€ D51 195๏ผš๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ์š”๋‚˜๊ณ ์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ํ† ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 201๏ผš์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ํ–ฅํ† ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ด€ใ€ D51 206๏ผš์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ํ˜„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์‹œ ใ€Œ์‹œ์ฒญ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์•ž ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 209๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ์ด๋‚˜์‹œ ใ€Œ์ด๋‚˜๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 211๏ผš๊ณ ๋ฒ ์‹œย ๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ตฌ ใ€Œ์˜ค์ง€๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 222๏ผš์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„ ๋‚˜ํ•˜์‹œย ใ€Œ์š”๊ธฐ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 225๏ผšํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ํƒ€์‹œย ใ€Œ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ์‰ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 231๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๋‹ค์ดํ† ๊ตฌย ใ€Œ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ใ€ D51 232๏ผš์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ํ˜„ ์•„ํ‚คํƒ€์‹œ ใ€Œ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 237๏ผš์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ์‹œย ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ตฌย ใ€ŒJR ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ย ๋‚˜์—๋ณด๊ณต์žฅใ€ D51 238๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์†Œ์ •ย ใ€Œ๊ธฐ์†Œ์ •๋ฏผ์„ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 243๏ผš์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ์ด์ฆˆ์‹œ ใ€Œ์ข…ํ•ฉ์„ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 244๏ผš๊ธฐํƒ€ํ์Šˆ์‹œ ์•ผํ•˜ํƒ€ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ตฌย ใ€Œ๋„์›๊ณต์›ยท์•„๋™๋ฌธํ™”๊ณผํ•™๊ด€ใ€ D51 245๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์นดํ‚ค์ •ย ใ€Œ๋ฌธํ™”์„ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 254๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์Šค๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ตฌ ใ€Œ์Šค๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 260๏ผš๋„์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ๋‚˜๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์™€์‹œ ใ€Œ๋„ํ›„์ฟ ์ง€๋…ธ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 264๏ผšํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œย ใ€Œ๊ฐ€์ด์„ธ์ด์‚ฐ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 266๏ผš๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„ ๋‚˜์นด์“ฐ๊ฐ€์™€์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ณธ์ •๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 270๏ผš์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ํ˜„ ์š”์ฝ”ํ…Œ์‹œ ใ€Œ์š”์ฝ”ํ…Œ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 272๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์„ธํƒ€๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ตฌ ใ€Œ์„ธํƒ€๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 286๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์˜คํƒ€๋ฃจ์‹œ ใ€Œ์•„์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์™€ ์˜จ์ฒœใ€ D51 296๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํ›„์ถ”์‹œ ใ€Œํ›„์ถ”์‹œ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 297๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋‹คํ‚ค์นด์™€์‹œ ใ€Œํ–ฅํ† ๊ด€ใ€ D51 300๏ผš์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜„ ์‚ฐ์š”์˜ค๋…ธ๋‹ค์‹œย ใ€Œ์ด๋„๋…ธ์ • ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 303๏ผš๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ์‹œย ใ€Œ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผใ€ D51 311๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฏธ์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ฃจ๋ฒ ์‹œ๋ฒ  ๋งˆ์„ ํšŒ๊ด€ ๊ด‘์žฅใ€ D51 312๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ›„์นด๊ฐ€์™€์‹œ ใ€Œํ›„์นด๊ฐ€์™€์‹œย ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์‚ฐ ๋ ˆ์ €๋žœ๋“œใ€ D51 320๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์œ ํ›„์“ฐ๊ตฐ ์•„๋น„๋ผ์ • ใ€Œ์ฒ ๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๊ด€ใ€ D51 333๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์‹œ๋ผ์˜ค์ด๊ตฐ ์‹œ๋ผ์˜ค์ด์ • ใ€Œํฌ๋กœํ† ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 337๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์นด์™€๊ตฐ ์™“์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ •ย ใ€Œํ–ฅํ† ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ด€ใ€ D51 345๏ผšํšจ๊ณ ํ˜„ ์ด๋ณด๊ตฐ ๋‹ค์ด์‹œ์ •ย ใ€Œ๋‹ค์ด์‹œ์‚ฐ ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 349๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ์˜ค์นด์•ผ์‹œย ใ€Œ์˜ค์นด์•ผ์‹œ ๊ทผ๋กœ๋ณต์ง€์„ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 351๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๊ตฐ ๋‚˜๊ธฐ์†Œ์ •ย ใ€ŒSL๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 370๏ผš์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ํ˜„ ์•„ํ‚คํƒ€์‹œ ใ€Œ์“ฐ์น˜์žํ‚ค ์ธ๊ทผ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 385๏ผš์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊ฐ€์•ผ์‹œ ใ€Œ์‹œ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋… ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 395๏ผš์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜„ ์Šˆ๋‚œ์‹œ ใ€Œ์Šˆ๋‚œ์‹œ ๋„์ฟ ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋™๋ฌผ์›ใ€ D51 397๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์‹œ๋ฒ ์“ฐ์‹œย ใ€Œ์“ฐํฌ๋ชจ ์ˆ˜ํ–ฅ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 398๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋‚˜์š”๋กœ์‹œใ€Œ๋‚˜์š”๋กœ์‹œ ํ˜ธ์ฟ ์ฝ”์ฟ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์•žใ€ D51 401๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ์Šค์ž์นด์‹œ ใ€Œ์™€๋ฃก ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 402๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ์ด๋‹ค์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ถ€ํฅ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€ใ€ D51 403๏ผš์‹œ๊ฐ€ํ˜„ ๋ฆฟํ† ์‹œ ใ€Œ์ด๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 405๏ผš์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋„์‹œย ใ€Œ์œ ์นผ๋ฆฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 408๏ผš๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์‹œย ๋‹ค๋งˆ๊ตฌย ใ€Œ์ด์ฟ ํƒ€๋…น์ง€ใ€ D51 409๏ผš๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ์นด๋ชจ์‹œ ใ€Œ์•ผ๋งˆ์žํ‚ค ๋งˆ์ž‘ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ์นด๋ชจ์ œ์ž‘์†Œใ€ D51 422 : ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ์˜ค๋…ธ๋ฏธ์น˜์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋งˆ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 426๏ผš์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆ์‹œ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ตฌย ใ€Œ์ฒ ๋„๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ (์ผ๋ณธ)ใ€ D51 428๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์˜คํƒ€๊ตฌ ใ€Œํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์กฐํ›„ ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 444๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฏธ์‹œ ใ€ŒSL๊ด‘์žฅใ€ D51 451๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์•„ํ‚ค์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œ ใ€Œ์‡ผ์™€๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 452๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์˜ค๋ฉ”์‹œ ใ€Œ์˜ค๋ฉ”์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 453๏ผš์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์™€์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ฐ€์‹œ์™€ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์ œ1๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 469๏ผš์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€ ๋‹ค์นด์ด์‹œ์‹œ ใ€Œํ•˜๋งˆ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 470๏ผš๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„ ๊ธฐํ›„์‹œ ใ€Œ์šฐ๋ฉ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 481๏ผšํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„ ๋‚œ์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์—์น˜์  ์ •ย ใ€Œ์ด๋งˆ์กฐ์—ญใ€ D51 483๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ์•„์ฆˆ๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‹œ ใ€Œ์‚ฐํด๋Ÿฝ ํ˜ธํƒ€์นดใ€ D51 485๏ผš๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚คํ˜„ ๋…ธ๋ฒ ์˜ค์นด์‹œ ใ€Œ์˜ค์„ธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 486๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ์‹œ ใ€Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 488๏ผš์‹œ๋งˆ๋„คํ˜„ ์•ผ์Šค๊ธฐ์‹œย ใ€Œ์ผ๋ณธ์ฒ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ใ€ D51 499๏ผš๋ฏธ์—ํ˜„ ์“ฐ์‹œย ใ€Œ๊ฐ€์ด๋ผ์ฟ ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 502๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๊ฐ€์“ฐ์‹œ์นด๊ตฌ ใ€Œ์šฐ์—์น˜๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์™€๋ผ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 512๏ผš๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ํ˜„ ์‹œ๋ฐ”ํƒ€์‹œ ใ€Œํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 513๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์ดํƒ€๋ฐ”์‹œ๊ตฌ ใ€Œ์กฐํ˜ธ์ฟ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 515๏ผš์ด๋ฐ”๋ผํ‚คํ˜„ ๋ฏธํ† ์‹œย ใ€Œ์น˜๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 516๏ผš์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์‹œ ๋‚˜์นด๊ตฌย ใ€Œํ˜ผ๋ชจ์ฟ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 522๏ผš์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์ž์™€์‹œ ใ€Œ์„œ๋ถ€๋…น์ง€๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 541๏ผš๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚คํ˜„ ํœด๊ฐ€์‹œ ใ€Œํ˜ผ์ตธ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 542๏ผš๊ธฐํƒ€ํ์Šˆ์‹œ ๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ผํ‚คํƒ€๊ตฌ ใ€ŒJR ํ์Šˆย ๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 549๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ์‹œย ใ€Œํ›„์ตธ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ตใ€ D51 560๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋ฌด๋กœ๋ž€์‹œ ใ€Œ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ณผํ•™๊ด€ใ€ D51 561๏ผš๊ตฐ๋งˆํ˜„ ๋„๋„ค๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€์™€๋ฐ”์ดŒย ใ€Œ๋‹ค์ผ€ํƒ€์นดํ•˜๋ผSLํ˜ธํ…”ใ€ D51 565๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋„์ฝ”๋กœ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋งˆ์ • ใ€Œ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 566๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์•„์นด๋น„๋ผ์‹œ ใ€Œ์˜› ์•„์นดํžˆ๋ผ์‚ฐ ์Šคํ‚ค์žฅใ€ D51 592๏ผš์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜„ ๊ตฌ๋‹ค๋งˆ์“ฐ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋„์ง€๋งˆ ใ€ŒD51๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 603๏ผš๊ตํ† ์‹œ ์šฐ์ฟ„๊ตฌย ใ€Œ๋””์˜ค๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ตํ†  ์žฌํŒฌใ€ D51 607๏ผšํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„ ํ›„์ฟ ์ด์‹œย ใ€Œํ›„์ฟ ์ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์šด๋™๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 609๏ผš์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ ๋‚˜๋ฆฌํƒ€์‹œ ใ€Œ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 663๏ผš์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ๋„์™€๋‹ค์‹œ ใ€Œ๋„์™€์‹œ๋ฏผ๋ฌธํ™”์„ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 684๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œย ใ€Œ์šด๋™๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 688๏ผš์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ์˜ค์นด์žํ‚ค์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 691๏ผš๋‚˜๋ผํ˜„ ๋ด๋ฆฌ์‹œย ใ€Œ๋‹ค์ด์‡ผ์น˜๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 718๏ผš์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ์ด์น˜๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ์‹œ ใ€Œ์˜คํžˆ๋ผ ์„ฌ ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 720๏ผšํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œ ์•„ํ‚ค๊ตฌ ใ€Œ์„ธ๋…ธ์นด์™€๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 724๏ผš๊ตฐ๋งˆํ˜„ ์‹œ๋ถ€์นด์™€์‹œ ใ€Œ์‹œ๋ถ€์นด์™€์—ญ ์•ž ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 735๏ผš๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ํ˜„ ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ์‹œ ใ€Œ์•„๋ผ์นด์™€์ • ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ฒด์œก๊ด€ใ€ D51 737๏ผš์™€์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ตฐ ์œ ์•„์‚ฌ์ •ย ใ€Œ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 745๏ผš๊ตฐ๋งˆํ˜„ ๋„๋„ค๊ตฐ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์นด๋ฏธ์ • ใ€Œ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์นด๋ฏธ์—ญ ์ฐจ๋Œ€๊ด‘์žฅใ€ D51 762๏ผš์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ํ•˜์น˜๋…ธํ—ค์‹œย ใ€Œ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผใ€ D51 768๏ผš์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜„ ์‹œ๋ชจ๋…ธ์„ธํ‚ค์‹œ ใ€Œ์ด์น˜๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 769๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์น˜์ฟ ๋งˆ๊ตฐย ์˜ค๋ฏธ์ดŒย ใ€Œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ใ€ D51 774๏ผš์‹œ๋งˆ๋„คํ˜„ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ชจ์‹œ ใ€Œ์˜ค์ฝ”์†Œ์—ญ ํ”์ ใ€ D51 775๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์†Œ์ • ใ€Œ๊ธฐ์†Œํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ์—ญใ€ D51 777๏ผš์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•ผ์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ตํ†ต์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 787๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ๊ธฐํƒ€์‚ฌ์ฟ ๊ตฐ ๋ฏธ์š”ํƒ€์ •ย ใ€Œ์˜› ๊ตญ์ฒ  ๋ฏธ์š”ํƒ€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€ใ€ D51 792๏ผš์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€์ด์‹œย ใ€Œ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ตํ†ต ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 793๏ผš์‹œ๊ฐ€ํ˜„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋งˆ์‹œ ใ€Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋งˆ ์ฒ ๋„ ์Šคํ€˜์–ดใ€ D51 813๏ผš์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜„ ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜์‹œย ใ€Œ์˜ค๊ณ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ • ๊ณต๋ฏผ๊ด€ใ€ D51 816๏ผš์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ์‹œ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ตฌ JRํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋‚˜์—๋ณด๊ณต์žฅใ€Œํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ด€ใ€ D51 822๏ผš์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ํ˜„ ํ•˜์ฟ ์‚ฐ์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ง›ํ† ์—ญ ์•ž ๋…น์ง€๊ด‘์žฅใ€ D51 823๏ผš์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ์ด๋‚˜์ž์™€์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ฏธ์•ผ์šฐ๋ผ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 824๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ์Šค์™€์‹œ ใ€Œ์Šค์™„์‹œ ํ˜ธ๋ฐ˜๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 827๏ผš์™€์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ตฐ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€์ •ย ใ€Œ์•„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€์ • ์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 828๏ผšํšจ๊ณ ํ˜„ ์•„์™€์ง€์‹œ ใ€Œํ—ค์ด์™€์นธ๋…ผ์ง€ใ€ D51 831๏ผš๋ฏธ์—ํ˜„ ์ด๊ฐ€์‹œ ใ€Œ์š”๋…ธ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 837๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ๊ณ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋„ค์‹œ ใ€Œํ‚คํƒ€๋…ธ์—”๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 838๏ผš์˜ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ๋‹ˆ๋ฏธ์‹œย ใ€Œ์ด์ฟ ๋ผ๋™ใ€ D51 842๏ผš์˜ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ๊ตฌ๋ผ์‹œํ‚ค์‹œย ใ€Œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ์‹œ๋งˆ์ค‘์•™๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 849๏ผš์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ๋„์š”ํƒ€์‹œ ใ€Œํ—ค์ด์ž”๋”” ์–ธ๋• ์œ„ ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 853๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ตฌย ใ€Œ์•„์Šค์นด์•ผ๋งˆ ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 859๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋ชฌ๋ฒ ์“ฐ๊ตฐ ์—”๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์ •ย ใ€Œํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์–ธ๋• ์—”๊ฐ€๋ฃจ ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 860๏ผšํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ํ›„์ฟ ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ ใ€Œ์•„์ผ€๋ณด๋…ธ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 862๏ผš๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๋งˆ์น˜๋‹ค์‹œย ใ€Œ๋งˆ์น˜๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ผํ„ฐ ์ œ๋น„๊ฝƒ๊ต์‹คใ€ D51 882๏ผš์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€ ์ด๋ฐ”๋ผํ‚ค์‹œ ใ€Œ์‹ ๋ฅ˜์ง€ใ€ D51 885๏ผš์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆํ˜„ ํ›„์นด์•ผ์‹œ ใ€Œ์„ผ๊ฒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 889๏ผš์˜ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์†Œ์ž์‹œ ใ€Œ์ด์‹œํ•˜๋ผ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 892๏ผš์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ํžˆ๋กœ์‚ฌํ‚ค์‹œ ใ€Œ์ฃ ํ˜ธ์ฟ ๊ณต์›๊ตํ†ต๊ด‘์žฅใ€ D51 895๏ผš๋‚˜๋ผํ˜„ ๊ธฐํƒ€์นด์“ฐ๋ผ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ ์˜ค์ง€์ •ย ใ€Œํ›„๋‚˜ํ†  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 916๏ผš๊ตฐ๋งˆํ˜„ ๋งˆ์—๋ฐ”์‹œ์‹œ ใ€Œ๋งˆ์—๋ฐ”์‹œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 917๏ผš์˜ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์†Œ์ž์‹œ ใ€Œ์‹œ๋ชจ์ด์‹œ์ด๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 921๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ์‹œย ใ€Œ์‹œ๋…ธ๋…ธ์ด ์‹œ๋ฏผํšŒ๊ด€์•žใ€ D51 923๏ผšํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๋ฉ”์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๋ฉ”์‹œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์„ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 930๏ผš์™€์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์ด์™€๋ฐ์‹œ ใ€Œ๋„ค๊ณ ๋กœSL๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 943๏ผš์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ํ›„์ง€์‹œย ใ€Œ์•„๋™๋„์„œ๊ด€SL๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 946๏ผšํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ์ด์™€ํ‚ค์‹œ ใ€Œ์ด์™€ํ‚ค์‹œ ์„ํƒ„ยทํ™”์„๊ด€ใ€ D51 947๏ผš๋„์น˜๊ธฐํ˜„ ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ์‹œ ๋‚˜์นด์˜ค์นด๋ชจํ† ์ • ใ€Œ๋ฏธ์™€ํ…Ÿํ‚ค ์šฐ์“ฐ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ์‚ฌ์—…์†Œ ์ฒ ๋„๊ด‘์žฅใ€ D51 953๏ผˆ์˜› ์ด๋ถ€๋ฆฌ ์ข…๊ด€์ฒ ๋„ D51 04๏ผ‰๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์•„๋ถ€ํƒ€๊ตฐ ๋„์š”์šฐ๋ผ์ • ใ€Œ์ค‘์•™๊ณต๋ฏผ๊ด€ใ€ D51 954๏ผˆ์˜› ์ด๋ถ€๋ฆฌ ์ข…๊ด€์ฒ ๋„ D51 05๏ผ‰๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ›„๋ผ๋…ธ์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ฌธํ™”ํšŒ๊ด€ใ€ D51 1032๏ผš์˜ค์ดํƒ€ํ˜„ ์œ ํ›„์‹œ ใ€Œ์ค‘์•™์•„๋™๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 1052๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์ง€ํ† ์„ธ์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์ง€ํ† ์„ธ๊ณต์žฅใ€ D51 1072๏ผš๊ณ ๋ฒ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์˜ค๊ตฌ ใ€Œ๊ณ ๋ฒ ์—ญ ๋‚จ์ชฝใ€ D51 1085๏ผš์™€์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ตฐ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€์ • ใ€Œ์•„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€์ • ์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 1108๏ผš๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ธฐํ˜„ ๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ ๋ฆฌํ›„์ •ย ใ€ŒJR๋™์ผ๋ณธย ์‹ ์นธ์„ผ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ผํ„ฐใ€ D51 1116๏ผš์ด๋ฐ”๋ผํ‚คํ˜„ ์ง€์ฟ ์„ธ์ด์‹œ ใ€Œ๋” ํžˆ๋กœ์‚ฌ์™€์‹œํ‹ฐใ€ D51 1119๏ผš๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ํ˜„ ์•„์“ฐ๊ธฐ์‹œ ใ€Œ์™€์นด๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 1142๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚คํ˜„ ์‚ฌ์„ธ๋ณด์‹œย ใ€Œ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์›ใ€ D51 1149๏ผš์‹œ๊ฐ€ํ˜„ ์ด๋ˆ„์นด๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์ •ย ใ€Œ๋‹ค๊ฐ€SLํŒŒํฌใ€๏ผˆ์‹œ์„ค ํ์—…ํ›„ ๋ฐฉ์น˜์ƒํƒœ, ๋ฒˆํ˜ธํŒ์€ย D51 999๏ผ‰ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์ฒ ๋„ D51ํ˜• D51-22๏ผš์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ ์œ ์ฆˆ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์Šคํฌย ใ€Œ์œ ์ฆˆ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์Šคํฌ์—ญ ์•ž ๊ณต์›ใ€ D51-23๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ฃจ๊ตฐ ๋น„๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์ •ย ใ€Œ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋‚˜์ด์ฒ ๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๊ด€ใ€ D51-27๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋…ธ์“ฐ์ผ€๊ตฐ ๋ฒ ์“ฐ์นด์ด์ •ย ใ€Œ๋ฒ ์“ฐ์นด์ด์ •์ฒ ๋„๊ธฐ๋…๊ณต์›ใ€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ฒ ๋กœ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญDT650ํ˜• DT652๏ผšํƒ€์ด๋‚œ์‹œย ใ€Œํƒ€์ด๋‚œ์ฒด์œก๊ณต์›ใ€ DT664๏ผš์ž์ดํ˜„ ๋‘ฅ์Šคํ–ฅย ๏ผˆ๋ฒˆํ˜ธํŒ์€ DT651๏ผ‰ DT668๏ผš์žฅํ™”ํ˜„ ์žฅํ™”์‹œย ใ€Œ์žฅํ™”ๆ‰‡ๅฝข์ฐจ๊ณ ใ€ 2011๋…„ 11์›”์— ๋™ํƒœ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์šดํ–‰์ค‘ใ€‚ DT670๏ผš์‹ ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ ์ดํƒ€๋ฐ”์‹œ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์ค‘์‹ฌ (๋ฒˆํ˜ธํŒ DT675) ๋ณด์กดํ›„ ํ์ฐจ D51 157๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์นด์™€๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ์นด์™€์ • ใ€Œํ‚คํƒ€๋…ธ์ˆฒ์˜๊ฐ€๋“ ใ€๏ผˆ2009๋…„ ํ์ฐจ๏ผ‰ D51 192๏ผš๋ฏธ์—ํ˜„ ๊ตฌ์™€๋‚˜์‹œย ใ€Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‹œ๋งˆ ์ŠคํŒŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋‚ด SL๋žœ๋“œใ€๏ผˆ1984๋…„ ํ์ฐจ๏ผ‰ D51 324๏ผš์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ ๋‚˜๋ผ์‹œ๋…ธ์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ต์œก์„ผํ„ฐใ€ ๏ผˆ2001๋…„ ํ์ฐจ๏ผ‰ D51 463๏ผš์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜„ ํ˜ธํ›„์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ฏธํƒ€์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ณต์›ใ€๏ผˆ2000๋…„ 12์›” ํ์ฐจ, ๋™๋ฅœ๋งŒ JRํ™”๋ฌผ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์†Œ์— ๋ณด๊ด€์ค‘๏ผ‰ D51 620๏ผš๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ์‚ฌ์ดํ•˜์ฟ ๊ตฐ ์˜ค์•ผ๋งˆ์ •ย ใ€Œ๋‹ค์ด์„ผ๊ตฌ์น˜์—ญ ์•žใ€๏ผˆ2009๋…„ 11์›” ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜์ž ํ์ฐจ๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์™ผ์ชฝ ์ฃผํ–‰์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๋™๋ฅœ์ด ์˜คํ‚ค์„ฌ์— ์ „์‹œ์ค‘๏ผ‰ D51 714๏ผš๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œย ใ€Œ๊ตญ์ œ์ •๊ธ€ํŒŒํฌใ€ (2015๋…„ 4์›” ํ์ฐจ) D51 764๏ผš์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€ ์Šค์ดํƒ€์‹œย ใ€Œ๋งŒ๋ฐ•๊ธฐ๋…๊ณต์› ์—‘์Šคํฌ๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ์ง€ใ€๏ผˆ2013๋…„ 11์›” ํ์ฐจ๏ผ‰ D51 942๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ฐ€์•ผ๋ฒ ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ •ย ใ€Œ๋ฏผ๋ฐ•์—ฌ๊ด€ ํ•˜์ด์ธ  ์•žใ€ ๏ผˆ๋ฒˆํ˜ธํŒ์€ D51 327, 2006๋…„ 6์›” 17์ผ ํ์ฐจ๏ผ‰ D51 1001๏ผš๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธํ˜„ ์ง€์ฟ ๋งˆ์‹œ ใ€Œ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ฒด์œก๊ด€ใ€(2018๋…„ 8์›” ํ์ฐจ) D51-1๏ผš๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ํ˜„ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์™€์žํ‚ค์‹œ ใ€Œ๊ฐ€์‹œ์™€์žํ‚ค์—ญ ์•ž ๊ณต์›ใ€ ๏ผˆ2011๋…„ 7์›” ํ์ฐจ๏ผ‰ D51-2๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ฃจ๊ตฐ ๋น„๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์ •ย ๏ผˆ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์™€ ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋˜๋‹ค 2008๋…„ 8์›” ํ์ฐจ๏ผ‰ D51-25๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์œ ํ›„์“ฐ๊ตฐ ๋ฌด์นด์™€์ • D51-26๏ผšํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์œ ํ›„์“ฐ๊ตฐ ๋ฌด์นด์™€์ • ๋™ํƒœ๋ณด์กด๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์šด์ „ JR๋™์ผ๋ณธ 498ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„(JR๋™์ผ๋ณธ)๊ฐ€ 1988๋…„์— ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณต์›ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋‹ค.์ฐจ์ ์€ 1972๋…„์— ๋ง์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋™ํƒœ๋ณต์› ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์„ ์šด์ „์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. JR์„œ์ผ๋ณธ 200ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์„œ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„(JR์„œ์ผ๋ณธ)์˜ ๊ตํ† ์ฒ ๋„๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€(๊ตฌ ์šฐ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์ง€ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ด€)์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” 200ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์ฐจ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ์„  ์ฃผํ–‰์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์ „์‹œ์„ ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 2017๋…„์— ๋ณธ์„  ์šด์ „ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณต์›๋˜์–ด "SL์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜ธ"๋กœ์˜ ์šด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1979๋…„ ์ฐจ์ ์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ง์†Œ(์œ ํ™” ๋ณด์กด)๋์ง€๋งŒ 1987๋…„์— ๋ถ€ํ™œํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ฒ ๋„ D51-4 ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์œ ์ฆˆ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์Šคํฌ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ฒ ๋กœ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ DT668ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ 2011๋…„ 10์›” 28์ผ ์‹œ์šด์ „์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํ›„, 11์›” 11์ผ ๋„ค์ด์™„์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…์šด์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Œ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ด์น˜ใ€์™€ย ใ€Œ๋ฐ์ฝ”์ด์น˜ใ€ D51์€ ๋ณ„๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ใ€Œ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ด์น˜ใ€, ใ€Œ๋ฐ์ฝ”์ด์น˜ใ€๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ใ€Œ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ด์น˜ใ€๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜› ์ฒ ๋„ ์žก์ง€์—์„  ใ€Œ๋ฐ์ฝ”์ด์น˜ใ€๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„๊ธฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ด ๋ณ„๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ, ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ใ€Œ๋ฐ์ฝ”์ด์น˜ใ€์ด์ง€๋งŒ SL๋ถ ์ดํ›„ "๋ฐ๊ณ ์ด์น˜"์˜ ์ชฝ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋จผ ๊ธฐ์ -D51์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜•์ œ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ใ€Œๆฑฝ่ปŠไผš็คพ่’ธๆฐ—ๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠ่ฃฝ้€ ๅฒใ€ 1972๋…„,ย ไบคๅ‹็คพ ์ถœํŒ ใ€ŒๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠใฎ็ณป่ญœๅ›ณ 4ใ€ 1978๋…„ ไบคๅ‹็คพ ์ถœํŒ ใ€Œ่’ธๆฐ—ๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็ทจใ€ 1981๋…„, ๅฐๅญฆ้คจ ์ถœํŒ ใ€Œ้‰„้“ๅบƒๅ ฑใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ๅ›ฝ้‰„ๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠๅฐๅธณใ€”ๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠ็ทจใ€•ใ€ 1991๋…„, ์ฒ ๋„์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ณด์กดํšŒ ์ถœํŒ ้‰„้“ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒชใ‚ขใƒซ 1944๋…„ 12์›”ํ˜ธ No.191 ใ€Œ่’ธๆฐ—ๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠD51ๅคงไบ‹ๅ…ธใ€ 2014๋…„, ๆˆŽๅ…‰็ฅฅๅ‡บ็‰ˆ ์ถœํŒย ISBN978-4864031219 ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋ชจ์•ผ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฏธ์นด์™€์‹œ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  - ํ•˜ํ–‰ ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์—ด์ฐจ(D51 364 ๊ฒฌ์ธ)๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹จ. D51ํ˜• 498ํ˜ธ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ณธ์„ ์šดํ–‰์ธ 498ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์„œ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์†Œ๋ จ-์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR%20Class%20D51
JNR Class D51
The is a type of 2-8-2 steam locomotive built by the Japanese Government Railways (JGR), the Japanese National Railways (JNR), and Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company, Kisha Seizo, Hitachi, Nippon Sharyo, Mitsubishi, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries from 1936 to 1945 and 1950 to 1951. Design and operation The design of class D51 was based on the earlier D50, introduced in 1923. Wartime production featured some substitution of wood for steel parts like running boards, smoke deflectors and tender coal bunkers. A total of 1,115 D51s were built, the largest number in any single class of locomotive in Japan. Early D51s were nicknamed Namekuji-gata ("slug-form") for their shape. The locomotive was designed by Hideo Shima. It was used mainly in freight service through the 1960s. Some D51s were fitted with the Giesl ejector in Hokkaido to conserve on fuel. Service outside Japan Soviet Railways D51 The 30 specially built D51s that were left on Sakhalin (formerly Karafuto) by the retreating Japanese at the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and after the Soviet-Japanese War (1945), were used from 1945 until 1979 by Soviet Railways. One was left outside Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station, and one is in running condition and is kept at the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station. Additionally two wrecks were left to the north of the city. Korean National Railways Mika7 Two locomotives were built for the Korean National Railroad in 1950 by Mitsubishi for South Korea during the Korean War. Designated Mika7 (๋ฏธ์นด7) class, they were nearly identical to JNR class D51 except for the gauge. Manila Railroad 300 class (1951) According to the a journal published in 1956, ten locomotives were built by Nippon Sharyo for the Manila Railroad Company. These entered service in 1951. Numbered the 300 class, they were named after the cog locomotive class built in the 1910s for the Manila Railway. These locomotives differed from the rest of the D51 builds through the lack of smoke deflectors. The locomotives had a short service life in the Philippines as Manila Railroad ordered the dieselization of its entire network, having all steam locomotives retired by 1956. Taiwan Railways Administration DT650 From 1936 to 1944, Kawasaki, Kisha Seizล and Hitachi had built 32 D51s for Imperial Taiwan Railway. After World War II, they were taken over by Taiwan Railways Administration, and were classified DT650. In 1951, Kisha Seizล built three DT650s and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries built two DT650s for Taiwan Railways Administration. Classification The classification consists of a "D" for the four sets of driving wheels and the class number 51 for tender locomotives that the numbers 50 through 99 were assigned to under the 1928 locomotive classification rule. Preserved examples Over 173 Class D51 locomotives are preserved in Japan. D51 498 was restored by JR East and pulls special-event trains on JR East lines. The following is a list of preserved locomotives as of July 2023. Operational D51 146: Operated on the Mooka Railway, runs on compressed air. (Semi-operational) D51 200: Preserved in operational condition by JR West at the Kyoto Railway Museum, and is operating on Yamaguchi Line since November 2017. D51 320: Operated at a railway museum in Abira, Hokkaido on compressed air. (Semi-operational) D51 498: Operated by JR East, based at Takasaki Rolling Stock Center D51 827: Operated at Aridagawa Railway Park in Wakayama Prefecture, runs on compressed air. Built in 1938 at the JNR Hamamatsu Works, locomotive number D51 200 has been overhauled and restored to operational condition for use as SL Yamaguchi and SL Kitabiwako starting in 2017. Static preservation D51 1: Preserved at Kyoto Railway Museum D51 2: Previously preserved at the Modern Transportation Museum in Osaka, and moved to the Tsuyama Roundhouse next to Tsuyama Station in Okayama Prefecture in March 2015 D51 6: Preserved in a park in Asahikawa, Hokkaido D51 8: Preserved in a park in Amagasaki, Hyogo D51 10: Preserved at a community centre in Yukuhashi, Fukuoka D51 11: Preserved in a park in Sapporo, Hokkaido D51 14: Preserved in a park in Nagareyama, Chiba D51 18: Preserved in Tokiwa park, Ube, Yamaguchi D51 25: Preserved in a park in Sanda, Hyogo D51 47: Preserved in a park in Iwamizawa, Hokkaido D51 59: Preserved in a park in Tatsuno, Nagano D51 66: Preserved at Kawanishi Elementary School in Seika, Kyoto D51 68: Preserved at Koiwai Farm in Shizukuishi, Iwate D51 70: Preserved at Sakura Transport Park in Tsukuba, Ibaraki D51 75: Preserved in a park in Joetsu, Niigata D51 86: Preserved at "Flower Park" in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka D51 89: Preserved in a park in Toyohashi, Aichi D51 95: Preserved at Shintoku Ski Slope in Shintoku, Hokkaido D51 96: Preserved at Usui Pass Railway Heritage Park in Annaka, Gunma D51 101: Preserved in Chuo Park in Shimada, Shizuoka D51 103: Preserved in a park in Iwakuni, Yamaguchi D51 113: Preserved in Chuo Park in Misawa, Aomori D51 118: Preserved in Kotesashi Park in Tokorozawa, Saitama D51 125: Preserved next to the Funabashi Historical Museum in Funabashi, Chiba D51 140: Preserved in Arakawa Park in Kumagaya, Saitama D51 155: Preserved outside Shiojiri City Office in Shiojiri, Nagano D51 158: Preserved outside a community centre in Ibaraki, Osaka D51 159: Preserved in a park in Iwanai, Hokkaido D51 165: Preserved in a park in Nanto, Toyama D51 170: Preserved in front of Yatake Station in Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto D51 172: Preserved in a park in Matsumoto, Nagano D51 176: Preserved in a park in Hita, Oita D51 187: Preserved in front of JR East's Omiya Workshops, Saitama, Saitama D51 194: Preserved in front of Tsuwano Station in Tsuwano, Shimane D51 195: Preserved in a park in Yonago, Tottori D51 201: Preserved outside Gamagori Museum in Gamagori, Aichi D51 206: Preserved in a park next to Saga City Office in Saga, Saga (numberplates have been changed) D51 209: Preserved in a park in Ina, Nagano D51 211: Preserved at Oji Zoo in Kobe, Hyogo D51 222: Preserved in Yogi Park, Naha, Okinawa D51 231: Preserved outside the National Museum of Nature and Science in Taito, Tokyo D51 232: Preserved at Omoriyama Zoo in Akita, Akita D51 237: Preserved at Naebo Works in Sapporo, Hokkaido D51 238: Preserved at a community centre in Kiso, Nagano D51 243: Preserved in Izu, Shizuoka D51 244: Preserved at a children's museum in Kitakyushu, Fukuoka D51 245: Preserved at a community centre in Sakaki, Nagano D51 254: Preserved in Suginami Jidล Kลtsลซ Park in Suginami, Tokyo D51 260: Preserved in a park in Namerikawa, Toyama D51 264: Preserved in a park in Koriyama, Fukushima D51 266: Preserved in a park in Nakatsugawa, Gifu D51 270: Preserved in Yokote Park in Yokote, Akita D51 272: Preserved in Setagaya Park in Setagaya, Tokyo D51 286: Preserved in Otaru, Hokkaido D51 296: Preserved in Fuchลซ Transport Park in Fuchลซ, Tokyo D51 297: Preserved in Takikawa, Hokkaido D51 300: Preserved in a park in Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi D51 303: Preserved in a park in Tottori, Tottori D51 311: Preserved in SL Park in Kitami, Hokkaido D51 312: Preserved in Sakurayama Park in Fukagawa, Hokkaido D51 333: Preserved in Shiraoi, Hokkaido D51 337: Preserved in Wassamu, Hokkaido D51 345: Preserved in Taishiyama Park in Taishi, Hyogo D51 349: Preserved in Okaya, Nagano D51 351: Preserved in SL Park in Nagiso, Nagano D51 370: Preserved in a park in Akita, Akita D51 385: Preserved in a park in Kamagaya, Chiba D51 395: Preserved at Tokuyama Zoo in Shunan, Yamaguchi D51 397: Preserved in a park in Shibetsu, Hokkaido D51 398: Preserved in Nayoro Park in Nayoro, Hokkaido D51 401: Preserved at Suzaka Zoo in Suzaka, Nagano D51 402: Preserved at a community centre in Iida, Nagano D51 403: Preserved in a park in Ritto, Shiga D51 405: Preserved in a park in Matsudo, Chiba D51 408: Preserved at a museum in Kawasaki, Kanagawa D51 409: Preserved at Yamazaki Mazak Corporation Minokamo Factory in Minokamo, Gifu D51 422: Preserved in a park in Onomichi, Hiroshima D51 426: (Front end only) Preserved at JR East Railway Museum, Saitama, Saitama (Cab section is used as a driving simulator) D51 428: Preserved in Higashi-Chofu Park in Ota, Tokyo D51 444: Preserved at the SL Hiroba in Kitami, Hokkaido D51 451: Preserved in Showa Park in Akishima, Tokyo D51 452: Preserved at Ome Railway Park in ลŒme, Tokyo D51 453: Preserved in Nishiguchi No. 1 Park in Kashiwa, Chiba D51 469: Preserved in a park in Takaishi, Osaka D51 470: Preserved in Bairin Park in Gifu, Gifu D51 481: Preserved in Minamiechizen, Fukui D51 483: Preserved in Azumino, Nagano D51 485: Preserved in a park in Nobeoka, Miyazaki D51 486: Preserved at JR East's Nagano Depot in Nagano, Nagano D51 488: Preserved at the Wako Museum in Yasugi, Shimane D51 499: Preserved in a park in Tsu, Mie D51 502: Preserved in Kamichiba Sunahara Park in Katsushika, Tokyo D51 512: Preserved in a park in Shibata, Niigata D51 513: Preserved in a park in Itabashi, Tokyo D51 515: Preserved in a park in Mito, Ibaraki D51 516: Preserved in Honmoku Shimin Park in Yokohama, Kanagawa D51 522: Preserved in a park in Kanazawa, Ishikawa D51 541: Preserved in a park in Hyuga, Miyazaki D51 542: Preserved inside JR Kyushu's Okura Works in Kitakyushu, Fukuoka (sectioned) D51 549: Preserved outside an elementary school in Nagano, Nagano D51 560: Preserved in Muroran, Hokkaido D51 561: Preserved in Kawaba, Gunma (operated at a ski resort hotel using compressed air until 2016) D51 565: Preserved in a park in Saroma, Hokkaido D51 566: Preserved in Akabira, Hokkaido (not on public display) D51 592: Preserved in Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi D51 603: Preserved in the "19th Century Hall" at Torokko Saga Station in Kyoto (Front section only) D51 607: Preserved in a park in Fukui, Fukui D51 609: Preserved in a park in Narita, Chiba D51 663: Preserved at a culture centre in Towada, Aomori D51 688: Preserved in Minami Park in Okazaki, Aichi D51 691: Preserved in a park in Tenri, Nara D51 714: Preserved in a park in Kagoshima, Kagoshima D51 718: Preserved in a park in Ichinomiya, Aichi D51 720: Preserved in a park in Hiroshima, Hiroshima D51 724: Preserved in Ekimae Park in Shibukawa, Gunma D51 735: Preserved in Murakami, Niigata D51 737: Preserved in Nagi Park in Yuasa, Wakayama D51 745: Preserved in front of Minakami Station in Minakami, Gunma D51 762: Preserved in a park in Hachinohe, Aomori D51 764: Preserved in Suita, Osaka D51 768: Preserved in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi D51 769: Preserved outside a museum in Omi, Nagano D51 774: Preserved outside the former Taisha Station in Izumo, Shimane D51 775: Preserved in front of Kiso-Fukushima Station in Kiso, Nagano D51 777: Preserved in a park in Kariya, Aichi D51 787: Preserved in Miyota, Nagano D51 792: Preserved in a park in Kasugai, Aichi D51 793: Preserved at Nagahama Railway Square in Nagahama, Shiga D51 813: Preserved outside a community centre in Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi D51 822: Preserved in front of Mattล Station in Hakusan, Ishikawa D51 823: Preserved in a park in Inazawa, Aichi D51 824: Preserved in Suwa, Nagano D51 828: Preserved in Heiwa Kannon Temple in Awaji, Hyogo (closed and not open to the public) D51 831: Preserved in a park in Iga, Mie D51 837: Preserved in a park in Komagane, Nagano D51 838: Preserved in a car park in Niimi, Okayama D51 842: Preserved in a park in Kurashiki, Okayama D51 849: Preserved in a park in Toyota, Aichi D51 853: Preserved in Asukayama Park in Kita, Tokyo D51 859: Preserved in a park in Engaru, Hokkaido D51 860: Preserved in a park in Fukuyama, Hiroshima D51 862: Preserved in Machida, Tokyo D51 882: Preserved in Ibaraki, Osaka D51 885: Preserved in Fukaya, Saitama D51 889: Preserved in a park in Soja, Okayama D51 892: Preserved in a park in Hirosaki, Aomori D51 895: Preserved in a park in Oji, Nara D51 916: Preserved in a park in Maebashi, Gunma D51 917: Preserved in a park in Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama D51 921: Preserved outside Shinonoi Community Centre in Nagano, Nagano D51 923: Preserved in Kurume, Fukuoka D51 930: Preserved in a park in Iwade, Wakayama D51 943: Preserved in a park in Fuji, Shizuoka D51 946: Preserved at the Coal and Fossils Museum in Iwaki, Fukushima D51 947: Preserved in Hakone, Kanagawa D51 953: Preserved outside Chuo Community Centre in Toyoura, Hokkaido D51 954: Preserved outside a community centre in Furano, Hokkaido D51 1001: Preserved in front of the Koshoku Gymnasium in Chikuma, Nagano D51 1032: Preserved in a park in Yufu, ลŒita D51 1052: Preserved in Kirin Beer Park Chitose in Chitose, Hokkaido D51 1072: Preserved in front of Kobe Station in Kobe, Hyogo D51 1085: Preserved in Aridagawa Railway Park in Aridagawa, Wakayama D51 1101: Preserved at Mikasa Park in Yokosuka, Kanagawa D51 1108: Preserved at Sendai Shinkansen Depot in Rifu, Miyagi D51 1116: Privately preserved in Shiroi, Chiba D51 1119: Preserved in a park in Atsugi, Kanagawa D51 1142: Preserved in a park in Sasebo, Nagasaki D51 1149: Preserved in Taga SL Park in Taga, Shiga Russian Class D51 D51-1: Niigata Prefecture D51-2: Hokkaido D51-4: Sakhalin (working order, after re-gauging of the Sakhalin Railways to the Russian gauge stay in railway museum in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk station) D51-22: Sakhalin (Plinthed outside Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station) D51-23: Hokkaido D51-25: Hokkaido D51-26: Hokkaido D51-27: Hokkaido D51-28: Sakhalin (dumped at Tomari) D51 ? : Sakhalin (2 D51s dumped north of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk at Dalny) Taiwan Railways Administration DT650 DT652: Preserved at Tainan Sports Park. DT664: Preserved at East Stone Township, Chiayi County. (The current number is DT651) DT668: Preserved in operational condition at Changhua Locomotive Depot. DT670: Preserved at Art and Literature Center, Banqiao District, New Taipei City. (The current number is DT675) References See also JNR Class D50 JNR Class D52 1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan Steam locomotives of Japan Steam locomotives of the Soviet Union Steam locomotives of Taiwan Locomotives of South Korea 2-8-2 locomotives Hitachi locomotives Kawasaki locomotives Preserved steam locomotives of Japan Railway locomotives introduced in 1936 Japanโ€“Soviet Union relations 1โ€ฒD1โ€ฒ h2 locomotives
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%A7%80%EA%B3%A8%EB%8F%84%ED%9B%84%EC%84%A0%EC%9A%B0
์งˆ์ง€๊ณจ๋„ํ›„์„ ์šฐ
์งˆ์ง€๊ณจ๋„ํ›„์„ ์šฐ(้ƒ…ๆ”ฏ้ชจ้ƒฝไพฏๅ–ฎไบŽ, ? ~ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 36๋…„)๋Š” ์„œํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ์„ ์šฐ๋‹ค. ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ(้ƒ…ๆ”ฏๅ–ฎไบŽ)๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์€ ์—ฐ์ œ(ๆ”ฃ้žฎ)๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ˜ธ๋„์˜ค์‚ฌ(ๅ‘ผๅฑ ๅพๆ–ฏ)๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๋ ค๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ, ํ‰๋…ธ ์„œ๋ถ€์— ์›…๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ณ์„œ ์ซ“์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ํˆฌํ•ญํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋น„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜์ž ์„œ์ชฝ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ๋™ํ‰๋…ธ์™€ ์ „ํ•œ๊ณผ ๋งž์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•œ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ง„ํƒ•์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์‚ดํ•ด๋๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์„œํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ์„ ์šฐ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ํ—ˆ๋ ค๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ž ์•…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ œ์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•ด, ์ž์‹ ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ˆจ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋™์ƒ ๊ณ„ํ›„์‚ฐ(ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ)์€ ์žฅ์ธ ์˜ค์„ ๋ง‰์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ œ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ํญ์ •์„ ๊ฒฌ๋””์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ‰๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„ํ›„์‚ฐ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์•…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ œ์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•ด์ ธ ์ž๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ, ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ขŒ๋ก๋ฆฌ์™•์ด ๋๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์•…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ œ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์ž”๋‹น์„ ์„ฃ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค ์‹คํŒจํ•ด ๋„๊ธฐ์„ ์šฐยท๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์„ ์šฐยทํ˜ธ๊ฑธ์„ ์šฐยท์˜ค์ž์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด์„œ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 56๋…„ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋„ค ์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ œ์••ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์„ ์šฐ์ •์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋„๊ธฐ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ๋™์ƒ ์œค์ง„์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ์„œ์ชฝ์„ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๋‹ˆ, ๋‹น์‹œ ์ขŒํ˜„์™•์„ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ์งˆ์ง€๊ณจ๋„ํ›„์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ปฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ฆฝํ•ด ํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ๋™์ชฝ์„ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด ํ‰๋…ธ๋Š” ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ์œค์ง„์„ ์šฐ, ์ค‘์•™์˜ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ, ๋™๋ถ€์˜ ์งˆ์ง€๊ณจ๋„ํ›„์„ ์šฐ๋กœ 3๋ถ„๋๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 54๋…„, ์œค์ง„์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ณ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค์ž ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์›Œ ์œค์ง„์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•„ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด ๋‚ด์ซ“๊ณ  ์„ ์šฐ์ •์„ ํƒˆ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ‰๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์žฌํ†ต์ผํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์ „ํ•œ์— ํˆฌํ•ญํ•ด ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 53๋…„, ์•„๋“ค ์šฐ๋Œ€์žฅ ๊ตฌ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜(้ง’ไบŽๅˆฉๅ—)๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •์— ๋ณด๋‚ด ํ™ฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 51๋…„, ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์นœํžˆ ์กฐํ•˜ํ•˜๋‹ˆ, ์ž์‹ ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ „ํ•œ์— ์˜ˆ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 50๋…„์—๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์˜ˆ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”์ณค๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•œ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”, ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ณต ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 49๋…„, ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ์„œ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์ถœ๋ณ‘ํ•ด, ์›๋ž˜ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์„ฌ๊ธฐ๋‹ค ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜ ์ž๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ชฉ์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ 5๋งŒ์—ฌ ๋ช…์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์šฐ๋‹ˆ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ‰๋…ธ๋ฅผ ํ‰์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋•…์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค. ์ผ๋‹จ ์˜ค์†๊ณผ ํž˜์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ ค ์˜ค์†์˜ ๋‘ ๊ณค๋ฏธ ์ค‘ ์นœํ‰๋…ธํŒŒ์ธ ์†Œ๊ณค๋ฏธ ์˜ค์ทจ๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜ค์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ํŽธ์— ์„œ์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  8์ฒœ ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์„œ์ž ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฑธ(ํ˜ธ๊ฑธ)์„ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•ด ํ•ญ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ๊ฒฌ๊ณค(ํ‚ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ์Šค)๊ณผ ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ์ •๋ น๋„ ๊ตด๋ณต์‹œ์ผœ ์ด ์„ธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์์„ ๊ฒฌ๊ณค์— ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฅด๋„ค ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์Ž„๋Š” ์งˆ์ง€๊ณจ๋„ํ›„์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๊ทธ๋””์•„๋‚˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 48๋…„, ์†Œ๊ทธ๋””์•„๋‚˜ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ์ƒˆ ์„ ์šฐ์ •์€ ์ด์ œ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๋ฉ€๊ณ , ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›๋งํ•ด, ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ „ํ•œ ํ™ฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹œ๋Š” ์•„๋“ค ๊ตฌ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๊ท€์ˆœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ณต์šฐ์™€ ๊ด‘ํ˜•์€ ์‚ฌ์ž ๊ณก๊ธธ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ•ด ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณก๊ธธ์ด ๊ตฌ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์†กํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒญํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณก๊ธธ์€ ํ‰๋…ธ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ์˜คํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ์šฐ์ •๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜ธ์†กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณก๊ธธ์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•์„ฑํ•ด์ ธ ์งˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•ด ๋– ๋‚˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์นจ ์˜ค์†๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•ด ์˜ค์†์„ ์ทจํ•˜์ž ํ•˜๋‹ˆ, ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋งน์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ท€์ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ค‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋„์ค‘์— ์ถ”์œ„๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ์›์„ ์žƒ์–ด 3์ฒœ ๋ช…๋งŒ์ด ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™•์˜ ๋”ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋”ธ์„ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์œ„๋ ฅ์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ ค ์˜ค์†์„ ์ณ ์˜ค์†์˜ ์„œ์šธ ์ ๊ณก์„ฑ(่ตค่ฐทๅŸŽ)๊นŒ์ง€ ๊นŠ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ถ•๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์•ฝํƒˆํ•ด, ์˜ค์†์€ ๊ฐํžˆ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊ต๋งŒํ•ด์ ธ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™•์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค ํ•ด ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™•์˜ ๋”ธ๊ณผ ๊ท€์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•ด ๋„๋ขฐ์ˆ˜(้ƒฝ่ณดๆฐด)์— ๋˜์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์„ ์ง•๋ฐœํ•ด ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์–ด 2๋…„ ํ›„์— ์™„์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ํ•ฉ์†Œ(้—”่˜‡)ยท๋Œ€์™„ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊พธ์ง–์–ด ์„œํ‰๋…ธ์— ๋งค๋…„ ์กฐ๊ณต์„ ๋ฐ”์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ง„ํƒ•์˜ ์Šต๊ฒฉ, ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ „ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๊ณก๊ธธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค ๊ต์„ญํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€ ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ ค๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์„œ์—ญ ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์„œ์—ญ๋„ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋„์œ„ ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ถ€๊ธฐ๋„์œ„ ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ์„œํ‰๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋ก ์ „ํ•œ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์˜ค์†๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋„ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ, ์„œํ‰๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์น  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์—ญ ๋„์‹œ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ , ํ™ฉ์ œ ์›์ œ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์นญํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ํ•œ์กฑ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์™€ ์ด๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ํ•ฉ์ณ 4๋งŒ ๋ช…์„ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์„œํ‰๋…ธ ์ •๋ฒŒ์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋จผ์ € ์˜ค์†์„ ํ•๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์™• ํฌ์ „(ๆŠฑ้—)์„ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ ๋™์ชฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ท€์ธ ๋„๋ฌต(ๅฑ ๅขจ)์„ ์€๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์ ‘๊ฒฌํ•ด ์ „ํ•œ ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ์šฐ์„ฑ 60์—ฌ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ท€์ธ ํŒจ์ƒ‰(่ฒ่‰ฒ)๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์•„๋“ค ๊ฐœ๋ชจ(้–‹็‰Ÿ)๋ฅผ ์žก์•„ ํ–ฅ๋„๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋„๋ฌต์˜ ์™ธ์‚ผ์ดŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์›Œํ•ด ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™ฉ์„ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ , ์ด๋“ค์ด ์„ ์šฐ์„ฑ 30๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„๊ฒฉํ•ด ์˜์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋‹ˆ, ์„œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ , ์ด๋“ค์ด ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๋ขฐ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ, ์„ ์šฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 3๋ฆฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ์šฐ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ƒ‰ ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฑธ๊ณ , ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘์€ ์„ฑ ๋ฐ–์„ ์™•๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ณ‘์€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ง„์„ ํˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง„์˜์— ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋„๋ฐœํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ™”์‚ด๋งŒ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ง„ํƒ• ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋””์–ด ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ์œ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ค‘์— ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ์—์„œ ํ™”์‚ด์„ ์˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‘์‚ฌ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ฑ์€ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์€ ํ† ์„ฑ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ์ด์ค‘ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ฑ ์œ„์—์„œ ํ™”์‚ด์„ ์˜์•„ ํ•œ๊ตฐ์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•œ๊ตฐ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ฑ์— ๋ถˆ์„ ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐค์ด ๋˜์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด ์ณค์œผ๋‚˜ ํ™”์‚ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋‚ดํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์˜ค์† ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚  ๊ณณ์ด ์—†๋‹ค ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ ์™”์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ. ์ด์— ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์นœํžˆ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์—ฐ์ง€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ธ๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ์„ ํฌ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”์‚ด์„ ์˜์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ฝ”์— ํ™”์‚ด์„ ๋งž๊ณ , ๋ถ€์ธ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ์นœํžˆ ๋ง์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐค์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ฑ์ด ๋šซ๋ ค ๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ† ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์นจ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ๋งŒ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ 10์—ฌ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ•ด ํฌ์œ„๊ตฐ์„ ์—ญํฌ์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ผ์Šตํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ‰๋…ธ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ ์ด ๋ฐ์ž, ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ ๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ์€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํ† ์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์šฐ์™€ ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๋ช…์€ ๋Œ€๋‚ด(ๅคงๅ…ง)๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๊ณ , ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ์„ ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์•ž๋‹คํˆฌ์–ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์ „์‚ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตฐํ›„๊ฐ€์Šน(่ปๅ€™ๅ‡ไธž) ๋‘ํ›ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชฉ์ด ์ž˜๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ง€ยทํƒœ์žยท๋ช…์™• ์ดํ•˜ 1,518๋ช…์ด ๋ชฉ์ด ์ž˜๋ ธ๊ณ , 145๋ช…์ด ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ์žกํ˜”๊ณ , ์ฒœ์—ฌ ๋ช…์ด ํ•ญ๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ํ—ˆ๋ ค๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ์„ ์šฐ ์งˆ์ง€๊ณจ๋„ํ›„์„ ์šฐ ํ˜ธ๋„์˜ค์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ ๊ณ„ํ›„์‚ฐ ์šฐ๋ก๋ฆฌ์™• ์ถœ์ „ ๋ฐ˜๊ณ : ใ€Šํ•œ์„œใ€‹ ๊ถŒ94 ํ•˜ ํ‰๋…ธ์ „์ œ64 ํ•˜ยท๊ถŒ70 ๋ถ€์ƒ์ •๊ฐ์ง„๋‹จ์ „์ œ40 ์ค‘ ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜, ์ง„ํƒ• ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ์„ ์šฐ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 36๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ž‘์ „ ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhizhi
Zhizhi
Zhizhi or Chi-Chi (, from Old Chinese (58 BCE): *tล›it-kie < *tit-ke; died 36 BCE), also known as Jzh-jzh, was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire at the time of the first Xiongnu civil war, who held the north and west in contention with his younger brother Huhanye who held the south. His original name in Chinese transcription was Luandi Hutuwusi (), i.e. one of the Worthy Princes of the East (of the Luandi clan). When Hutuwusi's father, Xulรผquanqu Chanyu, died in 60 BCE, power was seized by a distant relative, Woyanqudi. In 58 BCE, Huhanye, a younger son of Xulรผquanqu, revolted and made himself chanyu. Woyanqudi committed suicide soon after. In 56 BCE Hutuwusi, elder brother of Huhanye, revolted, called himself Zhizhi Chanyu, and drove Huhanye out of the royal domain. As Zhizhi grew more powerful, Huhanye moved south and submitted to the Chinese (53 BCE). Huhanye then used Chinese support to strengthen himself against his elder brother. Zhizhi tried to offer tribute to the Chinese and sent his son as hostage, but the Han dynasty favored Huhanye. Growing weaker, in 49 BCE Zhizhi began moving west in the hope of reconstituting his empire. In the same year, Yilimu, a brother of Woyuanqudi, declared himself chanyu and was killed by Zhizhi. He successfully fought the Wusun, gained control of the Dingling and made his capital in the lands of the Jiankun who may have been the Yenisei Kirghiz (these last two are on the southern edge of Siberia). In 44 BCE he was reported to be on the north slope of the Tian Shan in modern Xinjiang. The Han court returned his hostage son. For unknown reasons, Zhizhi murdered the envoy who accompanied his son. He made a marriage alliance with the rulers of Kangju near Lake Balkhash and led his entire tribe westward. They suffered greatly from cold and only 3,000 people reached Kangju (it is not clear if this was the whole population or counts only fighting men). In alliance with the Kangju he plundered the Wusun. Later he quarreled with the Kangju, killed several hundred of them and forced the Kangju people to build him a fortress on the Dulaishui River (possibly the Ili River or the Talas River). He also extracted tribute from Dayuan. It is not clear why Zhizhi would want a fortress since the great advantage of the Xiongnu was their mobile cavalry. The Chinese commander of the Western Regions began to fear that Zhizhi was planning to build a large empire and launched a preemptive attack. In 36 BCE, Han generals Chen Tang and Gan Yanshou led a force of 40,000 into battle against the Xiongnu and their Kangju allies. They reached Wusun territory and then advanced on Kangju. A Kangju raiding party attacked them and took their wagons, but a counterattack drove off their forces, and the Han army was able to recover their supply train. Upon reaching Kangju (around modern Taraz), the army started constructing a fortified camp, but the Xiongnu attacked them. After driving off the Xiongnu with crossbows, they secured their camp and advanced on the enemy city with a shield and spear formation in front and crossbowmen behind. The crossbowmen rained down on the defenders manning the walls until they fled, then the spearmen drained the moat and started stacking firewood against the palisade. A Kangju relief force made several attacks on the Han position at night, delaying the assault and allowing the defenders to repair their walls. When the Han army attacked, the city fell with ease and Zhizhi Chanyu was killed and decapitated. Zhizhi's head was then brought to Chang'an and presented to Emperor Yuan of Han. During the battle, an infantry unit on the Kangju side used a formation described as having the appearance of fish scales, which has caused speculation that they were Greek Hoplites from the Kingdom of Dayuan. Evidence is inconclusive. See also Huyan References Yap, Joseph P. (2009). Wars With The Xiongnu, A Translation from Zizhi tongjian. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A. , Chapters 10โ€“12. Further reading Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, reprint Moscow-Leningrad, 1950 Taskin B.S., "Materials on Sรผnnu history", Science, Moscow, 1968, p.ย 31 (In Russian) Yap, Joseph P, (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. 36 BC deaths Chanyus Year of birth unknown
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94%EC%9D%98%20%EB%86%8D%EC%97%85
๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๋†์—…
๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๋†์—…์€ ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๋„คํŒ”์€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตญํ† ์˜ 20%์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 90% ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋†์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์—…์€ ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ์ „์ฒด GDP์—์„œ ์•ฝ 60% ์ •๋„, ์ˆ˜์ถœ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์˜ 75%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1975๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1980๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ œ5์ฐจ 5๊ฐœ๋…„ ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜„์žฅ์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„คํŒ” ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋†์—…์„ ์ตœ์šฐ์„  ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋„คํŒ”์—์„œ ๋†์—…์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰์›, ์ˆ˜์ž…์›, ๊ณ ์šฉ์›์œผ๋กœ, ๋„คํŒ” ์ „์ฒด GDP์˜ 33%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŒ” ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด€๊ฐœ, ๋น„๋ฃŒ์™€ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ ๋„์ž…, ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์ต ํ’ˆ์ข…์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์”จ์•— ๋„์ž…, ์‹ ์šฉ ์ œ๊ณต์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž… ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ฌผ์ž ํ™•๋ณด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๋†์—… ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ํ† ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ •์ฐฉ์ด ํ…Œ๋ผ์ด(Terai) ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ๋ฒŒ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์•…ํ™”์™€ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๋†์—… ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„คํŒ”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ณ‘๋ชฉ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์—…์  ํˆฌ์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋„คํŒ”์—์„œ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ๋‚ ์”จ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1989๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„คํŒ”์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  2.4%์˜ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  2.6%์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์—ฐํ‰๊ท  ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์€ 1.2%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋ผ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€์™€ ์–ธ๋• ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ€์ง€๋Ÿฐํ•œ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผ์ผ ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์„ 1988๋…„์— 1์ธ๋‹น ์•ฝ 1,900 ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ฐœ ์‹œ์„ค์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์€ 1956๋…„ ์•ฝ 6,200ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์—์„œ 1990๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 583,000ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ€์€ ๋„คํŒ”์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. 1966๋…„์—๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์Œ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด 100๋งŒ ํ†ค์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋„˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1989๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 300๋งŒ ํ†ค ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์Œ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1988๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 390๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Œ€์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”์นœ๋‹ค. 1966๋…„์—๋Š” ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ธ ์•ฝ 50๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1989๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ 100๋งŒํ†ค ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€, ์„œ๊ณก, ๋ณด๋ฆฌ, ์ปคํ”ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋„ ๋†์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜„์žฅ์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํƒ•์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋„ 1970๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ž, ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ 1980๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์™„๋งŒํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค. ์•ฝ์ดˆ๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํžˆ๋ง๋ผ์•ผ์‚ฐ๋งฅ ์‚ฐ๋น„ํƒˆ์—์„œ ์ž์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์•…ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŒ” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์šฐ์œ , ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ๊ณผ์ผ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜์–‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžŒ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ด๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 1989๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์™€ ์šฐ์œ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŒ”์€ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ 50% ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋†์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹์šฉ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์€ 1988๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1989๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋„คํŒ” ์ „์ฒด ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 76%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1989๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1990๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์•…์ฒœํ›„์™€ ๋†์—… ํˆฌ์ž…๋ฌผ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋น„๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  5%์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋‚ ์”จ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“์€ ํ† ์ง€ ์ด์šฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๋†์—…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ(2008๋…„ ~ 2009๋…„)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 65.6%๋งŒ์ด ๋†์—…์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  21%๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด 6.99%๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ž‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ฐœ ๋„คํŒ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€ 270๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ์ค‘ 130๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋งŒ์ด ๊ด€๊ฐœ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ฐœ ์‹œ์„ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์‹ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๋†์—… GDP ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์•ฝ 0.8%๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งค๋…„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํ™์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ฐœ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ค€๋น„๋“ค์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋„คํŒ”์˜ ์–‘๋ด‰ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Emergence of latest technologies in Nepali Agriculture YouTube
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Nepal
Agriculture in Nepal
In Nepal, the economy is dominated by agriculture. In the late 1980s, it was the livelihood for more than 90% of the population, although only approximately 20% of the total land area was cultivable, it accounted for, on average, about 60% of the GDP and approximately 75% of exports. Since the formulation of the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1975โ€“80), agriculture has been the highest priority because economic growth was dependent on both increasing the productivity of existing crops and diversifying the agricultural base for use as industrial inputs. According to the World Bank, agriculture is the main source of food, income, and employment for the majority. It provides about 33% of the gross domestic product (GDP). In trying to increase agricultural production and diversify the agricultural base, the government focused on irrigation, the use of fertilizers and insecticides, the introduction of new implements and new seeds of high-yield varieties, and the provision of credit. The lack of distribution of these inputs, as well as problems in obtaining supplies, however, inhibited progress. Although land reclamation and settlement were occurring in the Terai Region, environmental degradation and ecological imbalance resulting from deforestation also prevented progress. Although new agricultural technologies helped increase food production, there still was room for further growth. Past experience indicated bottlenecks, however, in using modern technology to achieve a healthy growth. The conflicting goals of producing cash crops both for food and for industrial inputs also were problematic. History The production of crops fluctuated widely as a result of these factors as well as weather conditions. Although agricultural production grew at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent from 1974 to 1989, it did not keep pace with population growth, which increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent over the same period. Further, the annual average growth rate of food grain production was only 1.2 percent during the same period. There were some successes. Fertile lands in the Terai Region and hardworking peasants in the Hill Region provided greater supplies of food staples (mostly rice and corn), increasing the daily caloric intake of the population locally to over 2,000 calories per capita in 1988 from about 1,900 per capita in 1965. Moreover, areas with access to irrigation facilities increased from approximately 6,200 hectares in 1956 to nearly 583,000 hectares by 1990. Rice is the most important cereal crop. In 1966 total rice production amounted to a little more than 1 million tons; by 1989 more than 3 million tons were produced. Fluctuation in rice production was very common because of changes in rainfall; overall, however, rice production had increased following the introduction of new cultivation techniques as well as increases in cultivated land. By 1988 approximately 3.9 million hectares of land were under paddy cultivation. Many people in Nepal devote their lives to cultivating rice to survive. In 1966 approximately 500,000 tons of corn, the second major food crop, were produced. By 1989 corn production had increased to over 1 million tons. Other food crops included wheat, millet, barley, and coffee, but their contribution to the agricultural sector was small. Increased production of cash crops, used as input to new industries, dominated in the early 1970s. Sugarcane and tobacco also showed considerable increases in production from the 1970s to the 1980s. Potatoes and oilseed production had shown moderate growth since 1980. Medicinal herbs were grown in the north on the slopes of the Himalayas, but increases in production were limited by continued environmental degradation. According to government statistics, production of milk, meat, and fruit had improved but as of the late 1980s still had not reached a point where nutritionally balanced food was available to most people. Additionally, the increases in meat and milk production had not met the desired level of output as of 1989. Nepal has more than 50% of people engaged in agriculture. Food grains contributed 76 percent of total crop production in 1988โ€“89. In 1989-90 despite poor weather conditions and a lack of agricultural inputs, particularly fertilizer, there was a production increase of 5 percent. In fact, severe weather fluctuations often affected production levels. Some of the gains in production through the 1980s were due to increased productivity of the work force (about 7 percent over fifteen years); other gains were due to increased land use and favorable weather conditions. According to Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture (2008โ€“2009) only 65.6% of people depends on agriculture and 21% of land is cultivated whereas 6.99% of land is uncultivated. Irrigation Out of 2.7 million hectares of agricultural land in Nepal, only 1.3 Mha have irrigation facilities. The majority of irrigation systems are small and medium-scale. A recent study funded by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) revealed that about 0.8% of agricultural GDP is being lost annually due to climate change and extreme events. There is a need to both improve agricultural productivity and make it more resilient to climate uncertainty and change in general. Recent increases in floods and droughts have raised concerns that the climate is changing rapidly and that existing arrangements for irrigation design and management may need to be reconsidered. See also Economy of Nepal Beekeeping in Nepal Flax production in Nepal Walnut production in Nepal Chickpeas in Nepal Fertilizer use in Nepal References External links Emergence of latest technologies in Nepali Agriculture YouTube
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO%EC%9D%98%20%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%20%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%B2%B4%EA%B3%A0%EB%B9%84%EB%82%98%20%EA%B0%9C%EC%9E%85
NATO์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ฒด๊ณ ๋น„๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…
NATO์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ฒด๊ณ ๋น„๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์€ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์กฐ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์กฐ์น˜๋“ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. NATO์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์€ ์ •์น˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•ฉ๋™ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ž‘์ „ ํ•˜์— 60,000๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฐ ํŒŒ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ž‘์ „์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ์ž… ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์‹œ 1992๋…„ 2์›”, ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์กฐ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ๊ณ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋น„์•„ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฒซ ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋งน๊ตฐ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ต์ „๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์—” ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ณ‘์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์–ธ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดํ›„ NATO์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธธ์„ ๋‹ฆ์•˜๋‹ค. 1992๋…„ 7์›” 10์ผ, NATO์˜ ์™ธ๊ต๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ํ—ฌ์‹ฑํ‚ค์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ 713ํ˜ธ์™€ 757ํ˜ธ ํ•˜์— ์ œ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋‚˜ํ† ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋„ค๊ทธ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํ•ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 7์›” 16์ผ์—๋Š” ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜คํŠธ๋ž€ํ†  ํ•ดํ˜‘์—์„œ ์ƒคํ”„ ๊ฐ€๋“œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1992๋…„ 10์›” 9์ผ, ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ 781ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•ด ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ฒด๊ณ ๋น„๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ณต์— ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธˆ์ง€๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜ํ† ๋Š” 10์›” 16์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๊ณ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋น„์•„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅ™ํ•œ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ƒ๊ณต์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•ด ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1992๋…„-1993๋…„: ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ ์ดํ–‰ 1992๋…„ 11์›” 16์ผ, ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ 787ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ œ์ œ ์ดํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ "ํ™”๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์ƒ ์šด์†ก์„ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ"์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด 11์›” 22์ผ NATO๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ณด์œ„ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•ด ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ค‘ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ž‘์ „์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ž‘์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ์ด ์ž‘์ „์€ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ž„๋ฌด์˜€๋‹ค. NATO์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ž„๋ฌด ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ ์ดํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ 816ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ƒ๊ณต์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธˆ์ง€๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1993๋…„ 4์›” 12์ผ NATO๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•ด ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธˆ์ง€๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1993๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•œ NATO๊ตฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ปค์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1993๋…„ 6์›” 10์ผ NATO์™€ ์œ ์—”์€ ์œ ์—”์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ NATO๊ตฐ์ด ์œ ์—” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฐ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•ญ๊ณต์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 6์›” 15์ผ NATO๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ์ž‘์ „๊ณผ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์—ญ๋‚ด ํ•ด์ƒ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ด ์ƒคํ”„ ๊ฐ€๋“œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„: ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ž‘์ „์˜ ์—ญํ•  ์ฆ๋Œ€ 1994๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ, NATO์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ฐœ์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์€ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ƒ ๋ฃจ์นด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋น„ํ–‰ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ NATO ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ 4๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉ์ถ”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „ํˆฌ๋Š” NATO ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ์ „ํˆฌ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ NATO์˜ ์ฃผ๋‘”๊ตฐ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›”์— NATO์˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ•๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋ฅด์ฃผ๋ฐ์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„์ธ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, 1994๋…„ 4์›” 10์ผ ์ด์— ๋งž์„œ NATO๋Š” ์œ ์—” ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ์ ‘๊ณต์ค‘์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. NATO๋Š” ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์œ ์—” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„ ๋‚ด ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค์„ ํญ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ ์ž‘์ „ NATO๋Š” 1995๋…„ ์ดˆ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ๊ณต์ค‘์ž‘์ „์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ ์Šค์ฝง ์˜ค๊ทธ๋ ˆ๋””๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„๊ณ„ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„์ธ์ด ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ง€๋Œ€๊ณต ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์— ์ถ”๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ NATO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ์˜ ์ œ๊ณต๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„๊ฐ€ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ณต ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ ˆ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์ฐจ ํ•™์‚ด๊ณผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํšŒ๋‹ด 1995๋…„ 7์›”, ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„๊ณ„ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„์ธ๋“ค์€ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์ฐจ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•ด 8,000๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์‚ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ ˆ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์ฐจ ์ง‘๋‹จํ•™์‚ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„, NATO ํšŒ์›๊ตญ 16๊ฐœ๊ตญ์€ 1995๋…„ 7์›” 21์ผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๋‹ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์—” ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ด์žฅ ๋ณด์ธ ๋กœ์Šค ๋ณด์ธ ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฅด ์žฅ๋น„์—๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์—” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ด€๋ฃŒ์™€์˜ ์ƒ์˜ ์—†์ด๋„ NATO์˜ ๊ณต์Šต ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๋‹ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์˜ํšŒ์™€ ์œ ์—”์€ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ NATO๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์Šต์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๋‹ด์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„์ธ์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต์Šต์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์›์น™๋„ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์Šต ๋ฐ ํญ๊ฒฉ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํšŒ๋‹ด ์ดํ›„ NATO๋Š” ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„๊ณ„ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ค‘์ „์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ 8์›” 28์ผ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์นผ๋ ˆ ์ง‘๋‹จํ•™์‚ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 37๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋ณต ๊ณต์Šต์œผ๋กœ NATO ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠผ W. ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ๋””๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํฌ์Šค ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ 8์›” 30์ผ, NATO๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํฌ์Šค ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•ด ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต์Šต์„ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณต์Šต์€ 1995๋…„ 9์›” 20์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ ์—” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฐ (UNPROFOR) IFOR ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์กฐ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์ „ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ „์Ÿ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO%20intervention%20in%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a series of actions undertaken by NATO whose stated aim was to establish long-term peace during and after the Bosnian War. NATO's intervention began as largely political and symbolic, but gradually expanded to include large-scale air operations and the deployment of approximately 60,000 soldiers of the Implementation Force. Early involvement and monitoring NATO involvement in the Bosnian War and the Yugoslav Wars in general began in February 1992, when the alliance issued a statement urging all the belligerents in the conflict to allow the deployment of United Nations peacekeepers. While primarily symbolic, this statement paved the way for later NATO actions. On July 10, 1992, at a meeting in Helsinki, NATO foreign ministers agreed to assist the United Nations in monitoring compliance with sanctions established under United Nations Security Council resolutions 713 (1991) and 757 (1992). This led to the commencement of Operation Maritime Monitor off the coast of Montenegro, which was coordinated with the Western European Union Operation Sharp Guard in the Strait of Otranto on July 16. On October 9, 1992, the Security Council passed Resolution 781, establishing a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina. In response, on October 16, NATO expanded its mission in the area to include Operation Sky Monitor, which monitored Bosnian airspace for flights from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Enforcing compliance 1992โ€“1993 On November 16, 1992, the Security Council issued Resolution 787, which called upon member states to "halt all inward and outbound maritime shipping in order to inspect and verify their cargos" to ensure compliance with sanctions. In response to this resolution, NATO deactivated Maritime Monitor on November 22, and replaced it with Operation Maritime Guard, under which NATO forces were authorized to stop ships and inspect their cargos. Unlike Sky Monitor and Maritime Monitor, this was a true enforcement mission, not just a monitoring one. NATO's air mission also switched from monitoring to enforcement. The Security Council issued Resolution 816, which authorized states to use measures "to ensure compliance" with the no-fly zone over Bosnia. In response, on April 12, 1993, NATO initiated Operation Deny Flight which was tasked with enforcing the no-fly zone, using fighter aircraft based in the region. Throughout 1993, the role of NATO forces in Bosnia gradually grew. On June 10, 1993, NATO and the UN agreed that aircraft acting under Deny Flight would provide close air support to UNPROFOR at the request of the UN. On June 15, NATO integrated Operation Maritime Guard and Western European Union naval activities in the region into Operation Sharp Guard, and expanded its role to include greater enforcement powers. Growing role of air power 1994 On February 28, 1994, the scope of NATO involvement in Bosnia increased dramatically. In an incident near Banja Luka, NATO fighters from the USAF, operating under Deny Flight, shot down four Serb jets. This was the first combat operation in the history of NATO and opened the door for a steadily growing NATO presence in Bosnia. In April, the presence of NATO airpower continued to grow during a Serb attack on Goraลพde. In response, NATO launched its first close air support mission on April 10, 1994, bombing several Serb targets at the request of UN commanders. Operations in 1995 and Operation Deliberate Force NATO continued its air operations over Bosnia in the first half of 1995. During this period, American pilot Scott O'Grady was shot down over Bosnia by a surface-to-air missile fired by Bosnian Serb soldiers. He was eventually rescued safely, but his downing caused concern in the United States and other NATO countries about NATO air superiority in Bosnia and prompted some calls for more aggressive NATO action to eliminate Serb anti-air capabilities. Srebrenica and the London Conference In July 1995, the Bosnian Serbs launched an attack on the Bosnian town of Srebrenica, ending with the deaths of approximately 8,000 civilians in the Srebrenica massacre. After the events at Srebrenica, 16 nations met at the London Conference, beginning on July 21, 1995, to consider new options for Bosnia. As a result of the conference, UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali gave General Bernard Janvier, the UN military commander, the authority to request NATO airstrikes without consulting civilian UN officials, as a way to streamline the process. As a result of the conference, the North Atlantic Council and the UN also agreed to use NATO air strikes in response to attacks on any of the other safe areas in Bosnia. The participants at the conference also agreed in principle to the use of large-scale NATO air strikes in response to future acts of aggression by Serbs. Operation Deliberate Force After the London Conference, NATO planned an aggressive new air campaign against the Bosnian Serbs. On August 28, 1995, Serb forces launched a mortar shell at the Sarajevo marketplace killing 37 people. Admiral Leighton Smith, the NATO commander recommended that NATO launch retaliatory air strikes under Operation Deliberate Force. On August 30, 1995, NATO officially launched Operation Deliberate Force with large-scale bombing of Serb targets. The airstrikes lasted until September 20, 1995 and involved attacks on 338 individual targets. Dayton Accords and IFOR Largely as a result of the bombing under Operation Deliberate Force and changes in the battlefield situation, the belligerents in the Bosnian War met in Dayton, Ohio in November 1995, and signed the Dayton Accords, a peace treaty. As part of the accords, NATO agreed to provide 60,000 troops to deploy to the region, as part of the Implementation Force (IFOR), U.S. designation Operation Joint Endeavor. These forces remained deployed until December 1996, when those remaining in the region were transferred to the Stabilization Force (SFOR). SFOR peacekeepers remained in Bosnia until 2004. References Further reading Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84%20C10%ED%98%95%20%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%20%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%B0%A8
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ C10ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ C10ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ()๋Š” 1930๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 5๋…„)์— ์ œ์กฐ๋œย ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„(๋‹น์‹œ์—” ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ)์˜ ํƒฑํฌ์‹ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ข…์ „ ์ดํ›„์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์ง„ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 1920๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ถˆํ™ฉ ํƒ“์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทผ๊ต ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด C10ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค.ย ์ถ•์ค‘์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํฌ๊ณ , ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ฆ๋น„๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•œ C11ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ 1930๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด์— 23๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ์†Œ๋Š” C10 1 ~ 15(15๋Ÿ‰)์ด ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ, C10 16 ~ 23(8๋Ÿ‰)์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ…๋”์‹ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์—๋„ ์ ์‘์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋Œ€ํ˜•๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์šฐ์„ , ์šด์ „์‹ค ๋ฐ ์„ํƒ„๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๋Œ€์ฐจ๋ฅผ 2์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” 2-6-4ํ˜• ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ย ์ข…๋Œ€์ฐจ์˜ ํ˜„๊ฐ€์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ํƒ„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ถ• ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กœ์‹ ํ˜„๊ฐ€์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ LT122, ์ข…๋Œ€์ฐจ๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์‹ ํ˜„๊ฐ€์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์‹ ๋Œ€์ฐจ์ธ LT213์ด๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฅœ์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ทผ๊ต ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ์† ์šด์ „์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ C50ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋™๋ฅœ์˜ย 1,600mm์—์„œ 5%์ถ•์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ 1,520mm์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•๋ถ„์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ํ•˜์ค‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์†๋„๋ฅผ 95 km/h๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ C50ยทC54ํ˜• ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ†ต๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ, C55ํ˜• ์ดํ›„(๊ตญ์ฒ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ „๊ธฐ์šฉ์ ‘์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šด์ „๋Œ€๋‚˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฌผํƒฑํฌ ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒณ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์šฉ์ ‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ ํ›„๊ณ„์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ C11ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์™ธ๊ด€์ƒ ์ค‘ํ›„ํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์‹ ์กฐ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์–ด๊นจ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ค‘๊ฒฌ์‹ ์˜จ์ˆ˜ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํšจ์œจ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํ›„์ผ์— ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ C10ํ˜•์€ C54ํ˜• ์ œ์—ฐํŒ์ด ์ œ์‹ ์ฑ„์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ์—ฐํŒ์€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ›„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ผ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์šฉ ๋„์ฟ„ยท๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผยท์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ๋ณธ์„  ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๊ต ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผย  ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„์— ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋ชจํ† ยท๋‚˜๋ผ ๋“ฑ์—๋„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ด๋“ค ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ์ผ์ฐŒ๊ฐ์น˜ ์ „์ฒ ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ์ง€์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ „์†๋˜์–ด ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์„ ยท๋ชจ์นด ์„ ยท๊ธฐ์‹  ์„ ยท๋ฐ˜ํƒ„ ์„  ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์—ด์ฐจยทํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋™์ฐจํ™”(๋””์ ค ๋™์ฐจํ™”)๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์•„ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ C11ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 1960๋…„์—์„œ 1962๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ์ฐจ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด C10 8์ด ์˜ค์ด๊ฐ€์™€ ์ฒ ๋„์— ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1930๋…„ย 7์›” 24์ผ์— ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 8์›” 2์ผ ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์นด์‚ฌํ‚ค ์„ ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1932๋…„ย 9์›” 1์ผ ๋‹ค์นด์‚ฌํ‚ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณ ์— ์ „์†๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ, ์‹ ์ฝ”์ด์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฐ”ํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ, ๋ฏธํ†  ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์ „์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1941๋…„ย 3์›” 31์ผ์—๋Š” ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „์†, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1949๋…„ย 3์›” 1์ผ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์นด ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์†Œ์†๋œ ์ด๋ž˜, ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์„ ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1961๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ์— ์•„์ด์ฆˆ์™€์นด๋งˆ์ธ  ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด, ์•„์ด์ฆˆ ์„ ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐยทํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ย 1962๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ์— ํ์ฐจ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 8์›”์— ์ด์™€ํ…Œํ˜„ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ”์‹œ์˜ ๋ผ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์—…์— ์–‘๋„๋˜์–ด ๋ผ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์—…์˜ ๊ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ”์—ญ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์šฉ์„ ์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ตญ์ฒ ์˜ ๋ฌด์—ฐํ™”(์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ํ์ง€) ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋””์ ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, 1979๋…„ 4์›”์—ย  ์šด์šฉ์„ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1986๋…„ 11์›”์— ํ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1987๋…„ย 3์›”์— ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ”์‹œ์— ์–‘๋„๋˜์–ด ๊ด€๊ด‘์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 4์›” 17์ผ์— ๋™ํƒœ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•ด, 7์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ”์—ญ ๋ถ€๊ทผ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ”ํ•ญ ๋ฐ์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋ถ€๋‘๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” (๊ตฌ)๊ตญ์ฒ  ๋ฆฐ์ฝ”์„ ์—์„œ ใ€ŒSL ์‹œ์˜ค์นด์ œํ˜ธใ€๋กœ์„œ ์šดํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฐ์ฝ”์„ ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ œ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 1990๋…„ 1์›” 3์ผ์— ์šดํ–‰์„ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ํœด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ›„ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ” ์‹œ๋Š” ์–‘๋„ํ•  ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1994๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ, ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋˜ ์˜ค์ด๊ฐ€์™€ ์ฒ ๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์–‘๋„๋๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ํ•ด 4์›” 22์ผ,ย ์˜ค์ด๊ฐ€์™€ ์ฒ ๋„์— ๋ฐ˜์ž…๋œ ๋’ค์— ์„ผ์ฆˆ์—ญ ์ „์‹œํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ 1997๋…„ 9์›” ์˜์—…์šด์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ด๊ฐ€์™€ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ฌ 14์ผ์— C11 227๋ฒˆ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋ จ ์šดํ–‰์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์™ธ๊ด€์€ C11ยทC12ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒฑํฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฒณ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” C10ํ˜•์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ข…์ด ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ์ฐจ ํ›„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ด์ฒด๋๋‹ค. ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง„ 5๋Ÿ‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ย 2018๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ์ฐจ๊ฒฌ์ธ์€ 4๋Ÿ‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์ œ์›์€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ „์žฅ๏ผš12.65m ์ „๊ณ ๏ผš3.940m ์ „ํญ๏ผš2.936m ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๏ผš69.70t ๊ณต์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๏ผš55.51t ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์˜ค์ด๊ฐ€์™€ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ C10 8์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ SL๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ž(SLใง่กŒใ“ใ†) - 1998๋…„ 12์›” 17์ผ ๋ฐœ๋งค ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR%20Class%20C10
JNR Class C10
The Class C10 is a type of 2-6-4T steam locomotive built by the Japanese Government Railways from 1930. A total of 23 Class C10 locomotives were built and designed by Hideo Shima. They were numbered C10 01-C10 23. They were operated until 1962. Only one member of the Class is preserved which is C10 8. It is preserved on the ลŒigawa Railway. They would later form the basis of the JNR Class C11 in 1932. Preserved examples C10 8 โ€“ ลŒigawa Railway See also Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification References JNR Class C11 1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan Steam locomotives of Japan 2-6-4T locomotives Kawasaki locomotives Preserved steam locomotives of Japan Railway locomotives introduced in 1930 Passenger locomotives
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%ED%82%A4%20%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4
๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค
๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค(Nikki Cross, 1987๋…„ 4์›” 20์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ช…์€ ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋ผ ๊ธ€๋ Œํฌ๋กœ์Šค(Nicola Glencross)๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ์ธ๋””๋‹จ์ฒด ๋ง๋„ค์ž„ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ์Šคํ†ฐ(Nikki Storm)์ด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  WWE NXT/WWE ๋ง๋„ค์ž„์ด๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค(Nikki Cross)๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋Š” 158cm(5ft 2in) ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 54kg(118 lb)์ด๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง ์ž…๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํŽ˜์…”๋„ ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ดํŠธ์Šค / Professional wrestling highlights ์—์Šค ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค / As Nikki Cross ํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์‹ฑ ๋ฌด๋ธŒ / Finshing moves ๋” ํผ์ง€ (์Šคํ”ผ๋‹ ํ”ผ์…”๋งจ ์ˆ˜ํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค) / The Purge (Spinning fisherman suplex) ์‹œ๊ทธ๋‹ˆ์ฒ˜ ๋ฌด๋ธŒ / Signature movers ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ”Œ ๋„ฅ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ / Multiples neckbreaker variations ์‹ฏ์•„์›ƒ ์•” ํŠธ๋žฉ / Sitout arm trap ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์žฌํ‚ท / Straight jacket neckbreaker ์œ„ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‰ฌ / Whiplash ์Šคํ”ผ๋‹ ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŒ… ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๋“œ DDT, ์ธํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ ์˜จ ๋” ์—์ดํ”„๋Ÿฐ ๋ง / Spinnig lifting inverted DDT, sometimes on the apron ring ์—์Šค ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค / As Nikki Cross ํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์‹ฑ ๋ฌด๋ธŒ / Finshing moves ์•„์ด ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์Šคํ†  (๋ชจ๋””ํŒŒ์ด๋“œ ๋”๋ธ” ์–ธ๋”ํ›… ํฌ๋กœ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค) / Eye of the Stor (Modified double underhook crossface) ํ—ค์ผ ์Šคํ†ฐ (์ŠˆํŒ… ์Šคํƒ€ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฒ— ๋“œ๋กญ) / Hail storm (Shooting star headbutt drop) ํผํŽ™ํŠธ ์Šคํ†ฐ (์‚ฌ๋ชจ์•ˆ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„) / Perfect Storm (Samoan driver) ์‹œ๊ทธ๋‹ˆ์ฒ˜ ๋ฌด๋ธŒ / Signature movers ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŒ… ํ† ๋„ค์ด๋„ DDT / Lifting tornado DDT ์œ„ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‰ฌ ๋„ฅ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค / Whiplash neckbreaker ๋‹‰๋„ค์ž„ / Nicknames "๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ธ ๋” ๊ฐค๋Ÿญ์‹œ" / "The Best in the Galaxy" "ํŠธ์œ„์Šคํ‹ฐ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์—”์—‘์Šคํ‹ฐ" / "The Twisted Sister of NXT" "ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ › ์น˜์ฆˆ์ผ€์ดํฌ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ" / "The White Chocolate Cheesecake of Sports Entertainment" ์—”ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค ํ…Œ๋งˆ / Entrance themes ๋ผ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ„ ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ฐฑ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ณด์ด์ฆˆ (๋””ํŽœ๋˜ํŠธ ์„œํ‚ท) / Larger than Life by Backstreet Boys (Independent Circuit) ์ปคํŠธ๋กค๋“œ ์นด์˜ค์Šค ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์”จ์—ํ”„์˜ค$ (์—”์—‘์Šคํ‹ฐ; 2016๋…„ 10์›” 12์ผ ~ 2018๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ; ์œ ์ฆˆ๋“œ ์—์Šค ์–ด ๋งˆ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์ƒˆ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ) / Controlled Chaos of the CFO$ (NXT; 12 October 2016-17 April 2018; used as a mebro of the SAnitY) ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์”จ์—ํ”„์˜ค$ (์—”์—‘์Šคํ‹ฐ/๋”๋ธ”์œ ๋”๋ธ”์œ ์ด; 2016๋…„ 10์›” 12์ผ-ํ”„๋ฆฌ์  ํŠธ) / Glasgow Cross of the CFO$ (NXT/WWE; 12 October 2016-present) WWE NXT 2016๋…„์— WWE์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ จ์ƒ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฑ„๊ฒฐํ•ด NXT์—์„œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  8์›” 17์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ NXT์—์„œ ์นด๋ฉœ๋ผ & ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํŒ€์„ ์ด๋ค„ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฌ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์Šค & ๋งจ๋”” ๋กœ์ฆˆ & ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฒ ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 10์›” 12์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ NXT์— ์—๋ฆญ ์˜, ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ์šธํ”„, ์†Œ์ด์–ด ํ’€ํ„ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒˆ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์•…์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์ž๋น„ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚œํญํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ํ™์ผ์ ์ด๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ณต์ž‘์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŒ€์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค ๋„์›€์—†์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ์•„์Šค์นด์˜ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ , NXT ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„ ์ƒŒ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค์—์„œ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ์ผ€์ด & ํŽ˜์ดํ„ด ๋กœ์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ‹ˆ์„ ํƒ€ ์•„์Šค์นด๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜์ดํŠผ ๋กœ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์Šค์นด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์‹ฌ์žฅํ•œ ์›ƒ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ค‘์ธ ํƒ€์ด ๋”œ๋ฆฐ์ € & ๋กœ๋ฐ๋ฆญ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ & ๋…ธ์›จ์ด ํ˜ธ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ณต์ž‘์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฃจ๋น„ ๋ผ์ด์—‡์„ ์˜์ž…ํ•ด ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„ ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์›จ์ด ํ˜ธ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด ์ถœ์ „์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ƒ์ž…ํžˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ€์ด ๋”œ๋ฆฐ์ € & ๋กœ๋ฐ๋ฆญ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ & ๋ฃจ๋น„ ๋ผ์ด์—‡์ด ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ์บ์‹œ์–ด์Šค ์˜ค๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์˜์ž…ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๋ฃจ๋น„ ๋ผ์ด์—‡๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  5์›” 3์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ NXT์—์„œ ๋„˜๋ฒ„์› ์ปจํ…๋” ๋ฐฐํ‹€๋กœ์–„์—์„œ ๋ฃจ๋น„ ๋ผ์ด์—‡, ์— ๋ฒ„ ๋ฌธ, ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋งŒ ๋‚จ์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์•„์Šค์นด๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌดํšจ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์ž ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚จ์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ด ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‰ฝ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ๋“ฑ๊ทน์— ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค. 6์›” 14์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ NXT์—์„œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์“ฐ๋ ›์œผ๋กœ NXT ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฒˆ์—” ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฃจ๋น„ ๋ผ์ด์—‡์„ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์•„์Šค์นด์™€ 1๋Œ€ 1๋กœ ๊ฒฉ๋Œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฑ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฒฉ๋Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌดํšจ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 6์›” 28์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ NXT์—์„œ ๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ์šฐ๋จผ ์Šคํ…๋”ฉ ๋งค์น˜๋กœ ์•„์Šค์นด์™€ ๊ฒฉ๋Œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ์ผ€์ด & ํŽ˜์ดํŠผ ๋กœ์ด์Šค์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ค‘์ธ ๋ฃจ๋น„ ๋ผ์ด์—‡์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ด ๋„์™€์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฃจ๋น„ ๋ผ์ด์—‡์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ € ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์Šค์นด๊ฐ€ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์„์ด ๋˜์ž 10์›” 11์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ NXT์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๊ฑด, ํŽ˜์ดํŠผ ๋กœ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์“ฐ๋ ›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ํƒ€์ด๋‚˜๋ผ ์ฝ˜ํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŽ˜์ดํŠผ ๋กœ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด์— NXT ๋‹จ์žฅ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐˆ์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด 10์›” 25์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ NXT์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„ ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ฆˆ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๋ฐฐํ‹€๋กœ์–„์— ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋กœ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•„ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉฐ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 11์›” 1์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ NXT์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ ํƒ€์ด๋‚˜๋ผ ์ฝ˜ํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ฒŒ ๊บพ๊ณ , ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„ ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ฆˆ์—์„œ ์— ๋ฒ„ ๋ฌธ, ์นด์ด๋ฆฌ ์„ธ์ธ, ํŽ˜์ดํŠผ ๋กœ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŽ˜์ดํƒˆ 4 ์›จ์ด๋กœ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์„ ์น˜๋ฃจ์ง€๋งŒ ์— ๋ฒ„ ๋ฌธ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ๋“ฑ๊ทน์— ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค. 2018 WWE ์Šˆํผ์Šคํƒ€ ์…ฐ์ดํฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ถ€ ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด์œผ๋กœ ์ฝœ์—…๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ˆํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ž NXT์— ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์„ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์ฆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ ๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  2์—์„œ ๊ฒฉ๋Œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  7์›” RAW์—์„œ ์Šคํ…ŒํŒŒ๋‹ˆ ๋งฅ๋งจ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ PPV์ธ WWE ์—๋ณผ๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์Šฌ์Šฌ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ์˜ ์ง„์ž…๊ฐ์„ ์žฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. WWE NXT๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋น„์•™์นด ๋ฒจ์—์–ด์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ์•Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ธ”๋ž™์—๊ฒŒ ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ4 ์ง์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ธ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์คŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ NXT์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์˜ WWE NXT์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ˆ ์”์“ธํžˆ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. WWE์—์„œ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์˜ด 2018๋…„ 11์›” 6์ผ WWE ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ๋ฆฐ์น˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ฏธ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ํŒจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 1์›” 14์ผ WWE Raw์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ, ๋‚˜ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ž‘ ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋ผ์ด์—‡ ์Šค์ฟผ๋“œ(๋ฃจ๋น„ ๋ผ์ด์—‡, ์‚ฌ๋ผ ๋กœ๊ฑด, ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๊ฑด)๋ผ๋Š” ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์–„ ๋Ÿผ๋ธ” 2019์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ž ๋กœ์–„ ๋Ÿผ๋ธ”๋งค์น˜์ค‘์—์„œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  WWE ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋งค๋‹ˆ์•„ 35์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ‹€๋กœ์–„์„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘”๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํ”„๋กœ-๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง: EVE ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (3ํšŒ) ๋žญํฌ๋“œ ๋„˜๋ฒ„ 24 ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ํƒ‘ 100 ํ”ผ๋ฉœ ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง ์ธ ๋” PWI ํ”ผ๋ฉœ 100 ์ธ 2018 W3L ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (1ํšŒ) WWE ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (์‹  ๋ฒ„์ „) (1ํšŒ) WWE ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ํƒœ๊ทธํŒ€ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (3ํšŒ) - ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฌ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์Šค (2ํšŒ), ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ฆฌ (1ํšŒ) WWE ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์ธ ๋” ๋ฑ…ํฌ (์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค 2021) WWE 24/7 ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ (9ํšŒ) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค - ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ 1989๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ์ถœ์‹ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki%20Cross
Nikki Cross
Nicola Glencross (born 21 April 1989) is a Scottish professional wrestler. She is currently signed to WWE, where she performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Nikki Cross. She is a one-time WWE Raw Women's Champion, three-time WWE Women's Tag Team Champion and an 11-time and final WWE 24/7 Champion. Glencross began her wrestling career on the independent circuit under the ring name Nikki Storm, most notably performing for Insane Championship Wrestling, Pro-Wrestling: EVE, and Shimmer Women Athletes. In 2016, Glencross signed a contract with WWE, changing her ring name to Nikki Cross. During her first years with the company, she worked on the NXT brand as part of the stable Sanity. Her first character gimmick was that of a psychopathic and unhinged woman who would suffer mood swings. In mid-2018, Sanity was drafted to SmackDown without Cross, who stayed in NXT. Cross was promoted to the main roster in December 2018. In 2019, Cross was drafted to Raw and formed a tag team with Alexa Bliss, winning the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship twice. From June 2021 to October 2022, Glencross' character became a faux-inspired superhero known as Nikki A. S. H. (standing for "Almost A Superhero"); in July 2021 as A. S. H., she won the Money in the Bank contract and successfully cashed it in the next day to become Raw Women's Champion, eventually reverting to the Cross name and persona. Early life Nicola Glencross was born and raised in Glasgow, Scotland and graduated from the University of Glasgow with a Bachelor of Arts and a Master's degree from the University of Edinburgh Professional wrestling career Early career (2008โ€“2016) In September 2008, Glencross made her professional wrestling debut with the Scottish Wrestling Alliance. She initially performed under the ring name "Nikki Storm", a name given to her by then-SWA ring announcer Marty Michaels, inspired by the X Men character Storm. In February 2010, she began working on the British independent circuit, and became a mainstay for promotions such as her debuting at the Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW), and Pro-Wrestling: EVE, where she held the Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship three times. In 2013, Storm began touring in Japan with JWP Joshi Puroresu, and made some appearances for World Wonder Ring Stardom until the middle of the summer of 2015. In October 2013, Storm began wrestling for American all-female promotions Shimmer Women Athletes, Shine Wrestling and Women Superstars Uncensored. She has also wrestled for Global Force Wrestling (GFW), Absolute Intense Wrestling (AIW), World Wide Wrestling League (W3L), Queens of Combat, and World Xtreme Wrestling. Glencross competed in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)'s British Boot Camp 2, which began airing in October 2014, in which she was unsuccessful. During the show, she had a four-way match against Kasey Owens, Kay Lee Ray and Leah Owens, which she was victorious. WWE (2016โ€“present) Sanity (2016โ€“2018) Glencross received a tryout with WWE in London during the autumn of 2015, and in April 2016, she was one of ten signees that had begun training at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. She debuted for NXT on 22 April during a live event. During a Facebook live video in August, she was introduced as Nikki Cross. She made her first televised appearance and in-ring debut on 17 August episode of NXT under the name Nikki Glencross, where she competed in a six-woman tag team match along with Carmella and Liv Morgan, defeating Daria Berenato, Mandy Rose, and Alexa Bliss. On 12 October episode of NXT, Nikki Cross returned as part of the debuting heel stable, Sanity, along with Alexander Wolfe, Eric Young, and Sawyer Fulton (who was later replaced by Killian Dain). Nikki Cross and Young accompanied Fulton and Wolfe for their winning effort against Bobby Roode and Tye Dillinger in the first round of the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic. One week later, Nikki Cross scored her first televised singles victory over Danielle Kamela, however, the decision was reversed because Nikki Cross continued to attack Kamela after the match. On 11 January 2017 episode of NXT, Nikki Cross came to the aid of NXT Women's Champion Asuka, who was being attacked by The Iconic Duo (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce), before turning on Asuka and attacking her as well. As a result, Cross, Royce, and Kay were placed in a four-way match at the TakeOver: San Antonio event on 28 January, which Cross failed to win. In May, Cross participated in a number one contender's battle royal for Asuka's NXT Women's Championship, where she, Ruby Riot, and Ember Moon were attacked by Asuka for being the last competitors left in the match and as a result, all four of them were placed into a four-way championship match at TakeOver: Chicago, which was later changed to a three-way match after Ember Moon suffered an injury. At the event, Cross failed to capture the title. In a rematch which was contested in a three-way elimination match once again against both women, Riot was the first eliminated before the match ended in a no contest as Cross and Asuka brawled backstage. This led to a last woman standing match (the first-ever in WWE history) between the two women for the NXT Women's Championship on 28 June episode of NXT, in which Cross was once again defeated. On 19 August at TakeOver: Brooklyn III, Cross accompanied and helped Sanity to capture the NXT Tag Team Championship from The Authors of Pain. On 20 September episode of NXT, Sanity helped Drew McIntyre against The Undisputed Era, thus turning them face in the process. In October, Cross earned herself a spot for the fatal four-way match for the vacant NXT Women's Championship at TakeOver: WarGames on 18 November, which was ultimately won by Ember Moon. During the 2018 Superstar Shake-up, her fellow stable partners Eric Young, Alexander Wolfe, and Killian Dain were drafted to SmackDown, leaving Cross on NXT to work again as a singles competitor. In 2018, Cross began a short winning streak, defeating Lacey Evans and Vanessa Borne. Throughout the summer, Cross started a feud with Shayna Baszler over the NXT Women's Championship, which led to a match between the two at TakeOver: Chicago II, in which Cross was once again unsuccessful and was defeated by technical submission. After a short hiatus, Cross returned in August and she was placed in the Aleister Black attack storyline where she was revealed to be a witness as she was on the roof of the building at the time he was attacked. In September, Cross also started a short feud with Bianca Belair which led to a match between the two that ended in a double count-out. One month later on 17 October episode of NXT, a rematch ended in a no contest after Aleister Black returned and interrupted it to ask Cross who his attacker was. Johnny Gargano was eventually revealed as the attacker and her involvement in the storyline sparked a match between Cross and Gargano's wife Candice LeRae, whom she was able to defeat in a singles match at TakeOver: WarGames. Cross wrestled her final NXT match on 9 January 2019 episode of NXT, where she lost to Bianca Belair, officially ending the feud between the two as well. Teaming with Alexa Bliss (2018โ€“2020) On 6 November 2018 episode of SmackDown from Manchester, England, Cross made her surprise main roster debut on SmackDown by answering an open challenge from WWE SmackDown Women's Champion Becky Lynch, who defeated her in a non-title match. On 17 December 2018 episode of Raw, Cross was advertised as one of the six NXT wrestlers about to be moved up to the main roster. On 14 January 2019 episode of Raw, Cross made her Raw debut, teaming with Bayley and Natalya in a winning effort against The Riott Squad (Liv Morgan, Ruby Riott, and Sarah Logan). At the Royal Rumble, Cross entered her first Royal Rumble match at number 8, lasting nine minutes before being eliminated by The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce). On 4 February episode of Raw, Cross and Alicia Fox were defeated by The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks) in a match to determine the final Raw entrants in the tag team Elimination Chamber match to determine the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Champions at the Elimination Chamber event. On 8 April (aired 24 April) at Worlds Collide, she took part in a triple threat match for the NXT UK Women's Championship, which was won by defending champion Toni Storm. After not being mentioned during the 2019 WWE Superstar Shake-up, Cross was confirmed to have been drafted to the Raw brand on 8 May taping of Main Event (aired on 11 May). She began to work with Alexa Bliss and, during the following weeks, they would have matches for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship and the SmackDown Women's Championship. On 5 August 2019 episode of Raw, Bliss and Cross captured the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, marking Nikki Cross's first championship in WWE. They would defend the title at SummerSlam and at Clash of Champions but lost it at Hell in a Cell to Asuka and Kairi Sane. Although drafted separately instead of as a team during the 2019 WWE Draft, they remained on Raw, but the team was then traded to SmackDown. At WrestleMania 36, Cross and Bliss won the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Asuka and Kairi Sane, but they lost it on 5 June 2020 episode of SmackDown to Bayley and Sasha Banks. On the 26 June episode of SmackDown, Cross won a fatal four-way match to earn a SmackDown Women's Championship match against Bayley at The Horror Show at Extreme Rules, where Cross lost the match. On the 24 July episode of SmackDown, Cross demanded a rematch for the SmackDown Women's Championship, but Bayley stated that Cross must defeat a worthy adversary in Bliss, setting up a match between Bliss and Cross where the winner would face Bayley for the title on the following week's SmackDown; Cross defeated Bliss to earn a rematch. On the 31 July episode of SmackDown, Cross shoved Bliss onto the floor after losing a SmackDown Women's Championship match against Bayley, and Bliss was attacked by "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt. Bliss then aligned herself with The Fiend, and Cross tried to maintain her friendship with her, but Bliss refused and attacked Cross. As part of the 2020 WWE Draft, Cross was drafted to the Raw brand. "Almost a Super Hero" (2021โ€“2022) On 21 June 2021 episode of Raw, Nikki Cross debuted an inspired faux-superhero gimmick with her ring name changing to Nikki A. S. H., with A. S. H. standing for "Almost a Super Hero". At Money in the Bank, She won the women's Money in the Bank ladder match and cashed in her Money in the Bank contract the following night on Raw, defeating Charlotte Flair to win the Raw Women's Championship for the first time in her career. However, she lost the title back to Flair at SummerSlam. On 20 September episode of Raw, she would win the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship for a third time with Rhea Ripley by defeating Natalya and Tamina. They lost it on 22 November episode of Raw to Queen Zelina and Carmella, ending their reign at 63 days. On 10 January 2022 episode of Raw, she turned heel by attacking Ripley. She participated in the Royal Rumble match at the namesake event and entered at #22, eliminating Mighty Molly (who also had a superheroin gimmick) before she was eliminated by eventual winner Ronda Rousey. At Elimination Chamber, she entered the Elimination Chamber match for a Raw Women's Championship match at WrestleMania 38, but was eliminated by Ripley. On the 2 May episode of Raw, she would win the WWE 24/7 Championship from Dana Brooke, only to lose it to Brooke on the same episode. In May 2022, she began to work with Doudrop as a tag team. After the Women's Tag Team Championship was vacated in May, A. S. H. and Doudrop entered a tournament to crown new champions which began in August. They lost in the first round to Alexa Bliss and Asuka. On the 30 August episode of NXT 2.0, A. S. H. and Doudrop made a surprise appearance as they challenged the NXT Women's Tag Team Champions Katana Chance and Kayden Carter for their titles at Worlds Collide, but lost the match. Return of Nikki Cross (2022โ€“present) On the 24 October 2022 episode of Raw, she interfered in a match between Bayley and Bianca Belair, attacking both women, and reverting to her "unhinged" gimmick and her "Nikki Cross" name. On the 7 November episode of Raw, Cross joined Damage CTRL (Bayley, Dakota Kai, and IYO SKY) in a brawl against Bianca Belair, Asuka, and Alexa Bliss. It was announced later that Cross would team with Damage CTRL to take on Belair, Asuka, and Bliss in a WarGames match at Survivor Series WarGames on 26 November 2022. Later in the night, Cross defeated Dana Brooke to win her 11th 24/7 Championship, but later discarded the title belt backstage; the title was deactivated shortly thereafter. Cross then started a storyline where she stalked Candice LeRae. Personal life In 2019, Glencross married her long-time boyfriend and former Sanity stablemate, Damian Mackle, better known as Killian Dain. In 2023, she graduated from the University of Edinburgh with a master's degree in history. Championships and accomplishments Pro-Wrestling: EVE Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship (3 times) Queen of the Ring (2012) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 18 of the top 100 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Women's 100 in 2019 Ranked No. 22 of the top 50 tag teams in the PWI Tag Team 50 in 2020 โ€“ Scottish Wrestling Network OSWtv/SWN Award (2 times) Female Wrestler of the Year (2015) Outstanding Recognition Award for Extraordinary Service (2021) Hall of Fame (2021) W3L Women's Championship (1 time) WWE WWE Raw Women's Championship (1 time) WWE Women's Tag Team Championship (3 times) โ€“ with Alexa Bliss (2) and Rhea Ripley (1) WWE 24/7 Championship (11 times, final) Women's Money in the Bank (2021) References External links 1989 births 21st-century female professional wrestlers Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Alumni of the University of Glasgow Expatriate professional wrestlers Living people Professional wrestling managers and valets Scottish female professional wrestlers Sportspeople from Glasgow People educated at St Mungo's Academy WWE 24/7 Champions WWE Women's Champions WWE Women's Tag Team Champions Money in the Bank winners Pro-Wrestling: EVE Champions
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%20%EB%9D%BC%EB%84%A4%EC%84%B8
ํˆด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ๋„ค์„ธ
ํˆด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ๋„ค์„ธ(, 1947๋…„ 1์›” 10์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ตญ์ ์˜ ๅ‰ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์‹ฌํŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A๋ฅผ ๋’คํ”๋“  ์นผ์น˜์˜คํด๋ฆฌ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค์— ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์–ด ์‹คํ˜• ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ฌํŒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํˆด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ๋„ค์„ธ๋Š” 1987~1992๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์‹ฌํŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1990๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฃผ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์–ด C์กฐ 1์ฐจ์ „ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ VS ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ E์กฐ 3์ฐจ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ VS ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹ฌ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ E์กฐ 3์ฐจ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ VS ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์„œ์ˆ ํ•  ํŽธํŒŒํŒ์ • ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๊ตฌ์„ค์ˆ˜์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์‹ฌํŒ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽธํŒŒํŒ์ • ๋…ผ๋ž€ 1990๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋‹น์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์„ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค€๋น„ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—์— ์กธ์ „ ๋์— 0 : 2๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์—๋„ 1 : 3์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ 2ํŒจ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 16๊ฐ•์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ 3์ฐจ์ „ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด๋ฅผ 3์  ์ฐจ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์กฐ 3์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ๋งŒ ์กฐ 3์œ„ ํŒ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ค๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํผ๋ถ€์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ข€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์˜ ๊ณจ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ ์ตœ์•ฝ์ฒด์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ๋„ ์ฉ”์ฉ”๋งค๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์‹ฌ ํˆด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ๋„ค์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ํˆด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ๋„ค์„ธ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ข…์ผ๊ด€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์ธ์ธ ์–‘ ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธํŒŒํŒ์ •์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๋ณผ์„ ์žก์œผ๋ฉด ์„์—ฐ์ฐฎ์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ๋Š์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํƒ“์— ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฌด๋ ค 40๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์šธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 40๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒ์šธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ง„์งœ ํŒŒ์šธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ๋„ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํœ˜์Šฌ์„ ๋ง‰ ๋ถˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 0 : 0์˜ ์Šค์ฝ”์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋˜ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ „์— ์ตœ์ˆœํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ•์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํƒœํด์— ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹ฌํŒ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ ์ฒ™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์น™์—๋Š” ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์น™์€ ์นผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์žก์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 4๋ถ„, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ์œค๋•์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์˜ ์—”์กฐ ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ›ํžˆ๋Š” ํŒŒ์šธ์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์— ์œค๋•์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ณต ํƒœํด์„ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ชฝ ๋‹ค ํŒŒ์šธ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์Œ๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํˆด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ๋„ค์„ธ๋Š” ์œค๋•์—ฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 25๋ถ„์— ์œค๋•์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ธ์˜ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ์™€ ๋ฐฑํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด 2ํšŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ‡ด์žฅ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ์€ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์—‰๋šฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ํ‡ด์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํŒ์ • ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ„์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ 10๋ช…์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ 0 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Šน์  1์ ์€ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 45๋ถ„, ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ ์ฐฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํฐ์„ธ์นด๊ฐ€ ํ—ค๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฐ์„ธ์นด์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ์˜คํ”„์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ์ฐฌ ์‹œ์ ์— ํฐ์„ธ์นด๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ตœ์ข… ์ˆ˜๋น„ ๋ผ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณจํ‚ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์Šค๋กœ์ธ, ์ฝ”๋„ˆํ‚ฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ณผ์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“์ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์˜คํ”„์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์ง„์˜์—์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ์ฐฌ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํŽธ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ ํฌํ•จ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์˜คํ”„์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์„ ์‹ฌ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€๋ด‰ ๊ตญ์ ์˜ ์žฅ ํ”ผ๋ธ๋ ˆ ๋””๋žŒ๋ฐ”(Jean-Fidรจle Diramba)์™€ ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€ ๊ตญ์ ์˜ ๋„ค์ง€ ์ฃผ์ด๋‹ˆ(Neji Jouini)๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ชป ๋ณธ ์ฒ™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํˆด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ๋„ค์„ธ๋„ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ•์Šค์—์„œ ๋‹ค ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์˜ ๋“์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํŽธํŒŒํŒ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์˜ 1 : 0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ๋•์— ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด๊ฐ€ 16๊ฐ•์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 3์ „ ์ „ํŒจ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํˆด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ๋„ค์„ธ์˜ ํŽธํŒŒํŒ์ •์— ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ 16๊ฐ• ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋งŒํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด๋ž‘ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์–ต์ง€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜ํ•„ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์‹ฌํŒ์ด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ์ด๋ผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์ด ์ž˜ ๋จนํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ, ์ด ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ 16๊ฐ•์— ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋Œ€์ง„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๋•Œ ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„๋Š” ์•ฝ์ฒด ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ๋„ ๋น„์‹ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์‹ฌํŒ ํŽธํŒŒํŒ์ • ๋•์— ๊ฒจ์šฐ 1 : 0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์ŠนํŒ€์ธ ์„œ๋…๊ณผ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ์น˜์˜คํด๋ฆฌ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค์— ์—ฐ๋ฃจ ํˆด๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ผ๋„ค์„ธ๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ”๋ฝ์‹œํ‚จ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์นผ์น˜์˜คํด๋ฆฌ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค์— ๊นŠ์ˆ™์ด ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์‹ฌํŒ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ง ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํšŒ์žฅ์ง์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ์ง•์—ญ 2๋…„ ํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๊ณ„์—์„œ 2๋…„ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ํ‡ด์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ง•๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์†Œ์ฐจ ์˜ค๋ผ์‹œ์˜ค ์—˜๋ฆฌ์†๋„ ํ˜ธ์—˜ ์•„๊ธธ๋ผ๋ฅด ๋งˆํฌ ๊ฐ€์ด๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1947๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์‹ฌํŒ 1990๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์‹ฌํŒ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 1992 ์‹ฌํŒ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์‹ฌํŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullio%20Lanese
Tullio Lanese
Tullio Lanese (born 10 January 1947, in Messina) is a former Italian football referee and a former President of the Italian Referees Association, the AIA. Referee From 1987 to 1992 he held the qualification of international referee, officiating in a total of 38 matches, including some matches of the final phase of the 1990 World Cup in Italy: Brazil-Sweden 2-1 in Turin, Uruguay-South Korea 1-0 in Udine and the last 16 encounter Cameroon-Colombia (2-1 after extra time) in Naples. He also refereed the European Cup final in 1991 and the semi-final between Sweden and Germany at the 1992 European Championships. The Calciopoli scandal As a result of the 2006 Italian football scandal , he resigned as President of the AIA; at the end of the legal process he was sentenced by the Federal Court to prohibition for 2 years and 6 months, the sentence was reduced by the Chamber of Conciliation and Arbitration of CONI to 1 year, being replaced by Luigi Agnolin , as Extraordinary Commissioner. The Naples prosecutor asked for the indictment of Lanese under the charge of criminal association aimed at sports fraud, and the trial was concluded at first instance with a sentence of 2 years of imprisonment. On December 5, 2012, the fourth section of the Court of Appeal of Naples overturned the sentence of first instance acquitting him. On 17 October 2012 the Court of Auditors sentenced Lanese, together with the referees involved in the scandal, to compensate the Italian Football Federation on charges of damage to their image. The former referee would have to pay โ‚ฌ 500,000. On March 24, 2015 the prosecution's appeal against the plaintiff's acquittal was declared inadmissible in the Supreme Court. Politics In 2008 he was nominated by the UDC for the regional elections in Sicily , but was not elected. References External links Profile 1947 births Sportspeople from Messina Italian police officers Italian football referees 1990 FIFA World Cup referees Living people UEFA Euro 1992 referees Olympic football referees
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84%20C51%ED%98%95%20%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%20%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%B0%A8
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ C51ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ
C51ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ()๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ธ ์ฒ ๋„์›(1920๋…„ ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธ)์ด 1919๋…„์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„  ์—ฌ๊ฐ์—ด์ฐจ์šฉ ํ…๋”์‹ย ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” 18900ํ˜•์ด๋ผ ๋ช…์นญ๋์ง€๋งŒ 1928๋…„ 6์›”์— C51ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๋ช…์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์˜จ ใ€Œ์‹œ๊ณ ์ด์น˜ใ€์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผใƒป๊ตฌ์กฐ ์‹œ๋งˆ์•ผ์Šค ์ง€๋กœ์˜ ์ง€๋„ ์•„๋ž˜ 9600ํ˜• ์„ค๊ณ„์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ ์•„์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ ํ‚ค์ด์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ฃผ์ž„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ณ ์†๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์— ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋˜ ใ€Œํผ์‹œํ”ฝํ˜• ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ใ€(4-6-2)๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•ด, ์„ค๊ณ„ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•œ ์•Œ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ œ 8900ํ˜•์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 8900ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ 18900ํ˜•์ด๋ผ ๋ช…์นญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. C51ํ˜•์€ ์ƒ์šฉ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†๋„๋ฅผ 100km/h๋กœ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฅœ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํšŒ์ „์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‹น์‹œ, ๋™๋ฅœ ์ง€๋ฆ„์ด 1,750mm์ธ ํ˜‘๊ถค์šฉ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๋™๋ฅœ ์ง€๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์šฉ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด, ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„์˜ C62ํ˜•์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์ง๊ฒฝ ๋™๋ฅœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 8900ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋œ ๋ณผ์ง€ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์ œ 8850ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ 2,438mm๋กœ ํ•ด๋„ ๋ณผ์ง€ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์‚ผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—, 8850ํ˜• ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ 9600ํ˜•์ด ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ 8850ํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ‘๋„๋Š” 2,400 mm์— ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ฝค ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฅœ์€ ์ „์ˆ ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€๋ฆ„ 1,750mm์˜ ์Šคํฌํฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ์จ 28962ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 17๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํฌํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šคํฌํฌ์ ˆ๋‹จ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ 28963ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ(C51 164)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” 18๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ 17mยณํฌ๊ธฐ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 18940ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ(C51 41) ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์„ํƒ„ 8t, ๋ฌผย 17t์„ ์ ์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 8-17ํ˜•์ด ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜• ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค.ย ๋˜ํ•œ ํ›„๊ธฐ๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” C53ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ํƒ„ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ 12t์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ 12-17ํ˜• ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋˜ํ•œ 1930๋…„์˜ ์ดˆํŠน๊ธ‰ ใ€Œ์“ฐ๋ฐ”๋ฉ”ใ€ ์šดํ–‰ ์ „์šฉ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋œ C51 171, 208, 247 ~ 249ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„ - ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌด์ •์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฐ C52ํ˜•์˜ 20mยณ ํ›„๊ธฐํ˜•ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฌผ์„ 30t ์ ์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์กฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ใ€Œ์“ฐ๋ฐ”๋ฉ”ใ€๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ ๋’ค์—ย ๋ฏธํ‚ค 20ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์กฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ƒ, ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ - ์ˆ˜์กฐ์ฐจ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๊ด€์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ ์ƒ๋ถ€์—๋Š” ํ†ตํ’๊ด€๊ณผ ์ฒœ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ•ํŒ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์‹ ์„€์‹œ, ํŒ์ž ์Šคํ”„๋ง ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 28901ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ(C51 102) ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ–‰ํŒ์„ 2๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋ณดํ–‰ํŒ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฅœ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ C51ํ˜•์€ ๊ด‘๊ถค๊ฐœ๊ถค๋ก ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐœ๊ถค๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋งˆ ์•ผ์Šค์ง€๋กœ ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๋ฌด๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง„์ด ํ˜‘๊ถค์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋งˆ ์•ผ์Šค์ง€๋กœ๋Š” 8620ํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋กœ์„œ 8700ยท8800ยท8850ยท8900์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—, ์•Œ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ œ์˜ 8900ํ˜•์ด ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ธก์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ข…๋ฅœ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ์‚ฌ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ํ•ญ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ คํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, C51์€ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ •๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๊ด‘๊ถค๊ฐœ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ™”์‹คํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ข…๋ฅœ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” 8900ํ˜•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, 8850ํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ผ๋ณธ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์™„์„ฑํ•œ C51์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜, ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์šฉ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„์› ์ˆ˜๋‡Œ์ง„๋„ "์ด ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ˜‘๊ถค๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๊ด‘๊ถค๋ก ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด๊ตญ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐœ๊ถค๋ฅผ ์ทจ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ 1919๋…„ย ~ย 1928๋…„ย ๋™์•ˆ ์ฒ ๋„์›(์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ) ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ ๊ณต์žฅ ยท ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ(์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด) ยท ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ณต์—…(๊ณ ๋ฒ )์—์„œ ์ด 289๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ 18๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ตญ์ฒ  ๊ฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ข… ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ย ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹œํ—˜ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์˜ ์–‘์‚ฐ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค.ย ์–‘์‚ฐํ˜• ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ 249๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋…์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 22๋Ÿ‰์€ 1926๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ณต์—…์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์šฉ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด๋„ ๋น„์•ฝ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅยท๊ณ ์† ์„ฑ๋Šฅยท์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1920๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1930๋…„์—์„œ 1934๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดˆํŠน๊ธ‰ "์“ฐ๋ฐ”๋ฉ”"์˜ ๋„์ฟ„ - ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ C51 239๋Š” C51 236๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์ „์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1928๋…„ 11์›”์˜ ์‡ผ์™€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์˜ ์ฆ‰์œ„์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1953๋…„ 5์›”์˜ ์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ ์‹๋ชฉ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ํšŸ์ˆ˜ 104ํšŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์šด, ์‡ผ์™€์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์˜ EF58 61์— ํ•„์ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ˆ˜์†ก๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋‚˜, ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ฒ ์ œ ๊ฐ์ฐจ์˜ ์ œ์‹ํ™” ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ๋Ÿ‰์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํ›„์†๊ธฐ์ฒด์ธ C53ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ C59ํ˜• ๋“ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–‘๋ณดํ•ด 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ๋ณธ์„  ยท ์‚ฐ์š” ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ์šฐ๋“ฑ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ„์„  ์šดํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1939๋…„์—๋Š”, ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 16๋Ÿ‰๏ผˆC51 8ใƒป28ใƒป30ใƒป33 ~ 35ใƒป88ใƒป95ใƒป96ใƒป116ใƒป130 ~ 132ใƒป173ใƒป175ใƒป178 ์ดย ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃผ์‚ฐ์‹ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋น„ํ•จ)์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ถค๊ฐ„์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ณต์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–‘์ฏ”๊ฐ• ์ด๋‚จ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚œ์ง• - ์ƒํ•˜์ด ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์šดํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ดย ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋œ ํ›„์—๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•ด 1951๋…„ 'ํŒŒ์‹œ'๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด, ํ›—๋‚  SL9ํ˜•์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 1990๋…„์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„์—๋„ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์ฐจ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋…ธํ›„ํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™๋ ฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์‹คํ–‰์— ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ง€์ž ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด 1965๋…„์—” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์šดํ–‰์„ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ ย 1966๋…„ 2์›” C-51 251์˜ ํ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข… ํ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šด์šฉ ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์—, ๋ง๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์›ํ˜•์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ œ์กฐ ํ›„ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋ฌด๋ ต๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‡ผ์™€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด๋‚˜ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์‹ค์—ฐ์žฅํ˜• ์—ฐ์†Œํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด C51 13 ยท 33์ด 500mm, C51 133 ยท 155 ยท 159๊ฐ€ 800mm์”ฉ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ฐ์‹ค์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตด๋š 2๊ฐœํ˜• C51 50 ยท 78 ยท 143 ยท 246์ด ๊ตด๋š 2๊ฐœํ™”์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.ย ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์”Œ์›Œ ๋‘ฌ์„œ ์™ธ๊ด€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตด๋š์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ตด๋šํ˜• ๋ฐฐ์—ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, C51 78 ยท 121 ยท 182 ยท 192 ยท 270์ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ตด๋šํ™”์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.ย C51 78์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตด๋š์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๊ตด๋š์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์„ ํ™”ํ˜• C51 61์ด ์ „๋ฉด ยท ์šด์ „์‹ค ยท ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์œ ์„ ํ˜•ํ™” ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. (๏ผ‰ ์ง‘์—ฐยท๋ฐฐ์—ฐ ์žฅ์น˜ ์„ค์น˜ํ˜• C51 135๊ฐ€ ๊ตด๋š ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌํŒ์„, C51 130์ด ๊ตด๋š ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํŒ์„, C51 176์ด ์—ฐ๋Œ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์›ํ†ตํŒ์„, C51 278์ด ๊ตด๋š ์–‘์ธก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ›„๋ถ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์†Œ์‹ค ์„ค์น˜ํ˜• C51 184๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์†Œ์‹ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค ์ œ์› ์ „์žฅ - 19,994mm ์ „๊ณ  - 3,800mm ๊ถค๊ฐ„ - 1,067mm ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ - 4-6-2 (2C1) - ํ™”์ดํŠธ์‹ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ ๋™๋ฅœ ์ง€๋ฆ„ - 1750mm ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์••๋ ฅ - 13.0kg/cm2 ํ™”์‹ค ๋ฉด์  - 2.53m2 ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ - 5.8m3 ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ - 67.75t ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถ•์ค‘ - 14.61t ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ - 43.87t ์ถœ๋ ฅ - 1,175 hp ์ตœ๊ณ ์†๋„ - 95km/h๏ผˆ์‹คํ—˜์ฃผํ–‰์‹œ 99.1km/h๏ผ‰ ๋ณด์กด ํ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅธ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต์›์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ๋ณด์กด๋œ๊ฑด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ณด์กด, ์ „์‹œ ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋Š” ์žˆ๋‹ค. C51 5 : ์˜ค์šฐ๋ฉ” ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ณต์› โ†’ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€(์ผ๋ณธ) C51 44 : ์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ผํ„ฐ C51 85 : ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์†Œ C51 239 : ๊ตํ†  ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” C51ํ˜•์€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 4๋Ÿ‰๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ, 3๋Ÿ‰์ด ์„ ๋‘๋งŒ ์ž˜๋ ค์„œ ๋ณด์กด์ค‘์ด๊ณ , C51 5๋„ 1982๋…„์˜ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๋Š”๋‘ฅ ๊ณ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ํ˜„์—ญ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋Œ€์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•œ C51 239 ๋ณธ๊ธฐ๋Š” 1962๋…„ 10์›”์— ํ์ฐจ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋•์— ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์ฒ ๋„ ํ•™์›์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ๊ต์Šต์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ ์ „์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์ง€์ง„ ๋•Œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1972๋…„ ์šฐ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ฆˆ์Œ, ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ •๋น„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ณต์›๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ์ ๋„ ๋ณต๊ท€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐฉ์‹ 18900ํ˜•์˜ ์ œ์กฐ์ˆœ์„œ์™€ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œ์ผœ์„œ 1๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 18900, 2๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 18901, 3๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 18902 โ€ฆ 100๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 18999๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ 101๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋‹จ์œ„์— 1์„ ๋”ํ•ด 28900์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์•„๋ž˜ 2์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 00์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด 99์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋งŒ๋‹จ์œ„์— 1์„ ๋”ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•„๋ž˜ 2์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 00์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 100๋ฒˆ์งธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋งŒ๋‹จ์œ„์— 1์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 200๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 28999, 201๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 38900, ์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์™€ ์ œ์กฐ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‘์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (๋งŒ๋‹จ์œ„์ˆ˜ ์ˆซ์ž-1) ร— 100 + ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜ ์ˆซ์ž+1 = ์ œ์กฐ์ˆœ์„œ ๋˜ํ•œ, 1928๋…„์˜ ์นญํ˜ธ ๊ทœ์ • ๊ฐœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ C51ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€”๋•, ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ 18900์„ C51 1, 18901์„ C51 2, โ€ฆ 38980์„ C51 281๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR%20Class%20C51
JNR Class C51
The is a type of 4-6-2 steam locomotive built by Kisha Seizo Mitsubishi and Japanese National Railways (JNR) Hamamatsu Works . The C classification indicates three sets of driving wheels. The C51 introduced diameter driving wheels to Japan. C51s raised the average speed on the Tลkaidล Main Line from to . In 1930, a C51 hauled the first Tsubame (swallow) express, reducing travel time between and to 9 hours. China Railway class SL9 To alleviate a severe motive power shortage, sixteen JGR Class C51 locomotives, C51 8, 28, 30, 33 - 35, 88, 95, 96, 116, 130 - 132, 173, 175, and 178, all equipped with a Sumiyama feedwater heater, were converted to standard gauge and sent to the Central China Railway in 1939, where they operated primarily between Nanjing and Shanghai, at first with their original JGR numbers, later as ใƒ‘ใ‚ทใƒŠ (Pashina) class. After the Liberation of China and the establishment of the People's Republic, these became China Railway class ใ„†ใ„’9 (PX9) in 1951, and reclassified as class SL9 (ๅ‹ๅˆฉ9, Shรจnglรฌ, "victory") in 1959. Preserved examples As of 2012, four Class C51 locomotives were preserved at various locations. C51 5: At the Railway Museum in Saitama, Saitama (formerly preserved outdoors at the Ome Railway Park in Ome, Tokyo C51 44: At Akita Depot in Akita, Akita C51 85: At Kagoshima Depot in Kagoshima, Kagoshima C51 239: At the Umekoji Steam Locomotive Museum in Kyoto See also Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification JGR Class 8900 JNR Class C52 References Railway locomotives introduced in 1919 4-6-2 locomotives Steam locomotives of Japan 1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan Steam locomotives of China Standard gauge locomotives of China Passenger locomotives
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%96%EB%8A%94%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D
์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†
์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†(barking gecko)์€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์ž์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ผ์†์ด๋ฉฐ ์„ธ ์ข…๋งŒ์ด ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ณผ ์•„์ข… Ptenopus carpi Brain, 1962 โ€“ Carp's barking gecko ์นดํ”„์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด Ptenopus garrulus (A. Smith, 1849) โ€“ common barking gecko ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด Ptenopus garrulus garrulus (A. Smith, 1849) Ptenopus garrulus maculatus Gray, 1866 Ptenopus kochi Haacke, 1964 โ€“ Koch's barking gecko ์ฝ”ํ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ(:en:Nota bene): ์‚ฝ์ž…์–ด๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ช…(:en:Binomial nomenclature) ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ผ๋ช… ๋ช…๋ช…์ž๋Š” ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ์•„์ข…์„ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†(Ptenopus)์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์†์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์€ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋น„์ „ํ˜•์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ๋„“์ ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋นจํŒ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๋ฐœํ†ฑ๊ณผ, ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์˜†๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋น—์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜์—ด๋œ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋น„๋Š˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์œ„์—์„œ ์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ตด์„ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ์— ํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค. Ptenopus๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™๋ช…์€ "๊นƒํ„ธ ๋ฐœ", ์ฆ‰ ๋น„๋Š˜์ด ์ค„์ค„์ด ๋น— ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚œ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ๋‹นํžˆ ํ†ตํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์›ํ†ตํ˜•์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ€๋Š˜์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์„ฑ์ฒด๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ณดํ†ต ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ฏค ์ž˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋Š์–ด์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์žฌ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ , ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 50 - 60 mm์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ๋ถ€ํ’€์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋„ํ†ฐ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†๊ณผ ๋‘ํˆผ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ†ตํ†ตํ•ด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œค๊ณฝ์€ ๋ญ‰ํˆญํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ฅ๊ทธ์Šค๋ฆ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋„ํ†ฐ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†๊ณผ ๋‘ํˆผ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์„ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ์€ ๋Œ์ถœ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋„“์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์งง์€ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋™๊ณต์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„ํ†ฐ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์œ„์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ฐข์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›ํ†ตํ˜•์ด๊ณ  ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ€๋Š˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋น„๋Š˜์€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋‚Ÿ์•Œํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ ์šฉ๊ณจ(keel)์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ํ™ฉ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ๋œ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์—์„œ ํ˜ธ๋‘์ƒ‰์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์ ๋“ค์ด ๋‹์•„๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต๋ถ€์˜ ๋น„๋Š˜์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ํฐ์ƒ‰์ด์ง€๋งŒ, Ptenopus carpi ์˜ ๋ณต๋ถ€๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์€ 1๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด์ƒ ๊ตด์„ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์—๋Š” ์—ด๊ธฐ์™€ ํฌ์‹์ž๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตด ์†์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. "barking gecko"๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง–์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ํ๋ฆฐ ๋‚ ์”จ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ ๋•Œ ๊ตด ์†์—์„œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋นผ๊ผผ ๋‚ด๋ฏผ ์ฑ„ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ "์ผ-์ผ-์ผ"ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šธ์–ด๋Œ„๋‹ค. ์šธ์Œ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์Œ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šธ์Œ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ณผ๋Š” ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์•”์ปท์„ ์œ ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ์•”์ปท์€ ์ง์˜ ๊ตด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตด์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ๊ตด์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตด์„ ํŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ์•”์ปท์€ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ  ๋– ๋‚˜๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ป์งˆ์ด ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตด์€ ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ์ƒํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ตด์„ ํŒ” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋ฐ–์— ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์€ ๊ตด์„ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋‚˜ ์„ธ์‚ฌ(:en:silt)๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ž˜์–ธ๋•์˜ ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋„, ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ’€์ด ์šฐ๊ฑฐ์ง„ ๋•…๋„ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ’€์ด ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„ํžˆ ๋‚œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ํ† ์–‘์ด๋‚˜, ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ข์€ ๊ณณ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตด์„ ํŒŒ์„œ ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ตด์ด ์™ธ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ”์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚œ ๋ฐค์—, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‚ ์”จ์— ๊ตด ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์— ๋‚˜์„ ๋‹ค. ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ด ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์Šต์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตด ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ ค ๋ฎ์นœ๋‹ค. ์„œ์‹ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋ฉ”๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. Ptenopus garrulus๋Š” ์ œ์ผ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธ๋˜์ผ€์ดํ”„์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋น„์•„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„, ๋ณด์ธ ์™€๋‚˜์˜ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜์ ˆ, ๋ฆผํฌํฌ๊ฐ• ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. Ptenopus carpi๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์˜ ์ฟ ์ด์…‰๊ฐ•(:en:Kuiseb River)์—์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์˜ ์—ํ† ์ƒค ์—ผ์ „(:en:Etosha pan)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—๋งŒ ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. Ptenopus kochi๋Š” ์ฟ ์ด์…‰๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ๋คผ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Genus Ptenopus, p.ย 15). Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus Ptenopus, p.ย 265). Gray JE (1866). "Descriptions of Two New Genera of Lizards from Damaraland". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1865: 640-642 + Plate XXXVIII. (Ptenopus, new genus, p.ย 640). ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ ์กด ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptenopus
Ptenopus
Ptenopus is a small genus of lizards, known commonly as barking geckos, in the family Gekkonidae. The genus is endemic to southern Africa. There are only three described species in this genus. Species and subspecies The following species and subspecies are recognized as being valid. Ptenopus carpi โ€“ Namib chirping gecko Ptenopus garrulus โ€“ common barking gecko Ptenopus garrulus garrulus Ptenopus garrulus maculatus Ptenopus kochi โ€“ Koch's barking gecko Nota bene: A binomial authority or a trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Ptenopus. Etymology The specific name, carpi, is in honor of Dutch-born South African amateur naturalist Bernhard Karp (1901โ€“1966). The specific name, kochi, is in honor of Austrian-born South African entomologist Charles Koch. Description The genus Ptenopus is in several ways atypical of the family Gekkonidae. The toes have neither pads nor expanded tips; instead they have well developed claws and they are fringed with comb-like scales that assist in rapid motion over sand, and perhaps in digging. The name Ptenopus is from classical Greek and means "feather-foot", referring to the fringes on the toes. In build the body and tail are only moderately plump, roughly cylindrical without special frills. The tail tapers to a point, but as is common among geckos, it commonly has been partly shed by the time the animal is fully grown, and the distal part commonly is a regenerated replacement. The animal is of modest size for a gecko, typically in body length. The head plus tail add about a similar length, so that a typical specimen might measure roughly in total length. As in most geckos, the tail commonly is swollen with fat stores, but not as much so as most species, such as say, in the genera Chondrodactylus and Pachydactylus. The profile of the head is blunt, the snout being rounded, reminiscent of the genera Chondrodactylus and Pachydactylus. The eyes are prominent and wide-set, sited distinctly far forward over the short muzzle, and they have vertical pupils without the pinholes to be seen in, for example, the pupils of many species of Pachydactylus. The body and tail are cylindrical and the tail tapers to a point. The scales are small and granular and have no keels. The colour ranges from off-white or mottled yellow to chestnut brown, with irregular blotches and speckles. The ventral scales are generally white, but males of all species and females of Ptenopus carpi have yellow throats. Biology Barking geckos dig burrows up to a metre long. During the day they plug their burrows for protection from heat and predators. The name "barking gecko" refers to the territorial calls of males. During summer males sit at the mouths of their burrows in the dusk and on overcast days, and with only their heads showing, they call "kek-kek-kek" for hours on end. The call of each of the species has its own characteristic pitch. Apart from territorial defence, the calls attract females. A female that has chosen a mate will enter his burrow, and after mating she takes it over. He leaves and digs himself a new burrow. Usually she lays a single egg in such a burrow and leaves soon after. As is typical of geckos, the egg is hard-shelled. Because of the importance of their burrows in their biology, barking geckos can only live in areas where they can dig their burrows. They depend on sand or silt that is fine enough, and firm enough to dig. Dunes of loose sand will not do, and neither will hard nor stony ground, nor thick grass. They prefer sparsely vegetated sandy soil, or silt in dry riverbeds. In suitable spots, they sometimes congregate densely, with many burrows in a small area. However solitary burrows are not unusual. At night after rain showers, such as in the weather in which termites undertake their nuptial flights, barking geckos commonly leave their burrows to hunt actively for prey. During the brief season when the termites take to flight, they form an important part of the geckos' nutrition. At other times of the year, the geckos are mainly ambush predators, awaiting prey at the burrow entrance and sallying forth opportunistically. Geographic range Barking geckos are endemic to the arid western parts of Southern Africa. Ptenopus garrulus has the largest geographic range, from Northern Cape, most of southern Namibia, and the southern half of Botswana, to northwest Limpopo. Ptenopus carpi occurs only in the Namib Desert from the Kuiseb River northwards to about opposite Etosha. Ptenopus kochi occurs between the Kuiseb River southwards to Lรผderitz. References Further reading Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Genus Ptenopus, p.ย 15). Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus Ptenopus, p.ย 265). Gray JE (1866). "Descriptions of Two New Genera of Lizards from Damaraland". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1865: 640-642 + Plate XXXVIII. (Ptenopus, new genus, p.ย 640). Reptiles of Africa Lizard genera Taxa named by John Edward Gray
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%ED%9D%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EC%9D%98%20%EB%86%8D%EC%97%85
์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋†์—…
์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋†์—…์€ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ GDP์—์„œ ๋†์—…์€ 10% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ 20%๋งŒ์ด ๋†์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด ํ† ์ง€์˜ 70% ์ด์ƒ์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ถ• ์‚ฌ์œก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์ง€์˜ 70% ์ด์ƒ์€ ์˜๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ๋†์‚ฌ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐ€๋กœ, ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์€ ๋ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 6์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ฆฌ, ๋ฉด, ์‚ฌํƒ•์ˆ˜์ˆ˜, ํ•ด๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ธฐ, ์•„๋งˆ, ์Œ€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์€ 2690๋งŒ ํ†ค์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” 2๋…„ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ธ 2100๋งŒ ํ†ค์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์›ƒ๋„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 2012๋…„ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—…๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์ด 1400๋งŒ ํ†ค์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ 41% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ ๋†์—… ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์•ก์€ 3์–ต 7900๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—… ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” 2015๋…„ 4์–ต 4600๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ 2016๋…„ 6์–ต 8700๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ 50% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 3์›”, ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—…๋ถ€๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•ฝ 2๋ฐฐ ๋Š˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ถœ ๋˜ํ•œ 1.6๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด 30์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ํ† ์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ (์นด์žํ SSR) ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋…€์ง€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„ ์ •์ฑ…()์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–‘๋ถ„์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์†๊ผฝํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฃจ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ, ์„ธ๊ณ„ 10์œ„๊ถŒ ๋‚ด์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์€ ์ œ๋ถ„๋ฐ€(milling wheat)๋กœ, ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„, ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ธ ํ’์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ 2700๋งŒ ํ†ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ™•ํ•ด, ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด๊นŒ์ง€ 1500๋งŒ ํ†ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ „ ํ•ด์ธ 2013๋…„์˜ 1390๋งŒ ํ†ค์—์„œ 1450๋งŒ ํ†ค์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 7์›”, ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ์žฌ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ์Šค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ๋งž์ถฐ 2020๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ‚ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ์Šค์Šคํƒ„์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ 50 ~ 60% ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ถ• ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์œก๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ถ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ, ๋‹ญ, ์–‘, ๋ผ์ง€, ๋ง, ์—ผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์†Œ, ๋ผ์ง€, ์–‘, ๋‹ญ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–‘ํ„ธ, ์šฐ์œ , ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์—๋Š” ๋Š‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 9๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ… ์• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค - 2020 2013๋…„ 2์›” ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2013๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ "์• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค - 2020" ๋†์—…-์‚ฐ์—… ์‹ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "์• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค - 2020" ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšŒ๋ณต, ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ๋‹น์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๋†์—…-์‚ฐ์—… ๋‹จ์ง€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ์ฆ๋Œ€, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋†๋ฏผ ์ง€์› ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „, ๋†์—…-์‚ฐ์—… ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ฆ๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. "์• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค - 2020" ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ, ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 2014๋…„ 4์›” ๋†์—… ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์„ "๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ" ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ€์–‘์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 2014๋…„ ์ „๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— 2์ฐจ ์€ํ–‰(second-tier bank)์— 7์–ต 7์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์•™์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—… ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋งŒ์„ ๋ผ์นœ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ต์œก ์ฆ์ง„ ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ž์น˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์ž 2016๋…„ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—…๋ถ€๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žฅ๋น„, ์ €์žฅ๊ณ , ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ, ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋†ํ™”ํ•™ ์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ง€์›, ๋Œ€์ถœ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณจ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ 157๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋†๋ถ€ 15,000๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ์œ  ์ง‘ํ•˜์žฅ 100๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 7์›” 23์ผ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—…๋ถ€๋Š” ๋†์—… ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด "๋†์—… ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ๋ฒ•" ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—…์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ถ”์„ธ 2013๋…„ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—…๋ถ€๋Š” "๊ณก๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”" ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ "์• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค - 2020" ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค 2013๋…„ ~ 2020๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ์†Œ๋น„, ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๋ถ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฉด์ ์ด 2012๋…„ 1350๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์—์„œ 2020๋…„ 1150๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋กœ 14% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์—์„œ ์ค„์–ด๋“  ๋ฉด์ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์šฉ ๊ณก๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์–ด, ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฉด์ ์ด 280๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์—์„œ 2020๋…„ 430๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ž 2014๋…„ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋†์—… ํˆฌ์ž๋Ÿ‰์€ 444๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ŒํŒŒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ „ ๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค 17% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋†์—… ๊ด€๋ จ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์€ 17.7%์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „ ํ•ด์˜ 4.5%์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.2015๋…„ ๋†์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” 450๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ 2015๋…„ 5์›” 23์ผ, ์œ ์—” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(FAO)์™€ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋†์—…๋ถ€๋Š” FAO ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ์„ค์น˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ํ˜‘์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. FAO ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋†์—… ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Agriculture in Kazakhstan Animal Husbandry in Kazakhstan Agriculture in the Black Sea Region
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Kazakhstan
Agriculture in Kazakhstan
Agriculture in Kazakhstan remains a small scale sector of Kazakhstan's economy. Agriculture's contribution to the GDP is under 10% - it was recorded as 6.7%, and as occupying only 20% of labor. At the same time, more than 70% of its land is occupied in crops and animal husbandry. Compared to North America, a relatively small percentage of land is used for crops, with the percentage being higher in the north of the country. 70% of the agricultural land is permanent pastureland. Kazakhstan's largest crop is wheat, which it exports. It ranks as the sixth largest wheat producer in the world. Minor crops include barley, cotton, sugar beets, sunflowers, flax, and rice. Agricultural lands in Kazakhstan were depleted of their nutrients during the Virgin Lands Campaign during the Soviet era. This continues to affect production today. Kazakh wine is produced in the mountains east of Almaty. In 2011 the country had achieved record grain harvests of 26.9 million tonnes, exceeding the previous record of 21mn tonnes recorded in 2009. For 2012, the Kazakh Agriculture Ministry cut the crop forecast to only 14 million tons because of dry weather. Animals raised in Kazakhstan include cattle, chickens, sheep, pigs, horses and goats (in descending order of numbers). Meat production in tons was highest in cows, pork, mutton, chicken, and "other meat". Wool, cow milk, and eggs are the other major animal products of the country. Kazakhstan has the largest wolf population of any nation in the world, with about 90,000. In March 2015 the Minister of Agriculture of Kazakhstan said that Kazakhstan had almost doubled agricultural production in the past 5 years. He also noted that the agricultural exports had increased by 1.6 times during that period and had reached US$3 billion. On July 23, 2015, the Kazakhstan Vice Minister of Agriculture said that within the framework of the law "On Agricultural Cooperation" a special tax regime would be introduced for agricultural cooperatives. This initiative is expected to contribute to the development of the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan. From 1995 to 2015 Kazakhstan's volume of agricultural production has increased by 41%. Agricultural exports were worth $379 million in 2015, reports the Ministry of Agriculture. Investment in Kazakh agriculture increased 50% in 2016 totaling 228 billion tenge (US$686.96 million) compared to 148 billion tenge (US$445.92 million) a year earlier. Production Kazakhstan produced in 2018: 13.9 million tons of wheat (14th largest producer in the world); 3.9 million tons of barley (11th largest producer in the world); 3.8 million tonnes of potato (20th largest producer in the world); 1.2 million tons of watermelon (12th largest producer in the world); 933 thousand tons of flax (largest producer in the world); 893 thousand tons of melon (5th largest producer in the world); 862 thousand tons of maize; 847 thousand tons of sunflower seed (13th largest producer in the world); 813 thousand tons of onion; 765 thousand tons of tomato; 566 thousand tons of carrot; 546 thousand tons of cabbage; 504 thousand tons of sugar beet, which is used to produce sugar and ethanol; 482 thousand tons of rice; In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products. State programs Agribusiness - 2020 In February 2013, the Government of Kazakhstan approved a new sectoral program of agro-industrial complex development for 2013-2020 โ€œAgribusiness โ€“ 2020โ€ at a session chaired by Prime Minister Serik Akhmetov. The Agribusiness-2020 Program aims to develop four dimensions: financial recovery, increase of affordability of products, works and services for the agro-industrial sector entities, development of the state system of agricultural producers support, improvement of efficiency of the state management system of the agro-industrial complex. In line with the Agribusiness-2020 Program, the Government of Kazakhstan approved one stimulation package in April 2014: the rules of subsidizing efforts to restore agricultural companies to health. In the first half of 2014 it is planned to provide 140 billion tenge ($770 million) to second-tier banks for this purpose. Experts doubt that capital subsidies alone can provide a remedy to Kazakhstan's agricultural development challenges. Instead, more encompassing institutional reforms such as improvements in the rural education system and a devolution of political power to local decision makers are recommended. Financing of cooperatives In 2016 Kazakhstan's Ministry of Agriculture launched a program aimed at providing financing to cooperatives that help farms buy equipment, store and transport products, provide veterinary services, organize the supply of fodder and agrochemical products and help with lending. This program allowed 157 cooperatives provide assistance to 15,000 farms. The cooperatives created more than 100 milk collecting centres and 7,000 forage bases. Grain production Kazakhstan is one of the world's major wheat and flour exporters. It is among the 10 largest wheat producers. The main grain crop is milling wheat, which is typically high in quality and protein. There is a growing trend for Kazakhstan to export its grain internationally. In 2011, the country netted a record crop โ€“ nearly 27m tonnes, which enabled it to set its grain export target at nearly 15m tonnes for the 2011/2012 marketing year. FAS/Astana forecasts Kazakhstan's wheat production in 2014 at 14.5 million tons, up from 13.9 million tons in 2013. In July 2015, Minister of the National Economy Yerbolat Dossayev announced that Kazakhstan would increase export of grain and flour to Kyrgyzstan by 50-60% by 2020 after Kyrgyzstan's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union. According to the head of the ministry, as of July 2015 trade turnover between the two countries was more than US$1 billion. Kazakhstanโ€™s grain and flour exports saw a 4.5% growth in the first four months of the 2020 marketing season. The country exported 2.734 million tonnes mainly to Central Asia and Afghanistan. Wheat and wheat flour exports totaled 1.934 million tonnes and 700,000 tonnes, respectively. Long-term production trends In 2013, the Kazakh Ministry of Agriculture released a Master Plan for โ€œThe stabilization of the grain marketโ€. This Plan is in support of their Agribusiness โ€“ 2020 program and in it the Ministry sets goals and projections for grain production, consumption and exports between 2013-2020. A few key trends shown in these projections include: The Ministry projects sown area for all grains to stay relatively steady over this period, falling only slightly. There is projected to be a sizeable shift from wheat, with wheat area projected to fall 2 million hectares (14 percent) from 13.5 million hectares in 2012 to 11.5 million hectares in 2020. Most of that reduced area is expected to be replaced with so called โ€œfeed cropsโ€ primarily feed grains, which are projected to increase 1.5 million hectares (53 percent) from 2.8 million hectares to 4.3 million hectares in 2020. Investments In 2014 the volume of investments in Kazakhstan's agricultural sector exceeded 166 billion KZT, which is 17 percent more than in 2013. The aggregate profitability index of large and medium-sized companies operating in Kazakhstan's agricultural sector stood at 17.7 percent, while this index was equal to 4.5 percent in the same period of 2013. Investment in agriculture in 2015 increased 3.4 times, which totaled to 167 billion tenge. $1.1 billion was directed in Kazakhstan's agriculture in 2019, a 41% increase compared to 2018. Nearly 85 agricultural investment projects worth almost $271 million were commissioned in Kazakhstan in 2019. Partnerships On May 23, 2015, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Director-General Josรฉ Graziano da Silva and Kazakhstani Minister of Agriculture Assylzhan Mamytbekov signed an agreement establishing an FAO Partnership and Liaison Office in the country. The FAO's new partnership with Kazakhstan will bring FAO and the government together to support national development goals and priorities as well as assist other countries in the region. In 2020, the World Bank Executive Board approved a $500 million loan to Kazakhstan to develop farming as part of the Sustainable Livestock Development Program. The Program promotes sustainable, inclusive and competitive beef production in the country. See also Agriculture in Central Asia Kazakhstan Agriculture Sources Agriculture in Kazakhstan Animal Husbandry in Kazakhstan Agriculture in the Black Sea Region References
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%98%88%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%9C
์—ดํ˜ˆ์‚ฌ์ œ
ใ€Š์—ดํ˜ˆ์‚ฌ์ œใ€‹๋Š” 2019๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ 4์›” 20์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ SBS ๊ธˆํ†  ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ดˆ SBS ์›”ํ™” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์†กํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ SBS ์ฃผ๋ง ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ธฐํš ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š์šด๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋…ธใ€‹ ํ›„์†์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— SBS ์ฃผ๋ง ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ธฐํš ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ฐœํŽธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‹ ์„ค๋œ SBS ๊ธˆํ†  ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ ํŽธ์„ฑ์ด ์ตœ์ข… ํ™•์ •๋˜์–ด 2019๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊น€๋‚จ๊ธธ (๊น€ํ•ด์ผ ์—ญ)์€ SBS ๊ณต์ฑ„ 10๊ธฐ ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ SBS ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ์ œ 46ํšŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋Œ€์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ž์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ต์šธํ•จ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์กฐ์ ˆ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์‚ฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ตฌ๋‹ด๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์กฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์˜ค๋ฝ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ. ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€๋‚จ๊ธธ : ๊น€ํ•ด์ผ(39์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ ๋ฌธ์šฐ์ง„) - ์‚ฌ์ œ, ์„ธ๋ก€๋ช… ๋ฏธ์นด์—˜. ์ „์ง ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด์› ๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํŒ€ ์š”์›์ด์ž ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋‚จ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๊น€์„ฑ๊ท  : ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์˜(40์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์„œ์šธ ๊ตฌ๋‹ด๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํŒ€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋‚จ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์ดํ•˜๋Šฌ : ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์„ (36์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์„œ์šธ์ค‘์•™์ง€๊ฒ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํŒ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ. ์„ธ๋ก€๋ช… ์•ˆ์ ค๋ผ์ด์ž ๋ฉ”์ธ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๊ณ ์ค€ : ํ™ฉ์ฒ ๋ฒ”(39์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋Œ€๋ฒ”๋ฌด์—ญ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ. ์ „์ง ์กฐํญ ๋ณด์Šค์ด์ž ํŽ˜์ดํฌ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ณด์Šค. ๊ธˆ์ƒˆ๋ก : ์„œ์Šน์•„(28์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์„œ์šธ ๊ตฌ๋‹ด๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํŒ€ ์‹ ์ž… ํ˜•์‚ฌ. ์ „์ง ์—ฌ์ž ์„ธํŒํƒ€ํฌ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด์ž ์„œ๋ธŒ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์ง€์—ญ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ •์˜์ฃผ : ์ •๋™์ž(40๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ตฌ๋‹ด๊ตฌ์ฒญ์žฅ. ์ง€์—ญ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ผ์› ๊น€ํ˜•๋ฌต : ๊ฐ•์„ํƒœ(40๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ์„œ์šธ์ง€๊ฒ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์žฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ. ์ง€์—ญ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ผ์›. ์ด์˜์ค€ ์‹ ๋ถ€ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์ง„์งœ ์ง„๋ฒ” (์•…์—ญ) ์ •์ธ๊ธฐ : ๋‚จ์„๊ตฌ(50๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ตฌ๋‹ด๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ์„œ์žฅ. ์ง€์—ญ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ผ์› ํ•œ๊ธฐ์ค‘ : ๋ฐ•์›๋ฌด(50๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ตฌ๋‹ด๊ตฌ 3์„  ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›. ์ง€์—ญ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ผ์› ์ด๋ฌธ์‹ : ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋ฌธ(40๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ์‚ฌ์ด๋น„ ๋งค๊ฐ๊ต ๊ต์ฃผ. ์ง€์—ญ ์นด๋ฅดํ…” ์ผ์› ์„ฑ๋‹น ์‹๊ตฌ๋“ค ์ •๋™ํ™˜ : ์ด์˜์ค€(70๋Œ€) ์—ญ - ๊ตฌ๋‹ด์„ฑ๋‹น ์ฃผ์ž„์‹ ๋ถ€. ๋ชฌ์‹œ๋‡ฐ ํ˜ธ์นญ์„ ๊ตํ™ฉ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐ›์Œ. ์„ธ๋ก€๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์—˜ (1ํšŒ ~ 4ํšŒ, 38ํšŒ ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) ์ „์„ฑ์šฐ : ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ทœ(30๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ตฌ๋‹ด์„ฑ๋‹น ๋ณด์ขŒ์‹ ๋ถ€. ์„ธ๋ก€๋ช… ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ”. ์ „์ง ์•„์—ญ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋ฐฑ์ง€์› : ๊น€์ธ๊ฒฝ(40๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ตฌ๋‹ด์„ฑ๋‹น ์ฃผ์ž„ ์ˆ˜๋…€. ์„ธ๋ก€๋ช… ์‚ฌ๋ผ. ์ „์ง ํƒ€์งœ ํ‰ํƒ ์‹ญ๋ฏธํ˜ธ ์•ˆ์ฐฝํ™˜ : ์ญ์‚ญ ํ…Œ์นด๋ผํƒ€๋‚˜ํ‘ธ๋ผ์„œํŠธ(30๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ์ค‘๊ตญ์ง‘ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ์›. ์ „์ง ๋ฌด์—ํƒ€์ด ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด์ž ํƒœ๊ตญ ์™•์‹ค ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ์› ๊ณ ๊ทœํ•„ : ์˜ค์š”ํ•œ(20๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ํŽธ์˜์  ์ง์› ์œค์ฃผํฌ : ๋ฐฐํฌ์ •(30๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ. ๋ฐฐํฌ์ • ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์›์žฅ ๊ตฌ๋‹ด๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ์‹๊ตฌ๋“ค ์‹ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ : ์ด๋ช…์ˆ˜(40๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํŒ€ ํŒ€์žฅ ์ „์ •๊ด€ : ํ—ˆ์ต๊ตฌ(40๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํŒ€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์ง€์ฐฌ : ๋‚˜๋Œ€๊ธธ(40๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํŒ€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๊น€๊ด€๋ชจ : ๊น€๊ฒฝ๋ฅ (30๋Œ€) ์—ญ - ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํŒ€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค ๊น€๋ฏผ์žฌ : ์ด์ค‘๊ถŒ(40๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ตญ์ •์› ๋ถ€์žฅ. ์ „์ง ๊ตญ์ •์› ๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํŒ€ ํŒ€์žฅ. ๊น€ํ•ด์ผ์˜ ๊ตญ์ •์› ์ „ ์ƒ์‚ฌ ์ด์ œ์—ฐ : ๊น€ํ›ˆ์„(20๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ํ™ฉ์ฒ ๋ฒ”์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธํŒ”์ด์ž ์‹ฌ๋ณต. ํžˆํŠธ๋งจ์ด์ž ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ณด์Šค ์Œ๋ฌธ์„ : ์žฅ๋ฃก(30๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ํ™ฉ์ฒ ๋ฒ”์˜ ์™ผํŒ” ๊น€์›ํ•ด : ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๊ณ ์ž์˜ˆํ”„(40๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ๊ฐฑ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊น€์„ ์›… : ๋„์šฑ ์—ญ - ์ด์ค‘๊ถŒ์ด ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ์ „์ง ๊ตญ์ •์› ์š”์› ์ถœ์‹  ์‚ด์ธ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ. ์‹ ์„ฑ์ผ : ์ด๋ช…์ฒ  - ์ด์ค‘๊ถŒ์ด ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ์ „์ง ๊ตญ์ •์› ์š”์› ์ถœ์‹  ์‚ด์ธ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ. ์žฅ์›ํ˜• : ๊น€ํ˜์„ฑ ์—ญ - ์ด์ค‘๊ถŒ์ด ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ์ „์ง ๊ตญ์ •์› ์š”์› ์ถœ์‹  ์‚ด์ธ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€์ค€ํ•˜ : ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ž„์Šน๋ฏผ : ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์˜ฅ์˜ˆ๋ฆฐ : ์ž„์ง€์€ ์—ญ ์–‘์˜ˆ๋‚˜ : ํ˜„์ฃผ ์—ญ ์กฐ์•„์ธ : ์€์ง€ ์—ญ - ์™•๋ง›ํ‘ธ๋“œ ๊ธ‰์‹ ํ”ผํ•ด ์•„๋™ ์ตœ๊ด‘์ œ : ์•ˆํ†ค ์—ญ - ๋ผ์ด์ง• ๋ฌธ ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ ค์ธ. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋งˆํ”ผ์•„ ๋””์•ผ๋ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€์žฅ ์ •์žฌ๊ด‘ : ๊น€๊ฑด์šฉ ์—ญ - ํ•œ์ฃผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํšŒ์žฅ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์ „์€๋ฏธ : ์™•๋ง›ํ‘ธ๋“œ ์ง์› ์—ญ ํ—ˆ์žฌํ˜ธ : ๊ธฐํ™์ฐฌ ์—ญ - ์™•๋ง›ํ‘ธ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์žฅ. ๋งค๊ฐ๊ต์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋ฌธ์˜ ์กฐ์นด ๊ฐ•์šด : ์™•๋ง›ํ‘ธ๋“œ ๊ณต์žฅ์žฅ ์ด๊ทœํ˜ธ : ์ดˆ์ฝ” ์—ญ - ์™•๋ง›ํ‘ธ๋“œ ๋ฉ์น˜ ์ฐจ์ฒญํ™” : ์•ˆ๋‘˜์ž ์—ญ - ๊ฐ๋…€. ๋งค๊ฐ๊ต ๊ต์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋น„์„œ ์œ ๊ฒฝ์•„ : ๋ณด์œก์› ์ˆ˜๋…€ ์—ญ ์†ก์˜ํ•™ : ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๋ฐ˜์žฅ ์—ญ ์ดํ˜„์›… : ์˜ค ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ : ํ™ฉ๋Œ€ํ˜ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์•„๋‚˜์Šคํƒ€์ƒค ์†Œ์ฝ”๋กœ๋ฐ” : ์•„๋‚˜ ์—ญ - ๋งˆ๋ฏธ๋Š๋ฃจํ‚ค ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‹๋‹น ์ง์› ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์˜ : ๊ตญ์ •์›์žฅ ์˜ค์ •๊ตญ ์—ญ ํ™ฉ๋ฒ”์‹ : ๊ฒฝ์„  ๋ถ€ ์—ญ ์ •์‹œ์•„ : ๋งค๊ฐ๊ต ์‹ ์ž ์—ญ ์ด์˜๋ฒ” : ๋งˆํƒœ์˜ค ์‹ ๋ถ€ ์—ญ ๊น€์ข…๊ตฌ : ํ•œ์ฃผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํšŒ์žฅ ์—ญ ์œ ์Šน๋ชฉ : ์ˆœ์ฒœ ์˜ค๊ด‘๋‘ ์—ญ - ํƒ€์งœ ์žฅ์˜ˆ์› : ๋‰ด์Šค ์†๋ณด ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ ์—ญ ๊ถŒํ˜์ˆ˜ : ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์—ญ ๊น€ํ™ํŒŒ : ์ด์„์œค ์—ญ - ์„œ์šธ๋™๋ถ€์ง€๊ฒ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ๋ณ€์ฃผ์€ : ๊น€๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์—ญ - ๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜ ์ง์† ํ›„๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ•์€๊ฒฝ : ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ ์—ญ ๊น€์™„๊ธฐ : ์ถ˜์ฒœ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ฒญ ์˜์›”์ง€์ฒญ ์ง์› ์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์ค€ํ˜ธ : ๊ธฐํš์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ์ดฌ์˜์ง€ ์†Œ๋ฅ™๋„์„ฑ๋‹น ๋ถ๊ฐœ๋„ ๋Œ์‚ฐ๋Œ€๊ต ์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜ํƒ€์šดํŠน๊ตฌ ์•ฝํ˜„์„ฑ๋‹น - ๊ตฌ๋‹ด์„ฑ๋‹น ์„ฑ์‚ฐ๋Œ€๊ต ๋™๋‘์ฒœ๋ฌธํ™”๊ด€๊ด‘ํŠน๊ตฌ ์บ ํ”„๋ณด์‚ฐ ์˜๋  ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ž๊ทœ๋ฃจ ํŒŒ์Šค์ฟ ์ฐŒ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น์  ํ™”์ˆ˜๋ชฉ ์ฐจ์ด๋กฑ ๊ตฌ๋‹ด๋ณด์œก์› - ๋‚จ์‚ฐ์› ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก (ใ…‡) 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๊น€์„ฑ๊ท ๊ณผ ์ •์ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์ด์›ƒ์‚ฌ๋žŒใ€‹ ์ดํ›„๋กœ 12๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ์žฌํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ธ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊น€๋ฏผ์žฌ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์„ฑ๋‚œํ™ฉ์†Œใ€‹ ์ดํ›„๋กœ 2๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ์žฌํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ธ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ด๊ทœํ˜ธ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋„์‹œใ€‹ ์ดํ›„๋กœ 7๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ์žฌํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ทœํ•„๊ณผ ๊น€์„ ์›…์€ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘ใ€‹ ์ดํ›„๋กœ 9๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ์žฌํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ์žฌํ˜ธ, ์ด๊ทœํ˜ธ, ๋ฐ•์ •์šฐ๋Š” OCN ํ† ์š”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋‚˜์œ ๋…€์„๋“คใ€‹ ์ดํ›„๋กœ 10๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ์žฌํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์—ดํ˜ˆ์‚ฌ์ œ ๊ณต์‹ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์—ดํ˜ˆ์‚ฌ์ œ ์ „ํšŒ์ฐจ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ SBS ๊ธˆํ† ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šค๋ฆด๋Ÿฌ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์‚ผํ™”๋„คํŠธ์›์Šค์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฐ•์žฌ๋ฒ” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fiery%20Priest
The Fiery Priest
The Fiery Priest () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Kim Nam-gil, Kim Sung-kyun, Lee Hanee, Go Jun, and Keum Sae-rok. It was the first drama to air on SBS's Fridays and Saturdays timeslot, airing from February 15 to April 20, 2019. The Fiery Priest is the highest rated miniseries drama that aired in 2019 on public broadcast according to Nielsen Korea. The drama was a huge success and was one of the most popular dramas aired in 2019. Kim Nam-gil won numerous accolades for his portrayal of a priest with anger management issues. The action comedy drama also featured parodies from other movies and dramas, notably from Mr. Sunshine, Nameless Gangster: Rules of the Time, The Matrix, Reply 1988 and Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds. Synopsis Following the mysterious death of an elderly priest, an NIS agent turned priest (Kim Nam-gil) attempts to bring the culprits involved before law. The hilarious journey in taking down the gangsters and corrupt officials in the city is what follows. The journey is not so smooth when the corrupt prosecutor of the city (Lee Hanee) refuses to cooperate. Cast Main Kim Nam-gil as Kim Hae-il / Michael Kim Moon Woo-jin as young Hae-il An ex-NIS agent who retired after an accident that happened during his last mission. He met Priest Lee and eventually decided to take the path as a priest and hoped for his sins to be forgiven. He was very close to Father Lee and thus is crazy to punish those who killed him. On the contrary to a priest, he is a short-tempered person who would throw a fit each minute. Kim Sung-kyun as Goo Dae-young A clumsy detective who is a pushover and always manipulated by his superintendent and seniors. Once a dedicated police, his life changed after the death of his former partner. Lee Hanee as Park Kyung-sun A corrupt prosecutor who covered up the crimes of Gudam's administrators including the police chief and head borough. She likes Hae-il for his good-looking face but constantly bickers with him. Go Jun as Hwang Cheol-bum A corrupt businessman who is the step-brother of Gudam's Head of Borough. He runs Daebum Trading and trade illegal things within. Once ranked as number two gangster in Yeosu, he often uses violence to achieve his goal. Keum Sae-rok as Seo Seung-ah A rookie detective at Gudam Police Station who is dedicated in helping Hae-il to reveal the truth behind Priest Lee's death. She secretly has a crush on Hae-il. Supporting Local cartel Jeong Young-ju as Jung Dong-ja Gudam's Head of Borough and Hwang Cheol-bum step-sister. Kim Hyung-mook as Kang Seok-tae Chief prosecutor of Gudam and boss of Park Kyung-sun. Jung In-gi as Nam Suk-goo Gudam Police Station's corrupt superintendent and leader of Rising Sun, a nightclub with connections to the cartel. Han Gi-jung as Park Won-moo A corrupt assemblyman representing Gudam. Lee Moon-sik as Ki Yong-moon A con-artist and the leader of a religious cult "Maegak". Kim Won-hae as Vladimir Gozhaev Leader of the Russian gang. People at the Cathedral and believers Jung Dong-hwan as Priest Lee Young-joon He is looked up as a father figure by Kim Hae-il and is a wise, soft-spoken man. His murder was touted as a suicide. Jeon Sung-woo as Han Sung-kyu A gentle young priest at Gudam's Church. He trained to replace Priest Lee's position after his death. His real name is Han Woo-ram, a famous child actor who starred in an old, popular drama prior to becoming a priest. Baek Ji-won as Kim In-kyung Head nun at Gudam's church who constantly worry about Hae-il boldness in finding the truth. She is revealed to be a former well-known gambler nicknamed Ten-Tailed Fox who blamed herself for her brother's death. Ahn Chang-hwan as Song Sac A young man from Thailand who came to Gudam and work as a delivery boy to support his family. He was often bullied by Jang-ryeong for being a foreigner and best-friend with Oh Yo-han. Go Kyu-pil as Oh Yo-han A cheerful yet chubby part-timer who majored in astronomy but struggles to make a living. He did many part-time work and is best friend with Song Sac. Yoon Joo-hee as Bae Hee-jung A psychiatrist. People at the Police Station Shin Dam-soo as Lee Myung-soo Jeon Jeong-gwan as Heo Lig-gu Ji Chan as Na Dae-gil Kim Kwan-mo as Kim Kyung-ryul Others Kim Min-jae as Lee Jung-gwon Former NIS agent and Hae-il's team leader. Lee Je-yeon as Kim Hoon-suk Eum Moon-suk as Jang-ryong Kim Joon-ha as altar boy Lim Seung-min as altar boy Ok Ye-rin as Lim Ji-eun Young Ye-na as Hyun-joo Jo Ah-in as Eun-ji Choi Kwang-je as Anton Jung Jae-kwang as Kim Keon-yong Jeon Eun-mi as Wangmat Foods staff Heo Jae-ho as Gi Hong-chan The CEO of Great Taste Foods and Yong-moon's cousin. Kang Un as Wangmat Foods manager Lee Gyu-ho as Choco A large chef who works at "Great Taste Foods" and acts as the muscle. Despite his towering size, he is easily knocked out by Hae-il but reemerges as backup later on. Cha Chung-hwa as Ahn Dul-ja Yoo Kyung-ah as nursery nun Song Young-hak as former detective Special appearances Lee Young-bum as Father Kang Matthew (Ep. 1โ€“2) Lee Ki-young as Oh Jung-kook (Ep. 6, 33โ€“34) Hwang Bum-shik as Kyung-sunโ€™s father (Ep. 16) Jung Shi-ah as Maegakkyo believer (Ep. 19) Kim Jong-goo as Kim Jong-chul Yoo Seung-mok as Oh Kwang-du (Ep. 30โ€“31) Jang Ye-won as news announcer Kwon Hyeok-soo as President of the Republic of Korea Kim Hong-fa as Lee Seok-yoon (Ep. 40) Byun Joo-eun as Kim Geom-sa Park Eun-kyung as announcer Kim Won-gi as prosecutor Bang Jun-ho as planning manager Production The first script reading took place on October 26, 2018 at the SBS Ilsan Production Center in Tanhyun, South Korea. The Fiery Priest was first scheduled to air as a Monday-Tuesday drama following My Strange Hero, but due to SBS deciding to cancel the weekend special drama time slot (Saturday nights at 21:05 KST) after Fates & Furies, it became the network's first Friday-Saturday night drama. Haechi was then chosen to follow My Strange Hero. This series marks Lee Myung-woo's last project for SBS, after 12 years of partnership. In October 2019, he moved to Taewon Entertainment. Original soundtrack Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Viewership Awards and nominations Notes References External links Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas Korean-language television shows 2019 South Korean television series debuts 2019 South Korean television series endings South Korean comedy television series South Korean crime television series Television series by Samhwa Networks
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%BC%EB%8B%A4%20HR-V
ํ˜ผ๋‹ค HR-V
ํ˜ผ๋‹ค HR-V(Honda HR-V)๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ํ˜ผ๋‹ค์˜ ์†Œํ˜• ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ค๋ฒ„ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์œ ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ HR-V๋ผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ช…์€ "Hi-rider Revolutionary Vehicle"์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” HR-V๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ ค(ใƒดใ‚งใ‚ผใƒซ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ํŒ๋งค ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1์„ธ๋Œ€ 1997๋…„์— ๋„์ฟ„ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์™€์ผ๋“œ ์•ค ์กฐ์ดํ’€ J-WJ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ปจ์…‰ํŠธ ์นด๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ’ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์–‘์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 1998๋…„ 9์›” 22์ผ์— 3๋„์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ˜• ์Šน์šฉ์ฐจ์ธ ๋กœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋…ธ ๋”œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, "Joy Machine"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ณ ์นดํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ Š์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์œผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—”์ง„์€ ์ง๋ ฌ 4๊ธฐํ†ต 1.6L D16Aํ˜• SOHC๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ, V-TEC์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ D16Wํ˜•์€ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์†๊ธฐ๋Š” 5๋‹จ ์ˆ˜๋™๊ณผ "๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋งคํ‹ฑ S"๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ CVT๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ €๊ณตํ•ด์ฐจ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 4๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ์•ž๋ฐ”ํ€ด๊ฐ€ ํ—›๋Œ๋•Œ ์ด์ค‘ ์œ ์•• ํŽŒํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 4๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” CR-V์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์–ผํƒ€์ž„ 4WD ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋™์ถ•๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ผ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ 4๋ช…์„ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒ‘์Šนํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ฉฐ, ABS์™€ EBD, ์šด์ „์„ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์„ SRS ์—์–ด๋ฐฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ์ „๋™ ๋ฐฑ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ, ํŒŒ์›Œ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ, ์ ‘์ด์‹ ๋’ท์ขŒ์„, ํŒŒ์›Œ์Šคํ‹ฐ์–ด๋ง, ์—ด์„ ์ด ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ, ์—์–ด์ปจ, ์ „๋ฉด ์•ˆ๊ฐœ๋“ฑ, LED ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋“ฑ์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šคํฌ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1999๋…„ 7์›” 30์ผ์— 5๋„์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 3๋„์–ด์— ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์ƒ‰์ƒ๊ณผ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๊ณ , ์ „ํŒŒ์‹ ๋ฌด์„  ๋„์–ด ๋ฐ”๋”” ๋™์ƒ‰ ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐœํ์‹ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ฝ˜ ๋„์–ด ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ € ์ง€์ƒ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ 190mm์—์„œ 175mm๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2001๋…„ 7์›” 5์ผ์— ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์ถฉ์‹ค์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•ž๋ฒ”ํผ์— ์›ํ˜• ์•ˆ๊ฐœ๋“ฑ์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ 10์›” 21์ผ์— ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ผ์ธ์—…์ด ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 3๋„์–ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 12์›”์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์•˜๋˜ ์žฌ๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋‹ค 2006๋…„ 2์›”์— ์žฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ์ง„ ํ›„ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 2์›”์— ํ›„์† ์ฐจ์ข…์ธ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋กœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ HR-V์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์› ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ๋„ค์ž„ ์ „๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™ : GH1(3๋„์–ด), GH3(5๋„์–ด) 4๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™ : GH2(3๋„์–ด), GH4(5๋„์–ด) ์ด 4๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ตฌ๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2์„ธ๋Œ€ 2013๋…„ 1์›” 15์ผ์— ๋ถ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ์ œ ์˜คํ† ์‡ผ์—์„œ ์–ด๋ฐ˜ SUV ์ปจ์…‰ํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ปจ์…‰ํŠธ ์นด๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ’ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 11์›” 20์ผ์— ๋„์ฟ„ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘์‚ฐํ˜•์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ 3์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ”ผํŠธ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 12์›” 20์ผ์— ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋กœ๋“œ์˜ ํ›„์† ์ฐจ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฒ ์ ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‘ฅํŽ‘ ํ˜ผ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒ ์ ค๊ณผ ํ˜•์ œ ์ฐจ์ข…์ธ XR-V๋ž‘ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜„์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ LA ์˜คํ† ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋„ HR-V๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ถœ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋“ฑ ํŒ๋งค์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์  ํ™•๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„์— ์ค‘ํ˜• SUV์˜€๋˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋จผํŠธ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ  ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋„ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚ด์ˆ˜์šฉ์ธ ๋ฒ ์ ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€ ํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ ํƒ€์ž… 2๋“ฑ์‹ ํ—ค๋“œ๋žจํ”„๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๊ณผ๋‚˜ํ›„์•„ํ† ์ฃผ ์…€๋ผ์•ผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋‹ค์˜ ํ˜„์ง€๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด์ˆ˜ํ˜•์€ 1.5L ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ+CVT์™€ 1.5L ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ+7๋‹จ DCT, ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ 4WD๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•ด์™ธ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ˜•์€ 1.5L์™€ 1.8L ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ ์—”์ง„์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ€์†๊ธฐ๋Š” 6๋‹จ ์ˆ˜๋™๊ณผ CVT๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—๋Š” 2016๋…„ 7์›” 5์ผ์— ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ผ๋‹ค์˜ ์…€๋ผ์•ผ ํ˜„์ง€๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ๋ฏธํ˜•์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค. 143๋งˆ๋ ฅ 1.8๋ฆฌํ„ฐ SOHC ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ ์—”์ง„๊ณผ CVT๋ฅผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ ์ „๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‚ฌ์–‘๋งŒ ํŒ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 1์›” 25์ผ์— ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 2์›” 15์ผ์— ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์•ž๋ฒ”ํผ, ํฌ๋กฌ ๋ฐ” ๊ทธ๋ฆด๊ณผ LED ํ—ค๋“œ๋žจํ”„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋น…๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ›„๋ฅœ์— ํ† ์…˜๋น” ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€์— ํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ ํ—ค๋“œ๋žจํ”„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ FTA๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ํ˜„์ง€๊ณต์žฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ๋„ ์ข‹์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ, ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ฒด์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  2021๋…„์— ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋๋‹ค. 3์„ธ๋Œ€ 2021๋…„ 2์›” 8์ผ ๋ฒ ์ ค๋กœ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ 4์›” 22์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผ๋‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํŒ๋งคํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถ”ํ›„ ํ˜„์ง€ ์‹œ์žฅ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋‚ด๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2022๋…„์— ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์‹œ์žฅ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํ•ด์™ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ZR-V๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์‹œ์žฅ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ HR-V๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹œ์žฅ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ XR-V๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ฐจ์ข… ํ˜„๋Œ€์ž๋™์ฐจ - ์ฝ”๋‚˜, ix25 ๊ธฐ์•„์ž๋™์ฐจ - ๋‹ˆ๋กœ, ์˜์šธ, ์Šคํ† ๋‹‰ ์‰๋ณด๋ ˆ - ํŠธ๋ž™์Šค ์Œ์šฉ์ž๋™์ฐจ - ํ‹ฐ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฅด๋…ธ์‚ผ์„ฑ์ž๋™์ฐจ - QM3 ์˜คํŽ  - ๋ชจ์นด, ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋žœ๋“œ X ๋ทฐ์ต - ์•™์ฝ”๋ฅด ํญ์Šค๋ฐ”๊ฒ - ํ‹ฐํฌ๋กœ์Šค, ํ‹ฐ๋ก ์„ธ์•„ํŠธ - ์•„๋กœ๋‚˜ ์Šค์ฝ”๋‹ค - ์˜ˆํ‹ฐ ์ง€ํ”„ - ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ์ด๋“œ ํฌ๋“œ - ์—์ฝ”์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์‹œํŠธ๋กœ์—ฅ - C3 ์—์–ดํฌ๋กœ์Šค, C4 ์นตํˆฌ์Šค ํ‘ธ์กฐ - 2008 ๋ฅด๋…ธ - ์บก์ณ ๋‹›์‚ฐ - ์ฅฌํฌ ํ”ผ์•„ํŠธ - 500X ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋‹ค - CX-3, CX-4 ํ† ์š”ํƒ€ - C-HR, ๋Ÿฌ์‰ฌ HR-V HR-V HR-V HR-V HR-V HR-V HR-V HR-V HR-V HR-V 1999๋…„ ๋„์ž…๋œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20HR-V
Honda HR-V
The Honda HR-V is a subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment) manufactured and marketed by Honda over three generations. The first generation HR-V was based on the Honda Logo. It was marketed from 1999 to 2006 in Europe, Japan and select Asia-Pacific markets โ€“ and featured three doors (1999โ€“2003) or five doors (1999โ€“2006). The two configurations were internally designated GH2 and GH4 respectively. After a hiatus between 2006 and 2013, Honda reintroduced the nameplate for the second generation HR-V, based on the third-generation Honda Fit. Production began in late 2013 for the Japanese domestic market as the , while production started in 2015 for North America, Australia, Brazil and select Asian markets as the HR-V. Apart from Japan, the model is also sold as the Vezel in China. For the third-generation model, the nameplate is split between two different vehicles, one for the global market (sold as the Vezel in Japan), and a larger model based on the eleventh-generation Civic destined for North America and China. The latter model is sold outside those markets as the Honda ZR-V. According to Honda, the name "HR-V" stands for "Hi-rider Revolutionary Vehicle", while the name "Vezel" is coined from "bezel", the oblique faces of a cut gem, with the "V" for "vehicle". First generation (GH; 1998) The HR-V debuted as the J-WJ concept, one of the four concepts in Honda's J-Mover Series unveiled at the 1997 Tokyo Motor Show and the 1998 Geneva Motor Show. With minimal changes from the concept, the HR-V was marketed exclusively in Japan via Honda's Verno dealership network, aimed at a young demographic. The HR-V was subsequently marketed in Europe with either a Honda D16W1 type 1.6-litre SOHC (FWD or 4WD) or a SOHC VTEC Honda D16W5 type engine (exclusively 4WD). A continuously variable transmission was optional. The HR-V shared its platform with the Honda Logo, and was manufactured in Suzuka, Japan. The all-wheel drive configuration was initially available in a three-door body in February 1999 and was internally designated the GH2. In September 1999, Honda introduced a front-wheel drive, three door variant. Five door models were designated GH4 and were introduced in March 2000. At this time, Honda offered a VTEC engine option for both the three and five-door four-wheel drive models. Neither a five-door front-wheel drive, or a front-wheel drive model with the VTEC engine were marketed. The five-door was 110ย mm longer overall, with a 100ย mm longer wheelbase (2,460ย mm). Suspension on all models was via MacPherson strut front suspension and a five-link De Dion-type rear suspension. In advance of European pedestrian protection legislation, the HR-V was designed to minimize pedestrian injuries in the event of an impact. Equipment featured ABS brakes with EBD (electronic brakeforce distribution), dual SRS (supplemental restraint system) airbags, as well as folding power mirrors, power windows, folding rear seats, power steering, heat absorbing glazing, air conditioning, front fog lights and a rear spoiler with an LED center high-mounted brake light. A 285-litre cargo area was equipped with cargo hooks, a subdivided underfloor compartment, and 50:50 split-fold rear seats. Options included body colour roof rails and a large rear roof spoiler. The Real Time 4WD system, shared with the CR-V, uses a dual hydraulic pump rear differential where the 4WD system is hydraulically activated when the front wheels lose traction. The HR-V was noted for its low nitrous oxide emissions. The HR-V received an exterior and interior facelift for model year 2002. Engines Second generation (RU; 2013) The second generation HR-V was previewed as the Urban SUV Concept which was unveiled at the 2013 North American International Auto Show. The concept version was said to be based on Honda's Global Compact Series, which includes the Honda Fit subcompact and the Honda City subcompact sedan. The vehicle was unveiled in November 2013 at the Tokyo Motor Show as the Vezel. Based on the Honda Fit platform, at the time of its introduction it was the smallest SUV from Honda, below the CR-V. The exterior design of the crossover is inspired by coupรฉs with its sloping roof, and a unique design element like hidden rear door handles. In terms of practicality, at its release in Europe, Honda claimed the HR-V offers of boot space with the rear seats up and with the rear seats down. While in the North America, the HR-V is said to have with the rear seats up, and with the rear seats folded. Honda has described its cabin as โ€œexceptionally versatile,โ€ due to the inclusion the Magic Seats system carried over from the Fit which enables the lower part of the rear seat to be folded up to carry tall items. The HR-V's body uses 27% ultra-high-strength steel grades, of either of 780, 980 or 1,500ย MPa yield strength. Facelift Markets Japan The Japanese Vezel models went on sale on 20 December 2013. The Vezel was available with two powertrains, as a conventional gasoline-powered and as hybrid electric vehicle. In Japan, the hybrid version was expected to account for 90 percent of the Vezel sales. Its width dimension exceeds Japanese government dimension regulations (1,700ย mm) which means Japanese buyers are liable for extra yearly taxes as a result. The conventional Vezel is equipped with a 1.5-litre direct-injection DOHC i-VTEC inline-four engine coupled to a continuously variable transmission (CVT7), and it is available in front-wheel and all-wheel drive versions. The Vezel hybrid version is equipped with Honda's next-generation sport hybrid i-DCD system that combines a , 1.5-litre direct injection engine with a , electric motor, Honda's Real Time AWD, Reactive Force Pedal. The hybrid version fuel economy is in the Japanese JC08 cycle, while the gasoline version has a fuel economy of in the JC08 cycle. The facelifted model was unveiled on 25 January 2018 in Japan and released later on 15 February 2018. It features a revised chrome bar grille and LED headlamps both being similar to Honda Civic, thin chrome garnish strip on the rear trunk and updated front bumper. North America The second-generation Honda HR-V debuted at the 2014 New York International Auto Show as a concept car, with the production model unveiled later at the 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show. The HR-V was introduced in the United States in 2015 as a 2016 model. It shares the same platform as the third-generation Fit and is largely identical to the Vezel, which went on sale in Japan in December 2013. The HR-V is smaller than both CR-V and Pilot, again (after the demise of Element) giving Honda a model range with three crossover SUVs. The US-market HR-V is manufactured at Honda's Celaya, Mexico assembly plant alongside the related Fit and went on sale in May 2015 as a 2016 model. It is powered by a 1.8-litre SOHC i-VTEC I4 engine mated either to a CVT7 transmission similar to the Civic or a 6-speed manual transmission (FWD only). For the 2019 model year, Honda announced the mid-cycle refresh for the HR-V. It features a revised chrome bar grille being similar to Honda Civic and new headlamp design featuring a single projector lens with DRLs or full LED headlamp similar to the Civic Touring, updated bumper design and overhead roof rails. There are now two headlight options as well; full LED headlights for the touring trim, or LED projector headlights for the other trims. On the interior, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto has been made available. The head unit is now updated and features a volume knob replacing the volume slider. Honda Sensing is standard on EX trims and higher. Although the manual transmission is no longer available, Honda tweaked the CVT7 transmission as well as the optional AWD system. Two new trim levels for the HR-V, Sport and Touring, were added to the trim lineup, now ranging from LX, Sport, EX, EX-L, and Touring. China In China, the vehicle is manufactured and marketed by two separate joint ventures with different names and cosmetic changes. Guangqi Honda revealed the vehicle with the Vezel nameplate in October 2014. It is mostly identical with the global model. Inside, the dual-tone interior features black and orange finish instead of a full grey theme. In November 2014, Dongfeng Honda released its own version called the Honda XR-V. Previewed by the XR-V Concept in September 2014, it features a redesigned front and rear fascia and door panel sheet metals as it is positioned as a more aggressive looking vehicle. In the rear end, the taillights have been replaced with narrower, LED lights that span the entire width of the rear end. The interior is slightly different from the Vezel with the horizontal HVAC vents replaced by round vents. Both the Vezel and XR-V are powered with a 1.5-litre or 1.8-litre i-VTEC petrol engines. Honda revealed the facelifted XR-V in February 2020 featuring an updated front fascia and rear bumper. The engine options of the facelift model includes a 1.5-litre VTEC Turbo engine and a 1.5-litre i-VTEC naturally aspirated engine. Electric versions The first battery electric version of the Honda Vezel was marketed by Guangqi Honda as the Everus VE-1 in China, based on the Everus EV concept. The production model debuted in November 2019. The electric version of the Honda XR-V was marketed by Dongfeng Honda as the Ciimo X-NV, based on the X-NV Concept. Production began in October 2019. Another electric version released by Dongfeng Honda is the Ciimo M-NV which was revealed in November 2020 which sports a new front and rear fascia design, and a completely redesigned interior with a 12.3-inch TFT instrument cluster and push-button gear selector. Europe The HR-V was unveiled in the European market in September 2014 as the HR-V Prototype. The specs was further detailed in February 2015, and it went on sale in September 2015. Thailand In Thailand, the HR-V went on sale on 17 November 2014. It is powered by 1.8-litre engine with four trim levels namely S, E, E Limited and EL. Singapore In Singapore, the official Honda distributor sells the HR-V, while the parallel imported version retains the name Vezel. Parallel importers brought in the petrol, RS and hybrid versions, while the official Honda distributor only brought in the petrol version. Indonesia In Indonesia, the HR-V was revealed as a prototype model at the 22nd Indonesia International Motor Show on 18 September 2014 and went on sale on 24 January 2015 as a locally assembled model. It is offered with 1.5-litre and 1.8-litre engine options. The 1.5-litre option were available in the base model A with manual transmission, slightly more equipped S with either manual or CVT7, and the CVT7 only E trim. The only trim available for 1.8-litre variant is the Prestige which is equipped with LED projector headlights with daytime running lights, two-tone alloy wheels, full leather interior and panoramic roof. Mugen body kits were optional for the 1.5 E and 1.8 Prestige variants. The facelifted HR-V was launched at the 26th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on 2 August 2018. The 1.5 S and 1.5 E trims received projector headlights, while the 1.5 E Special Edition and 1.8 Prestige received full LED headlights and LED fog lights. The 1.5 A trim was dropped. Malaysia The HR-V was launched in Malaysia in February 2015 as a locally assembled model with three trim levels: S, E and V. All variants were updated in May 2016 where the previously offered 16 inch alloy wheels were swapped for 17 inch. A limited 'Mugen' edition based on the V trim was launched in February 2018 and was limited to 1,020 units. Bookings open for the facelift version in July 2018 and in November 2018, a facelift HR-V was showcased during the 2018 Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show. In January 2019, the facelifted HR-V was launched with four trims: 1.8 E, 1.8 V, 1.8 RS and Sport Hybrid i-DCD. Malaysia became the only country outside of Japan to officially market the Vezel/HR-V hybrid. It was reported that 3,000 facelifted HR-V units was delivered with a total of 8,500 bookings. Fast forward to August 2021, Honda Malaysia announced prices for the updated HR-V Hybrid. Coming in at RM114k, it gets an updated kit list that's similar to the 1.8V model. This includes LED headlights and foglight, a seven-inch touchscreen with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto and a new colour choice. Philippines The HR-V was launched on 9 June 2015 and it was offered in three trim levels: S, E and EL. All models are only offered with the 1.8-litre engine matted with a CVT transmission. The facelifted HR-V was launched on 24 August 2018 and it is offered in two trim levels: 1.8 E and 1.8 RS. Taiwan The HR-V was introduced in Taiwan in October 2016 and is only available with the 1.8-litre engine. It comes in three different trims, the VTi, VTi-S and S. All models feature a CVT transmission, with the VTi featuring seven gear ratios (including L), whereas the VTi-S and S have five gear ratios. For the 2019 refresh, the VTi model was discontinued. The refresh also brought the CVT gearbox to the VTi-S model, as well as several other minor tweaks, like 17-inch alloy wheels (up from 16-inch). The S trim was updated with full LED lights, an updated entertainment system with improved reversing camera and a few other minor tweaks. Brazil The Brazil-market HR-V, assembled locally at Honda's plant in the state of Sรฃo Paulo and also imported from Argentina, went on sale in first-quarter 2015 as a 2016 model. For the first nine months of 2015, Honda's production in Brazil was reported to increase by 20 percent as a result of the launch of HR-V compared with a 20% drop for the industry. On 21 May 2020, the last HR-V rolled out the assembly line of the Argentinian plant, marking the closure of the plant. This means Brazil is the only producer of the HR-V in South America. Others The HR-V was launched in Pakistan in 2016 but was later discontinued owing to poor sales. Despite being a global model, Honda did not market the second-generation HR-V in India where it has significant operations, citing uncompetitive pricing compared to its rivals and potentially high investment for the localization of components. A Honda executive cited an example of the crossover's electric parking brake which comes standard with the vehicle that would inflate the cost, while the vehicle was not designed with a manual handbrake in mind. Honda offered the cheaper Brio-based BR-V and the Fit/Jazz-based WR-V instead. The company has started a project from late 2017 to produce and market the second-generation HR-V in India from December 2019, only to be shelved again due to low sales forecast. Powertrain Safety + - ANCAP (2015) - - ASEAN NCAP: (applies to models equipped with only driver's seat-belt reminder) (applies to models equipped with two seat-belt reminders) + - Euro NCAP - - Latin NCAP (2015) - for adult occupants, and for toddlers - NHTSA - Recall Vezel Hybrid produced in Japan from July 2013 through February 2014 were recalled due to a problem with the software program controlling the 7-speed dual clutch transmission (DCT) which could cause a delay in the ability to begin driving or the inability to move at all. Honda recalled 160,000 Fit subcompact and Vezel sport-utility vehicles, manufactured from August 2013 through February 2016 in Japan, because of defective power steering and a part that controls the electric current in the vehicles. The recall does not affect any Honda models sold abroad. Third generation The third-generation HR-V is split into two different models for different markets. The global model (with "RV" model code) was first introduced in 2021 and has been produced in Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, Taiwan, China, and Pakistan while also marketed in Europe. The North American market received a different and larger model (with "RZ" model code) which is claimed to "meet the distinct needs of U.S. customers", and is sold outside North America as the Honda ZR-V. Global version (RV; 2021) The second-generation Vezel/third-generation HR-V for markets outside of North America was unveiled in Japan on 18 February 2021. Sales began in Japan on 22 April 2021, with the European-spec HR-V being detailed in the same day. The Japanese market Vezel e:HEV model receives a 1.5-litre petrol engine coupled to an electric motor for a combined output of from 4,000 to 8,000ย rpm. The basic Vezel G receives a regular 1.5-litre petrol engine, producing at 6,600ย rpm. The European market HR-V is only available with a hybrid powertrain. According to specifications issued for the Australian market, the boot capacity is smaller than its predecessor, measuring with the rear seats in place and with the back seats folded using the VDA measurement, down from and respectively. Battery electric models A battery electric version of the third-generation HR-V was revealed in China in October 2021 as the Honda e:NS1 and e:NP1, which is manufactured by Dongfeng Honda and Guangqi Honda respectively. Both are based on the e:N Architecture F platform for smaller, front-wheel-drive battery electric vehicles. The same model is marketed in Europe as the Honda e:Ny1. Sourced from China, the e:Ny1 went on sale in UK in 2023 with two grade levels available, Elegance and Advance. Markets China Two versions of the petrol models were unveiled in 2022. The Dongfeng Honda XR-V adopted the exterior styling of the HR-V RS marketed in Southeast Asia, while the GAC Honda Vezel uses the exterior styling of regular HR-V model. Thailand The Thai market HR-V was unveiled on 5 November 2021. Assembled locally, it is only available with a hybrid powertrain. Grade levels offered are E, EL, and RS. Honda Sensing is standard across all models. Indonesia The third-generation HR-V was launched in Indonesia on 23 March 2022. It is offered with either a 1.5-litre petrol or a 1.5-litre turbo petrol engine, both mated to a CVT. The former is available on S, E, and SE grades, while the latter is exclusively available on RS grade. Honda Sensing is standard across all models. Philippines The third-generation HR-V was launched in the Philippines on 19 April 2022 in S and V Turbo grades, while the HR-V RS Turbo grade was launched during the 8th Philippine International Motor Show on 15 September 2022. It is offered in either a 1.5-litre petrol or a 1.5-litre turbo petrol engine, both mated to a CVT transmission, with the former being offered on the S grade, while the latter is offered on V and RS grades. Honda Sensing is standard across all models. Australia The third-generation HR-V was launched in Australia on 12 May 2022. It is offered with either a 1.5-litre petrol engine or a 1.5-litre hybrid (e:HEV), both mated to a CVT transmission, with the former being offered on the Vi X grade, while the latter is offered on e:HEV L grade. Honda Sensing is standard across all models. The Australian market HR-V is only certified as a four-seater instead of five due to the lack of a top tether point for the middle seat, which is required by Australian Design Rules. Jamaica The third-generation HR-V was launched in Jamaica on 10 June 2022 alongside the BR-V. It is offered by either a 1.5-litre petrol or a 1.5-litre hybrid (e:HEV), the former is available on the LX and EX grades while the latter is exclusive to the EX-L grade. Vietnam The third-generation HR-V was launched in Vietnam on 15 June 2022 in L and RS Turbo grades, while the HR-V G grade was launched on 15 December 2022. It is offered in either a 1.5-litre petrol or a 1.5-litre turbo petrol engine, both mated to a CVT transmission, with the former being offered on the G grade, while the latter is offered on L and RS grades. Honda Sensing is standard across all models. Brunei The third-generation HR-V was launched in Brunei on late June 2022, which is imported from Japan. It is offered only with a 1.5-litre petrol engine mated to a CVT. The HR-V is only available with EX variant and Honda Sensing becomes standard. Malaysia The third-generation HR-V was launched in Malaysia on 14 July 2022, and it became available on retail sales by August 2022. It is offered in three engines: a 1.5-litre petrol engine, a 1.5-litre turbo petrol engine, or a 1.5-litre hybrid (e:HEV), all mated to a CVT transmission. The standard 1.5-litre engine is offered on the S grade, the turbo engine are offered on both E and V grades, and the e:HEV variant is offered on the RS grade. Honda Sensing is standard across all models. Brazil The Brazilian market third-generation HR-V was introduced on 1 July 2022. It will offered with either a 1.5-litre petrol engine or a 1.5-litre turbo petrol engine engine, both mated to a CVT. The former will be available on EX and EXL trim levels, while the latter will be available on Advance and Touring trim levels, Honda Sensing is standard across all trim levels. The third-generation HR-V became available in August 2022 for 1.5-litre naturally aspirated engine models and it become available in October 2022 for 1.5-litre turbo models. Middle East The third-generation HR-V was launched in the GCC countries in July 2022. It is offered with either a 1.5-litre petrol engine and mated to a CVT. The HR-V is available in three grades DX, LX, and EX, Honda Sensing is standard for LX and EX grade levels. Pakistan The third-generation HR-V was launched in Pakistan on 21 October 2022. It is offered in two grades: VTi and VTi-S, both are only offered with a 1.5-litre petrol engine mated to a CVT. Safety In a Euro NCAP testing conducted in 2022, the HR-V e:HEV received a four-star rating. North American and Chinese version / ZR-V (RZ; 2022) A separate North American HR-V model was unveiled on 4 April 2022 and has been sold since 7 June 2022 for the 2023 model year. Based on the eleventh-generation Civic and categorised as a Subcompact crossover SUV, it will also be sold outside of North America, such as in China (as the ZR-V and HR-V) and Europe (as the ZR-V) to slot between the global HR-V model and the CR-V. Chinese models are produced by both Guangqi Honda (ZR-V) and Dongfeng Honda (HR-V) respectively. European models will use the full hybrid powertrain as a standard. Sales China References External links (UK) HR-V Cars introduced in 1999 2000s cars 2010s cars 2020s cars Subcompact crossover sport utility vehicles Front-wheel-drive vehicles All-wheel-drive vehicles ASEAN NCAP small off-road Euro NCAP small off-road Latin NCAP small off-road Production electric cars Vehicles with CVT transmission Cars of Brazil Cars of Mexico Cars of Argentina Cars of China
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4%20%ED%9E%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%88%ED%8E%A0%ED%8A%B8
๋งˆ๊ทธ๋ˆ„์Šค ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ
๋งˆ๊ทธ๋ˆ„์Šค ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ(, 1868๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ ~ 1935๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ)๋Š” ๋…์ผ์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์„ฑ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋กœ ํ”ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋‚˜์น˜ ๋…์ผ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰์Šตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ์™€ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ์˜ ์ €์ž‘์„ ์†Œ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฝœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ(1945๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํด๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์ฝ”์›Œ๋ธŒ์ œํฌ)์˜ ์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ฆˆ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋ช…๋ง ๋†’์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์˜€๋˜ ํ—ค๋ฅด๋งŒ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆด ์  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ํ•™๊ต์˜€๋˜ ์ฝœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ํ•™๊ต์— ์žฌํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1887๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1888๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ผ์šฐ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ธ ์™€ํ”„)์—์„œ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ—Œํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1888๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1992๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅด, ๋ฎŒํ—จ, ํ•˜์ด๋ธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1892๋…„ ์˜ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์œ„ ์ทจ๋“ ์ดํ›„ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 8๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋˜ 1893๋…„ ๋งŒ๊ตญ ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ €๋„์—์„œ ๊ธ€์„ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋™์„ฑ์•  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธํ™”๋“ค์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ, ํƒ•ํ—ค๋ฅด, ๋„์ฟ„์˜ ๋™์„ฑ์•  ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์™€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋™์„ฑ์• ์  ๋ฌธํ™” ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ ‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1896๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์ƒค๋ฅผ๋กœํ…๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์‚ด์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์–ด์—์„œ ์ž์‚ด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” "์ž์‹ ์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ คํ”„์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋ฅดํŠธ()๋กœ, 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์ž์‚ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์˜์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ด๊ณ ๋„ ๋น„๋‚œ์ ์ธ ํ•จ์ถ•์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” 1896๋…„ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ์•“๋˜ ํ•œ ์ Š์€ ์œก๊ตฐ ์žฅ๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ตœ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์Ÿ์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๋ง์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธด ์ฑ„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๋Š์€ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ์„œ์—์„œ ๊ตฐ์ธ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋งํ•  ํž˜์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, "๋‚ด ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์„ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ป”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹ฌ์„ ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ž์‚ดํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ธ์€ ๋™์„ฑ์• ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์—„๋‘์กฐ์ฐจ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…ธํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ "๊ทธ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์„œ ๋ง๋ฏธ์—๋Š” "์กฐ๊ตญ ๋…์ผ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ •์˜๋กœ์šด ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋‹น์‹ (ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ)์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋‚ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” 1895๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์žฅ๊ต์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, "์šฐ๋ฆฌ"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ถ”์ธก์„ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด ๋…์ผ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๊ณต์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” "Sie"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ์™€ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ํ™˜์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์“ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์˜ค์Šค์นด ์™€์ผ๋“œ์˜ ๋™์„ฑ์•  ์žฌํŒ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ด์น˜๋‹ฌ๋‚˜๋ฅด๋ฒค(, ์ž์‚ด ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ํ‰ํ„ฐ)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™์„ฑ์•  ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์ข… ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ด ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์Œ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๋Š” 1935๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ 67๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ์ผ์— ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ”„๋กฌ๋‚˜๋“œ๋ฐ์žฅ๊ธ€๋ ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ํ™”์žฅ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ฝ”์นด๋“œ ๊ณต๋™๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ดํ•œ ๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ๋ฌปํ˜”๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ํ™”๊ฐ•์•”์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ง„ ๋ฌ˜๋น„์—๋Š” ๋…์ผ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์žฅ์‹๊ฐ€์˜€๋˜ ์•„๋ฅด๋†€ํŠธ ์ฐจ๋””์ฝ”๋ธŒ(1884๋…„~1943๋…„)๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋™ ๋ถ€์กฐ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ค์„ ๋ฎ๋Š” ํŒ์—๋Š” ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ์˜ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด ๋ชจํ† ์ธ "Per Scientiam ad Justitiam"(๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ์ •์˜๊นŒ์ง€)๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ฝ”์นด๋“œ ๊ณต๋‘‰๋ฌ˜์ง€์—๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์ด์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์„ฑ์˜ ํšŒ์ƒ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๋ณด๋กœ๋…ธํ”„์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณด๋กœ๋…ธํ”„์˜ ์ €์ž‘๋ฌผ์€ ์ƒ์ „ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ, ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ง 75๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ MDH๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๊ณต๋™๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ ˆ๋‹จ์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์„ค์ž๋“ค์€ ํžˆ๋ฅด์ŠˆํŽ ํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์™€ ์—…์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด๋ค์— ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰ ๊ฝƒ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ ๋†“์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฝƒ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์—๋Š” "Au pionnier de nos causes. Le MDH et le Centre LGBT"(์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ž์—๊ฒŒ. MDH์™€ LGBT ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณธ์ด ๋ฌถ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ „๊ธฐ Steakley, James D. The Writings of Magnus Hirschfeld: A Bibliography. Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1985. ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. What Unites and Divides the Human Race? Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1919; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020). Why Do Nations Hate Us? A Reflection on the Psychology of War. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1915; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020). Memoir: Celebrating 25 Years of the First LGBT Organization (1897-1923). Translation of Von Einst bis Jetzt by M. Lombardi-Nash (1923; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2019). Paragraph 175 of the Imperial Penal Code Book: The Homosexual Question Judged by Contemporaries. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1898; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020). My Trial for Obscenity. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash. (1904; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2021). Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1900-1903): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1901-1903; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2021). Sappho and Socrates: How Does One Explain the Love of Men and Women to Persons of Their Own Sex? Translated by Michael Lombardi-Nash. (1896; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2019). Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1910; Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991). The Homosexuality of Men and Women. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash. 2nd ed. (1920; Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000). The Sexual History of the World War (1930), New York City, Panurge Press, 1934; significantly abridged translation and adaptation of the original German edition: Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges, 2 vols., Verlag fรผr Sexualwissenschaft, Schneider & Co., Leipzig & Vienna, 1930. The plates from the German edition are not included in the Panurge Press translation, but a small sampling appear in a separately issued portfolio, Illustrated Supplement to The Sexual History of the World War, New York City, Panurge Press, n.d. Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist (1933); translated by O. P. Green (New York City: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1935). Sex in Human Relationships, London, John Lane The Bodley Head, 1935; translated from the French volume L'Ame et l'amour, psychologie sexologique (Paris: Gallimard, 1935) by John Rodker. Racism (1938), translated by Eden and Cedar Paul. This denunciation of racial discrimination was not influential at the time, although it seems prophetic in retrospect. ์ž์„œ์ „ Hirschfeld, Magnus. Von einst bis jetzt: Geschichte einer homosexuellen Bewegung 1897โ€“1922. Schriftenreihe der Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft Nr.ย 1. Berlin: Rosa Winkel, 1986. (Reprint of a series of articles by Hirschfeld originally published in Die Freundschaft, 1920โ€“21.) M.H. [Magnus Hirschfeld], "Hirschfeld, Magnus (Autobiographical Sketch)", in Victor Robinson (ed.), Encyclopaedia Sexualis, New York City: Dingwall-Rock, 1936, pp.ย 317โ€“321. Hirschfeld, Magnus. Testament. Heft II; introduced and annotated by Ralf Dose. Berlin: Hentrich und Hentrich Verlag, 2013. (Critical edition of the only surviving volume of Hirschfeld's personal journal.) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Bauer, J. Edgar. "On Behalf of Hermaphrodites and Mongrels: Refocusing the Reception of Magnus Hirschfeldโ€™s Critical Thought on Sexuality and Race." Journal of homosexuality (2019): 1-25. online Domeier, Norman: "Magnus Hirschfeld", in: 1914โ€“1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universitรคt Berlin, Berlin 2016-04-07. . Dose, Ralf. Magnus Hirschfeld: Deutscher, Jude, Weltbรผrger. Teetz: Hentrich und Hentrich, 2005. Dose, Ralf. Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement. New York City: Monthly Review Press, 2014; revised and expanded edition of Dose's 2005 German-language biography. Herzer, Manfred. Magnus Hirschfeld: Leben und Werk eines jรผdischen, schwulen und sozialistischen Sexologen. 2nd edition. Hamburg: Mรคnnerschwarm, 2001. Koskovich, Gรฉrard (ed.). Magnus Hirschfeld (1868โ€“1935). Un pionnier du mouvement homosexuel confrontรฉ au nazisme. Paris: Mรฉmorial de la Dรฉportation Homosexuelle, 2010. Kotowski, Elke-Vera & Julius H. Schoeps (eds.). Der Sexualreformer Magnus Hirschfeld. Ein Leben im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft. Berlin: Bebra, 2004. Leng, Kirsten. "Magnus Hirschfeldโ€™s Meanings: Analysing Biography and the Politics of Representation." German History 35.1 (2017): 96-116. Mancini, Elena. Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Steakley, James. "Per scientiam ad justitiam: Magnus Hirschfeld and the Sexual Politics of Innate Homosexuality", in Science and Homosexualities, ed. Vernon A. Rosario. New York: Routledge, 1997, pp.ย 133โ€“54. Wolff, Charlotte. Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology. London: Quartet, 1986. ๊ธฐํƒ€ Beachy, Robert. Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014. Blasius, Mark & Shane Phelan (eds.) We Are Everywhere: A Historical Source Book of Gay and Lesbian Politics. New York: Routledge, 1997. See chapter: "The Emergence of a Gay and Lesbian Political Culture in Germany". Bullough, Vern L. (2002). Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. New York, Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press. . Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. New York: Garland, 1990. Friedman, Sara, "Projecting Fears and Hopes: Gay Rights on the German Screen after World War I", Blog of the Journal of the History of Ideas, 28 May 2019. Gordon, Mel. Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin. Los Angeles: Feral House, 2000. Grau, Gรผnter (ed.) Hidden Holocaust? Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933โ€“45. New York: Routledge, 1995. Grossman, Atina. Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920โ€“1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Haeberle E.J. " Re-print of ' Die Sexualitaet des Mannes und des Weibes', with commentary by E.J. Haeberle. De Gruyter, 1984, Haeberle E.J. Anfรคnge der Sexualwissenschaft, De Gruyter, 1983. Haeberle E.J. "The birth of Sexology". World Association for Sexology, 1983. Lauritsen, John and Thorstad, David. The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, 1864โ€“1935. 2nd rev. edition. Novato, CA: Times Change Press, 1995. Steakley, James D. The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany. New York: Arno, 1975. Steakley, James, "Anders als die Andern:" Ein Film und seine Geschichte. Hamburg: Mรคnnerschwarm Verlag 2007. (review by Dirk Naguschewski in HSozKult, 2008) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1868๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1935๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋…์ผ์ธ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋…์ผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์ž ๊ฒŒ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์˜์‚ฌ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์ธ๊ถŒ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๊ณผํ•™์ž ๋…์ผ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž ํฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ถœ์‹  ์„ฑ๊ต์œก์ž ์„น์Šค ๊ธ์ • ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์  ๋” ์ธ๊ถŒ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์  ๋”ํ•™์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20Hirschfeld
Magnus Hirschfeld
Magnus Hirschfeld (14 May 1868 โ€“ 14 May 1935) was a German physician and sexologist. Hirschfeld was educated in philosophy, philology and medicine. An outspoken advocate for sexual minorities, Hirschfeld founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee and World League for Sexual Reform. He based his practice in Berlin-Charlottenburg during the Weimar period. Historian Dustin Goltz characterized the committee as having carried out "the first advocacy for homosexual and transgender rights". He is regarded as one of the most influential sexologists of the twentieth century. Hirschfeld was targeted by early fascists and, later, Nazis for being Jewish and gay; he was beaten by activists in 1920, and in 1933 his was sacked and had its books burned by Nazis. He was forced into exile in France, where he died in 1935. Early life Hirschfeld was born in Kolberg in Pomerania (since 1945 in Poland), in an Ashkenazi Jewish family, the son of highly regarded physician and Senior Medical Officer Hermann Hirschfeld. As a youth he attended Kolberg Cathedral School, which at the time was a Protestant school. In 1887โ€“1888, he studied philosophy and philology in Breslau, and then from 1888 to 1892 medicine in StraรŸburg, Munich, Heidelberg, and Berlin. In 1892, he earned his medical degree. After his studies, he traveled through the United States for eight months, visiting the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and living from the proceeds of his writing for German journals. During his time in Chicago, Hirschfeld became involved with the homosexual subculture in that city. Struck by the essential similarities between the homosexual subcultures of Chicago and Berlin, Hirschfeld first developed his theory about the universality of homosexuality around the world, as he researched in books and newspaper articles about the existence of gay subcultures in Rio de Janeiro, Tangier, and Tokyo. Then he started a naturopathic practice in Magdeburg; in 1896, he moved his practice to Berlin-Charlottenburg. Hirschfeld became interested in gay rights because many of his gay patients took their own lives. In the German language, the word for suicide is ('self-murder'), which carried more judgmental and condemnatory connotations than its English language equivalent, making the subject of suicide a taboo in 19th century Germany. In particular, Hirschfeld cited the story of one of his patients as a reason for his gay rights activism: a young army officer suffering from depression who killed himself in 1896, leaving behind a suicide note saying that despite his best efforts, he could not end his desires for other men, and so had ended his life out of his guilt and shame. In his suicide note, the officer wrote that he lacked the "strength" to tell his parents the "truth", and spoke of his shame of "that which nearly strangled my heart". The officer could not even bring himself to use the word "homosexuality", which he instead conspicuously referred to as "that" in his note. However, the officer mentioned at the end of his suicide note: "The thought that you [Hirschfeld] could contribute a future when the German fatherland will think of us in more just terms sweetens the hour of my death." Hirschfeld had been treating the officer for depression in 1895โ€“1896, and the use of the term "us" led to speculation that a relationship existed between the two. However, the officer's use of , the formal German word for you, instead of the informal , suggests Hirschfeld's relationship with his patient was strictly professional. At the same time, Hirschfeld was greatly affected by the trial of Oscar Wilde, which he often referred to in his writings. Hirschfeld was struck by the number of his gay patients who had ('scars left by suicide attempts'), and often found himself trying to give his patients a reason to live. Sexual rights activism Scientific-Humanitarian Committee Magnus Hirschfeld found a balance between practicing medicine and writing about his findings. Between 1 Mayโ€“15 October 1896, the ('Great Business Exhibition of Berlin') took place, which featured nine "human zoos" where people from Germany's colonies in New Guinea and Africa were put on display for the visitors to gawk at. Such exhibitions of colonial peoples were common at industrial fairs, and later after Qingdao, the Mariana Islands, and the Caroline Islands became part of the German empire, Chinese, Chamorros, and Micronesians joined the Africans and New Guineans displayed in the "human zoos". Hirschfeld, who was keenly interested in sexuality in other cultures, visited the and subsequently other exhibitions to inquire of the people in the "human zoos" via interpreters about the status of sexuality in their cultures. It was in 1896, after talking to the people displayed in the "human zoos" at the , that Hirschfeld began writing what became his 1914 book (The Homosexuality of Men and Women), an attempt to comprehensively survey homosexuality around the world, as part of an effort to prove that homosexuality occurred in every culture. In the book, Hirschfeld found that many homosexuals considered England to be the country with the highest rate of homosexuality. After several years as a general practitioner in Magdeburg, in 1896 he issued a pamphlet, Sappho and Socrates, on homosexual love (under the pseudonym Th. Ramien). In 1897, Hirschfeld founded the Scientific Humanitarian Committee with the publisher Max Spohr (1850โ€“1905), the lawyer Eduard Oberg (1858โ€“1917), and the writer Franz Joseph von Bรผlow (1861โ€“1915). The group aimed to undertake research to defend the rights of homosexuals and to repeal Paragraph 175, the section of the German penal code that, since 1871, had criminalized homosexuality. They argued that the law encouraged blackmail. The motto of the committee, "Justice through science", reflected Hirschfeld's belief that a better scientific understanding of homosexuality would eliminate social hostility toward homosexuals. Within the group, some of the members rejected Hirschfeld's (and Ulrichs's) view that male homosexuals are, by nature, effeminate. Benedict Friedlaender and some others left the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee and formed another group, the or 'Union for Male Culture', which did not exist long. It argued that maleโ€“male love is an aspect of virile manliness, rather than a special condition. Under Hirschfeld's leadership, the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee gathered 6000 signatures from prominent Germans on a petition to overturn Paragraph 175. Signatories included Albert Einstein, Hermann Hesse, Kรคthe Kollwitz, Thomas Mann, Heinrich Mann, Rainer Maria Rilke, August Bebel, Max Brod, Karl Kautsky, Stefan Zweig, Gerhart Hauptmann, Martin Buber, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, and Eduard Bernstein. The bill was brought before the in 1898, but was supported only by a minority from the Social Democratic Party of Germany. August Bebel, a friend of Hirschfeld from his university days, agreed to sponsor the attempt to repeal Paragraph 175. Hirschfeld considered what would, in a later era, be described as "outing": forcing out of the closet some of the prominent and secretly homosexual lawmakers who had remained silent on the bill. He arranged for the bill to be reintroduced and, in the 1920s, it made some progress until the takeover of the Nazi Party ended all hope for any such reform. As part of his efforts to counter popular prejudice, Hirschfeld spoke out about the taboo subject of suicide and was the first to present statistical evidence that homosexuals were more likely to commit suicide or attempt suicide than heterosexuals. Hirschfeld prepared questionnaires that gay men could answer anonymously about homosexuality and suicide. Collating his results, Hirschfeld estimated that 3 out of every 100 gays committed suicide every year, that a quarter of gays had attempted suicide at some point in their lives and that the other three-quarters had had suicidal thoughts at some point. He used his evidence to argue that, under current social conditions in Germany, life was literally unbearable for homosexuals. A figure frequently mentioned by Hirschfeld to illustrate the "hell experienced by homosexuals" was Oscar Wilde, who was a well-known author in Germany, and whose trials in 1895 had been extensively covered by the German press. Hirschfeld visited Cambridge University in 1905 to meet Wilde's son, Vyvyan Holland, who had changed his surname to avoid being associated with his father. Hirschfeld noted "the name Wilde" has, since his trial, sounded like "an indecent word, which causes homosexuals to blush with shame, women to avert their eyes, and normal men to be outraged". During his visit to Britain, Hirschfeld was invited to a secret ceremony in the English countryside where a "group of beautiful, young, male students" from Cambridge gathered together wearing Wilde's prison number, C33, as a way of symbolically linking his fate to theirs, to read out aloud Wilde's poem "The Ballad of Reading Gaol". Hirschfeld found the reading of "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" to be "" (shaken to the core of one's being, i.e. something that is emotionally devastating), going on to write that the poem reading was "the most earth-shattering outcry that has ever been voiced by a downtrodden soul about its own torture and that of humanity". By the end of the reading of "The Ballad of Reading Gaol", Hirshfeld felt "quiet joy" as he was convinced that, despite the way that Wilde's life had been ruined, something good would eventually come of it. Feminism In 1905, Hirschfeld joined the ('League for the Protection of Mothers'), the feminist organization founded by Helene Stรถcker. He campaigned for the decriminalisation of abortion, and against policies that banned female teachers and civil servants from marrying or having children. Both Hirschfeld and Stรถcker believed that there was a close connection between the causes of gay rights and women's rights, and Stรถcker was much involved in the campaign to repeal Paragraph 175 while Hirschfeld campaigned for the repeal of Paragraph 218, which had banned abortion. From 1909 to 1912, Stรถcker, Hirschfeld, Hedwig Dohm, and others successfully campaigned against an extension to Paragraph 175 which would have criminalised female homosexuality. In 1906, Hirschfeld was asked as a doctor to examine a prisoner in Neumรผnster to see if he was suffering from "severe nervous disturbances caused by a combination of malaria, blackwater fever, and congenital sexual anomaly". The man, a former soldier and a veteran of what Hirschfeld called the ('Herero revolt') in German Southwest Africa (modern Namibia) appeared to be suffering from what would now be considered post-traumatic stress disorder, saying that he had done terrible things in Southwest Africa, and could no longer live with himself. In 1904, the Herero and Namaqua peoples who had been steadily pushed off their land to make way for German settlers, had revolted, causing Kaiser Wilhelm II to dispatch General Lothar von Trotha to wage a "war of annihilation" to exterminate the Herero and Namaqua in what has since become known as the Herero and Namaqua genocide. The genocide came to widespread attention when the SPD leader August Bebel criticized the government on the floor of the , saying the government did not have the right to exterminate the Herero just because they were Black. Hirschfeld did not mention his diagnosis of the prisoner, nor he did mention in detail the source of the prisoner's guilt about his actions in Southwest Africa; the German scholar Heike Bauer criticized him for his seeming unwillingness to see the connection between the Herero genocide and the prisoner's guilt, which had caused him to engage in a petty crime wave. Hirschfeld's position, that homosexuality was normal and natural, made him a highly controversial figure at the time, involving him in vigorous debates with other academics, who regarded homosexuality as unnatural and wrong. One of Hirschfeld's leading critics was Austrian Baron Christian von Ehrenfels, who advocated radical changes to society and sexuality to combat the supposed "Yellow Peril", and saw Hirschfeld's theories as a challenge to his view of sexuality. Ehrenfels argued that there were a few "biologically degenerate" homosexuals who lured otherwise "healthy boys" into their lifestyle, making homosexuality into a choice and a wrong one at that time. African anthropology At the same time, Hirschfeld became involved in a debate with a number of anthropologists about the supposed existence of the ('Hottentot apron'), namely the belief that the Khoekoe (known to Westerners as Hottentots) women of southern Africa had abnormally enlarged labia, which made them inclined toward lesbianism. Hirschfeld argued there was no evidence that the Khoekoe women had abnormally large labia, whose supposed existence had fascinated so many Western anthropologists at the time, and that, other than being Black, the bodies of Khoekoe women were no different from German women. One Khoekoe woman, Sarah Baartman, the "Hottentot Venus", did have relatively large buttocks and labia, compared to Northern European women, and had been exhibited at a freak show in Europe in the early 19th century, which was the origin of this belief about the Khoikhoi women. Hirschfeld wrote: "The differences appear minimal compared to what is shared" between Khoekoe and German women. Turning the argument of the anthropologists on their head, Hirschfeld argued that, if same-sex relationships were common among Khoekoe women, and if the bodies of Khoekoe women were essentially the same as Western women, then Western women must have the same tendencies. Hirschfeld's theories about a spectrum of sexuality existing in all of the world's cultures implicitly undercut the binary theories about the differences between various races that was the basis of the claim of white supremacy. However, Bauer wrote that Hirschfeld's theories about the universality of homosexuality paid little attention to cultural contexts, and criticized him for his remarks that Hausa women in Nigeria were well known for their lesbian tendencies and would have been executed for their sapphic acts before British rule, as assuming that imperialism was always good for the colonized. Eulenburg affair Hirschfeld played a prominent role in the Hardenโ€“Eulenburg affair of 1906โ€“09, which became the most widely publicized sex scandal in Imperial Germany. During the libel trial in 1907, when General Kuno von Moltke sued the journalist Maximilian Harden, after the latter had run an article accusing Moltke of having a homosexual relationship with the politically powerful Prince Philipp von Eulenburg, who was the Kaiser's best friend, Hirschfeld testified for Harden. In his role as an expert witness, Hirschfeld testified that Moltke was gay and, thus, what Harden had written was true. Hirschfeld โ€“ who wanted to make homosexuality legal in Germany โ€“ believed that proving Army officers like Moltke were gay would help his case for legalization. He also testified that he believed there was nothing wrong with Moltke. Most notably, Hirschfeld testified that "homosexuality was part of the plan of nature and creation just like normal love." Hirschfeld's testimony caused outrage all over Germany. The Vossische Zeitung newspaper condemned Hirschfeld in an editorial as "a freak who acted for freaks in the name of pseudoscience". The newspaper declared in an editorial: "Dr. Hirschfeld makes public propaganda under the cover of science, which does nothing but poison our people. Real science should fight against this!" A notable witness at the trial was Lilly von Elbe, former wife of Moltke, who testified that her husband had only had sex with her twice in their entire marriage. Elbe spoke with remarkable openness for the period of her sexual desires and her frustration with a husband who was only interested in having sex with Eulenburg. Elbe's testimony was marked by moments of low comedy when it emerged that she had taken to attacking Moltke with a frying pan in vain attempts to make him have sex with her. The fact that General von Moltke was unable to defend himself from his wife's attacks was taken as proof that he was deficient in his masculinity, which many saw as confirming his homosexuality. At the time, the subject of female sexuality was taboo, and Elbe's testimony was controversial, with many saying that Elbe must be mentally ill because of her willingness to acknowledge her sexuality. Letters to the newspapers at the time, from both men and women, overwhelmingly condemned Elbe for her "disgusting" testimony concerning her sexuality. As an expert witness, Hirschfeld also testified that female sexuality was natural, and Elbe was just a normal woman who was in no way mentally ill. After the jury ruled in favor of Harden, Judge Hugo Isenbiel was enraged by the jury's decision, which he saw as expressing approval for Hirschfeld. He overturned the verdict under the grounds that homosexuals "have the morals of dogs", and insisted that this verdict could not be allowed to stand. After the verdict was overturned, a second trial found Harden guilty of libel. At the second trial, Hirschfeld again testified as an expert witness, but this time, he was much less certain than he had been at the first trial about Moltke's homosexuality. Hirschfeld testified that Moltke and Eulenburg had an "intimate" friendship that was homoerotic in nature but not sexual, as he had testified at the first trial. Hirschfeld also testified that, though he still believed female sexuality was normal, Elbe was suffering from hysteria caused by a lack of sex, and so the court should discount her stories about a sexual relationship between Moltke and Eulenburg. Hirschfeld had been threatened by the Prussian government with having his medical license revoked if he testified as an expert witness again along the same lines that he had at the first trial, and possibly prosecuted for violating Paragraph 175. The trial was a libel suit against Harden by Moltke, but much of the testimony had concerned Eulenburg, whose status as the best friend of Wilhelm II meant that the scandal threatened to involve the Kaiser. Moreover, far from precipitating increased tolerance as Hirschfeld had expected, the scandal led to a major homophobic and anti-Semitic backlash, and Hirschfeld's biographer Elena Mancini speculated that Hirschfeld wanted to bring to an end an affair that was hindering rather helping the cause for gay rights. Because Eulenburg was a prominent anti-Semite and Hirschfeld was a Jew, during the affair, the movement came out in support of Eulenburg, whom they portrayed as an Aryan heterosexual, framed by false allegations of homosexuality by Hirschfeld and Harden. Various leaders, most notably the radical anti-Semitic journalist Theodor Fritsch, used the Eulenburg affair as a chance to "settle the accounts" with the Jews. As a gay Jew, Hirschfeld was relentlessly vilified by the newspapers. Outside Hirschfeld's house in Berlin, posters were affixed by activists, which read "Dr. Hirschfeld A Public Danger: The Jews are Our Undoing!". In Nazi Germany, the official interpretation of the Eulenburg affair was that Eulenburg was a straight Aryan whose career was destroyed by false claims of being gay by Jews like Hirschfeld. After the scandal had ended, Hirschfeld concluded that, far from helping the gay rights movement as he had hoped, the ensuing backlash set the movement back. The conclusion drawn by the German government was the opposite of the one that Hirschfeld wanted; the fact that prominent men like General von Moltke and Eulenburg were gay did not lead the government to repeal Paragraph 175 as Hirschfeld had hoped and, instead, the government decided that Paragraph 175 was being enforced with insufficient vigor, leading to a crackdown on homosexuals that was unprecedented and would not be exceeded until the Nazi era. World War I In 1914, Hirschfeld was swept up by the national enthusiasm for the ('peace within a castle under siege'), as the sense of national solidarity was known where almost all Germans rallied to the Fatherland. Initially pro-war, Hirschfeld started to turn against the war in 1915, moving toward a pacifist position. In his 1915 pamphlet, ('Why do other nations hate us?'), Hirschfeld answered his own question by arguing that it was the greatness of Germany that excited envy from other nations, especially Great Britain, and so had supposedly caused them to come together to destroy the . Hirschfeld accused Britain of starting the war in 1914 "out of envy at the development and size of the German Empire". was characterized by a chauvinist and ultra-nationalist tone, together with a crass Anglophobia that has often embarrassed Hirschfeld's modern admirers such as Charlotte Wolff, who called the pamphlet a "perversion of the values which Hirschfeld had always stood for". As a Jewish homosexual, Hirschfeld was acutely aware that many Germans did not consider him to be a "proper" German, or even a German at all; so, he reasoned that taking an ultra-patriotic stance might break down prejudices by showing that German Jews and/or homosexuals could also be good, patriotic Germans, rallying to the cry of the Fatherland. By 1916, Hirschfeld was writing pacifist pamphlets, calling for an immediate end to the war. In his 1916 pamphlet (The Psychology of War), Hirschfeld was far more critical of the war than he had been in 1915, emphasizing the suffering and trauma caused by it. He also expressed the opinion that nobody wanted to take responsibility for the war because its horrors were "superhuman in size". He declared that "it is not enough that the war ends with peace; it must end with reconciliation". In late 1918, Hirschfeld together with his sister, Franziska Mann, co-wrote a pamphlet (What every woman needs to know about the right to vote!) hailing the November Revolution for granting German women the right to vote and announced the "eyes of the world are now resting on German women". Interwar period In 1920, Hirschfeld was badly beaten by a group of activists who attacked him on the street; he was initially declared dead when the police arrived. In 1921, Hirschfeld organised the First Congress for Sexual Reform, which led to the formation of the World League for Sexual Reform. Congresses were held in Copenhagen (1928), London (1929), Vienna (1930), and Brno (1932). Hirschfeld was both quoted and caricatured in the press as a vociferous expert on sexual matters; during his 1931 tour of the United States, the Hearst newspaper chain dubbed him "the Einstein of Sex". He identified as a campaigner and a scientist, investigating and cataloging many varieties of sexuality, not just homosexuality. He developed a system which categorised 64 possible types of sexual intermediary, ranging from masculine, heterosexual male to feminine, homosexual male, including those he described under the term transvestite (), which he coined in 1910, and those he described under the term transsexuals, a term he coined in 1923. He also made a distinction between transsexualism and intersexuality. At this time, Hirschfeld and the Institute for Sexual Sciences issued a number of transvestite passes to trans people in order to prevent them from being harassed by the police. Hirschfeld co-wrote and acted in the 1919 film (Different From the Others), in which Conrad Veidt played one of the first homosexual characters ever written for cinema. The film had a specific gay rights law reform agenda; after Veidt's character is blackmailed by a male prostitute, he eventually comes out rather than continuing to make the blackmail payments. His career is destroyed and he is driven to suicide. Hirschfeld played himself in , where the title cards have him say: "The persecution of homosexuals belongs to the same sad chapter of history in which the persecutions of witches and heretics is inscribed... Only with the French Revolution did a complete change come about. Everywhere where the was introduced, the laws against homosexuals were repealed, for they were considered a violation of the rights of the individual... In Germany, however, despite more than fifty years of scientific research, legal discrimination against homosexuals continues unabated... May justice soon prevail over injustice in this area, science conquer superstition, love achieve victory over hatred!" In May 1919, when the film premiered in Berlin, the First World War was still a very fresh memory and German conservatives, who already hated Hirschfeld, seized upon his Francophile speech in the film praising France for legalizing homosexuality in 1792 as evidence that gay rights were "un-German". At the end of the film, when the protagonist Paul Kรถrner commits suicide, his lover Kurt is planning on killing himself, when Hirschfeld appears to tell him: "If you want to honor the memory of your dead friend, you must not take your own life, but instead preserve it to change the prejudices whose victim โ€“ one of the countless many โ€“ this dead man was. That is the task of the living I assign you. Just as Zola struggled on behalf of a man who innocently languished in prison, what matters now is to restore honor and justice to the many thousands before us, with us, and after us. Through knowledge to justice!" The reference to ร‰mile Zola's role in the Dreyfus affair was intended to draw a parallel between homophobia and anti-Semitism, while Hirschfeld's repeated use of the word "us" was an implied admission of his own homosexuality. The anti-suicide message of reflected Hirschfeld's interest in the subject of the high suicide rate among homosexuals, and was intended to give hope to gay audiences. The film ends with Hirschfeld opening a copy of the penal code of the and striking out Paragraph 175 with a giant X. Under the more liberal atmosphere of the newly founded Weimar Republic, Hirschfeld purchased a villa not far from the building in Berlin for his new ('Institute of Sexual Research'), which opened on 6 July 1919. In Germany, the government made laws, but the governments enforced the laws, meaning it was up to the governments to enforce Paragraph 175. Until the November Revolution of 1918, Prussia had a three-class voting system that effectively disenfranchised most ordinary people, and allowed the s to dominate Prussia. After the November Revolution, universal suffrage came to Prussia, which became a stronghold of the Social Democrats. The SPD believed in repealing Paragraph 175, and the Social Democratic Prussian government headed by Otto Braun ordered the Prussian police not to enforce Paragraph 175, making Prussia into a haven for homosexuals all over Germany. The Institute housed Hirschfeld's immense archives and library on sexuality and provided educational services and medical consultations; the clinical staff included psychiatrists Felix Abraham and Arthur Kronfeld, gynecologist Ludwig Levy-Lenz, dermatologist and endocrinologist Bernhard Schapiro, and dermatologist Friedrich Wertheim. The institute also housed the Museum of Sex, an educational resource for the public, which is reported to have been visited by school classes. Hirschfeld himself lived at the Institution on the second floor with his partner, Karl Giese, together with his sister Recha Tobias (1857โ€“1942). Giese and Hirschfeld were a well-known couple in the gay scene in Berlin where Hirschfeld was popularly known as . ('aunt') was a German slang expression for a gay man but did not mean, as some claim, that Hirschfeld himself cross-dressed. People from around Europe and beyond came to the institute to gain a clearer understanding of their sexuality. Christopher Isherwood writes about his and W. H. Auden's visit in his book Christopher and His Kind; they were calling on Francis Turville-Petre, a friend of Isherwood's who was an active member of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee. Other celebrated visitors included German novelist and playwright Gerhart Hauptmann, German artist Christian Schad, French writers Renรฉ Crevel and Andrรฉ Gide, Russian director Sergei Eisenstein, and American poet Elsa Gidlow. In addition, a number of noted individuals lived for longer or shorter periods of time in the various rooms available for rent or as free accommodations in the Institute complex. Among the residents were Isherwood and Turville-Petre; literary critic and philosopher Walter Benjamin; actress and dancer Anita Berber; Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch; Willi Mรผnzenberg, a member of the German Parliament and a press officer for the Communist Party of Germany; Dora Richter, one of the first transgender patients to receive sex reassignment surgery at the institute, and Lili Elbe. Richter had been previously arrested for cross-dressing and discharged from the military. At the suggestion of a close friend, she later came to the institute for help. Hirschfeld had coined the term transvestite in 1910 to describe what today would be called transgender people, and the institution became a haven for transgender people, where Hirschfeld offered them shelter from abuse, performed surgeries, and gave otherwise unemployable transgender people jobs, albeit of a menial type, mostly as "maids". The Institute and Hirschfeld's work are depicted in Rosa von Praunheim's feature film (The Einstein of Sex, Germany, 1999; English subtitled version available). Although inspired by Hirschfeld's life, the film is fictional. It contains invented characters and incidents and attributes motives and sentiments to Hirschfeld and others on the basis of little or no historical evidence. Hirschfeld biographer Ralf Dose notes, for instance, that "the figure of 'Dorchen' in Rosa von Praunheim's film The Einstein of Sex is complete fiction." World tour In March 1930, the Social Democratic chancellor Hermann Mรผller was overthrown by the intrigues of General Kurt von Schleicher. "Presidential" governments, responsible only to the President Paul von Hindenburg, pushed German politics in a more right-wing, authoritarian direction. In 1929, the Mรผller government had come very close to repealing Paragraph 175, when the justice committee voted to repeal Paragraph 175. However, the Mรผller government fell before it could submit the repeal motion to the floor of the . Under the rule of Chancellor Heinrich Brรผning and his successor, Franz von Papen, the state became increasingly hostile toward gay rights campaigners such as Hirschfeld, who began to spend more time abroad. Quite apart from the increased homophobia, Hirschfeld also became involved in a bitter debate within the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, as the repeal bill championed by Mรผller also made homosexual prostitution illegal, which badly divided the committee. Hirschfeld had always argued that "what is natural cannot be immoral" and, since homosexuality was in his view natural, it should be legal. Connecting the question of the legality of homosexuality to the legality of prostitution was a blurring of the issue, since these were different matters. Brรผning, a conservative Catholic on the right-wing of the party, who replaced Mรผller in March 1930, was openly hostile toward gay rights and the fall of Mรผller ended the possibility of repealing Paragraph 175. America and a "straight turn" In 1930, Hirschfeld predicted that there would be no future for people like himself in Germany, and he would have to move abroad. In November 1930, Hirschfeld arrived in New York City, ostensibly on a speaking tour about sex, but in fact to see if it was possible for him to settle in the United States. Significantly, in his speeches on this American tour, Hirschfeld, when speaking in German, called for the legalization of homosexuality, but when speaking in English did not mention the subject of homosexuality, instead urging Americans to be more open-minded about heterosexual sex. The New York Times described Hirschfeld as having come to America to "study the marriage question", while the German-language newspaper described Hirschfeld as wanting to "discuss love's natural turns" โ€“ the phrase "love's natural turns" was Hirschfeld's way of presenting his theory that there was a wide spectrum of human sexuality, all of which were "natural". Hirschfeld realized that most Americans did not want to hear about his theory of homosexuality as natural. Aware of a strong xenophobic tendency in the United States, where foreigners seen as troublemakers were unwelcome, Hirschfeld tailored his message to American tastes. In an interview with the Germanophile American journalist George Sylvester Viereck for the Milwaukee Sentinel done in late November 1930 that epitomised his "straight turn" in America, Hirschfeld was presented as a sex expert whose knowledge could improve the sex lives of married American couples. The Milwaukee Sentinel was part of the newspaper chain owned by William Randolph Hearst, which initially promoted Hirschfeld in America, reflecting the old adage that "sex sells". In the interview with Viereck, Hirschfeld was presented as the wise "European expert on romantic love" who had come to teach heterosexual American men how to enjoy sex, claiming there was a close connection between sexual and emotional intimacy. Clearly intending to flatter the egos of a heterosexual American male audience, Hirschfeld praised the drive and ambition of American men, who were so successful at business, but stated that American men needed to divert some of their energy to their sex lives. Hirschfeld added, he had seen signs that American men were now starting to develop their "romantic sides" as European men had long since done, and he had come to the United States to teach American men how to love their women properly. When Viereck objected that the U.S. was in the middle of the Great Depression, Hirschfeld replied he was certain that United States would soon recover, thanks to the relentless drive of American men. At least part of the reason for his "straight turn" was financial; a Dutch firm had been marketing Titus Pearls () pills, which were presented in Europe as a cure for "scattered nerves" and in the United States as an aphrodisiac, and had been using Hirschfeld's endorsement to help with advertising campaign there. Most Americans knew of Hirschfeld only as a "world-known authority on sex" who had endorsed the Titus Pearls pills, which were alleged to improve orgasms for both men and women. Since Hirschfeld's books never sold well, the money he was paid for endorsing the Titus Pearls pills were a major source of income for him, which he was to lose in 1933 when the manufacturer of the pills ceased using his endorsement in order to stay in the German market. In a second interview with Viereck in February 1931, Hirschfeld was presented by him as the "Einstein of Sex", which was again part of the marketing effort of Hirschfeld's "straight turn" in America. At times, Hirschfeld returned to his European message, when he planned to deliver a talk at the bohemian Dill Pickle Club in Chicago on "homosexuality with beautiful revealing pictures", which was banned by the city as indecent. In San Francisco, Hirschfeld visited San Quentin prison to meet Thomas Mooney, whose belief in his innocence he proclaimed to the press afterward, and asked for his release. Unfortunately for Hirschfeld, the Hearst newspapers, which specialized in taking a sensationalist, right-wing, populist line on the news, dug up his statements in Germany calling for gay rights, causing a sudden shift in tone from more or less friendly to hostile, effectively ending any chance of Hirschfeld being allowed to stay in the United States. Asia After his American tour, Hirschfeld went to Asia in February 1931. Hirschfeld had been invited to Japan by Keizล Dohi, a German-educated Japanese doctor who spoke fluent German and who worked at Hirschfeld's institute for a time in the 1920s. In Japan, Hirchfeld again tailored his speeches to local tastes, saying nothing about gay rights, and merely argued that a greater frankness about sexual matters would prevent venereal diseases. Hirschfeld sought out an old friend, S. Iwaya, a Japanese doctor who lived in Berlin in 1900โ€“02 and who joined the Scientific-Humanitarian committee during his time there. Iwaya took Hirschfeld to the to introduce him to the Kabuki theater. Hirschfeld become interested in the Kabuki theater, where the female characters are played by men. One of the Kabuki actors, speaking to Hirschfeld via Iwaya, who served as the translator, was most insistent about asking him if he really looked like a woman on stage and was he effeminate enough as an actor. Hirschfeld noted that no one in Japan looked down on Kabuki actors who played female characters; on the contrary, they were popular figures with the public. Hirschfeld also met a number of Japanese feminists, such as Shidzue Katล and Fusae Ichikawa, whom he praised for their efforts to give Japanese women the right to vote. This greatly annoyed the Japanese government, which did not appreciate a foreigner criticizing the denial of female suffrage. Shortly before leaving Tokyo for China, Hirschfeld expressed the hope that his host and translator, Wilhelm Grundert, the director of the Germanโ€“Japanese Cultural Institute, be made a professor at a German university. Grundert joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and, in 1936, was made a professor of Japanese studies at the University of Hamburg and, in 1938, become the chancellor of Hamburg university, all the while denouncing his former friend Hirschfeld as a "pervert". In Shanghai, Hirschfeld began a relationship with a 23-year-old Chinese man studying sexology, Li Shiu Tong (also known by his nickname Tao Li), who remained his partner for the rest of his life. Hirschfeld promised Tao that he would introduce him to German culture, saying he wanted to take him to a "Bavarian beer hall" to show him how German men drank. Tao's parents, who knew about their son's sexual orientation and accepted his relationship with Hirschfeld, threw a farewell party when the two left China, with Tao's father expressing the hope that his son would become the "Hirschfeld of China". After staying in the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia), where Hirschfeld caused an uproar by speech comparing Dutch imperialism to slavery, Hirschfeld arrived in India in September 1931. In Allahabad, Hirschfeld met Jawaharlal Nehru and gave speeches supporting the Indian independence movement, stating "it is one of the biggest injustices in the world that one of the oldest civilized nations... cannot rule independently". However, Hirschfeld's Indian speeches were mainly concerned with attacking the 1927 book Mother India by the white supremacist American author Katherine Mayo, where she painted an unflattering picture of sexuality in India as brutal and perverted, as "England-friendly propaganda". As Mayo's book had caused much controversy in India, Hirschfeld's speeches defending Indians against her accusations were well received. Hirschfeld, who was fluent in English, made a point of quoting from the articles written by W. T. Stead in The Pall Mall Gazette in 1885, exposing rampant child prostitution in London as proving that sexuality in Britain could also be brutal and perverted: a matter which, he noted, did not interest Mayo in the slightest. Hirschfeld was very interested in the subject of Indian sexuality or, as he called it, "the Indian art of love". Hirschfeld's main guide to India was Girindrasekhar Bose and, in general, Hirschfeld's contacts were limited to the English-speaking Indian elite, as he did not speak Hindi or any other Indian languages. While staying in Patna, Hirschfeld drew up a will naming Tao as his main beneficiary and asking Tao, if he should die, to take his ashes to be buried at the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin. Africa and the Middle East In Egypt, where Hirschfeld and Tao traveled to next, arriving in November 1931, Hirschfeld wrote "to the Arabs... homoerotic love practice is something natural and that Mohammad could not change this attitude". In Cairo, Hirschfeld and Tao met the Egyptian feminist leader Huda Sha'arawi-who stopped wearing the Muslim veil in 1923 and popularized going unveiled which, for Hirschfeld, illustrated how gender roles could change. In a rebuke to Western notions of superiority, Hirschfeld wrote "the average ethical and intellectual levels of the Egyptians was equal to that of the European nations". Hirschfeld's visit to the Palestine Mandate (present-day Palestine and Israel) marked one of the few times when he publicly referred to his Jewishness saying, as a Jew, it was greatly moving to visit Jerusalem. Hirschfeld was not a religious Jew, stating that ('fear of God', i.e. religious belief) was irrational, but that he did feel a certain sentimental attachment to Palestine. In general, Hirschfeld was supportive of Zionism, but expressed concern about what he regarded as certain chauvinist tendencies in the Zionist movement and he deplored the adoption of Hebrew as the lingua franca saying, if only the Jews of Palestine spoke German rather than Hebrew, he would have stayed. In March 1932, Hirschfeld arrived in Athens, where he told journalists that, regardless of whether Hindenburg or Hitler won the presidential election that month, he probably would not return to Germany, as both men were equally homophobic. Later life and exile On 20 July 1932, the Chancellor Franz von Papen carried out a coup that deposed the Braun government in Prussia, and appointed himself the commissioner for the state. A conservative Catholic who had long been a vocal critic of homosexuality, Papen ordered the Prussian police to start enforcing Paragraph 175 and to crack down in general on "sexual immorality" in Prussia. The Institut fรผr Sexualwissenschaft remained open, but under Papen's rule, the police began to harass people associated with it. On 30 January 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as chancellor. Less than four months after the Nazis took power, Hirschfeld's Institute was sacked. On the morning of 6 May, a group of university students belonging to the National Socialist Student League stormed the institution, shouting "" ('Burn Hirschfeld!') and began to beat up its staff and smash up the premises. In the afternoon, the SA came to the institute, carrying out a more systematic attack, removing all volumes from the library and storing them for a book-burning event which was to be held four days later. In the evening, the Berlin police arrived at the institution and announced that it was closed forever. By the time of the book burning, Hirschfeld had long since left Germany for a speaking tour that took him around the world; he never returned to Germany. In March 1932, he stopped briefly in Athens, spent several weeks in Vienna and then settled in Zurich, Switzerland, in August 1932. While he was there, he worked on a book that recounted his experiences and observations while he was on his world tour and it was published in 1933 as (Brugg, Switzerland: Bรถzberg-Verlag, 1933). It was published in an English translation in the United States under the title Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist (New York City: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1935) and in England under the title Women East and West: Impressions of a Sex Expert (London: William Heinemann Medical Books, 1935). Hirschfeld stayed near Germany, hoping that he would be able to return to Berlin if the country's political situation improved. With the Nazi regime's unequivocal rise to power coinciding with the completion of his work on his tour book, he decided to go into exile in France. On his 65th birthday, 14 May 1933, Hirschfeld arrived in Paris, where he lived in a luxury apartment building on 24 Avenue Charles Floquet, facing the Champ de Mars. Hirschfeld lived with Li and Giese. In 1934, Giese was involved in a dispute by a swimming pool that Hirschfeld called "trifling", but it led French authorities to expel him. Giese's fate left Hirschfeld very depressed. A year-and-a-half after arriving in France, in November 1934, Hirschfeld moved south to Nice, a seaside resort on the Mediterranean coast. He lived in a luxurious apartment building with a view of the sea across an enormous garden on the Promenade des Anglais. Throughout his stay in France, he continued researching, writing, campaigning and working to establish a French successor to his lost institute in Berlin. Hirschfeld's sister, Recha Tobias, did not leave Germany and died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto on 28 September 1942 (the cause of death entered in her death certificate was "heart weakness"). While in France, Hirschfeld finished a book that he had been writing during his world tour, (Racism). It was published posthumously in English in 1938. Hirschfeld wrote that the purpose of the book was to explore "the racial theory which underlines the doctrine of racial war", saying that he himself was "numbered among the many thousands who have fallen victim to the practical realization of this theory." Unlike many who saw the ideology of the Nazi regime as an aberration and a retrogression from modernity, Hirschfeld insisted that it had deep roots, going back to the German Enlightenment in the 18th century, and it was a part of modernity rather than an aberration from it. He added that, in the 19th century, an ideology that divided all of humanity into biologically different races โ€“ white, black, yellow, brown, and red โ€“ as devised by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach โ€“ served as a way of turning prejudices into a "universal truth", apparently validated by science. In turn, Hirschfeld held the view that this pseudoscientific way of dividing humanity was the basis of Western thinking about modernity, with whites being praised as the "civilized" race in contrast to the other races, which were dismissed for their "barbarism"; such thinking was used to justify white supremacy. In this way, he argued that the racism of the National Socialist regime was only an extreme variant of prejudices that were held throughout the Western world, and the differences between Nazi ideology and the racism that was practiced in other nations were differences in degree rather than differences in kind. Hirschfeld argued against this way of seeing the world, writing "if it were practical, we should certainly do well to eradicate the use of the word 'race' as far as subdivisions of the human species are concerned; or if we do use it in this way, to put it into quote marks to show it is questionable". The last of Hirschfeld's books to be published during his lifetime, [The Human Spirit and Love: Sexological Psychology] (Paris: Gallimard, 1935), was published in French in late April 1935; it was his only book that was never published in a German-language edition. In the book's preface, he described his hopes for his new life in France: In search of sanctuary, I have found my way to that country, the nobility of whose traditions, and whose ever-present charm, have already been as balm to my soul. I shall be glad and grateful if I can spend some few years of peace and repose in France and Paris, and still more grateful to be enabled to repay the hospitality accorded to me, by making available those abundant stores of knowledge acquired throughout my career. Death On his 67th birthday, 14 May 1935, Hirschfeld died of a heart attack in his apartment at the Gloria Mansions I building at 63 Promenade des Anglais in Nice. His body was cremated, and the ashes interred in a simple tomb in the Caucade Cemetery in Nice. The upright headstone in gray granite is inset with a bronze bas-relief portrait of Hirschfeld in profile by German sculptor and decorative artist Arnold Zadikow (1884โ€“1943), who like Hirschfeld was a native of the town of Kolberg. The slab covering the tomb is engraved with Hirschfeld's Latin motto, "" ("through science to justice"). The Caucade Cemetery is likewise the location of the grave of surgeon and sexual-rejuvenation proponent Serge Voronoff, whose work Hirschfeld had discussed in his own publications. On 14 May 2010, to mark the 75th anniversary of Hirschfeld's death, a French national organization, the (MDH), in partnership with the new LGBT Community Center of Nice (), organized a formal delegation to the cemetery. Speakers recalled Hirschfeld's life and work and laid a large bouquet of pink flowers on his tomb; the ribbon on the bouquet was inscribed "" ('To the pioneer of our causes. The MDH and the LGBT Center'). Legacy According to Shtetl, Hirschfeld's "radical ideas changed the way Germans thought about sexuality." American Henry Gerber, attached to the Allied Army of Occupation following World War I, became impressed by Hirschfeld and absorbed many of the doctor's ideas. Upon his return to the United States, Gerber was inspired to form the short-lived Chicago-based Society for Human Rights in 1924, the first known gay rights organization in the nation. In turn, a partner of one of the former members of the Society communicated the existence of the society to Los Angeles resident Harry Hay in 1929; Hay would go on to help establish the Mattachine Society in 1950, the first national homosexual rights organization to operate for many years in the United States. In 1979, the National LGBT Federation established the Hirschfeld Centre, Ireland's second gay and lesbian community centre. Although badly damaged by a 1987 fire, the centre continued to house the Gay Community News magazine until 1997. In 1982, a group of German researchers and activists founded the Magnus Hirschfeld Society () in West Berlin, in anticipation of the approaching 50th anniversary of the destruction of Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science. Ten years later, the society established a Berlin-based center for research on the history of sexology. Since the late 20th century, researchers associated with the Magnus Hirschfeld Society have succeeded in tracking down previously dispersed and lost records and artifacts of Hirschfeld's life and work. They have brought together many of these materials at the society's archives in Berlin. At an exhibition at the in Berlin from 7 December 2011 to 31 March 2012, the society publicly displayed a selection of these collections for the first time. The German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research established the Magnus Hirschfeld Medal in 1990. The Society awards the Medal in two categories, contributions to sexual research and contributions to sexual reform. The Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation, established in Germany in 2007, is named for Hirschfeld and lesbian activist FannyAnn Eddy. In May 2008 the promenade between Moltke Bridge and the Chancellor's Garden got renamed Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer. On this promenade you can also find a Memorial plaque with a description in English (see image). In August 2011, after 30 years of advocacy by the Magnus Hirschfeld Society and other associations and individuals, the Federal Cabinet of Germany granted 10ย million euros to establish the Magnus Hirschfeld National Foundation (), a foundation to support research and education about the life and work of Magnus Hirschfeld, the Nazi persecution of homosexuals, German LGBT culture and community, and ways to counteract prejudice against LGBT people; the Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany) was expected to contribute an additional 5ย million euros, bringing the initial endowment of the foundation to a total of 15ย million euros. Portrayals in popular culture Magnus Hirschfeld has been portrayed in a number of works of popular culture both during his lifetime and subsequently. Following is a sampling of genres and titles: Podcasts Season 4 episode 2 of the podcast Making Gay History is about Hirschfeld and a Special Episode in Season 5 of the Bad Gays Podcast. Caricature Hirschfeld was a frequent target of caricatures in the popular press during his lifetime. Historian James Steakley reproduces several examples in his German-language book (Hamburg: MรคnnerschwarmSkript, 2004). Additional examples appear in the French-language book (Paris: E. Bernard, [1908]) by . Film and television Different from the Others (Germany, 1919); directed by Richard Oswald; cowritten by Oswald and Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld appears in a cameo playing himself. Karl Giese, the young man who subsequently became Hirschfeld's lover, also had a part in the film. (France, 1979); directed by Lionel Soukaz; cowritten by Soukaz and Guy Hocquenghem; released in the United States under the title The Homosexual Century. An experimental film portraying 100 years of homosexual history in four episodes, one of which focuses on Hirschfeld and his work. French gay writer Pierre Hahn played the role of Hirschfeld. Desire: Sexuality in Germany, 1910โ€“1945 (United Kingdom, 1989); directed by Stuart Marshall. A feature-length documentary tracing the emergence of the homosexual subculture and the homosexual emancipation movement in pre-World War II Germanyand their destruction by the Nazi regime. According to film historian Robin Wood, Marshall "treats the burning of Hirschfeld's library and the closing of his Institute of Sexual Science as the film's... central moment...." A segment on Hirschfeld appears in episode 19 of Real Sex, first shown on HBO on 7 February 1998. The Einstein of Sex (Germany, 1999); directed by Rosa von Praunheim. A fictional biopic inspired by Hirschfeld's life and work. Paragraph 175 (US, 2000); directed by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman. A feature-length documentary on the persecution of homosexuals during the Nazi regime. The first part of the film provides a brief overview of the history of the homosexual emancipation movement in Germany from the late 19th century through the early 1930s, with Hirschfeld and his work prominently featured. Several episodes of the second season of the Amazon television series Transparent (U.S., 2014โ€“2019) include a portrayal of Hirschfeld and his institute. Hirschfeld was portrayed by Bradley Whitford. Fiction Robert Hichens (1939). That Which Is Hidden (London: Cassell & Company). U.S. Edition: New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1940. The novel opens with the protagonist visiting the tomb of a famed Austrian sex expert, Dr. R. Ellendorf, in a cemetery in Nice. At the tomb, he meets the late doctor's protรฉgรฉ, a Chinese student named Kho Ling. The character of Ling refers to the memory of his mentor at numerous points in the novel. From the description of the settings and the characters, Ellendorf clearly was inspired by Hirschfeld, and Ling by Hirschfeld's last partner and heir, Li Shiu Tong (Tao Li). Arno Schmidt (1970). (Frankfurt-am-Main: S. Fischer Verlag). Hirschfeld is quoted often in this novel about sexuality. Nicolas Verdan (2011). (Orbe, Switzerland: Bernard Campiche). A French-language spy thriller inspired by the sacking of Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science by the Nazis. Works Hirschfeld's works are listed in the following bibliography, which is extensive but not comprehensive: Steakley, James D. The Writings of Magnus Hirschfeld: A Bibliography. Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1985. The following have been translated into English: The Objective Diagnosis of Homosexuality. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1899; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2023). Urnish People: Causes and Nature of Uranism. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1903; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2022). What Unites and Divides the Human Race? Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1919; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020). Why Do Nations Hate Us? A Reflection on the Psychology of War. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1915; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020). Memoir: Celebrating 25 Years of the First LGBT Organization (1897โ€“1923). Translation of Von Einst bis Jetzt by M. Lombardi-Nash (1923; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2019). Paragraph 175 of the Imperial Penal Code Book: The Homosexual Question Judged by Contemporaries. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1898; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020). My Trial for Obscenity. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash. (1904; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2021). Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1900โ€“1903): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1901-1903; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2021). Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1904โ€“1905): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1905; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2022). Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1906โ€“1908): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1908; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2022). Sappho and Socrates: How Does One Explain the Love of Men and Women to Persons of Their Own Sex? Translated by Michael Lombardi-Nash. (1896; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2019). Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1910; Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991). With Max Tilke, The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress: Illustrated Part: Supplement to Transvestites. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1912; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts 2022). The Homosexuality of Men and Women. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash. 2nd ed. (1920; Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000). The Sexual History of the World War (1930), New York City, Panurge Press, 1934; significantly abridged translation and adaptation of the original German edition: Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges, 2 vols., Verlag fรผr Sexualwissenschaft, Schneider & Co., Leipzig & Vienna, 1930. The plates from the German edition are not included in the Panurge Press translation, but a small sampling appear in a separately issued portfolio, Illustrated Supplement to The Sexual History of the World War, New York City, Panurge Press, n.d. Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist (1933); translated by O. P. Green (New York City: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1935). Sex in Human Relationships, London, John Lane The Bodley Head, 1935; translated from the French volume (Paris: Gallimard, 1935) by John Rodker. Racism (1938), translated by Eden and Cedar Paul. This denunciation of racial discrimination was not influential at the time, although it seems prophetic in retrospect. Autobiographical Hirschfeld, Magnus. . Schriftenreihe der Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft Nr.ย 1. Berlin: Rosa Winkel, 1986. (Reprint of a series of articles by Hirschfeld originally published in , 1920โ€“21.) M.H. [Magnus Hirschfeld], "Hirschfeld, Magnus (Autobiographical Sketch)", in Victor Robinson (ed.), , New York City: Dingwall-Rock, 1936, pp.ย 317โ€“321. Hirschfeld, Magnus. ; introduced and annotated by Ralf Dose. Berlin: Hentrich und Hentrich Verlag, 2013. (Critical edition of the only surviving volume of Hirschfeld's personal journal.) See also Harry Benjamin, an associate of Hirschfeld who brought his theories to the United States : world's first gay journal, Berlin, 1896โ€“1932 First homosexual movement List of sex therapists Willi Pape, a famous cabaret performer who appeared in Hirschfeld's 1912 book on transvestites References Further reading Biographies Bauer, J. Edgar. "On Behalf of Hermaphrodites and Mongrels: Refocusing the Reception of Magnus Hirschfeld's Critical Thought on Sexuality and Race." Journal of homosexuality (2019): 1-25. online Domeier, Norman: "Magnus Hirschfeld", in: 1914โ€“1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universitรคt Berlin, Berlin 2016-04-07. . Dose, Ralf. . Teetz: Hentrich und Hentrich, 2005. Dose, Ralf. Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement. New York City: Monthly Review Press, 2014; revised and expanded edition of Dose's 2005 German-language biography. Herzer, Manfred. . 2nd edition. Hamburg: Mรคnnerschwarm, 2001. Koskovich, Gรฉrard (ed.). . Paris: Mรฉmorial de la Dรฉportation Homosexuelle, 2010. Kotowski, Elke-Vera & Julius H. Schoeps (eds.). . Berlin: Bebra, 2004. Leng, Kirsten. "Magnus Hirschfeld's Meanings: Analysing Biography and the Politics of Representation." German History 35.1 (2017): 96โ€“116. Mancini, Elena. Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Steakley, James. ": Magnus Hirschfeld and the Sexual Politics of Innate Homosexuality", in Science and Homosexualities, ed. Vernon A. Rosario. New York: Routledge, 1997, pp.ย 133โ€“54. Wolff, Charlotte. Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology. London: Quartet, 1986. Others Beachy, Robert. Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014. Blasius, Mark & Shane Phelan (eds.) We Are Everywhere: A Historical Source Book of Gay and Lesbian Politics. New York: Routledge, 1997. See chapter: "The Emergence of a Gay and Lesbian Political Culture in Germany". Bullough, Vern L. (2002). Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. New York, Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press. . Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. New York: Garland, 1990. Friedman, Sara, "Projecting Fears and Hopes: Gay Rights on the German Screen after World War I", Blog of the Journal of the History of Ideas, 28 May 2019. Gordon, Mel. Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin. Los Angeles: Feral House, 2000. Grau, Gรผnter (ed.) Hidden Holocaust? Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933โ€“45. New York: Routledge, 1995. Grossman, Atina. Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920โ€“1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Haeberle E.J. " Re-print of , with commentary by E.J. Haeberle. De Gruyter, 1984, Haeberle E.J. , De Gruyter, 1983. Haeberle E.J. "The birth of Sexology". World Association for Sexology, 1983. Lauritsen, John and Thorstad, David. The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, 1864โ€“1935. 2nd rev. edition. Novato, CA: Times Change Press, 1995. Steakley, James D. The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany. New York: Arno, 1975. Steakley, James, . Hamburg: Mรคnnerschwarm Verlag 2007. (review by Dirk Naguschewski in HSozKult, 2008) External links Biography on the web site of the Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld (Magnus Hirschfeld National Foundation), Berlin Magnus Hirschfeld โ€“ Leben und Werk Biographical information on the web site of the Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft (Magnus Hirschfeld Society), Berlin Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft: Online Exhibit on the Institute for Sexual Science 1868 births 1935 deaths 19th-century German LGBT people 20th-century German LGBT people German abortion-rights activists Feminist writers Gay feminists Gay scientists Gay academics Gay Jews First homosexual movement German anti-capitalists German anti-fascists German expatriates in the United States German gay writers German sexologists German socialist feminists German socialists Jewish anti-fascists Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France Jewish feminists Jewish German scientists Jewish German writers Jewish physicians Jewish socialists LGBT physicians German LGBT rights activists German LGBT scientists Medical writers on LGBT topics People from Koล‚obrzeg Physicians from the Province of Pomerania Sex educators Sex-positive feminists Transfeminists Transgender rights activists Transgender studies academics
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84%20C61%ED%98%95%20%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%20%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%B0%A8
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ C61ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ C61ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ()๋Š”ย 1947๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1949๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์—ด์ฐจ์šฉ ํ…๋”์‹ย ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. D51ํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ œ์กฐ๋๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์†ก ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ์ œ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ง€๋๋˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ์ฒ ์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ด์ „์— ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋˜ C57ํ˜•, C58ํ˜•, C59ํ˜• ๋“ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์ตœ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์˜ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ์–‘์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ์™€์ค‘์— ์ข…์ „ ์ดํ›„ ํ™”๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์†ก ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚จ์•„๋„๋Š” ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ D51ํ˜•๊ณผ D52ํ˜•์„ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค.ย '๊ธฐ์กด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ'๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” '์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์กฐ'์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ์ด ๋œ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐใƒป๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ณต์—…๊ณผย ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ์—ย ์˜ํ•ด ์ด 33๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. C61ํ˜•์€ D51ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ D51ํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด ์“ฐ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋ฟ์ด์˜€๋‹ค.ย ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ์€ ๋ช…๋ชฉ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‹ ์ฐจ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋Š” C57ํ˜•์„ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐจ์ค‘์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ C61ํ˜•์€ C57์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์กฐ๋  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ C57์˜ ์šด์šฉ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฑ ๋งž๋Š” ์ถ•์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ข…๋ฅœ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ 2๋ฅœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•œ 4-6-4ํ˜•์˜ 'ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. C61ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ C62ํ˜•ย ์—ญ์‹œ ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจํ˜• ์ถ• ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, C62ํ˜•์€ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋„์ค‘ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŒŒ์—…์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์™„์„ฑ์ด ๋Šฆ์–ด์ ธ C61ํ˜•์ด ๋จผ์ € ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ—ˆ๋“œ์Šจ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์€ C61ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋˜ ์„ํƒ„์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ํž˜์„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์„ํƒ„์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๊ณ ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋™๊ธ‰ํƒ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธํ‘œ ์šด์šฉ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ , ์กฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ , ์˜ค์šฐ ๋ณธ์„ (์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ย - ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„), ๋‹›ํฌ ๋ณธ์„ , ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ณธ์„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ„์„ ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ C61ํ˜•์€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด๋‚˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์—์„œ C57ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ C60๊ณผ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์ข…์ข… ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย C57ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, C61ํ˜•์ด ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ™•์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ํฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ถ•์ค‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋“ฑ ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์œ„์— ์„ฐ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ถ•์ค‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ค‘์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์—์„œ๋Š” C57ํ˜• ์ชฝ์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.ย ๋˜, C60ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์›ƒ๋„๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž๋™๊ธ‰ํƒ„ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐ ์žฅ์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด, ์šฐ๋“ฑ ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์—์„œ๋Š” C61ํ˜•์ด ์šฐ์œ„์˜€๋‹ค.ย ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, 1955๋…„์˜ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„  ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด ์ด๋ถ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํŠน๊ธ‰ยท๊ธ‰ํ–‰ ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์˜ C61ํ˜•์ด ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด - ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด, C60ํ˜•์€ ์šฐ๋“ฑ ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์นด ์ด๋ถ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณดํ†ต ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ด๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„  ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํŠน๊ธ‰ ใ€ˆํ•˜์ธ ์นด๋ฆฌใ€‰์˜ ์„ผ๋‹ค์ดย - ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„  ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์นจ๋Œ€ํŠน๊ธ‰ ใ€ˆํ•˜์ฟ ์“ฐ๋ฃจใ€‰์˜ ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด - ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๏ผˆ์šดํ–‰ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ใ€ˆํ•˜์ธ ์นด๋ฆฌใ€‰ ๋ฐ ใ€ˆํ•˜์ฟ ์“ฐ๋ฃจใ€‰์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์นด - ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„์€ 13๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ถ€ C60ํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฒฐํ•จ๏ผ‰์ด๋‚˜, ๋„์ฟ„ - ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ย ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ณธ์„ ์„ ๊ฒฝ์œ ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง๊ฒฐ์นจ๋Œ€ํŠน๊ธ‰ ใ€ˆํ•˜์•ผ๋ถ€์‚ฌใ€‰์˜ ๊ทœ์Šˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ณธ์„  ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํŠน๊ธ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋˜, ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„, ใ€ˆ๊ธฐํƒ€ํƒ€์นด๋ผใ€‰๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ํ‚ค 5500ํ˜• ํ™”์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์„ฑ๋œ ํŠน๊ธ‰ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋‚˜ ๊ธ‰ํ–‰ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ์˜ค์šฐ ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ - ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋„, 1958๋…„ 10์›”์— C61 18์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ด 8๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ๋Š”, 1960๋…„ 10์›”์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ C60ํ˜•๊ณผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฒฐ์šดํ–‰์—์„œ ๊ธ‰ํ–‰ ์—ด์ฐจ ใ€ˆ๋‹ˆํ˜ผ์นด์ดใ€‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋„, ์˜ค์šฐ ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ - ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์šฐ๋“ฑ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋””์ คํ™” ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋„, ๊ณ„์† C60ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ณตํ†ต ์šด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณดํ†ต ์—ด์ฐจ๋‚˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๋˜, ํ›„์— ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ C61 2์™€ C61 20์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 6๋Ÿ‰(๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— C61 18 ยท 19 ยท 24 ยท 28์˜ 4๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰์€, 1968๋…„ 10์›”์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์นด - ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์ฒ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ, 1971๋…„ 10์›”์— ๊ทœ์Šˆ์˜ ๋‹›ํฌ ๋ณธ์„ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „์†๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์˜ค์šฐ ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ - ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณดํ†ต ์—ด์ฐจ๋‚˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์•ผํƒ€ํ…Œ ๊ณ ๊ฐฏ๊ธธ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„(์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„) ๋“ฑ์—์„œ D51ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ผ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋™ํ˜ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ธธ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์šดํ–‰์ง€๋Š” ๊ทœ์Šˆ์˜ ๋‹›ํฌ ๋ณธ์„ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ C61 2๊ฐ€ 1972๋…„์— ์šฐ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋‚จ์€ 5๋Ÿ‰๋„ 1974๋…„ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค์˜ ์ „์ฒ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋•Œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์šด์šฉ์„ ๋๋‚ด, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 1๋Ÿ‰(C61 18)๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ์šด์šฉ์„ ๋๋‚ด๊ณ  1975๋…„ 1์›”์— ํœด์ฐจ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์กฐ ์‹ ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1970๋…„ย ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ „์ฒ ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ์ฐจ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ทœ์Šˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ 6๋Ÿ‰(C61 12ใƒป13ใƒป14ใƒป31ใƒป32ใƒป33 ๋„์Šค๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ โ†’ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ)์ค‘ 1๋Ÿ‰์ธ C61 13์—๋Š”, 1954๋…„์— ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ, ์ „๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šด ์ œ์—ฐํŒ(์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๊ณต์žฅ์‹ ์ œ์—ฐํŒ)์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ ย ยท ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ๋Š”, 1964๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์ฒ ํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ „๋“ฑ์˜†์— ๋ณด์กฐ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ LP405ํ˜•์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ์†Œ์†์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„, ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์šด์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ญํ–‰์šด์ „์„ ๋Œ€๋น„, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋„ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์šฉ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตด๋š ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋ณด์กฐ ์ œ์—ฐํŒ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๊ธฐ 2๋Ÿ‰, ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๊ธฐ 2๋Ÿ‰(๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ณด์กด๊ธฐ 1๋Ÿ‰ ํฌํ•จ), ์ด 4๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ณต์—…์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค. ๋™ํƒœ๋ณด์กด๊ธฐ C61 2๏ผš๊ตํ† ์ฒ ๋„๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ 1948๋…„ 7์›” 31์ผ, ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ๋ฏธํ•˜๋ผ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๋“ฑ์€ D51 1109์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ์— ๋ฐฐ์†๋œ ํ›„, 1972๋…„ 10์›” 10์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์ง€ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ด€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ตํ†  ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€(2016๋…„ 4์›” ์‹ ์žฅ ๊ฐœ๊ด€)์—์„œ ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ 5์›” 12์ผ, ใ€ˆSL ์‹œ๋ผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐใ€‰๋กœ์„œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด - ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ง€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ 12๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฐจ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™•๋ณต ์šดํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1979๋…„ 3์›” 28์ผ์— ์ฐจ์ ์ด ๋ง์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1987๋…„ย 3์›” 1์ผ์— ์ฐจ์ ์ด ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ฒดํ—˜ ์—ด์ฐจ ใ€ˆ์ŠคํŒ€ํ˜ธใ€‰์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ฐจ์ ์€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. C61 20๏ผš๋™์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„ 1973๋…„ 8์›” 28์ผ์— ํ์ฐจยท์ฐจ์ ๋ง์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ํ›„, ๊ตฐ๋งˆํ˜„ ์ด์„ธ์žํ‚ค์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์› ์œ ์›์ง€์—์„œ ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2009๋…„ 12์›” 8์ผ์— ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ 3์–ต์—”์„ ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ ๋™ํƒœ๋ณต์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย 2010๋…„ 1์›” 19์ผ์—๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฏธ์•ผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ณต์›์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 2011๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ ๋ณต์› ์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ฐจ์  ๋ณต๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ํ•ดย 6์›” 4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ์—์“ฐ์„ ย ๋‹ค์นด์‚ฌํ‚ค - ์Šค์ด์กฐ ๊ฐ„์— ์˜์—…์šด์ „์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •ํƒœ๋ณด์กด๊ธฐ C61 18๏ผˆ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ณด์กด๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€๏ผ‰๏ผšํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ย ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ํƒ€์‹œย "๊ธฐ์ฐจํด๋Ÿฝ"์†Œ์œ  ๏ผˆ๋™๋ฅœ๏ผ‰๏ผšํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นด์‹œ ํ•˜์นดํƒ€๊ตฌย ๋ฐํ‚ค๋งˆ์น˜๊ณต์› C61 19๏ผš๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œย ์ฃ ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ณต์› ๋˜ํ•œ C61 1์ด ๊ตฌ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ์ฒ ๋„ ํ•™์›์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1996๋…„๊ฒฝ ํ์ฐจ๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์ฃผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์„œ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR%20Class%20C61
JNR Class C61
The is a former class of steam locomotives operated in Japan. The class was the first type in Japan to use the 4-6-4 "Hudson" wheel arrangement. A total of 33 locomotives were built between 1947 and 1949 and designed by Hideo Shima, (one in 1947, 19 in 1948, and 13 in 1949). The locomotives were not built entirely from new, however, but used the boilers from former D51 2-8-2 "Mikado" freight locomotives. The immediate post-war years saw a dramatic decline in freight, while at the same time passenger traffic once again surged, requiring a programme to rapidly build new passenger locos (classes C57 and C58) as well as rebuilding passenger locos from former freight types (classes C61 and C62). These nominal conversions were also seen as a way of bypassing the difficulties in obtaining approval from GHQ (or Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers) for building completely new locomotives at the time. The locomotives were notable in being the first in Japan to incorporate automatic stokers. The first eighteen locos delivered were allocated to Utsunomiya and Sendai depots to work express passenger duties on the Tลhoku Main Line. Nine locos were allocated to Oku and Mito depots to work on Jลban Line duties, and six locos were delivered to Tosu depot in Kyลซshลซ to work on the Kagoshima Main Line. With the spread of electrification together with the influx of C59s displaced from Tลkaidล Main Line duties, the C61s found themselves gradually pushed further north to Morioka and Aomori depots. In later years, they were to be seen at the head of the newly inaugurated Hakutsuru limited express (between Sendai and Aomori) and the Hayabusa blue train (between Hakata and Kagoshima). With the completion of electrification from Morioka to Aomori in October 1968, the six last remaining C61s were moved to Aomori depot where they worked on the ลŒu Main Line between Akita and Aomori. The six Kagoshima-based locos originally delivered new to Kyลซshลซ were withdrawn, but the six remaining Tลhoku locos were transferred to Miyazaki depot in October 1971 to work on the Nippล Main Line between Miyazaki and Kagoshima. They worked there until finally being withdrawn in 1974. Specifications Fleet details (Source: ) Preserved examples C61 2 (formerly D51 1109) - Umekลji Steam Locomotive Museum in Kyoto (in working condition) C61 18 (formerly D51 874) - Front section only preserved privately in Yatsushiro, Kumamoto C61 19 (formerly D51 1027) - Shiroyama Park in Kokubu, Kagoshima C61 20 (formerly D51 1094) - JR-East Takasaki, Gunma (Operating condition - April 2011) See also Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification JNR Class C60 JNR Class C62 References Steam locomotives of Japan 4-6-4 locomotives 1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan Preserved steam locomotives of Japan Railway locomotives introduced in 1947 Passenger locomotives
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%20%EB%B9%88%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8
์กฐ์ด์Šค ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ
์กฐ์ด์Šค ์บ๋Ÿด ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ(, 1965๋…„ 10์›” 19์ผ ~ 2003๋…„ 12์›”๊ฒฝ)๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋‹จ์นธ ์…‹๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 2๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ด์ „์— ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ๋Š์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2001๋…„์— ์ง์—…์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํญ๋ ฅ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์†Œ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์‹œ์— ์นœ๊ตฌ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ 1์›” ์ฆˆ์Œ ๋‹จ์นธ์…‹๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋„, ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ๋„, ๋ˆˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฑŒ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์›ƒ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” 2006๋…„ 1์›” 25์ผ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์ธ์€ ์ฒœ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์œ„๊ถค์–‘ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ 2011๋…„ ๋‹คํ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™”์ธ ใ€Š๋“œ๋ฆผ์Šค ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์–ด ๋ผ์ดํ”„ใ€‹์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ์œŒ์Šจ์˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠHand. Cannot. Erase.ใ€‹, ๋˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋ฏธ์Šค ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ใ€ŠNo One Knewใ€‹(์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค)๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์กฐ์ด์Šค ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” 1965๋…„ 10์›” 19์ผ ํ•ด๋จธ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ Fulham Palace๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ž๋ž๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์„ฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ชฉ์ˆ˜์˜€๊ณ  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋„๊ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค(Lyris) ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ 11์‚ด์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ 4๋ช…์˜ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์–‘์œก์„ ๋– ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2001๋…„ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2004๋…„์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค) Melcombe Primary School, Fulham Gilliatt School for Girls๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 16์„ธ์— ์žํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1985๋…„, ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์‹œ์Šค ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์Šค ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ‹ฐ๋“œ(Overseas Containers Limited, OCL)์˜ ๋น„์„œ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค C.Itoh, Law Debenture์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ŠคํŠธ ์—” ์˜์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์–ธ์ŠคํŠธ ์•ค ์˜์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 2001๋…„ 3์›” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์งํ›„ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ง๊ฒŒ์ด ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ์‰ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ €๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ„๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค: "๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ‹€์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์†ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์กฑ ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ด๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ • ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์› ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถ”์ ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ • ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” 2003๋…„ 2์›” ์šฐ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์นธ ์…‹๋ฐฉ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌํƒ„ ์‹ ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋ถ€์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ • ํญ๋ ฅ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ 11์›”, ์œ„๊ถค์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ† ํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋…ธ์Šค ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„น์Šค ๋ณ‘์›(North Middlesex Hospital)์—์„œ ์ดํ‹€ ๊ฐ„ ์ž…์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” 2003๋…„ 12์›” ์ฆˆ์Œ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ธ์€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒœ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒœ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์œ„๊ถค์–‘ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” "๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€"๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํฌ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฐ์†ก ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ์„ ๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ฐฑ ์˜†์— ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ˆ•๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์˜ ์ฐฝ๋“ค์€ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ด‘์ด ์ˆ™๋ฐ•์‹œ์„ค ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ค‘๋…์ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์˜ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์†Œ์Œ์— ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ž„๋Œ€ ๋น„์šฉ ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ํ˜œํƒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌํƒ„ ์‹ ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋ถ€์— ์ง€๋ถˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง๋„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ยฃ2,400๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ถˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์Œ“์—ฌ๋งŒ ๊ฐ”๊ณ  ์ฃผํƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ ์••๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋กœ์˜ ์ง„์ž…์„ ๊ฐ•ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ 2006๋…„ 1์›” 25์ผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์ผœ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธˆ ์ง๋ถˆ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ, ์ฑ„๋ฌด ๋ฉด์ œ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ณ„์† ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌํƒ„ ์‹ ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋Š” ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ง ํ›„ ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€๋ถˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฃผํƒ ์ˆ˜๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์ฒด๊ธˆ์ด ์ธ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์‹ ์šฉ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง ์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” 2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด์›ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ผ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ํญํ–‰์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค: ์•ž๋ฌธ์€ ์ด์ค‘ ์ž ๊ธˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์นจ์ž…์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ ํƒ์ •์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์„ธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ์ •์€ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๋˜ ์ง‘์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋‹ต์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฆผ์Šค ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์–ด ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ์œŒ์Šจ์˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏธ์Šค ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ์Šค ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋ณด์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ๋งˆ์…œ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ž‘์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜์˜ ์›์ œ๋Š” ใ€ŠMiss Vincentใ€‹(๋ฏธ์Šค ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ)์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ใ€ŠNo One Knewใ€‹(์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค)๋กœ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฏธ์Šค ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์ฒซ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2012๋…„ 10์›” 5์ผ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1965๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 2003๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ค์ข…์ž ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ณ„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์ธ ์ธ๋„๊ณ„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์ธ ๋ณ€์‚ฌ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‹ค์ข…์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce%20Vincent
Joyce Vincent
Joyce Carol Vincent (19 October 1965 โ€“ December 2003) was an English woman whose death went unnoticed for more than two years as her corpse lay undiscovered at her bedsit in north London. Prior to her death, she had cut off nearly all contact with those who knew her. She resigned from her job in 2001, and moved into a shelter for victims of domestic abuse. Around the same time, she began to reduce contact with friends and family. She died sometime in December 2003. Her remains were discovered on 25 January 2006, with the cause of death believed to be either an asthma attack or complications from a recent peptic ulcer. Vincent's life and death were the topic of Dreams of a Life, a 2011 docudrama film. The film and Vincent's life inspired musician Steven Wilson's album Hand. Cannot. Erase. Life Joyce Vincent was born in London's Hammersmith area on 19 October 1965 and raised near Fulham Palace Road. Her parents had emigrated to London from Grenada; she was of Dougla descent. Her father, Lawrence, was a carpenter of African descent and her mother, Lyris, was of Indian descent. Her mother died when Vincent was 11, and her four older sisters took responsibility for her upbringing. She had a strained relationship with her emotionally distant father, who she claimed had died in 2001 (he actually died in 2004, unaware that Vincent had predeceased him). She attended Melcombe Primary School and Fulham Gilliatt School for Girls, and left school at age sixteen with no qualifications. She had a wide circle of friends in the music industry and when she was 25, she attended and was video recorded in the backstage audience at the 1990 Wembley Concert, 'Nelson Mandela, International Tribute For a Free South Africa.' (BFI National Archive) Reportedly, she met Mandela at the concert and shook his hand. In 1985, Vincent began working as a secretary at OCL in the City of London. She later worked at C.Itoh and Law Debenture before joining Ernst & Young. She worked at Ernst & Young for four years in the treasury department, but resigned in March 2001 for unknown reasons. Shortly afterwards, Vincent spent some time in a domestic abuse shelter in Haringey and worked as a cleaner in a budget hotel. During this period, she became estranged from her family. A source involved in the investigation said: "She detached herself from her family but there was no bust up. They are a really nice family. We understand she was in a relationship and there was a history of domestic violence." It has been speculated that she was either ashamed to be a victim of domestic abuse or did not want to be found by her abuser. In February 2003, Vincent was moved into the bedsit flat above Wood Green Shopping City where she later died. The flat was owned by the Metropolitan Housing Trust and was used to house victims of abuse. In November 2003, after vomiting blood, she was hospitalised at North Middlesex Hospital for two days, due to a peptic ulcer. Death Vincent lived above the Shopping City in Wood Green in North London in a Housing Trust flat. The cause of her death is unknown, as is the date, though it is speculated to be around December 2003. She suffered from asthma and had a peptic ulcer at the time of her death, so some have suggested an asthma attack or complications surrounding her recent peptic ulcer as a possible cause of death. Her remains were described as "mostly skeletal" according to the pathologist, and she was lying on her back, next to a shopping bag, surrounded by Christmas presents she had wrapped but never delivered. It is not known to whom the presents were addressed. The refrigerator in her bedsit contained food with 2003 expiry date labels. Neighbours had assumed the flat was unoccupied, and the odour of decomposing body tissue was attributed to nearby waste bins. The flat's windows did not allow direct sight to the inside. It was a noisy building which may explain why no one questioned the constant noise from the television, which remained turned on until she was discovered. Half of her rent was being automatically paid to Metropolitan Housing Trust by benefits agencies, leading officials to believe that she was still alive. With over two years' worth of unpaid rent totalling ยฃ2,400 that had accrued, housing officials decided to repossess the property. Her corpse was discovered on 25 January 2006 when bailiffs had forced entry into the flat. The television and heating were still running due to debt forgiveness and her bills being continually paid through automatic debit. The Metropolitan Housing Trust said that due to housing benefits covering the costs of rent for some period after Vincent's death, arrears had not been realised until much later. The Trust also said that no concerns were raised by neighbours or visitors at any time during the two years between her death and discovery of the body. Vincent's remains were too badly decomposed to conduct a full post-mortem, and she had to be identified through dental records. Police ruled death by natural causes as there was nothing to suggest foul play. The front door was double locked and there was no sign of a break-in. At the time of her death she had a boyfriend, but the police were unable to locate him. Her sisters had hired a private detective to look for her and contacted the Salvation Army, but these attempts proved unsuccessful. The detective found the house where Vincent was living, and the family wrote letters to her, receiving no response as she was already dead by this time. As a result, the family concluded she had deliberately broken ties with them. The Glasgow Herald reported, "...her friends noted her as someone who fled at signs of trouble, who walked out of jobs if she clashed with a colleague, and who moved from one flat to the next all over London. She didn't answer the phone to her sister and didn't appear to have her own circle of friends, instead relying on the company of relative strangers who came with the package of a new boyfriend, a colleague, or flatmate." In popular culture Dreams of a Life A film about Vincent, Dreams of a Life, written and directed by Carol Morley with Zawe Ashton playing Vincent, was released in 2011. Morley tracked down and interviewed people who had known Vincent. They described a beautiful, intelligent, socially active woman, "upwardly mobile" and "a high flyer", who they assumed "was off somewhere having a better life than they were". During her life, she met figures such as Nelson Mandela, Ben E. King, Gil Scott-Heron, and Betty Wright, spoke on the telephone with Isaac Hayes and had also been to dinner with Stevie Wonder, although he had no idea at the time. Steven Wilson album On 4 November 2014, English musician Steven Wilson announced that his fourth CD release, titled Hand. Cannot. Erase., would be based on the life of Vincent. According to Wilson, he was inspired to create a concept album after seeing Dreams of a Life. From the book that accompanied the deluxe release of the album it is clear that the central character, 'H.', is a highly fictionalised version of Vincent: she is born on 8 October 1978 to an Italian mother and dies or disappears on 22 December 2014. Her only sister is 'J.', who was briefly fostered by her parents prior to their divorce. In the album and book the Christmas presents are intended for H.'s estranged brother and his family. See also List of solved missing person cases List of unsolved deaths References 1965 births 2000s missing person cases 2003 deaths English people of Grenadian descent English people of Indian descent Ernst & Young people Formerly missing people Missing person cases in England People from Fulham
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%B8%EC%9E%91
ํŽธ์ž‘
ํŽธ์ž‘(ๆ‰้ตฒ,BC401~BC310)์€ ์•ฝ2500๋…„์ „ ์ถ˜์ถ”์ „๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐœํ•ด๊ตฐ(ํ˜„ ํ•˜๋ถ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋™์„ฑ) ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋ช…์˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ดต(่™ข)๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํƒœ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ(้ฝŠ)๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ณต(ๆก“ๅ…ฌ)์˜ ๋ณ‘์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์œ„(้ญ)๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฌธํ›„๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์ž‘์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์ˆ (้†ซ่ก“)์—๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚œ๊ฒฝ(้›ฃ็ถ“)์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์„œ๋กœ ์ž˜์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์˜ํ•™์  ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘” ๋ฌธ๋‹ต ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์ˆ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์›์ œ๋ชฉ์€ ํ™ฉ์ œํŒ”์‹ญ์ผ๋‚œ๊ฒฝ(้ปƒๅธๅ…ซๅไธ€้›ฃ็ถ“)์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์น˜๋ณ‘ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ฒœ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํŽธ์ž‘ ์—ด์ „(ๅˆ—ๅ‚ณ)์—์„œ ์ด์–ด์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ไฝฟ่–ไบบ้ ็Ÿฅๅพฎ๏ผŒ่ƒฝไฝฟ่‰ฏ้†ซๅพ—่šคๅพžไบ‹๏ผŒๅ‰‡็–พๅฏๅทฒ๏ผŒ่บซๅฏๆดปไนŸใ€‚ไบบไน‹ๆ‰€็—…๏ผŒ็—…็–พๅคš,่€Œ้†ซไน‹ๆ‰€็—…๏ผŒ็—…้“ๅฐ‘. ๆ•…็—…ๆœ‰ๅ…ญไธๆฒป,้ฉ•ๆฃไธ่ซ–ๆ–ผ็†๏ผŒไธ€ไธๆฒปไนŸ,่ผ•่บซ้‡่ฒก๏ผŒไบŒไธๆฒปไนŸ,่กฃ้ฃŸไธ่ƒฝ้ฉ๏ผŒไธ‰ไธๆฒปไนŸ,้™ฐ้™ฝๅนถ๏ผŒ่—ๆฐฃไธๅฎš๏ผŒๅ››ไธๆฒปไนŸ,ๅฝข็พธไธ่ƒฝๆœ่—ฅ๏ผŒไบ”ไธๆฒปไนŸ,ไฟกๅทซไธไฟก้†ซ๏ผŒๅ…ญไธๆฒปไนŸ. ๆœ‰ๆญคไธ€่€…๏ผŒๅ‰‡้‡้›ฃๆฒปไนŸ. ์„ฑ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ (๋ณ‘์˜) ๊ธฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ์•„ ๋Šฅํžˆ ์–ด์ง„ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ์ซ“์•„ (์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ)์–ป์œผ๋ฉด ๊ณง ๋ณ‘์ด ๋‚ซ์•„ ๋ชธ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆด์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ‘์ธ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ด ๋งŽ์Œ์„ ๊ทผ์‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณ‘์ธ๋ฐ”๋Š” (์น˜๋ฃŒ)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์Œ์„ ๊ทผ์‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์— (์Šค์Šค๋กœ) ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ณ‘ 6๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต๋งŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž๋งŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ”ผ์ง€์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถˆ์น˜๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค‘ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถˆ์น˜๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ž…๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋จน๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ (์ ˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด) ์ ์‹œ์ ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถˆ์น˜๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ์Œ๊ณผ ์–‘์ด ๋ณ‘๋ฆฝํ•˜๋‚˜ (๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ชปํ•ด) ์˜ค์žฅ์œก๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ(ๆฐฃ)๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •๋˜์ง€์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถˆ์น˜๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์„ ํ•จ๋ถ€๋กœ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ์ด ๋“ฃ์ง€์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถˆ์น˜๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ ์น˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ง์€ ๋ฏฟ์ง€์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถˆ์น˜๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ค‘ํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜ 'ํŽธ์ž‘'(ๆ‰้ตฒ)์˜ ๋œป์„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ’€๋ฉด โ€˜์ž‘์€(ๆ‰) ๊นŒ์น˜(้ตฒ)โ€™๋‹ค. โ€˜ํŽธโ€™์—๋Š” โ€˜์ž‘๋‹คโ€™ ์™ธ์— โ€˜๋‘๋ฃจ, ๋„๋ฆฌโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€˜ํŽธ์ž‘โ€™์€ โ€˜๋„๋ฆฌ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊นŒ์น˜โ€™๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊นŒ์น˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊นŒ์น˜๋ฅผ โ€˜๊ธฐ์  ํฌโ€™ ์ž๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ โ€˜ํฌ์ž‘โ€™(ๅ–œ้ตฒ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ โ€˜๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ๊นŒ์น˜โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ โ€˜ํŽธ์ž‘โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ™์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŽธ์ž‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ผํ™”๋“ค ๊ดต๊ตญ์˜ ํƒœ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ดต๊ตญ(่™ขๅœ‹)์˜ ํƒœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ถ(ๅฐธๅŽฅ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ํŽธ์ž‘์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํŽธ์ž‘์ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ํƒœ์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์—ด๊ธฐ๋ณ‘(็†ฑๆฐฃ็—…)์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์–ด์„œ ํƒœ์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ์ง€ ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ด๋„ ์‚ด๋ ค๋‚ด๋Š” ์˜์ˆ ์„ ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ํ™˜๊ณต์˜ ๋ณ‘์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„๋‹ค ใ€Žํ•œ๋น„์žใ€ใ€Œ์œ ๋กœ(ๅ–ป่€)ใ€์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๊ตญ(่”กๅœ‹)์—์„œ ์ œ ํ™˜๊ณต์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽธ์ž‘์€ ์ œ ํ™˜๊ณต์„ ๋ณด์ž๋งˆ์ž ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ์•˜๊ณ , ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์•ฝ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด ๊ณง ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ ํ™˜๊ณต์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ํŽธ์ž‘์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ถŒํ•ด๋„ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํŽธ์ž‘์ด ์ œ ํ™˜๊ณต์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ํ™˜๊ณต์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ํŽธ์ž‘์ด ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ์„ ์ž๊ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘์„ธ๊ฐ€ ํฝ ์ค‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์„œ์•ผ ํŽธ์ž‘์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŽธ์ž‘์€ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์น  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ํ™˜๊ณต์€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ ํ›„ ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค ์œ„๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฌธ์™•์ด ํŽธ์ž‘์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ž‘์˜ 3ํ˜•์ œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์ˆ ์— ์ •ํ†ตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜์ˆ ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด ์ฒซ์งธ ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ ,๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋‘˜์งธ ํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ ๋งจ ๋์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ ํ˜•์€ ๋ณ‘์ด ์•„์˜ˆ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ์•ˆ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ ํ˜•์€ ๋ณ‘์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ฆˆ์Œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์ฃผ ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋งŒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์™„์น˜๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์‹ ์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณ‘์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์–ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•  ๋•Œ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ์ผ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์•„ํŒŒํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณ ์ณ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ช…์˜๋ผ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด ๋˜์–ด ํ›„์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์€ ํ›„์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ใ€Ž๋‚œ๊ฒฝ ้›ฃ็ถ“ใ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํŽธ์ž‘์„ ์ถ”๋ชจํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ์™•(่—ฅ็Ž‹)์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์ค‘๊ตญ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ(้–‹็ฅ–)๋กœ์„œ ๋†’์ด ์ˆญ์•™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฒ•(่„ˆๆณ•)์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŽธ์ž‘์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ™ฉ์ œ๋‚ด๊ฒฝ ํ™”ํƒ€ ํ—ˆ์ค€ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ์ฐฝ์ €์šฐ์‹œ (ํ—ˆ๋ฒ ์ด์„ฑ) ์ถœ์‹  ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 310๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian%20Que
Bian Que
Bian Que (; 407 โ€“ 310 BC) was an ancient Chinese figure traditionally said to be the earliest known Chinese physician during the Warring States period. His real name is said to be Qin Yueren (), but his medical skills were so amazing that people gave him the same name as the (original) legendary doctor Bian Que, from the time of the Yellow Emperor. He was a native of the State of Qi. Life and legend According to the legend recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian (), he was gifted with clairvoyance from a deity when he was working as an attendant at a hostel that catered to the nobility. It was there he encountered an old man who had stayed there for many years. Thankful for Bian Que's attentive service and politeness, the old man gave him a packet of medicine which he told Bian Que to boil in water. After taking this medicine, Bian Que gained the ability to see through the human body and thereby became an excellent diagnostician with X-ray-like ability. He also excelled in pulse taking and acupuncture therapy. He is ascribed the authorship of Neijing (Internal Classic of Bian Que). Han Dynasty physicians claimed to have studied his works, which have since been lost. Tales state that he was a doctor of many disciplines, conforming to the local needs wherever he went. For example, in one city he was a children's doctor, and in another a female physician. One famous legend tells of how once when Bian Que was in the State of Cai, he saw the lord of the state at the time and told him that he had a disease, which Bian Que claimed was only in his skin. The lord brushed this aside as at that time he felt no symptoms, and told his attendants that Bian Que was just trying to profit from the fears of others. Bian Que is said to have visited the lord many times thereafter, telling him each time how this sickness was becoming progressively worse, each time spreading into more of his body, from his skin to his blood and to his organs. The last time Bian Que went to see the lord, he looked in from afar, and rushed out of the palace. When an attendant of the lord asked him why he had done this, he replied that the disease was in the marrow and was incurable. The lord was said to have died soon after. Another legend stated that once, while visiting the state of Guo, he saw people mourning on the streets. Upon inquiring what their grievances were, he got the reply that the heir apparent of the lord had died, and the lord was in mourning. Sensing something afoot, he is said to have gone to the palace to inquire about the circumstances of the death. After hearing of how the prince "died", he concluded that the prince had not really died, but was rather in a coma-like state. He set a single acupuncture needle in the Baihui point on the head, helping the prince to regain consciousness. Herbal medicine was boiled to help the prince sit up, and after Bian Que prescribed the prince with more herbal medicine, the prince healed fully within twenty days. Bian Que advocated the four-step diagnoses of "Looking (at their tongues and their outside appearances), Listening (to their voice and breathing patterns), Inquiring (about their symptoms), and Taking (their pulse)." The Daoist Liezi has a legend (tr. Giles 1912:81-83) that Bian Que used anesthesia to perform a double heart transplantation, with the xin ๅฟƒ "heart; mind" as the seat of consciousness. Gong Hu ๅ…ฌๆ‰ˆ from Lu and Qi Ying ้ฝŠๅฌฐ from Zhao had opposite imbalances of qi ๆฐฃ "breath; life-force" and zhi ๅฟ— "will; intention". Gong had a qi "mental power" deficiency while Qi had a zhi "willpower" deficiency. Bian Que suggests exchanging the hearts of the two to attain balance. Upon hearing his opinion, the patients agree to the procedure. Bian Que then gives the men an intoxicating wine that makes them "feign death" for three days. While they are under the anesthetic effects of this concoction, Bian Que "cut open their breasts, removed their hearts, exchanged and replaced them, and applied a numinous medicine, and when they awoke they were as good as new." Salguero (2009:203) Some texts in bamboo slips unearthed in Chengdu may be composed by him. See also Hua Tuo, another famous doctor of ancient China List of Chinese physicians Further reading ใ€Šๅฒ่ฎฐยทๆ‰้นŠไป“ๅ…ฌๅˆ—ไผ ใ€‹ References Further reading Giles, Lionel. 1912. Taoist Teachings from the Book of Lieh-Tzลญ. Wisdom of the East. Salguero, C. Pierce. 2009. "The Buddhist medicine king in literary context: reconsidering an early medieval example of Indian influence on Chinese medicine and surgery", History of Religions 48.3:183-210. Woodford, P: Transplant Timeline. National Review of Medicine 2004 October 30; Volume 1 No. 20. Pien Ch'iao (Bian Que) at site of Institute for Traditional Medicine. Ancient Chinese physicians Qi (state) Year of birth unknown 310 BC deaths Physicians from Hebei People from Cangzhou Deified Chinese people 4th-century BC physicians
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A7%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%A9%94%EB%82%98%EC%86%8D
ํ˜ธ๋ง๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜์†
ํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒœ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•œ ํ˜„ํ™”์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ์†์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์™€ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—๋„ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ† ์ฐฉ์ข…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์•„๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์†๋ช…์€ '๋‚ฉ์ž‘ํ•œ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” homalos, '๋‹ฌ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” mene ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ์–ด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฏธ๊ถŒ ์›์˜ˆ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” '์—๋ฉ”๋ž„๋“œ ๋ณด์„ emerald gem'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘, ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”์‚ด ๋ชจ์–‘ ์žŽ์‚ฌ๊ท€๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ก๋‹ค๋…„์ƒ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฝƒ์—๋Š” ๊ฝƒ์žŽ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์žŽ์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆ์—ผํฌ์— ๊ฐ์‹ธ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„์˜ ํƒ€๋ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” 3000๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”๋ฃจ๊ตฌ(ํƒ€๋ฐ€์–ด: เฎฎเฏ†เฎฐเฏเฎ•เฏ)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ„์žฅ๋ณ‘, ์น˜ํ•ต, ๊ฐ€๋ž˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. kumaraguru enney, merugulli enney, merugu pachai enney ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์†์„ ์ชผ๊ฐœ์„œ ์‹ ์—ด๋Œ€๊ตฌ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์•„๋ธ๋กœ๋„ค๋งˆ์†์— ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ์ž๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 8์›” ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ธ 'Tropicos', 'World Checklist of Selected Plant Families'๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์‹œ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช‡ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ์ œ์ผ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฐฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธ‰์  ๋ฏธ์ง€๊ทผํ•œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฐ์–ผ์Œ์„ ํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜ ํ™”๋ถ„ ์œ„์— ๋ผ์–น์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์˜จ์€ ์˜จํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๋น ์ง์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ์ข… ํ˜ธ๋งˆ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‚˜์†์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค: Homalomena adiensis A.Hay - western New Guinea Homalomena aeneifolia Alderw. - Sulawesi Homalomena agens Kurniawan & P.C.Boyce - Kalimantan Timur Homalomena ardua P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong - Sarawak Homalomena argentea Ridl. - Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Schott - Yunnan, Assam, Bangladesh, Indochina Homalomena asmae Baharuddin & P.C.Boyce - Perak Homalomena asperifolia Alderw. - Sumatra Homalomena atroviridis Engl. & K.Krause - Papua New Guinea Homalomena atrox P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih - Sarawak Homalomena batoeensis Engl. - Sumatra Homalomena bellula Schott - Java Homalomena burkilliana Ridl. - Sumatra Homalomena clandestina P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena cochinchinensis Engl. - Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Yunnan, Guangdong Homalomena confusa Furtado - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena consobrina (Schott) Engl. - Thailand, Borneo, Sumatra Homalomena cordata Schott - Java, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Homalomena corneri Furtado - Jahore Homalomena crinipes Engl. - Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador Homalomena cristata Alderw. - Sumatra Homalomena curtisii Ridl. - Perak Homalomena curvata Engl. - Melaka Homalomena davidiana A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena debilicrista Y.C.Hoe - Sarawak Homalomena distans Ridl. - New Guinea Homalomena doctersii Alderw. - Sumatra Homalomena elegans Engl. - Sumatra Homalomena elegantula A.Hay & Hersc. - Sumatra Homalomena erythropus (Mart. ex Schott) Engl. - Costa Rica, northwestern Brazil Homalomena expedita A.Hay & Hersc. - Sarawak Homalomena gadutensis M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena gaudichaudii Schott - New Guinea, Maluku, Philippines Homalomena giamensis L.S.Tung, S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Sarawak Homalomena gillii Furtado - Sabah Homalomena griffithii (Schott) Hook.f. - Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo,Malaysia, Sumatra Homalomena hainanensis H.Li - Hainan Homalomena hammelii Croat & Grayum - Costa Rica Homalomena hanneae P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena hastata M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena havilandii Ridl. - Sabah, Sarawak Homalomena hendersonii Furtado - Kelantan Homalomena hooglandii A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena humilis (Jack) Hook.f. - Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra Homalomena impudica Hersc. & A.Hay - Papua New Guinea Homalomena insignis N.E.Br. - Borneo Homalomena jacobsiana A.Hay - Papua New Guinea Homalomena josefii P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong - Sarawak Homalomena kalkmanii A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena kelungensis Hayata - Taiwan Homalomena kiahii Furtado - Kelantan Homalomena korthalsii Furtado - Borneo Homalomena kualakohensis Zulhazman, P.C.Boyce & Mashhor - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena kvistii Croat - Valle del Cauca in Colombia Homalomena lancea Ridl. - Sarawak Homalomena lancifolia Hook.f. - Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand Homalomena latifrons Engl. - Borneo, Java, Sumatra Homalomena lauterbachii Engl. - New Guinea Homalomena lindenii (Rodigas) Ridl. - New Guinea Homalomena longipes Merr - Sumatra Homalomena magna A.Hay - Papua New Guinea Homalomena major Griff. - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena matangae Y.C.Hoe, S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Sarawak Homalomena megalophylla M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena melanesica A.Hay - Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands Homalomena metallica (N.E.Br.) Engl. - Borneo Homalomena minor Griff. - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena minutissima M.Hotta - Brunei Homalomena moffleriana Croat & Grayum - Chocรณ region of Colombia Homalomena monandra M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena montana Furtado - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena nigrescens (Schott) Engl. - Sumatra Homalomena nutans Hook.f. - Kelantan, Nicobar Islands Homalomena obovata Ridl. - Sumatra Homalomena obscurifolia Alderw. - Borneo Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan Homalomena ovalifolia (Schott) Ridl. - Borneo Homalomena ovata Engl. - Borneo Homalomena padangensis M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena palawanensis Engl. - Palawan Homalomena peekelii Engl. - Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, New Guinea Homalomena peltata Mast. - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia Homalomena pendula (Blume) Bakh.f. - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Islands Homalomena philippinensis Engl. - Philippines, Lan Yรผ Islands of Taiwan Homalomena picturata (Linden & Andrรฉ) Regel - Costa Rica, Panama, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, the Guianas Homalomena pineodora Sulaiman & P.C.Boyce - Perak Homalomena pontederifolia Griff. ex Hook.f. - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena producta A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena pseudogeniculata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong - Brunei, Sarawak Homalomena pulleana Engl. & K.Krause - western New Guinea Homalomena punctulata Engl. - Brunei, Sarawak Homalomena pyrospatha Bogner - Sumatra Homalomena robusta Engl. & K.Krause - New Guinea Homalomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth. - Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar Homalomena rusdii M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena sarawakensis Ridl. - Sarawak Homalomena saxorum (Schott) Engl. - Sumatra, Borneo Homalomena schlechteri Engl. - New Guinea Homalomena scortechinii Hook.f. - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena sengkenyang P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena silvatica Alderw. - Sumatra Homalomena singaporensis Regel - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena soniae A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena speariae Bogner & Moffler - Colombia Homalomena steenisiana A.Hay - Papua New Guinea Homalomena stollei Engl. & K.Krause - New Guinea Homalomena striatieopetiolata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong - Sarawak Homalomena subcordata Engl. - Sarawak Homalomena symplocarpifolia P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena tenuispadix Engl. - New Guinea Homalomena terajaensis S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Brunei Homalomena treubii Engl. - Borneo Homalomena truncata (Schott) Hook.f. - Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena vagans P.C.Boyce - Brunei, Sarawak Homalomena vietnamensis Bogner & V.D.Nguyen - Vietnam Homalomena vittifolia Kurniawan & P.C.Boyce - Sulawesi Homalomena vivens P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena wallichii Schott - Pulau Pinang in Malaysia Homalomena wallisii Regel - Panama, Colombia, Venezuela Homalomena wendlandii Schott - Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Homalomena wongii S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Brunei Homalomena zollingeri Schott - Java ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Asiatica plant catalogue ์ฒœ๋‚จ์„ฑ์•„๊ณผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homalomena
Homalomena
Homalomena is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. Homalomena are found in southern Asia and the southwestern Pacific. Many Homalomena have a strong smell of anise. The name derives apparently from a mistranslated Malayan vernacular name, translated as , meaning flat, and mene = moon. The plants of this genus are clump-forming evergreen perennials with mainly heart-shaped or arrowheaded shaped leaves. The flowers are tiny and without petals, enclosed in a usually greenish spathe hidden by the leaves. Some authors have proposed splitting the genus and moving all the neotropical species of Homalomena to Adelonema. Species Homalomena adiensis A.Hay - western New Guinea Homalomena aeneifolia Alderw. - Sulawesi Homalomena agens Kurniawan & P.C.Boyce - Kalimantan Timur Homalomena ardua P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong - Sarawak Homalomena argentea Ridl. - Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Schott - Yunnan, Assam, Bangladesh, Indochina Homalomena asmae Baharuddin & P.C.Boyce - Perak Homalomena asperifolia Alderw. - Sumatra Homalomena atroviridis Engl. & K.Krause - Papua New Guinea Homalomena atrox P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih - Sarawak Homalomena batoeensis Engl. - Sumatra Homalomena bellula Schott - Java Homalomena burkilliana Ridl. - Sumatra Homalomena clandestina P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena cochinchinensis Engl. - Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Yunnan, Guangdong Homalomena confusa Furtado - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena consobrina (Schott) Engl. - Thailand, Borneo, Sumatra Homalomena cordata Schott - Java, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Homalomena corneri Furtado - Jahore Homalomena cristata Alderw. - Sumatra Homalomena curtisii Ridl. - Perak Homalomena curvata Engl. - Melaka Homalomena davidiana A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena debilicrista Y.C.Hoe - Sarawak Homalomena distans Ridl. - New Guinea Homalomena doctersii Alderw. - Sumatra Homalomena elegans Engl. - Sumatra Homalomena elegantula A.Hay & Hersc. - Sumatra Homalomena expedita A.Hay & Hersc. - Sarawak Homalomena gadutensis M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena gaudichaudii Schott - New Guinea, Maluku, Philippines Homalomena giamensis L.S.Tung, S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Sarawak Homalomena gillii Furtado - Sabah Homalomena griffithii (Schott) Hook.f. - Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra Homalomena hainanensis H.Li - Hainan Homalomena hanneae P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena hastata M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena havilandii Ridl. - Sabah, Sarawak Homalomena hendersonii Furtado - Kelantan Homalomena hooglandii A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena humilis (Jack) Hook.f. - Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra Homalomena impudica Hersc. & A.Hay - Papua New Guinea Homalomena insignis N.E.Br. - Borneo Homalomena jacobsiana A.Hay - Papua New Guinea Homalomena josefii P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong - Sarawak Homalomena kalkmanii A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena kelungensis Hayata - Taiwan Homalomena kiahii Furtado - Kelantan Homalomena korthalsii Furtado - Borneo Homalomena kualakohensis Zulhazman, P.C.Boyce & Mashhor - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena lancea Ridl. - Sarawak Homalomena lancifolia Hook.f. - Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand Homalomena latifrons Engl. - Borneo, Java, Sumatra Homalomena lauterbachii Engl. - New Guinea Homalomena lindenii (Rodigas) Ridl. - New Guinea Homalomena longipes Merr - Sumatra Homalomena magna A.Hay - Papua New Guinea Homalomena major Griff. - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena matangae Y.C.Hoe, S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Sarawak Homalomena megalophylla M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena melanesica A.Hay - Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands Homalomena metallica (N.E.Br.) Engl. - Borneo Homalomena minor Griff. - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena minutissima M.Hotta - Brunei Homalomena monandra M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena montana Furtado - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena nathanielii S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Singapore Homalomena nigrescens (Schott) Engl. - Sumatra Homalomena nutans Hook.f. - Kelantan, Nicobar Islands Homalomena obovata Ridl. - Sumatra Homalomena obscurifolia Alderw. - Borneo Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan Homalomena ovalifolia (Schott) Ridl. - Borneo Homalomena ovata Engl. - Borneo Homalomena padangensis M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena palawanensis Engl. - Palawan Homalomena peekelii Engl. - Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, New Guinea Homalomena pendula (Blume) Bakh.f. - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Islands Homalomena philippinensis Engl. - Philippines, Lan Yรผ Islands of Taiwan Homalomena pineodora Sulaiman & P.C.Boyce - Perak Homalomena pontederifolia Griff. ex Hook.f. - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena producta A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena pseudogeniculata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong - Brunei, Sarawak Homalomena pulleana Engl. & K.Krause - western New Guinea Homalomena punctulata Engl. - Brunei, Sarawak Homalomena pyrospatha Bogner - Sumatra Homalomena robusta Engl. & K.Krause - New Guinea Homalomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth. - Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar Homalomena rusdii M.Hotta - Sumatra Homalomena sarawakensis Ridl. - Sarawak Homalomena saxorum (Schott) Engl. - Sumatra, Borneo Homalomena schlechteri Engl. - New Guinea Homalomena scortechinii Hook.f. - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena sengkenyang P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena silvatica Alderw. - Sumatra Homalomena singaporensis Regel - Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena soniae A.Hay - New Guinea Homalomena steenisiana A.Hay - Papua New Guinea Homalomena stollei Engl. & K.Krause - New Guinea Homalomena striatieopetiolata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong - Sarawak Homalomena subcordata Engl. - Sarawak Homalomena symplocarpifolia P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena tenuispadix Engl. - New Guinea Homalomena terajaensis S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Brunei Homalomena treubii Engl. - Borneo Homalomena truncata (Schott) Hook.f. - Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia Homalomena vagans P.C.Boyce - Brunei, Sarawak Homalomena vietnamensis Bogner & V.D.Nguyen - Vietnam Homalomena vittifolia Kurniawan & P.C.Boyce - Sulawesi Homalomena vivens P.C.Boyce, S.Y.Wong & Fasih. - Sarawak Homalomena wallichii Schott - Pulau Pinang in Malaysia Homalomena wongii S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Brunei Homalomena zollingeri Schott - Java See also Schismatoglottis References External links Asiatica plant catalogue Araceae genera
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%88%98%20%ED%91%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90%20%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98
๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜
๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜(Fractional Fourier transform, FRFT)์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ์กฐํ™” ํ•ด์„ํ•™ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” n ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ์ œ๊ณฑ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ n์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ •์ˆ˜์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ํŒจํ„ด ์ธ์‹์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. FRFT๋Š” ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ์ฝ˜๋ณผ๋ฃจ์…˜, ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ์ฝ”๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜คํผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ LCT(์„ ํ˜• ์บ๋…ธ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ ๋ณ€ํ™˜)๋กœ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. FRFT์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ •์˜๋Š” ์ฝ˜๋ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ„์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํšŒ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์•„์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ„๋„ˆ์˜ ์—๋ฅด๋ฏธ๋“œ ๋‹คํ•ญ์‹์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1993๋…„๊ฒฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ธ์‹๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์—ญ ์ œํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„€๋…ผ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๊ธ‰์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์Šˆ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ธ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋ฒ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ z-๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ์–‘๋งŒํผ ์ด๋™๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ (์ž…๋ ฅ์— ์„ ํ˜• ์ฒ˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•จ) ๋˜ํ•œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์  ์„ธํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํฌ์ธํŠธ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”(์˜ˆ: ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค) ์ด์‚ฐ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ Bluestein์˜ FFT ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ FRFT๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” FRFT์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„์ž… ์–ด๋–ค ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒˆ์ „ (๋ชจ๋“  ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ํฌ์ธํŠธ์™€์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค)๋กœ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•œ๋‹ค:๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Š” ์—ญ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค,์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ n ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ n ์€ ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ •์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ํ•œํ•œ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” 4์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ž๊ธฐ๋™ํ˜• ์ฆ‰, ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด , ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํŒจ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž๋Š” ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์†์„ฑ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค.FRFT๋Š” FT์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ์ œ๊ณฑ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ณ„์—ด์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ €์ž‘์ž๋“ค์€ "๊ฐ๋„ " ๋Œ€์‹  "์ฐจ์ˆ˜ "๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ด๋“ค ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜•์‹์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์œ ์˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์˜์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ฦ’์˜ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค.ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ณต์‹์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„(์˜ˆ: L1 ๋˜๋Š” Schwartz ๊ณต๊ฐ„ )์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋‹ค(๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ฐ€ ฯ€์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์ด๋ฉด ์œ„์˜ ์ฝ”ํƒ„์  ํŠธ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ฝ”์‹œ์ปจํŠธ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ทนํ•œ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ์ ๋ถ„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์—์„œ Dirac ๋ธํƒ€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋” ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์˜ ์ง์ˆ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ ์—ฐ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. FRFT์˜ ์ธ์ˆ˜ ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘ ์ขŒํ‘œ ์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. -๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ€ ์˜ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ณ : ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ฐ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ฯ‰ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด FRFT ๊ณต์‹์€ Mehler ์ปค๋„์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์งˆ ์ฐจ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž, ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ •์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€ ์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์ด๋ฉด:๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ตํ™˜์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์œ ๋‹ˆํ…Œ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜์ „ ์‹œํ”„ํŠธ๋œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œํ”„ํŠธ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž ๋ฐ ์œ„์ƒ ์‹œํ”„ํŠธ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์ฆ‰, ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง๋œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜ํ”„ ๊ณฑ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ฆ‰, ํ•œํŽธ ์˜ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋œ ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค, ์˜ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜ํ”„ ๋ณ€์กฐ ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ์ปค๋„ FRFT๋Š” ์ ๋ถ„ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค.์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ฮฑ -๊ฐ ์ปค๋„์€์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€ ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทนํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. FRFT๋Š” ์ปค๋„๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค: ๋Œ€์นญ: ์—ญ: ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์„ฑ: ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์‚ฐ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฐ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์ œ์—ํ”„ ์ž˜๋ ˆ๋ธŒ์Šคํ‚ค(Zeev Zalevsky)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๋‹คํ•ญ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฐ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์†Œ๋งˆ(Somma)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ (FRWT)์€ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ chirplet ๋ณ€ํ™˜. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐ„์„ญ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์† ์  ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ๋Œ€์นญ FRFT ๋ฐ ์ดˆ๋Œ€์นญ ๋ผ๋ˆ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ๋ผ๋ˆ ๋ณ€ํ™˜, symplectic FRFT ๋ฐ symplectic ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ž ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์–‘์ž ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ๋ถ„ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ ๋ถ„๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. FRFT๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž ํšŒ๋กœ๋„ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์—ญ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ํ•ด์„์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ(์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ)๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ ์—์„œ ํšŒ์ „์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ด€์ ์€ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšŒ์ „ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ์ •์ค€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ด๋ฉด(์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด) ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹ฑํฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์ „ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ„์˜ ์ •์˜์—์„œ ฮฑ =0 ์ด๋ฉด ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ฮฑ = ฯ€ /2์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ฯ€ /2 ํšŒ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ’ ฮฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ฮฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ „์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ฮฑ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ ์šฉ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ DSP์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฒน์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ(์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ํฌํ•จ)๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ํšŒ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋งŒ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ ˆ๋‹จ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์—ญ ํ†ต๊ณผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ณผ๋ก ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์—†์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ•์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•๋งŒ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์–‘์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ด‘์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐจ์› ์–‘์ž ํ‚ค ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ด‘์ž ์Œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์–ฝํž˜์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„, ํ™€๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์—๋„ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ตœ์†Œ์ œ๊ณฑ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ์ ๋ถ„ํ•™ ๋ฉœ๋Ÿฌ ์ปค๋„ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜: ์„ ํ˜• ์ •์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ฒ˜ํ”Œ๋ฆฟ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์›๋ฟ”ํ˜• ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ 2์ฐจ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ ์„œ์ง€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ DiscreteTFDs -- ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด Enrique Zeleny์˜ " Fractional Fourier Transform ", The Wolfram Demonstrations Project . YangQuan Chen ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ FRFT(Fractional Fourier Transform) ์›นํŽ˜์ด์ง€ LTFAT - ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ(GPL) Matlab/Octave ๋„๊ตฌ ์ƒ์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋ถ„ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„-์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ํ•ด์„ํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20Fourier%20transform
Fractional Fourier transform
In mathematics, in the area of harmonic analysis, the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is a family of linear transformations generalizing the Fourier transform. It can be thought of as the Fourier transform to the n-th power, where n need not be an integer โ€” thus, it can transform a function to any intermediate domain between time and frequency. Its applications range from filter design and signal analysis to phase retrieval and pattern recognition. The FRFT can be used to define fractional convolution, correlation, and other operations, and can also be further generalized into the linear canonical transformation (LCT). An early definition of the FRFT was introduced by Condon, by solving for the Green's function for phase-space rotations, and also by Namias, generalizing work of Wiener on Hermite polynomials. However, it was not widely recognized in signal processing until it was independently reintroduced around 1993 by several groups. Since then, there has been a surge of interest in extending Shannon's sampling theorem for signals which are band-limited in the Fractional Fourier domain. A completely different meaning for "fractional Fourier transform" was introduced by Bailey and Swartztrauber as essentially another name for a z-transform, and in particular for the case that corresponds to a discrete Fourier transform shifted by a fractional amount in frequency space (multiplying the input by a linear chirp) and evaluating at a fractional set of frequency points (e.g. considering only a small portion of the spectrum). (Such transforms can be evaluated efficiently by Bluestein's FFT algorithm.) This terminology has fallen out of use in most of the technical literature, however, in preference to the FRFT. The remainder of this article describes the FRFT. Introduction The continuous Fourier transform of a function is a unitary operator of space that maps the function to its frequential version (all expressions are taken in the sense, rather than pointwise): and is determined by via the inverse transform Let us study its n-th iterated defined by and when n is a non-negative integer, and . Their sequence is finite since is a 4-periodic automorphism: for every function , . More precisely, let us introduce the parity operator that inverts , . Then the following properties hold: The FRFT provides a family of linear transforms that further extends this definition to handle non-integer powers of the FT. Definition Note: some authors write the transform in terms of the "order " instead of the "angle ", in which case the is usually times . Although these two forms are equivalent, one must be careful about which definition the author uses. For any real , the -angle fractional Fourier transform of a function ฦ’ is denoted by and defined by Formally, this formula is only valid when the input function is in a sufficiently nice space (such as L1 or Schwartz space), and is defined via a density argument, in a way similar to that of the ordinary Fourier transform (see article), in the general case. If is an integer multiple of ฯ€, then the cotangent and cosecant functions above diverge. However, this can be handled by taking the limit, and leads to a Dirac delta function in the integrand. More directly, since must be simply or for an even or odd multiple of respectively. For , this becomes precisely the definition of the continuous Fourier transform, and for it is the definition of the inverse continuous Fourier transform. The FRFT argument is neither a spatial one nor a frequency . We will see why it can be interpreted as linear combination of both coordinates . When we want to distinguish the -angular fractional domain, we will let denote the argument of . Remark: with the angular frequency ฯ‰ convention instead of the frequency one, the FRFT formula is the Mehler kernel, Properties The -th order fractional Fourier transform operator, , has the properties: Additivity For any real angles , Linearity Integer Orders If is an integer multiple of , then: Moreover, it has following relation Inverse Commutativity Associativity Unitarity Time Reversal Transform of a shifted function Define the shift and the phase shift operators as follows: Then that is, Transform of a scaled function Define the scaling and chirp multiplication operators as follows: Then, Notice that the fractional Fourier transform of cannot be expressed as a scaled version of . Rather, the fractional Fourier transform of turns out to be a scaled and chirp modulated version of where is a different order. Fractional kernel The FRFT is an integral transform where the ฮฑ-angle kernel is Here again the special cases are consistent with the limit behavior when approaches a multiple of . The FRFT has the same properties as its kernels : symmetry: inverse: additivity: Related transforms There also exist related fractional generalizations of similar transforms such as the discrete Fourier transform. The discrete fractional Fourier transform is defined by Zeev Zalevsky. A quantum algorithm to implement a version of the discrete fractional Fourier transform in sub-polynomial time is described by Somma. The Fractional wavelet transform (FRWT) is a generalization of the classical wavelet transform in the fractional Fourier transform domains. The chirplet transform for a related generalization of the wavelet transform. Generalizations The Fourier transform is essentially bosonic; it works because it is consistent with the superposition principle and related interference patterns. There is also a fermionic Fourier transform. These have been generalized into a supersymmetric FRFT, and a supersymmetric Radon transform. There is also a fractional Radon transform, a symplectic FRFT, and a symplectic wavelet transform. Because quantum circuits are based on unitary operations, they are useful for computing integral transforms as the latter are unitary operators on a function space. A quantum circuit has been designed which implements the FRFT. Interpretation The usual interpretation of the Fourier transform is as a transformation of a time domain signal into a frequency domain signal. On the other hand, the interpretation of the inverse Fourier transform is as a transformation of a frequency domain signal into a time domain signal. Fractional Fourier transforms transform a signal (either in the time domain or frequency domain) into the domain between time and frequency: it is a rotation in the timeโ€“frequency domain. This perspective is generalized by the linear canonical transformation, which generalizes the fractional Fourier transform and allows linear transforms of the timeโ€“frequency domain other than rotation. Take the figure below as an example. If the signal in the time domain is rectangular (as below), it becomes a sinc function in the frequency domain. But if one applies the fractional Fourier transform to the rectangular signal, the transformation output will be in the domain between time and frequency. The fractional Fourier transform is a rotation operation on a timeโ€“frequency distribution. From the definition above, for ฮฑย =ย 0, there will be no change after applying the fractional Fourier transform, while for ฮฑย =ย ฯ€/2, the fractional Fourier transform becomes a plain Fourier transform, which rotates the timeโ€“frequency distribution withย ฯ€/2. For other value ofย ฮฑ, the fractional Fourier transform rotates the timeโ€“frequency distribution according to ฮฑ. The following figure shows the results of the fractional Fourier transform with different values ofย ฮฑ. Application Fractional Fourier transform can be used in time frequency analysis and DSP. It is useful to filter noise, but with the condition that it does not overlap with the desired signal in the timeโ€“frequency domain. Consider the following example. We cannot apply a filter directly to eliminate the noise, but with the help of the fractional Fourier transform, we can rotate the signal (including the desired signal and noise) first. We then apply a specific filter, which will allow only the desired signal to pass. Thus the noise will be removed completely. Then we use the fractional Fourier transform again to rotate the signal back and we can get the desired signal. Thus, using just truncation in the time domain, or equivalently low-pass filters in the frequency domain, one can cut out any convex set in timeโ€“frequency space. In contrast, using time domain or frequency domain tools without a fractional Fourier transform would only allow cutting out rectangles parallel to the axes. Fractional Fourier transforms also have applications in quantum physics. For example, they are used to formulate entropic uncertainty relations, in high-dimensional quantum key distribution schemes with single photons, and in observing spatial entanglement of photon pairs. They are also useful in the design of optical systems and for optimizing holographic storage efficiency. See also Least-squares spectral analysis Fractional calculus Mehler kernel Other timeโ€“frequency transforms: Linear canonical transformation Short-time Fourier transform Wavelet transform Chirplet transform Cone-shape distribution function Quadratic Fourier transform References Bibliography External links DiscreteTFDs -- software for computing the fractional Fourier transform and timeโ€“frequency distributions "Fractional Fourier Transform" by Enrique Zeleny, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project. Dr YangQuan Chen's FRFT (Fractional Fourier Transform) Webpages LTFAT - A free (GPL) Matlab / Octave toolbox Contains several version of the fractional Fourier transform. Fourier analysis Timeโ€“frequency analysis Integral transforms Articles containing video clips
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84%20D50%ED%98%95%20%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%20%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%B0%A8
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ D50ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ D50ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ()๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„(์ œ์กฐ์‹œ์—” ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ)์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ํ…๋”์‹ย ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š”ย 9900ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜,ย 1928๋…„ 10์›”์— D50ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์นญ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ "๋ฐ์ฝ”๋งˆ๋ฃจ" ๋˜๋Š” "๋ฐ๊ณ ๋ ˆ"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์กฐ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ย ๋•Œ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” 1916๋…„๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9600ํ˜•์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„๊ธฐ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. 9600ํ˜• ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ด, ํ™”๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์†ก์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋˜ ํ•˜์ฝ”๋„ค ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก์œจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ข…์ถ•์ด ์—†๋Š” 9600ํ˜•(2-8-0)์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋™์ถ•๋งŒ 1์ถ•์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ปคํฌ๋“œํ˜• ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜(2-10-0)๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€์‹œํ‚จ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ตญ์œ ํ™” ํ›„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ๊ถค ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๊ถคํŒŒ์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜‘๊ถค์— ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ 18900ํ˜•(ํ›„์— C51ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ๋จ)์ด ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋’€๊ธฐ์—, ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฐ์ปคํฌ๋“œํ˜• ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜(2-10-0)๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  18900ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ข…๋Œ€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ฏธ์นด๋„ํ˜• ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜(2-8-2)๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์„œ 9600ํ˜•์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ D50ํ˜•์€ ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋ผ ํ›„์ง€์š”์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ฃผ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋™ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. D50ํ˜•์€ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚คย ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐ€ย ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ, ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ, ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด, 1923๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1931๋…„ย ์‚ฌ์ด์— 380๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด์ง€์ž ์ œ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์ฆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ˜•์ธ D51ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ œ์กฐ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜€๋˜ 9600ํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ, ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ข€ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ง™๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 18900ํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ 5,500 mm์ด๊ณ , ํ™”๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฉด์ ์€ 9600ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ 1.4๋ฐฐ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€์ฆ๊ธฐ์••์€ 12.7๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตญ์ฒ ์ œ์‹๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฉ๋œ ๋ƒ‰์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•ด ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ™”์‹ค์— ์•„์น˜๊ด€์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด, ์—ฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ „์—ด ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณผ์—ด ๋ฉด์ ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฐ์†Œ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์ด ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ 1910๋…„์— ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋กœ์ฝ”๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒ ๋„์— 1๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚ฉํ’ˆํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ด์„œ, ์ข…์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”์‹ค์„ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ๋‚ฉํ’ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ฃผํ–‰ ์žฅ์น˜ ์„ ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋Š” 1์ถ•์ด๊ณ , ์ข…๋Œ€์ฐจ๋Š” 18900ํ˜•์ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•œ ์ฝœ์‹์„ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•ด, ๋™๋ฅœ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์€ 9600ํ˜•์˜ 1,250mm์—์„œ 1,400mm๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋œ ๋งํฌ์‹์˜ ์„ ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋Š”, ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํƒˆ์„  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ์ œ1 ๋™๋ฅœ์˜ ํŽธ๋งˆ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ณธ์ฒด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์œ ์น˜์„ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ ํƒˆ์„ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค.ย ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ณธ์ฒด๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋กœ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ๋”๋‹ˆ ํƒˆ์„ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์— ํ•œํ•ด์„œ ํƒˆ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ณธ์ฒด์™€ ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์–‘ํŽธ์‹์—์„œ ์ค‘์•™์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ ๋Œ€์ฐจ์˜ ์‹ฌํ–ฅ๋ด‰์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๊ณก์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋˜, ์„ ๋Œ€์ฐจ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” D50 364 ~ 369 ยท 376 ~ 380์ด C10ํ˜•์—์„œ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋’€๋˜ ๊ณ ๋กœ์‹ ์„ ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์ œ๋™์žฅ์น˜ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ž๋™๊ณต๊ธฐ์ œ๋™์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ฑ„์šฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ด์ฐจ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ œ๋™๋ ฅ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ๋…ธ๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์›จ์ŠคํŒ…ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์—์–ด๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ(WABCO) ์‚ฌ์ œ K-14 ์ž๋™๊ณต๊ธฐ์ œ๋™์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋๊ณ  ์ด์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์••์ถ•๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณต๊ธฐํƒฑํฌ ๋“ฑ๋„ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณดํ–‰ํŒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํ™”์ฐจ์—๋Š” 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„๊ณต ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋งŒ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ™”์ฐจ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„๊ณต ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์šฉ ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ค๋ ค ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ D50ํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋กœ์จย  20mยณํ˜•์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์กฐ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 20.3mยณ, ํƒ„๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 8.13t์ธ ์ „์šฉ์„ค๊ณ„ํ’ˆ์ด ์ฑ„์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 20mยณํ˜•์€ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์šด์ „์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ์šฉ C51 ยท C53ํ˜• ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ D50ํ˜•์ด C51 ยท C53ํ˜•์—์„œ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ์˜จ 12-17ํ˜• ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด 1927๋…„ ์ œ์กฐ๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” 12-17ํ˜• ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ œ์› ์ „์žฅ 17,248mm ์ „๊ณ  3,955mm ๊ถค๊ฐ„ 1,067mm ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 2-8-2 ๋™๋ฅœ ์ง€๋ฆ„ 1,400mm ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๏ผˆ์ง€๋ฆ„ร—์™•๋ณต ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๏ผ‰ 570mmร—660mm ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์••๋ ฅ 13.0kg/cm2 ํ™”๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฉด์  3.25m2 ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ 7.4m3 ๋Œ€์—ฐ๊ด€๏ผˆ์ง€๋ฆ„ร—๊ธธ์ดร—์ˆ˜๏ผ‰ 140mmร—5,500mmร—28 ์†Œ์—ฐ๊ด€๏ผˆ์ง€๋ฆ„ร—๊ธธ์ดร—์ˆ˜๏ผ‰ 57mmร—5,500mmร—90 ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ณธ์ฒด ์ด์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 78.14t ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ณธ์ฒด ๊ณต์ฐจ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 70.36t ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋™๋ฅœ์ถ•์ค‘ 14.70t ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ ์ด์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 49t ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ ๊ณต์ฐจ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 20t ์ตœ๊ณ ์†๋ ฅ 70km/h ์ œ์กฐ๋…„๋„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก 1923๋…„๏ผˆ8๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ๏ผˆ8๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 9900 - 9907๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 898 - 905๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 1 - 8 1924๋…„๏ผˆ34๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ๏ผˆ34๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 9908 - 9911๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 982 - 985๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 9 - 12 9912 - 9921๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1000 - 1009๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 13 - 22 9922 - 9941๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1012 - 1031๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 23 - 42 1925ๅนด๏ผˆ62๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ๏ผˆ24๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 9942 - 9946๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 822 - 826๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 43 - 47 9968 - 9973๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 828 - 833๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 69 - 74 9974 - 9986๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 837 - 849๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 75 - 87 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ๏ผˆ10๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 9947 - 9952๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 149 - 154๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 48 - 53 19905 - 19908๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 175 - 178๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 106 - 109 ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ๏ผˆ28๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 9953 - 9967๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1049 - 1063๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 54 - 68 9987 - 9999๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1075 - 1087๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 88 - 100 1926๋…„๏ผˆ48๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ๏ผˆ33๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 19900 - 19904๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1088 - 1092๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 101 - 105 19911 - 19937๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1101 - 1127๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 112 - 138 19938๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1155๏ผ‰ ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ๏ผˆ9๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 19909, 19910๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 179, 180๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 110, 111 19939, 19940๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 199, 200๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 140, 141 19975 - 19979๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 220 - 224๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 176 - 180 ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ๏ผˆ6๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 19941, 19942๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 161, 162๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 142, 143 19943 - 19946๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 164 - 167๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 144 - 147 1927๋…„๏ผˆ90๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ๏ผˆ60๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 19947 - 19972๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1158 - 1183๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 148 - 173 29901 - 29924๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1188 - 1211๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 202 - 225 29951 - 29960๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1218 - 1227๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 252 - 261 ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ๏ผˆ20๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 19973, 19974๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 228, 229๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 174, 175 19980 - 19982๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 225 - 227๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 181 - 183 19987 - 19991๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 241 - 245๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 188 - 192 19992 - 19996๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 262 - 266๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 193 - 197 29925 - 29929๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 274 - 278๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 226 - 230 ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ๏ผˆ10๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 19983 - 19986๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 172 - 175๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 184 - 187 19997, 19998๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 176, 177๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 198, 199 19999, 29900๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 191, 192๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 200, 201 29944, 29945๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 193, 194๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 245, 246 1928๋…„๏ผˆ68๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ๏ผˆ24๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 29930 - 29943๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 279 - 292๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 231 - 244 D50 292 - 301๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 302 - 311๏ผ‰ ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ๏ผˆ10๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 29946 - 29950๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 196 - 200๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 247 - 251 D50 304 - 308๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 210 - 214๏ผ‰ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ๏ผ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๏ผˆ15๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 29961 - 29969๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1228 - 1236๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 262 - 270 D50 277 - 279๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1277 - 1279๏ผ‰ D50 302, 303๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1280, 1281๏ผ‰ D50 310๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1282๏ผ‰ ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ๏ผˆ19๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ 29970 - 29975๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 990 - 995๏ผ‰ โ†’ D50 271 - 276 D50 280 - 285๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1025 - 1030๏ผ‰ D50 286 - 291๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1032 - 1037๏ผ‰ D50 313๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1043๏ผ‰ 1929๋…„๏ผˆ35๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ๏ผˆ1๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 309๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 225๏ผ‰ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๏ผˆ12๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 311, 312๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1300, 1301๏ผ‰ D50 330 - 339๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1306 - 1315๏ผ‰ ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ๏ผˆ12๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 314, 315๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1064, 1065๏ผ‰ D50 320 - 329๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1066 - 1075๏ผ‰ ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ๏ผˆ10๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 316 - 319๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 338 - 341๏ผ‰ D50 340 - 345๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 363 - 368๏ผ‰ 1930๋…„๏ผˆ17๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ๏ผˆ8๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 346 - 349๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1109 - 1112๏ผ‰ D50 356 - 359๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1131 - 1134๏ผ‰ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๏ผˆ6๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 350 - 355๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1350 - 1355๏ผ‰ ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ๏ผˆ3๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 360, 361๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 403, 404๏ผ‰ D50 376๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 411๏ผ‰ 1931๋…„๏ผˆ18๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๏ผˆ8๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 362 - 369๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1389 - 1396๏ผ‰ ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ๏ผˆ6๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 370 - 375๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1159 - 1164๏ผ‰ ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ๏ผˆ4๋Ÿ‰๏ผ‰ D50 377 - 380๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 412 - 415๏ผ‰ 9900ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐฉ์‹ 9900ํ˜•์˜ ์ œ์กฐ์ˆœ์„œ์™€ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์€ 1๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 9900, 2๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 9901, 3๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 9902,....100๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 9999๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, 101๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ˆ˜์— 1์„ ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ 19900์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์•„๋ž˜ 2์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 00์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด 99์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋งŒ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ 1์„ ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•„๋ž˜ 2์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 00์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฒˆ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, 100๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋งŒ์œ„์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒจ 200๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 19999, 201๋ฒˆ์งธ๊ฐ€ 29900, ...์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1928๋…„์— ์นญํ˜ธ๊ทœ์ • ๊ฐœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ D50ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ •๋  ๋•Œ, ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ 9900์ด D50 1, 9901๊ฐ€ D50 2, ... 29975๋ฅผ D50 276์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šด์šฉ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ D50ํ˜•์€, ์ œ์กฐ ์งํ›„์˜ ๋™์ผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ 9600ํ˜•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋น„์•ฝ์ ์ธ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋กœ 60% ์ •๋„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹์ด ๋ฐ˜์ž…๋œ D50ํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์ฒ ๋„์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์˜€๋˜ ๋…์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ธ์†”ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ ํ‚ค์ด์น˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ "์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค."๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜นํ‰๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, D50ํ˜•์˜ ์ฒซํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋  ์ฆˆ์Œ, ํ™”๋ฌผ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ์ด๋˜ 9600ํ˜•์€ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์ด 700t์ •๋„์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„, D50ํ˜•์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž๋™์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 950t(๋‚˜์ค‘์•ค 1,000t)์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šด์ „์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์กฐ์„ ์†Œ(ํ›„์— ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ) ยท ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ ยท ํžˆํƒ€์น˜ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ ยท ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ฒ ๋„์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋™์›, ์–‘์‚ฐ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ง ํ›„ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ๋ณธ์„  ์•ผ๋งˆํ‚คํƒ€์—ญย - ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ์ด, ์กฐ๋ฐ˜์„  ๋‹ค๋ฐ”ํƒ€ - ๋ฏธํ† ๋งˆ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์นด์ด๋„ ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ํŠน๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋Š”, ์›๋ž˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋‹ด๋‹น์ธ C51ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ C53ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด, 90km/h ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋ณธ ํ˜•์‹์€ ์‹œ์ฝ”์ฟ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ „๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋…ธ์„ ์—์„œ ํ™”๋ฌผ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜น์€ ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์„ ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐยทํ™”๋ฌผ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์™€ ํฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์žˆ๋˜ ํ˜ธ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์˜ค ์„ , ์‹ ์—์“ฐ ๋ณธ์„  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋…ธ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š”, D51ํ˜• ์šดํ–‰๊ฐœ์‹œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ D51ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์ถ•์ค‘์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต์ „์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ณธํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, '๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”' D50ํ˜•์— ์Šน๋ฌด์›๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ปธ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์„ ๋Œ€์ฐจ์™€ ๋™๋ฅœ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋„“์–ด์„œ ๊ฒ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํŽธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, D50ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋„ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.ย ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณก์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋‹ค์†Œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, D50ํ˜•์€ ์—ญํ–‰ ์šด์ „์ด๋‚˜ ์ถ”์ง„ ์šด์ „์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ 2์ถ• ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํƒˆ์„ ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค ๋ฌด๋กœ๋ž€ ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ์„ํƒ„์—ด์ฐจ์—์„œ๋Š”, 1930๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9600ํ˜•์ด 2,000t๊ธ‰ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 1936๋…„์— D50ํ˜•์ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 2,400t๊ธ‰ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์Ÿ ์ „ ~ ์ „์‹œ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์šด์šฉ์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ˜น์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ํ”ผํ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1955๋…„๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , 1965๋…„๊ฒฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ์ฐจ ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ D60ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์€ ํ•œ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ดˆ์ฟ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ D50 140์œผ๋กœ, 1971๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์šดํ–‰๋œ ํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฉ”์ฝ”์ง€ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ด€์— ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด(์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ›„์— ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กดํ™”)๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‡ผ์™€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” D50ํ˜•์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ œ์›์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ ์ •์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ญ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”์ฐจ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„์—์„œ ๊ณ„์Šน๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์˜ย ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฆ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ย  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์— ์ œํ•œํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์•„๋„ ๋…์ผํŒŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ "์“ธ๋ฐ์—†์ด ํฌ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ D50ํ˜• ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” C53ํ˜•, D51ํ˜•(C61ํ˜•)์—์„œ C59ํ˜•(C60ํ˜•)๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ ํ˜•์‹์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ›„๊ณ„ ์ฐจ์ข…์ธ D51, D52ํ˜•์—๊ฒŒ D50ํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ„์Šน๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ˜•์‹์€ ํŠน๊ธ‰์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”๋ คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ C51ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜, ์ œ์กฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋˜ D51ํ˜•์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.ย ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, D50ํ˜•์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ตญ์ฒ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์ƒ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ •๋น„ ๊ณ„ํš์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, D50ํ˜•์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตญ์ฒ ์ œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•œํš์„ ๊ทธ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์กฐ 1939๋…„์— D50 193์€ ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถคํ™” ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํ•˜์ด - ๋‚œ์ง•๊ฐ„ ์ฒ ๋„์—์„œ ์šด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ›„์—๋„ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1951๋…„์—๋Š” 16ํ˜•(์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋ก  ๋ฏธ์นดํ˜ธ)๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 1955๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฐจ์ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜คํ›„๋‚˜ํ†  ์„  ์ด์น˜๋…ธ์„ธํ‚ค - ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ถ”๋งˆ์“ฐ์นด์™€๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ํšŒ์„ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ด์น˜๋…ธ์„ธํ‚ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์˜ D50 267, 346์€ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ถ”๋งˆ์“ฐ์นด์™€์— ์ „์ฐจ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ญํ–‰ ์šด์ „์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์—ญํ–‰ ์šด์ „์‹œ์˜ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์‹œ์•ผ ํ™•๋ณด์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ์„œ C56ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํƒ„์ˆ˜์ฐจ์˜ ์–ด๊นจ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ํƒ„ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํƒฑํฌ์‹ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋Š”, ์ž…ํ™˜ ์ „์šฉ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ํ…๋” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ์ฐจ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด์กด๋œ ์–‘์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ ์€์ง€๋ผ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ตํ† ์ฒ ๋„๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” D50 140๊ณผ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฏธ์‹œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ง€๊ณต์›์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” D50 25, 2๋Ÿ‰๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.ย ๋™ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. D50ํ˜•์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 1940๋…„์— ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ํ™” ใ€Š้ต้“ไฟก่™Ÿใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”๋ฌผ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ D50 140์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Šใจใ‚€ใ‚‰ใ„ๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠใ€‹์—์„œ D50 444(์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค)๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚นใƒปใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ผใƒณใƒใƒผใƒณใ€Žใƒฌใ‚คใƒซใ€No.37 1998ๅนด7ๆœˆย ISBN 4-87112-187-9 ใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ• D50ใฎ่ถณ่ทก pp.4 - 13 ้ซ˜ๆœจๅฎไน‹ใ€Œๅ›ฝ้‰„ๅž‹่’ธๆฐ—ๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠใฎ็ณป่ญœ ็ฌฌ7็ซ  9900๏ผˆโ†’D50๏ผ‰ๅฝขใƒปๆฉŸ78-2ๅฝขใ€ pp.25 - 38 ้‡‘็”ฐ่Œ‚่ฃ•ใ€Œๅฝขๅผๅˆฅ ๅ›ฝ้‰„ใฎ่’ธๆฐ—ๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠ IVใ€1986ๅนดใ€ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚นใƒปใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ผใƒณใƒใƒผใƒณๅˆŠ ไบคๅ‹็คพใ€Ž้‰„้“ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒณใ€1963ๅนด4ๆœˆๅท No.22 ไปŠๆ‘ๆฝ” ใ€Œๅ›ฝ้‰„่’ธๆฐ—ๆฉŸ้–ข่ปŠ็ด ๆII 9900/D50ใ€ pp.37 - 43 ๅฐ็†Š็ฑณ้›„ ใ€Œๆบ€ๅทžใฎD50โ€•ๅ‰้•ทใ€ๅ‰ๆ•ฆ้‰„่ทฏใฎ500ๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆใ€pp.45 - 47 ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR%20Class%20D50
JNR Class D50
The Class D50 is a type of 2-8-2 steam locomotive built by the Japanese Government Railways (JGR), the Japanese National Railways (JNR) and various manufacturers from 1923 to 1931. The class name indicates that the locomotive has four sets of driving wheels (D) and belongs to one of the classes of tender locomotive allocated a number in the series 50 to 99 in the Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification scheme of 1928. Hideo Shima designed the rest of the Class until 1931. The design of the D50 was based on the JNR Class 9600 which was introduced in 1916. A total of 380 Class D50 locomotives were built. Between 1951 and 1956 78 were rebuilt to Class D60 2-8-4 Berkshireโ€™s by the JNR . This class would later form the JNR Class D51 . Service in China Manchukuo National Railway In 1923, sixteen D50 class locomotives were exported to the Jichang Jidun Railway in Manchuria, which designated them class 500 and numbered 501 through 516. Ten were built by Kawasaki (works nos. 970โˆ’971, 1140โˆ’1170) and six by Kisha Seizล (w/n 965โˆ’970), and though very similar to the Japanese D50 class, there were some slight differences in dimensions due to the larger loading gauge on Chinese lines. After the establishment of Manchukuo, the Jichang Jidun Railway was nationalised along with other private railways to form the Manchukuo National Railway. The MNR classified these Mikana (ใƒŸใ‚ซใƒŠ) class, numbered 6540โˆ’6555, renumbered 501โˆ’516 in 1938. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, China Railways designated them ใ„‡ใ„Ž5 (MK5) class in 1951, and subsequently ่งฃๆ”พ5 (JF5) class in 1959. Central China Railway In 1939, D50 193 was converted to standard gauge and shipped to the Central China Railway, where it operated primarily between Nanjing and Shanghai. This engine lasted in service on China Railways until 1955. China Railways After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, all the railways of China were taken over by the China Railway, which classified the D50s as ใ„‡ใ„Ž16 (MK16) class in 1951, later becoming class ่งฃๆ”พ16(JF16). Preserved examples Two D50s are preserved in Japan. D50 25: In a park in Kitami, Hokkaido D50 140: At the Kyoto Railway Museum See also Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification JNR Class 9600 JNR Class D51 JNR Class D52 JNR Class D60 JNR Class D61 JNR Class D62 References 1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan Steam locomotives of Japan Steam locomotives of China Standard gauge locomotives of China 2-8-2 locomotives Hitachi locomotives Kawasaki locomotives Preserved steam locomotives of Japan Railway locomotives introduced in 1923 1โ€ฒD1โ€ฒ h2 locomotives Freight locomotives
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%90%EB%9A%B1
์ฐ๋šฑ
์ฐ๋šฑ(๏ผŒ1550๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ(์Œ๋ ฅ 11์›” 12์ผ) ~ 1623๋…„ 7์›” 17์ผ(์Œ๋ ฅ 6์›” 20์ผ))์€ ๋Œ€์›” ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ, ์ฐ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ œ3๋Œ€ ์™•(์žฌ์œ„: 1570๋…„ ~ 1623๋…„)์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ํˆฌ์–ธ๋นˆ 2๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ(1550๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ), ์ฐ๋ผ์— ์˜ ๋‘˜์งธ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณต๋Ÿ‰ํ›„(Phรบc Lฦฐฦกng Hแบงu/็ฆ่‰ฏไพฏ)๋กœ ๋ด‰ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฐ์ฐŒ 13๋…„ 2์›” 18์ผ(1570๋…„ 3์›” 24์ผ), ์ฐ๋ผ์— ์ด ๋ณ‘์‚ฌํ•˜์ž ์ฐ๊ผฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ‹ˆ์„ ํƒ€ ๋Œ€์žฅ(ๅคงๅฐ‡) ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ๋‚จํ•˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐ๊ผฌ์ด๋Š” ์นœํžˆ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํŒจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์— ํˆฌํ•ญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด 8์›” 20์ผ(1570๋…„ 9์›” 19์ผ), ์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ์žฅ๊ตฐ๊ณต(Trฦฐแปng Quแบญn Cรดng/้•ท้ƒกๅ…ฌ), ์ ˆ์ œ๊ฐ์ฒ˜์ˆ˜๋ณด์ œ์˜(็ฏ€ๅˆถๅ„่™•ๆฐดๆญฅ่ซธ็‡Ÿ)์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 9์›”, ์ฐ๋šฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ขŒ์ƒ(ๅทฆ็›ธ)์ด ๊ฐ€๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐ์ฐŒ 14๋…„(1571๋…„) 2์›”, ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ํƒœ์œ„(ๅคชๅฐ‰), ์žฅ๊ตญ๊ณต(Trฦฐแปng Quแป‘c Cรดng/้•ทๅœ‹ๅ…ฌ)์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ๋ฒŒ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํƒ•๋กฑ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด ์ ๋ นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 1572๋…„์— ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด ๋‚จํ•˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญํ™”(ๆทธๅŒ–)๋ฅผ ์Šต๊ฒฉํ•˜์ž ์ „ํ™ฉ์ด ์—ญ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ™ฉ์ œ ๋ ˆ ์˜์ข…์€ ์˜ˆ์•ˆ(ไน‚ๅฎ‰)์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๋‹ˆ ์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ํšŒ๊ตฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์˜์ข…์ด ์กฐ์ •์˜ ์‹ ํ•˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ชจํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐ๋šฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฐ๋šฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ณ ์˜์ข…์„ ํ์œ„ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๋ ˆ ์„ธ์ข…์„ ์˜น๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ์‰ฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์™€ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ฌ ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ณค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด 1580๋…„์— ๋ณ‘์‚ฌํ•˜์ž ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์‡ ๋ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ์ด ํ‹ˆ์„ ํƒ€ 1591๋…„์— ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ ๋ถ๋ฒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 1592๋…„์— ํƒ•๋กฑ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™๊ณผ ๋ง‰์ „์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์žก์•„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฝํฅ 22๋…„ 4์›” 7์ผ(1599๋…„ 5์›” 1์ผ), ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉธํ•œ ํฐ ๊ณต๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ ˆ ์„ธ์ข…์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์›์ˆ˜์ด๊ตญ์ •์ƒ๋ถ€ํ‰์•ˆ์™•(้ƒฝๅ…ƒๅธฅ็ธฝๅœ‹ๆ”ฟๅฐ™็ˆถๅนณๅฎ‰็Ž‹)์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ํƒ•๋กฑ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ง€์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์•™๋”˜ 20๋…„(1619๋…„) 3์›”, ๋ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ข…์ด ์ฐ๋šฑ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์ฐ์‘ค์–ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ชจํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐ๋šฑ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ํ™ฉ๊ถŒ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋‘๋‹ฌ ํ›„์ธ 5์›”์— ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฐ๋šฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ์ฐ์‘ค์–ธ์„ ํ์„œ์ธํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ฒฝ์ข…์„ ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‚ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  6์›”์— ๋ ˆ ์‹ ์ข…์„ ์˜น๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๋˜ 2๋…„(1620๋…„), ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์‘์šฐ์˜Œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‘์šฐ์˜Œํ‘น์‘์šฐ์˜Œ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ์ธ ์‘์šฐ์˜Œํ‘น์ง(้˜ฎ็ฆๆพค), ์‘์šฐ์˜Œํ‘นํ—™(้˜ฎ็ฆๆดฝ)๊ณผ ์‘์šฐ์˜Œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋‚จ(ๅปฃๅ—)์„ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์–ด ๋‚จ์นจํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‘์šฐ์˜Œํ‘น์‘์šฐ์˜Œ์€ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฐ์”จ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๋˜ 5๋…„(1623๋…„), ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ์—ฐ๋กœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€์ž ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‘ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์ฐ์งฑ๊ณผ ์ฐ์‘ค์–ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ฃผ์–ด ์‚ฌํ›„ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‘ ์•„๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋™์ƒ์ธ ์ฐ๋„(้„ญๆœ, Trแป‹nh ฤแป—)๋งˆ์ € ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ฐ์”จ๋Š” ๋‚ดํ™์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐ์‘ค์–ธ์ด ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๋™๋„(ๆฑ้ƒฝ)๋ฅผ ๋ถˆํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ฐ๋šฑ์„ ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์ถ˜๊ด€(้‘ๆ˜ฅ้คจ, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ้‘ๅจ็ธฃ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ๊ต์ž์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ํƒ•๋กฑ์„ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ต์ž๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋˜ ํ•˜์ธ์ด ์ฐ๋„์˜ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž ์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง“์œผ๋กœ ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ์ฑ…๋ด‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์‘ค์–ธ์„ ์†์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตฐ์˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐ๋„๋Š” ์ฐ์งฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฐ์งฑ์€ ์ฐ๋„์˜ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„๊ณ  ์ฒญํ™”๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฐ์งฑ์€ ๋ ˆ ์‹ ์ข…์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฐ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํƒˆ์ทจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๋˜ 5๋…„ 6์›” 20์ผ(1623๋…„ 7์›” 17์ผ), ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋‹ˆ ํ–ฅ๋…„ 74์„ธ(๋งŒ ์„ธ)์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ™”๊ด€์ •์ฒ ์™•(Cรดng Hรฒa Khoan Chรญnh Triแบฟt Vฦฐฦกng/ๆญๅ’Œๅฏฌๆญฃๅ“ฒ็Ž‹)์œผ๋กœ ์กด๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹œํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฌด(Duแป‡ Vลฉ/็ฟๆญฆ)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‘นํƒ€์ด ์›๋…„ 10์›” 22์ผ(1643๋…„ 12์›” 2์ผ), ์ฐ์งฑ์ด ์ฐ๋šฑ์˜ ๋ฌ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์กฐ(Thร nh Tแป•/ๆˆ็ฅ–)๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐ ์ฃผ์˜ ์™•๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ž(็พŽๅญ—)๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณตํ™”๊ด€์ •๋ช…์ฒ ์ดํ˜„์˜์˜๊ฐ•๋‹จ๋ถ„๋ฌด๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ๊ด‘๊ตญ์œ„๋ฏผ์›…์žฌ์œ„๋žตํ›„๊ณตํ’์—…์œ„๋ นํ˜„์‘ํ˜ธ๊ตญ์†Œ์šฐ์ˆ˜๋ก์„์œค๋ฉด์กฐ์—ฐํฌ๊ณ„์šฐํ™ํ›ˆ๋ฌด๊ณต๋ถ€์šฉ์กฐ๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฌด์ด์ „์กฐ์ ์ˆ˜์œ ์˜๋ช…๊ณ ํ–‰ํ›„์€ํ˜„๋ชจ๊ด‘์„œ๋ฌด์—…์ง‘๊ฒฝ๋ชจ์น˜์กฐํ•˜์œค๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์ค€ํ—Œ์ฒœ๋ณดํ˜œ๋žต๋„๊ณต์ง์ง‘๋ณ‘๋ถ€๊ฐ•๋ด‰์นœ๋ฒ•๊ณ ์ง„๋ น๋žŒ๊ถŒ์ˆญํฌ๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ†ต๊ด‘์ฒœ๊ณ„์ฒœ์ถœ์น˜๊ฐ€ํ˜œํ™์€์กฐ๊ธฐ์˜๋ช…์•…์ถ”์–ด์šฐ๊ณฝ์šฉ๋ถ„๋‹จ์‹๊ตญ์–ด๋ณ€์ด๋ช…์šฉ๊ฒฐ์‹ ๋ฌด์›…๋‹จ์ •๋‚ด๋…•์™ธ์ •์ง์ถฉํ›„์ฐฝ์—…์ˆ˜ํ†ต์„ฑ๋•๋ฌด๊ณตํ™˜๋ฌด์˜๋ชจํœ˜๊ณต์‹ ์„ฑ์‹ฌ๋žต๊ต‰๋ชจ์ค€๊ณต๋ฌด๋•๊ธฐ๋ช…๊ฒฝ๊ด‘์—ฐ๋ชจ๊ต‰๋ ฌ์ˆ ์‚ฌ๋„๊ณต๋ถ„์œ„์กฐ์šฐ์ฒ ์™•(ๆญๅ’Œๅฏฌๆญฃๆ˜Žๅ“ฒ่ฐ้กฏ่‹ฑๆฏ…ๅ‰›ๆ–ทๅฅฎๆญฆ็ถ“ๆ–‡ๅŒกๅœ‹่ก›ๆฐ‘้›„ๆ‰ๅ‰็•ฅๅŽšๅŠŸ่ฑๆฅญๅจ้ˆ้กฏๆ‡‰่ญทๅœ‹็ดน็ฅๅ—็ฅฟ้Œซ่ƒค็ถฟ็ฅšๅปถ็ฆงๅ•Ÿไฝ‘้ดปๅ‹ณ่Œ‚ๅŠŸๆ•ทๅ‹‡้€ ่ฌ€ๅ…†ๆญฆ่ฒฝๅ…ธ่‚‡่ฟนๅž‚่ฃ•ๆฐธๅ‘ฝ้ซ˜่กŒๅŽšๆฉ้กฏ่ฌจๅ…‰็ท’ๆ’ซๆฅญ้›†ๆ…ถไฟๆฒป้€ ๅคๆฝค็‰ฉๅž‚ๆบ–ๆ†ฒๅคฉๆ™ฎๆƒ ็•ฅ้Ÿœๅ…ฌ็›ดๅŸทๆŸ„ๆ‰ถ็ถฑๅฅ‰่ฆชๆณ•ๅคๆŒฏไปคๆ”ฌๆฌŠๅด‡็†™้–‹ๆ…ถๆ™ฎ้€šๅ…‰ๅคฉ็นผๅคฉๅ‡บๆฒปๅ˜‰ๆƒ ๆดชๆฉ่‚‡ๅŸบๆฐธๅ‘ฝๆกๆจžๅพกๅฎ‡ๅป“ๅฎนๅฅฎๆ–ทๆคๅœ‹็ฆฆ้‚Š่ฐๆ˜Žๅ‹‡ๆฑบ็ฅžๆญฆ้›„ๆ–ท้–ๅ…งๅฏงๅค–ๆญฃ็›ดๅฟ ๅŽšๅ‰ตๆฅญๅž‚็ตฑ็››ๅพท่Œ‚ๅŠŸๆก“ๆญฆ่‹ฑ่ฌจๅพฝๆญ็ฅž่–ๆทฑ็•ฅๅฎ่ฌจๅณปๅŠŸ่Œ‚ๅพทๅŸบๅ‘ฝ่€ฟๅ…‰็‡•่ฌ€ๅฎ็ƒˆ่ฟฐไบ‹ๅœ–ๅŠŸๅฅฎๅจ้€ ๅฎ‡ๅ“ฒ็Ž‹)์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‘์šฐ์˜Œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‘์šฐ์˜Œํ‘น์‘์šฐ์˜Œ์€ ์ฐ๋šฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ "์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์—†์ด ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฐ์‘ค์–ธ์€ ๋ถ€์นœ์ด ์—†์ด ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‹ˆ, ์ฒœ๋„ํ˜ธํ™˜(ๅคฉ้“ๅฅฝ้‚„)์ด๋ž€ ๋ง์ด ๋ฏฟ์–ด ์†์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.[ๆพ็„กๅ›๏ผŒๆคฟ็„ก็ˆถ๏ผŒๅคฉ้“ๅฅฝ้‚„๏ผŒไฟกไธ่ชฃไนŸใ€‚]"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์„ธ์˜ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ฐ๋šฑ์„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์กฐ์กฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐ๋šฑ๊ณผ ์กฐ์กฐ๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด '์ฒœ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œํ›„๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ๋ นํ•œ[ๆŒพๅคฉๅญไปฅไปค่ซธไพฏ]' ๊ถŒ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์กฐ๋ถ€ : ํฅ์กฐ() ์œก๋•์™•() ์ฐ๋Ÿฌ์šฐ() ์กฐ๋ชจ : ์ž์‹ฌ์ˆ™๋น„() ํ˜ธ์•™ ํ‹ฐ ์‘์˜ฅ๋…() ๋ถ€์นœ : ์„ธ์กฐ() ๋ช…๊ฐ•ํƒœ์™•() ์ฐ๋ผ์— () ๋ชจ์นœ : ์ž์˜ํƒœ๋น„() ์‘์šฐ์˜Œ ํ‹ฐ ์‘์˜ฅ๋ฐ”์˜ค() ํ›„๋น„ ์™•์ž ์™•๋…€ ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1550๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1623๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%20T%C3%B9ng
Trแป‹nh Tรนng
Trแป‹nh Tรนng (19 December 1550 โ€“ 17 July 1623), also known as Trแป‹nh Tรฒng and later given the title Bรฌnh An Vฦฐฦกng (ๅนณๅฎ‰็Ž‹), was the de facto ruler of ฤแบกi Viแป‡t from 1572 to 1623. Trแป‹nh Tรนng is the first official Trแป‹nh lord, although his fatherโ€”Trแป‹nh Kiแปƒmโ€”was de facto ruler of Dai Viet before him, Trแป‹nh Kiแปƒm never claimed himself as Trแป‹nh lord. Therefore, Trแป‹nh Kiแปƒm is not considered as the first Trแป‹nh lord. Trแป‹nh Tรนng was reputed to be from the first generation of the Trแป‹nh lords who ruled Vietnam from 1545 to 1789; however, since he was so young when the family first came to power, Trแป‹nh Tรนng theoretically belonged to the second generation. The Trแป‹nh family wielded the military power of the country and took turns as regents to the figurehead Lรช kings who nominally reigned over the country. Trแป‹nh Kiแปƒm, Tรนng's father, was given the title of 'Duke' during his life and after his death was conferred with the title of Thรกi Vฦฐฦกng, which means "Great Prince". From the time of Trแป‹nh Tรนng onwards, members of the Trแป‹nh family were given the title of Prince while in power. Also known with the title of Lord, they had the right to choose the crown prince and had power over political and military matters. During his rule, the war with the Mแบกc dynasty was successfully completed. History Trแป‹nh Tรนng was the second son of Trแป‹nh Kiแปƒm. In 1572, upon the death of his father, Trแป‹nh Tรนng's elder brother, Trแป‹nh Cแป‘i, took command. Immediately challenged by Trแป‹nh Tรนng, Trแป‹nh Cแป‘i lost a battle to the Mแบกc, and thus Trแป‹nh Tรนng took control of the situation. He proved to be a very capable leader and in 1571, the Lรช Loyalist Army captured the Eastern capital Thฤƒng Long from emperor Mแบกc Mแบญu Hแปฃp. However, a counteroffensive the next year drove them out. In the midst of this reversal, the nominal Lรช emperor, Lรช Anh Tรดng, fled to Nghแป‡ An Province. Trแป‹nh Tรนng appointed a new emperor (Lรช Thแบฟ Tรดng), and had the previous king assassinated. The war against the Mแบกc continued for the next twenty years until 1592, when the Eastern Capital (Dong kinh) was reconquered. Mแบกc Mแบญu Hแปฃp was captured during the retreat and subsequently executed. Further military actions took place against the army of the Mแบกc in the years 1593 and 1594. The Royal (Trแป‹nh) army was lent assistance in this battle by Tung's uncle Nguyแป…n army. In formal recognition for his defeat of the Mแบกc, Trแป‹nh Tรนng was given the title Pacifying Prince (Bรฌnh An Vฦฐฦกng) in 1599. In 1619, Emperor Lรช Kinh Tรดng, and Tรนng's own son, Trแป‹nh Xuรขn schemed against Trแป‹nh Tรนng so the emperor could reclaim actual Imperial power but the plot was discovered, the emperor was forced to garrotte himself and a new emperor was put in his place (Lรช Thแบงn Tรดng). This led Nguyแป…n Phรบc Nguyรชn to a formal ending of his relations with the court which, after seven more years, led to the Trแป‹nhโ€“Nguyแป…n War. By 1623, Trแป‹nh Tรนng was growing old. He tried to secure his succession by dividing rule between his two sons in order to avoid conflict. His attempt was not successful. "Jealousy broke out in his family even before his death, as not only both his sons but also one of his brothers tried to (take) his power. Trแป‹nh Tรนng was taken ill to his brother's house and there his younger son was murdered. The elder, called Trแป‹nh Trรกng, hearing of this, ran away to the province of Thanh Hรณa, taking with him the king and the royal family. Trแป‹nh Tรนng was then driven away from his brother's place, and, abandoned by the servants who had carried him away in a sedan chair, died alone on the road. So ended the life of a statesman who had more capacity and energy than any other man mentioned in the whole of Annamese history..." Sources A Glimpse of Vietnam's History (retrieved May 2006) See also Cao Cao Lรช dynasty List of Vietnamese dynasties 1623 deaths Trแป‹nh lords 1550 births 16th-century Vietnamese monarchs 16th-century regents 17th-century Vietnamese monarchs 17th-century regents
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%88%EA%B6%81%20%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%95%EA%B1%B0%EC%9E%A5
ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ
ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ(), ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ()์€ ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ €๊ถค๋„์— 2023๋…„ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์—ฌ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์šด์šฉํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์€ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ํ‡ด์—ญํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๊ด€์ œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ํ•ญ์ฒœ์ง€ํœ˜๊ณต์ œํ•™์›์ด ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์€ ํ†ˆ๊ถ 1ํ˜ธ์™€ 2ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•œ, ํ†ˆ๊ถ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณผํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ช… ์ค‘๊ตญ์œ ์ธ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ณต์ •ํŒ๊ณต์‹ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ธ ์™• ์›ฌ๋ฐ”์˜ค๋Š” 2011๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ž ํšŒ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ "๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—…์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์œ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ข€ ๋” ์ƒ์ƒํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ง€์–ด์งˆ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค๋„ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์ƒ์ง•์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 10์›” 31์ผ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์œ ์ธ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ณต์ •ํŒ๊ณต์‹ค์€ ์ƒˆ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ํ™•์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์ฃผ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ†ˆ๊ถ(, ์•ฝ์นญ TG)์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋’ค์— ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค. ํ†ˆ๊ถ 1ํ˜ธ๋Š” 2011๋…„, ํ†ˆ๊ถ 2ํ˜ธ๋Š” 2016๋…„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ธ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ†ˆ์ €์šฐ(, ์•ฝ์นญ TZ)๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ†ˆ์ €์šฐ 1ํ˜ธ๋Š” 2017๋…„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ํ†ˆ๊ถ(, ์•ฝ์นญ TG)์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ†ˆํ—ˆ(, ์•ฝ์นญ TH)๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฉํ†ˆ(, ์•ฝ์นญ MT)๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์›ํ†ˆ(, ์•ฝ์นญ WT)๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์‰ฐํ†ˆ(), ์•ฝ์นญ XT)์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋‘˜์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ˆ๊ถ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์€ 3์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆํ˜• ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์€ ์Šค์นด์ด๋žฉ, ์•Œ๋งˆ์ฆˆ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ด๋ฅ˜ํŠธ ๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ ์žฌ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์ด๊ณ , 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์€ ์‚ด๋ฅ˜ํŠธ 6ํ˜ธ, ์‚ด๋ฅ˜ํŠธ 7ํ˜ธ, ํ†ˆ๊ถ 1ํ˜ธ, ํ†ˆ๊ถ 2ํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ ์žฌ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, 3์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด, ๊ตญ์ œ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ๊ถค๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ด์–ด๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน, ์ œ์ž‘๋น„ ์ ˆ๊ฐ, ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์ถฉ์กฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์†Œ๋ จ-๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ์„ ์ €์šฐ๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ APAS ๋„ํ‚น ์–ด๋Žํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ํ•ญ๊ณตยท์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1995๋…„ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์Šค ๊ธฐ์ˆ (ํ›ˆ๋ จ, ์†Œ์œ ์Šค ์บก์Š ์ œ๊ณต, ์ƒ๋ช… ์œ ์ง€ ์žฅ์น˜, ๋„ํ‚น ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ณต)์„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋„˜๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜‘์ •์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•ด, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ์„ ์ €์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์œ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๋„ํ‚น ์žฅ์น˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒœ๊ตญ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ํ‚น ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ํ†ˆํ—ˆ๋Š” ์Šน๋ฌด์›์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋ช… ์œ ์ง€ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ์œ ๋„, ๊ด€์ œ, ์กฐ์ข… ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ๋„ํ‚น ํฌํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ™œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์—Œ, ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค, ์†Œํ™” ์žฅ๋น„, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์žฅ์น˜, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ, ํ†ต์‹  ์žฅ์น˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์ธ ๋ฉํ†ˆ์—๋Š” ํ†ˆํ—ˆ ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ์œ ๋„, ๊ด€์ œ, ์กฐ์ข… ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉํ†ˆ๊ณผ ๋‘˜์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์ธ ์›ํ†ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ค‘๋ ฅ, ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ , ์ง„๊ณต, ํƒœ์–‘ํ’ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์กฐ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šน๋ฌด์›์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์œ ์˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ISS ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฑด์„ค๋ถ€์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด๋‚˜ ISS ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ฑด์„ค๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ถค๋„์—์„œ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ ๋จผ์ € ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ „ํ›„๋ฐฉ ๋„ํ‚น ํฌํŠธ์— ๋„ํ‚นํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๋กœ๋ด‡ ํŒ”์ด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋„ํ‚นํฌํŠธ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€ 2๊ฐœ์”ฉ์„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ง€ํŒ์€ ํƒœ์–‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ์ œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž ์†์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ํ‚น ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋„ํ‚น ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ APAS-89/APAS-95๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋„ํ‚น ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ISS์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ํ˜ธํ™˜๋ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฅ๋น„ 2016๋…„ 6์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ธ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์— ์„ค์น˜ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฅ๋น„๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณผํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Ecology Science Experiment Rack, ESER) ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Biotechnology Experiment Rack, BER) ๊ณผํ•™์šฉ ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ๋ฐ•์Šค ๋ฐ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Science Glove-box and Refrigerator Rack, SGRR) ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ค‘๋ ฅ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ & ์—ฐ์†Œ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Fluids Physics Experiment Rack, FPER) 2์ƒ๊ณ„ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Two-phase System Experiment Rack, TSER) ์—ฐ์†Œ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Combustion Experiment Rack, CER) ์šฐ์ฃผ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณผํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ํ™”๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Material Furnace Experiment Rack, MFER) ์šฉ๊ธฐ ๋น„ํฌํ•จ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Container-less Material Experiment Rack, CMER) ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์›์ž ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Cold Atom Experiment Rack, CAER) ์ดˆ์ •๋ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (High-precision Time-Frequency Rack, HTFR) ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์  ์„ค๋น„ ๊ณ (้ซ˜)๋ฏธ์†Œ์ค‘๋ ฅ ํ‰์กฐ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (High Micro-gravity Level Rack, HMGR) ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Varying-Gravity Experiment Rack, VGER) ๋ชจ๋“ˆํ™” ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ ๋ฐ˜ (Modularized Experiment Rack, RACK) ์žฌ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์˜ ์žฌ๋ณด๊ธ‰์€ ์œ ์ธ์„  ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ธ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ์ €์šฐ ์„ ์ €์šฐ()๋Š” ์Šน๋ฌด์›์„ ๊ถค๋„๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ์ €์šฐ๋Š” ์Šน๋ฌด์›์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ ๊ถค๋„์ฐฝ(), ์Šน๋ฌด์›์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์žฌ์ง„์ž…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ท€ํ™˜์ฐฝ(), ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์žฅ์น˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์ง„์ฐฝ()์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํ†ˆ์ €์šฐ ํ†ˆ์ €์šฐ()๋Š” ํ†ˆ๊ถ 1ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ฌด์ธ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์— ์‹๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ์žฌ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ฐ์ผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ, ๋ž‘๋ฐ๋ถ€, ๋„ํ‚น ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ์ž„๋ฌด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ถค๋„์—์„œ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ๊ฑด์กฐ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ณ„ํš 2011๋…„, ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด 2020๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2022๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 2013๋…„์—๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์€ 2018๋…„, ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ 2020๋…„ ๋ฐ 2022๋…„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2018๋…„์ด ๋˜์ž ๊ณ„ํš์€ 2020๋…„์—์„œ 2023๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋Šฆ์ถฐ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๊ถค๋„ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์€ ๊ณ ๋„ 340 ~ 450 km, ์ง€๊ตฌ ์—ด๊ถŒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•ด ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์„ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถ”์ ์ด ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค์—๋„ ์žกํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” 1 cm ์ดํ•˜ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ๋ฐ, ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šด๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์— ํฐ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์— ํ†ต๋ณด๋˜์–ด ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—”์ง„์„ ๊ฐ€๋™์‹œ์ผœ ์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์Šน๋ฌด์›์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ ์ €์šฐ์— ํƒ‘์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ์ผ์˜ ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์‹œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ €๊ถค๋„์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ํƒœ์–‘ํ’์— ์˜ํ•ด ํœ˜์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์€ ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ 7๋งŒ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํƒœ์–‘ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด๋Š” ์Šน๋ฌด์›์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ์ „์—์•ผ ํ†ต์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ ๊ตญ์ œ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์˜ ์Šน๋ฌด์›๋“ค์ด X-3๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ํƒœ์–‘ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด์˜ "์–‘์„ฑ์ž ํญํ’" ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒœ์–‘ํ’ ๋ฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์˜ ์–‘์„ฑ์ž ๋“ฑ ํ•˜์ „ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 1๋…„์น˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ธ 1 ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋ฒ„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์•” ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋‚˜ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ์— ์†์ƒ์„ ์ค˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ 2011๋…„ ์„ ์ €์šฐ 8ํ˜ธ์™€ ํ†ˆ๊ถ 1ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋„ํ‚น ์งํ›„, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒœ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜, ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋น„ํ–‰, ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 2์›” 22์ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒœ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์œ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผํ™œ๋™ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ†ˆ๊ถ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณ„ํš ๋“ฑ ์œ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš ์ถ”์ง„์ด ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ข‹์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๊ตญ์ œ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด ํ†ˆ๊ถ ๊ณ„ํš ์„ ์ €์šฐ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒœ๊ตญ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ•™์ˆ ํšŒ: ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณ„ํš 2022๋…„ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 2022๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong%20space%20station
Tiangong space station
Tiangong (), officially the Tiangong space station (), is a permanently crewed space station constructed by China and operated by China Manned Space Agency in low Earth orbit between above the surface. It is China's first long-term space station, part of the Tiangong program and the core of the "Third Step" of the China Manned Space Program; it has a pressurised volume of 340 m3 (12,000 cu ft), slightly over one third the size of the International Space Station. The construction of the station is based on the experience gained from its precursors, Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2. The first module, the Tianhe ("Harmony of the Heavens") core module, was launched on 29 April 2021, followed by multiple crewed and uncrewed missions and two more laboratory cabin modules Wentian ("Quest for the Heavens") launched on 24 July 2022 and Mengtian ("Dreaming of the Heavens") launched on 31 October 2022. The space station aims to provide opportunities for space-based experiments and a platform for building capacity for scientific and technological innovation. Nomenclature The names used in the space program, previously all chosen from the revolutionary history of the People's Republic, have been replaced with mystical-religious ones. Thus, the new Long March launch vehicles were renamed "Divine Arrow - (Shรฉnjiร n - ), space capsule Divine Vessel (Shรฉnzhลu - ็ฅž่ˆŸ), spaceplane Divine Dragon (Shรฉnlรณng - ็ฅž้พ™), land-based high-power laser Divine Light (Shรฉnguฤng - ็ฅžๅ…‰), and supercomputer Divine Might (Shรฉnwฤ“i - ็ฅžๅจ). These poetic names continue as the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and future probes of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program are called Chang'e โ€“ after the Moon goddess. The name "Tiangong" means "heavenly palace". Across China, the launch of Tiangong-1 was reported to have inspired a variety of feelings, including love poetry. The rendezvous of the space vehicles has been compared to the reunion of the cowherd and the weaver girl. Wang Wenbao, director of the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), told a news conference in 2011: "Considering past achievements and the bright future, we feel the manned space programme should have a more vivid symbol, and that the future space station should carry a resounding and encouraging name. We now feel that the public should be involved in the names and symbols, as this major project will enhance national prestige and strengthen the national sense of cohesion and pride". On 31 October 2013, CMSA announced the new names for the whole space station program: The precursor space labs would be called Tiangong (), code TG. Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2 were launched respectively in 2011 and 2016. The large modular space station would be called Tiangong as well, without number. The cargo transport spacecraft would be called Tianzhou (), code TZ. The first Tianzhou mission successfully launched and deorbited in 2017. The first mission to the space station, Tianzhou 2, flew on 29 May 2021. Subsequently, Tianzhou 3, Tianzhou 4 and Tianzhou 5 were launched respectively on 20 September 2021, 9 May 2022 and 12 November 2022. The Modular Space Station Core Module would be called Tianhe (), code TH. Tianhe was successfully launched on 29 April 2021. The Modular Space Station Experiment Module I would be called Wentian (), code WT. Wentian was successfully launched on 24 July 2022. The Modular Space Station Experiment Module II would be called Mengtian (), code MT. Mengtian was successfully launched on 31 October 2022. The separate space telescope module would be called Xuntian (), code XT (telescope), receiving the previously intended name for the Experiment Module II. Launch is planned for 2024. Purpose and mission According to CMSA, which operates the space station, the purpose and mission of Tiangong is to develop and gain experience in spacecraft rendezvous technology, permanent human operations in orbit, long-term autonomous spaceflight of the space station, regenerative life support technology and autonomous cargo and fuel supply technology. It will also serve the platform for the next-generation orbit transportation vehicles, scientific and practical applications at large-scale in orbit, and technology for future deep space exploration. CMSA also encourages commercial activities led by the private sector and hopes their involvement could bring cost-effective aerospace innovations. Space tourism at the space station is also considered. Scientific research The space station will have 23 experimental racks in an enclosed, pressurized environment. There will also be platforms for exposed experiments; 22 and 30 on the Wentian and Mengtian laboratory modules, respectively. Over 1,000 experiments are tentatively approved by CMSA, and scheduled to be conducted on the space station. Agriculture in microgravity was explored with cultivation of rice and Arabidopsis thaliana as sustainable food sources for long-term spaceflight. The programmed experiment equipment racks for the three modules as of June 2016 were: Space life sciences and biotechnology Ecology Science Experiment Rack (ESER) Biotechnology Experiment Rack (BER) Science Glove-box and Refrigerator Rack (SGRR) Microgravity fluid physics and combustion Fluids Physics Experiment Rack (FPER) Two-phase System Experiment Rack (TSER) Combustion Experiment Rack (CER) Material science in space Material Furnace Experiment Rack (MFER) Container-less Material Experiment Rack (CMER) Fundamental Physics in Microgravity Cold Atom Experiment Rack (CAER) High-precision Time-Frequency Rack (HTFR) Multipurpose Facilities High Micro-gravity Level Rack (HMGR) Varying-Gravity Experiment Rack (VGER) Modularized Experiment Rack (RACK) Education and cultural outreach The space station features space lectures and popular science experiments to educate, motivate and inspire the younger Chinese generation and world audience in science and technology. Each lecture is concluded with a question-and-answer session with school children's questions from classrooms across China. The first and second Tiangong space lesson was conducted in December 2021 and March 2022, as a part of the Shenzhou 13 mission. This tradition continued with the Shenzhou 14. The CSSARC is the Amateur Radio payload for the Chinese Space Station, proposed by the Chinese Radio Amateurs Club (CRAC), Aerospace System Engineering Research Institute of Shanghai (ASES) and Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT). The payload will provide resources for radio amateurs worldwide to contact onboard astronauts or communicate with each other, aim to inspire students to take interests and careers in science, technology, engineering, and math, and encourage more people to get interested in amateur radio. The first phase of the payload is capable of providing the following functions utilizing the VHF/UHF amateur radio band: V/V or U/U crew voice V/U or U/V FM repeater V/V or U/U 1k2 AFSK digipeater V/V or U/U SSTV or digital image Structure The space station is a third-generation modular space station. First-generation space stations, such as early Salyut, Almaz, and Skylab, were single-piece stations and not designed for resupply. Second generation Salyut 6 and 7, and Tiangong 1 and 2 stations, are designed for mid-mission resupply. Third-generation stations, such as Mir and the International Space Station, are modular space stations, assembled in orbit from pieces launched separately. Modular design can greatly improve reliability, reduce costs, shorten development cycles, and meet diversified task requirements. Modules The initial target configuration for the end of 2022 consisted of three modules. Previous plans suggested expanding to six modules by duplicating the initial three, but as of 2023, planning has shifted to adding a single multi-functional module with six docking ports instead. In October 2023, China announced revised plans to expand the station to six modules starting in 2027. The Tianhe Core Cabin Module (CCM) provides life support and living quarters for three crew members and provides guidance, navigation, and orientation control for the station. The module also provides the station's power, propulsion, and life support systems. The module consists of three sections: living quarters, a service section, and a docking hub. The living quarters will contain a kitchen and toilet, fire control equipment, atmospheric processing and control equipment, computers, scientific apparatus, communications equipment to send and receive communications via ground control in Beijing, and other equipment. In 2018 a full-scale mockup of CCM was publicly presented at China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in Zhuhai. The video from CMSA revealed that two of these core modules have been built. Artist impressions have also depicted the two core modules docked together to enlarge the overall station. The first of two Laboratory Cabin Modules (LCM), Wentian, provides additional avionics, propulsion, and life support systems as backup functions for the CCM. The Wentian is also fitted with an independent airlock cabin to serve as the main entry-exit point for extravehicular activities (EVA), replacing the Tianhe docking hub. For the scientific payload, the LCM is equipped with multiple internal science racks and 22 payload adapters on the exterior for various types of experiments. Aside from scientific equipment, the module features three additional living quarters designed for short-term stay, which will be used during crew rotation. Wentian was launched and docked with the Tianhe on 24 July 2022. The second LCM, Mengtian, was launched on 31 October 2022. The Mengtian module is equipped with expanded in-orbit experiment capacity. The module is divided into multiple sections, including the pressurized crew working compartment, the unpressurized cargo section, the cargo airlock/on-orbit release mechanism, as well as the control module section featuring external experiment adapters, a communication antenna, and two solar arrays. In total, it carries 13 experimental racks and 37 external payload adapters. The cargo airlock is specifically designed for conveying payloads from inside the station to the exterior. Both LCMs provide a pressurized environment for researchers to conduct science experiments in freefall or microgravity which could not be conducted on Earth for more than a few minutes. Experiments can also be placed on the outside of the modules for exposure to the space environment, cosmic rays, vacuum, and solar winds. Overall, Wentian prioritizes life science, while the Mengtian focus on microgravity experiments. The axial port of the LCMs is fitted with rendezvous equipment for docking at the axial port of the CCM. A mechanical arm called the indexing robotic arm, externally resembling the Lyappa arm used on the Mir space station, moves Wentian LCM to the starboard side, and the Mengtian LCM module to a port-side port of the CCM. The Indexing robot arms differentiate from the Lyappa arm as they are used when docking is needed in the same plane, while the Lyappa arm controls the pitch of the spacecraft to re-dock it at a different plane. The Chinarm on the Tianhe module can be used as a backup for docking relocation. Systems Communication The real-time communications, including live audio and video links, are provided by the Tianlian II series of data relay satellites. A constellation of three satellites was launched into geostationary orbits, providing communication and data support for the station. Docking Tiangong is fitted with the Chinese Docking Mechanism used by Shenzhou spacecraft and previous Tiangong prototypes. The Chinese docking mechanism is based on the Russian APAS-89/APAS-95 system. Despite NASA describing it as a "clone" to APAS, there have been contradictory claims on the compatibility of the Chinese system with both current and future docking mechanisms on the ISS, which are also based on APAS. It has a circular transfer passage that has a diameter of . The androgynous variant has a mass of 310ย kg and the non-androgynous variant has a mass of 200ย kg. The Chinese Docking Mechanism was used for the first time on Shenzhou 8 and Tiangong 1 space stations and will be used on future Chinese space stations and with future CMSA cargo resupply vehicles. Power supply Electrical power is provided by two steerable solar power arrays on each module, which use gallium arsenide photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Energy is stored to power the station when it passes into the Earth's shadow. Resupply spacecraft will replenish fuel for the station's propulsion engines for station keeping, to counter the effects of atmospheric drag. The solar arrays are designed to last up to 15 years. Propulsion Tiangong space station is fitted with conventional chemical propulsion and ion thrusters to adjust and maintain the station's orbit. Four Hall-effect thrusters are mounted on the hull of Tianhe core module. The development of the Hall-effect thrusters is considered a sensitive topic in China, with scientists "working to improve the technology without attracting attention". Hall-effect thrusters are created with crewed mission safety in mind with effort to prevent erosion and damage caused by the accelerated ion particles. A magnetic field and specially designed ceramic shield were created to repel damaging particles and maintain the integrity of the thrusters. According to a report by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the ion drive used on Tiangong ran continuously for 8,240 hours without a glitch during the testing phase, indicating its suitability for Tiangong's designated 15-year lifespan. These are the world's first Hall thrusters to be used on a human-rated mission. Robotic arms The Tiangong station features five robotic arms. The longest one is the 10-meter-long, ISS Canadian-style SSRMS robotic arm, nicknamed Chinarm, mounted on the Tianhe core module. The Wentian module features a smaller, long SSRMS robotic arm that is 5 times more accurate in positioning than the Chinarm. The Wentian arm is primarily used to transfer extravehicular experiments and other hardware outside the station during astronaut EVAs. A dual-arm connector is installed on the Chinarm, providing it the capability to link with the Wentian robotic arm, extending its reach and weight-carrying limits. The Mengtian module carries a payload release mechanism, installed to assist in cargo transfer. The robotic arm can retrieve experiments from the cargo airlock, then install them onto the external adapters fitted on the module exterior. It can also be used to launch microsatellites. Two Indexing robotic arms are fitted on top of docking ports for the two laboratory modules to help relocate them during construction. Co-orbit modules Construction Planning In 2011, it was announced that the future space station was planned to be assembled from 2020 to 2022. By 2013, the space station's core module was planned to be launched earlier, in 2018, followed by the first laboratory module in 2020, and a second in 2022. By 2018, it was reported that this had slipped to 2020โ€“2023. In February 2020, a total of 11 launches were planned for the whole construction phase, beginning in 2021. In 2021, it was reported China National Space Administration planned to complete the construction of the space station in 2022. Tiangong modules are self-contained and pre-assembled, in contrast to the US Orbital Segment of the ISS, which required spacewalking to interconnect cables, piping, and structural elements manually. The assembly method of the station can be compared with the Soviet-Russian Mir space station and the Russian orbital segment of the International Space Station, making China the second nation to develop and use automatic rendezvous and docking for modular space station construction. The technologies in the construction are derived from decades of Chinese crewed spaceflight experiences, including those gained from Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2 prototypes, as well as the purchase of aerospace technology from Russia in the early 1990s. A representative of the Chinese crewed space program stated that around 2000, China and Russia were engaged in technological exchanges regarding the development of a docking mechanism used for space stations. Deputy Chief Designer, Huang Weifen, stated that near the end of 2009, China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) began to train astronauts on how to dock spacecraft. In accordance to the plan, by the end of 2022, the fully assembled Tiangong space station had three 22 metric-ton modules in a basic T-shape. With the modular design, the Tiangong space station can be further expanded into six modules prospectively enabling for more astronaut participation in the future. Assembly The construction of the Chinese Space Station officially began in April 2021. The planned 11 missions include three module launches, four crewed missions, and four autonomous cargo flights. On 29 April 2021, the first component of the station, Tianhe core module, was launched to the orbit aboard the Long March 5B rocket from Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site. On 29 May 2021, Tianzhou 2 autonomous cargo spacecraft was launched to the Tianhe core module in preparation for the Shenzhou 12 crew, who will be responsible for testing Tianhes various systems and preparing for future operations. On 17 June 2021, Shenzhou 12 team docked with the space station, marking them the first visitors to the Tiangong station. The first crew mission began the examination of the core module and verification of key technologies. On 4 July 2021, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo began their first spacewalk in upgraded Chinese Feitian spacesuits, outfitting the space stations with extravehicular activity (EVA) equipment, such as foot restraints and the standing platform for Chinarm. Shenzhou 12 commander Nie Haisheng stayed inside the station and tested the robotic arm movements. Liu Boming and Nie Haisheng completed the second spacewalk on 20 August 2021 and installed various devices outside of the station, including a thermal control system, a panoramic camera, and other equipment. On 16 September 2021, the Shenzhou 12 crew entered the returning spacecraft and undocked from Tianhe. Before leaving the orbit, the crew performed various radial rendezvous (R-Bar) maneuvers to circumnavigate around the space station. They tested the guidance system and recorded lighting conditions while approaching the Tianhe from different angles. The crew landed in the Gobi Desert of Inner Mongolia on the same day. Tianzhou 3 cargo spacecraft, which arrived at the launch facility a month earlier, was immediately rolled out onto the launch pad for the next supply mission. On 20 September 2021, Tianzhou 3 autonomous freighter was launched from the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center in preparation for the arrival of Shenzhou 13 crew. The Shenzhou 13 was the first six-month mission on the Tiangong station, whereas previous Shenzhou 12 was only three months in length. The Shenzhou 13 docked with the space station on 15 October 2021. Missions for the Shenzhou 13 crew included orbit experiments, spacewalks, and for the station's future expansion. On 7 November 2021, Shenzhou 13 crew Zhai Zhigang and Wang Yaping conducted the first spacewalks to test the next-generation EVA suit and robotic Chinarm, making Wang Yaping China's first female spacewalker. One of the missions in the 6.5-hour extravehicular activity was to install a dual-arm connector to the 10-meter-long robotic arm. The connector can provide the capability for Chinarm to extend in length with another 5-meter-long segment mounted on the Wentian module that will arrive in 2022. According to Gao Shen of the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), the combined 15-meter Chinarm will have greater range and weight-carrying capacity. During spacewalks, various preparations were performed on the robotic arm for manipulation and construction of future modules. On 26 December 2021, Shenzhou 13 crew Zhai Zhigang and Ye Guangfu conducted the second spacewalk to install a panoramic camera, which will be used for space station monitoring and robotic arm observation. They also practiced various movements with the help of Chinarm controlled by the monitoring astronaut Wang Yaping inside the station. During the construction phase of the station in 2021, according to documents filed by China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and reported by Reuters, the station had two "close encounters" with SpaceX's Starlink satellites on July 1 and October 21, with the station conducting evasive adjustment maneuvers. On 5 January 2022, Shenzhou 13 team used the 10-meter long Chinarm to relocate the Tianzhou 2 supply ship by 20 degrees before returning it to the original location. This maneuver was conducted to practice the procedures, equipment, and backup operation system needed for future module assembly. On January 13, the crew tested the emergency docking system by controlling the cargo spacecraft manually. In March 2022, Shenzhou 13 crew began the preparation to undock from the space station. The crew landed in China on 16 April 2022, after staying 182 days in the low-Earth orbit. Soon afterward, China launched Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft in preparation for the next crewed mission in May. The automated freighter docked with the space station on 9 May 2022, and carried vital maintenance equipment and a refrigerator for scientific experiment. Beginning with the Shenzhou 14, China officially started the final construction phase for the space station, with three astronauts tasked to oversee the arrival of two labotorary modules in 2022. On 5 June 2022, Shenzhou 14 crew arrived at the space station, docking at the Earth-facing nadir port. Shenzhou 14 crew will begin the assembly for both Wentian and Mengtian modules, arriving in second half of the year. The crew installed carbon dioxide reduction system for the space station, tested Feitian spacesuits, and debugged Tianhe core module. On 19 July 2022, Tianzhou 3 was undocked from the station, making way for the arrival of the Wentian module. On 24 July 2022, the Wentian laboratory module was launched from the Wenchang space center and rendezvoused with the Tianhe core module on the same day. Wentian is the second module for the Tiangong space station, and the first laboratory cabin module (LCM). The module is equipped with an airlock cabin, which will become the primary entry-exit point for future EVAs. The module also feature backup avionics, propulsion, and life support systems, improving Tiangong space station's operational redundancy. On 2 September 2022, the crew member Chen Dong and Liu Yang performed their first spacewalk from the new Wentian airlock, installing and adjusting various external equipment as well as testing emergency return procedures. On 17 September 2022, astronauts Chen Dong and Cai Xuzhe performed the second spacewalk, installing external pumps and verified emergency rescue capability. On 30 September 2022, all crew members worked in coordination, moving the Wentian module from the forward port to the starboard lateral docking port, which is its planned permanent location on 30 September 2022 at 04:44 UTC. The relocation process was largely automated with the assistance of the Indexing robotic arm. In October 2022, CMSA prepared to launch the third and final module, Mengtian, to complete the construction for the Tiangong space station. On 31 October 2022, Mengtian module was launched from the Wenchang space center, and docked with the station 13 hours later. The assembly of the Mengtian marks the final step in the 1.5-year construction process. According to China Academy of Space Technology, the rendezvous and docking process for Mengtian was conducted expeditiously, as then L-shaped Tiangong station consumed large amount of energy to stay oriented in its asymmetrical arrangement. On 3 November 2022, Mengtian was relocated autonomously from the forward docking port to port-side lateral docking port via Indexing robotic arm, and successfully berthed at its planned permanent location with Tianhe module at 01:32UTC (9:32BJT), forming a T-shape. Subsequently, CMSA announced the construction of the Tiangong space station is officially complete. Designer of Mengtian module, Li Guangxing, explained the space station was maneuvered to a special position, utilizing the Earth's gravity to help stabilize the docking process. At 07:12UTC, The Shenzhou 14 crew entered the Mengtian module. On 10 November 2022, Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft undocked from the Tiangong, and Tianzhou 5 was prepared to launch on the same day. Tianzhou 5 was launched on 12 November 2022, carrying supplies, experiments, and microsatellites to the space station. It also contained gifts for China's first crew handover ceremony in orbit. The completed station had extra capacity for expanded crew activities and living space for six, allowing crew rotation. On 29 November 2022, the Shenzhou 15 crew Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming, and Zhang Lu was launched to the space station. The crew spent one week together for handover and verification for sustainable six-man operations. With the crew rotation operation, China commenced its permanent space presence. Expansion According to CMSA, the Tiangong space station is expected to be expanded from three to six modules, with improved versions of the Tianhe, Wentian, and Mengtian modules. According to Wang Xiang, commander of the space station system at the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), the potential next phase would be adding a new core module. โ€œFollowing our current design, we can continue to launch an extension module to dock with the forward section of the space station, and the extension module can carry a new hub for docking with the subsequent space vehicles,โ€ Wang told CCTV. In October 2023, CAST presented new plan on the 74th International Astronautical Congress to expand the Tiangong to 180 tons, six-module assembly, with at least 15 years of operational life. A multi-functional module with six docking ports was planned as the foundation for the expansion. New sections included 3D printers, robots, improved robotic arms, and space debris observation, detection, and warning systems. The Xuntian space telescope module is expected to launch in 2024. International co-operation China's incentive to build its own space station was amplified after US Congress prohibited NASA from any direct engagement & cooperation with CNSA thus effectively prohibiting any Chinese participation in the International Space Station (ISS) in 2011, although China, Russia and Europe mutually vowed intentions to maintain a cooperative and multilateral approach in space. Between 2007 and 2011, the space agencies of Russia, Europe, and China carried out the ground-based preparations in the Mars500 project, which complement the ISS-based preparations for a human mission to Mars. Cooperation in the field of crewed space flight between the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA, formerly known as CMSEO) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) was examined in 2011, and participation in the development of China crewed space stations and cooperation with China in the fields such as visiting astronauts, and scientific research was discussed. An initial cooperative agreement with China National Space Administration and the Italian Space Agency was subsequently signed in November 2011, covering areas of collaboration within space transportation, telecommunications, Earth observation, etc. In 2019, an Italian experiment High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) was scheduled on board the Chinese station. Tiangong also involved cooperation from France, Sweden, and Russia. On 22 February 2017, the CMSA and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) signed an agreement to cooperate on long-term human spaceflight activities. The agreement holds importance due to Italy's leading position in the field of human spaceflight with regards to the creation and exploitation of the International Space Station (Node 2, Node 3, Columbus, Cupola, Leonardo, Raffaello, Donatello, PMM, etc.) and it signified Italy's increased anticipation in China's developing space station programme. The European Space Agency (ESA) started human spaceflight training with CMSA in 2017, with the ultimate goal of sending ESA astronauts to Tiangong. To prepare for the future missions, selected ESA astronauts lived together with their Chinese counterparts and engaged in training sessions such as splashes-down survival, language learning, and spacecraft operations. However, in January 2023, ESA announced that the agency will not send its astronauts to China's space station due to political and financial reasons. International experiments were selected by the CMSA and the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) in a UN session in 2019. 42 applications were submitted, and nine experiments were accepted. Some of the experiments are a continuation to the ones on Tiangong-2 such as POLAR-2, an experiment of researching Gamma-ray burst polarimetry, proposed by Switzerland, Poland, Germany and China. Canadian Professor Dr. Tricia Larose from the University of Oslo develops a cutting-edge cancer research experiment for the station. The 31-day experiment will test to see if weightlessness has a positive effect in stopping cancer growth. The High Energy Cosmic Ray Detector project is conducted by a 200 scientists team from Europe, mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Under UNOOSA framework, Tiangong is also expected to host experiments from Belgium, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Spain, involving 23 institutions and 17 countries. Regarding the participation of foreign astronauts, CMSA has repeatedly communicated its support for such proposals. During the press conference of the Shenzhou 12 mission, Zhou Jianping, the chief designer of China Manned Space Program explained that multiple countries had expressed their wishes to participate. He told journalists that the future participation of foreign astronauts "will be guaranteed". Ji Qiming, an assistant director at CMSA told reporters that he believes "in the near future, after the completion of the Chinese space station, we will see Chinese and foreign astronauts fly and work together." In October 2022, the station opened its selection process to Hong Kong and Macau, the two special administrative regions of China. Life aboard Crew activities Astronauts on the Tiangong station follow China Standard Time (CST) for their daily schedule. The crew often wakes up around 7:00 and begins their daily conference with Mission Control in Beijing before starting work at 08:00 (00:00UTC). The crew will then follow their planned schedule until 21:00, after which they report their work process to Mission Control. At 13:30, astronauts enter their living quarters to take a nap, which typically takes an hour. The crew also has multiple breaks for eating and resting. The Tiangong station features a lighting scene function to simulate lighting conditions on Earth, including daylight, dusk, and night. As the station experiences 16 sunrises and sunsets per day in low Earth orbit, this function helps to avoid disruption to the crew's circadian rhythm. The Tiangong space station is fitted with home automation functions, including remote-controlled appliances and a logistics management system. The crew can use their tablet computers to identify, locate, and organize items inside the station, as all items in the station are marked by QR codes. This will help ensure an orderly environment as more cargo arrives. The station possesses a Wi-Fi network for wireless connections and each astronaut wears a bone-conduction headphone and microphone for easy communication. Inter-device communication inside the station is completely wireless via the Wi-Fi network to avoid cord mess. Food and personal hygiene Meals consisting of 120 different types of food, selected based on astronauts' preferences, are stored aboard. Staples including shredded pork in garlic sauce, kung pao chicken, black pepper beef, yuxiang shredded pork, pickled cabbage, and beverages, including a variety of teas and juices, are resupplied by trips of the Tianzhou-class robotic cargo spacecraft. Fresh fruit and vegetables are stored in coolers. Huang Weifen, the chief astronaut trainer of CMSA, explains that most of the food is prepared to be solid, boneless, small-piece. Condiments such as pork sauce and Sichuan pepper sauce are used to compensate for the changes in the sense of taste in microgravity. The station is equipped with a small kitchen table for food preparation, a refrigerator, a water dispenser, and the first-ever microwave oven in spaceflight so that astronauts can "always have hot food whenever they need." Following the astronauts' feedback, larger supplies of vegetables were included since Tianzhou 4, making the variety of vegetable increased to 32. The station's core module, Tianhe, provides the living quarters for the crew members, containing of three separate sleeping berths, a space toilet, shower facility, and gym equipment. Each berth features one small circular window, a headphone set, ventilation, and other amenities. Neuromuscular electrical stimulator is used to prevent muscle atrophy. The noise level in the working area is set at 58 decibels, while in the sleeping area, the noise is kept at 49 decibels. The ventilation system provides air circulation to the crew, with 0.08m/s wind speed for the working areas and 0.05ย m/s for the sleeping stations. Three additional living quarters for short-term stay are located in the Wentian laboratory module. Operations Since 5 June 2022, Tiangong has been a permanently crewed station, typically staffed with a crew of 3 people and but capable of supporting up to 6 people. After the completion of the station in November 2022, it housed a crew of 6 people for the first time for 5 days during the crew rotation from Shenzhou 14 to Shenzhou 15 in December 2022. Operations are controlled from the Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center in China. To guarantee the safety of astronauts on board, a Long March 2F/G with a Shenzhou spacecraft will always be on standby for an emergency rescue mission. Crewed missions The first crewed mission to Tiangong, Shenzhou 12, lasted 90 days. Starting with Shenzhou 13, subsequent missions have had a normal duration of about 180 days. CMSA has announced the testing of a next-generation crewed spacecraft to eventually replace Shenzhou. It is designed to carry astronauts to Tiangong and offer the capability for lunar exploration. China's next-generation crew carrier is reusable with a detachable heat shield built to handle higher-temperature returns through Earth's atmosphere. According to CMSA officials, the new capsule design is larger than the Shenzhou. The spacecraft is capable of carrying astronauts to the Moon, and can accommodate up to six to seven crew members at a time, three more astronauts than Shenzhou. The new crewed spacecraft has a cargo section that allows astronauts to bring cargo back to Earth, whereas the Tianzhou cargo resupply spacecraft is not designed to bring any cargo back to Earth. Cargo resupply Tianzhou''' (Heavenly Vessel), a modified derivative of the Tiangong-1 spacecraft, is used as robotic cargo spacecraft to resupply this station. The launch mass of Tianzhou is around 13,000ย kg with a payload of around 6,000ย kg. Launch, rendezvous and docking shall be fully autonomous, with mission control and crew used in override or monitoring roles. This system becomes very reliable with standardizations that provide significant cost benefits in repetitive routine operations. An automated approach could allow the assembly of modules orbiting other worlds prior to crewed missions. List of missions All dates are UTC. Dates are the earliest possible dates and may change. Forward ports are at the front of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation (attitude). Aft is at the rear of the station, used by spacecraft to boost the station's orbit. Nadir is closest to the Earth, zenith is on top. Port is to the left if pointing one's feet towards the Earth and looking in the direction of travel; starboard to the right. Key End of mission Tiangong is designed to be used for 10 years, though it could be extended to 15 years and will accommodate three astronauts. CMSA crewed spacecraft use deorbital burns to slow their velocity, resulting in their re-entry to the Earth's atmosphere. Vehicles carrying a crew have a heat shield which prevents the vehicle's destruction caused by aerodynamic heating upon contact with the Earth's atmosphere. The station itself has no heat-shield; however, small parts of space stations can reach the surface of the Earth, so uninhabited areas will be targeted for de-orbit manoeuvres. Visibility Similar to the ISS, the Tiangong space station can also be seen from Earth with the naked eye due to sunlight illumination reflected off the modules and solar panels, reaching a brightness magnitude of at least -2.2 mag. In popular culture A predecessor, the Tiangong-1 space laboratory, and the International Space Station are subjects in the 2013 feature film Gravity. Near the end of the Netflix original animated film Over the Moon'' (2020), a red dragon is depicted playing with Tiangong space station. Notes References External links Complete Tiangong space station tracking location details from user location. China Space Station Amateur Radio Project (CSSARC) website - The amateur radio payload for Tiangong Space Station. Space stations 2021 in China Articles containing video clips
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84%20E10%ED%98%95%20%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%20%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%B0%A8
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ E10ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ E10ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ()๋Š”,ย ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„(ๅ‰ ์šด์ˆ˜์„ฑ)์ด ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ํƒฑํฌ์‹ย ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค.ย 1948๋…„์— 4110ํ˜•์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋™๋ฅœ์„ 5์ถ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํƒฑํฌ์‹ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ œ์กฐ ์ดํƒ€์•ผ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค์šฐ ๋ณธ์„  ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ์—ญ - ์š”๋„ค์ž์™€์—ญ๊ฐ„์—๋Š”, ๋‹ค์ด์‡ผ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ 4110ํ˜•์„ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, 4110ํ˜•์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”์— ๋”ํ•ดย ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿย ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์ •๋น„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ์„ํƒ„ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์•…ํ™”, ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง„ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์†๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์†ก ์ˆ˜์š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ 4110ํ˜•์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1948๋…„์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ E10ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. 4110ํ˜•์˜ ๊ต์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์šด์ˆ˜์„ฑ(์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„) ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ 2-10-4์‹ ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ย KE10ํ˜•์ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.1946๋…„์—๋Š” 4110ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒํƒœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ ธ ๋ฐ๋ฐ” ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์šด์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์—ญํ–‰์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ž˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ D51ํ˜• ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ , ์ „์žฅย 15m ์ด๋‚ด, ๋™๋ฅœ์ƒ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 60 - 65t์˜ Eํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” E1ํ˜• ํƒฑํฌ์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ 4110ํ˜•์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ดํƒ€์•ผ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์ „์ฒ ํ™”๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, GHQ์—์„œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ง€ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์„œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋„ 4110ํ˜• ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ˆ์™€์‚ฌ์นด ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ๋˜ 4110ํ˜• 25๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ „์ฒ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋˜ KE10ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ฐ” ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์™€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ 2-10-4ํ˜• ํƒฑํฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ƒค์„ธ์ด์กฐ์— ๋ฐœ์ฃผ, 5๋Ÿ‰๏ผˆ์ œ์กฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 2445 - 2449๏ผ‰์ด ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. E10ํ˜•ย ์ดํ›„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ตญ์ฒ ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์กด์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด๊ณ , ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” E10ํ˜•์ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹ ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ 4110ํ˜•์€ ์„ ๋ฅœ ยท ์ข…๋ฅœ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—†์–ด, ๋™๋ฅœ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ(0-10-0), E10ํ˜•์€ 4110ํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ ๋ฅœ์œผ๋กœ 1์ถ•, ์ข…๋ฅœ์œผ๋กœ 2์ถ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 2-10-4ํ˜•์‹์ด๋‹ค.ย ๊ณก์„  ํ†ต๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ1๋™๋ฅœ์€ 6mm ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย D52ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์งง์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ, 21.7 tf๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๋‹ค.ย ๋˜,๋ฐํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด, ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ธก์„ ๋’ค๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ญํ–‰ ์šด์ „์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ยท์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์‚ฌ์„์€ ํƒ„๊ณ ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด์„œ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ญ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณ„๊ธฐํŒ๋„ ํƒ„๊ณ  ์ชฝ์— ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์—ฐํŒ์„ ์žฅ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.ย ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „์†ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์•ž์ชฝ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ์šด์ „์‚ฌ์„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ญ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœํ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,ย ์šด์ „์‚ฌ์„์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์ธก ์šด์ „๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•ž ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๋•Œ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ œ์—ฐํŒ์€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์šด์šฉ E10ํ˜•์€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋„ 33โ€ฐ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์—์„  4110ํ˜•์˜ 1.5๋ฐฐ์ธ 270ํ†ค์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋” ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์„ธ์„ธํ•œ ์กฐ์ž‘์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋™๋ ฅ ์—ญ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•œ ํƒ“๋„ ์žˆ์–ด 4110ํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต์ „์ด ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์ผ์ •์„  ์ด์ƒ์—์„  ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์„ ๋กœ์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ํšก์••์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™๋ฅœ ํŽธ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด 5๋Ÿ‰ ์ค‘ 3๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„์— ์‹œ์šด์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ดํƒ€์•ผ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ทจ์—ญํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œํ•ด์ธ 1949๋…„์—๋Š” ์ดํƒ€์•ผ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง๋ฅ˜์ „์ฒ ํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ํžˆ์‚ฌ์“ฐ์„  ํžˆํ† ์š”์‹œ ์—ญ - ์š”์‹œ๋งˆ์“ฐ์—ญย ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜๋…„ ์ •๋„ ํˆฌ์ž…๋๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Œ€ํ˜•์ด๋ผ ๊ณก์„  ํ†ต๊ณผ ์‹œ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšก์••์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ E10ํ˜•์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š”ย D51ํ˜•์—๊ฒŒย ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ ํ›„, ํ˜ธ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„  ์ด์Šค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ์—ญย - ์“ฐ๋ฐ”ํƒ€์—ญย ๊ฐ„ ์šด์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์šด์ „๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  1955๋…„ 9์›” ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋ผํ„ฐ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœํ†ต์œผ๋กœย  ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹ ์„ ์˜ ์™„์„ฑ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1957๋…„, E10ํ˜•์€ ๋งˆ์ด๋ฐ”๋ผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ „์†๋œ๋‹คใ€‚ย ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์ „์ฒ ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ์ด๋ฐ”๋ผ ์—ญ - ๋‹ค๋ฌด๋ผ์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์ „์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ ์šด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ์ „์šฉ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ์šด์šฉ์ฒ˜๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์šด์šฉ ์žฅ์†Œ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ „ํ™˜ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”๋ผ๋Š” ํƒฑํฌ์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ์‚ด๋ ค ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์™•๋ณต ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์‹œ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ ์ž์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ธ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ˆ˜์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋˜์–ด ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ ์ , ๋ช‡ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋งˆ์นจ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ์„ ์—์„œ D50ํ˜•์™€ D51ํ˜•์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ณ , E10ํ˜•์„ D50ํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” D51ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งˆ์ด๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 1962๋…„์— ์˜์—…์šด์ „์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ํ์ฐจ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์šด์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 14๋…„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ œ์กฐ์˜€๋˜ ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ(๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒฑํฌ์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ)๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ๋“œ๋ฌผ์–ด์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์šดํ–‰ํ•ด๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ํ‡ด์ถœ๋‹นํ•˜๋˜ ๋ถˆ์šฐํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์ด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 14๋…„ ๋ฐ–์— ์šด์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ์ฐจ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ์ฐจ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ฒ ๋„ 90์ฃผ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์„œ, E10 2๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์˜ค๋ฉ”์‹œ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฉ”์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์›์— ์ •ํƒœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. E10 1์„ ๋‘๊ณ  E10 2๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”ย ๋ณด์กดํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์กŒ์„๋• E10 1์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ํ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์“ฐ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€์—ญ ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋” ์žฌ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์ฃผ๋ณ€, ํ˜ธ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” DVD์—์„œ, E10ํ˜•์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” E10ํ˜•์˜ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ้‡Žๅฃๆ˜ญ้›„ ๅ†™็œŸใƒปๆ–‡ใ€Œj train Photo Essay ็ฑณๅŽŸใ€œ็”ฐๆ‘้–“ E10ๅฝขๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆดป่บใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ซใƒญใ‚นๅ‡บ็‰ˆใ€ŽๅญฃๅˆŠ j trainใ€December 2001 Vol.4 p.90 - 91 ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚นใƒปใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ผใƒณใƒใƒผใƒณใ€Žใƒฌใ‚คใƒซใ€1983ๅนดๆ˜ฅใฎๅท 1983ๅนด4ๆœˆ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ 4110ํ˜• ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR%20Class%20E10
JNR Class E10
The is a type of 2-10-4 steam locomotive built by the Japanese Government Railways (JGR). They were numbered E10 1-E10 5 . They were built in 1948 and designed by Hideo Shima . Following the end of World War II Japanese Government Railways was prohibited by GHQ from building new locomotives due to financial difficulties. However, an exception was granted for the E10s to replace the ageing JNR Class 4110 locomotives. This was because it was not possible to substitute existing locomotives on the steep gradients of the ลŒu Main Line where the 4110s were used. The boiler of the E10 was a special design based on the JNR Class D52 with the fire grate area reduced by 0.55m2. Five locomotives were manufactured by Kisha Seizล in 1948. They were the last steam locomotives built for Japanese National Railways. The last examples in regular service were withdrawn in 1962. Preserved examples One E10 remains in preservation: E10 2 at Ome Railway Park in ลŒme, Tokyo. See also Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification References 2-10-4 locomotives Steam locomotives of Japan 1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan Preserved steam locomotives of Japan Railway locomotives introduced in 1948 Freight locomotives
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90-%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EA%B3%84%EC%9D%98%20%EC%9D%8C%EB%AA%A8
ํžŒ๋‘-๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋งŒ๊ณ„์˜ ์Œ๋ชจ
ํžŒ๋‘-๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋งŒ๊ณ„์˜ ์Œ๋ชจ()๋Š” 1914๋…„์—์„œ 1917๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ธ๋„ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๋„ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ˜๋ช… ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๋ง๋ช… ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋ชจ์ž„์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹น์ด๋‚˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋„ ์ œ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ”์ธ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Ÿฌ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์Œ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ฐœ์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…์ผ ์ œ๊ตญ ์™ธ๋ฌด์ฒญ, ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ๋…์ผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ด€, ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณ„ํš ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํŽ€์ž๋ธŒ์—์„œ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ๋ น ์ธ๋„๊ตฐ ๋‚ด์— ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ฒ”์ธ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜๋ž€ ์Œ๋ชจ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๋„ ์•„๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ 1915๋…„ 2์›” ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 2์›” ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹น์— ์ž ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„์‡„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์ธ๋„ ๋‚ด ์†Œ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ์ฃผ๋‘”๊ตฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์‡„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ํžŒ๋‘-๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋งŒ๊ณ„ ์Œ๋ชจ์— ์†ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€ ์Œ๋ชจ๋กœ๋Š” 1915๋…„ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋ฐ˜๋ž€, ์• ๋‹ˆ ๋ž˜์Šจ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ํƒ€๋ฅด-๋…์ผ ๊ณ„ํš, ๋…์ผ์˜ ์นด๋ถˆ ์ž‘์ „, ์ธ๋„ ๋‚ด ์ฝ˜๋…ธํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ๋ฐ˜๋ž€, ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ 1916๋…„ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ†ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž‘์ „ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์Œ๋ชจ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์—” ์ค‘๋™ ์ „์—ญ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์˜๊ตญ๋ น ์ธ๋„๊ตฐ์„ ๋ถ•๊ดด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„-๋…์ผ ๋™๋งน ๋ฐ ์Œ๋ชจ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํƒ€๊ฒŸ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์Œ๋ชจ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ 1917๋…„ ์• ๋‹ˆ ๋ž˜์Šจ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„ ์Œ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฒดํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์Œ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ธ๋„ ๋‚ด ๋ผํ˜ธ๋ ˆ ์Œ๋ชจ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์žฌํŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํžŒ๋‘-๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋งŒ๊ณ„์˜ ์Œ๋ชจ ์žฌํŒ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ๊ธธ๊ณ  '๋น„์‹ผ ์žฌํŒ'์œผ๋กœ ์†๊ผฝํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ํžŒ๋‘-๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋งŒ๊ณ„์˜ ์Œ๋ชจ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋„ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต์—” ๋…๋ฆฝ ์šด๋™์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ธ๋„ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…์ผ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ๋ นํ•˜์˜ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์›์ด ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ”์Šค ์ฐฌ๋“œ๋ผ ๋ณด์Šค ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜ ๋ฌด์žฅ์นœ์œ„๋Œ€ ์ธ๋„ ์˜์šฉ๊ตฐ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ตฐ์ด, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ชจํ•จ๋งˆ๋“œ ์ดํฌ๋ฐœ ์„ธ๋‹ค์ด ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜ ์•„์ž๋“œ ํžŒ๋‘์Šคํƒ„ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ธ๋„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์ •์น˜์  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1885๋…„ ์ฐฝ์„ค๋œ ์ธ๋„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํšŒ์˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์ž์œ ์™€ ์ž์น˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฑธ๋ฉฐ ์นœ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜ ํ˜‘์กฐ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. 1890๋…„๋Œ€์—” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™์ด ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฒต๊ณจ๊ณผ ํŽ€์ž๋ธŒ์—์„  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆํ•˜๋ผ์ŠˆํŠธ๋ผ, ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ผ์Šค ๋“ฑ ๋‚จ์ธ๋„์—์„  ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์šด๋™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฒต๊ณจ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ '๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ' ์ธ๋„ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ธ ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์€ ๋„์‹ฌ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ๋ฐ”๋“œ๋ž„๋ก ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ฒญ๋…„์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํŽ€์ž๋ธŒ์—์„  ์‹œ๊ณจ์˜ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์šด๋™์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„ ์ง€ํ•˜ ํ˜๋ช…์กฐ์ง 1905๋…„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ ์ธ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋ น์€ ์ธ๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๊ธ‰์ง„์  ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋„ ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด์ŠคํŠธ ํฐ ๋ฐ๋ฅด ๊ดผ์ธ  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์„œ์ง€ . . . . . . {{์ธ์šฉ | last1 = Carr | first1 = Cecil T.| year = 1938 | title = "British Isles" in Review of Legislation, 1936; British Empire. | journal = Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law | series = 3rd | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=1โ€“25 | publisher = Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law | issn= 1479-5949 |display-authors=etal}}. . . . . . . . . . . . . ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ "In the Spirit of Ghadar". The Tribune, Chandigarh Kim, Hyung-Chan, Dictionary of Asian American History, New York: Greenwood Press,1986. India rising a Berlin plot. New York Times'' archives. The Ghadr Rebellion by Khushwant Singh, sourced from The Illustrated Weekly of India 26 February 1961, pp.ย 34โ€“35; 5 March 1961, p.ย 45; and 12 March 1961, p.ย 41. The Hindustan Ghadar Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley Hindu-German Conspiracy Trial on South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) ์ธ๋„์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘ ๋…์ผ ์ œ๊ตญ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘ ์ธ๋„ ์ธ๋„์˜ ํžŒ๋‘๊ต ๋…์ผ-์ธ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์ธ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์˜๊ตญ-์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์˜๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German%20Conspiracy
Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy
The Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy(Note on the name) was a series of attempts between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalist groups to create a Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Empire during World War I. This rebellion was formulated between the Indian revolutionary underground and exiled or self-exiled nationalists in the United States. It also involved the Ghadar Party, and in Germany the Indian independence committee in the decade preceding the Great War. The conspiracy began at the start of the war, with extensive support from the German Foreign Office, the German consulate in San Francisco, and some support from Ottoman Turkey and the Irish republican movement. The most prominent plan attempted to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army from Punjab to Singapore. It was to be executed in February 1915, and overthrow British rule in the Indian subcontinent. The February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement and arrested key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed. The Indo-German alliance and conspiracy were the target of a worldwide British intelligence effort, which successfully prevented further attempts. American intelligence agencies arrested key figures in the aftermath of the Annie Larsen affair in 1917. The conspiracy resulted in the Lahore conspiracy case trials in India as well as the Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy Trial โ€” at the time the longest and most expensive trial ever held in the United States. This series of events was pivotal for the Indian independence movement, and became a major factor in reforming the Raj's Indian policy. Similar efforts were made during World War II in Germany and in Japanese-controlled Southeast Asia. Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Indische Legion and the Indian National Army, and in Italy Mohammad Iqbal Shedai formed the Battaglione Azad Hindoustan. Background Nationalism had become more and more prominent in India throughout the last decades of the 19th century as a result of the social, economic and political changes instituted in the country through the greater part of the century. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, developed as a major platform for loyalists' demands for political liberalization and for increased autonomy. The nationalist movement grew with the founding of underground groups in the 1890s. It became particularly strong, radical and violent in Bengal and in Punjab, along with smaller but nonetheless notable movements in Maharashtra, Madras and other places of South India. In Bengal the revolutionaries more often than not recruited the educated youth of the urban middle-class Bhadralok community that epitomized the "classic" Indian revolutionary, while in Punjab the rural and military society sustained organized violence. Other related events include: the 1915 Singapore Mutiny, the Annie Larsen arms plot, the Jugantarโ€“German plot, the German mission to Kabul, the mutiny of the Connaught Rangers in India by some accounts, the Black Tom explosion in 1916. Parts of the conspiracy also included efforts to subvert the British Indian Army in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. Indian revolutionary underground The controversial 1905 partition of Bengal had a widespread political impact. Acting as a stimulus for radical nationalist opinion in India and abroad, it became a focal issue for Indian revolutionaries. Revolutionary organizations like Jugantar and Anushilan Samiti emerged in the 20th century. Significant events took place, including assassinations and attempted assassinations of civil servants, prominent public figures and Indian informants, including an attempt in 1907 to kill Bengal Lieutenant-Governor Sir Andrew Fraser. Matters came to a head when the 1912 Delhiโ€“Lahore Conspiracy, led by erstwhile Jugantar member Rash Behari Bose, attempted to assassinate the then-Viceroy of India, Charles Hardinge. In the aftermath of this event, the British Indian police made concentrated efforts to destroy the Bengali and Punjabi revolutionary underground. Though the movement came under intense pressure for some time, Rash Behari successfully evaded capture for nearly three years. By the time World War I began in 1914, the revolutionary movement had revived in Punjab and Bengal. In Bengal the movement, with a safe haven in the French base of Chandernagore, had sufficient strength to all but paralyze the state administration. The earliest mention of a conspiracy for armed revolution in India appears in Nixon's Report on Revolutionary Organization, which reported that Jatin Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin) and Naren Bhattacharya had met with the Crown Prince of Germany during the latter's visit to Calcutta in 1912, and received assurances that he would receive arms and ammunition At the same time, an increasingly strong pan-Islamic movement began to develop, mainly in the North and North-West regions of India. At the onset of the war in 1914, members of this movement formed an important element of the conspiracy. At the time of the partition of Bengal, Shyamji Krishna Varma founded India House in London and received extensive support from notable expatriate Indians including Madam Bhikaji Cama, Lala Lajpat Rai, S. R. Rana, and Dadabhai Naoroji. The organization โ€“ ostensibly a residence for Indian students โ€“ in reality sought to promote nationalist opinion and pro-independence work. India House drew young radical activists like M. L. Dhingra, V. D. Savarkar, V. N. Chatterjee, M. P. T. Acharya and Lala Har Dayal. It developed links with the revolutionary movement in India and nurtured it with arms, funds and propaganda. Authorities in India banned The Indian Sociologist and other literature published by the House as "seditious". Under V. D. Savarkar's leadership, the House rapidly developed into a centre for intellectual and political activism and a meeting-ground for radical revolutionaries among Indian students in Britain, earning it the moniker "The most dangerous organization outside India" from Valentine Chirol. In 1909 in London M. L. Dhingra fatally shot Sir W. H. Curzon Wyllie, political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India. In the aftermath of the assassination, the Metropolitan Police and the Home Office rapidly suppressed India House. Its leadership fled to Europe and to the United States. Some, like Chatterjee, moved to Germany; Har Dayal and many others moved to Paris. Organizations founded in the United States and in Japan emulated the example of London's India House. Krishna Varma nurtured close interactions with Turkish and Egyptian nationalists and with Clan na Gael in the United States. The joint efforts of Mohammed Barkatullah, S. L. Joshi and George Freeman founded the Pan-Aryan Association โ€” modelled after Krishna Varma's Indian Home Rule Society โ€” in New York in 1906. Barkatullah himself had become closely associated with Krishna Varma during a previous stay in London, and his subsequent career in Japan put him at the heart of Indian political activities there. Myron Phelp, an acquaintance of Krishna Varma and an admirer of Swami Vivekananda, founded an "India House" in Manhattan, New York, in January 1908. Amidst a growing Indian student population, erstwhile members of the India House in London succeeded in extending the nationalist work across the Atlantic. The Gaelic American reprinted articles from the Indian Sociologist, while liberal press-laws allowed free circulation of the Indian Sociologist. Supporters could ship such nationalist literature and pamphlets freely across the world. New York increasingly became an important centre for the Indian movement, such that Free Hindustanโ€” a political revolutionary journal closely mirroring the Indian Sociologist and the Gaelic American published by Taraknath Dasโ€” moved in 1908 from Vancouver and Seattle to New York. Das established extensive collaboration with the Gaelic American with help from George Freeman before it was proscribed in 1910 under British diplomatic pressure. This Irish collaboration with Indian revolutionaries led to some of the early but failed efforts to smuggle arms into India, including a 1908 attempt on board a ship called the SS Moraitis which sailed from New York for the Persian Gulf, before it was searched at Smyrna. The Irish community later provided valuable intelligence, logistics, communication, media, and legal support to the German, Indian, and Irish conspirators. Those involved in this liaison, and later involved in the plot, included major Irish republicans and Irish-American nationalists like John Devoy, Joseph McGarrity, Roger Casement, ร‰amon de Valera, Father Peter Yorke and Larry de Lacey. These pre-war contacts effectively set up a network which the German foreign office tapped into as war began in Europe. Ghadar Party Large-scale Indian immigration to the Pacific coast of North America took place in the 20th-century, especially from Punjab, which faced an economic depression. The Canadian government met this influx with legislation aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into Canada and at restricting the political rights of those already in the country. The Punjabi community had hitherto been an important loyal force for the British Empire and the Commonwealth. The community had expected that its commitment would be honored with the same welcome and rights which the British and colonial governments extended to British and white immigrants. The restrictive legislation fed growing discontent, protests and anti-colonial sentiments within the community. Faced with increasingly difficult situations, the community began organizing itself into political groups. Many Punjabis also moved to the United States, but they encountered similar political and social problems. Meanwhile, India House and nationalist activism of Indian students had begun declining on the east coast of North America towards 1910, but activity gradually shifted west to San Francisco. The arrival at this time of Har Dayal from Europe bridged the gap between the intellectual agitators in New York and the predominantly Punjabi labor workers and migrants in the west coast, and laid the foundations of the Ghadar movement. The Ghadar Party, initially the 'Pacific Coast Hindustan Association', was formed in 1913 in the United States under the leadership of Har Dayal, with Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president. It drew members from Indian immigrants, largely from Punjab. Many of its members were also from the University of California at Berkeley including Dayal, Tarak Nath Das, Kartar Singh Sarabha and V.G. Pingle. The party quickly gained support from Indian expatriates, especially in the United States, Canada and Asia. Ghadar meetings were held in Los Angeles, Oxford, Vienna, Washington, D.C., and Shanghai. Ghadar's ultimate goal was to overthrow British colonial authority in India by means of an armed revolution. It viewed the Congress-led mainstream movement for dominion status as modest and its constitutional methods as soft. Ghadar's foremost strategy was to entice Indian soldiers to revolt. To that end, in November 1913 Ghadar established the Yugantar Ashram press in San Francisco. The press produced the Hindustan Ghadar newspaper and other nationalist literature. Towards the end of 1913, the party established contact with prominent revolutionaries in India, including Rash Behari Bose. An Indian edition of the Hindustan Ghadar essentially espoused the philosophies of anarchism and revolutionary terrorism against British interests in India. Political discontent and violence mounted in Punjab, and Ghadarite publications that reached Bombay from California were deemed seditious and banned by the Raj. These events, compounded by evidence of prior Ghadarite incitement in the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy of 1912, led the British government to pressure the American State Department to suppress Indian revolutionary activities and Ghadarite literature, which emanated mostly from San Francisco. Germany and the Berlin Committee With the onset of World War I, an Indian revolutionary group called the Berlin Committee (later called the Indian Independence Committee) was formed in Germany. Its chief architects were C. R. Pillai and V. N. Chatterjee. The committee drew members from Indian students and erstwhile members of the India House including Abhinash Bhattacharya, Dr. Abdul Hafiz, Padmanabhan Pillai, A. R. Pillai, M. P. T. Acharya and Gopal Paranjape. Germany had earlier opened the Intelligence Bureau for the East headed by archaeologist and historian Max von Oppenheim. Oppenheim and Arthur Zimmermann, the State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire, actively supported the Berlin committee, which had links with Jatin Mukherjeeโ€” a Jugantar Party member and at the time one of the leading revolutionary figures in Bengal. The office of the 25-member committee at No.38 Wielandstrasse was accorded full embassy status. German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg authorized German activity against British India as World War I broke out in September 1914. Germany decided to actively support the Ghadarite plans. Using the links established between Indian and Irish residents in Germany (including Irish nationalist and poet Roger Casement) and the German Foreign Office, Oppenheim tapped into the Indo-Irish network in the United States. Har Dayal helped organise the Ghadar party before his arrest in the United States in 1914. He jumped bail and made his way to Switzerland, leaving the party and its publications in the charge of Ram Chandra Bharadwaj, who became the Ghadar president in 1914. The German consulate in San Francisco was tasked to make contact with Ghadar leaders in California. A naval lieutenant by the name of Wilhelm von Brincken with the help of the Indian nationalist journalist Tarak Nath Das and an intermediary by the name of Charles Lattendorf established links with Bharadwaj. Meanwhile, in Switzerland the Berlin committee was able to convince Har Dayal that organising a revolution in India was feasible. Conspiracy In May 1914, the Canadian government refused to allow the 400 Indian passengers of the ship Komagata Maru to disembark at Vancouver. The voyage had been planned by Gurdit Singh Sandhu as an attempt to circumvent Canadian exclusion laws that effectively prevented Indian immigration. Before the ship reached Vancouver, German radio announced its approach, and British Columbian authorities prepared to prevent the passengers from entering Canada. The ship was escorted out of Vancouver by the protected cruiser and returned to India. The incident became a focal point for the Indian community in Canada, which rallied in support of the passengers and against the government's policies. After a two-month legal battle, 24 of the passengers were allowed to immigrate. On reaching Calcutta, the passengers were detained under the Defence of India Act at Budge Budge by the British Indian government, which tried to forcibly transport them to Punjab. This caused rioting at Budge Budge, resulting in fatalities on both sides. Ghadar leaders like Barkatullah and Tarak Nath Das used the inflammatory passions surrounding the Komagata Maru event as a rallying point and successfully brought many disaffected Indians in North America into the party's fold. The British Indian Army, meanwhile, contributed significantly to the Allied war effort in World War I. Consequently, a reduced force, an estimated 15,000 troops in late 1914, was stationed in India. It was in this scenario that concrete plans for organising uprisings in India were made. In September 1913 a Ghadarite named Mathra Singh visited Shanghai to promote the nationalist cause amongst Indians there, followed by a visit to India in January 1914, when Singh circulated Ghadar literature amongst Indian soldiers through clandestine sources before leaving for Hong Kong. Singh reported that the situation in India was favorable for revolution. By October 1914, many Ghadarites had returned to India and were assigned tasks like contacting Indian revolutionaries and organizations, spreading propaganda and literature, and arranging to get arms into the country. The first group of 60 Ghadarites led by Jawala Singh left San Francisco for Canton aboard the steamship Korea on 29 August. They were to sail on to India, where they would be provided with arms to organise a revolt. At Canton, more Indians joined, and the group, now numbering about 150, sailed for Calcutta on a Japanese vessel. They were to be joined by more Ghadarites arriving in smaller groups. During September and October, about 300 Indians left for India in various ships like the SS Siberia, Chinyo Maru, China, Manchuria, SS Tenyo Maru, SS Mongolia and SS Shinyล Maru. Although the Korea'''s party was uncovered and arrested on their arrival at Calcutta, a successful underground network was established between the United States and India, through Shanghai, Swatow, and Siam. Tehl Singh, the Ghadar operative in Shanghai, is believed to have spent $30,000 on helping revolutionaries to get into India. The Ghadarites in India were able to establish contact with sympathisers in the British Indian Army and build networks with underground revolutionary groups. East Asia Efforts had begun as early as 1911 to procure arms and smuggle them into India. When a clear idea of the conspiracy emerged, more earnest and elaborate plans were made to obtain arms and to enlist international support. Herambalal Gupta, who had arrived in the United States in 1914 at the Berlin Committee's directive, took over the leadership of American wing of the conspiracy after the failure of the SS Korea mission. Gupta immediately began efforts to obtain men and arms. While men were in plentiful supply with more and more Indians coming forward to join the Ghadarite cause, obtaining arms for the uprising proved to be more difficult. The revolutionaries started negotiations with the Chinese government through James Dietrich, who held Sun Yat-sen's power of attorney, to buy a million rifles. However, the deal fell through when they realized that the weapons offered were obsolete flintlocks and muzzle loaders. From China, Gupta went to Japan to try to procure arms and to enlist Japanese support for the Indian independence movement. However, he was forced into hiding within 48 hours when he came to know that the Japanese authorities planned to hand him over to the British. Later reports indicated he was protected at this time by Toyama Mitsuru, right-wing political leader and founder of the Genyosha nationalist secret society. The Indian Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, a strong supporter of Pan-Asianism, met Japanese premier Count Terauchi and Count Okuma, a former premier, in an attempt to enlist support for the Ghadarite movement. Tarak Nath Das urged Japan to align with Germany, on the grounds that American war preparation could actually be directed against Japan. Later in 1915, Abani Mukherjiโ€” a Jugantar activist and associate of Rash Behari Boseโ€” is also known to have tried unsuccessfully to arrange for arms from Japan.The ascendancy of Li Yuanhong to Chinese Presidency in 1916 led to negotiations reopening through his former private secretary, who resided in the United States at the time. In exchange for allowing arms shipments to India through China, China was offered German military assistance and the rights to 10% of any material shipped to India via China. The negotiations were ultimately unsuccessful due to Sun Yat-sen's opposition to an alliance with Germany. Europe and United States The Indian nationalists then in Paris had, with Egyptian revolutionaries, made plans to assassinate Lord Kitchener as early as 1911, but did not implement them. After the war began, this plan was revived, and Har Dayal's close associate Gobind Behari Lal visited Liverpool in March 1915 from New York to put this plan in action. He may also have intended at this time to bomb the docks in Liverpool. However, these plans ultimately failed. Chattopadhyaya also attempted at this time to revive links with the remnants of India House that survived in London, and through Swiss, German and English sympathisers then resident in Britain. Among them were Meta Brunner (a Swiss woman), Vishna Dube (an Indian man) and his common law German wife Anna Brandt, and Hilda Howsin (an English woman in Yorkshire). Chattopadhyaya's letters were however traced by the censors, leading to the arrest of the cell members. Among other plans that were considered at this time were conspiracies in June 1915 to assassinate Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey and War Minister Lord Kitchener. In addition, they also intended to target French President Raymond Poincarรฉ and Prime Minister Renรฉ Viviani, King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and his prime minister Antonio Salandra. These plans were coordinated with the Italian anarchists, with explosives manufactured in Italy. Barkatullah, by now in Europe and working with the Berlin Committee, arranged for these explosives to be sent to the German consulate in Zurich, from where they were expected to be taken charge of by an Italian anarchist named Bertoni. However, British intelligence was able to infiltrate this plot, and successfully pressed Swiss police to expel Abdul Hafiz. In the United States, an elaborate plan and arrangement was made to ship arms from the country and from the Far East through Shanghai, Batavia, Bangkok and Burma. Even while Herambalal Gupta was on his mission in China and Japan, other plans were explored to ship arms from the United States and East Asia. The German high command decided early on that assistance to the Indian groups would be pointless unless given on a substantial scale. In October 1914, German Vice Consul E.H von Schack in San Francisco approved the arrangements for the funds and armaments. The German military attachรฉ Captain Franz von Papen acquired $200,000 worth of small arms and ammunition through Krupp agents, and arranged for its shipment to India through San Diego, Java, and Burma. The arsenal included 8,080 Springfield rifles of Spanishโ€“American War vintage, 2,400 Springfield carbines, 410 Hotchkiss repeating rifles, 4,000,000 cartridges, 500 Colt revolvers with 100,000 cartridges, and 250 Mauser pistols along with ammunition. The schooner Annie Larsen and the sailing ship SS Henry S were hired to ship the arms out of the United States and transfer it to the . The ownership of ships were hidden under a massive smokescreen involving fake companies and oil business in south-east Asia. For the arms shipment itself, a successful cover was set up to lead British agents to believe that the arms were for the warring factions of the Mexican Civil War. This ruse was successful enough that the rival Villa faction offered $15,000 to divert the shipment to a Villa-controlled port. Although the shipment was meant to supply the mutiny planned for February 1915, it was not dispatched until June. By then the conspiracy had been uncovered in India, and its major leaders had been arrested or gone into hiding. The shipment itself failed when disastrous co-ordination prevented a successful rendezvous off Socorro Island with the Maverick. The plot had already been infiltrated by British intelligence through Indian and Irish agents linked closely with the conspiracy. Upon her return to Hoquiam, Washington after several failed attempts, the cargo of the Annie Larsen was seized by US customs. The cargo was sold at auction despite German Ambassador Count Johann von Bernstoff's attempts to take possession, insisting it was meant for German East Africa. The Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy Trial opened in 1917 in the United States on charges of gun running and at the time was one of the lengthiest and most expensive trials in American legal history. Franz von Papen attempted to sabotage rail lines in Canada and destroy the Welland Canal. He also attempted to supply rifles and dynamite to Sikhs in British Columbia for blasting railway bridges. These plots in Canada did not materialise. Among other events in the United States that have been linked to the conspiracy is the Black Tom explosion when, on the night of 30 July 1916, saboteurs blew up nearly 2 million tons of arms and ammunition at the Black Tom terminal at New York harbour, awaiting shipment in support of the British war effort. Although blamed solely on German agents at the time, later investigations by the Directorate of Naval Intelligence in the aftermath of the Annie Larsen incident unearthed links between the Black Tom explosion and Franz von Papen, the Irish movement, the Indian movement as well as Communist elements active in the United States. Pan-Indian mutiny By the start of 1915, many Ghadarites (nearly 8,000 in the Punjab province alone by some estimates) had returned to India. However, they were not assigned a central leadership and begun their work on an ad hoc basis. Although some were rounded up by the police on suspicion, many remained at large and began establishing contacts with garrisons in major cities like Lahore, Ferozepur and Rawalpindi. Various plans had been made to attack the military arsenal at Mian Meer, near Lahore and initiate a general uprising on 15 November 1914. In another plan, a group of Sikh soldiers, the manjha jatha, planned to start a mutiny in the 23rd Cavalry at the Lahore cantonment on 26 November. A further plan called for a mutiny to start on 30 November from Ferozepur under Nidham Singh. In Bengal, the Jugantar, through Jatin Mukherjee, established contacts with the garrison at Fort William in Calcutta. In August 1914, Mukherjee's group had seized a large consignment of guns and ammunition from the Rodda company, a major gun manufacturing firm in India. In December 1914, several politically motivated armed robberies to obtain funds were carried out in Calcutta. Mukherjee kept in touch with Rash Behari Bose through Kartar Singh and V.G. Pingle. These rebellious acts, which were until then organised separately by different groups, were brought into a common umbrella under the leadership of Rash Behari Bose in North India, V. G. Pingle in Maharashtra, and Sachindranath Sanyal in Benares. A plan was made for a unified general uprising, with the date set for 21 February 1915. February 1915 In India, unaware of the delayed shipment and confident of being able to rally the Indian sepoy, the plot for the mutiny took its final shape. Under the plans, the 23rd Cavalry in Punjab was to seize weapons and kill their officers while on roll call on 21 February. This was to be followed by mutiny in the 26th Punjab, which was to be the signal for the uprising to begin, resulting in an advance on Delhi and Lahore. The Bengal cell was to look for the Punjab Mail entering the Howrah Station the next day (which would have been cancelled if Punjab was seized) and was to strike immediately. However, Punjab CID successfully infiltrated the conspiracy at the last moment through a sepoy named Kirpal Singh. Sensing that their plans had been compromised, D-Day was brought forward to 19 February, but even these plans found their way to the intelligence. Plans for revolt by the 130th Baluchi Regiment at Rangoon on 21 January were thwarted. Attempted revolts in the 26th Punjab, 7th Rajput, 130th Baluch, 24th Jat Artillery and other regiments were suppressed. Mutinies in Firozpur, Lahore, and Agra were also suppressed and many key leaders of the conspiracy were arrested, although some managed to escape or evade arrest. A last-ditch attempt was made by Kartar Singh and V. G. Pingle to trigger a mutiny in the 12th Cavalry regiment at Meerut. Kartar Singh escaped from Lahore, but was arrested in Varanasi, and V. G. Pingle was apprehended in Meerut. Mass arrests followed as the Ghadarites were rounded up in Punjab and the Central Provinces. Rash Behari Bose escaped from Lahore and in May 1915 fled to Japan. Other leaders, including Giani Pritam Singh, Swami Satyananda Puri and others fled to Thailand. On 15 February, the 5th Light Infantry stationed at Singapore was among the few units to mutiny successfully. Nearly eight hundred and fifty of its troops mutinied on the afternoon of the 15th, along with nearly a hundred men of the Malay States Guides. This mutiny lasted almost seven days, and resulted in the deaths of 47 British soldiers and local civilians. The mutineers also released the interned crew of the SMS Emden, who were asked by the mutineers to join them but refused and actually took up arms and defended the barracks after the mutineers had left (sheltering some British refugees as well) until the prison camp was relieved. The mutiny was suppressed only after French, Russian and Japanese ships arrived with reinforcements. Of 200 people tried at Singapore, 47 mutineers were shot in public executions, and the rest were transported for life to East Africa, or given jail terms ranging between seven and twenty years. In all, 800 mutineers were either shot, imprisoned or exiled. Some historians, including Hew Strachan, argue that although Ghadar agents operated within the Singapore unit, the mutiny was isolated and not linked to the conspiracy. Others deem this as instigated by the Silk Letter Movement which became intricately related to the Ghadarite conspiracy. Christmas Day plot In April 1915, unaware of the failure of the Annie Larsen plan, Papen arranged, through Krupp's American representative Hans Tauscher, a second shipment of arms, consisting of 7,300 Springfield rifles, 1,930.3 pistols, ten Gatling guns and nearly 3,000,000 cartridges. The arms were to be shipped in mid June to Surabaya in the East Indies on the Holland American steamship SS Djember. However, the intelligence network operated by Courtenay Bennett, the Consul General to New York, was able to trace the cargo to Tauscher in New York and passed the information on to the company, thwarting these plans as well. In the meantime, even after the February plot had been scuttled, the plans for an uprising continued in Bengal through the Jugantar cohort under Jatin Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin). German agents in Thailand and Burma, most prominently Emil and Theodor Helferrichโ€” brothers of the German Finance minister Karl Helfferichโ€” established links with Jugantar through Jitendranath Lahiri in March that year. In April, Jatin's chief lieutenant Narendranath Bhattacharya met with the Helfferichs and was informed of the expected arrival of the Maverick with arms. Although these were originally intended for Ghadar use, the Berlin Committee modified the plans, to have arms shipped into India by the eastern coast of India, through Hatia on the Chittagong coast, Raimangal in the Sundarbans and Balasore in Orissa, instead of Karachi as originally decided. From the coast of the Bay of Bengal, these would be collected by Jatin's group. The date of insurrection was fixed for Christmas Day 1915, earning the name "The Christmas Day Plot". Jatin estimated that he would be able to win over the 14th Rajput Regiment in Calcutta and cut the line to Madras at Balasore and thus take control of Bengal. Jugantar also received funds (estimated to be Rs 33,000 between June and August 1915) from the Helfferich brothers through a fictitious firm in Calcutta. However, it was at this time that the details of the Maverick and Jugantar plans were leaked to Beckett, the British Consul at Batavia, by a defecting Baltic-German agent under the alias "Oren". The Maverick was seized, while in India, police destroyed the underground movement in Calcutta as an unaware Jatin proceeded according to plan to the Bay of Bengal coast in Balasore. He was followed there by Indian police and on 9 September 1915, he and a group of five revolutionaries armed with Mauser pistols made a last stand on the banks of the river Burhablanga. Seriously wounded in a gun battle that lasted seventy five minutes, Jatin died the next day in Balasore. To provide the Bengal group enough time to capture Calcutta and to prevent reinforcements from being rushed in, a mutiny coinciding with Jugantar's Christmas Day insurrection was planned for Burma with arms smuggled in from neutral Thailand. Thailand (Siam) was a strong base for the Ghadarites, and plans for rebellion in Burma (which was a part of British India at the time) had been proposed by the Ghadar party as early as October 1914, which called for Burma to be used as a base for subsequent advance into India. This Siam-Burma plan was finally concluded in January 1915. Ghadarites from branches in China and United States, including Atma Ram, Thakar Singh, and Banta Singh from Shanghai and Santokh Singh and Bhagwan Singh from San Francisco, attempted to infiltrate Burma Military Police in Thailand, which was composed mostly of Sikhs and Punjabi Muslims. Early in 1915, Atma Ram had also visited Calcutta and Punjab and linked up with the revolutionary underground there, including Jugantar. Herambalal Gupta and the German consul at Chicago arranged to have German operatives George Paul Boehm, Henry Schult, and Albert Wehde sent to Siam through Manila with the purpose of training the Indians. Santokh Singh returned to Shanghai tasked to send two expeditions, one to reach the Indian border via Yunnan and the other to penetrate upper Burma and join with revolutionary elements there. The Germans, while in Manila, also attempted to transfer the arms cargo of two German ships, the Sachsen and the Suevia, to Siam in a schooner seeking refuge at Manila harbour. However, US customs stopped these attempts. In the meantime, with the help of the German Consul to Thailand Remy, the Ghadarite established a training headquarters in the jungles near the Thai-Burma border for Ghadarites arriving from China and Canada. German Consul General at Shanghai, Knipping, sent three officers of the Peking Embassy Guard for training and in addition arranged for a Norwegian agent in Swatow to smuggle arms through. However, the Thai Police high command, which was largely British, discovered these plans and Indian police infiltrated the plot through an Indian secret agent who was revealed the details by the Austrian chargรฉ d'affaires. Thailand, although officially neutral, was allied closely with Britain and British India. On 21 July, the newly arrived British Minister Herbert Dering presented Foreign Minister Prince Devawongse with the request for arrest and extradition of Ghadarites identified by the Indian agent, ultimately resulting in the arrest of leading Ghadarites in August. Only a single raid into Burma was launched by six Ghadarites, who were captured and later hanged. Also to coincide with the proposed Jugantar insurrection in Calcutta was a planned raid on the penal colony in the Andaman Islands with a German volunteer force raised from East Indies. The raid would release the political prisoners, helping to raise an expeditionary Indian force that would threaten the Indian coast. The plan was proposed by Vincent Kraft, a German planter in Batavia who had been wounded fighting in France. It was approved by the foreign office on 14 May 1915, after consultation with the Indian committee, and the raid was planned for Christmas Day 1915 by a force of nearly one hundred Germans. Knipping made plans for shipping arms to the Andaman islands. However, Vincent Kraft was a double agent, and leaked details of Knipping's plans to British intelligence. His own bogus plans for the raid were in the meantime revealed to Beckett by "Oren", but given the successive failures of the Indo-German plans, the plans for the operations were abandoned on the recommendations of both the Berlin Committee and Knipping. Afghanistan Efforts were directed at drawing Afghanistan into the war on the side of the Central Powers, which it was hoped would incite a nationalist or pan-Islamic uprising in India and destabilise the British recruiting grounds in Punjab and across India. After Russia's defeat in the 1905 Russo-Japanese war, her influence had declined, and it was Afghanistan that was at the time seen by Britain as the only power in the sub-continent capable of directly threatening India. In the spring of 1915, an Indo-German expedition was sent to Afghanistan via the overland route through Persia. Led by the exiled Indian prince Raja Mahendra Pratap, this mission sought to invite the Afghan Emir Habibullah Khan to break with Britain, declare his independence, join the war on the Central side, and invade British India. It managed to evade the considerable Anglo-Russian efforts that were directed at intercepting it in Mesopotamia and in the Persian deserts before it reached Afghanistan in August 1915. In Afghanistan, it was joined in Kabul by members of the pan-Islamic group Darul Uloom Deoband led by Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi. This group had left India for Kabul at the beginning of the war while another group under Mahmud al-Hasan made its way to Hijaz, where they hoped to seek support from the Afghan Emir, the Ottoman Empire and Imperial Germany for a pan-Islamic insurrection beginning in the tribal belt of north-west India. The Indo-German mission pressed Emir Habibullah to break from his neutral stance and open diplomatic relations with Germany, eventually hoping to rally the Emir to the German war effort. Habibullah Khan vacillated on the mission's proposals through much of the winter of 1915, hoping to maintain his neutral stance till the course of the war offered a concrete picture. However, the mission opened at this time secret negotiations with the pro-German elements in the Emir's court and advisory council, including his brother Nasrullah Khan and son Amanullah Khan. It found support among Afghan intellectuals, religious leaders and the Afghan press which rallied with increasingly anti-British and pro-Central articles. By 1916 the Raj was forced to intercept copies of the Afghan newspaper Siraj al Akhbar sent to India. It raised to the Emir a threat of a coup d'รฉtat in his country and unrest among his tribesmen, who were beginning to see him as subservient to British authority even as Turkey called for a pan-Islamic Jihad. In December 1915, the Indian members founded the Provisional Government of India, which it was hoped would weigh on Habibullah's advisory council to aid India and force the Emir's hands. In January 1916, the Emir approved a draft treaty with Germany to buy time. However, the Central campaign in the Middle East faltered at around this time, ending hopes that an overland route through Persia could be secured for aid and assistance to Afghanistan. The German members of the mission left Afghanistan in June 1916, ending the German intrigues in the country. Nonetheless, Mahendra Pratap and his Provisional Government stayed behind, attempting to establish links with Japan, Republican China and Tsarist Russia. After the Russian revolution, Pratap opened negotiations with the Soviet Union, visiting Trotsky in Red Petrograd in 1918, and Lenin in Moscow in 1919 and he visited the Kaiser in Berlin in 1918. He pressed for a joint Soviet-German offensive through Afghanistan into India. This was considered by the Soviets for some time after the 1919 coup in Afghanistan in which Amanullah Khan was instated as the Emir and the third Anglo-Afghan war began. Pratap may also have influenced the "Kalmyk Project", a Soviet plan to invade India through Tibet and the Himalayan buffer states. Middle East Another arm of the conspiracy was directed at the Indian troops who were serving in Middle East. In the Middle Eastern theatre, members of the Berlin Committee, including Har Dayal and M. P. T. Acharya, were sent on missions to Baghdad and Syria in the summer of 1915, tasked with infiltrating the Indian Expeditionary Force in southern Mesopotamia and Egypt and to attempt to assassinate British officers. The Indian effort was divided into two groups, one consisting of a Bengali revolutionary P.N. Dutt (alias Dawood Ali Khan) and Pandurang Khankoje. This group arrived at Bushire, where they worked with Wilhelm Wassmuss and distributed nationalist and revolutionary literature among Indian troops in Mesopotamia and Persia. The other group, working with Egyptian nationalists, attempted to block the Suez Canal. These groups carried out successful clandestine work in spreading nationalist literature and propaganda amongst the Indian troops in Mesopotamia, and on one occasion even bombed an officer's mess. Nationalist work also extended at this time to recruiting Indian prisoners of war in Constantinople, Bushire, and Kut-al-Amara. M. P. T. Acharya's own works were directed at forming the Indian National Volunteer Corps with the help of Indian civilians in Turkey, and to recruiting Indian prisoners of war. He is further known to have worked along with Wilhelm Wassmuss in Bushire amongst Indian troops. The efforts were, however, ultimately hampered by differences between the Berlin committee members who were predominantly Hindus, and Indian revolutionaries already in Turkey who were largely Muslims. Further, the Egyptian nationalists distrusted the Berlin Committee, which was seen by the former as a German instrument. Nonetheless, in culmination of these efforts, Indian prisoners of war from France, Turkey, Germany, and Mesopotamiaโ€”especially Basra, Bushehr, and from Kut al Amaraโ€”were recruited, raising the Indian Volunteer Corps that fought with Turkish forces on many fronts. The Deobandis, led by Amba Prasad Sufi, attempted to organise incursions to the western border of India from Persia, through Balochistan, to Punjab. Amba Prasad was joined during the war by Kedar Nath Sondhi, Rishikesh Letha and Amin Chaudhry. These Indian troops were involved in the capture of the frontier city of Karman, Uzbekistan and the detention of the British consul there, and also successfully harassed Percy Sykes' Persian campaign against the Baluchi and Persian tribal chiefs who were aided by the Germans. The Aga Khan's brother was killed while fighting the rebels. The rebels also successfully harassed British forces in Sistan in Afghanistan, confining them to Karamshir in Balochistan, and later moving towards Karachi. Some reports indicate they took control of the coastal towns of Gawador and Dawar. The Baluchi chief of Bampur, having declared his independence from British rule, also joined the Ghadarites. But the war in Europe turned for the worse for Turkey and Baghdad was captured by the British forces. The Ghadarite forces, their supply lines starved, were finally dislodged. They retreated to regroup at Shiraz, where they were finally defeated after a bitter fight during the siege of Shiraz. Amba Prasad Sufi was killed in this battle, but the Ghadarites carried on guerrilla warfare along with Iranian partisans until 1919. By the end of 1917, divisions had begun appearing between the Ghadar Party in America on the one hand, and the Berlin Committee and the German high command on the other. Reports from German agents working with Ghadarites in Southeast Asia and the United States clearly indicated to the European wing a significant element of disorganisation, as well as unrealism in gauging public mood and support within the Ghadarite organisation. The failure of the February plot, the lack of bases in Southeast Asia following China's participation in the war in 1917, and the problems of supporting a Southeast Asian operation through the sea stemmed the plans significantly. Infiltration by British agents, change in American attitude and stance, and the changing fortunes of the war meant the massive conspiracy for revolution within India never succeeded. Counter-intelligence British intelligence began to note and track outlines and nascent ideas of the conspiracy as early as 1911. Incidents like the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy and the Komagata Maru incident had already alerted the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) of the existence of a large-scale network and plans for pan-Indian militant unrest. Measures were taken which focussed on Bengalโ€”the seat of the most intense revolutionary terrorism at the timeโ€”and on Punjab, which was uncovered as a strong and militant base in the wake of Komagata Maru. Har Dayal's extant group was found to have strong links with Rash Behari Bose, and were "cleaned up" in the wake of the Delhi bomb case. In Asia At the outbreak of the war, Punjab CID sent teams to Hong Kong to intercept and infiltrate the returning Ghadarites, who often made little effort to hide their plans and objectives. These teams were successful in uncovering details of the full scale of the conspiracy, and in discovering Har Dayal's whereabouts. Immigrants returning to India were double checked against a list of revolutionaries. In Punjab, the CID, although aware of possible plans for unrest, was not successful in infiltrating the conspiracy for the mutiny until February 1915. A dedicated force was formed, headed by the Chief of Punjab CID, and including amongst its members Liaqat Hayat Khan (later head of Punjab CID himself). In February that year, the CID was successful in recruiting the services of Kirpal Singh to infiltrate the plan. Singh, who had a Ghadarite cousin serving in the 23rd Cavalry, was able to infiltrate the leadership, being assigned to work in his cousin's regiment. Singh was soon under suspicion of being a spy, but was able to pass on the information regarding the date and scale of the uprising to British Indian intelligence. As the date for the mutiny approached, a desperate Rash Behari Bose brought forward the mutiny day to the evening of 19 February, which was discovered by Kirpal Singh on the very day. No attempts were made by the Ghadarites to restrain him, and he rushed to inform Liaqat Hayat Khan of the change of plans. Ordered back to his station to signal when the revolutionaries had assembled, Singh was detained by the would-be mutineers, but managed to escape under the cover of answering the call of nature. The role of German or Baltic-German double-agents, especially the agent named "Oren", was also important in infiltrating and preempting the plans for autumn rebellions in Bengal in 1915 and in as scuttling Bagha Jatin's winter plans that year. Another source, the German double agent Vincent Kraft, a planter from Batavia, passed information about arms shipments from Shanghai to British agents after being captured. Maps of the Bengal coast were found on Kraft when he was initially arrested and he volunteered the information that these were the intended landing sites for German arms. Kraft later fled through Mexico to Japan where he was last known to be at the end of the war. Later efforts by Mahendra Pratap's Provisional Government in Kabul were also compromised by Herambalal Gupta after he defected in 1918 and passed on information to Indian intelligence. Europe and the Middle East By the time the war broke out, the Indian Political Intelligence Office, headed by John Wallinger, had expanded into Europe. In scale this office was larger than those operated by the British War Office, approaching the European intelligence network of the Secret Service Bureau. This network already had agents in Switzerland against possible German intrigues. After the outbreak of the war Wallinger, under the guise of an officer of the British General Headquarters, proceeded to France where he operated from Paris, working with the French political police, the Sรปretรฉ. Among Wallinger's recruits in the network was Somerset Maugham, who was recruited in 1915 and used his cover as an author to visit Geneva without Swiss interference. Among other enterprises, the European intelligence network attempted to eliminate some of the Indian leaders in Europe. A British agent named Donald Gullick was dispatched to assassinate Virendranath Chattopadhyaya while the latter was on his way to Geneva to meet Mahendra Pratap to offer him Kaiser Wilhelm II's invitation. It is said that Somerset Maugham based several of his stories on his first-hand experiences, modelling the character of John Ashenden after himself and Chandra Lal after Virendranath. The short story "Giulia Lazzari" is a blend of Gullick's attempts to assassinate Virendranath and Mata Hari's story. Winston Churchill reportedly advised Maugham to burn 14 other stories. The Czech revolutionary network in Europe also had a role in uncovering Bagha Jatin's plans. The network was in touch with the members in the United States, and may have also been aware of and involved in the uncovering of the earlier plots. The American network, headed by E. V. Voska, was a counter-espionage network of nearly 80 members who, as Habsburg subjects, were presumed to support Germany, but were involved in spying on German and Austrian diplomats. Voska had begun working with Guy Gaunt, who headed Courtenay Bennett's intelligence network, at the outbreak of the war and on learning of the plot from the Czech European network, passed on the information to Gaunt and to Tomรกลก Masaryk who further passed on the information the American authorities. In the Middle East, British counter-intelligence was directed at preserving the loyalty of the Indian sepoy in the face of Turkish propaganda and the concept of The Caliph's Jihad, while a particularly significant effort was directed at intercepting the Kabul Mission. The East Persian Cordon was established in July 1915 in the Sistan province of Persia to prevent the Germans from crossing into Afghanistan, and to protect British supply caravans in Sarhad from Damani, Reki and Kurdish Baluchi tribal raiders who may have been tempted by German gold. Among the commanders of the Sistan force was Reginald Dyer who led it between March and October 1916. United States In the United States, the conspiracy was successfully infiltrated by British intelligence through Irish and Indian channels. The activities of the Ghadar on the Pacific coast were noted by W. C. Hopkinson, who was born and raised in India and spoke fluent Hindi. Initially Hopkinson had been despatched from Calcutta to keep the Indian Police informed about the doings of Taraknath Das. The Home department of the British Indian government had begun the task of actively tracking Indian seditionists on the East Coast as early as 1910. Francis Cunliffe Owen, the officer heading the Home Office agency in New York, had become thoroughly acquainted with George Freeman alias Fitzgerald and Myron Phelps, the famous New York advocate, as members of the Clan-na-Gael. Owens' efforts were successful in thwarting the SS Moraitis plan. The Ghadar Party was incidentally established after Irish Republicans, sensing infiltration, encouraged formation of an exclusively Indian society. Following this, several approaches were adopted, including infiltration through an Indian national named Bela Singh who successfully set up a network of agents passing on information to Hopkinson, and through the use of the famous American Pinkerton's detective agency. Bela Singh was later murdered in India in the 1930s. Hopkinson was assassinated in a Vancouver courthouse by a Ghadarite named Mewa Singh, in October, 1914. Charles Lamb, an Irish double agent, is said to have passed on the majority of the information that compromised the Annie Larsen affair, and ultimately helped the construction of the prosecution. An Indian operative, codenamed "C" and described most likely to have been the adventurous Chandra Kanta Chakravarty (later the chief prosecution witness in the trial), also passed on the details of the conspiracy to British and American intelligence. Trials The conspiracy led to several trials in India, most famous among them the Lahore Conspiracy trial, which opened in Lahore in April 1915 in the aftermath of the failed February mutiny. Other trials included the Benares, Shimla, Delhi, and Ferozepur conspiracy cases, and the trials of those arrested at Budge Budge. At Lahore, a special tribunal was constituted under the Defence of India Act 1915 and a total of 291 conspirators were put on trial. Of these 42 were awarded the death sentence, 114 transported for life, and 93 awarded varying terms of imprisonment. Several of these were sent to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands. Forty two defendants in the trial were acquitted. The Lahore trial directly linked the plans made in United States and the February mutiny plot. Following the conclusion of the trial, diplomatic efforts to destroy the Indian revolutionary movement in the United States and to bring its members to trial increased considerably. In the United States, the Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy Trial commenced in the District Court in San Francisco on 12 November 1917 following the uncovering of the Annie Larsen affair. One hundred and five people participated, including members of the Ghadar Party, the former German Consul-General and Vice-Consul, and other members of staff of the German consulate in San Francisco. The trial itself lasted from 20 November 1917 to 24 April 1918. The last day of the trial was notable for the sensational assassination in a packed courtroom of the chief accused, Ram Chandra, by a fellow defendant, Ram Singh, who believed he was a spy for the British. Singh himself was immediately shot dead by a US Marshal. In May 1917, a group of Indian nationalists of the Ghadar Party were indicted by a federal grand jury on a charge of conspiracy to form a military enterprise against Britain. In later years the proceedings were criticised as being largely a show trial designed to appease the British government. The jury during the trial was carefully selected to exclude any Irish person with republican views or associations. The trial lasted from November 20, 1917, to April 24, 1918, and resulted in the convictions of 29 people, including 14 Indian nationalists. British colonial authorities hoped the conviction of the Indians would result in their deportation back to India. Had the nationalists been deported to India, they would've faced much harsher sentences, including execution. In contrast to the mass executions in India, the Indian nationalists convicted in the San Francisco trial received prison terms ranged from 30 days to 22 months, as they faced far less serious charges of violating U.S. neutrality laws. Strong public support in favour of the Indians, especially the revived Anglophobic sentiments following the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles which were perceived as being overtly favorable towards Britain, allowed the Ghadarite movement to be revived despite British concerns. Impact The conspiracy had a significant impact on Britain's policies, both within the empire and in international relations. The outlines and plans for the nascent ideas of the conspiracy were noted and tracked by British intelligence as early as 1911. Alarmed at the agile organisation, which repeatedly reformed in different parts of the country despite being subdued in others, the chief of Indian Intelligence Sir Charles Cleveland was forced to warn that the idea and attempts at pan-Indian revolutions were spreading through India "like some hidden fire". A massive, concerted, and coordinated effort was required to subdue the movement. Attempts were made in 1914 to prevent the naturalisation of Tarak Nath Das as an American citizen, while successful pressure was applied to have Har Dayal interned. Political impact The conspiracy, an important set of events in the Indian independence movement, according to the British Indian Government's own evaluation at the time, as well as those of several contemporary and modern historians, and it was one of the significant threats faced by the Raj in the second decade of the 20th century. Amid the British war effort and the threat from the militant movement in India, the British passed the Defence of India Act 1915. Michael O'Dwyer, then the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, was among the strongest proponents of the Act, largely due to the Ghadarite movement. It was also a factor that guided British political concessions and Whitehall's India Policy during and after World War I, including the passage of Montaguโ€“Chelmsford Reforms which initiated the first round of political reform in the Indian subcontinent in 1917. The events of the conspiracy during World War I, the presence of Pratap's Kabul mission in Afghanistan and its possible links to the Soviet Union, and a still-active revolutionary movement especially in Punjab and Bengal (as well as worsening civil unrest throughout India) led to the appointment of a Sedition committee in 1918 chaired by Sidney Rowlatt, an English judge. It was tasked to evaluate German and Bolshevik links to the militant movement in India, especially in Punjab and Bengal. On the recommendations of the committee, the Rowlatt Act, an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915, was enforced in India. The events that followed the passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 were also influenced by the conspiracy. At the time, British Indian Army troops were returning from the battlefields of Europe and Mesopotamia to an economic depression in India. The attempted mutinies in 1915 and the Lahore conspiracy trials still had the public's attention. News of young Mohajirs who had fought on behalf of the Turkish Caliphate and later in the ranks of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War had also begun to reach India. The Russian Revolution had also cast its long shadow into India. It was at this time that Mahatma Gandhi, until then relatively unknown on the Indian political scene, began to emerge as a mass leader. Ominously, in 1919, the Third Anglo-Afghan War began in the wake of Amir Habibullah's assassination and institution of Amanullah in a system blatantly influenced by the Kabul mission. In addition, in India, Gandhi's call for protest against the Rowlatt Act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests. The situation, especially in Punjab, was deteriorating rapidly, with disruptions of rail, telegraph and communication systems. The movement was at its peak before the end of the first week of April, with some recording that "practically the whole of Lahore was on the streets, the immense crowd that passed through Anarkali was estimated to be around 20,000." In Amritsar, over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh. This situation deteriorated perceptibly over the next few days. Michael O'Dwyer is said to have been of the firm belief that these were the early and ill-concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated uprising around May, on the lines of the 1857 revolt, at a time when the British would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer. The Amritsar massacre, as well as responses before and after it, was the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy. James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre. Lastly, British efforts to downplay and disguise the nature and impact of the revolutionary movement at this time also resulted in a policy designed to strengthen the moderate movement in India, which ultimately saw Gandhi's rise in the Indian movement. International relations The conspiracy influenced several aspects of Great Britain's international relations, most of all Anglo-American relations during the war, as well as, to some extent, Anglo-Chinese relations. After the war, it also influenced Anglo-Japanese relations. At the start of the war, the American government's refusal to check the Indian seditionist movement was a major concern for the British government. By 1916, a majority of the resources of the American department of the British Foreign Office were related to the Indian seditionist movement. Before the outbreak of the war, the political commitments of the Woodrow Wilson government (especially of Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan who, eight years previously, had authored "British Rule in India", a highly critical pamphlet, that was classified as seditionist by the Indian and Imperial governments) and the political fallouts of the perception of British persecution of oppressed people prevented then-ambassador Cecil Spring Rice from pressing the issue diplomatically. After Robert Lansing replaced Bryan as Secretary of State in 1916, Secretary of State for India Marquess of Crewe and Foreign Secretary Edward Grey forced Spring Rice to raise the issue, and in February the evidence obtained in the Lahore Conspiracy trial were presented to the American government. The first investigations were opened in America with the raid of the Wall Street office of Wolf von Igel, which resulted in seizures of papers that were later presented as evidence in the Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy Trial. However, a perceptibly slow and reluctant American investigation triggered an intense neutrality dispute through 1916, aggravated by belligerent preventive measures of the British Far-Eastern fleet on the high seas that threatened the sovereignty of American vessels. German and Turkish passengers were seized from the American vessel China by HMS Laurentic at the mouth of the Yangtze River. Several incidents followed, including the SS Henry S, which were defended by the British government on grounds that the seized ship planned to foment an armed uprising in India. These drew strong responses from the US government, prompting the US Atlantic Fleet to dispatch destroyers to the Pacific to protect the sovereignty of American vessels. Authorities in the Philippines were more cooperative, which assured Britain of knowledge of any plans against Hong Kong. The strained relations were relaxed in May 1916 when the Britain released the China prisoners and relaxed its aggressive policy seeking co-operation with the United States. However, diplomatic exchanges and relations did not improve before November that year. The conspiracy issue was ultimately addressed by William G. E. Wiseman, head of British intelligence in the United States, when he passed details of a bomb plot directly to the New York Police bypassing diplomatic channels. This led to the arrest of Chandra Kanta Chuckrevarty. As the links between Chuckervarty's papers and the Igel papers became apparent, investigations by federal authorities expanded to cover the entire conspiracy. Ultimately, the United States agreed to forward evidence so long as Britain did not seek admission of liability for breaches of neutrality. At a time that diplomatic relations with Germany were deteriorating, the British Foreign Office directed its embassy to co-operate with the investigations resolving the Anglo-American diplomatic disputes just as the United States entered the war. Through 1915โ€“16, China and Indonesia were the major bases for the conspirators, and significant efforts were made by the British government to coax China into the war to attempt to control the German and Ghadar intrigues. This would also allow free purchase of arms from China for the Entente powers. However, Yuan's proposals for bringing China into the war were against Japanese interests and gains from the war. This, along with Japanese support for Sun Yat-Sen and rebels in southern China laid the foundations for deterioration of Anglo-Japanese relations as early as 1916. After the end of the Great War, Japan increasingly became a haven for radical Indian nationalists in exile, who were protected by patriotic Japanese societies. Notable among these were Rash Behari Bose, Tarak Nath Das, and A. M. Sahay. The protections offered to these nationalists, most notably by Toyama Mitsuru's Black Dragon Society, effectively prevented British efforts to repatriate them and became a major policy concern. Ghadar Party and IIC The IIC was formally disbanded in November 1918. Most of its members became closely associated with communism and the Soviet Union. Bhupendranath Dutta and Virendranath Chattopadhyay alias Chatto arrived in Moscow in 1920. Narendranath Bhattacharya, under a new identity of M. N. Roy, was among the first Indian communists and made a memorable speech in the second congress of the Communist International that rejected Leninist views and foreshadowed Maoist peasant movements. Chatto himself was in Berlin until 1932 as the general secretary of the League Against Imperialism and was able to convince Jawaharlal Nehru to affiliate the Indian National Congress with the league in 1927. He later fled Nazi Germany for the Soviet Union but disappeared in 1937 under Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. The Ghadar Party, suppressed during the war, revived itself in 1920 and openly declared its communist beliefs. Although sidelined in California, it remained relatively stronger in East Asia, where it allied itself with the Chinese Communist Party. World War II Although the conspiracy failed during World War I, the movement being suppressed at the time and several of its key leaders hanged or incarcerated, several prominent Ghadarites also managed to flee India to Japan and Thailand. The concept of a revolutionary movement for independence also found a revival amongst later generation Indian leaders, most notably Subhas Chandra Bose who, towards the mid-1930s, began calling for a more radical approach towards colonial domination. During World War II, several of these leaders were instrumental in seeking Axis support to revive such a concept. Bose himself, from the very beginning of World War II, actively evaluated the concept of revolutionary movement against the Raj, interacting with Japan and subsequently escaping to Germany to raise an Indian armed force, the Indische Legion, to fight in India against Britain. He later returned to Southeast Asia to take charge of the Indian National Army which was formed following the labour of exiled nationalists, efforts from within Japan to revive a similar concept, and the direction and leadership of people like Mohan Singh, Giani Pritam Singh, and Rash Behari Bose. The most famous of these saw the formation of the Indian Independence League, the Indian National Army and ultimately the Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind in Southeast Asia. Commemoration The Ghadar Memorial Hall in San Francisco honours members of the party who were hanged following the Lahore conspiracy trial, and the Ghadar Party Memorial Hall in Jalandhar, Punjab commemorates the Ghadarites who were involved in the conspiracy. Several of those executed during the conspiracy are today honoured in India. Kartar Singh is honoured with a memorial at his birthplace of the Village of Sarabha. The Ayurvedic Medicine College in Ludhiana is also named in his honour. The Indian government has produced stamps honouring several of those involved in the conspiracy, including Har Dayal, Bhai Paramanand, and Rash Behari Bose. Several other revolutionaries are also honoured through India and the Indian American population. A memorial plaque commemorating the Komagata Maru was unveiled by Jawaharlal Nehru at Budge Budge in Calcutta in 1954, while a second plaque was unveiled in 1984 at Gateway Pacific, Vancouver by the Canadian government. A heritage foundation to commemorate the passengers from the Komagata Maru excluded from Canada was established in 2005. In Singapore, two memorial tablets at the entrance of the Victoria Memorial Hall and four plaques in St Andrew's Cathedral commemorate the British soldiers and civilians killed during the Singapore Mutiny. In Ireland, a memorial at the Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin commemorates the dead from the Jalandhar mutiny of the Connaught Rangers. The Southern Asian Institute of Columbia University today runs the Taraknath Das foundation to support work relating to India. Famous awardees include R. K. Narayan, Robert Goheen, Philip Talbot, Anita Desai and SAKHI and Joseph Elder. Note on the name The conspiracy is known under several different names, including the 'Hindu Conspiracy', the 'Indo-German Conspiracy', the 'Ghadar conspiracy' (or 'Ghadr conspiracy'), or the 'German plot'. The term Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy is closely associated with the uncovering of the Annie Larsen plot in the United States, and the ensuing trial of Indian nationalists and the staff of the German Consulate of San Francisco for violating American neutrality. The trial itself was called the Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy Trial, and the conspiracy was reported in the media (and later studied by several historians) as Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy. However, the conspiracy involved not only Hindus and Germans, but also substantial numbers of Muslims and Punjabi Sikhs, and strong Irish support that pre-dated German and Turkish involvement. The term Hindu (or Hindoo) was used commonly in opprobrium in America to identify Indians regardless of religion. Likewise, conspiracy was also a term with negative connotations. The term Hindu Conspiracy was used by the government to actively discredit the Indian revolutionaries at a time the United States was about to join the war against Germany. The term 'Ghadar Conspiracy' may refer more specifically to the mutiny planned for February 1915 in India, while the term 'German plot' or 'Christmas Day Plot' may refer more specifically to the plans for shipping arms to Jatin Mukherjee in Autumn 1915. The term Indo-German conspiracy is also commonly used to refer to later plans in Southeast Asia and to the mission to Kabul which remained the remnant of the conspiracy at the end of the war. All of these were parts of the larger conspiracy. Most scholars reviewing the American aspect use the name Hinduโ€“German Conspiracy, the Hindu-Conspiracy or the Ghadar Conspiracy, while most reviewing the conspiracy over its entire span from Southeast Asia through Europe to the United States more often use the term Indo-German conspiracy. In British-India, the Rowlatt committee set up investigate the events referred to them as "The Seditious conspiracy". See also Horst von der Goltz Hinduism in Germany Notes and references Notes References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Further reading Tadhg Foley (Editor), Maureen O'Connor (Editor), Ireland and India - Colonies, Culture and Empire, Irish Academic Press, External links "In the Spirit of Ghadar". The Tribune, Chandigarh Kim, Hyung-Chan, Dictionary of Asian American History, New York: Greenwood Press,1986. India rising a Berlin plot. New York Times'' archives. The Ghadr Rebellion by Khushwant Singh, sourced from The Illustrated Weekly of India 26 February 1961, pp.ย 34โ€“35; 5 March 1961, p.ย 45; and 12 March 1961, p.ย 41. The Hindustan Ghadar Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley Hindu-German Conspiracy Trial on South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) Indian independence movement British Empire in World War I German Empire in World War I India in World War I Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 1910s in India 1910s in British India Ghadar Party Anushilan Samiti Rabindranath Tagore Hinduism in India Indian-American history South Asian American organizations Germanyโ€“India relations Indiaโ€“United States relations Japanโ€“United Kingdom relations United Kingdomโ€“United States relations
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%9A%B0%EB%B9%8C%EC%84%A0
์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ 
์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ (Stouffvile Line) ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ๊ด‘์—ญ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์‹œ๋‚ด์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์™€ ์š”ํฌ์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํœ˜ํŠธ์ฒ˜์น˜์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์˜ ์š”ํฌ ๋”๋Ÿผ ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๋ฐ์Šค๋‹ค ๋กœ๋“œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์—ญ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ํ‰์ผ์— ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1832๋…„์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋™๋„ค์ธ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์€ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ์ข…์ฐฉ์—ญ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ข…์ฐฉ์—ญ์ธ ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์—ญ์€ ๋ฐญ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜๋“  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋…ธ์„ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์ฐฉ์—ญ ์ด์ „์˜์—ญ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 11์›” 2์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ‰์ผ ์ถœ๊ทผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์—ด์ฐจ 9๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์—์„œ ํ‰์ผ ํ‡ด๊ทผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— 8๋Œ€์˜ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•„์นจ๊ณผ ์˜คํ›„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ €๋… ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋‘์—ญ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ณตํœด์ผ ์•„์นจ์—๋Š” ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์—ญ์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๋Œ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ† ์š”์ผ๊ณผ ๊ณตํœด์ผ ๋ฐค์—๋Š” ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์—์„œ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ 2015๋…„ 2์›” 2์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์–ด-๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค ์„  ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์‡ผ์–ด ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์„ ์˜ ๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค์—ญ๊ณผ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—ญ์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ตฟ์šฐ๋“œ์™€ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ์…”ํ‹€๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์— ์ข…์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์š”ํฌ ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ ๋™์ชฝ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์€ 1868๋…„ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ ๋‚จ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌ ๋งˆ์„์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„  ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1871๋…„ 6์›”์— ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์™„๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์ดํ›„ 1871๋…„ 11์›”์— ์บ๋‹ํ„ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1872๋…„ 11์›”์— ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™„๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๊ถค๊ฐ„์€ 1067mm๋กœ ํ˜‘๊ถค ๋…ธ์„ ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์žฌ์™€ ์žฅ์ž‘ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋กœ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋„˜์น  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1870๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋‚œํ™ฉ์„ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋ชปํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“  ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๊ถค๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ ธ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šด์†ก์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1881๋…„ 7์›”, ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋…ธ์„  ๋™์ชฝ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฒ ๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1884๋…„, ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ ํฌ ์ฒ ๋„์— ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. CN์€ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ํ†ต๊ทผ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ก ๋นŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ์ •์…˜์—ญ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋Œ€์”ฉ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์ €์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋กœ ์‡ ๋ฝ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1955๋…„์—๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌ์—์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 30๋…„ ๋’ค ์„ ๋กœ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1963๋…„์—๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๊ณ  CN ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ 5์‹œ 20๋ถ„์— ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๋Œ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์š” ํ˜•์„ฑ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์„  ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ต๊ทผ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„, ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๋„์‹œ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์€ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ ํƒ€์šด์‹ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  1960๋…„ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ๋Š” ์ด ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ปด๊ณผ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1971๋…„, ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์š”ํฌ ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ฐœํŽธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ปด ํƒ€์šด์‹ญ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ปด ๋งˆ์„์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์†Œ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ํ†ตํํ•ฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ปด ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํœ˜ํŠธ์ฒ˜์น˜ ํƒ€์šด์‹ญ์€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ๋งˆ์„๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ํœ˜ํŠธ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1961๋…„์— ์ธ๊ตฌ 4,294๋ช…์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ์ปด์€ 10๋…„ ๋’ค 36,684๋ช…์œผ๋กœ 10๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋กœ ์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ปด๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ํŽธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ CN ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์— ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  CN ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ฒ ๋„์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์™€ ๋งˆ์ปด๊ฐ„ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์ฒ ๋„ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ฒ ๋„์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์ด ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CN ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ ๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋„ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์ „๋ฉด ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ธ VIA ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด CN๊ณผ CP์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์šด์†ก ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1981๋…„์— ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ VIA ์ฒ ๋„์— ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ์ถ•์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์šดํ–‰์— ์†์„ ๋–ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜ ๋…„์งธ ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์‡ผ์–ด, ์กฐ์ง€ํƒ€์šด, ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋จผ๋“œํž ์„ ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐ€ํ„ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” 1981๋…„ 10์›” 26์ผ์— ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด ๊ด‘์—ญ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋งŒํผ VIA ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ์„  ๋˜ํ•œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•ด๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ VIA ์ฒ ๋„์—์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์†Œ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1982๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“œํผ๋“œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์ธ์ˆ˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์ด ์šดํ–‰์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ VIA ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ์™€ ์šดํ–‰ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 6๋Ÿ‰ ์—ด์ฐจ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด, ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ, ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„, ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ ๋’ค ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ‰์ผ ์˜คํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์—ญ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜†์„ ์ง€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์—๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์‡ผ์–ด ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์„ ์˜ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค์—ญ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1983๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 88๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‘์—ญ์—๋„ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์— ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 7๋…„ ๋’ค์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋”๋””๊ฒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์— ๋ˆˆ๊ธธ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„ 1์›” 29์ผ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1991๋…„ 5์›”์—๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์ด ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ ํƒ€์šด ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์ง€๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 1868๋…„์— ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ํ™•์žฅํ•  ๋ถ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด์ „์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1988๋…„ 6์›” 29์ผ, ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊ณผ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์‡ผ์–ด ์„ ์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ์— ํƒ‘์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์—ด์ฐจ ์•ˆ์ด ํ˜ผ์žกํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. 2014๋…„, ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์‹œ์žฅ ์กด ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์–ด-๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค ์„ ์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค์—ญ์— 1๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์ •์ฐจํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—ญ์—๋„ ์—ด์ฐจ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ 1991๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 15๋งŒ 3811๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์†Ÿ์•˜๋‹ค. ํœ˜ํŠธ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1๋งŒ 9036๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  2000๋…„ 5์›” 1์ผ์— ๋งˆ์ปด๊ณผ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์™•๋ณต ์—ด์ฐจ ๋‘ ํŽธ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2004๋…„ 4์›” 30์ผ, ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์—์„œ ์•„์นจ์— ๋งˆ์ปด์œผ๋กœ, ์˜คํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ ํŽธ์ด ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ํšŒ์†กํ•˜๋˜ ์—ด์ฐจ์— ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์‹  ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์šดํ–‰ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2004๋…„์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด์—ญ์ด ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ปด ๋ฒ„์˜คํฌ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ, 16๋ฒˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์™€ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋งค์ผ„์ง€ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์ด๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” 16๋ฒˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์™€ 7๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘์—ญ์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งˆ์ปด ์—ฐ์„ ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„์—๋Š” GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์—ญ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์—๊ธ€๋ฆฐํ„ด ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜†์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ๊ฐ„์— ํ™˜์Šน ์—ฐ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋‹ค ์ง€์—ฐ ๊ฐœํ†ต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2005๋…„ ๊ฐœํ†ต ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์—ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ํ•„์š” ์—†์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์—ญ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ 2005๋…„ 9์›” 6์ผ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 680๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ ๋˜ํ•œ 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ๋ฐ˜์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด ๋„๋กœ์™€ ์ž…์ฒด ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” 6๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—์„œ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 3km๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋Š” 2007๋…„์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  12๋Ÿ‰ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 6๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ง€์–ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋”๋Ÿผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ 6๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ 10๋Ÿ‰๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์—ญ (์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ์—ญ)์€ 2008๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๊ณผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์™•๋ณต 5ํŽธ์˜ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„์—๋Š” ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™•๋ณต ํŽธ์ด ํ•œ ํŽธ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2013๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ข…์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ์™•๋ณต ํŽธ์ด ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋Œ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์˜ ํ˜ผ์žก์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 3๋Œ€ ์—ด์ฐจ์™€ ์˜คํ›„ ์ฒซ 4๋Œ€ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ 12๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2012๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ ์—ญ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด 12๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ ๋กœ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด CN ์š”ํฌ ์„ ๊ณผ์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ต์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์„ ์„ ๋ณต์„ ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์„  ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์—์„œ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€, ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์€ ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์‡ผ์–ด ์ด์ŠคํŠธ์„ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‚น์Šคํ„ด์„ ์„ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—ญ ๋™์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ ์—์„œ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ/๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค ๋กœ๋“œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ปค๋ธŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์™€ ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ๋กœ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์„ ์€ ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์—ญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๊ธ€๋ฆฐํ„ด ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ํŠธ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์™€ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ํŠธ ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์—๊ธ€๋ฆฐํ„ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์ง€์ฝ” ์ง€์„ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์ง€์„ ์€ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์–ด-๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค ์„ ์˜ ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์—ญ ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์–ด-๋Œ„ํฌ์Šค ์„ ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ RT๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ TTC ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์—ญ์—์„œ ์—˜์ฆˆ๋ฏธ์–ด ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ RT๊ฐ€ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์„ ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณต๋‹จ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต๋‹จ ์ง€์—ญ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง๋„ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ RT๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์—˜์ฆˆ๋ฏธ์–ด์—์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜ ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋’ค ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ ํƒ€์šด ์„ผํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ 401๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์™€ CP ๋ฒจ๋นŒ ์„  ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ 308๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 85๋ฒˆ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์™€ ์ž…์ฒด ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ ์ด ์ง€๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด๊นŒ์ง€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ณต์„ ํ™” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•€์น˜์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋‹จ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ์ง์ „์— ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ด์„ค๋œ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์€์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ, 725๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๊ฑด๋„๋ชฉ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ ๋ถ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. 14๋ฒˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” CN ์š”ํฌ ์„ ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— 407๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ‘์„ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์€ ๊ด‘ํ™œํ•œ ๊ณต์—… ์ง€์—ญ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋“œ๋ฌธ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ 1506๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ์ปค๋ง, ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€, ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋จผ๋“œํž์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” GO ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ์—๋งŒ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ” ํ•‘ํฌ์˜ ์ข…์ ์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ ๋™๋„ค ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊บพ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์€ ๋งˆ์ปด ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ง€์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•œ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ 445๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 10๋ถ„๋„ ์ฑ„ ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์—ญ์€ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋‹น์‹œ์—ญ์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ณณ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ์—ญ์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊บพ์—ฌ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด ์ง์ „์— ๋งˆ์ปด ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ์ชฝ ๋์— ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์€ ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ 953๋Œ€์˜ ๋„‰๋„‰ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์€ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋งค์ผ„์ง€ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ณ  ํœ˜ํŠธ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฐญ์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 9๋ฒˆ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ๊ตฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ ๋กœ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—ญ์€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2008๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์ด ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค์‹œ 3km๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฒŒํŒ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ํ—ˆํ—ˆ๋ฒŒํŒ์ธ ์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ์—ญ์— ์ข…์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•ผ๊ฐ„์— ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ผ์ ์žฅ์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋“œ์—  ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ˆฒ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๊ณก์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดํ›„ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ ๊ตฟ์šฐ๋“œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฝ์ด๊ตฝ์ด ๊ฐ•๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ์š”ํฌ ๋”๋Ÿผ ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ๊ณผ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฃผ ์ผ์š”์ผ์— ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์„ ๋‹จํ’ ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” 10์›”์— ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ 2015๋…„ 2์›” 12์ผ, ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ง์Šค๋Š” ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณต์„ ํ™” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ง์Šค๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ์„ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 17km ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณต์„ ํ™”ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์œผ๋กœ 2016๋…„์— ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ์—๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ-์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ๊ฐ„ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ์™•๋ณต ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  2017๋…„ 9์›” 26์ผ์—๋Š” ์™•๋ณต 9ํŽธ์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ผ ๋‚ฎ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์™€ ๋Šฆ์€ ์ €๋… ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์„  ์ „์ฒ ํ™” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ๋กœ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค ํ‰์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ์— ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 15๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ์•„์นจ์— ์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€, ์˜คํ›„์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์—์„œ ์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ๊นŒ์ง€ 20๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ‰์ผ ๋‚ฎ, ์ €๋… ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ง์—๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 15๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ตํ†ต 1982๋…„ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stouffville%20line
Stouffville line
Stouffville is one of the seven train lines of the GO Transit system in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada. Its southern terminus is Union Station in Toronto, and its northern terminus is (formerly "Lincolnville") in Whitchurch-Stouffville. There are connections from almost every station to Toronto Transit Commission or York Region Transit bus services. During peak periods on weekdays, trains operate approximately twice per hour over the entire route, but in the peak direction only. Otherwise, trains operate hourly in both directions seven days a week between either Unionville or Mount Joy stations and Union, with a small number of trips covering the full line to Old Elm. GO bus routes 70 and 71 provide service in the directions, time periods, and segments not covered by train service. However, buses to and from Union Station bypass all other stations within the City of Toronto. Weekend service was operated entirely by bus until November 2, 2019, when weekend train service was introduced. Between Union Station and Scarborough GO Station, the Stouffville line shares tracks with the Lakeshore East line. Stouffville line trains operate non-stop through the shared segment, bypassing Scarborough and Danforth stations. History Early history Originally laid by the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, the track came into operation in 1871. The T&N merged with the Midland Railway of Canada in 1882. Only two years later, the Grand Trunk Railway leased most of the lines in the area as part of a major expansion plan and then purchased them outright in 1893. The Grand Trunk would later merge with the Canadian National Railway in 1923. CN would provide passenger rail service on the line until the formation of Via Rail in 1977. Service history On September 7, 1982, Via service was discontinued and replacement servicethen just a single weekday runwas started by GO Transit. On June 29, 1998, GO Transit restored full service to the Lakeshore lines, and terminated Stouffville Line service to and , which are shared with the Lakeshore East line. On December 13, 2007, the government of Ontario announced funding to Metrolinx for network expansion, which included $20 million to build a second track to enable all-day two-way service between Union Station and Markham. On September 2, 2008, the line was extended northwards from Stouffville to . Old Elm GO Station was built directly over GO Transit's Stouffville Yard, and so it consists of six tracks and platforms instead of the usual one or two. On February 2, 2015, select trains began stopping at Danforth GO Station as part of a year-long pilot project to increase GO service within the City of Toronto. As of June 2017, many peak-period trains continue to stop at Danforth station, and one daily train also stops at Scarborough station. These extra stops were ended sometime before November 2021. All-day weekday service was introduced on June 24, 2017. Trains began operating from as early as 5 a.m. to as late as 11:45ย p.m. with hourly service in both directions between Unionville and Union Station during the midday and evening. Service in the counter-peak direction continued to be operated by buses. On April 8, 2019, midday train trips were extended to Mount Joy station, and buses continued the rest of the trip from Mount Joy to Lincolnville. On August 31, 2019, GO Transit began providing bidirectional late-evening service between Union Station and Mount Joy, hourly between 9:30ย p.m. and 11:30ย p.m. The final northbound trip continues past Mount Joy and arrives at Lincolnville at 12:29ย a.m. Starting on November 2, 2019, hourly two-way weekend train service between Mount Joy and Union Station began, with some morning and late night trips arriving in Lincolnville. Schedule On weekdays, GO Transit train service on the Stouffville line consists of nine southbound train trips during the morning peak and eight northbound train trips during the afternoon/evening peak, running the entire length of the line. During regular weekday operation, the frequency of peak train service is every 30โ€“60 minutes. During midday non-peak hours, five southbound and five northbound trips are provided between Union Station and Mount Joy. From early to late evening, three southbound and three northbound trips are provided between Union Station and Mount Joy, and during the late night, one northbound trip will depart Union Station and terminate at Old Elm. All non-peak train services are operated with a frequency level of every 60 minutes in either direction. Bus service is provided approximately every 30 minutes in the direction opposite that of the train trips during peak hours. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, train service on the Stouffville line had been previously limited to three southbound trains from Old Elm to Union Station and three northbound trains from Union Station to Old Elm daily. Further reduction of train service began on June 20, 2020, with buses replacing all weekend train service. On September 5, 2020, Metrolinx began the first step in service restoration on the Stouffville line, with all weekend train trips restored with slight schedule adjustments. On September 8, 2020, the first stage of the restoration of weekday train service commenced, which consists of five southbound trains from Old Elm to Union Station and five northbound trains from Union Station to Old Elm. Effective January 23, 2021, as a response to diminishing customer demand caused by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic which has been increasing in severity across the province, Metrolinx removed one southbound train from Old Elm to Union Station, one northbound train from Union Station to Old Elm, and all late evening and weekend train service. All removed trains have been replaced by buses. Metrolinx began the second step in Stouffville line service restoration on the Stouffville line on August 7, 2021. One southbound train from Old Elm to Union Station was added to the morning peak service, one northbound train from Union Station to Old Elm was removed from the evening peak service, and two late evening trains from Union Station to Old Elm was added. An additional southbound train operates out of Old Elm each morning but only provides service between Mount Joy and Union Station. Non-peak service, including weekend service, was reintroduced with the same service frequencies as prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. On September 7, 2021, the third step of Stouffville train service restoration began. The new service levels for weekday train service match the pre-pandemic schedule more closely. Southbound morning peak service, consisting of eight train trips, is provided under a frequency level of every 30โ€“60 minutes, starting from a 5:20ย a.m. departure from Old Elm. Northbound evening peak service, consisting of five train trips, is provided under the same frequency level starting from a 3:14ย p.m. departure from Union Station. All non-peak service will continue to operate between Mount Joy and Union Station, with two late-evening and one overnight train trips extended to Old Elm. After the implementation of a mandatory staff vaccination policy led to staffing shortages, and in response to the highly contagious Omicron variant, service across the GO system was once again reduced starting on January 10, 2022. For Stouffville line service, this meant reverting to the schedules that took effect on August 7, 2021. Temporary service reductions were put in place on January 19, 2022, which removed most late-evening service to Mount Joy and Old Elm as well as all weekend train service. These temporary service reductions end on May 24, 2022, with the resumption of late-evening train service and the addition of one southbound train from Old Elm and one northbound train to Old Elm. Effective May 28, 2022, weekend train service is reintroduced with the same service frequencies as prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Route The Stouffville line operates entirely over railways owned by Metrolinx. The line begins at Union Station and follows the Kingston Subdivision (GO Lakeshore East line) to Scarborough Junction, just east of Scarborough GO Station. It then branches north onto the Metrolinx Uxbridge Subdivision, originally the Toronto and Nipissing Railway. Route description From Union Station to Scarborough GO station, the Stouffville line's tracks are shared with the Kingston Subdivision and the Lakeshore East GO Transit corridor. The first station after Union Station, Danforth GO Station, is therefore shared with Lakeshore East trains. Stouffville line trains no longer serve Danforth and Scarborough stations. The Stouffville GO train switches to the Uxbridge Subdivision at Scarborough and begins curving towards the north until the Midland and Danforth Road intersection, at which point the line points straight north. The train then passes through residential neighborhoods up to Eglinton Avenue, and stops at the Kennedy GO station, which is the terminus for the TTC's Line 2, Line 3, and Line 5, upon opening. As the train progresses through the route travelling adjacent to the Scarborough RT corridor in between Eglinton Avenue and Ellesmere Road, the train enters several industrial districts. Near the Kennedy GO Station area are several industrial spurs serviced during the overnight hours by the Canadian National Railway, the former Uxbridge Sub owner. Continuing north, the train arrives at Agincourt GO station next, which is close to Sheppard Avenue. North of Sheppard Avenue, the train passes through more residential and industrial areas. Just south of Steeles Avenue is the Milliken GO Station. Past Milliken, the train crosses Steeles Avenue and the site where the original Milliken station once stood, and enters the City of Markham, continuing north. Past Denison Street, the Stouffville train descends below 14th Avenue and the CN York Subdivision tracks before making its way back up, going beneath Highway 407 and stopping at Unionville GO Station. North of Unionville GO station, the train begins curving in the east direction, passing through historic Unionville (which includes the former Unionville Station building and platform) and residential suburban neighborhoods built closer to the track before arriving at Centennial GO station. Further along the line to the east is Markham GO station, which is located in the historic Markham Village. After Markham GO station, the line curves northward again, passing industrial areas before approaching Mount Joy GO station, now a major terminal station for all non-peak trains. As the train departs from Mount Joy GO station, the scenery becomes much more rural as the line continues north, crossing 19th Avenue, exiting Markham, and entering the Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville. Suburban development is seen once again as the train enters the historic village of Stouffville, stopping at Stouffville GO Station. Stouffville was once a major junction that connected the Uxbridge Sub with the Lake Simcoe Junction Railway. Prior to 2020, passengers could see an abandoned track beside the main track where the trains were used to be stored. This track has since been removed. The train continues until a little northeast, just exiting urban Stouffville, where it terminates at Old Elm GO Station, which is located next to the line's GO Train overnight storage facility. Route operation The Stouffville line operates nine trains out of Old Elm every weekday and three trains every weekend in either direction. Additional services dispatched from Union run as far north as Mount Joy GO, and connecting bus services extend north to Uxbridge. Train service is provided in push pull configuration with the MPI MP40PH-3C locomotive at the north end of the train and the Bombardier BiLevel cab control car at the south. The trains are typically six, ten, or twelve cars long, with the fifth car from the locomotive being the door control location. Service levels have generally been adjusted several times a year with significant cutbacks during the COVID-19 pandemic. For a much of the year in 2022 until September, off-peak service was suspended to allow for construction. As of September 2023, on regular service days (excluding weekends and holidays), the first southbound train departs Old Elm at 5:14ย a.m. The rest of the trains follow at a service frequency of 30โ€“60 minutes with most frequent service taking place during rush hour. The last southbound train departs Old Elm at 9:17ย a.m. The first northbound train departs Union Station at 9:12ย a.m. These mid-day trains turn back at Mount Joy, providing two-way service at 1 hour intervals until evening rush hour for the majority of stations on the line. North bound trains have a service frequency of 30โ€“60 minutes with most frequent service taking place during rush hour. The last northbound train does not depart Union Station until 7:12ย p.m. As of November 2, 2019, the Stouffville line operated on all weekends and holidays with three trains departing hourly from Old Elm starting from 7:14ย a.m. and three trains departing hourly from Union Station starting from 10:15ย a.m. All non-peak and most weekend/holiday service is provided by buses. Weekend service was cut in early 2023, but resumed with 11 daily trips in each direction in September 2023 Train whistle cessation agreement As of December 23, 2021, the entire length of the GO Transit Stouffville line (except for one crossing at the Markham/Stouffville border, three crossings in the Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville, and one crossing in the City of Toronto) has train anti-whistling procedures implemented as the result of public outcry regarding the level of noise to which some residents were introduced as a result of the provision of increased rail service along the line. The Canadian Rail Operating Rules currently requires trains to begin blowing train whistle warning signals a quarter mile from every railroad crossing and continue to do so until the train enters the crossing as a warning to motorists and pedestrians that the train is fast approaching. The 24/7 whistle ban prohibits train engineers operating on the line from performing this warning signal. Every city served by the line had to apply to Transport Canada individually in order to stop whistling. The railroad authority Metrolinx worked closely with these cities to implement whistle cessation as quickly as possible provided that all safety requirements are met. To impose a ban on train whistle usage at railroad crossings, several safety upgrades had to be installed at each crossing in order to receive approval from Transport Canada. These safety measures include flashing lights, bells, and gates, signs warning the public that trains will arrive without additional warning, and removal of trees to increase sighting distance. It is important to note that even when train whistling at level crossings is prohibited, there are other requirements in the Canadian Rail Operating Rules which require trains to whistle, such as when encountering a crew of track maintenance workers on or near the railroad right-of-way. As anti-whistling does not extend to these factors, residents living in close proximity to the line may still hear the whistle from time to time. It should also be understood that the elimination of train whistling at public level crossings causes an increase in liability against the city where a train accident causing injury, permanent disability, or death occurs. As it is a well-established fact that whistle bans will increase both the frequency and severity of accidents, the city where such an accident occurs would have to assume liability to which it otherwise would not be exposed. Stations Expansion In June 2013, GO Transit held a first "Public Information Centre" of an environmental assessment study for expanding rail service in the Stouffville Corridor. This represented the completion of the second of five stages of work to implement expanded service, and recommended adding double track segments and other improvements between Union Station and Unionville to support increased train service levels. Double tracking of the line from Unionville GO station to Scarborough GO was scheduled to begin in 2015. This section is proposed to become part of SmartTrack, a proposal by Toronto mayor John Tory to improve commuter rail service within the City of Toronto. On April 16, 2015, the Ontario government announced a Metrolinx initiative to increase rail service throughout the GO Transit network over the subsequent decade, known as Regional Express Rail (RER). Under the plan, diesel trains would operate on the Stouffville line every 20 minutes from Old Elm to Union Station during peak periods, and hourly or more frequently from Mount Joy to Union Station. In addition, electric trains would operate every 15 minutes between Unionville and Union Station. In June 2015, new stations were approved in Toronto at Finch Avenue East and Lawrence Avenue East, to be built alongside the RER electrification. In February 2020, Metrolinx hosted a series of Public Information Centres detailing planned expansion and future service levels. On the line, peak direction service from Old Elm will be increased to every 20 minutes, with hourly reverse direction service to Mount Joy. There would also be -minute bi-directional service from Union Station to Unionville. During off-peak times, trains will run in both directions every 10 minutes to Unionville and every 30 minutes to Mount Joy. There are long-term plans to extend service beyond Old Elm to Uxbridge, over tracks already owned by GO Transit. Until such an expansion, Uxbridge is served by a GO bus stop at Uxbridge station, and the only rail service north of Old Elm is the Yorkโ€“Durham Heritage Railway. Grade separation A key component to GO service expansion on the Stouffville line is grade separation. Grade separation is the building of underpasses or overpasses to separate road traffic from rail traffic by eliminating level crossings. Grade separation is one of the infrastructure improvements required to be completed in preparation for the GO Transit Expansion Program. There are several benefits of grade separation, the main one being that vehicles no longer have to stop for trains. By eliminating traffic conflicts, vehicular traffic flow through busy streets is improved once trains become much more frequent. A less important but still noteworthy benefit is that grade separation is the only solution that effectively removes the need for train whistling without compromising public safety. As of July 26, 2023, the Steeles Avenue East grade separation has completed construction. In the near future, six more grade crossings will be grade separated: four in Toronto and two in Markham (right of way acquired for overpass with extension of Donald Cousens Parkway north of Major Mackenzie to terminate at Highway 48 deferred to 2026). There is also another crossing in Toronto that is included in this project that will be closed instead of grade separated since it runs through the middle of a residential neighborhood and underpass or overpass construction is infeasible. References External links GO Transit: Stouffville GO Train & Bus Service Schedule Daniel Garcia and James Bow, GO Transit's Stouffville Line GO Transit Passenger rail transport in Toronto Rail transport in Markham, Ontario Passenger rail transport in the Regional Municipality of York Railway lines opened in 1982 1982 establishments in Ontario
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%8C%EB%9D%BC%20%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4
ํ›Œ๋ผ ํ•™์‚ด
ํ›Œ๋ผ ํ•™์‚ด()์€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์ธ 2012๋…„ 5์›” 25์ผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ™ˆ์Šค ์„œ๋ถ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํƒˆ๋‘ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ•™์‚ด์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ์—”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ›Œ๋ผ ํ•™์‚ด๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 34๋ช…๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด 49๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 108๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ค‘ ๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ํƒˆ๋‘์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํฌ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์ „์ฐจํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ์—”์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ•™์‚ด ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด "2์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ‰๊ฒฐ์ฒ˜ํ˜• ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ์กด์ž์™€ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ›Œ๋ผ ํ•™์‚ด์€ ์นœ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์ธ ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 8์›” ์œ ์—”์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จํ•™์‚ด์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•™์‚ด์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฒ”์ด๋ผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ›Œ๋ผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ฐ•์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋งˆ์ด๋„ค ์ฐจ์ดํ‰์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„์™€ 2012๋…„ 8์›” ์œ ์—”์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์™€ ๋Œ€์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋„ 4์˜ ๋ณด๋„์—์„  ํ›Œ๋ผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ํฌ๊ฒฉ ํ›„ ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ/์•Œ๋ผ์œ„ํŒŒ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ํ›Œ๋ผ ๋‚จ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์„œ์ชฝ์—์„œ(์นด๋ถ€์™€ ํŽ ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋จ) ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋งˆ์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ "์•Œ๋ผ์œ„ ์‹ ์•™์€ ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ณด์žฅ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ 15๊ฐœ๊ตญ์€ ๋งŒ์žฅ์ผ์น˜๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฐ 11๊ฐœ๊ตญ์€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€์„ ๊ณ ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ ์œ ์—” ์ธ๊ถŒ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„  ํ›Œ๋ผ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ•™์‚ด์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆ๊ฑด์ด 41๋Œ€ 6์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์•ˆ๊ฑด์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„, ์ˆ˜๋‹จ, ์ฟ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6์›” 27์ผ์— ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค. "์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ"๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฒ”ํ–‰์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 3๊ฐœ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ๋„ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ "(์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„) ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ", "์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์•Œํ›Œ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์œ ์—” 6์›” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ถ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ ํƒˆ์•„๋‹คํ•ฉ, ์นดํ”„๋ฅด๋ผํ•˜, ํƒˆ๋‘ 3๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ 10๋งŒ๋ช… ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ˆ˜๋‹ˆํŒŒ๋กœ, ๋™๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ๋งˆ์„์ด, ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ชฝ์—” ์•Œ๋ผ์œ„ํŒŒ ๋งˆ์„์ด ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ค. ํ›Œ๋ผ๋Š” ํƒˆ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์ž์œ  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ(FSA)์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋˜ ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ์€ ์ด์ „์—๋„ ํ›Œ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์Šตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ ํ˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2012๋…„ 5์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž์œ  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์™€ ์—ฐ๋งนํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šˆํ”ผ๊ฒ” ์ง€์—์„  2011๋…„ ๊ฒจ์šธ๋™์•ˆ ์ž์œ  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ๋งˆ์„๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์ตœ๋‚จ๋‹จ์˜ ํƒˆ๋‘ ๋งˆ์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ž์ง€๋ผ์˜ ๋ณด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ›Œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž์œ  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ์ด ์žฅ์•…์ค‘์ด๋˜ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ 5์›” 25์ผ ํ•™์‚ด ์ด์ „์— ์•ž์„œ ํฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์—”์˜ 6์›” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” "์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ์•Œํ›Œ๋ผ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ" ์ฒจ๋ถ€๋œ ์ง€๋„์— "์š”์ƒˆํ™”๋œ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ"๋กœ ์จ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ ํ›Œ๋ผ์™€ ์•Œ๋ผ์œ„/์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒˆ๋‘ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋๋งŒ ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋„์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ•™์‚ด ํ˜„์žฅ์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ํƒˆ๋‘ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์™€ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์‚ด ์œ ์—” ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ ์ธก ์ฃผ์žฅ 2012๋…„ 5์›” 25์ผ, ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ›Œ๋ผ ๋งˆ์„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํƒˆ๋‘์˜ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํฉ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์งํ›„ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ์€ ๋งˆ์„์— ํƒฑํฌ์™€ ํฌ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€์‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. UNHRC ์กฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” "์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ด๊ฒฉ์— ๋งž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํฌ๊ฒฉ์— ๋‹นํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋ณต์ด๋“ , ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด๋“  ํƒˆ๋‘์˜ FSA์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฌด์žฅ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ตฐ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋‘˜๋กœ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ํผ์กŒ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ "์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ ํ˜น์€ ํฌ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค"(7์ชฝ)๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ํƒˆ๋‘ ์ค‘์•™์˜ ์›ํ˜• ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์— ์žˆ๋Š” "์‹œ๊ณ„ํƒ‘ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ"์—์„œ ์ด ๋‚  ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ํŒจํ‡ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์žฅ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์‚ฌ๋“œ ๋„๋กœ(์••๋‘˜๋ผํฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ณณ)์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(10์ชฝ) ์ค‘์•™ ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ •๋ณด๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด "๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ‡ด๋‹นํ•ด ๋„์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋„๋กœ"๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(21์ชฝ) 8์›” ์‹œ์ ์—๋„ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๋ฝ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ "์•Œ์นด์Šค ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ"(Al-Qaws) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ์•„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค.(66์ชฝ) ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฐ์šฉ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•ด๋‘๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์ธ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋™ํ˜• ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์ธ ์•Œ์นด์Šค ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ 6์›” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ์ง€๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.(21์ชฝ) ์ฆ‰ ์†Œ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๋Œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ›„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์ž์œ  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ์นด์Šค ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒˆ๋‘ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ์š”์ƒˆํ™”๋œ ๋ณ‘์˜(์›Œํ„ฐ ์ค‘๋Œ€)๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์˜ ์†์•„๊ท€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•™์‚ด ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋Š” "์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ์ญ‰ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋˜ ์˜์—ญ"์—์„œ๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.(66์ชฝ) ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, 8์›” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” "์••๋‘˜๋ผํฌ ๋ฐ ์•Œ์…ฐ๋“œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์„ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์‚ดํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ์ธก์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.(67์ชฝ) ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์›ƒ ์•Œ๋ผ์œ„ํŒŒ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์˜จ ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ง„ ์˜คํ›„ 7์‹œ ์งํ›„ ๋งˆ์„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋ณต์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ๋ณต ์ฐจ๋ฆผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ดํ›„ 5์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋งˆ์„์„ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง‘์ง‘๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ๊ดดํ•œ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์— ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์ดํƒ„์„ ์˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์‚ด ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋™๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 1.5 km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 108๋ช… ์ค‘ 20๋ช… ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด ์ „์ฐจ ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค "์ฆ‰๊ฒฐ์ฒ˜ํ˜•"์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋‘ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ๋Š” "๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ด์— ๋งž์•„" ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์ธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ง€์—ญํ•ฉ์ž‘์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ๋งˆ์„์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋ฐ•๊ฒฉํฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ฐ•๊ฒฉํฌ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ•™์‚ด ๋‹น์ผ ๋ฐค ์œ ์—” ๊ฐ์‹œ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋‹จ์ด ์ ‘๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ธ๊ถŒ๊ด€์ธก์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ผ ํ•™์‚ด์€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ์žํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ›Œ๋ผ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง„์••ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์นœ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์•Œ์•„์‚ฌ๋“œ ์ถฉ์„ฑํŒŒ๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์žํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "์•„๋ถ€ ๋นŒ๋ž„ ์•Œํ™ˆ์‹œ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์€ ์•Œ๋ผ์œ„ํŒŒ ์กฐ์ง์ธ ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ํƒˆ๋‘ ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•ํ•œ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ณ ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜ ์กฐ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ์ด์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ž์œ  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ์˜ ๋„์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ์‹œ์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋ณต์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์‚ด์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋„ 4 ๋‰ด์Šค์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ์•Œ๋ผ์œ„ํŒŒ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ํ›Œ๋ผ ์„œ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์ชฝ(์•Œ์นด๋ถ€, ํŽ ๋ ˆ ๋งˆ์„)์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ๋งˆ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋งˆ์— ์Šฌ๋กœ๊ฑด์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ํ†ฐ์Šจ ๊ธฐ์ž๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์Šต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์—” ์ง‘๊ณ„์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ์ตœ์†Œ 2๊ตฌ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 28์ผ, ํœด๋จผ ๋ผ์ด์ธ  ์›Œ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ์กด์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ›Œ๋ผ ํ•™์‚ด์ด ์นœ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฌด์žฅ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ๊ดดํ•œ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์žฅ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ธ์ง€ ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜์ธ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํœด๋จผ ๋ผ์ด์ธ  ์›Œ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ๋„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ค‘ 62๋ช…์€ ์••๋ธ ๋ผ์žํฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ํ›Œ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ ๋™์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋‘  ์†์—์„œ ์˜น๊ธฐ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผ ๋ฌป์€ ์‹œ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๋น„ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ, ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋œ ์ฑ„ ๊นจ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฒ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์นผ์— ์ฐ”๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์— ๋งž์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด "์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด์•ผ! ์ด ๊ฐœ๋“ค์•„, ์ด ์•„๋ž์ธ๋“ค์•„, ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์•„, ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ด๋ผ!"๋ผ๊ณ  ์™ธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์ฐํ˜€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ณต๋™๋ฌ˜์ง€๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ ฌ๋กœ ์ญ‰ ๋Š˜์–ด์„  ์œ„์„ฑ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ผ ํ•™์‚ด์ด 2012๋…„ 3์›” 15์ผ ํ™ˆ์Šค์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์นด๋ฆ„์•Œ๋ฃฐ์ฆˆ ํ•™์‚ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ํšŒ๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ณ ์กฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ ๋ฌด์žฅ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ 5์›” 28์ผ ์œ ์—”์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ•™์‚ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 25์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 2์‹œ ๊ฒฝ ๋Œ€์ „์ฐจ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋“ฑ ์ค‘ํ™”๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ๊ดดํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์ด ํ•™์‚ด์žฅ์†Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋ชจ์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๋Š” "์•„๋™, ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ๋…ธ์ธ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ"๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์žฅ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ํƒˆ๋‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณ‘์›์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ง‘์„ ๋ถˆํƒœ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด์ง€์—ญ ์™ธ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ ์ฃผ๋‘”์ง€ 5๊ณณ๋„ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ 3๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  16๋ช…์ด ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋งˆ์ด๋„ค ์ฐจ์ดํ‰์˜ ์ค‘๋™ ํŠนํŒŒ์› ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ ํ—ค๋ฅด๋งŒ์€ ์ •๋ถ€(ํ˜น์€ ์นœ์ •๋ถ€)๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ›Œ๋ผ ํ•™์‚ด์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์†ก๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ต๋ช… ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•ด, ํ—ค๋ฅด๋งŒ์€ 25์ผ ์ €๋… ํƒˆ๋‘ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ตฐ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ 3๊ณณ์ด ๋ผ์Šคํƒ„, ์นดํ”„๋ฅด๋ผํ•˜, ์•„ํฌ๋ผ๋ฐ” ๋“ฑ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์••๋‘˜๋ผ์žํฌ ํ‹€๋ผ์Šค์™€ ์•ผํžˆ์•ผ ์œ ์ˆ˜ํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” 700์—ฌ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋ฅด๋งŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํƒˆ๋‘ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์ „ํˆฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ „ํˆฌ ํ›„์— "๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ" ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๋ฐ ์••๋‹ฌ๋ผ์žํฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์„ ์ „๋ฉธ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ต๋ช…์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์‚ด ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์€ ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ์–ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ๋“ค์ด ์‘์ง•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋งˆ์ด๋„ค ์ฐจ์ดํ‰์˜ ๋ณด๋„๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฑ„๋„ 4๋‚˜ ์˜๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ(BBC)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณด๋„์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋ฉฐ ์Šˆํ”ผ๊ฒ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋„ํ•œ ํ›Œ๋ผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ์˜ 1์ฐจ ์ฆ์–ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šˆํ”ผ๊ฒ” ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์€ 2012๋…„ 12์›” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ›Œ๋ผ ๋‚ด๋ฃŒ ์ง์ ‘ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด ์ƒค๋น„ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ํ•™์‚ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์œ ์—” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋งˆ์ด๋„ค ์ฐจ์ดํ‰์ด ๋ณด๋„ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋„ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 9์›” ์œ ์—”๊ณ ๋“ฑํŒ๋ฌด๊ด€ ๋‚˜๋น„ ํ•„๋ผ๋น„์˜ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์ •๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ํ›Œ๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์•Œํ€ด๋ฒ ๋ฅด ํ•™์‚ด (2012๋…„ ํ•˜๋งˆ ํ•™์‚ด) ํ•˜๋งˆ ํ•™์‚ด ํŠธ๋ ˜์‹œ ์ „ํˆฌ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•™์‚ด ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋ฌธ ์œ ์—”์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ด์žฅ์˜ ํŽธ์ง€( ) 2012๋…„ 5์›” 2012๋…„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ 2012๋…„ ํ•™์‚ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houla%20massacre
Houla massacre
The Houla massacre () was a mass murder of civilians by Syrian government forces that took place on May 25, 2012, in the midst of the Syrian Civil War, in the town of Taldou, in the Houla Region of Syria, a string of towns northwest of Homs. According to the United Nations, 108 people were killed, including 34 women and 49 children. While a small proportion of the deaths appeared to have resulted from artillery and tank rounds used against Taldou, the U.N. later announced that most of the massacre's victims had been "summarily executed in two separate incidents". UN investigators have reported that some witnesses and survivors stated that the massacre was committed by pro-government Shabiha. In August 2012 UN investigators released a report which stated that it was likely that Syrian troops and Shabiha militia were responsible for the massacre, concluding that: "On the basis of available evidence, the commission has a reasonable basis to believe that the perpetrators of the deliberate killing of civilians, at both the Abdulrazzak and Al-Sayed family locations, were aligned to the Government. It rests this conclusion on its understanding of access to the crime sites, the loyalties of the victims, the security layout in the area including the position of the governmentโ€™s water authority checkpoint and the consistent testimonies of victims and witnesses with direct knowledge of the events. This conclusion is bolstered by the lack of credible information supporting other possibilities." The Syrian government alleged that Al-Qaeda terrorist groups were responsible for the killings, and that Houla residents were warned not to speak publicly by opposition forces. This account received support from a report published by the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,but is contested by most media coverage and by the report published by the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) in August 2012. Channel 4 News reported that Houla residents stated that the Syrian military and government-hired Shabiha were the perpetrators of the massacre, as claimed by opposition groups. Townspeople described how Shabiha, who were thought to be men from Shia/Alawite villages to the south and west of Houla (Kabu and Felleh were named repeatedly) entered the town after several hours of shelling. According to one eyewitness, the killers had written Shia slogans on their foreheads (the Alawi faith is a Shia sect). The fifteen nations of the U.N. Security Council unanimously condemned the Syrian government for firing heavy weapons at civilians. The U.S., U.K., and eleven other nations jointly expelled Syrian ambassadors and diplomats from their territories. On June 1, 2012, 41 out of 47 countries in the UNHRC supported a resolution condemning "in the strongest possible terms such an outrageous use of force against the civilian population". The resolution, which blamed Syrian government troops and pro-government militias, instructed an expert panel to conduct an "international, transparent, independent and prompt investigation". Russia, China and Cuba voted against the resolution, with Uganda and Ecuador abstaining, and the Philippines was absent during the vote. On June 27, the UNHRC published a preliminary report on rights violations in Syria. The report noted that the commission had "yet to be afforded access to the country," which "substantially hampered the investigation, and its findings should be viewed in that light." The report states that "with the available evidence" the Commission of Inquiry (CoI) could not rule out any of three possible perpetrators, but that "while the CoI could not rule out the possibility of anti-Government fighters being responsible for the killing, it was considered unlikely." In August 2012, following continued investigations focusing on identifying the perpetrators, a report published by the UNHRC concluded there was a reasonable basis to believe the perpetrators were aligned to the Syrian government. Background Al-Houla is an area mainly comprising three towns named, as given north-to-south in the UN's June report, Tal Addahab, Kafr Laha and Taldou. They report the towns have a combined population of more than 100,000 "of which the majority is Sunni Muslim," but are "ringed by Shia villages to the southeast, and Alawi villages to the southwest and the north." Houla was a regular protest hub, even before army defectors formed the Free Syrian Army. The Syrian army had been accused of raiding and killing protesters in the Houla region before. But by May 2012 FSA or allied rebels were in general control of the area, according to both pro-government and anti-government sources. Der Spiegel was told over the winter "a unit of the Free Syrian Army took up residence (in Houla) and it has been considered liberated since then" although the state's army still controlled "roads into the town." The UN's investigators only really considered Taldou, the southernmost town in Houla, and found "opposition forces may have been in control of parts of the city, mostly in the north." According to Al Jazeera's correspondent Hadi al-Abdallah, this FSA control of Houla is why the Syrian Army was unable to enter on May 25, and had to shell it from a distance prior to the massacre. However, the UN's June report noted "Government forces are present in Al-Houla" with "fortified checkpoints" they show on an attached map. This shows only the south end of Taldou, between rebel-held Houla and the Alawi and Shia villages. All the reported massacre sites, also labeled on that map, are in this immediate area of Taldou. Events Opposition and United Nations account On May 25, 2012, activists say Syrian soldiers dispersed a crowd of protesters with gunfire at a checkpoint in Taldo, a village of Houla. Shortly after, they say, armed rebels attacked the checkpoint, destroying an armored personnel carrier, and the Syrian military responded by bombarding the town with tank and artillery fire. The UNHRC's commission of Inquiry concluded (in their June report) โ€œthe protestors appear to have been fired upon or shelled by Government forces. Either in retaliation, or in a premeditated attack, anti-Government armed groups, including the FSA present in Taldou, fired upon the security forces checkpoints, probably overrunning one or two of them." They note "several people were killed in these clashes or as a result of the shelling...โ€ (p.ย 7) In particular, they found the "clocktower checkpoint" located at the central roundabout in Taldou "was overrun at some pointโ€ in the day, giving militants access to Saad road (where the Abdulraaq families were killed). (p.ย 10) A Military Intelligence Post ways south on Main Street is marked on their map as โ€œ(likely overrun by anti-gov't forces).โ€ (p.ย 21) Even in August the commission suggests that post did fall; "the checkpoint at Al-Qaws" or arches - the next post to the south - "demarcated the new front line between the opposition and Government forces." (p.ย 66) However, as a mobile post (soldiers in vehicles that tend to park there), the position of the Qaws post isn't as certain; their June report's map noted it "may be further south" than shown. (p.ย 21) That is, the small force there may have retreated to some degree. Following the violence of the day, the Commission of Inquiry decided the FSA offensive failed to break the government's control of the massacre area via the checkpoint at the arches (Qaws), the force stationed at the National Hospital, and the fortified army post on the ridge southeast of Taldou ("Water Company"), which all remained in government hands. Therefore, "the crime scene remained in Government-controlled territory the entire time." (p.ย 66) Considering this, the commission found in their August report "a reasonable basis to believe that the perpetrators of the deliberate killing of civilians, at both the Abdulrazzak and Al-Sayed family locations, were aligned to the Government." (p.ย 67) Witnesses said Shabiha militia forces from neighboring Alawite villages, entered the town around 7ย pm, shortly after nightfall. Some were wearing uniform, while others were wearing casual civilian clothing. The men proceeded to loot homes for the next five hours, killing many civilians as they moved from house to house. In some cases, gunmen herded whole families into rooms and sprayed them with bullets. Satellite images showed a large Syrian military contingent 1.5ย km southeast of the massacre site. According to the U.N. investigation, of the 108 confirmed dead, "fewer than 20" were killed by tank and artillery fire. Most of the remainder were killed in "summary executions", and "entire families were shot in their houses" in the village of Taldo. The Local Coordination Committees, a network of opposition activists inside Syria, stated that the attack by the military was preceded by mortar shelling of the town, which in itself left entire families dead. Activists stated that they had attempted to contact U.N. monitors during the night of the massacre, but the monitors refused to come. According to the London-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, the massacre was perpetrated by the Syrian army, which attempted to break into Houla after the town saw many anti-government protests. Political activists said that Syrian government forces and loyalists fired heavy weapons. Other activists blamed Assad loyalists of the surrounding Alawite towns for the violence. A local man, who gave his name as Abu Bilal al-Homsi, accused Alawites in ranks of Shabiha of executions of locals in the town of Taldo, where they bayoneted civilians as a retaliation for a previous demonstration and an attack of Free Syrian Army fighters on army checkpoints in the vicinity of the towns. In interviews with Channel 4 News, townspeople described how Shabiha from Alawite villages to the south and west of Houla (Kabu and Felleh were named repeatedly) entered the town after shelling for several hours. According to one eyewitness, the killers had written Shia slogans on their foreheads. Reporter Alex Thomson stated that he had been told many bodies were yet to be recovered, and that he had seen at least two bodies not included in the initial U.N. count. On May 28, Human Rights Watch released a report of interviews with survivors and area activists, in which all stated that the massacre was committed by pro-government gunmen in military fatigues. However, the witnesses were unable to say whether gunmen belonged to armed forces or Shabiha. HRW was also given a list of casualties, from which 62 victims were members of the Abdel Razzak family. Video later emerged on the Internet showing the bloodstained bodies of many children huddled on a floor in the dark, some with their skulls split open, some with their throats cut, and others knifed or shot to death. The video also featured a man's voice screaming, "These are all children! Watch, you dogs, you Arabs, you animals โ€“ look at these children, watch, just watch!" Another video showed what was said to be a mass burial of victims. The U.S. State Department later published satellite photos said to show mass graves in Syria that line up with images from the ground supplied by Syrian opposition forces. Syrian government and Rainer Hermann account The Syrian government stated that the massacre fit a pattern of armed groups escalating attacks prior to Security Council sessions on Syria, as in the March 15 Karm Allouz massacre in Homs. According to the Syrian government's account of the massacre provided to the United Nations on May 28, hundreds of gunmen gathered around the locations of the massacres, armed with heavy weapons including anti-tank missiles, at 2:00ย pm on 25 May. The account listed as victims "several families, including children, women and elders," listed the names of the dead, and stated that armed terrorist groups had burned crops and houses and vandalized the national hospital in Taldo. Five government positions outside the affected area had also been attacked by the militia, killing three soldiers and injuring 16. Rainer Hermann, the Middle East correspondent of the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, has published an account of the events according to which elements opposed to the Syrian government, rather than government (or pro-government) ones, were responsible for the massacre Citing anonymous opposition sources from the area, Hermann concludes that three Syrian army checkpoints near Taldou were attacked on the evening of May 25 by more than 700 rebel gunman from Rastan, Kafr Laha and Akraba, under the leadership of Abdurazzaq Tlass and Yahya Yusuf. During and after the fighting rebel forces and Taldou residents, according to Hermann, wiped out the Sayyid and Abdarrazzaq families "who had refused to join the opposition." The Berliner Morgenpost also carried an article questioning the narrative of Syrian government responsibility, quoting anonymous eyewitness saying that the massacre victims were opponents of the revolution, and that any testimony to the contrary would result in retribution from rebels. The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'''s account received attention in the international press, but is not supported by eyewitness testimony from other sources, including Channel 4 and the BBC, and was originally rejected by a report in Der Spiegel based upon interviews with Houla residents. However journalists from Der Spiegel went back to Houla in December, 2012, and were able to confirm the massacre was conducted by the shabiha. The United Nations investigation report, released on 15 August 2012, specifically contested the alternative accounts provided by the Frankfurter Allgmeine Zeitung,'' stating that the paper had interviewed two witnesses also quoted in the Syrian government's report. In a speech in September 2012, U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay didn't directly accuse Syria of responsibility, but noted that government forces played a role in the Houla massacre. Aftermath On the day of the attacks, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemned the Syrian government's "unacceptable levels of violence and abuses", including use of heavy weapons on civilian populations, before the U.N. Security Council. U.N. observers visited the al-Houla on the day after the massacre, viewing the bodies of the dead in a morgue. They confirmed that at least 90 civilians were killed, including at least 32 children. Robert Mood, the U.N. mission head, described the killings as "indiscriminate and unforgivable" and said that U.N. observers could confirm "the use of small arms, machine gun[s], artillery and tanks". The U.N. report on the killings in the days following the massacre strongly implied that forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad were responsible for the slaughter, demanding "that the Syrian Government immediately cease the use of heavy weapons in population centers." Several towns held rallies to protest the killings. In a Damascus neighborhood women were filmed carrying papers that read "Banish the U.N. tourists" and "The Syrian regime kills us under supervision of the U.N. observers". The Free Syrian Army stated that it could no longer honor the ceasefire if the safety of civilians was not guaranteed, and that the peace plan negotiated by Kofi Annan was "dead". Members of the group stated their intent to retaliate against government forces. On May 27, 2012, France, Germany, Great Britain and the U.S. proposed a collective statement at the U.N. condemning the Syrian government in "blistering" language, accusing it of using tank shells and artillery on a civilian population. However, Russia blocked the statement's adoption. Kuwait called for an emergency meeting of the Arab League to discuss the attacks. Later in the day, the fifteen nations that comprise U.N. Security Council unanimously condemned the Assad government for its role in the attack, though the language avoided direct blame for the deaths. On the same day, opposition activists claimed that the Syrian government renewed shelling of Houla, and set up snipers in the area in an apparent attempt to prevent any more civilians from speaking with observers. On May 29, 2012, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the U.S. announced that they were expelling Syrian diplomats in response to the massacre. Turkey and Japan later expelled Syrian diplomats, increasing the number of nations to do so to 13. The Syrian government described the expulsions as "unprecedented hysteria", and in turn, ordered the Dutch chargรฉ d'affaires to leave the country within 72 hours. Russia called the expulsions of Syrian diplomats "counterproductive" and insisted that a U.N. Security Council statement Sunday condemning the incident was "a strong enough signal to the Syria parties." The following day, Denmark, the European Union, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the U.S. proposed a special session of the U.N. Human Rights Council to discuss the massacre. The request was supported by 51 nations. The Russian Foreign Ministry spokesman stated that "They do not want to listen to Damascus, and that, from our point of view, does not improve matters in the current situation." Russia also called for no new U.N. Security Council action for the time being. Russian First Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Denisov stated that: "One cannot take decisions on military operations in Syria by being guided by only emotions...the Russian position is not formed on the basis of emotions, which our respected French partners have unfortunately not escaped in the formulation of their position." Despite the U.S. State Department's earlier hope that the events in Houla might prove a "turning point in Russian thinking", Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Gennady Gatilov said: "We have always said that we are categorically against any outside interference in the Syrian conflict because this will only exacerbate the situation for both Syria and the region as a whole." A Syrian military officer, Major Jihad Raslan, stated that he defected to the opposition after "witnessing hundreds of pro-regime militiamen" carry out the massacre. Raslan stated that defections rose sharply following the attack. The Arab League held a special meeting on Syria following the attack, and on June 2, called on the U.N. Security Council "to take the necessary measures to protect Syrian civilians, including increasing the number of international monitors". The following day, Assad addressed Syria in a 70-minute televised address in which he denounced the Houla attacks as "massacres which even monsters would not have carried out". He stated that the attackers had been funded by "outside forces" and promised a "real war" against them. Reactions Domestic โ€“ Syrian government: Syrian Deputy Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad said that "[t]here is a huge, misleading, well-planned campaign to distort the facts on the ground and mislead the people." Jihad Makdissi, spokesman for the Syrian Foreign Ministry, said in a press conference on May 27, "We completely deny responsibility for this terrorist massacre against our people". He also repeated the claim that the Syrian government was the target of a "tsunami of lies. [โ€ฆ] Women, children and old men were shot dead, [โ€ฆ] This is not the hallmark of the heroic Syrian army." As had already been claimed the day before by the state-owned news agency SANA, Makdissi also pointed to the "suspicious coincidence" that the attacks occurred in conjunction with the visit to Syria on May 28 by Kofi Annan, making them "a slap to the political process". The foreign ministry spokesman informed that a military judicial committee is investigating the massacre and that its findings would be announced in three days. He also emphasized that no tanks or artillery had entered al-Houla town, and that law enforcement units "never left their positions", being pinned down in self-defense. He also said, "The Syrian state is responsible for protecting civilians according to the constitution and Syria preserves its right to defend its citizens." Assad's government denied responsibility. Local Coordination Committees: "We in the Local Coordination Committees are pained by the international community's apparent blindness to the bloodshed, and believe the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) bears the responsibility for its inability to protect Syrian civilians." Syrian National Council: The SNC called on the U.N. Security Council to examine the massacre that had taken place in Houla. Burhan Ghalioun, former leader of the SNC, called for a "battle of Liberation" in Syria, asking Syrian civilians and FSA alike to engage in combat with the Syrian government until foreign countries intervene. Other: A Syrian honorary consul general in California resigned and defected because of the killings he blamed on the Syrian Government. International โ€“ U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and the U.N. special envoy to Syria, Kofi Annan, described the attack as an "appalling and brutal crime involving indiscriminate and disproportionate use of force [which] is a flagrant violation of international law and of the commitments of the Syrian government to cease the use of heavy weapons in population centers and violence in all its forms". They called on the Syrian government to cease the use of heavy weapons in densely populated areas, and they reiterated the call for all sides to cease violence. On May 28, U.N. Security Council unanimously condemned the killing of at least 108 people and confirmed that massacre took place amid "series of government artillery and tank shellings on a residential neighborhood", which the Syrian government denied just hours before. The UN Human Rights Commission report of August 2012 stated that the indiscriminate attacks against civilian populations and other atrocities were "state policy" and claimed Assad's forces and allied Shabiha militia were involved at the highest levels in "gross violation of international human rights". โ€“ Arab League Secretary-General Nabil Elaraby described the events as a "horrific crime", calling on the Syrian government to "stop the escalation of killing and violence by armed gangs and government military forces". โ€“ Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr called on the Syrian government to withdraw from all military action and described the "massacre of civilians" as a "hideous and brutal crime". Senator Carr also explained that the Syrian Chargรฉ d'affaires, Mr Jawdat Ali and another Syrian diplomat would be expelled by Australia and would be required to leave the country by May 31, 2012. โ€“ The Bulgarian Foreign Ministry formally expelled the Syrian ambassador and two other diplomats, and temporarily withdrew its diplomatic staff from Damascus in response to what it calls a "monstrous massacre". โ€“ Canadian Foreign Ministry formally expelled Syrian diplomats. Speaking to reporters on Parliament Hill the Government of Canada indicated it was "deeply offended and outraged by the actions that occurred in Syria this past weekend by the government and thugs supporting the government" in the Syrian area of Houla. โ€“ A spokesman for the Chinese foreign ministry said that "China feels deeply shocked by the large number of civilian casualties in Houla, and condemns in the strongest terms the cruel killings of ordinary citizens, especially women and children". However, the ruling party's official newspaper warned against intervention and argued that the international community should stick with the Annan peace plan, saying that "the Syrian question should be resolved by the Syrian people. Outside powers do not have the right to stick their hands in." โ€“ Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohammad Kamel Amr condemned the "massacre" in Syria. โ€“ France condemned the "massacre in Houla" and called for greater international action. Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius announced arrangements for a Paris meeting of a "Friends of Syria" group. President Franรงois Hollande stated that military intervention could not be ruled out. โ€“ German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said that "It is appalling that the Syrian regime does not put an end to the brutal violence against its own people ... Those responsible for this crime must be punished." โ€“ According to the Hungarian government's website, the Hungarian Foreign Ministry "most firmly condemns the murder of more than hundred persons including children in Houla, Syria. We express our most sincere condolences and deepest compassion to the families of the victims [โ€ฆ] The deployment of military force against civilian population in such a brutal and inhuman manner is the most ruthless violation of fundamental human rights and the earlier commitments of the Syrian leadership. We call upon the Syrian Government to immediately end violence, support the mission of U.N. observers, and fully implement Kofi Annanโ€™s six-point plan." โ€“ On May 28, Iran's foreign ministry released a statement via its official media condemning the killings in Houla, stating that "[t]he killing of a number of innocent people in the area has distressed the Islamic nations." The ministry denounced the "suspect act" and urged authorities "to identify and punish those responsible." On May 30, the country's president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, told French TV station France 24 in an interview that "[a]ll those who carried out these murders are guilty and I hope the people responsible are punished." โ€“ Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had until the massacre refrained from any comments regarding Syria, expressed "appall at the continuous slaughter of innocent civilians by Assad's forces." He called on the international community to take action in light of "the continuous slaughter of innocent civilians" and added that "Iran and Hezbollah cannot be separated from Assad's massacre, and the world needs to take action against them as well." The Israeli President Shimon Peres, meanwhile, proclaimed that "their president, who is supposed to be the father of their nation, became their murderer". He argued that "The reactions until now have been declarations; unfortunately, declarations don't stop murders and assassinations. I think the time has come to help the Syrians achieve peace and regain their freedom." โ€“ Japanese government spokesman Osamu Fujimura condemned the "inhumane violence" that had occurred in Houla, and expressed sympathy for the victims. He went on to state that "It is clear that the Syrian cabinet holds part of the responsibility over that crisis [โ€ฆ] Japan will pressure Syria to implement the steps suggested by the U.N to put an end to violence and carry out its duties in protecting its citizens." Syria's ambassador in Tokyo was ordered to leave the country. โ€“ The Mexican Secretariat of Foreign Affairs "expressed its profound concern" for the massacre and condemned the attack in the "most energetic terms" possible. It asked for all parties in the conflict to cease the violence and respect the Kofi Annan peace plan for Syria. โ€“ On May 29 the Norwegian foreign minister Jonas Gahr Stรธre stated, "I am deeply shocked over the massacre. The situation in Syria is very serious and incidents such as this can lead the country into full civil war." โ€“ On May 30, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Panama, announced the decision to "suspend temporarily" the diplomatic relations with the Arab Republic of Syria, based on the massive and systematic violations of human rights that the government of President Bashar al Assad inflicts against its own people, and as long as this continues the relations are indefinitely and unconditionally suspended. โ€“ On May 29, Romanian State Secretary Dan Petre condemned the "unqualifiable violence perpetrated at Houla" and summoned the Syrian chargรฉ d'affaires a.i. to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to express "profound indignation about such actions of a nature to threaten regional stability and security". The Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs again called for the Syrian regime to "cease urgently any forms of violence" and requested full support for the UN supervision mission in Syria. On May 30, Foreign Minister Andrei Marga recommended expelling the Syrian ambassador in Bucharest, calling the events in Houla "intolerable". The move was supported by Prime Minister Victor Ponta, who added however that Romania will maintain some diplomatic personnel in Damascus to assist Romanians who have yet to leave Syria. โ€“ Although before the massacre Russian rhetoric had often focused on Assad as a "reformer", Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said in Moscow following a meeting with the British foreign minister, "The government bears the main responsibility for what is going on" and that "Any government in any country bears responsibility for the security of its citizens". Russia's reaction was considered to be a condemnation of the Syrian government. However, Lavrov also stated that the rebels shared the blame for the killings, noting that some victims had been killed at close range in a district controlled by the opposition fighters. Later, Alexei Pushkin, a foreign affairs committee chair in the Russian government, took this rhetoric further, saying that "We have very strong doubts that those people who were shot at point-blank [range] and were stabbed, that this was the action of forces loyal to President Assad... The shelling was probably...the troops of Mr Assad, but the stabbing and point-blank firing was definitely from the other side." In response to reports that Russia had shipped weapons to the Syrian port of Tartus in the same week as the massacre and American criticism of Russia's policy on Syria, Putin denied that Russia was shipping any arms to Syria "which can be used in a civilian conflict". The Russian Foreign Ministry also issued a statement saying "The tragedy in Houla showed what can be the outcome of financial aid and smuggling of modern weapons to rebels, recruitment of foreign mercenaries and flirting with various sorts of extremists." โ€“ Saudi Arabia condemned the massacre. Its representative at the Human Rights Council said the Kingdom is keen on the unity and integrity of Syria. โ€“ The Swiss Department of Foreign Affairs declared the Syrian ambassador to Switzerland (who also represents Syria in France and resides in Paris) persona non grata. โ€“ Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet DavutoฤŸlu said that Turkey "deplores and condemns in the strongest terms the massacre of at least 110 innocent civilians, including 50 children, as a result of the rocket and artillery bombardment carried out by the Syrian security forces on May 25 against the town of Houla and the mass murders committed by soldiers and 'shebbiha' militias who entered into the town afterwards." He further stated that Turkey would continue its solidarity with the Syrian people as well as the international community for the democratic transition process based on the legitimate demands of the people to end tragedy experienced in Syria before it took more innocent lives. On May 30 Turkey and Japan joined other nations and expelled senior Syrian diplomats. โ€“ The UAE called for an Arab League meeting regarding the massacre, describing the killing as "a violation to our humanity, and signifies the tragic failure of our collective Arab and international efforts to put an end to the violence against the civilians in Syria." โ€“ British Foreign Secretary William Hague called the massacre an "appalling crime" and stated that the British government would seek a "strong response." He blamed the Syrian government and called an emergency meeting at the U.N. security council. On June 1, Hague went further and argued that given how rapidly the situation was deteriorating, it would be wrong to "rule out any options. โ€“ U.S Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that the U.S. condemned "in the strongest possible terms" the "atrocity" in Houla. She said the U.S. will work with the international community to put pressure on "Assad and his cronies," stating that their "rule by murder and fear must come to an end." She added, "Those who perpetrated this atrocity must be identified and held to account." The American government said that this act was further evidence of an "inhuman and illegitimate Syrian government" that responds to peaceful political protest with "unspeakable and inhuman brutality." On June 1, Clinton criticized Russia's actions, including its alleged "continuous supply of arms to Syria" and that in her view, Russia's stance in the conflict was not neutral as it claimed it was. โ€“ Vatican City released a statement saying that the "massacre causes pain and profound preoccupation to the Holy Father and the Catholic community as a whole" and asked for the "cessation" of violence. โ€“ Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs Spokesperson Luong Thanh Nghi said: "Viet Nam strongly condemns the killings of more than 100 civilians in the town of Houla. We extend our heart-felt condolences to the families of the victims and call on parties concerned in Syria to promptly conduct full and objective investigations into the case and to strictly observe the UN six-point peace plan so that stability in Syria will soon be restored and the Syrian people will be able to build and develop their countries." See also Al-Qubeir massacre, 2012 Turaymisah massacre, 2012 Hama massacre, 1982 List of massacres in Syria References External links *Letter from Ban Ki-moon (Archive) Massacres of the Syrian civil war in 2012 Homs Governorate in the Syrian civil war Massacres of the Syrian civil war perpetrated by the Syrian Army Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Syrian government May 2012 events in Syria
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84%20DD15%ED%98%95%20%EB%94%94%EC%A0%A4%20%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%B0%A8
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ DD15ํ˜• ๋””์ ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„ DD15ํ˜• ๋””์ ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ()๋Š”ย ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ 1962๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์กฐํ•œ ์•ก์ฒด์‹ ์ œ์„ค์šฉ ๋””์ ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ์ž…ํ™˜์šฉ ๋””์ ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์ธ DD13ํ˜• 113ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์— ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ, 1962๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1966๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹›ํฐ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ œ์กฐ์—์„œ 50๋Ÿ‰(1 - 46, 301 - 304)์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ์‹ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์•ž๋’ค์— ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ํ‚ค100ํ˜• ์ œ์„ค์ฐจ๋‚˜ ํ‚ค500ํ˜• ์ œ์„ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ „์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‘์—…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, DD15ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์•ž๋’ค์— ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•œ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์ด 1๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ œ์„ค ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ’€๋ฉด DD13ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ž…ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋•๋ถ„์— 1๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ œ์„ค์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์šด์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜ ์žฅ์ฐฉ์‹œ ์ถ•์ค‘์ด 15.5t์— ๋‹ฌํ•ด, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ ๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์šด์šฉ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒธ์šฉ์ด ๊ณค๋ž€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒˆ์ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•ด์ง„ DE15ํ˜• ๋””์ ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋๋‹ค.ย 1987๋…„, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์˜ํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ, 19๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„์—, 13๋Ÿ‰์ด ์„œ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„์— ์ด์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ณธ์ฒด๋Š” ์„ผํ„ฐ ์บก ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ์˜ ์ค‘์•™์— ์šด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ž๋’ค ๋ณด๋‹›์— ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์™ธ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ DD13ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค.ย DD13ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ DD15ํ˜•๋งŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šด์ „๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ ์ „์กฐ๋“ฑ ยท ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ˆˆ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ยท ๋žœ๋ณด๋“œ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธด๊ธ‰์šฉ ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜ ์žฅ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 200mm ์ด์˜€๋˜ ์ฐจ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” 150 mm์œผ๋กœ ์–‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํƒฑํฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 2,000 L์—์„œ 1,500 L๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—”์ง„์œผ๋ก  ์ง๋ ฌ 6๊ธฐํ†ต ๋””์ ค ์—”์ง„ยทDMF31SBํ˜•(500 ps / 1,500 rpm)์„ 2๊ธฐ ํƒ‘์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์‹ ์ฝ”์กฐํ‚ค์ œ Lysholm - Smith์‹ ์•ก์ฒด๋ณ€์†๊ธฐ DS1.2/1.35ํ˜•๊ณผ ์œ”๋ฒ„๋„ค์‹ DT113ํ˜• ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” DD13ํ˜• 7์ฐจ๋ถ„(111ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ~)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ˜•(1ยท2ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐยทํ”„๋žœ์ €(์„ ๋กœ ์œ„์— ์Œ“์ธ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์น˜์šฐ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜ 2๊ฐœ)ยท๋ณด์กฐ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๊ธฐ์•• ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๋กœ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์•ž์ชฝ ๋ณด๋‹› ์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ์•• ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋†“์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, 3ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์••์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์•• ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋๋‹ค.ย 42ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ž‘๋™์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1966๋…„์— DD13ํ˜•์˜ ๋Œ€์ฐจ ๊ต์ฒด์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด DD15ํ˜•๋„ ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋ฅผ DT113Dํ˜•์—์„œ DT113Fํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๋“ค์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ 300๋ฒˆ๋Œ€(301-304)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์น˜์šฐ๋Š” ๋ณต์„ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ, ํƒˆ์ฐฉ์‹œ์—” ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ๋ณธ์ฒด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฐจ๋Œ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋Œ€์— ๊ณ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.ย 16ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์™€ 17ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” 1968๋…„์— ๋‹ˆ์“ฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์„ ํ˜• ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์šฉ DD15ํ˜•์€ ์ถ•์ค‘์ด ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒˆ์„  ๋ฐฉ์ง€์—๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค.ย ๋˜ ์ œ์„ค ์ž‘์—… ์ค‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€์ˆ˜๋„ ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ์„ค ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ DE15ํ˜•์ด ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ œ์„ค ์ „์šฉ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๋กœ๋Š” ์“ฐ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ œ์„ค ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ฐฉํ•  ์ผ์ด ์—†๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ์ œ์„ค์žฅ์น˜ ํƒˆ์ฐฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์—†์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.ย ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ณณ์ด ์—†์–ด ์œ ํœด์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค(์•„์ฃผ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ์ž„์‹œ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์— ์“ฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค). ์ œ์กฐ๋œ์ง€ 40๋…„์ด ๋„˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ผ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ ธ, JR๋™์ผ๋ณธ ์†Œ์† DD15ํ˜•๋“ค์€ ENR-1000ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์–ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ์ฐจ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , JR์„œ์ผ๋ณธ ์†Œ์† DD15ํ˜•๋“ค์€ ํ‚ค์•ผ143ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย 2013๋…„ 4์›” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” JR์„œ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์•ผ๋งˆ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฒ ๋„๋ถ€์— 5๋Ÿ‰(11, 13, 14, 15, 31), ํ›„์ฟ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ์ฒ ๋„๋ถ€์— 2๋Ÿ‰(10, 39)์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 2013๋…„ 7์›”์— 39๊ฐ€ ํ์ฐจ, 2017๋…„ 3์›”์— 5๋Ÿ‰(10, 13, 14, 15, 31)์ด ํ์ฐจ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋˜ 11ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 2017๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ์ž๋กœ ํ์ฐจ๋˜์–ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์šด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด DD15 17ใ€€ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์‹œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€ DD15 30ใ€€์˜ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์“ฐ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œย ์“ฐ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋งˆ๋‚˜๋น„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๊ด€ DD15 37ใ€€ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์˜คํƒ€๋ฃจ์‹œ ์˜คํƒ€๋ฃจ์‹œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€๏ผˆ์ฒ ๋„ใƒป๊ณผํ•™ใƒป์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ด€๏ผ‰ DD15 4๊ฐ€ ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ  ๋ณธ์„ ย ๋ฆฌํ›„์ง€์„  ๋ฆฌํ›„์—ญ์— ์œ ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ณด์กด์ค‘์ด๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์–ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์ œ์› ์ „์žฅ๏ผš13,600 mm ๏ผˆ์ œ์„ค๊ธฐ ์žฅ์ฐฉ์‹œ 21,200 mm๏ผ‰ ์ „ํญ : 2,926 mm ์ „๊ณ  : 3,880 mm ์ฐจ๋ฅœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ย : Bo-Bo (UIC ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜) ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ : 55.0 t ๏ผˆ์ œ์„ค๊ธฐ ์žฅ์ฐฉ์‹œ 62.0 t๏ผ‰ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฒฌ์ธ๋ ฅ : 16,500 kgf ์—”์ง„ ํ˜•์‹ : ์ง๋ ฌ 6๊ธฐํ†ต ๋””์ ค์—”์ง„ DMF31SB(500 ps / 1,500 rpm) ร— 2 ์ œ๋™์žฅ์น˜ : DL14Bํ˜• ์ž๋™๊ณต๊ธฐ์ œ๋™์žฅ์น˜, ์ˆ˜๋™์ œ๋™์žฅ์น˜ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋””์ ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์œ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์„œ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR%20Class%20DD15
JNR Class DD15
The is a four-axle Bo-Bo wheel arrangement diesel-hydraulic locomotive type operated in Japan as a self-propelled snowplough unit since 1961 by the national railway company Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR West). A total of 50 locomotives were built between 1961 and 1966, and , 6 locomotives remain in service. Variants A total of 50 locomotives were built between 1961 and 1966, divided into the following sub-classes. Class DD15-0: 46 locomotives built between 1961 and 1965 Class DD15-300 4 locomotives built in 1966 with modified gearing Design The Class DD15 was developed from the Class DD13 locomotive design, with the addition of snowplough units at either end. The snowplough units could be detached, allowing the locomotives to be used for shunting and other duties outside the winter periods. However, with the snowplough units mounted, the locomotive axle load was nearly 16 t, restricting use on rural lines, and so the class was superseded by the later Class DE15 locomotives, which had separate snowplough units. As with the Class DD13 locomotives, the Class DD15 had two DMF31SB diesel engines. History DD15-0 46 Class DD15-0 locomotives were built between 1961 and 1965 by Nippon Sharyo, with the first locomotive delivered in November 1961. , six Class DD15-0 locomotives remain in service. DD15-300 Four Class DD15-300 locomotives were built in 1966 by Nippon Sharyo. These locomotives had a modified gear ratio, changed from 1:3.143 to 1:3.196. , no Class DD15-300 locomotives remain in service. Fleet status At the time of privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, 32 Class DD15 locomotives remained in service, with JR East receiving 19 and JR West receiving 13. By 1 April 1995, 25 locomotives were still in service, operated by JR East and JR West, including two DD15-300 locomotives. , six locomotives remain in service, all operated by JR West. Preserved examples , three Class DD15 locomotives are preserved. DD15 17: Preserved at the Mikasa Railway Park in Mikasa, Hokkaido DD15 30: Preserved at the Tsuyama Railroad Educational Museum in Tsuyama, Okayama (Built in 1964, Previously operated by Toyama Chiho Railway, and moved to Tsuyama following its withdrawal in 2011.) DD15 37: Preserved at the Otaru Museum in Otaru, Hokkaido Classification The DD15 classification for this locomotive type is explained below. D: Diesel locomotive D: Four driving axles 15: Locomotive with maximum speed of 85 km/h or less References Diesel locomotives of Japan DD15 DD15 Bo-Bo locomotives 1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan Railway locomotives introduced in 1961 Nippon Sharyo locomotives
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%98%EC%8A%A4%EA%B3%A0%20%ED%98%84%EC%83%81
๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ํ˜„์ƒ
๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ž€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๊ตญ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. "๋นˆ๊ณค ํ†ต์ œ ํ›„ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ(๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ )์— ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ "๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ํ˜„์ƒ์€ "์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ํ˜„์ƒ"์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ๋ฐ "์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋ณ‘์ž"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ์ •๋„๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๋‹ค. ์ €์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚™ํ›„ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ณผ ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ณค๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๊ณค์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€์ด๋‚˜ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ ์ƒ์œ„ 10ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช…๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์˜ 4๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์€ 65์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ 1960๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 70๋…„๋Œ€์— "๋น„์ •์ƒ์ธ ์ž"๋“ค์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ๋‰ดํƒ€์šด ์ฒญ๋…„ ์ˆ™๋ จ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์žฆ์€ ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„, ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ, ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ํ† ์–‘ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ๋•…์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์—ญ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‚™ํ›„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์ง€์›์ฃผํƒ, ์ข…ํŒŒ์ฃผ์˜, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ„์ธต์ด๋™, ๋‹จ๋ฌผ, ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์ถ”์šด ๊ฒจ์šธ, ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๊ณค๋ฅ  ๋“ฑ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์„ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ฅ  ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” 1950๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ์„œ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” "ํด๋ผ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ•์˜ ์œ ๋… ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ค‘์— ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ์— ์ฐจ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค."๊ณ  ์ผ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 2016๋…„์—๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์–‘์ชฝ์—์„œ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์–ด๋Š๊ณณ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ 120๋งŒ๋ช…์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ 71.6์„ธ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ธ 78.2์„ธ๋ณด๋‹ค 7๋…„ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 78์„ธ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท  82.3์„ธ๋ณด๋‘ 4์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ์นผํŠผ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์•„ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ 54์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚จ์šฉ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฐฑ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ณด๊ฑด ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ํ™”์ดํŠธ(Bruce Whyte)๋Š” 1999๋…„-2002๋…„ ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์„ฑ์ธ 2,500๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์•…์—ญํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ ํ˜ธ์Šคํ…” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2008-2012๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ํ˜ธ์Šคํ…”์ด ๋” ์ ๊ณ  ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์นผํŠผ(Calton)๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ํ„ด(Bridgeton) ์–‘์ธก ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ 67.8์„ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ 76.6์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณด๊ฑด์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์™ˆ์‰ฌ(David Walsh)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ , ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€, ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์€ 30ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 15ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ, ํญํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ์ž์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ˜ธํ™‰๊ธฐ ์งˆํ™˜, ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์•”, ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด ์น˜์†Ÿ์•˜๋‹ค. 2016๋…„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ 43ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ ์€ 1968๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  15-44์„ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 100,000๋ช…์ค‘ 142.4๋ช… ๊ผด์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„๊ณผ 2016๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์€ ๋‘๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณด๊ฑด์„ผํ„ฐ(GCPH)๋Š” 2004๋…„์— ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•ด ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์—์„œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde์™€ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ์‹œ์˜ํšŒ, ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณด๊ฑด์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฉด์—์„œ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์ฑ…์ž„์ž์ธ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฒˆ์Šค(Harry Burns)๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ „๋‘์—ฝ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ถ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ์ง€ ๋„์›€๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„์— ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณด๊ฑด์„ผํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์•…ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 70๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ์™ธ๊ณฝ ๋‰ดํƒ€์šด์— ์ฒญ๋…„ ์ˆ™๋ จ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผํƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ด์ „์˜ ์‹œ๋„์™€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ณผ๋ฐ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ "์ง€์—ฐํšจ๊ณผ"๊ฐ€ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 1971๋…„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ "๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๋…ธ์ธ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋“์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทน๋นˆ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ"๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ๋Š” ์žฆ์€ ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„, ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋กœ๋ฎด ๋”ฐ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ํ† ์–‘, ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ๋•…์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด "๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ"์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์™€ ๋‚™ํ›„๋œ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…ํŒŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์›๋“ค๋„ ์ง€๋ชฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์€ "๊ธด๋ฐ€๊ฐ", ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ„์ธต์ด๋™์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒจ์šธ์ด ๋˜์–ด (๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„ค์Š˜๊ณผ ์นผ์Š˜์ด ์ ์€๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œ ๋œ) ๋‹จ๋ฌผ์ด ์›์ธ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D ๋ถ€์กฑ ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๊ณค๋ฅ , ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ Salutogenesis ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Craig, Carol (2010). The Tears that Made the Clyde: Well-being in Glasgow. Argyll: Argyll Publishing. Craig, Carol (2017). Hiding in Plain Sight: Exploring Scotland's Ill Health. Paisley: CCWB Press. ์—ญํ•™ (์˜ํ•™) ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow%20effect
Glasgow effect
The Glasgow effect refers to the lower life expectancy of residents of Glasgow compared to the rest of the United Kingdom and Europe. The phenomenon is defined as an "[e]xcess mortality in the West of Scotland (Glasgow) after controlling for deprivation." Although lower income levels are generally associated with poor health and a shorter lifespan, epidemiologists have argued that poverty alone does not appear to account for the disparity found in Glasgow. Equally deprived areas of the UK such as Liverpool and Manchester have higher life expectancies, and the wealthiest ten percent of the Glasgow population have a lower life expectancy than the same group in other cities. One in four men in Glasgow will die before his sixty-fifth birthday. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for the ill health, including the practice in the 1960s and 1970s of offering young, skilled workers in Glasgow social housing in new towns, leaving behind a demographically "unbalanced population". Other suggested factors have included a high prevalence of premature and low birthweight births, land contaminated by toxins, a high level of derelict land, more deindustrialisation than in comparable cities, poor social housing, religious sectarianism, lack of social mobility, vitamin D deficiency, cold winters, higher levels of poverty than the figures suggest, adverse childhood experiences and childhood stress, high levels of stress in general, and social alienation. Excess mortality and morbidity The city's mortality gap was not apparent until 1950 and seems to have widened since the 1970s. The Economist wrote in 2012: "It is as if a malign vapour rises from the Clyde at night and settles in the lungs of sleeping Glaswegians." The mortality rates are the highest in the UK and among the highest in Europe. As of 2016, life expectancy in Scotland was lower for both females and males than anywhere else in western Europe, and was not improving as quickly as in other western European countries. With a population of 1.2 million in greater Glasgow, life expectancy at birth is 71.6 years for men, nearly seven years below the national average of 78.2 years, and 78 years for women, over four years below the national average of 82.3. According to the World Health Organization in 2008, the male life expectancy at birth in the Calton area of Glasgow between 1998-2002 was 54 years. A local doctor attributed this to alcohol and drug abuse, and to a violent gang culture. According to Bruce Whyte of the Glasgow Centre for Population Health, writing in 2015, the estimate was based on deaths in 1998โ€“2002 in an area comprising 2,500 people, and the figures may have been affected by the presence of hostels for adults with alcohol, drug and mental-health problems. The 2008โ€“2012 estimate for Calton and nearby Bridgeton together, by then more ethnically diverse and with fewer hostels, was 67.8 years for males and 76.6 years for females. Research led by David Walsh of the Glasgow Centre for Population Health in 2010 concluded that the deprivation profiles of Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester are almost identical, but premature deaths in Glasgow are over 30 percent higher, and all deaths around 15 percent higher, across almost the entire population. The higher mortality is fueled by stroke, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer, along with deaths caused by alcohol, drugs, violence and suicide. According to a 2016 study, 43 percent of adults are classified as either disabled or chronically ill. Suicide rates are higher than they were in 1968, and the all-cause mortality rate in the 15โ€“44 age group is 142.4 deaths per 100,000. Drug-related deaths in Scotland more than doubled between 2006 and 2016. Hypotheses The Glasgow Centre for Population Health (GCPH) was established in 2004 to study the causes of Glasgow's ill health; the centre's partners are NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow City Council and the University of Glasgow. In a publication introducing the GCPH, the Chief Medical Officer for Scotland, Harry Burns, referred to research suggesting that chronically activated stress responses, especially in children, affect the structure of parts of the frontal lobes of the brain, and that these determine the physical reaction to stress, which could result in chronic ill health. The ability to attain good health, he suggested, depends in part on whether people feel in control of their lives, and whether they see their environments as threatening or supportive. A GCPH report in 2016 concluded that certain historical processes and policy decisions had left the city more vulnerable to deprivation. Factors include the "lagged effects" of overcrowding and the former practice, in the 1960s and 1970s, of offering young, skilled workers social housing in new towns outside Glasgow; this, according to a 1971 government document, threatened to leave behind an "unbalanced population with a very high proportion of the old, the very poor and the almost unemployable". Other hypotheses have included a higher prevalence of premature and low-birthweight births; land contaminated by toxins such as chromium; a high level of derelict land, leading to a "negative physical environment"; more deindustrialisation than in comparable cities; and low-quality housing estates. Social deficits and sources of social dysfunction have been suggested: religious sectarianism; a low "sense of coherence"; low social capital; lack of social mobility; and a culture of alienation and pessimism. Soft water (with lower levels of magnesium and calcium) has been mentioned as a possible factor, as have cold winters; vitamin D deficiency; higher levels of poverty than the figures suggest; and adverse childhood experiences. See also Housing in Glasgow Salutogenesis Notes References Further reading Craig, Carol (2010). The Tears that Made the Clyde: Well-being in Glasgow. Argyll: Argyll Publishing. Harrison, Ellie (2016). The Glasgow Effect: A tale of class, capitalism and carbon footprint. Edinburgh: Luath Press. Macdonald, Fleur (16 October 2019). "The 'Glasgow effect' implies cities make us sad. Can the city prove the opposite?". The Guardian. Death in Glasgow Epidemiology Poverty in Scotland Urban decay in Europe
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%20%EC%A7%80%ED%96%A5%20%EC%8B%9C%EC%9E%A5%20%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C
์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ
์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ()๋Š” ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์–‘์‹์˜ ๋„๋ž˜๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณจ์ž๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ ๋„์ด ๋จธ์ด์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ํŽธ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์—์„œ๋Š” 1979๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•”์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ด์ค‘ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1986๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ 587.2%์˜ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1986๋…„ 12์›”์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ œ6์ฐจ ๋‹น๋Œ€ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์ด ๋จธ์ด(, ์‡„์‹ ) ์ถ”์ง„์„ ์˜๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์–ด์—์„œ "๋„์ด ๋จธ์ด"๋Š” ์‡„์‹ ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋‹น๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์€ 1975๋…„ ์ข…์ „๊ณผ ํ†ต์ผ์ดํ›„ 10์—ฌ๋…„์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ถ”์ง„์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก  ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ๊ธฐ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋…ธ์„ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ๋„์ด ๋จธ์ด ๊ฐœํ˜์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์–ธํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ตํ™˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ํ˜„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์ถฉ๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์™ธ์‹œ ํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋„์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์ถฉ๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ง„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์†Œ๋ จ์‹ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํญ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ํŽธ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถ”์ง„๋œ ๋„์ด ๋จธ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ๋†์—…์— ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ž„๋Œ€ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋†๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆํ•˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋†์—…ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋†์žฅ์ด ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ถ”์นœ์€ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๋„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณต์—…๊ณผ ๋†์—…๊ฐ€๊ณต, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋™ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋‚˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‹ค๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์˜ค๋žซ ๋™์•ˆ ์šด์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดํ–‰์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ถ”์ง„๋ ฅ์€ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ตญ์˜์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ™”๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„๋œ ๋„์ด ๋จธ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋„์ด ๋จธ์ด ์ดํ›„ 30์—ฌ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 2018๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” 14๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 1991๋…„ - 1997๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์€ ๋งคํ•ด 8~9%์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋„์ž…์€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ์ต ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ณ„ ๋…ธ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๊ถŒ์ต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ํ†ต์ œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist-oriented%20market%20economy
Socialist-oriented market economy
The socialist-oriented market economy (Vietnamese: Kinh tแบฟ thแป‹ trฦฐแปng ฤ‘แป‹nh hฦฐแป›ng xรฃ hแป™i chแปง nghฤฉa) is the official title given to the current economic system in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. It is described as a multi-sectoral market economy where the state sector plays the decisive role in directing economic development, with the eventual long-term goal of developing socialism. The socialist-oriented market economy is a product of the ฤแป•i Mแป›i economic reforms which led to the replacement of the centrally planned economy with a market-based mixed economy based on the predominance of state-owned industry. These reforms were undertaken to allow Vietnam to integrate with the global market economy. The term "socialist-oriented" is used to highlight the fact that Vietnam has not yet achieved socialism and is in the process of building the basis for a future socialist system. The economic model is similar to the socialist market economy employed in the People's Republic of China. Reforms leading to establishment The ฤแป•i Mแป›i economic reforms were initiated by the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1986 during the party's 6th National Congress. These reforms introduced a greater role for market forces for the coordination of economic activity between enterprises and government agencies, and allowed for private ownership of small enterprises and the creation of a stock exchange for both state and non-state enterprises. The economic reforms aimed to restructure the Vietnamese economy away from Soviet-type central planning and towards a market-based mixed economy intended to be a transitional phase in the development of a socialist economy. The goal of this economic system is to improve the productive forces of the economy, developing a firm technical-material base for the foundation of socialism, and to enable Vietnam to better integrate with the world economy. In the early 1990s, Vietnam accepted some World Bank reform advice for market liberalization, but rejected structural adjustment programs and conditional aid funding requiring privatization of state-owned enterprises. Description The socialist-oriented market economy is a multi-sectoral commodity economy regulated by the market, consisting of a mixture of private, collective and state ownership of the means of production. However, the state sector and collectively owned enterprises form the backbone of the economy. It is similar to the Chinese socialist market economy in that many forms of ownership, including cooperative/collective enterprises, communal, private and state ownership models co-exist in the economy, but the state sector plays a decisive role. Vietnam is the most pro-free-market country in a 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center, with 95% of its citizens supporting a free market system. Compared with the Chinese model In contrast to the Chinese model (dubbed the socialist market economy), the Vietnamese system is more explicitly characterized as an economy in transition to socialism and not as a form of socialism, with the process of building socialism seen as a long-term process. Claiming to be consistent with Marxist theory, socialism is understood to only emerge once Vietnam's productive forces are developed to a point where socialism becomes a technical possibility. As such, it is similar to the Chinese position on the primary stage of socialism. Vietnam's socialist-oriented market economy shares many common characteristics with the Chinese socialist market economy in its institutions and policies, combining fundamentally market-based economies with the predominance of state-owned enterprises, the coexistence of a vibrant private sector, a single-party political system, and the existence of five-year economic plans. This has led development economists to consider both these countries sharing the same basic economic model. The differences between these two models includes a higher degree of decentralization and autonomy of local governments in Vietnam (being higher than in other East Asian developmental states), with greater income redistribution between provinces resulting in a lower Gini coefficient. Some authors associate this model with the East Asian model of state capitalism, while others associate it with market socialism. Common to other East Asian developmental states, Vietnam shares mutually supporting institutions and active public authorities with strong capacities to implement long-term economic plans. Theoretical basis The Communist Party of Vietnam maintains that the socialist-oriented market economy is consistent with the classical Marxist view of economic development and historical materialism, where socialism can only emerge once material conditions have been sufficiently developed to enable socialist relations. The socialist-oriented market model is seen as a key step for achieving the necessary economic growth and modernization while being able to co-exist in the contemporary global market economy and benefit from global trade. The Communist Party of Vietnam has re-affirmed its commitment to the development of a socialist economy with its ฤแป•i Mแป›i reforms. This economic model is defended from a Marxist-Leninist perspective, which states that a planned socialist economy can only emerge after first developing the basis for socialism through the establishment of a market economy and commodity-exchange economy and that socialism will only emerge after this stage has exhausted its historical necessity and gradually transforms itself into socialism. Proponents of this model argue that the economic system of the Soviet Union and its satellite states attempted to go from a natural economy to a planned economy by decree without passing through the necessary market economy phase of development. Proponents of socialist market economies distinguish themselves from market socialists with the view of market socialism that markets are a central feature of socialism and that markets are the most feasible mechanism for a socialist economy. See also Developmental state Dirigisme East Asian model Economy of Vietnam Goulash Communism List of communist ideologies Market economy Market socialism New Economic Policy Primary stage of socialism Socialism with Chinese characteristics Socialist market economy Transition economy Titoism References Socialism Market socialism Mixed economies Economic systems Economic ideologies Economy of Vietnam
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EB%94%94%20%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4
๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค
๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค(Gandy Goose)๋ž€ ํ…Œ๋ฆฌํˆฐ์Šค์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์œ„์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์˜์ ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ๋ง์ฝ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹คํ–‰์ธ ์ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ ๊ดด๋กญํ˜€ ์ด๊ฒจ์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์€ ๋น„์ฐธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•ด๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ฟˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ ์†์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ž˜ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ผ๋„ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋„ ๋ง์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ฐฉํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ž์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ƒ์ƒ์†์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์‹  ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ ์†์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ Song in Erin ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์•ˆ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ์ „์ถ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์Œ์•…์„ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ƒ์ƒ์— ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ค ์žฅ๋ฏธ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์™€ ์ถค์„ ์ถ”๋‹ค ๊ทธ ์žฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฑฐ์œ„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฑฐ์œ„์™€ ์ถค์ถ”๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์Œ์•…๋„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์„ ๋ง์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ƒ์ƒ ์†์˜ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Gandy's dream Girl ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์นจ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ž๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ ์†์—์„œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์—ฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ ์†์—์„œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง์น˜๋Š” ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•”์ปท ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ผ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฟˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์นจ๋Œ€์— ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นจ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์นจ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ž ์ด ๊นจ๋ฉด์„œ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. Night Life in the army ๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฟˆ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹น๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์œ„ ์—ฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‚ค์Šคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฟˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊พผ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฒ ๊ฐœ์— ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์—ฌ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฐจ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜€์„œ ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌดํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž ์— ๊นจ๊ณ  ์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ•˜์ž ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. The Golden Hen์˜ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—์„œ๋„ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‹ญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์„œ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž ์ด ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๋Š” ์žฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์Šค๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฟˆ ์†์—์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ญ์ด ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์ฒœ๊ตญ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ง‰ํŒ์— ๋‹ญ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋งˆ๋…€์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ์ง“์„ ๋ง‰์•„๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ด ๊ฟˆ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์นจ๋Œ€ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ง‰ ํ”๋“ค๊ณ  ์žก์•„๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋‹ค ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์นจ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ Aladdin's lamp ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ผ๋น„์•ˆ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจํ—˜์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๊ณ  ๋™์–‘์ธ ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถค์„ ์ถ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ •๋‹ค๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด์„œ ์—”๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ ์•„๋ผ๋น„์•ˆ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. Mother Goose ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™ํ™”์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‚˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ž ์—์„œ ๊นจ์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋™ํ™” ์†์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ๋นจ๊ฐ„๋ชจ์ž์™€ ์žญ๊ณผ ์ฝฉ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ผ์ด ๊ฟˆ ์†์—์„œ ํŽผ์ณ์ง„๋‹ค. ์žญ๊ณผ ์ฝฉ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ์€ ๋‹ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์•Œ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ์—๋‹ค ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ›”์ณ์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฟˆ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค ์นจ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตด๋Ÿฌ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์„œ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋„˜์–ด์ ธ ์ž ์—์„œ ๊นจ์–ด ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. Somewhere in egypt ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋งŒ์˜ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ž ์„ ์ž์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์•…๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์Œ์•…์— ์ทจํ•ด ์ž ์„ ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฏธ์ด๋ผ, ์Šคํ•‘ํฌ์Šค, ํ•ด๊ณจ๊ฐ™์€ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด๋„ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์•”์ปท ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ถ์„ ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํ’์Šต๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Lights out ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๋„ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ž ์„ ์ž๋‹ค ๊ฟˆ์—์„œ ๊ท€์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ท€์‹ ๋“คํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ž ๊ผฌ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์นจ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์„œ์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์—†์–ด๋„ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋””๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค ํ˜„์‹ค์  Dream walking์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํŒŒ์„œ ์•ผ์‹์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊พธ ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๋Š” ์•ผ์‹์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์ž ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์Œ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ์–ด ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ์ง“์œผ๋กœ ์˜คํ•ดํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋˜ ๊ฟˆ ์†์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋‚ด์™€ ๋™๋ฌผ์›๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑท๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋‘๋“ค๊ฒจ ๋งž๊ณ , ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ์นจ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค. The Covered Pushcart์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์บ ํ•‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์บ ํ•‘ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ ์•ˆ ์บ ํ•‘์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋†€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ธ๋””์–ธ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ดด๋กญํžŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์ธ๋””์–ธ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ด์„ ์˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์ธ๋””์–ธ์ด ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋กœ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. Fisherman's Luck์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์žก๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋„ ๋์— ๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๋Š” ํฐ ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์Šน๋ฆฌ์ž๋กœ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๊ฐœ The Exterminator์˜ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. The Exterminator ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋„์ค‘์— ์ฅ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ž ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์–ด์„œ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ป๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฅ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ์ง‘๋“ค์„ ์Šต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ณ , ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ๊ดด๋กญํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฒญํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์ง‘์ด ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์—”๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. Barnyard actor ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑด ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋‹ญ๋“ค ์†์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ˆ˜๋‹ญ 2๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•”๋‹ญ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„๋ ค๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ธ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์šฐ๋กœ ๋ณ€์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ 1๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํƒ‰์ด ์˜์›…์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด๋‹ค. Spring Fever ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์˜ท ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋งจ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด๋„ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋”” ๊ตฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์šฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์žก์•„๋จนํž ๋ป”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ฉดํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์นธ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ๋‚˜์ดํ”„ ์ธ ๋” ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ํ”ผ์Šค ํƒ€์ž„ ํ’‹๋ณผ ์†ก ์ธ ์—๋ฆฐ ์žฐ๋””์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฟˆ. ๊ฟˆ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฑท๊ธฐ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋‹ญ ํ…Œ๋ฆฌํˆฐ ๋‚š์‹œ๊พผ์˜ ํ–‰์šด ์—„๋งˆ ๊ฑฐ์œ„ ์•Œ๋ผ๋”˜์˜ ๋žจํ”„ ์™€์ด๋“œ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค(Wide Open Spaces) ๋ธŒ๋žœ์•ผ๋“œ ์•ก๋” ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋”˜ํ‚ค ๋• ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ๊ฑฐ์œ„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋งŒํ™” ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์˜ํ™” ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ 1938๋…„ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์ธ๋ฌผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandy%20Goose
Gandy Goose
Gandy Goose is a Terrytoons cartoon character who first appeared in the 1938 short Gandy the Goose. He is frequently paired with Sourpuss, a cat, beginning in the 1939 short Hook Link and Sinker. Sourpuss' first appearance was in the 1939 The Owl and the Pussycat. Originally voiced by composer and orchestral arranger Arthur Kay from 1939 to 1941, Gandy spoke in a lyrical vocal parody of radio comedian Ed Wynn while Sourpuss vocally impersonated an impatient Jimmy Durante. Their surreal adventures often showcase extended dreams, bookended by coarse bedroom arguments. Gandy was used to promote the U.S. war effort during World War II. In the cartoons, Gandy Goose joined the US Army in 1941 in the cartoon "Flying Fever" and also in "The Home Guard". Gandy Goose appeared in a total of 54 cartoons between 1938 and 1955. He also made two appearances in Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures (1987โ€“1988) voiced by Patrick Pinney. Gandy Goose (along with Sourpuss) is one of the only characters who didn't appear in the 1999 Terrytoons pilot Curbside. Comic books Gandy Goose and Sourpuss also appeared in comic books, beginning in 1942 and lasting until 1964. Starting out published by Timely Comics, Gandy Goose was a regular feature in such titles as Terry-Toons Comics and Mighty Mouse, as well as the superhero titles Young Allies and Captain America Comics. In 1947, St. John Publications took over the licensing of Terrytoons characters; Gandy Goose continued to appear in Terry-Toons Comics and Mighty Mouse as well as Dinky Duck, Heckle and Jeckle, and his own self-titled series, which ran four issues from March 1953 to November 1953 and an additional two issues at Pines Comics from 1956 to 1958. Gandy Goose appeared in issues of Dell Comics' New Terrytoons title in the early 1960s and then in Mighty Mouse when it was being published by Western Publishing. Filmography Gandy Goose appeared in the following 54 cartoons: Gandy the Goose (March 4, 1938) Goose Flies High (September 9, 1938) Doomsday (December 16, 1938) The Frame-Up (December 30, 1938) G-Man Jitters (March 10, 1939) A Bully Romance (June 16, 1939) Barnyard Baseball (July 14, 1939) Hook, Line and Sinker (September 8, 1939) The Hitchhiker (December 1, 1939) It Must Be Love (April 5, 1940) The Magic Pencil (November 15, 1940) The Home Guard (March 7, 1941) Good Old Irish Tunes (June 27, 1941) The One Man Navy (September 5, 1941) Slap Happy Hunters (October 31, 1941) Flying Fever (December 26, 1941) Sham Battle Shenanigans (March 20, 1942) The Night (April 17, 1942) Lights Out (April 17, 1942) Tricky Business (May 1, 1942) The Outpost (July 10, 1942) Tire Trouble (July 24, 1942) Night Life in the Army (October 12, 1942) Scrap for Victory (January 22, 1943) Barnyard Blackout (March 5, 1943) The Last Round Up (May 14, 1943) Camouflage (August 27, 1943) Somewhere in Egypt (September 17, 1943) Aladdin's Lamp (October 22, 1943) The Frog and the Princess (April 7, 1944) My Boy Johnny (May 12, 1944) Carmen's Veranda (July 28, 1944) The Ghost Town (September 22, 1944) Gandy's Dream Girl (December 8, 1944) Post War Inventions (March 23, 1945) Fisherman's Luck (March 23, 1945) Mother Goose Nightmare (May 4, 1945) Aesop Fable: The Mosquito (June 29, 1945) Who's Who in the Jungle (October 19, 1945) The Exterminator (November 23, 1945) Fortune Hunters (February 8, 1946) It's All in the Stars (April 12, 1946) The Golden Hen (May 24, 1946) Peace-Time Football (July 19, 1946) Mexican Baseball (March 14, 1947) Dingbat Land (February 1, 1949) The Covered Pushcart (August 26, 1949) Comic Book Land (December 23, 1949) Dream Walking (June 9, 1950) Wide Open Spaces (November 1, 1950) Songs of Erin (February 25, 1951) Spring Fever (March 18, 1951) Barnyard Actor (January 25, 1955) References External links Gandy Goose Cartoon Filmography at The Big Cartoon Database Gandy Goose at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Gandy the Goose, 1938 cartoon (first animation where this character featured) Film characters introduced in 1938 Fictional geese Terrytoons characters Male characters in animation
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%84%EC%BD%94%ED%8A%B8%EC%97%AD
์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ
์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ (Agincourt Station) ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ๋…ธ์„ ์ธ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ด ์—ญ์€ ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ๋กœ๋“œ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์€ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ง์Šค๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„  ์ง€์ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ, ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์—ญ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์—ญ์—์„œ ์—˜์ฆˆ๋ฏธ์–ด ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๊นŒ์ง€ 3ํ˜ธ์„  ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—˜์ฆˆ๋ฏธ์–ด ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ 3ํ˜ธ์„  ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์„ ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ ํƒ€์šด ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ณ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ 401๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์™€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์ธ ๋ฒจ๋นŒ์„ ์„ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•€์น˜ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•€์น˜ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํŠธ๋ž™ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ์—ญ์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์œผ๋กœ, 2022๋…„์— ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 2023๋…„ 10์›”์— ์ฐฉ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ 2027๋…„ ๊ฐœํ†ต์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ์ธ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์€ ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ์ง์ „์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์€ 1869๋…„์— ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„ (Toronto & Nipissing Railway)๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ†ต ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋กœ, ํ‰ํŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์Œ๋งค์™€ ์ผ์ง์„ ์ด ๋˜๊ฒŒ ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์— ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋Œ„ ๋ฏธ๋Š˜ ํŒ์ž๋ฒฝ ์‹œ๊ณต๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ž๊ณ , ๊ธธ์ญ‰ํ•œ ์ง€๋ถ•์ด ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‰ผํ„ฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ง€ 10๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„์ด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์˜ ์ฒซ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” 1871๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ์— ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์™€ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ•œ ํŽธ์”ฉ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„๋„ 1881๋…„์— ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค๋กœ ๊ถค๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹จ์ผํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1882๋…„์— ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„ (Midland Railway of Canada)๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ์ดํ›„ 1884๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œํŠธ๋ ํฌ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1922๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ 7ํŽธ์˜ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒช๋˜ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œํŠธ๋ ํฌ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ 1923๋…„์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , CN์€ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ํ•œ ์•„์ŠคํŒ”ํŠธ ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์žฌ์ธ ์ธ์Š๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์„ ์—ญ ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ง๋Œ€ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ฐ€์šฉ์ด ์„ฑํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1963๋…„์—๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ ์ •์ฐจ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 1ํŽธ์”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋งˆ์ €๋„ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1977๋…„์—๋Š” CN์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„ ์šดํ–‰์„ VIA ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๊ฒจ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์˜ ์šด์˜์„ ์ž ์‹œ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. VIA ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” 1981๋…„์— ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์„ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์šดํ–‰์€ ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€ ์‚ฐํ•˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ธ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ญ์„ ์ง“๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  1982๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์ฒซ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ ์ฐจ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋‹จ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งˆ์ปด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ ์  ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ํ™•์žฅ ๊ณต์‚ฌ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ๋กœ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์ฒ ๋„ (Regional Express Railway, RER)๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ 2018๋…„ 3์›” ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค๋˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ ํ™•์žฅ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์—…์ฒด๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋กœ 1982๋…„์— ์ง€์–ด์„œ 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ๊ณ  717์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ 200์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์€ 315m๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์ชฝ์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด ์ง€์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ง€ํ•˜ ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์–‘์ชฝ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ์ฒœ์ •์ด ์ง€์–ด์ ธ์„œ ๋น„๋‚˜ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€๋ฆผ๋ง‰ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์‹ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2021๋…„ 10์›” 25์ผ์— ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณต์„ ํ™” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ข์€ ์ฒ ๋กœ์™€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ ๋ถ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„‰๋„‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ , ์—ญ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ข์€ ์ ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ญ๊ณผ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๊ฐ„ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ์™€ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ ๋กœ ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ฐ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” 32๋Œ€์˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 342๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋˜ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด 25๋Œ€ ๋” ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—๋Š” GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฃจํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฃจํ”„์— TTC ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋จผ ํ›—๋‚ ์— ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ  ๊ฐœํ†ต์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์€ ์ง์›์ด ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 5์‹œ 40๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค์ „ 11์‹œ 45๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋„์ฐฉ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ฐจํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋‚˜ ์นด๋“œ ์ถฉ์ „์€ ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋™ํŒ๋งค๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ฒดํฌ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํƒœ๊ทธํ•ด ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์—์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ดํ‹ฐ์ผ“ (e-ticket)์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ์‹ค, ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค, ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด, ๊ณต์ค‘์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‰ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ, ์—ด์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—๋Š” 337๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์นดํ’€ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์™ธ ์—ด์ฐจ์— ํ•œํ•ด ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ˜์ž…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด 24๋Œ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ญ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ฐฝ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ 2021๋…„ 2์›”์— ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2021๋…„ 10์›” 24์ผ์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 11์›”์—๋Š” ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ฑด๋„๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ๋‘ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์™€ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๋‚˜ ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—์„œ ์Šน์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šดํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํ†ต 2023๋…„ 4์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ผ€๋„ค๋””์—ญ์—๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‰์ผ ์˜คํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์—  ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํŽธ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์ด์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์˜ 85๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ญ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ 1982๋…„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agincourt%20GO%20Station
Agincourt GO Station
Agincourt GO Station is a GO Transit railway station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Stouffville line station serves the Agincourt neighbourhood of the former suburb of Scarborough. History The station's track was once used by Toronto and Nipissing Railway and later Grand Trunk Railway and finally by Canadian National Railway. TNR opened a simple wooden station at Agincourt in 1871. The CN station lasted into the 1970s and was demolished to accommodate the first Agincourt GO Station built in 1982. There was also a separate CPR Agincourt station located further east, built in 1884 by the Ontario and Quebec Railway which later merged with the Canadian Pacific Railway; it was demolished in 1962 and replaced by a passenger shelter that in turn was demolished in 1975. In 2018, EllisDon Transit Infrastructure was awarded a contract to expand the station for increased Regional Express Rail service. The project included construction of a second platform, improved pedestrian and vehicle connections, and a new station building. By February 2021, the old station building built in 1982 was demolished. By October 2021, the new station building was completed; however, at that time work still remained for tracks, platforms and the parking area. By November 2022, two new pedestrian tunnels had opened between the north- and southbound platforms which also allows community members to cross the right-of-way underground; the pedestrian level crossing at Marilyn Avenue had closed. A new parking lot with 74 spaces was added at the north end of the station area along with a pick-up, drop-off area for 24 vehicles. In September 2023, Metrolinx announced that all work had been completed at Agincourt. Station description The station has the following features: Station building featuring waiting area, digital displays, wood paneled ceiling, phone charging stations, accessible washrooms Designed for LEED certification Passenger pick-up and drop-off area (Kiss & Ride) Indoor bike storage room for eight bicycles Two tracks and two platforms Two pedestrian tunnels with elevators Canopies and integrated platform shelters Connection to Sheppard Avenue at the south end of the platforms Connecting transit The Toronto Transit Commission's 85 Sheppard East and 985 Sheppard East Express bus routes links Agincourt GO to Don Mills station in the west, the 85 and 985B continues east into Scarborough while the 985A continues express to Scarborough Centre station. Grade separation When the Sheppard East LRT was a plan back in 2010, it required a grade separation of Sheppard Avenue East and the GO train tracks. This led contractors from the City of Toronto government and TTC to build a bridge for the GO train tracks, while having Sheppard Avenue move under it, as the light rail vehicles would not have been able to cross the GO tracks at ground level. On July 3, 2012, the underpass was completed and opened to regular traffic, which was five months ahead of schedule. However, in April 2019, Ontario premier Doug Ford announced that the provincial government would extend Line 4 Sheppard to McCowan Road at some unspecified time in the future, replacing the proposed Sheppard East LRT. The new underpass improves not only the flow of traffic along Sheppard Avenue, as vehicles no longer have to wait at a rail crossing, but also GO train service. The bridge also allows for two-way service on this portion of the line. Building the bridge also meant that the parking capacity of the station could be expanded. Before that project, parking capacity was only 297, but it has now been increased to 342 spaces. References External links GO Transit railway stations Railway stations in Toronto Transport in Scarborough, Toronto Railway stations in Canada opened in 1982 1982 establishments in Ontario
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%20%ED%92%8D%EC%83%81%EC%94%A8
์™œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ ํ’์ƒ์”จ
ใ€Š์™œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ ํ’์ƒ์”จใ€‹๋Š” 2019๋…„ 1์›” 9์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ 3์›” 14์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ KBS 2TV ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš ์˜๋„ ๋™์ƒ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๋กœ ์‚ด์•„์˜จ ์ค‘๋…„ ๋‚จ์ž ํ’์ƒ ์”จ์™€ ๋“ฑ๊ณจ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค ๋™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ ์†Ÿ๊ตฌ์น˜๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ๊ณผ ์‰ด ์ƒˆ์—†์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์œ ์ค€์ƒ : ์ดํ’์ƒ (47์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ ์ •์„ฑ์˜) - 5๋‚จ๋งค ์ค‘ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์นด์„ผํ„ฐ ์šด์˜ ์˜ค์ง€ํ˜ธ : ์ด์ง„์ƒ (42์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ ์ตœ์Šนํ›ˆ) - 5๋‚จ๋งค ์ค‘ ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‹ ์šฉ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ž, ์ค‘๊ณ ์ฐจ ๋งค๋งค์—… ์ „ํ˜œ๋นˆ : ์ด์ •์ƒ (35์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ ์กฐ์‹œ์—ฐ) - 5๋‚จ๋งค ์ค‘ ์…‹์งธ, ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์› ์˜์‚ฌ(์™ธ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜) ์ด์‹œ์˜ : ์ดํ™”์ƒ (35์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ ๋ฐ•๋ฏผํ•˜) - 5๋‚จ๋งค ์ค‘ ๋„ท์งธ, ์ •์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋ž€์„ฑ ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ๋™์ƒ ์ด์ฐฝ์—ฝ : ์ด์™ธ์ƒ (29์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ ๊น€์ง€ํ›ˆ) - 5๋‚จ๋งค ์ค‘ ๋ง‰๋‚ด, ์กฐํญ ์ถœ์‹ , ํ’์ƒ ์นด์„ผํ„ฐ ์ง์› ํ’์ƒ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์‹ ๋™๋ฏธ : ๊ฐ„๋ถ„์‹ค (47์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ’์ƒ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด, ์„ธ์ฐจ์žฅ ์ง์› ์ด๋ณดํฌ : ๋…ธ์–‘์‹ฌ (65์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ’์ƒ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์˜ ์—„๋งˆ ๋ฐ•์ธํ™˜ : ๊ฐ„๋ณด๊ตฌ (70์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋ถ„์‹ค์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ์„ธํƒ์†Œ ์šด์˜ ๊น€์ง€์˜ : ์ด์ค‘์ด (15์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ’์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์‹ค์˜ ๋”ธ, ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ์€์„ธ : ์กฐ์˜ํ•„ (35์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ •์ƒ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ, ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ, ์ฒฉ์˜ ๋”ธ ์†ก์ข…ํ˜ธ : ์ง„์ง€ํ•จ (41์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ •์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์› ์„ ๋ฐฐ์˜์‚ฌ (์™ธ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜) ์ตœ์„ฑ์žฌ : ๊ฐ•์—ดํ•œ (35์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ •์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋Œ€ ๋™๊ธฐ์ด์ž ๋‚จํŽธ (์™ธ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜) ์ด์ƒ์ˆ™ : ์ „๋‹ฌ์ž (60๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜) ์—ญ - ์Šˆํผ ์•„์คŒ๋งˆ, ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ์ตœ๋Œ€์ฒ  : ์ „์น ๋ณต (42์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋‹ฌ์ž์˜ ์•„๋“ค, ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ, ํ™”์ƒ์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ๊น€๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ : ๊ณ„์ƒ๊ธฐ ์—ญ - ์˜ํ•„์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ์ธ ์œค์„ ์šฐ : ์œ ํฅ๋งŒ ์—ญ - ํ™”์ƒ์˜ ์ „ ๋‚จํŽธ, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์˜์กด์ž ์ด๋•ํฌ : ์‹ ๋ด‰์ž ์—ญ - ์—ดํ•œ์˜ ์—„๋งˆ, ์ˆœ๋Œ€๊ตญ๋ฐฅ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์šด์˜ ์ •์†Œ์˜ : ๋‚˜์• ์‹ฌ ์—ญ - ์ง„์ƒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ˆœ์• ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์ด์Šฌ : ํ•œ์‹ฌ๋ž€ (23์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ์ธ, ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€ (ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์ด ์—„๋งˆ) ์ •๋™๊ทผ : ๊น€๋ฏธ๋ จ ์—ญ - ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ™์ , ํ’์ƒ์˜ ์นด์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ฃผ, 'JM PICTURES' ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ดํ˜„์›… : ๋งˆ์ดˆ๋‚จ ์—ญ - ์ดˆ๋‚จ์‹ค์—… ํšŒ์žฅ, ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๋ณด์Šค ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ด๋ช…ํ˜ธ : ์—ฐํ•˜๋‚จ ์—ญ - ์–‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฐํ•˜์˜ ์• ์ธ ๊น€๊ด‘์˜ : ํ™€์•„๋น„ ์—ญ - ํ™”์ƒ์ด ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์•ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๋‚จ์ž ํ•˜๋ฏผ : ๋ฐ•์„ธ์—ฐ ์—ญ - ์ˆ˜์‚ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์› ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ ์œ ์„ธ๋ก€ : ์ •์ƒ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์˜์ˆ˜ : ํšŸ์ง‘ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ์ด๊ฐ€๋ น : ๋ฏธ๋ จ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ ์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•ํ•˜์ค€ : ์ดˆ๋”ฉ(12์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ค‘์ด์˜ ์ธ๋‚จ ๊น€ํšจ๊ฒฝ : ์ง„์„ธ๋ฏธ ์—ญ - ์ง€ํ•จ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ง„์˜ ๋”ธ ๊น€์ง„์„œ : ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ์—ญ - ํ™”์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ ์ง‘ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ์ด๊ทœํ˜ธ : ์š”๋•ก ์—ญ - ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฑ์žฌ์ง„ : ์™ธ์ƒ ์กฐ์ง ๋™๋ฃŒ ์—ญ ์ดํšจ๋น„ : ํ™€์•„๋น„์˜ ๋”ธ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์œค์˜ : ์ค‘์ด์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ ์ด์‹œํ˜„ : ์ค‘์ด์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ ๊ฐ•๋‘ํ˜„ : ๋ฏธ๋ จ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์—ญ ์ตœ์„คํฌ : ๋ฏธ๋ จ์˜ ๋”ธ ์—ญ ์ด๋‚˜์œค : ๋ฏธ๋ จ์˜ ๋”ธ ์—ญ ์ •ํ˜œ์€ : ์•„์ด๋Œ ์—ฐ์Šต์ƒ ์—ญ ๊น€์˜ˆ๋นˆ : ์•„์ด๋Œ ์—ฐ์Šต์ƒ ์—ญ ์‹ ์†Œํ˜„ : ์•„์ด๋Œ ์—ฐ์Šต์ƒ ์—ญ ์œ ์„œ์ง„ : ์•„์ด๋Œ ์—ฐ์Šต์ƒ ์—ญ ์ „์ •์ผ : ํŽธ์˜์  ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ์ „์€๋ฏธ : ํฐํ˜•์ˆ˜ย ์—ญ ์žฅ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ : ์กฐํญ ์—ญ ์ธ์„ฑํ˜ธ ์ฒœ์ง€์› ๊น€๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ ๊น€๊ฐ€๋ž€ ์‹ ๋™๋ ฅ : ์„œ์šธ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ด€์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ์†Œ์žฅ ์—ญ ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ ํ•˜์žฌ์˜ : ์ด์ฃผ๊ธธ ์—ญ - ํ’์ƒ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค(์™ธ์ƒ ์ œ์™ธ)์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์•ˆ๋‚ด์ƒ : ๋ˆ„๋‹˜์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ญ ๋ฌธํฌ๊ฒฝ : ๋ˆ„๋‹˜ ์—ญ - ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ์ธ๋…€, ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ ์˜คํ˜„๊ฒฝ : ์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ - ๋ถ„์‹ค์˜ ๋™์ฐฝ ํ™ฉ๋™์ฃผ : ๊ณต๋ฌด์–ธ ์—ญ - ํ™”์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ, 9๊ธ‰ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ํ—ˆ์„ฑํƒœ : ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์—ญ - ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ์•„๋Š” ํ˜•, ๋นš์Ÿ์ด ๋ณ€์ •๋ฏผ : ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜์ง„ ์—ญ - ์ง€ํ•จ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ™” : ์˜ํ•„์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜์˜์ด ์ด์ง„์ƒ ์—ญ์— ์บ์ŠคํŒ…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ณ ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ์—ญ์€ ์˜ค์ง€ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํšจ์ถ˜์€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ž ์—ญ์— ์บ์ŠคํŒ…๋˜์–ด ๋Œ€๋ณธ ๋ฆฌ๋”ฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์ข… ํ•˜์ฐจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ์—ญ์€ ์ด์ƒ์ˆ™์ด ๋Œ€์‹  ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ MBC ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š๋ถ‰์€ ๋‹ฌ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ํ•ดใ€‹ (2018๋…„ 11์›” 21์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 1์›” 16์ผ) ใ€Š๋ด„์ด ์˜ค๋‚˜ ๋ด„ใ€‹ (2019๋…„ 1์›” 23์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 3์›” 21์ผ) SBS ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ใ€Šํ™ฉํ›„์˜ ํ’ˆ๊ฒฉใ€‹ (2018๋…„ 11์›” 21์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 2์›” 21์ผ) ใ€Š๋น…์ด์Šˆใ€‹ (2019๋…„ 3์›” 6์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 5์›” 2์ผ) ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํฌ : ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ Cรขy tรกo nแปŸ hoa์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ HTV2 (2021) ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก (ใ…‡) 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์™œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ ํ’์ƒ์”จ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2019๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ดˆ๋ก๋ฑ€๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํŒฌ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฌธ์˜๋‚จ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver%20or%20Die
Liver or Die
Liver or Die () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Yoo Jun-sang, Oh Ji-ho, Jeon Hye-bin, Lee Si-young and Cha Seo-won. It aired from January 9 to March 14, 2019 on KBS2's Wednesdays and Thursdays at 22:00 (KST) time slot. Synopsis The story of Lee Poong-sang, a lonely middle-aged man, who has never lived for himself. Cast Main Yoo Jun-sang as Lee Poong-sang (47 years old) The eldest brother and father figure of the family. Oh Ji-ho as Lee Jin-sang (42 years old) Choi Seung-hoon as young Jin-sang He is the second oldest sibling and is seen as the family's "lost cause". Jeon Hye-bin as Lee Jeong-sang (35 years old) She is the older twin and a university hospital doctor. Lee Si-young as Lee Hwa-sang (35 years old) She is the younger twin and is seen as the family's black sheep. Cha Seo-won as Lee Wi-sang (29 years old) He is the youngest sibling. He couldn't realize his dream of becoming a professional baseball player. Supporting Other family members Shin Dong-mi as Kan Boon-shil (47 years old) Poong-sang's wife. Lee Bo-hee as Noh Yang-shim (65 years old) Poong-sang, Jin-sang, Jeong-sang, Hwa-sang and Wi-sang's mother. Park In-hwan as Kan Bo-koo (70 years old) Boon-shil's father. He runs the laundry. Kim Ji-young as Lee Joong-yi (15 years old) Poong-sang and Boon-shil's daughter. Others Ki Eun-se as Jo Young-pil (35 years old), Jeong-sang's friend. Song Jong-ho as Jin Ji-ham (41 years old), Jeong-sang's senior at the hospital, he's a surgeon. Choi Sung-jae as Kang Yeol-han (35 years old), Jeong-sang's colleague and past lover. Lee Sang-sook as Jeon Dal-ja (60 years old), Super Woman from Chungcheong Province. Choi Dae-chul as Jun Chil-bok (42 years old), Super Son and Jin-sang's friend. Yoon Sun-woo as Yoo Heung-man, Lee Hwa-sang's ex-husband. Lee Hyun-woong as Chonam's CEO. Lee Myung-ho as Yang-shim's lover. Kim Kiri as Kye Sang-ki, Young-pil's past lover. Lee Ga-ryeong as Mi-ryeon's production company actress. Kim Kwang-young as a widower. Lee Hyo-bi as the widower's daughter. Ha Min as Su Sam University Hospital's director. Cheon Lee-seul as Han Shim-lan. Park Ha-joon as Young Ha-nam (12 years old). Kim Hyo-gyeong as Jin Se-mi, Ji-shin and Su-jin's daughter. Special appearances Ha Jae-young as Lee Ju-gil (Poong-sang, Jin-sang, Jeong-sang, Hwa-sang and Wi-sang's father) Ahn Nae-sang Moon Hee-kyung Oh Hyun-kyung Hwang Dong-joo Heo Sung-tae (ep. #1) Byeon Jeong-min as Bae Soo-jin (Ji-ham's wife) Production The first script reading took place on October 31, 2018 at KBS Annex Broadcasting Station in Yeouido, South Korea. The series is the third collaboration between screenwriterย Moon Young-nam and director Jin Hyung-wook afterย Three Brothers (2009-2010) and Wang's Family (2013-2014). Original soundtrack Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Part 7 Part 8 Viewership Awards and nominations Remake Vietnam: it is titled Cรขy tรกo nแปŸ hoa and currently airs on channel HTV2 (2021). Notes References External links Liver or Die at Chorokbaem Media Liver or Die at Pan Entertainment Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2019 South Korean television series debuts 2019 South Korean television series endings Korean-language television shows Television series by Chorokbaem Media Television series by Pan Entertainment
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%ED%81%AC%EB%8B%88%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%AC
ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ
ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ()๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ 1916๋…„์— ์ฒซํŒ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ‚ค๋„ค๋งˆ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ(Kinemacolor)๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ด์€ ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ—๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” 1922๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1952๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ œ์ž‘๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ์ƒ‰๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ใ€Š์˜ค์ฆˆ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌใ€‹(1939), ใ€Š๋‹ค์šด ์•„์  ํ‹ด ์›จ์ดใ€‹(1940)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘์—, ใ€Š๋กœ๋นˆ ํ›—์˜ ๋ชจํ—˜ใ€‹(1938), ใ€Š๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋‹คใ€‹(1939) ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ทน์—, ใ€Š๋ฐฑ์„ค๊ณต์ฃผ์™€ ์ผ๊ณฑ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ดใ€‹(1937), ใ€Š๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ธฐใ€‹(1939), ใ€Šํ™˜ํƒ€์ง€์•„ใ€‹(1940)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์ž ํ™”๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฝ”๋ฉ”๋”” ์ œ์ž‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ใ€Š์• ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ใ€‹(1945), ใ€Š๋‚˜์ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ผใ€‹(1953)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๋ˆ„์•„๋ฅด๋ฅผ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”์˜ ํ™์ผ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ์…˜ ํ”ฝ์ณํšŒ์‚ฌ(์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํšŒ์‚ฌ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ SA๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ์…˜ ํ”ฝ์ณํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” 1914๋…„(1915๋…„ ๋ฉ”์ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ƒ์žฅ) ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์นผ๋จธ์Šค, ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ์ปด์Šคํ†ก, W. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ์›จ์Šค์ฝง์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ "ํ…Œํฌ"๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์นผ๋จธ์Šค์™€ ์ปด์Šคํ†ก์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 1921๋…„ ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Š” ์ปด์Šคํ†ก๊ณผ ์›จ์Šค์ฝง์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์นผ๋จธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด์ž CEO๋กœ์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์นญ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ฒ˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ(Technicolor): ๋ณด์กฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ์‚ฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ(1914๋…„-ํ˜„์žฌ) ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(Technicolor labs): ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ, ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ „์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘ ์ดํ›„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์ด์ž ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ.(1922๋…„-ํ˜„์žฌ) ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค(Technicolor process or format): 1932๋…„ ์ •์ ์„ ์ฐ์€ 3์ƒ‰ ์˜ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ œ์ž‘ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(1917๋…„โ€“1955๋…„) ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ IBํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…(Technicolor IB printing ("IB"๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ "ํก์ˆ˜"์˜ ์ถ•์•ฝ์–ด)): ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ™” ๋ฐœ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ‘๋ฐฑ์˜ํ™”์šฉ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค(1928๋…„-2002๋…„. 1974๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.) ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ(Prints or Color by Technicolor): 1954๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋จผ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ(๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ํ•„๋ฆ„)๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ IB ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” 1954๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์ž‘๋๋˜ ์˜ํ™” ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„(์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” #์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋จผ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‡ ํ‡ด ๋ฌธ๋‹จ๋„ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค)์— ์ฐธ์กฐ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฌ๋ž˜๋”ง์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.(1953๋…„-ํ˜„์žฌ) ์—ญ์‚ฌ 2์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 2์ƒ‰ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ(์ ์ƒ‰, ๋…น์ƒ‰) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. 1์„ธ๋Œ€(1916)๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ๋’ค์— ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋น” ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‘๋ฐฑ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ์ƒ‰ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ผˆ๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด ์ •์ƒ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํˆฌ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ(ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…น์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆผ)๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ 2๊ฐœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์— 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. 1917๋…„ 2์›” 21์ผ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด ํ˜‘ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 1์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ใ€Š๊ฑธํ”„ ๋น„ํŠธ์œˆใ€‹์„ ์ž์ฒด์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 1917๋…„ 9์›” 13์ผ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‰ด์š•๊นŒ์ง€ ๋™๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ ๋ช‡ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ด์•„ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘์ž์™€ ๊ด€๊ฐ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ƒ‰์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ๋ฐ์–ด๋ชฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฑธํ”„ ๋น„ํŠธ์œˆ์˜ ๋ช‡ ์žฅ๋ฉด๋งŒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ ์—†์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ปด์Šคํ„ฑ, ์›จ์Šค์ฝง, ์นผ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์ƒ‰์„ ๋นผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” 2์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.(1922)(1900๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์ด ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜ "ํˆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ"(two-strip Technicolor)๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.) ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋น”๋ถ„ํ• ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ, ์ ์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋…ธ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2์ƒ‰ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ‰์„ ๋นผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์ด ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ‰์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž…ํ˜€์ง„ ๋‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ํ•„์š”์น˜ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์€ ํ•œ ํ‘๋ฐฑ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์— ๋น„์ถฐ์กŒ๊ณ  ์ ์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์— ๋น„์ถฐ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ ๊ฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์˜ ์ƒ‰์ด ๋งž์ถฐ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ์—๋Š” ์ฃผํ™ฉ-์ ์ƒ‰์ด ์ ์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ์—๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ก-๋…น์ƒ‰์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฐฉ์ƒ‰๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „์ฒด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ง‰์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ํ‘๋ฐฑ ์€์ƒ‰์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž…ํžˆ๋„๋ก ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๋ฐ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ‰์ด ์ž…ํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํ†ค์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ‰์ด ์ž…ํ˜€์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆ„ํ†ต์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋‘ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๋งž๋ถ™์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜์‚ฌํ™”๋ฉด์„ ์—ฐ์ด์–ด ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์žใ€‹๋Š” 1922๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ์— ์ƒ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ฒซ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ 1924๋…„์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ใ€Šํ™ฉ๋ฌด์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ž‘์žใ€‹์ด๋‹ค. 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ใ€Š์‹ญ๊ณ„ใ€‹(1923), ใ€Š์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ์˜ ์œ ๋ นใ€‹(1925), ใ€Š๋ฒคํ—ˆใ€‹(1925), ๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค ํŽ˜์–ด๋ฑ…ํฌ์Šค์˜ ใ€Š๊ฒ€์€ ํ•ด์ ใ€‹(1926)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ž‘์— ์ ์šฉ๋๋‹ค. ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ 2์„ธ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚จ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์˜๋  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ๋น›์— ์—ด์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋ถˆ๋ฃฉํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ๋น›์„ ์ฌ์–ด ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ›„ ์‹ํ˜€์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋ถˆ๋ฃฉํ•จ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋ฃฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ‘ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋Š” ํœ˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํœ˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์•ž์—์„œ ๋’ค๋กœ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตฌ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์†œ์”จ์ข‹์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ง๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€” ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ค‘๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ž ๊น ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ ค์ง„ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋Š” ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ชฝ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธํž˜์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ธํž˜์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์‚ฐ๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒน๋ถ™์ด๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ ‘์ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚ญํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฑฐ์ง€๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ ‘ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ž„์‹œ๋ฐฉํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. 3์„ธ๋Œ€ 1916๋…„์— ๋งฅ์Šค ํ•ธ์‹œ๊ธ€์ด ๋™์ผ ์ƒ‰์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ™”์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 3์„ธ๋Œ€(1928)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ƒ‰๊น” ํก์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด์ค‘ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์˜์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๋์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” 2์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋ก€๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ ์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚€ ํ‘๋ฐฑ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์ƒ‰์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„ ์ƒ‰์„ ์ž…ํ˜”๊ณ  ์ ์ƒ‰ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ "๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค"๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์œ„์— ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘ ์ค‘์— ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ๋…น์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ตณ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋น›์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฌ์–ด์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋…น์•„๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋…น์•„๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์ž”์—ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ์”ป์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ 2 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์€ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์ƒ‰์ž…ํž˜์„ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ†ต์— ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์ ์…จ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒ‰์€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋ณด์ƒ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ž…์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์€ ์ฒญ๋ก-๋…น์ƒ‰์ด ์ž…ํ˜€์ง€๊ณ  ๋…น์ƒ‰ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์€ ์ฃผํ™ฉ-์ ์ƒ‰์ด ์ž…ํ˜€์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์ด ๋‘๊บผ์šฐ๋ฉด ์ƒ‰๋„ ์ž˜ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์ด ์ฝ”ํŒ…๋œ "๋น„์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”" ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๊ฐ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์ด ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ "๋นจ์•„"๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‚คํ‹ด์งˆ๋กœ ํƒˆ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”ํ•œ ๋งค์—ผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋น„์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ณ  ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ด ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ƒ‰ ํก์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํŠธ๋ž™์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์œ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์„ฑ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ "๋น„์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”" ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ‘๋ฐฑํ•„๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ์„ ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํŠธ๋ž™์€ ์ƒ‰์„ ์ž…ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฒซ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ใ€Š๋ฐ”์ดํ‚นใ€‹(1928)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์Œํ–ฅํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์Œ์•…์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ใ€Š๋ถ‰์€ ์•ผ๋งŒ์ธใ€‹(1929), ใ€Š์‹ ๋น„์˜ ์„ฌใ€‹(1929)์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์Œ์„ฑ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ดฌ์˜๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ญ์‹œ๋‚˜ ํ‘๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์Œ์„ฑ์ง€์› ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜น์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ์›จ์ด์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๊ด‘๋“คใ€‹(1929), ใ€Š์‡ผ์˜ค๋ธŒ์‡ผใ€‹(1929), ใ€Š์ƒ๋ฆฌใ€‹(1929), ใ€Š๋ฒ ๊ฐ€๋ณธ๋“œ ํ‚นใ€‹(1930), ใ€ŠํŒ”๋กœ์šฐ ์Šค๋ฃจใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š๊ณจ๋“  ๋˜ใ€‹(1930), ใ€Šํ™€๋“œ ์—๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์”ฝใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š๋กœ๊ทธ ์†กใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š์†ก ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ž„ใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š์†ก์˜ค๋ธŒ์›จ์ŠคํŠธใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š๋ผ์ดํ”„ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ํŒŒํ‹ฐใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š์Šค์œ— ํ‚คํ‹ฐ ๋ฒจ๋ผ์Šคใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ๋ฆฌ์ €๋จผํŠธใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š๋ง˜๋ฐ”ใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š์šฐํ”ผ!ใ€‹(1930), ใ€Šํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์žฌ์ฆˆใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š์–ธ๋” ์–ด ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋ฌธใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š๋ธŒ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋ผ์ด์ธ ใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š๋น„์—๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ๋‚˜์ด์ธ ใ€‹(1930), ใ€Š์šฐ๋จผ ํ—๊ทธ๋ฆฌใ€‹(1931), ใ€Šํ‚ค์Šค ๋ฏธ ์–ด๊ฒŒ์ธใ€‹(1931), ใ€Šํ”ผํ”„ํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์–ธ ํ”„๋ Œ์น˜๋งจใ€‹(1931) ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ธŒ ์ด์›์Šค, ์™ˆํ„ฐ ๋ž€์ธ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ์„ฑ ๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹จํŽธ๋“ค์ด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์†ก ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ž„ใ€‹์€ ์™€์ด๋“œ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ(๋น„ํ† ์Šค์ฝ”ํ”„๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 65mm ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒ)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1931๋…„์—๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์–ด ๋” ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. RKO ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค๋Š” ใ€Š๋” ๋Ÿฐ์–ด๋ผ์šด๋“œใ€‹(1931)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์— ์ฒ˜์Œ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆด ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ(๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊น€)์„ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ์ง€์› ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์–ผ๋ฃฉ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฆฟํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™”๋ฉด์ด ํ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ(30ํ‰๋ฐฉ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋‹น ์•ฝ 100์›์—์„œ 80์›์œผ๋กœ) ์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ๋„๋ž˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›Œ๋„ˆ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค(Warner Brothers)๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ์˜ํ™”(์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ 6ํŽธ ์ค‘์—์„œ)๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ฒซ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ใ€Š๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„ ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œใ€‹(1932), ใ€Š๋‹ฅํ„ฐXใ€‹(1932), ใ€Š๋ฐ€๋ž๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌใ€‹(1933.) RKO ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ™” 4ํŽธ์„ ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ค‘ ใ€ŠFanny Foley Herselfใ€‹(1931)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ํ•œ ํŽธ๋งŒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ผ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ํ”ฝ์ณ์Šค๊ฐ€ 8ํŽธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  MGM์ด 2ํŽธ์˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒ ๋‹ค ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•ฝ์†์€ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ์ง€๊ทผํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ใ€Š๋ ˆ๊ณต: ์ฒ˜๋…€์˜ ์ถคใ€‹(1934)๊ณผ ใ€Šํ‚ฌ๋ฃจ ๋” ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐใ€‹(1935) ๋“ฑ 2ํŽธ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 2์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋งŒ์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค. 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ํ™” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘” ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ์›๋ณธ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•„ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์šฉ ํ‘๋ฐฑ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์งํ›„์— ํ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ํ™”๋“ค์ด ํ‘๋ฐฑ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ด์œ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ์˜ํ™”์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋กœ ๋„์•ฝํ•œ ์›Œ๋„ˆ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์˜ ๋„์ž…๋ถ€์— ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ํ™” ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ํ™” ํ˜น์€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์›Œ๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ค‘์ฒœ์—ฐ์ƒ‰ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ(ํ›„์— ์‹œ๋„ค์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆผ)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Ÿ์Ÿํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋„์ž…์€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์•„๊ผˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ํ™”ํŒฌ์„ ๋” ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ์˜ํ™”์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ์•…ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋งค์ถœ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์€ ๋์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 4์„ธ๋Œ€: ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋„์ž… 1924๋…„ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜€๊ณ  1929๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ๋Š” 1929๋…„๊ณผ 1930๋…„์— ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋จธ์ง€์•Š์•„ ์˜ํ™”๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ์ง‘ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1931๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ์˜ํ™” ์‚ฐ์—…์— ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘ ๋น„์šฉ ์‚ญ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1932๋…„์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋š ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ์›จ์Šค์ฝง๊ณผ ์กฐ์…‰ A. ๋ฐœ์€ 3์ƒ‰ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ๋๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฐ‘๊ฐ‘ํ•œ ์ ๋…น ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•ด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘๋ฐฑ ํ•„๋ฆ„ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์ด๋ค˜๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ 1955๋…„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ด์ฒœ์—ฐ์ƒ‰ ์˜ํ™”์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ƒ‰์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒ‰์„ ๋นผ์„œ ์„ž๋Š” ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ‚ค๋„ค๋งˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํฌ๋กœ๋…ธํฌ๋กฌ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“€ํŽ˜์ด์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋น›์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์ž์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋น›์ด ์นจ์นจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ƒ‰์„ ๋นผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํ™”์งˆ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 4์„ธ๋Œ€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ฒผ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์ฝ”ํผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์‚ฌ์–‘์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•„ํ„ฐ, ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ํ๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“  ๋น” ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ, ํ‘๋ฐฑ ํ•„๋ฆ„ 3ํ†ต(๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "3์ƒ‰"์ด๋ผ ์ผ์ปฌ์Œ)์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น” ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋น›์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ์ƒ์„ ๋งบ์–ด ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์— ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ™”๋ฉด๋งŒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋น›์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 2๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์šธ์— ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žํ™์ƒ‰ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋…น์ƒ‰์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ๋งŒ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•„ํ„ฐ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์œ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•„๋ฆ„ 2์ค„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งž๋ถ™๊ฒŒ ๋„์™”๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ์•ž๋ฉด์€ ์ ์ƒ‰๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์ •์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ๋น›๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ™”์ œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ ์ƒ‰-์ฃผํ™ฉ ์ฝ”ํŒ…์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ ์ ์ƒ‰์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ „์ •์ƒ‰(๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ) ์œ ํ™”์ œ์— ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ๋น› ๋งบํž˜์„ ๋ง‰์•„ ์ ์ƒ‰๋งŒ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„ 3๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์˜ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๊บผ์šด(๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•œ)๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ  ์–‡์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ๋‹ค. ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ๋น›๊น”(์ฒญ๋ก์€ ์ ์ƒ‰, ์žํ™์ƒ‰์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰, ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์€ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์— ๋‹ด๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด CMYK ๊ฐ์‚ฐํ˜ผํ•ฉ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋ผ)์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ์„ ์„ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํŠธ๋ž™์ด ์ž…ํ˜€์ง„ ํ‘๋ฐฑํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋งค์—ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ 3์ƒ‰์ด ์ž…ํ˜€์ง„ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์— ๋‹ด๊ณ  ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์— ์ฝ”ํŒ…ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์–ด์„œ "์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜"๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—„๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ‰ํŒ์ธ์‡„๋‚˜ ์„ํŒ์ธ์‡„์™€๋Š” ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ์• ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ง„์ˆ ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋น› ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. 4์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋…น์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์น ํ•ด์ง„ ํ‘๋ฐฑ ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ํ‚ค(Key) ํ˜น์€ K ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ผ ์ผ์ปฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์† ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰๋“ค๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฒ”๋ฒ…๋˜์–ด ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์ง• ํ˜„์ƒ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.) ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์ด ๋ง์น ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ์ตœ์ข… ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ์— ๋Œ€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ์ƒ‰์ด ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. 1944๋…„์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ  K ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ์ด๋กœ์จ ๋์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฐœ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์นผ๋จธ์Šค๋Š” ์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ ใ€Š์—‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตํ–ฅ๊ณกใ€‹์˜ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์ธ ใ€Š๊ฝƒ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ฌดใ€‹(1932)๋ฅผ 4์„ธ๋Œ€์ธ "3์ƒ‰" ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด๋”›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ๋Š” 4์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋…์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค 1935๋…„ 10์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์…” ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์™€ ์–ด๋ธŒ ์ด์›์Šค ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋Š” ์†Œ์™ธ๋˜์–ด 2์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋„ค์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๊ฝƒ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ฌดใ€‹(Flowers and Trees)๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋ชฐ์ด์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ๋‹จํŽธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋จธ์ฅ”๋‹ค. 1933๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตํ–ฅ๊ณก์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ›„์†์ž‘์ด 3์ƒ‰ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ใ€Š์—‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตํ–ฅ๊ณกใ€‹์˜ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์ธ ใ€ˆ์•„๊ธฐ๋ผ์ง€ ์‚ผํ˜•์ œใ€‰(1933)๋Š” ๊ด€๊ฐ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด ์ œ๋ชฉ์ธ ์—‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ตํ–ฅ๊ณก๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ๋Š” ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค. ์žก์ง€ ใ€Šํฌ์ถ˜ใ€‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด RKO ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์ž์ด์ž ใ€Šํ‚น์ฝฉใ€‹(1933)์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์•ˆ C. ์ฟ ํผ๋Š” ใ€Š์—‰ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตํ–ฅ๊ณกใ€‹์˜ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ํ•œํŽธ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ํ‘๋ฐฑ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค."๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 60๋…„๋Œ€ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งŒํ™”๋Š” 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ  1937๋…„์ฏค "์—ฐ์† ๋…ธ์ถœ"์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ 3์ƒ‰ ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋งŒํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ํ•œ์ค„์˜ ํ‘๋ฐฑ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ณ  ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํ•œ์žฅ๋ฉด์— 3๋ฒˆ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ ์ƒ‰, ๋…น์ƒ‰, ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฉด์— ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค(์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” "ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํœ "(Technicolor Color Wheel)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํฌํ† ์†Œ๋‹‰(Photo-Sonics)์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์—์ดํฌ๋ฏธ(the Acme)์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค.) ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… 3๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ์ƒ‰, ๋…น์ƒ‰, ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ƒ‰์ธ ์ฒญ๋ก์ƒ‰, ์žํ™์ƒ‰, ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฌผ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์† ๋…ธ์ถœ์€ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์˜ ํŠธ๋ฃจ๋ผ์ดํ”„์–ด๋“œ๋ฒค์ณ(True Life Adventure) ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 16mm ์ฝ”๋‹ฅํฌ๋กฌ(Kodachrome) ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ด‰๊ฐ์˜ 35mm SE ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊ฑฐ์ณ๊ฐ€๋ฉด 16mm๋ฅผ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ํ›‘๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ์ƒ‰ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žกํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์•ก์…˜์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” SE ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ SE ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์•ก์…˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์— 3์ƒ‰ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ž๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์‹  ์„  ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์•ก์…˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ์€ ๋น›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด ์˜ํ™”์˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋Š” ASA 5์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  3์ƒ‰ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ผํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ ‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํƒ“์— ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ํšŒ์˜์‹ค์— ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ๊ธฐ์šด์ด ๊ฐ๋Œ์•˜๋‹ค. 1934๋…„ 9์›” ์žก์ง€ ใ€Šํฌ์ถ˜ใ€‹์ด ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹น์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ 10๋…„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์•„์ง ๋Œ€๋ฐ•์„ ์น˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์นผ๋จธ์Šค์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ณต๋“ค์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ฃผ์‹์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์€ํ–‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ถŒ์„ ์–‘๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 30๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— MGM์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์œต ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ดฌ์˜๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํญ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๋ฉฐ ์•”์šธํ•œ ์—…๊ณ„์— ํ•œ์ค„๊ธฐ ๋น›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1933๋…„ 11์›”์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์นผ๋จธ์Šค์™€ RKO๋Š” ์•ค ํ•˜๋”ฉ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ฃผ์—ฐ์„ ๋งก์•„ 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”์ธ ใ€Š๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์„ธ์ƒใ€‹(The World Outside)์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์•ก์…˜ 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ MGM์˜ ใ€Š๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ํ—ˆ์ˆ˜์•„๋น„ใ€‹์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ 1934๋…„ 2์›” 16์ผ์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1934. 7์›” 1์ผ์—๋Š” MGM์ด ใ€Šํ—๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ํŒŒํ‹ฐใ€‹๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์ธ ํ•ซ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ๊ตฐ์ธ(Hot Choc-late Soldiers)์„ ์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์ธ 7์›” 28์ผ์— ์›Œ๋„ˆ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ใ€Š์„œ๋น„์Šคใ€‹(Service with a Smile)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ใ€Š๊ตฟ๋ชจ๋‹ ์ด๋ธŒใ€‹(Good Morning, Eve!)๋ฅผ 9์›” 22์ผ์— ๋’ค์ด์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์˜จ ์—๋กค ์ฃผ์—ฐ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฉ”๋”” ๋‹จํŽธ์œผ๋กœ 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ด์˜ค๋‹ˆ์–ด ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ์˜ํ™”์‚ฌ๋กœ 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌํ‹ฐ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์•ก์…˜ ๋‹จํŽธ ์˜ํ™”์ธ ใ€Š๋ผ์ฐจ์ฟ ์นด๋ผ์ฐจใ€‹๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ 1934๋…„ 8์›” 31์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฐจ์ฟ ์นด๋ผ์ฐจ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ ์ฝ”๋ฉ”๋””๋กœ 65๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ‘๋ฐฑ์˜ํ™”์˜ 4๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•ก์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ด‰์€ RKO๊ฐ€ ๋งก์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์•ก์…˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด์ค€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ž‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 1934๋…„์— ์˜ํ™” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฌผ๋„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ œ์ž‘์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์—ฐํ•œ ใ€Š๋กœ์Šค์ฐจ์ผ๋“œ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธใ€‹์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ์—๋”” ์นธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์—ฐํ•œ ใ€Šํ‚ค๋“œ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šคใ€‹๋„ ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ด์˜ค๋‹ˆ์–ด์™€ RKO์˜ ํ•ฉ์ž‘์ธ ใ€Š๋ฒ ํ‚ค์ƒคํ”„ใ€‹(1935)๋Š” 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ์ตœ์ดˆ ์‹ค์‚ฌ ์˜ํ™”์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด์ดฌ์˜์šฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1936๋…„์—๋Š” ใ€Š๋” ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋ก ์„ฌ ํŒŒ์ธใ€‹์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ์ผ€์ด์…˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊นŠ์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋ฐฑ์„ค ๊ณต์ฃผ์™€ ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ดใ€‹(1937)๊ฐ€ 1937๋…„ 12์›”์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋˜์–ด 1938๋…„์— ์ตœ๊ณ  ํฅํ–‰์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์ œ์ž‘์˜ ์—๋กœ์‚ฌํ•ญ 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฉ์น˜์˜ ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํฐ ์•ฝ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ "์ƒ‰ ์ž…ํžˆ๊ธฐ"๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์„ธํŠธ์žฅ๊ณผ ์˜์ƒ, ํ™”์žฅ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ํ—ˆ๋ฒ„ํŠธ์˜ ์ „์ฒ˜์ด์ž ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์ธ ๋‚˜ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ ์นผ๋จธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ ๋ฏธ๋„ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์นผ๋จธ์Šค ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ ๋ˆˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด์ผ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๋ฒ•์ธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘์ž์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์— ๋จน์น ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ "์ƒ‰ ์กฐ์ ˆ" ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์นผ๋จธ์Šค์˜ ์ „์ฒ˜๋Š” "ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ๋…"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” "ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž" ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฒฉ ์ฆ๋ช…์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๋ฒ•์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋“œ ๋„์Šค(Leonard Doss)๊ฐ€ ํญ์Šค์˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ(Fox's DeLuxe Color)๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๋‹ฟ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•„๋ฆ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ ค์ง€์ž ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ํ‘๋ฐฑ ์˜ํ™”์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น›๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์˜ค์ฆˆ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌใ€‹ ํ•„๋ฆ„์…‹์ด ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์˜ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋น›์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ฌ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด 38๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์–ด ๋น„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šคํƒœํ”„๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์…”์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์™€ ์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์กฐ๋ช…๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์˜์˜ ๋‹ค์น  ์—ผ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋ช…์—, 3๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•„๋ฆ„์—, ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ์— ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋จผ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‡ ํ‡ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ƒ‰์„ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ํ™”์ œ์— ๋…น์ด๋Š” ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌํ•„๋ฆ„์€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋จผ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์ด(1935๋…„์— ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ์˜ํ™” 16mm ํฌ๋‹คํฌ๋กฌ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ), ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์•„๊ทธํŒŒ๊ฐ€(1936๋…„์— ๊ฐ€์ • ๋ฐ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒธ์šฉ ์•„๊ทธํŒŒ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋…ธ์ด) ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋…ธํŒฉ(Monopack)์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์„ค ํ•„๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ(35mm ์ €๋Œ€๋น„ ์ฝ”๋‹คํฌ๋กฌ ํ•„๋ฆ„) 1941๋…„์— ๋ฉ์น˜๋งŒ ํฐ 3์ƒ‰ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์ž‘์—…์— ์•Œ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋จผ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์€ 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— 35mm ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์…˜๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒํ•„๋ฆ„(color motion picture negative film)์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋จผ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ƒ์—…ํ™”ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์˜ํ™”์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ ใ€Š๋กœ์–„์ ธ๋‹ˆใ€‹๋กœ 1951๋…„ 12์›”์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1952๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋งŒ ์ฝ”๋‹ฅ์ด ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌํ™”์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์‹ค์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋น„์‹ผ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ์ œ์ž‘๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋Š” ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ•„๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํก์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ์— ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋จผ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜€๊ณ  ์•ˆ์Šค์ฝ”(Ansco)์™€ ๋“€ํ(DuPont) ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌํ•„๋ฆ„๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1954๋…„์—๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์…œ์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œํ”„์ฒธ๋“ค๋Ÿฌ, ์ œ์ธ๋Ÿฌ์…€์ด ์ฃผ์—ฐํ•œ ใ€Šํญ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด์–ดใ€‹(1955)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 3์ƒ‰ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹ค์‚ฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”๊ด‘์„ ์—…๊ณ  ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ์˜ 3D์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ผ์— ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์›Œ์ง„ 3D ์˜ํ™”์šฉ ์ž…์ฒด์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ 1953๋…„ 3์›”์— ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 6๊ฐœ(3์ค„์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3์ค„์€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ์—)์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๋•Œ ์˜ค์ง ๋‘ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ธ ใ€Šํ”Œ๋ผ์ดํŠธํˆฌํƒ•ํ—ค๋ฅดใ€‹(Flight to Tangier)(1953)์™€ ๋งˆํ‹ด๊ณผ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฉ”๋””์‡ผ์ธ ใ€Š๋จธ๋‹ˆํ”„๋กฌํ™ˆใ€‹(1954) ๋งŒ์ด ์ดฌ์˜๋๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ 3์ƒ‰ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ ๋‹จํŽธ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋กœ์–„๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ใ€‹(Royal River)๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€์ด๋“œ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์‹ค์‚ฌ 3์ƒ‰ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ด 1957๋…„์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ์ž‘์˜ ๋ง๋กœ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์„ ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ „ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„์Šคํƒ€๋น„์ „, ํ† ๋“œ-AO, ์šธํŠธ๋ผํŒŒ๋‚˜๋น„์ „70์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ 3์ƒ‰ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋‚ ์นด๋กญ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์šด ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ด์œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ƒ์˜ ์†๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋“คํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ƒ์˜๊ด€์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€์ž ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒ์˜ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 200ํšŒ์—์„œ 250ํšŒ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง„ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ž ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ ธ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์•ž์„ฐ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ใ€Š๋Œ€๋ถ€2ใ€‹(1974)์ด๋‹ค. 1975๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ ๊ณต์žฅ์€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋งŒ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1977๋…„ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์•„๋ฅด์  ํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์€ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋กœ๋งˆ์—์„œ ํ˜ธ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์„œ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ใ€‹๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•œ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„์— ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต์žฅ๋„ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์žฅ์€ 1978๋…„์— ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ํ•„๋ฆ„(Beijing Film)๊ณผ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋žฉ(Video Lab)์— ์ œ์ž‘์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํŒ”์•„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ™์ฝฉ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ž„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ์žฅ์˜ˆ๋ชจ์˜ ใ€Š๊ตญ๋‘ใ€‹(1990)๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ W. ํ—ค์ธ์ฆˆ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ใ€Š์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์˜ ์ €์ฃผใ€‹(1989)๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณต์žฅ์€ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ์ •์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ 1993๋…„ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š”๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ ์ „ํ›„ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ์ œ์ž‘์˜ ์žฌ๋„์ž… 1997๋…„์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์— ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ใ€Š์˜ค์ฆˆ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌใ€‹, ใ€Š๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋‹คใ€‹, ใ€Š์ด์ฐฝใ€‹, ใ€Šํ™”๋‹ˆ ๊ฑธใ€‹, ใ€Š์ง€์˜ฅ์˜ ๋ฌต์‹œ๋กใ€‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋งž๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋งŒ์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ์žฌ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’์€ ํ—๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋ถˆ์›Œ์Šคใ€‹, ใ€Š์”ฌ ๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ผ์ธใ€‹, ใ€Š๊ณ ์งˆ๋ผใ€‹, ใ€Šํ† ์ด ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ 2ใ€‹, ใ€Š์ง„์ฃผ๋งŒใ€‹์ด ์ด์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ณด๊ด€์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ์ œ์ž‘์€ ๊ณ ์ „์˜ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก์†Œ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ€์ฉกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด 1983๋…„ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋จผ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ์ƒ‰๋ฐ”๋žจํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ UV๊ด‘์„ ๊ณผ ๋œจ๊ฒ๊ณ  ์Šตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ์ƒ‰๋ฐ”๋žจํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ž˜์งํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ผ์„œ 5~10๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ์ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 3์ƒ‰ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ์€์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ํ‘๋ฐฑ ํ•„๋ฆ„๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ ์จ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ƒ‰๋ณด์ • ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋‹จ์—ฐํžˆ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ด‘ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์šฉ๋„ ํ‘๋ฐฑ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„ 3์ค„์„ ์ €๋Œ€๋น„ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง€ ๋ฃจ์นด์Šค๊ฐ๋…์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์šฉ 3์ƒ‰ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํก์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๋กœ ใ€Š์Šคํƒ€์›Œ์ฆˆใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด "๋ณด์กด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ" ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ชจ์•„ ์Šคํƒ€์›Œ์ฆˆ 1997๋…„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ„ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„ 3์ค„์€ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๋กค 3๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๋ฅ ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‹์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ‘๋ฐฑ์˜ํ™” ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ๊ธด ํ•„๋ฆ„๋„ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์ด๋‹ค.(์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ํ™”์ œ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„) ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ณผ ์žฌ์กฐ์ •(ํฌ๊ธฐ์กฐ์ •)์€ ์—ฐ์† ๋…ธ์ถœ(๋‹จ์ผ RGB ํ•„๋ฆ„๋กค) ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์ด 3์ค„์ด๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณด์กดํ•œ ํ•„๋ฆ„(๊ณ ์šด ์ž…์ž์˜ ํŒŒ์ง€ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„)์ด ์—ฐ์†๋…ธ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 3000ํ”ผํŠธ์—์„œ 6000ํ”ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด 3์ค„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ํ•„์š” ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 1000ํ”ผํŠธ์—์„œ 2000ํ”ผํŠธ์ด๋‹ค(ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„ 3์ค„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.) ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์ž‘์—…์€ 3์ƒ‰ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฝ์˜ ๋Œ€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ ์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ๊ฐ€ (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด) ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋ž˜๋ฉด ์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ƒ‰๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ‰์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ ์ข…์ข… ๋…น์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค, ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ๋ณต์ œ(CD, VHS, DVD ์ œ์ž‘)์™€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ œ์ž‘์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ์•ค๋“œ๋ฅ˜์•คํฌ๋ธŒ์Šค๋Š” 1982๋…„์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ 1์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(์•ฝ ์ฒœ์–ต์›)์— ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•˜์—ฌ 1988๋…„์— ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์นผํ„ด์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์Šค PLC์— 7์–ต 8์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋„˜๊ธด๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2000๋…„ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์ธ CFI๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2001๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์ „์ž์ œํ’ˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์— ์ธ์ˆ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ์Šจ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์€ 2010๋…„ 2์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ โ€œTechnicolor SAโ€๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธ์  ํŠน์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์–ด 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ์˜ํ™”์— ๊ณ„์† ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์—๋น„์—์ดํ„ฐใ€‹(2004), ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ์˜ํ™” ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด ๋™์•ˆ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Fred E. Basten, Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow. Easton Studio Press, 2005. Adrian Cornwell-Clyne, Colour Cinematography. London Champman & Hall, 1951. Layton, James โ€“ Pierce, David: The Dawn of Technicolor, 1915โ€“1935. George Eastman House, Rochester (N.Y.), 2015. Richard W. Haines, Technicolor Movies: The History of Dye Transfer Printing. McFarland & Company, 2003. John Waner, Hollywood's Conversion of All Production to Color. Tobey Publishing, 2000. Herbert T. Kalmus with Elenaore King Kalmus, Mr. Technicolor: The Fascinating Story of the Genius Who Invented Technicolor and Forever Changed the History of Cinema. MagicImage Filmbooks, 1993. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Technicolor SA corporate website Technicolor on Timeline of Historical Film Colors with many written resources and many photographs of Technicolor prints. Technicolor History at the American WideScreen Museum Database of 3-strip Technicolor Films Technicolor100: Explore Technicolor's History ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์˜ํ™” ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor
Technicolor
Technicolor is a series of color motion picture processes, the first version dating back to 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades. Definitive Technicolor movies using three black and white films running through a special camera (3-strip Technicolor or Process 4) started in the early 1930s and continued through to the mid-1950s when the 3-strip camera was replaced by a standard camera loaded with single strip 'monopack' color negative film. Technicolor Laboratories were still able to produce Technicolor prints by creating three black and white matrices from the Eastmancolor negative (Process 5). Process 4 was the second major color process, after Britain's Kinemacolor (used between 1909 and 1915), and the most widely used color process in Hollywood during the Golden Age of Hollywood. Technicolor's three-color process became known and celebrated for its highly saturated color, and was initially most commonly used for filming musicals such as The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Down Argentine Way (1940), costume pictures such as The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) and Gone with the Wind (1939), the film Blue Lagoon (1949), and animated films such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Gulliver's Travels (1939), and Fantasia (1940). As the technology matured it was also used for less spectacular dramas and comedies. Occasionally, even a film noirsuch as Leave Her to Heaven (1945) or Niagara (1953)was filmed in Technicolor. The "Tech" in the company's name was inspired by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where Herbert Kalmus and Daniel Frost Comstock received their undergraduate degrees in 1904 and were later instructors. Nomenclature The term "Technicolor" has been used historically for at least five concepts: Technicolor: an umbrella company encompassing all versions and ancillary services. (1914โ€“present) Technicolor labs: a group of film laboratories worldwide, owned and run by Technicolor for post-production services including developing, printing, and transferring films in all major color film processes, as well as Technicolor's proprietary ones. (1922โ€“present) Technicolor process or format: several custom imaging systems used in film production, culminating in the "three-strip" process in 1932. (1917โ€“1955) Technicolor IB printing ("IB" abbreviates "imbibition", a dye-transfer operation): a process for making color motion picture prints that allows the use of dyes that are more stable and permanent than those formed in ordinary chromogenic color printing. Originally used for printing from color separation negatives photographed on black-and-white film in a special Technicolor camera. (1928โ€“2002, with differing gaps of availability after 1974 depending on the lab) Prints or Color by Technicolor: used since 1954 when Eastmancolor (and other single-strip color film stocks) supplanted the three-film-strip camera negative method, while the Technicolor IB printing process continued to be used as one method of making the prints. This connotation applies to nearly all films made from 1954 onward in which Technicolor is named in the credits. (1953โ€“present) History Both Kalmus and Comstock went to Europe (Switzerland) to earn PhD degrees; Kalmus at University of Zurich, and Comstock at Basel in 1906. In 1912, Kalmus, Comstock, and mechanic W. Burton Wescott formed Kalmus, Comstock, and Wescott, an industrial research and development firm. Most of the early patents were taken out by Comstock and Wescott, while Kalmus served primarily as the company's president and chief executive officer. When the firm was hired to analyze an inventor's flicker-free motion picture system, they became intrigued with the art and science of filmmaking, particularly color motion picture processes, leading to the founding of Technicolor in Boston in 1914 and incorporation in Maine in 1915. In 1921, Wescott left the company, and Technicolor Inc. was chartered in Delaware. Two-color Technicolor Process 1 Technicolor originally existed in a two-color (red and green) system. In Process 1 (1916), a prism beam-splitter behind the camera lens exposed two consecutive frames of a single strip of black-and-white negative film simultaneously, one behind a red filter, the other behind a green filter. Because two frames were being exposed at the same time, the film had to be photographed and projected at twice the normal speed. Exhibition required a special projector with two apertures (one with a red filter and the other with a green filter), two lenses, and an adjustable prism that aligned the two images on the screen. The results were first demonstrated to members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in New York on February 21, 1917. Technicolor itself produced the only movie made in Process 1, The Gulf Between, which had a limited tour of Eastern cities, beginning with Boston and New York on September 13, 1917, primarily to interest motion picture producers and exhibitors in color. The near-constant need for a technician to adjust the projection alignment doomed this additive color process. Only a few frames of The Gulf Between, showing star Grace Darmond, are known to exist today. Process 2 Convinced that there was no future in additive color processes, Comstock, Wescott, and Kalmus focused their attention on subtractive color processes. This culminated in what would eventually be known as Process 2 (1922) (often referred to today by the misnomer "two-strip Technicolor"). As before, the special Technicolor camera used a beam-splitter that simultaneously exposed two consecutive frames of a single strip of black-and-white film, one behind a green filter and one behind a red filter. The difference was that the two-component negative was now used to produce a subtractive color print. Because the colors were physically present in the print, no special projection equipment was required and the correct registration of the two images did not depend on the skill of the projectionist. The frames exposed behind the green filter were printed on one strip of black-and-white film, and the frames exposed behind the red filter were printed on another strip. After development, each print was toned to a color nearly complementary to that of the filter: orange-red for the green-filtered images, cyan-green for the red-filtered ones. Unlike tinting, which adds a uniform veil of color to the entire image, toning chemically replaces the black-and-white silver image with transparent coloring matter, so that the highlights remain clear (or nearly so), dark areas are strongly colored, and intermediate tones are colored proportionally. The two prints, made on film stock half the thickness of regular film, were then cemented together back to back to create a projection print. The Toll of the Sea, which debuted on November 26, 1922, used Process 2 and was the first general-release film in Technicolor. The second all-color feature in Process 2 Technicolor, Wanderer of the Wasteland, was released in 1924. Process 2 was also used for color sequences in such major motion pictures as The Ten Commandments (1923), The Phantom of the Opera (1925), and Ben-Hur (1925). Douglas Fairbanks' The Black Pirate (1926) was the third all-color Process 2 feature. Although successful commercially, Process 2 was plagued with technical problems. Because the images on the two sides of the print were not in the same plane, both could not be perfectly in focus at the same time. The significance of this depended on the depth of focus of the projection optics. Much more serious was a problem with cupping. Films in general tended to become somewhat cupped after repeated use: every time a film was projected, each frame in turn was heated by the intense light in the projection gate, causing it to bulge slightly; after it had passed through the gate, it cooled and the bulge subsided, but not quite completely. It was found that the cemented prints were not only very prone to cupping, but that the direction of cupping would suddenly and randomly change from back to front or vice versa, so that even the most attentive projectionist could not prevent the image from temporarily popping out of focus whenever the cupping direction changed. Technicolor had to supply new prints so the cupped ones could be shipped to their Boston laboratory for flattening, after which they could be put back into service, at least for a while. The presence of image layers on both surfaces made the prints especially vulnerable to scratching, and because the scratches were vividly colored they were very noticeable. Splicing a Process 2 print without special attention to its unusual laminated construction was apt to result in a weak splice that would fail as it passed through the projector. Even before these problems became apparent, Technicolor regarded this cemented print approach as a stopgap and was already at work developing an improved process. Process 3 Based on the same dye-transfer technique first applied to motion pictures in 1916 by Max Handschiegl, Technicolor Process 3 (1928) was developed to eliminate the projection print made of double-cemented prints in favor of a print created by dye imbibition. The Technicolor camera for Process 3 was identical to that for Process 2, simultaneously photographing two consecutive frames of a black-and-white film behind red and green filters. In the lab, skip-frame printing was used to sort the alternating color-record frames on the camera negative into two series of contiguous frames, the red-filtered frames being printed onto one strip of specially prepared "matrix" film and the green-filtered frames onto another. After processing, the gelatin of the matrix film's emulsion was left proportionally hardened, being hardest and least soluble where it had been most strongly exposed to light. The unhardened fraction was then washed away. The result was two strips of relief images consisting of hardened gelatin, thickest in the areas corresponding to the clearest, least-exposed areas of the negative. To make each final color print, the matrix films were soaked in dye baths of colors nominally complementary to those of the camera filters: the strip made from red-filtered frames was dyed cyan-green and the strip made from green-filtered frames was dyed orange-red. The thicker the gelatin in each area of a frame, the more dye it absorbed. Subtle scene-to-scene colour control was managed by partial wash-back of the dyes from each matrix. Each matrix in turn was pressed into contact with a plain gelatin-coated strip of film known as the "blank" and the gelatin "imbibed" the dye from the matrix. A mordant made from deacetylated chitin was applied to the blank before printing, to prevent the dyes from migrating or "bleeding" after they were absorbed. Dye imbibition was not suitable for printing optical soundtracks, which required very high resolution, so when making prints for sound-on-film systems the "blank" film was a conventional black-and-white film stock on which the soundtrack, as well as frame lines, had been printed in the ordinary way prior to the dye transfer operation. The first feature made entirely in the Technicolor Process 3 was The Viking (1928), which had a synchronized score and sound effects. Redskin (1929), with a synchronized score, and The Mysterious Island (1929), a part-talkie, were photographed almost entirely in this process also but included some sequences in black and white. The following talkies were made entirely โ€“ or almost entirely โ€“ in Technicolor Process 3: On with the Show! (1929) (the first all-talking color feature), Gold Diggers of Broadway (1929), The Show of Shows (1929), Sally (1929), The Vagabond King (1930), Follow Thru (1930), Golden Dawn (1930), Hold Everything (1930), The Rogue Song (1930), Song of the Flame (1930), Song of the West (1930), The Life of the Party (1930), Sweet Kitty Bellairs (1930), Bride of the Regiment (1930), Mamba (1930), Whoopee! (1930), King of Jazz (1930), Under a Texas Moon (1930), Bright Lights (1930), Viennese Nights (1930), Woman Hungry (1931), Kiss Me Again (1931) and Fifty Million Frenchmen (1931). In addition, scores of features were released with Technicolor sequences. Numerous short subjects were also photographed in Technicolor Process 3, including the first color sound cartoons by producers such as Ub Iwerks and Walter Lantz. Song of the Flame became the first color movie to use a widescreen process (using a system known as Vitascope, which used 65mm film). In 1931, an improvement of Technicolor Process 3 was developed that removed grain from the Technicolor film, resulting in more vivid and vibrant colors. This process was first used on a Radio Picture entitled The Runaround (1931). The new process not only improved the color but also removed specks (that looked like bugs) from the screen, which had previously blurred outlines and lowered visibility. This new improvement along with a reduction in cost (from 8.85 cents to 7 cents per foot) led to a new color revival. Warner Bros. took the lead once again by producing three features (out of an announced plan for six features): Manhattan Parade (1932), Doctor X (1932) and Mystery of the Wax Museum (1933). Radio Pictures followed by announcing plans to make four more features in the new process. Only one of these, Fanny Foley Herself (1931), was actually produced. Although Paramount Pictures announced plans to make eight features and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer promised two color features, these never materialized. This may have been the result of the lukewarm reception to these new color pictures by the public. Two independently produced features were also made with this improved Technicolor process: Legong: Dance of the Virgins (1934) and Kliou the Tiger (1935). Very few of the original camera negatives of movies made in Technicolor Process 2 or 3 survive. In the late 1940s, most were discarded from storage at Technicolor in a space-clearing move, after the studios declined to reclaim the materials. Original Technicolor prints that survived into the 1950s were often used to make black-and-white prints for television and simply discarded thereafter. This explains why so many early color films exist today solely in black and white. Warner Bros., which had vaulted from a minor exhibitor to a major studio with its introduction of the talkies, incorporated Technicolor's printing to enhance its films. Other producers followed Warner Bros.' example by making features in color, with either Technicolor, or one of its competitors, such as Brewster Color and Multicolor (later Cinecolor). Consequently, the introduction of color did not increase the number of moviegoers to the point where it was economical. This and the Great Depression severely strained the finances of the movie studios and spelled the end of Technicolor's first financial successes. Three-strip Technicolor Process 4: Development and introduction Technicolor envisioned a full-color process as early as 1924, and was actively developing such a process by 1929. Hollywood made so much use of Technicolor in 1929 and 1930 that many believed the feature film industry would soon be turning out color films exclusively. By 1931, however, the Great Depression had taken its toll on the film industry, which began to cut back on expenses. The production of color films had decreased dramatically by 1932, when Burton Wescott and Joseph A. Ball completed work on a new three-color movie camera. Technicolor could now promise studios a full range of colors, as opposed to the limited redโ€“green spectrum of previous films. The new camera simultaneously exposed three strips of black-and-white film, each of which recorded a different color of the spectrum. The new process would last until the last Technicolor feature film was produced in 1955. Technicolor's advantage over most early natural-color processes was that it was a subtractive synthesis rather than an additive one: unlike the additive Kinemacolor and Chronochrome processes, Technicolor prints did not require any special projection equipment. Unlike the additive Dufaycolor process, the projected image was not dimmed by a light-absorbing and obtrusive mosaic color filter layer. Very importantly, compared to competing subtractive systems, Technicolor offered the best balance between high image quality and speed of printing. The Technicolor Process 4 camera, manufactured to Technicolor's detailed specifications by Mitchell Camera Corporation, contained a beam splitter consisting of a partially reflecting surface inside a split-cube prism, color filters, and three separate rolls of black-and-white film (hence the "three-strip" designation). The beam splitter allowed one-third of the light coming through the camera lens to pass through the reflector and a green filter and form an image on one of the strips, which therefore recorded only the green-dominated third of the spectrum. The other two-thirds was reflected sideways by the mirror and passed through a magenta filter, which absorbed green light and allowed only the red and blue thirds of the spectrum to pass. Behind this filter were the other two strips of film, their emulsions pressed into contact face to face. The front film was a red-blind orthochromatic type that recorded only the blue light. On the surface of its emulsion was a red-orange coating that prevented blue light from continuing on to the red-sensitive panchromatic emulsion of the film behind it, which therefore recorded only the red-dominated third of the spectrum. Each of the three resulting negatives was printed onto a special matrix film. After processing, each matrix was a nearly invisible representation of the series of film frames as gelatin reliefs, thickest (and most absorbent) where each image was darkest and thinnest where it was lightest. Each matrix was soaked in a dye complementary to the color of light recorded by the negative printed on it: cyan for red, magenta for green, and yellow for blue (see also: CMYK color model for a technical discussion of color printing). A single clear strip of black-and-white film with the soundtrack and frame lines printed in advance was first treated with a mordant solution and then brought into contact with each of the three dye-loaded matrix films in turn, building up the complete color image. Each dye was absorbed, or imbibed, by the gelatin coating on the receiving strip rather than simply deposited onto its surface, hence the term "dye imbibition". Strictly speaking, this is a mechanical printing process, very loosely comparable to offset printing or lithography, and not a photographic one, as the actual printing does not involve a chemical change caused by exposure to light. During the early years of the process, the receiver film was preprinted with a 50% black-and-white image derived from the green strip, the so-called Key, or K, record. This procedure was used largely to cover up fine edges in the picture where colors would mix unrealistically (also known as fringing). This additional black increased the contrast of the final print and concealed any fringing. However, overall colorfulness was compromised as a result. In 1944, Technicolor had improved the process to make up for these shortcomings and the K record was eliminated. Early adoption by Disney Kalmus convinced Walt Disney to shoot one of his Silly Symphony cartoons, Flowers and Trees (1932), in Process 4, the new "three-strip" process. Seeing the potential in full-color Technicolor, Disney negotiated an exclusive contract for the use of the process in animated films that extended to September 1935. Other animation producers, such as the Fleischer Studios and the Ub Iwerks studio, were shut out โ€“ they had to settle for either the two-color Technicolor systems or use a competing process such as Cinecolor. Flowers and Trees was a success with audiences and critics alike, and won the first Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. All subsequent Silly Symphonies from 1933 on were shot with the three-strip process. One Silly Symphony, Three Little Pigs (1933), engendered such a positive audience response that it overshadowed the feature films with which it was shown. Hollywood was buzzing about color film again. According to Fortune magazine, "Merian C. Cooper, producer for RKO Radio Pictures and director of King Kong (1933), saw one of the Silly Symphonies and said he never wanted to make a black-and-white picture again." Although Disney's first 60 or so Technicolor cartoons used the three-strip camera, an improved "successive exposure" ("SE") process was adopted . This variation of the three-strip process was designed primarily for cartoon work: the camera would contain one strip of black-and-white negative film, and each animation cel would be photographed three times, on three sequential frames, behind alternating red, green, and blue filters (the so-called "Technicolor Color Wheel", then an option of the Acme, Producers Service and Photo-Sonics animation cameras). Three separate dye transfer printing matrices would be created from the red, green, and blue records in their respective complementary colors, cyan, magenta and yellow. Successive exposure was also employed in Disney's "True Life Adventure" live-action series, wherein the original 16mm low-contrast Kodachrome Commercial live action footage was first duplicated onto a 35mm fine-grain SE negative element in one pass of the 16mm element, thereby reducing wear of the 16mm original, and also eliminating registration errors between colors. The live-action SE negative thereafter entered other Technicolor processes and were incorporated with SE animation and three-strip studio live-action, as required, thereby producing the combined result. Convincing Hollywood The studios were willing to adopt three-color Technicolor for live-action feature production, if it could be proved viable. Shooting three-strip Technicolor required very bright lighting, as the film had an extremely slow speed of ASA 5. That, and the bulk of the cameras and a lack of experience with three-color cinematography made for skepticism in the studio boardrooms. An October 1934 article in Fortune magazine stressed that Technicolor, as a corporation, was rather remarkable in that it kept its investors quite happy despite the fact that it had only been in profit twice in all of the years of its existence, during the early boom at the turn of the decade. A well-managed company, half of whose stock was controlled by a clique loyal to Kalmus, Technicolor never had to cede any control to its bankers or unfriendly stockholders. In the mid-'30s, all the major studios except MGM were in the financial doldrums, and a color process that truly reproduced the visual spectrum was seen as a possible shot-in-the-arm for the ailing industry. In November 1933, Technicolor's Herbert Kalmus and RKO announced plans to produce three-strip Technicolor films in 1934, beginning with Ann Harding starring in a projected film The World Outside. Live-action use of three-strip Technicolor was first seen in a musical number of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer feature The Cat and the Fiddle, released February 16, 1934. On July 1, MGM released Hollywood Party with a Technicolor cartoon sequence "Hot Choc-late Soldiers" produced by Walt Disney. On July 28 of that year, Warner Bros. released Service with a Smile, followed by Good Morning, Eve! on September 22, both being comedy short films starring Leon Errol and filmed in three-strip Technicolor. Pioneer Pictures, a movie company formed by Technicolor investors, produced the film usually credited as the first live-action short film shot in the three-strip process, La Cucaracha released August 31, 1934. La Cucaracha is a two-reel musical comedy that cost $65,000, approximately four times what an equivalent black-and-white two-reeler would cost. Released by RKO, the short was a success in introducing the new Technicolor as a viable medium for live-action films. The three-strip process also was used in some short sequences filmed for several movies made during 1934, including the final sequences of The House of Rothschild (Twentieth Century Pictures/United Artists) with George Arliss and Kid Millions (Samuel Goldwyn Studios) with Eddie Cantor. Pioneer/RKO's Becky Sharp (1935) became the first feature film photographed entirely in three-strip Technicolor. Initially, three-strip Technicolor was only used indoors. In 1936, The Trail of the Lonesome Pine became the first color production to have outdoor sequences, with impressive results. The spectacular success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), which was released in December 1937 and became the top-grossing film of 1938, attracted the attention of the studios. Limitations and difficulties One major drawback of Technicolor's three-strip process was that the cameras required a special, bulky, large volume sound blimp. Film studios could not purchase Technicolor cameras, only rent them for their productions, complete with camera technicians and a "color supervisor" to ensure sets, costumes, and makeup didn't push beyond the limitations of the system. Often on many early productions, the supervisor was Natalie Kalmus, ex-wife of Herbert Kalmus and part owner of the company. Directors had great difficulty with her; Vincente Minnelli said, "I couldn't do anything right in Mrs. Kalmus's eyes." Kalmus preferred the title "Technicolor Director", although British licensees generally insisted on "Colour Control" so as not to "dilute" the film director's title. She worked with quite a number of "associates", many of whom went uncredited, and after her retirement, these associates were transferred to the licensees, with, for example, Leonard Doss going to Fox where he performed the same function for Fox's DeLuxe Color. The process of splitting the image reduced the amount of light reaching the film stock. Since the film speed of the stocks used was fairly slow, early Technicolor productions required a greater amount of lighting than a black-and-white production. It is reported that temperatures from the hot studio lights on the film set of The Wizard of Oz frequently exceeded 100ย ยฐF (38ย ยฐC), and some of the more heavily costumed characters required a large water intake. Some actors and actresses claimed to have suffered permanent eye damage from the high levels of carbon arc illumination with its highly actinic ultraviolet. Because of the added lighting, triple amount of film, and the expense of producing dye transfer projection prints, Technicolor demanded high film budgets. The introduction of Eastmancolor and decline Color films that recorded the three primary colors in three emulsion layers on one strip of film had been introduced in the mid-1930s by Eastman Kodak in the United States (Kodachrome for 16mm home movies in 1935, then for 8mm home movies and 35mm slides in 1936) and Agfa in Germany (Agfacolor Neu for both home movies and slides later in 1936). Technicolor introduced Monopack, a single-strip color reversal film (a 35ย mm lower-contrast version of Kodachrome) in 1941 for use on location where the bulky three-strip camera was impractical, but the higher grain of the image made it unsuitable for studio work. Eastman Kodak introduced its first 35ย mm color motion picture negative film in 1950. The first commercial feature film to use Eastmancolor was the National Film Board of Canada documentary Royal Journey, released in December 1951. In 1952, Eastman Kodak introduced a high-quality color print film, allowing studios to produce prints through standard photographic processes as opposed to having to send them to Technicolor for the expensive dye imbibition process. That same year, the Technicolor lab adapted its dye transfer process (internally known as 'tri-robo' โ€“ Italian for three-strip) to derive triple matrices and imbibition prints directly from Eastmancolor negatives, as well as other stocks such as Ansco and DuPont color stocks. Foxfire (1955), filmed in 1954 by Universal, starring Jane Russell and Jeff Chandler, was the last American-made feature photographed with a Technicolor three-strip camera. One of the last British films to be shot in Process 4 by Otto Heller was the popular Ealing comedy from 1955 The Ladykillers. In an attempt to capitalize on the Hollywood 3-D craze, Technicolor unveiled its stereoscopic camera for 3-D films in March 1953. The rig used two three-strip cameras, running a total of six strips of film at once (three for the left eye and three for the right). Only two films were shot with this camera set-up: Flight to Tangier (1953) and the Martin and Lewis comedy Money From Home (1954). A similar, but different system had been used by a different company, using two three-strip cameras side by side for a British short called Royal River. As the end of the Technicolor process became apparent, the company repurposed its three-color cameras for wide-screen photography, and introduced the Technirama process in 1957. Other formats the company ventured into included VistaVision, Todd-AO, and Ultra Panavision 70. All of them were an improvement over the three-strip negatives, since the negative print-downs generated sharper and finer grain dye transfer copies. By the mid-1960s, the dye-transfer process eventually fell out of favor in the United States as being too expensive and too slow in turning out prints. With the growing number of screens in the US, the standard run of 200โ€“250 prints increased. And while dye-transfer printing yielded superior color printing, the number of high speed prints that could be struck in labs all over the country outweighed the fewer, slower number of prints that could only be had in Technicolor's labs. One of the last American films printed by Technicolor was The Godfather Part II (1974). In 1975, the US dye transfer plant was closed and Technicolor became an Eastman-only processor. In 1977, the final dye-transfer printer left in Rome was used by Dario Argento to make prints for his horror film Suspiria. In 1980, the Italian Technicolor plant ceased printing dye transfer. The British line was shut down in 1978 and sold to Beijing Film and Video Lab which shipped the equipment to China. A great many films from China and Hong Kong were made in the Technicolor dye transfer process, including Zhang Yimou's Ju Dou (1990) and even one American film, Space Avenger (1989), directed by Richard W. Haines. The Beijing line was shut down in 1993 for a number of reasons, including inferior processing. Post-1995 usage Reintroduction of the dye transfer process In 1997, Technicolor reintroduced the dye transfer process to general film printing. A refined version of the printing process of the 1960s and 1970s, it was used on a limited basis in the restorations of films such as The Wizard of Oz, Gone With the Wind, Rear Window, Funny Girl, and Apocalypse Now Redux. After its reintroduction, the dye transfer process was used in several big-budget, modern Hollywood productions. These included Bulworth, The Thin Red Line, Godzilla, Toy Story 2, and Pearl Harbor. The dye-transfer process was discontinued by Technicolor in 2002 after the company was purchased by Thomson. Dye transfer Technicolor in archival work By the late 1990s, the dye transfer process still had its advantages in the film archival community. Because the dye transfer process used stable acid dyes, Technicolor prints are considered of archival quality. A Technicolor print from the dye transfer era will retain its original colors virtually unchanged for decades with proper storage, whereas prints printed on Eastmancolor stocks produced prior to 1983 may suffer color fading after exposure to ultraviolet light and hot, humid conditions as a result of less stable photochemical dyes. Fading on some prints is so rapid that in some cases, after as little as five to ten years, the colors of the print have faded to a brownish red. Furthermore, three-strip camera negatives are all on silver-based black-and-white stock, which have stayed unaltered over the course of time with proper handling. This has become of importance in recent years with the large market for films transferred to video formats for home viewing. The best color quality control for video transfer by far is achieved by optically printing from Technicolor negatives, or by recombining the three-strip black and white negatives through digital means and printing, onto low-contrast stock. Director George Lucas had a three-strip archival negative, and one or more imbibition prints made of Star Wars; this "protection" copy was consulted for color values in putting together the 1997 Special Edition of Star Wars. One problem that has resulted from Technicolor negatives is the rate of shrinkage from one strip to another. Because three-strip negatives are shot on three rolls, they are subject to different rates of shrinkage depending on storage conditions. Today, digital technology allows for a precise re-alignment of the negatives by resizing shrunken negatives digitally to correspond with the other negatives. The G, or Green, record is usually taken as the reference as it is the record with the highest resolution. It is also a record with the correct "wind" (emulsion position with respect to the camera's lens). Shrinkage and re-alignment (resizing) are non-issues with Successive Exposure (single-roll RGB) Technicolor camera negatives. This issue could have been eliminated, for three-strip titles, had the preservation elements (fine-grain positives) been Successive Exposure, but this would have required the preservation elements to be 3,000 feet or 6,000 feet whereas three-strip composited camera and preservation elements are 1,000 feet or 2,000 feet (however, three records of that length are needed). One issue that modern reproduction has had to contend with is that the contrast of the three film strips is not the same. This gives the effect on Technicolor prints that (for example) cinematic fades cause the color balance of the image to change as the image is faded. Transfer to digital media has attempted to correct the differing color balances and is largely successful. However, a few odd artifacts remain such that saturated parts of the image may show a false color. Where the image of a flame is included in shot, it will rarely be of the expected orange/yellow color, often being depicted as green. Technicolor today The Technicolor company remained a highly successful film processing firm and later became involved in video and audio duplication (CD, VHS and DVD manufacturing) and digital video processes. MacAndrews & Forbes acquired Technicolor, Inc. in 1982 for $100 million, then sold it in 1988 to the British firm Carlton Communications PLC for $780 million. Technicolor, Inc. acquired the film processing company CFI in 2000. Since 2001, Technicolor has been part of the French-headquartered electronics and media conglomerate Thomson Multimedia SA. The name of Thomson group was changed to "Technicolor SA" , re-branding the entire company after its American film technology subsidiary. On June 24, 2020, Technicolor filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy in the United States, citing COVID-19 as the reason for its impact. In May 2021, Technicolor's post-production unit was acquired by Streamland Media. On September 27, 2022, Technicolor SA, which maintains the IoT, broadband and video solution businesses, rebranded as Vantiva, while the VFX, motion graphics and animation businesses now operated by Technicolor Creative Studios; these two were spun-off as the publicly independent companies. The visual aesthetic of dye transfer Technicolor continues to be used in Hollywood, usually in films set in the mid-20th century. Parts of The Aviator (2004), the biopic of Howard Hughes, were digitally manipulated to imitate color processes that were available during the periods each scene takes place. Mostly, during the credits of a film, the text "Color by Technicolor" or "Prints by Technicolor" is shown. See also List of film formats List of color film systems Imbibition Dye-transfer process List of early color feature films List of three-strip Technicolor films References Sources Farber, Manny. 2009. Farber on Film: The Complete Film Writings of Manny Farber. Edited by Robert Polito. Library of America. Further reading Fred E. Basten, Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow. Easton Studio Press, 2005. Adrian Cornwell-Clyne, Colour Cinematography. London Champman & Hall, 1951. Layton, James โ€“ Pierce, David: The Dawn of Technicolor, 1915โ€“1935. George Eastman House, Rochester (N.Y.), 2015. Richard W. Haines, Technicolor Movies: The History of Dye Transfer Printing. McFarland & Company, 2003. John Waner, Hollywood's Conversion of All Production to Color. Tobey Publishing, 2000. Herbert T. Kalmus with Elenaore King Kalmus, Mr. Technicolor: The Fascinating Story of the Genius Who Invented Technicolor and Forever Changed the History of Cinema. MagicImage Filmbooks, 1993. External links Technicolor SA corporate website Technicolor on Timeline of Historical Film Colors with many written resources and many photographs of Technicolor prints. Technicolor History at the American WideScreen Museum Database of 3-strip Technicolor Films Technicolor100: Explore Technicolor's History Audiovisual introductions in 1914 Audiovisual introductions in 1916 Broadcasting companies Film and video technology History of film Motion picture film formats Technicolor SA Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners Companies that have filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy 2020 disestablishments in the United States 2020 disestablishments in Canada
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%A7%80%20%EA%B3%B5%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%84
์งˆ์ง€ ๊ณต์„ฑ์ „
์งˆ์ง€ ๊ณต์„ฑ์ „(้ƒ…ๆ”ฏๆ”ปๅŸŽๆˆฐ)์€ ์ „ํ•œ๊ณผ ์„œํ‰๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 36๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„ ํƒˆ๋ผ์Šค๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์˜ ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ์—์„œ ์‹ธ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ์„œํ‰๋…ธ ์„ ์šฐ ์งˆ์ง€๊ณจ๋„ํ›„์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ์€ ํ•จ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 56๋…„, ํ‰๋…ธ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ถ€์˜ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐยท๋™๋ถ€์˜ ์งˆ์ง€๊ณจ๋„ํ›„์„ ์šฐ(์ดํ•˜ ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ)ยท์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ์œค์ง„์„ ์šฐ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 54๋…„, ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์œค์ง„์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉธ๋ง์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋„ ๋ฌด์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์„ ์šฐ์ •์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜์ž, ๊ถ์ง€์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฐ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์ „ํ•œ์— ํˆฌํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ๋™์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์„œํ‰๋…ธ, ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋™ํ‰๋…ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™ํ‰๋…ธ์™€ ์„œํ‰๋…ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „ํ•œ์— ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์„ ์ž…์กฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”์น˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ „ํ•œ๊ณผ ์šฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ๋™ํ‰๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์ „ํ•œ์— ์ž…์กฐํ•œ ์•„๋“ค ๊ตฌ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ท€๊ตญ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ํ˜ธ์†กํ•œ ์ „ํ•œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž ๊ณก๊ธธ์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•ด ์ „ํ•œ๊ณผ์˜ ์šฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ๋”ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์ „ํ•œ๊ณผ ๋™ํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•ด ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€์„œ, ์ „ํ•œ๊ณผ ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์˜ค์†์„ ์น˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์™€ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•ด ์˜ค์†์„ ๋ช‡ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์™€์˜ ์šฐํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ํŒŒ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ท€์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ•™์‚ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ๊พ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋™์›ํ•ด ๋„๋ขฐ์ˆ˜ ์œ ์—ญ์— ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์–ด ์ƒˆ ์ˆ˜๋„๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณก๊ธธ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์„œํ‰๋…ธ์™€ ๊ต์„ญํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์š•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ์–ด ์„œ์—ญ๋„ํ˜ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ•œ์„ ์กฐ๋กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์„œ์—ญ๋„ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋„์œ„ ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ถ€๊ต์œ„ ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ์„œํ‰๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐจ ์ „ํ•œ์˜ ์„œ์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์˜์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์„œํ‰๋…ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์งœ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํƒ•์˜ ์ถœ์ง„ ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ํ‰๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์‡ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋†์„ฑ์ „์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์„œ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‘”์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์™€ ์˜ค์†์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ๋ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ด์— ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •์— ์ฃผ์ฒญํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ์กฐ์ •์€ ์›์ •์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งŒ ๋Œ๋˜ ๋„์ค‘ ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ์กฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์œ„์กฐํ•ด ์„œ์—ญ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ต์œ„(่ปŠๅธซๆˆŠๅทฑๆ กๅฐ‰)์™€ ๋‘”์ „๋ณ‘์„ ๋™์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ์นผ์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์–‘์œ„(ๆšๅจ)ยท๋ฐฑํ˜ธ(็™ฝ่™Ž)ยทํ•ฉ๊ธฐ(ๅˆ้จŽ)๊ต(ๆ ก - ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„)๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ , ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ์„œ์—ญ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์ด 4๋งŒ์—ฌ ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ์กฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์œ„์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •ํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ถœ์ง„ํ•ด, ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ต๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด, ์„ธ ๊ต๋Š” ์ฒœ์‚ฐ ๋‚จ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ น์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์™„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ธ ๊ต๋Š” ๋„ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•ด ์˜จ์ˆ™๊ตญ(ๆบซๅฎฟๅœ‹)์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์ฒœ์‚ฐ ๋ถ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์˜ค์†์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ ๊ณก์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ์˜ค์†๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ „์ง€(้—ๆฑ )์˜ ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์นจ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์™•(ๅ‰ฏ็Ž‹) ํฌ์ „(ๆŠฑ้—)์ด ์ ๊ณก์„ฑ์„ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ณค๋ฏธ ์น˜ํ•˜์˜ ์ฒœ์—ฌ ๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ๋žตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์ถ•์„ ๋ชฐ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ํ›„๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ์„œ์—ญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์„œ ํฌ์ „์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ณค๊ณ , 460๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์œ ๊ดด๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 470๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ณค๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฐ€์ถ•์€ ๊ตฐ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํฌ์ „์˜ ๊ท€์ธ ์ด๋…ธ๋…(ไผŠๅฅดๆฏ’)์„ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ชฝ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝํƒˆ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์€๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ท€์ธ ๋„๋ฌต(ๅฑ ๅขจ)๊ณผ ์ ‘๊ฒฌํ•ด, ํšŒ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งน์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์–ด ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์šฐ์„ฑ 60๋ฆฌ์— ๋ชป ๋ฏธ์ณ ์ˆ™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ท€์ธ ํŒจ์ƒ‰(่ฒ่‰ฒ)๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์•„๋“ค ๊ฐœ๋ชจ(้–‹็‰Ÿ)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŒจ์ƒ‰์˜ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋„๋ฌต์˜ ์™ธ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์›๋งํ•ด, ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™ฉ์„ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์šฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ , ์ „ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์€ ํ–‰๊ตฐํ•ด ์„ ์šฐ์„ฑ์—์„œ 30์—ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ชป ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ณณ์— ์ˆ™์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด โ€œํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ฐŒ ์™”๋Š”๊ณ ?โ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜›๋‚  ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์—ญ๋„ํ˜ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์„œ์‹ ์„ ๋น„๊ผฌ์•„ ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๊ต์„ญํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๊พธ์ง–์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ , ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๋ขฐ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์™€์„œ ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ 3๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์ง„์˜์„ ์ณค๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ ์œ„์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ƒ‰ ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ณค๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๋ช…์€ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์„ฑ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ ์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์™•๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๋ช…์€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ง„์„ ์น˜๊ณ  ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ ์œ„์—์„œ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๋‹์šฐ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง„์˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๊ฐ”์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง„์˜์˜ ์‡ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ์€ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋ณด๋ณ‘์„ ์˜์•„, ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋ณด๋ณ‘๋„ ์„ฑ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ์žฅํƒ•์€ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‰๋…ธ ๊ตฐ์„ ์ซ“์•„ ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ์„ 4๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์œ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ฐธํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ณ , ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ , ๋ฐฉํŒจ๋ฅผ ์•ž์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ทน๊ณผ ์‡ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ ์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์˜๋‹ˆ, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ ์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ฑ์€ ํ† ์„ฑ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ, ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ™œ์„ ์ด ํฌ์œ„๊ตฐ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์œ„๊ตฐ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ฑ์— ๋ถˆ์„ ์งˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ๋ฐค์— ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ž, ํฌ์œ„๊ตฐ์€ ํ™œ์„ ์ด ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์›๋งํ•ด์„œ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๋‚ดํ†ตํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ ์˜ค์† ๋“ฑ ์„œ์—ญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™”์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚  ๊ณณ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด, ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์นœํžˆ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๊ณ , ์—ฐ์ง€์™€ ๋ถ€์ธ๋“ค 10์—ฌ ๋ช…์€ ํฌ์œ„๊ตฐ์— ํ™”์‚ด์„ ์ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ํ™”์‚ด์— ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ€์ธ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€์„œ ๋ง์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ถ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ „์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐค์ด ๋˜์ž ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์„ฑ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฌ์œ„๊ตฐ์€ ํ† ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘ ๋งŒ์—ฌ ๋ช…์ด ์™€์„œ 10์—ฌ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ์„ฑ์„ ์—์›Œ์‹ธ๋‹ˆ, ํ‰๋…ธ์™€ ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์‘ํ•ด ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ํฌ์œ„๊ตฐ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์ด์ณค์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ ์ด ๋ฐ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‹ˆ, ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ซ“์•„๋ƒˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๊ฑฐ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  4๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ† ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€ 100์—ฌ ๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ถ๊ถ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋‹คํˆฌ์–ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์–ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐํ›„๊ฐ€์Šน ๋‘ํ›ˆ์ด ์„ ์šฐ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ ˆ ๊ณก๊ธธ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ์™ธ๊ต๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ง€์™€ ํƒœ์ž์™€ ๋ช…์™• ์ดํ•˜ 1,518๋ช…์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํฌ๋กœ 145๋ช…์„ ์žก์•˜๊ณ , 1000์—ฌ ๋ช…์˜ ํ•ญ๋ณต์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋…ธํš๋ฌผ์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ข…๊ตฐํ•œ ์„œ์—ญ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ด๋‹ค์„ฏ ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒจ์šธ, ์ „ํ•œ์˜ ์›์ •๊ตฐ์ด ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋‹ˆ, ์ „ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŒ์ด์ €(่ ปๅคท้‚ธ - ํ™๋ ค์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€, ์ฆ‰ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ™์†Œ) ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ด๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์†Œ 4๋…„(๊ธฐ์›์ „ 35๋…„), ์ „ํ•œ ์›์ œ๋Š” ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข…๋ฌ˜์— ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฉด์„ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ์กฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์œ„์กฐํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ง„ํƒ•์˜ ๊ณต์„ ํ‘œ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹คํˆฌ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ข…์ • ์œ ํ–ฅ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋‘˜์˜ ๊ณต์ ์„ ์น˜ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋…• ์›๋…„(๊ธฐ์›์ „ 33๋…„), ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ ๊ฐ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์—ดํ›„์— ๋ด‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ๊ด€๋‚ดํ›„์— ๋ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํƒ•์€ ์ดํ›„ ํ–‰์ ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ด€๋‚ดํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์™•๋ง์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์คฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์™•๋ง์ด ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์›์‹œ 5๋…„(5๋…„), ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ ์ง„ํƒ•์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์ง„๋น™์ด ์—ดํ›„์— ๋ด‰ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋•Œ ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์„ ์ทจํ•œ ๋‘ํ›ˆ๋„ ์—ดํ›„์— ๋ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ž, ์ด๋ฏธ ์„œํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ์ด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ ์šฐ์ •์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•ด, ๊ฒฝ๋…• ์›๋…„(๊ธฐ์›์ „ 33๋…„)์— ์ž…์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์™•์†Œ๊ตฐ์ด ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์งˆ์ง€์„ ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธํ•œ์•ผ์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ˆœ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•ด, ์—ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๋…•์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 36๋…„ ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ „ํ•œ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ‰๋…ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Zhizhi
Battle of Zhizhi
The Battle of Zhizhi (้ƒ…ๆ”ฏไน‹ๆˆฐ) was fought in 36ย BC between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu chieftain Zhizhi Chanyu. Zhizhi was defeated and killed. The battle was probably fought near Taraz on the Talas River in eastern Kazakhstan, which makes it one of the westernmost points reached by a Chinese army. The Battle of Talas in 751 AD was fought in the same area. Background In 56ย BC Zhizhi revolted against his brother. As his brother grew more powerful, Zhizhi retreated westward. About 44ย BC he made a close alliance with the Kangju near Lake Balkhash. Later he quarrelled with the Kangju, killed several hundred of them and forced them to build him a fortress. The fort required 500 men and two years to build. It was probably located near Taraz. Battle Assembly and march of Han forces At approximately 36ย BC, the governor of the Western Regions was Gan Yanshou. His deputy commander, Chen Tang, claimed that Zhizhi was planning to build up a great empire and proposed a pre-emptive attack. Gan Yanshou objected; but he soon fell ill, and while he was incapacitated Chen Tang forged an edict in Yanshou's name and mobilized the army. Gan Yanshou was forced to yield. All this was done without the Emperor's permission. An army of 40,000 Han and Hu troops (''Hu" here is a loose term for non-Chinese) assembled. It marched west on both sides of the Tarim Basin, reunited near Kashgar, and moved across Kangju territory reaching the western shore of Lake Balkhash. At this point a party of several thousand Kangju cavalrymen, returning from a raid on Wusun, stumbled onto the rear of the Chinese army, attacked it, and made off with a large quantity of food and weapons. Chen Tang sent his Hu troops back and defeated the Kangju, killing 460 of them and freeing 470 Wusun captives. Battle at Zhizhi's Fortress Several Kangju nobles defected to the Chinese and provided information and guides. The Chinese encamped about 30 li from Zhizhi's fortress and the two sides exchanged rather hypocritical messages. They then moved to within three li of Zhizhi and fortified themselves. The Xiongnu sent out several hundred cavalry and infantry, but they were driven back into the fort. The Chinese followed and attacked the fort and managed to burn part of the wall. That night several hundred Xiongnu horsemen tried to escape but all were killed. Zhizhi himself thought of escape but decided to remain because he knew that he had too many enemies in the surrounding country, and fighting continued. Zhizhi's queen and concubines shot arrows from the ramparts. Zhizhi was wounded in the nose by an arrow. Shortly after midnight the outer walls were breached and the Xiongnu retreated to the inner citadel. At this point several thousand Kangju horsemen appeared and attacked the Chinese in the darkness but were unable to accomplish anything. When dawn broke parts of the inner citadel were on fire. The Chinese piled dirt on the citadel walls and clambered into the citadel. Zhizhi and a hundred or so warriors retreated into the palace. The palace was set on fire and attacked from all directions and Zhizhi was mortally wounded. Aftermath 1,518 Xiongnu died, including Zhizhi and Zhizhi's wives. 145 were captured and well over 1,000 surrendered. The soldiers were allowed to keep their booty and the surrendered Xiongnu were distributed to the fifteen kingdoms that participated in the battle. The following spring Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang arrived at Chang'an and presented Emperor Yuan of Han with Zhizhi's severed head. It was displayed on the city wall for ten days and then buried. Zhizhi was the only Xiongnu Chanyu killed by the Chinese. Hypothetical Sino-Roman contact A hypothesis by the Sinologist Homer H. Dubs, according to which Roman legionaries clashed with Han troops during the battle and were resettled afterwards in a Chinese village named Liqian, has been rejected by modern historians and geneticists on the grounds of a critical appraisal of the ancient sources and recent DNA testings of the village people. However, this hypothesis has been supported by Lev Gumilev. A new hypothesis (Greek Hoplites in an Ancient Chinese Siege, Journal of Asian History) from 2011 by Dr Christopher Anthony Matthew from the Australian Catholic University suggests that these strange warriors were not Roman legionaries, but Hoplites from the Kingdom of Fergana also known as Alexandria Exchate or Dayaun which was one of the successor states of Alexander the Great's Empire. Footnotes References Ban Gu et al., Hanshu. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1962. Sima Guang, comp. Zizhi Tongjian. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1956. David Wilkinson (1999) "Power polarity in the Far Eastern World System," Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol V, 3, 1999, 501-617 Yap, Joseph P. (2009). Wars With The Xiongnu, A Translation from Zizhi tongjian. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A. . 36ย BC Zhizhi 36 BC Zhizhi 1st century BC in China History of Kazakhstan Zhizhi 1st-century BC battles
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%B1%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EC%BA%89%EC%A3%BC%20%ED%88%AC%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%9D%BC
ํฌ์Šคํƒฑ์•„๋ฅด์บ‰์ฃผ ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ
ํฌ์Šคํƒฑ์•„๋ฅด์บ‰์ฃผ ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ(, , 1957๋…„ 4์›” 21์ผ~)๋Š” 2016๋…„ 3์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด์ž ํ•™์ž์ด๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„ 1์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 12์›”~2016๋…„ 2์›” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์•„๋‹ˆ์„ธ์กฐ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๋Œ๋กœ๊ฒŒ๋ ˆ ์ „ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•œ 2์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 2020๋…„ 12์›” 27์ผ ์žฌ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์šด์ „์‚ฌ์™€ ๋†๋ถ€์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ๋‹ค๋งˆ๋ผ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ…”๋ ˆ๋ฏธ ๋ณด๊ฐ„๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ค‘๋“ฑ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  1976๋…„์— ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€ ์•„๋น„์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ•™์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1986๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋ฆด ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฅด๋Œ•์˜ ์ง€๋„ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , 2004๋…„ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ฃฌ์˜ ์•ผ์šด๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ๋„์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€๋„ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ ฅ 1987๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1989๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1992๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€ ๋ถ€๊ต์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ต์› ์–‘์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์›์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1999๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด์™€ ์ธ๋„์–‘์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์œ„์›ํšŒ(CIEHPM)์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ 2001๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2003๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ„์›์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„ 5์›” ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ถ€์ด์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ 2005๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2008๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ด์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹  ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ง 2008๋…„ 1์›” 22์ผ, ์—˜๋ฆฌ ๋„ํ…Œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•œ ํ›„, ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์ˆ˜์•„ ๋ณด์ง€์ œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 29๋ช…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ด€, 17๋ช…์˜ ์žฅ๊ด€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  7๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 1์›” 28์ผ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 12์›” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ๊ณ , 2009๋…„ 1์›” 18์ผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ†ตํ•ฉ์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€์ œ๋Š” ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” 1์›” 19์ผ์— ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 31๊ฐœ ์žฅ๊ด€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹จ์ง€ 10๋ช…์˜ ์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋งŽ์€ ์ „์ง ๋ฐ˜๋ž€๊ตฐ๋“ค์ด 2009๋…„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ 2010๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ฐ ์˜ํšŒ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ผ์ธ์—…์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 1์›” ๋ณด์ง€์ œ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์…€๋ ˆ์นด ๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ‰ํ™” ํ˜‘์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณด์ง€์ œ๋Š” 2013๋…„ 1์›” 12์ผ ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” 2015๋…„ 10์›” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์†Œ์† ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์ถœ๋งˆํ•  ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. EUCLID ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์œ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ง 2008๋…„, ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” EUCLID(์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™()์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 5์›”, ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆฌ ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์ธ ์‹ฌํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ž€์ง€๋„ 2011๋…„ 3์›”์— EUCLID์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ํ˜‘์ •์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 4์›”, ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ฃฌ๋””์˜ ์กธ์—… ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กธ์—…์‹์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฃผ์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆฌ ์žฌ์ž„ ํ›„, ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” EUCLID์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ์ง์ธ ๊ณ ์œ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ง ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” 2015๋…„ 12์›”~2016๋…„ 2์›” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์ถœ๋งˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ํ›„, 62%์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ 2์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2016๋…„ 3์›” 30์ผ์— ์ทจ์ž„ ์„ ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ถ•์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ "์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ๋‚˜๋ผ, ํ‰ํ™”์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋‹ค์งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2016๋…„ 4์›” 2์ผ ์‹ฌํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ž€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ž€์ง€๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ์˜ ๋น„์„œ์‹ค์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ทจ์ž„ ์„ ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ํ›„, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋Š” ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ๋๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋Š” ์•ฝ 1๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์œ ์—” ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ž‘์ „์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 2,500๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ง€์› ์—†์ด, ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น๋ฉด ๊ณผ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์€ 2013๋…„์— ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด 36% ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, GDP์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์ž์ธ ๋†์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ธ์ž…์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์• ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํฌ์Šคํƒฑ์•„๋ฅด์บ‰์ฃผ ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋„ˆ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ƒํ™œ ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ํŠธ ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ์™€ ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ทธ๋ฆฌํŠธ "ํ‹ฐ๋‚˜" ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง‰ํ›„์—์„œ ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋ถ€์ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์Šคํƒฑ์•„๋ฅด์บ‰์ฃผ ํˆฌ์•„๋ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1957๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์•™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์‹  ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋„์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustin-Archange%20Touad%C3%A9ra
Faustin-Archange Touadรฉra
Faustin-Archange Touadรฉra (; born 21 April 1957) is a Central African politician and academic who has been President of the Central African Republic since March 2016. He previously was Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from January 2008 to January 2013. In the December 2015 โ€“ February 2016 presidential election, he was elected to the presidency in a second round of voting against former Prime Minister Anicet Georges Dologuรฉlรฉ. He was re-elected for a second term on 27 December 2020. Early life and education Touadรฉra was born in Bangui; the son of a driver and a farmer, his family was originally from Damara, to the north of Bangui. He received his secondary education at the Barthelemy Boganda College in Bangui and obtained a baccalaureate in 1976, before attending the University of Bangui and the University of Abidjan. He earned a mathematics doctorate in 1986, supervised by Daniel Gourdin at the Lille University of Science and Technology (Lille I) in France and another doctorate, also in mathematics, which was supervised by Marcel Dossa at the University of Yaoundรฉ I in Cameroon in 2004. Academic career In 1987, he became assistant lecturer of mathematics at the University of Bangui and was vice-dean of the University's Faculty of Science from 1989 to 1992. In the latter year he became director of the teachers' training college. He joined the Inter-State Committee for the Standardisation of Mathematics Programs in the French-speaking countries and the Indian Ocean (CIEHPM) in 1999, serving as the president of the Committee from 2001 to 2003. He became vice chancellor of the University of Bangui in May 2004. Touadรฉra subsequently served as rector of the university from 2005 to 2008, during which time he launched several key initiatives, such as the entrepreneurship training program and the creation of the Euclid Consortium. Political career Prime Minister Touadรฉra was appointed as Prime Minister by President Franรงois Bozizรฉ on 22 January 2008, following the resignation of ร‰lie Dotรฉ. His government, composed of 29 membersโ€”four ministers of state, 17 ministers, and seven minister delegates, along with himselfโ€”was appointed on 28 January. A national dialogue was held in December 2008, and Bozizรฉ then dissolved Touadรฉra's government on 18 January 2009 in preparation for the formation of a government of national unity. Touadรฉra was reappointed as Prime Minister on 19 January. Later on the same day, his new 31-minister government was appointed, with only 10 ministers retaining their posts; many former rebels were included in the new lineup to prepare the country for the 2009 local elections and the 2010 presidential and parliamentary polls. Following a peace deal between the Bozizรฉ government and the Sรฉlรฉka rebel coalition in January 2013, Bozizรฉ dismissed Touadรฉra on 12 January 2013, in accordance with the terms of the agreement, which required that a new prime minister be appointed from the political opposition. Later, Touadรฉra announced his intention to stand as an independent candidate in the October 2015 presidential election. EUCLID involvement and High Steward In 2008, the Euclid Consortium initiative hosted by the University of Bangui led to the formation of an intergovernmental university named EUCLID (Euclid University) (French: Pรดle Universitaire Euclide). In his capacity as Prime Minister, Touadera signed the instrument of participation for the Central African Republic in May 2010. His chief of cabinet, Simplice Sarandji also signed the headquarters agreement for EUCLID in March 2011. In April 2012, Touadera personally presided over a graduation ceremony in New York, at the Permanent Mission of the Central African Republic to the United Nations, for a graduating diplomat of Burundi. After his tenure as Prime Minister, Touadera became EUCLID's High Steward, an honorary role. President Touadรฉra stood as a candidate in the December 2015โ€“February 2016 presidential election. After finishing second in the first round of voting, he received the support of the majority of defeated candidates for the second round, which he won with 62% of the vote. He was sworn in on 30 March 2016. Speaking on the occasion, he vowed to pursue disarmament and "make CAR a united country, a country of peace, a country facing development". He appointed Simplice Sarandji as Prime Minister on 2 April 2016. Sarandji was Touadรฉra's campaign manager during the election and Touadรฉra's chief of staff during his own time as Prime Minister. After he was sworn into office, France confirmed that it would end its military intervention in Central African Republic. France had around 2,500 troops deployed in the country as part of Operation Sangaris, supporting about 10,000 United Nations peacekeepers. Without France's support, Touadรฉra faced the immediate challenge of maintaining security in major cities. The Central African Republic saw a 36 percent drop in its gross domestic product in 2013. The economy has slowly grown since then, but the agricultural sector โ€” the main contributor to GDP โ€” is still struggling and the government is struggling to raise revenues. In December 2022, he attended the United Statesโ€“Africa Leaders Summit 2022 and met with US President Joe Biden. Faustin-Archange Touadera's personal security detail is reportedly composed of members of the Russian Wagner Group. In July 2023, Touadรฉra attended the 2023 Russiaโ€“Africa Summit in Saint Petersburg and met with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Touadรฉra expressed support for Russia, saying that Russia "had helped to save its democracy and prevent a civil war". Also during the month, Touadรฉra called for a referendum to abolish term limits (at the time set to two five-year terms), while also increasing the length of the term to seven years. Without the change, Touadรฉra would have been term-limited and ineligible to stand at the next presidential election. In order to hold the referendum, Touadรฉra sacked the head of the constitutional court in October of 2022, which had previously ruled the referendum unconstitutional. The referendum was boycotted by the opposition. Ministry He was a deacon in a Baptist church of the Fraternal Union of Baptist Churches, and is still a member of this union. Personal life Touadรฉra is married to two wives, Brigitte Touadรฉra and Marguerite "Tina" Touadรฉra. Both women had reportedly been vying for the title of First Lady of the Central African Republic behind the scenes. Faustin-Archange Touadรฉra has three children. References |- 1957 births Academic staff of the University of Bangui Central African Republic Baptists Central African Republic nationalists Heads of state of the Central African Republic Lille University of Science and Technology alumni Living people People from Bangui People of the Central African Republic Civil War Prime Ministers of the Central African Republic University of Bangui alumni
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A5%ED%83%91%EB%B0%A9%EC%9D%98%20%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C%EC%95%84%EB%93%A4
์˜ฅํƒ‘๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์•„๋“ค
ใ€Š์˜ฅํƒ‘๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์•„๋“คใ€‹์€ ๋งค์ฃผ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ์ €๋… 8์‹œ 30๋ถ„์— ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš ์˜๋„ '๋‡Œ์„นโ€™์ด ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณค 1๋„ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ช…โ€˜์ƒ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ œ์•„๋“คโ€™๋“ค! 10๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ‡ด๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ฅํƒ‘๋ฐฉ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ง€์‹ํ† ํฌ์‡ผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ. ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ค๋ฝ๊ด€, ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ค๋ฝ๊ด€์— ์ด์–ด์„œ ์‹ ์„ค๋œ KBS ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ๋ณธ๋ถ€์˜ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ 2018๋…„ 11์›” 7์ผ์— ์ฒซ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 4์›” KBS ๋ด„ ๊ฐœํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งค์ฃผ ์›”์š”์ผ ์ €๋… 8์‹œ 55๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. KBS ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฐฐํ‹€ํŠธ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ‹€ํŠธ๋ฆฝ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋‹˜ ๊ท€๋Š” ๋‹น๋‚˜๊ท€ ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ • ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋‹˜ ๊ท€๋Š” ๋‹น๋‚˜๊ท€ ๊ท€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฏธ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ 1๋ฐ• 2์ผ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€์ฒด ํŽธ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํ‹€ํŠธ๋ฆฝ์€ ํ•œ๋•Œ ํ™”์š”์ผ ์ด๋™์„ค๋„ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 2019๋…„ 9์›” 28์ผ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ถ„์„ ๋์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์ธ MC ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์ดํœ˜์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ TV์กฐ์„  ใ€Š์•„๋‚ด์˜ ๋ง›ใ€‹๊ณผ ๊ฒน์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 4์›” 20์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งค์ฃผ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ์ €๋… 8์‹œ 30๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์›๋…„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์ธ ๊น€์šฉ๋งŒ์€ MC์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” MBC ์—๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์› ใ€Š๋Œ€ํ•œ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธใ€‹๊ณผ ๊ฒน์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜์ฐจํ•˜๊ณ , ๊น€์ข…๊ตญ์ด ์ƒˆ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›๋…„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ๋ฏผ๊ฒฝํ›ˆ์ด 2023๋…„ 4์›” 12์ผ์— ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 2023๋…„ 4์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์ฐฌ์›์ด ์ƒˆ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2019๋…„ 2019๋…„ KBS ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€์ƒ 2020๋…„ 2020๋…„ KBS ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋Œ€์ƒ : ๊น€์ˆ™ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ : ์†ก์€์ด 2021๋…„ 2021๋…„ KBS ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ์ธ์ƒ : ๊น€์ˆ™ 2022๋…„ 2022๋…„ KBS ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ์ธ์ƒ : ๊น€์ˆ™ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์˜ค๋ฝ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง ๊ฒจ๋ฃจ๊ธฐ (KBS ๊ต์–‘์šด์˜ํŒ€ ์ œ์ž‘) ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ค๋ฝ๊ด€, ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ค๋ฝ๊ด€ (KBS ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ์šด์˜ํŒ€ ์ œ์ž‘) ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์™•๊ตญ, ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„, ๋™๋ฌผ๊ทน์žฅ ๋‹จ์ง (KBS 1TV) ์ฃผ์ฃผํด๋Ÿฝ, ์Šˆํผ๋…, ๋‹จ์ง, ์€๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ, ๊ฐœ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„ํ”ˆ ๊ฐœ์™€ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค, ํŽซ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ (KBS 2TV) ๋™๋ฌผ์ผ๊ธฐ, ์•ผ์˜น๋ฉ๋ฉ ๊ท€์—ฌ์›Œ, ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค, ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•ด, ์•„๊ธฐ ๋™๋ฌผ ๊ท€์—ฌ์›Œ, ํŽซํ•˜ํŠธ (EBS 1TV) ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋งจ (EBS 2TV) ํƒ€ํƒ€์™€ ์ฟ ๋งˆ (EBSยท5BRICKS ๊ณต๋™ ์ œ์ž‘) ์™€์šฐ! ๋™๋ฌผ์ฒœํ•˜, ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€์ฆˆ, ํ•˜ํ•˜๋žœ๋“œ, ์˜ค๋ž˜๋ด๋„ ์˜ˆ์˜๋‹ค, 2020 ์ถ”์„ํŠน์ง‘ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๋ฉ๋ฉ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด ๋›ด๋‹ค 38.5 (MBC TV) TV ๋™๋ฌผ๋†์žฅ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ, ํŽซ๋ฏธํ”ฝ๋ฏธ, ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ธ, ๋”์†”์ ธ์Šค, ๊ฒ€์€ ์–‘ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ (SBS TV) ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ถ€๋‹ค๊ฐœ์ŠคํŠธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ง‘ ๋ง‰๋‚ด๊ทน์žฅ (JTBC) ๊ธฐ๋ง‰ํžŒ ๋™๋ฌผ์›, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ง‘์— ํ•ดํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์™”๋‹ค (MBN) ๋™๊ณ ๋™๋ฝ, ๊ฐœ๋จผ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํŒŒํŠธ๋ผ์Šˆ (TV์กฐ์„ ) ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ƒฅ, ๋ƒ์˜น์€ ํŽ˜์ดํฌ๋‹ค, ์บฃ์ธ  ์•ค ๋…์Šค, ์Šฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ์šด ์˜์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ, ์Šฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ์šด ์˜์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ2, ํ•ด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„, ํ•ด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ X ์Šค์šฐํŒŒ, ์Šˆํผ์•ก์…˜ (tvN) ํŽซํ† ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ (์˜จ์Šคํƒ€์ผ) ์ฃผํ˜„๋ฏธ์˜ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํ„ฐ, ์†ก์ง„์šฐ์˜ ์šฉ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค, ์ด๊ฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ•ดํ”ผํƒ€์ž„ 4์‹œ, ์œ ์ง€์›์˜ ๋ฐค์„ ์žŠ์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ (KBS 2๋ผ๋””์˜ค) ์˜ค๋Š˜์•„์นจ ์ •์ง€์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ด์„ํ›ˆ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์น˜์นดํŽ˜, ๋‘์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ, 4์‹œ์—” ์œค๋„ํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ๋ฐค ์˜ฅ์ƒ๋‹ฌ๋น›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (MBC FM4U) ์ตœ๋ฐฑํ˜ธ์˜ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์‹œ๋Œ€ (SBS ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒFM) ๋ฐฐ์„ฑ์žฌ์˜ ํ… (SBS ํŒŒ์›ŒFM) ์žฅ์ผ๋ฒ”์˜ ์œ ์พŒํ•œ ํด๋ž˜์‹ (์›”~ํ† ์š”์ผ), ์ด์ค€ํ˜•์˜ ๋น„์š˜๋“œ ํด๋ž˜์‹ (์ผ์š”์ผ) (cpbc FM) ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก, ์‹๋นต ๊ตฝ๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด, ์ž˜์‚ด์•„๋ณด์‹œ๊ฐœ, ์˜ค ๋งˆ์ด ํŽซ, ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ! ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•ด, ํŽซ ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ์Šค (skyPetpark) ์ƒ์ƒ๊ณ ์–‘์ด (MBC ์—๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์›) ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋ผ ๋Œ•๋Œ•์ด (MBC ์—๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์›, MBC ์Šคํฌ์ธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ณต๋™ ์ œ์ž‘) ํŽซ์ธ ๊ณ ! ๋Œ•๋Œ•ํŠธ๋ฆฝ (SBS ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค) ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ํŽซํ•˜์šฐ์Šค (SBS M) ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ถํด๋Ÿฝ, ์ฃผ๋งํ•˜์ดํ‚ฅ ์ด์œค์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (MBC ํ‘œ์ค€FM) ๊ฐœ๋ฐฅ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž, ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด ์šด๋ช…, ์„œ๋ฏผ๊ฐ‘๋ถ€ (์ฑ„๋„A) ์ฒœ์žฌ! ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ๋™๋ฌผ์› (ๆ—ฅ NTV) ๋„๊ทธ ์œ„์Šคํผ๋Ÿฌ (็พŽ NGC์ฑ„๋„) ์ง€์˜ฅ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด (็พŽ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ํ”Œ๋ž˜๋‹›) ๊ฐœ๊ณผ์ฒœ์„  ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด (์˜๊ตญ ์ฑ„๋„ 4, Sky One) ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์•ˆ๋‚ด 2019๋…„ 7์›” 29์ผ : ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด. 10์›” 14์ผ : KBS ์Šคํฌ์ธ  2019๋…„ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ 1์ฐจ์ „ ใ€Šํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ VS SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šคใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 12์›” 30์ผ : ์†ก๋…„ํŠน์ง‘ ใ€Š์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์˜ ์ „๋‹น - ์ „์„คใ€‹ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2020๋…„ 11์›” 10์ผ : KBS ์Šคํฌ์ธ  2020๋…„ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ 2์ฐจ์ „ ใ€ŠKT ์œ„์ฆˆ VS ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šคใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐค 11์‹œ 45๋ถ„์— ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก. 11์›” 24์ผ : KBS ์Šคํฌ์ธ  2020๋…„ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ 6์ฐจ์ „ ใ€ŠNC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค VS ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šคใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐค 10์‹œ 20๋ถ„์— ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก. 2021๋…„ 7์›” 27์ผ : ใ€Š2020 ๋„์ฟ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 8์›” 3์ผ : ใ€Š2020 ๋„์ฟ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐค 10์‹œ์— ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก. 9์›” 21์ผ : 2021 ํ•œ๊ฐ€์œ„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํš ใ€Šํ”ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‹ฌ์ˆ˜๋ด‰ - ํŠน๋ณ„ํŒใ€‹ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 11์›” 9์ผ : KBS ์Šคํฌ์ธ  2021๋…„ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ 1์ฐจ์ „ ใ€Š๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค VS ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐค 11์‹œ์— ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก. 2022๋…„ 2์›” 1์ผ : ์„ค๋‚ ํŠน์„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Šํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ณด๋””๊ฐ€๋“œ 2ใ€‹ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2์›” 8์ผ : KBS 2TV ์›”ํ™” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๊ฝƒ ํ”ผ๋ฉด ๋‹ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ ใ€‹ 13~14ํšŒ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2์›” 15์ผ : ใ€Š2022 ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ๋™๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐค 11์‹œ 40๋ถ„์— ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก. 8์›” 10์ผ : 2022๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ค‘๋ถ€ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜ธ์šฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ใ€Š๊ฐœ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋‹คใ€‹ ์žฌ๋ฐฉ์†ก ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 11์›” 23์ผ : ใ€Š2022 ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์›”๋“œ์ปตใ€‹ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ E์กฐ 1์ฐจ์ „ ๋…์ผ VS ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2023๋…„ 7์›” 19์ผ : ์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜ธ์šฐ ์—ฌํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์ œ2ํšŒ ใ€Š์ฒญ๋ฃก์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆใ€‹ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 9์›” 27์ผ ~ 10์›” 4์ผ : ใ€Š2022 ํ•ญ์ €์šฐ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ KBS 2TV ์˜ฅํƒ‘๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์•„๋“ค ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์˜ค๋ฝ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์‡ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‡ผ 2018๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem%20Child%20in%20House
Problem Child in House
Problem Child in House () is a South Korean variety program that airs on KBS2 starting November 7, 2018. The program also airs on KBS World with English subtitles. Synopsis In this quiz show, the five hosts and the guest(s) put their general knowledge to the test. They must correctly answer ten trivia questions given by the production team before they are allowed to leave the rooftop. They are not allowed to use their phones to find the answers on the internet. Changes in running time Cast Current Former Special MC List of episodes Series overview 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Rating In the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will be in , and the lowest rating for the show will be in each year. Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Problem Child in House. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.) Notes Awards and nominations References External links Official website Problem Child in House at Naver Korean Broadcasting System original programming South Korean variety television shows South Korean television shows Korean-language television shows 2018 South Korean television series debuts Pages with unreviewed translations
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%BC%EC%9E%90%ED%82%A4%20%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90
๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต
๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(ๅฎฎๅดŽๅ›ฝ้š›ๅคงๅญฆ, Miyazaki International College)๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚คํ˜„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ 4๋…„์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด๋‹ค. ์•ฝ์นญ์€ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€, ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™, ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€, ๋˜๋Š” MIC(์— ์•„์ด์”จ)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ํ•™์› ์‚ฐํ•˜๋กœ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ธ์žฌ์œก์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1994๋…„์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๊ตํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ž์œ ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ 1๊ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™(๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋Ÿด ์•„์ธ  ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€)์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์„๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„๊ณผ์ •์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œํ‹ฐ(University) ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€(College)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2006๋…„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œกํ•™๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด, ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ด 2๊ฐœ ํ•™๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ธ์›์ œ ์ˆ˜์—…์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ด๋‹ค. 2015๋…„์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•™์„ฑ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด ์„ ์ง„์  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์œก์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ฐœํ˜ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์œก์žฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ์ •๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋Ÿด ์•„์ธ  (Liberal Arts) ๊ต์œก, ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  (Critical Thinking) ๋ฐฐ์–‘, ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต (Active Learning) ์ค‘์‹ฌ, ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ธ์›์ œ ์ˆ˜์—…, ๊ต์› 1์ธ๋‹น ์ ์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์˜์–ด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋Ÿด ์•„์ธ  ๊ต์œก์„ ์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ตญ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์ถ•์„ ๋‘” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”๊ณต์ƒ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ•จ์–‘์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์–‘์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณตํ†ต ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜์–ด ์Šต๋“์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฆฌํ˜๋Ÿผ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ˜ 1939๋…„ - ํ•™๊ต๋ฒ•์ธ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ํ•™์› ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ 1994๋…„ - ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์„ค๋ฆฝ (๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€ ๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ค) 1999๋…„ - ๊ต์›์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • (์ค‘ํ•™๊ตใƒป๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๊ต์œ 1์ข…๋ฉดํ—ˆ์žฅ : ์˜์–ด) ์„ค์น˜ 2006๋…„ - ๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ 2014๋…„ - ๊ต์œกํ•™๋ถ€ ์•„๋™๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ค 2015๋…„ - ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•™์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์œก์žฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์„ ์ • ํ•™๋ถ€ใƒปํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋Ÿด ์•„์ธ  ๊ต์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ถ€์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€๋ผ ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต (๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€ SILA 2006๋…„ ๊ฐœ์นญ) ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์™€์„ธ๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ•™ (๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€ SILS 2004๋…„ ๊ฐœ์„ค), ์กฐ์น˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ (๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€ FLA 2006๋…„ ์žฌํŽธ), ํ˜ธ์„ธ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ (๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€ GIS 2008๋…„ ๊ฐœ์„ค), ์•„ํ‚คํƒ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™ (2004๋…„ ํ•™๊ต ์„ค๋ฆฝ) ๋“ฑ์—๋„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ต์› ๋น„์œจ์ด ์•ฝ 75%๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ 1์œ„์ด๋ฉฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ต์› ํ•œ๋ช…๋‹น ํ•™์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ 1์œ„๋กœ ์•ฝ 15๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€๋Š” 1994๋…„ ๊ฐœ์„ค ๋‹น์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณธ๋”” ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์„ ๊ตญ์ œ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ•™๋ถ€์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธํ•™์ƒ๋ชจ์ง‘์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธํ•™์ƒ๋ชจ์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ 2018๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฟผํ„ฐ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์žฌํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ ๋ณด์œ  ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์•ฝ 90% ์ด์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์œ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๊ต๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ดํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ ์‹ ์ž…ํ•™ ์ •์›์„ 100๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ธ์›์ œ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ† ๋กํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ•™์—…์ง€์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์—…์ง€์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋“œ๋ฐ”์ด์ € ์ œ๋„ (ํ•™์ƒ ๋ฉ˜ํ†  ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ง€์ •), ์–ด๋“œ๋ฐ”์ด์ € ์–ด์‹œ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ ์ œ๋„ (ํ•™์ƒ ๋ฉ˜ํ†  ์„ ๋ฐฐ ์ง€์ •), ์ž„์ƒ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹ด ์ œ๋„ (์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋„๋ชจ), ํ•™์—…์ฆ์ง„์ œ๋„ (๊ต์ˆ˜์™€์˜ 1:1 ์ˆ˜์—…, ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์ˆ˜์—… ์ถ”๊ฐ€๊ฐœ์„ค, ์˜์–ด๋ณด์ถฉ๊ฐ•์ขŒ ๊ฐœ์„ค ๋“ฑ), ์ทจ์—… & ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ง„ํ•™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ ๋ฐ ์›Œํฌ์ˆ ๊ฐœ์„ค ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…ํ•™์ „ํ˜• ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํ•™์ƒ ์„ ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์™ธ์ง€์ •๊ต(ํ˜‘์ •๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต)์˜ ํ•™๊ต์žฅ์ถ”์ฒœ์ „ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์ ‘์ „ํ˜•์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ „ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์—…์  ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ์ƒํƒœ, ์ธ๊ฒฉ, ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ณ„ํš์„œ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ์ž…ํ•™์‚ฌ์ •๊ด€์ œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต์žฅ์ถ”์ฒœ์ „ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์ ‘์ „ํ˜• ์ˆ˜ํ—˜์ž๋Š” 2~3๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฉด์ ‘๊ด€๋“ค ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ฉด์ ‘์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๋‚ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์‹œํ—˜์ผ์— ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ, ์ผ๋ณธ์™ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ์ง€์ •์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ(์Šค์นด์ดํ”„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฉด์ ‘) ํ˜น์€ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ(MIC ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฉํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์ ‘)์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ณ , ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์•ฝ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ›„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ๊ฑดํ•™์ด๋…์ธ "์˜ˆ์ ˆใƒป๊ทผ๋กœ" ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•™๊ต ์›์น™์ธ "๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋Ÿด ์•„์ธ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์œก์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค" (ํ•™์น™ ์ œ1์กฐ 1ํ•ญ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์˜์–ด๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์˜ ์œ ์ฐฝํ•จ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์›์„œ์ œ์ถœ์‹œ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์›๋™๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ์ถฉ์‹คํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์ ‘์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ๋‹ค. 1ํ•™๋…„ ์ž…ํ•™๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— TOEIC์‹œํ—˜, ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ํ•™๊ต ์ž์ฒด ์˜์–ด์‹œํ—˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์˜์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ธ์›์ œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์›”๋“ฑํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฐœ์„ค๋œ ์ˆ˜์—…๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ƒ๊ธ‰๊ณผ์ •(Advanced Course)์„ ๋ฐŸ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ณต์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์˜์–ด๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๊ณต๊ต์ˆ˜์™€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๊ต์›์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ€ ํ‹ฐ์นญ(Team Teaching)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ณต๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „๊ณต์ง€์‹์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์›์€ ์˜์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„œํฌํŠธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ค๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1ํ•™๋…„ ์ „๊ณต์ˆ˜์—…์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฐœ๋ก ์ˆ˜์—…์ด๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ „๊ณต์ˆ˜์—…๋“ค์„ ์ž์œจ์ „๊ณต์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด, ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด, ์ „๊ณต์ง€์‹ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 1ํ•™๋…„๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ•์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฌดํ•˜๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์ˆ˜์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์  ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์ˆ˜์—…๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์กธ์—…์š”๊ฑด์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์™€ ์ „๊ณต์ง€์‹์ด 1~2ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” 1~2ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•™์—…์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•™์—…์— ์ •์ง„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด ํž˜๋“  1~2ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์บ ํผ์Šค ๋‚ด์— ํ•™์—…๊ณผ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์„œ๊ด€์‚ฌ์„œ, ์˜์–ด๊ณผ์™ธ, ํ•™๊ตํ–‰์ •์—…๋ฌด๋ณด์กฐ, ๊ณต์ธ์˜์–ด์‹œํ—˜๊ฐ๋…๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์บ ํผ์Šค ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์— ์‚ฌ์ „ํ†ต์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2ํ•™๋…„ 2ํ•™๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ • TOEIC์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์‹œ ์œ ๊ธ‰์ œ๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 1ํ•™๋…„์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋’ค์ณ์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™๋ถ€์žฅ ๊ถŒํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ถฉ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ค๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์š”๊ตฌ์ ์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. 2ํ•™๋…„ ๋ด„ํ•™๊ธฐ์—๋Š” 2ํ•™๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„ํ•™๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด '์˜๋ฏธ๊ถŒ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”', '์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ', 'ํ˜„๋Œ€์ผ๋ณธ์˜ˆ์ˆ ' ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ฐ ์•ต๊ธ€๋กœ์ƒ‰์Šจ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ „๊ณต์ˆ˜์—…๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2ํ•™๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„ํ•™๊ธฐ ํ•ด์™ธ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ถŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ฉ”์ธํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ : 5๊ฐœ๊ตญ, 15๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํ•™, ์•ฝ 4๊ฐœ์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ - ์†Œ๋…ธ๋งˆ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์„ธ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค - ์‚ฌ์ด๋จผ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ํ†ฐ์Šจ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต (์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค), ๋” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ๋‰ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์ฆˆ์œ… ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜๊ตญ - ์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ตํ˜ธ์ฃผ - ๋‰ด์บ์Šฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต (์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„), ์šธ๋Ÿฐ๊ณต ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ - ์™€์ด์นดํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ์˜คํƒ€๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ : 2๊ฐœ๊ตญ, 2๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํ•™, MIC์บ ํผ์Šค ํ•™์ƒ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ์•ฝ 2๊ฐœ์›” + ํ•ด์™ธ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ์•ฝ 2๊ฐœ์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ - ์†Œ๋…ธ๋งˆ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค - ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต (์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค) ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ : 2๊ฐœ๊ตญ, 3๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํ•™, ์•ฝ 4๊ฐœ์›” ํ•œ๊ตญ - ์ˆ™๋ช…์—ฌ์ž๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ตํ™์ฝฉ - ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ค‘ํ™” ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด - ์ง•์ด๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3ํ•™๋…„ 3ํ•™๋…„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, ์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™ ์ „๊ณต ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ํ•™๋ฌธ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 4ํ•™๋…„ ์กธ์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” (์‹ ์ž…์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ) 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ์žฌ์  124๋‹จ์œ„ ์ด์ƒ ์ด์ˆ˜ ํ•™์  4.5์  ๋งŒ์  ์ค‘ 1.5์  ์ด์ƒ ์ผ์ • ๊ณต์ธ์˜์–ด์‹œํ—˜์ ์ˆ˜ ์ด์ƒ (๊ณต์ธ์˜์–ด์‹œํ—˜ ์ˆ˜ํ—˜ ํšŸ์ˆ˜ ์ตœ์†Œ 8ํšŒ) ์กธ์—…๋…ผ๋ฌธ ํ†ต๊ณผ (์˜๋ฌธ ์ž‘์„ฑ) ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฌํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์š”๊ฑด์€ ๋‹จ์—ฐ '์กธ์—…๋…ผ๋ฌธ ํ†ต๊ณผ'์ด๋‹ค. ๊ต์œกํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์œกํ•™๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜์œ ์•„ ๋ฐ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๊ต์›์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๊ต์›์–‘์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€ ๋‚ด์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œกํ•™๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ทจ๋“ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ต์›์ž๊ฒฉ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์†Œํ•™๊ต๊ต์œ 1์ข…๋ฉดํ—ˆ์žฅ (์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต) ์œ ์น˜์›๊ต์œ 1์ข…๋ฉดํ—ˆ์žฅ ๋ณด์œก์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์–‘ํ•™๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ทจ๋“ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ต์›์ž๊ฒฉ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต๊ต์œ 1์ข…๋ฉดํ—ˆ์žฅ (์˜์–ด) ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๊ต์œ 1์ข…๋ฉดํ—ˆ์žฅ (์˜์–ด) ์†Œํ•™๊ต๊ต์œ 2์ข…๋ฉดํ—ˆ์žฅ (๊ต์œกํ•™๋ถ€์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ทจ๋“ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ) ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋™๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ ์˜์œ ์•„ ๋ฐ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๊ต์›์–‘์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ•™๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ž…ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์œ ํ•™์ƒ ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ ํ˜œํƒ์œผ๋กœ 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ 20% ๊ฐ๋ฉด ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ผ์ • ์„ฑ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์žฌํ•™๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ํ˜‘์ •์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ™๋ช…์—ฌ์ž๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์šฐ์„๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™์ฝฉ ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต (Centennial College) ์ค‘ํ™” ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด (์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ) ์ง•์ด๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต (Providence University) ํ•™๊ต์žฅ์ถ”์ฒœ์ „ํ˜• ํ˜‘์ •์ฒด๊ฒฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋ผ์˜จ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋‚จ๊ฐ•๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1994๋…„ ๊ฐœ๊ต ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚คํ˜„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyazaki%20International%20College
Miyazaki International College
is a private university in Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan. History The College (MIC) was founded in 1994 by Miyazaki Gakuen, a chartered educational corporation established in 1939. It has a School of International Liberal Arts and School of Education. Its School of International Liberal Arts, founded in 1994, was established under the credo, "Respect and Diligence", for the stated purpose of cultivating truly international individuals. In April 2014, a School of Education was established. Miyazaki International College, in addition to Miyazaki Gakuen Junior College, Miyazaki Gakuen High School and Miyazaki Gakuen Junior High School, and the Miyazaki Gakuen Junior College-Affiliated Midori Kindergarten and Kiyotake Midori Kindergarten, is sponsored by the Miyazaki Educational Institution (MEI), a chartered educational corporation established in 1939. Legal issues In 2015, MIC cut the salaries of contracted faculty over the age of sixty by twenty percent, resulting in outrage among the university community. This resulted in a lawsuit before the Miyazaki District Court, which MIC won. However, plaintiffs appealed to the Miyazaki Branch of the Fukuoka High Court. On 8 December 2021, the Court ruled in favour of the educators, and sanctioned MIC for its illegal actions under Japanese labour laws. Head judge Ryousuke Takanashi said that "for the educators, this is disproportionate, and the university did not even take measures that would alleviate the disadvantages that come with such a pay cut", rebuking MIC. References External links Official website Educational institutions established in 1994 Private universities and colleges in Japan Universities and colleges in Miyazaki Prefecture 1994 establishments in Japan Miyazaki (city)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%9E%8C%EA%B3%BC%20%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%84%EA%B3%BC%20%EB%AC%B4%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%9C%EC%99%80
๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์™€
ใ€Š๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์™€ใ€‹()๋Š” 1976๋…„ 1์›” 4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 12์›” 26์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ NHK์˜ 14๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€(ๅนณๅฎ‰ๆ™‚ไปฃ) ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋กœ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ตํ†  ์กฐ์ •์— ๋งž์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„(ๅนณๅฐ†้–€)์™€ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ(่—คๅŽŸ็ด”ๅ‹)์˜ ์ƒ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ. ์›์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ€์ด์˜จ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ณ ๋กœ(ๆตท้Ÿณๅฏบๆฝฎไบ”้ƒŽ)์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Ž๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„ใ€(ๅนณๅฐ†้–€)์™€ ใ€Ž๋ฐ”๋‹ค์™€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์™€ใ€(ๆตทใจ้ขจใจ่™นใจ)์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„์™€ ๊ทธ ์ข…ํ˜•์ œ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ(ๅนณ่ฒž็››) ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‘˜์˜ ๋‹คํˆผ์— ๋ง๋ ค๋“ค์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃฝ์ž„์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋น„์šด์˜ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋‹ค์นด์ฝ”(่ฒดๅญ)๋ฅผ ์š”์‹œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฆฌ(ๅ‰ๆฐธๅฐ็™พๅˆ)๊ฐ€ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ’์šด๋กใ€(็œŸ็”ฐ้ขจ้›ฒ้Œฒ)์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ทน์ž‘๊ฐ€ ใƒป ํ›„์ฟ ๋‹ค ์š”์‹œ์œ ํ‚ค(็ฆ็”ฐๅ–„ไน‹)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์„ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋Š” ์šฐ์„  '๋ฏผ์ค‘'์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  '๊ณต(ๅ…ฌ)' ๋“ฑ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋’ค์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ์•ผ ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค, ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ฌธ์„ ๋„์šฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ (์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์›์ž‘์—๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค) ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์˜์‹ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ผญ๋‘๊ฐ์‹œ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์ ใ€์œ ๋…€(้Šๅฅณ)ใ€๋†๋ฏผ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ์„œ๋ฏผ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ ๋„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ „์ฒด ์˜์ƒ์ด ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ง‘ํŽธ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๊ณ  VHS๋‚˜ DVD๋กœ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด, ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ณธํŽธ ์˜์ƒ์€ ํ˜„์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ์ „ํšŒ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์˜์ƒ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ 2์ธ์น˜ VTR์ด NHK ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์— ๋ณด๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์˜์ƒ์€ 9๊ฐœ์›” ์ •๋„์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ณต๋˜๊ณ , ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ ์™„์ „ํŒ DVD๊ฐ€ 2007๋…„ 7์›”์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซํšŒ ๋ฐฉ์˜์‹œ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์€ 30.1%. ํ‰๊ท ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์€ 24.0%์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 10์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋‘, ์ผ๋ณธ ๋™๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜๋„(ๅ‚ๆฑ) ๋•…์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ๊ฐ€๋˜ ๊ฐ„๋ฌด ํ—ค์ด์‹œ(ๆก“ๆญฆๅนณๆฐ) ์ผ์กฑ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ์š”์‹œ๋งˆ์‚ฌ(ๅนณ่‰ฏๅฐ†)์˜ ์ ์ž(ๅซกๅญ)๋กœ์จ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณ ์ง€๋กœ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„(ๅฐๆฌก้ƒŽๅฐ†้–€)๋Š” ๊ด€์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ฝ์‚ญ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ข…ํ˜•์ œ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์งํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋Š” ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์ด ํšกํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตํ† ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตํ† ์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์‹ค๋ง๋งŒ ํ’ˆ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ด์š”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ(่—คๅŽŸ็ด”ๅ‹)์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ ์ผ์กฑ๋‹ต์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋Š” ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‚ด์‹ฌ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋•…์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์ด ์„œ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ด‰๊ธฐํ•ด ๋™์„œ์—์„œ ํ˜ธ์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ง์„ ์–ป์–ด ๋ณด๋ ค๋˜ ์‹œ๋„๋„ ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ฝ”(่ฒดๅญ)๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๋‹คํˆผ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์‹ค์˜์— ๋น ์ ธ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋•…์˜ ํ—ค์ด์‹œ ์ผ์กฑ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ„์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ํฐ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์นด(ๅ›ฝ้ฆ™)๋‚˜ ์š”์‹œ๋งˆ์‚ฌ(่‰ฏๆญฃ)ใ€์œ ๋ ฅ ํ˜ธ์กฑ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ชจํ† ๋…ธ ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋ฃจ(ๆบ่ญท) ใƒป ๋‹ค์Šค์ฟ (ๆ‰ถ) ๋ถ€์ž ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ„์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ถฉ๋Œ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์กฐ์ • ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์˜ ์ง€๋ ›๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์œฝ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ „์—ญ์„ ์ œ์••ํ•œ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋Š” ์กฐ์ (ๆœๆ•ต)์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ข…ํ˜•์ œ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์›…์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์™”๋˜ ๋‹ค์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ๋„ํƒ€(็”ฐๅŽŸ่—คๅคช, ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ํžˆ๋ฐ์‚ฌํ† )์™€์˜ ์ˆ™๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์„ธํ†  ๋‚ดํ•ด์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๋˜ ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋‚จํ•ด์— ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๊ฐ€๋“ฏ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•ผ๋ง๋„ ๊บพ์˜€์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ž‘์€ ์‹ ๋‚ด๋ฆผ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌด๋…€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ ํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ใ€Œ์‹ ํ™ฉใ€(ๆ–ฐ็š‡)์„ ์ผ์ปฌ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„์ฝ”์ฟ ์— ๋…๋ฆฝ์™•๊ตญ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๊ฐ€ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ํžˆ๋ฐ์‚ฌํ† ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ(๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์นด์˜ ์•„๋“ค) ๋“ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ•ด ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ ์—ญ์‹œ ์„ธํ†  ๋‚ดํ•ด(็€ฌๆˆธๅ†…ๆตท)์—์„œ ํŒจ์‚ฌํ•ด ๊ทธ ์•ผ๋ง์ด ๊บพ์ด๊ณ  ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ์†Œ๋งˆ๋…ธ๊ณ ์ง€๋กœ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„ - ๊ฐ€ํ†  ๊ณ ์šฐ(์•„์—ญ - ์˜ค๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ํ…Œ์“ฐ) ์ˆœ๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์˜ˆ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•„ ๋„˜๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์งํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ. ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์™€๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฒญ์ถ˜์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ชจํ† ๋…ธ ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋ฃจ(ๆบ่ญท)์˜ ๋”ธ ๊ณ ๊ณ (ๅฐ็ฃ)์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์ ธ ๊ตฌํ˜ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋ฃจ์—๊ฒŒ "๊ตฌํ˜ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ฑฐ๋“  ๊ทธ์— ๊ฑธ๋งž๋Š” ๊ด€์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด ์˜ค๋ผ"๋Š” ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ตํ† ๋กœ ์™€์„œ ์šฐ๋ณ‘์œ„์†Œ์ง€(ๅณๅ…ต่ก›ๅฐ‘ๅฟ—)์— ์ž„๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง€๋Š” ๊ด€์œ„์˜€๊ณ , ๋„์  ํ‡ด์น˜์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜ํ•„ ๊ทธ ๋„์ ์ด ๊ณ ๊ท€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒํšŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ํ•ด์ ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์„œํ•ด๋„(่ฅฟๆตท้“)๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ถ”ํฌ์‚ฌ(่ฟฝๆ•ไฝฟ)๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ข…๊ตฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์•ž์„œ ๊ตํ† ์—์„œ ์นœ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ณ„๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฉธํ•œ ์ถ”ํฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์ˆ˜๋„์— ๋Œ์•„์™”์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ท€๋˜ ๋‹ค์นด์ฝ”(่ฒดๅญ)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ท€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์˜์— ๋น ์ ธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋Š” ๊ด€์ง์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋•…์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ฑ„๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฐ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์š”์‹œ์นด๋„ค(่‰ฏๅ…ผ)์˜ ๋”ธ์ธ ์š”์‹œ์ฝ”(่‰ฏๅญ)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋Š” ์ผ์กฑ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ  ํฐ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ฟ ์ฆˆ์น˜๋…ธ์นด๋ฏธ(็ซ้›ทๅคฉ็ฅž)์˜ ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ์ผ์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒ์ง€ ์ผ์กฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋„“ํ˜€ ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์•ผ์‹ฌ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฌด๋…€์˜ ์‹ ํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋’ค์—๋„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹ ํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตํ† ์—์„œ ์ถ”ํ† ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋‹ค์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ๋„ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋‹ค ์ „์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ† ์˜ ํ˜ธ์กฑ๋“ค ๋‹ค์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ๋„ํƒ€(ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ํžˆ๋ฐ์‚ฌํ† ) - ์ธ ์œ ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋ฃจ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์ ์— ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์š”์‹œ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋…ธ์ฟ (้™ธๅฅฅ)๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฐ•๋˜์–ด ๋ง์— ํƒœ์›Œ์ ธ์„œ ์—ฐํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ๋„ํƒ€์™€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ์‹œ๋ชจ์“ฐ์ผ€ ๊ตญ(ไธ‹้‡Žๅ›ฝ)์˜ ์œ ๋ ฅํ˜ธ์กฑ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ํ’ˆ๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์น˜๋ ฅ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๋„“์€ ๋•…์ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„์™€ ์กฐ์ •์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์œผ๋กœ ํ™ฉํํ•ด์ง€๋„๋ก ๋†“์•„๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๋ฅผ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ฃ„๋Š” ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์ง€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ž๋Š” ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ฒดํฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์“ฐ๋„ค๋ชจํ† ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ ์ฟ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ์™€ ํ•ด์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋น„ํ† ๋“ค ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ - ์˜ค๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์ผ„ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„์™€๋Š” ๊ตํ† ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹ด์ƒ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ์ด์š”๋…ธ์ฃ (ไผŠไบˆๆŽพ)๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ํ•ด์  ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋ช…๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•œ ๊ท€์กฑ ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ํžˆ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ ์„ฌ(ๆ—ฅๆŒฏๅณถ)์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์š”๋„๊ฐ€์™€(ๆท€ๅท)๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋‡Œ ๋์— ํ‡ด๊ฐ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ท€์กฑ์„ '๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‘ฅ์ง€์‚ผ์•„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ‰์•„๋จน๋Š” ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ'์— ๋น—๋Œ„๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ NHK ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 1976๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ™”์‹  ์ด๋ฐ”๋ผํ‚คํ˜„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ด๋ฐ”๋ผํ‚คํ˜„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaze%20to%20Kumo%20to%20Niji%20to
Kaze to Kumo to Niji to
is a 1976 Japanese historical television series. It is the 14th NHK taiga drama. Kaze to kumo to Niji to deals with the Heian period in Japan. Based on Chลgorล Kaionji's novels Taira no Masakado and Umi to Kaze to Niji to. The drama was made with Go Kato's request. Plot The story chronicles the life of Taira no Masakado. The story begins with Masakado's childhood. Masakado happens to meet Fujiwara no Hidesato, and he thinks that he want to be great Samurai like Hidesato in the future. Production Original โ€“ Chลgorล Kaionji Music โ€“ Naozumi Yamamoto Cast Starring role Go Kato as Taira no Masakado Masakado's family Keiju Kobayashi as Taira no Yoshimasa, the father of Masakado Michiyo Aratama as Masako, the mother of Masakado Kenji Takaoka as Taira no Masayori, Masakado's younger brother Masakado's retainers Masao Kusakari as Genmei Joe Shishido as Gendล Masakane Yonekura as Okiyo-ล Toyoshi Fukuda as Iwa no Kazutsune Masako Mori as Kikyo Yousuke Kondล as Miyake Kiyotada Kunika family Takashi Yamaguchi as Taira no Sadamori, Masakado's rival Asao Sano as Taira no Kunika Yatsuko Tan'ami as Hideko Tsuyoshi Sasaki as Taira no Morishige Yoshikane family Isamu Nagato as Taira no Yoshikane Yuriko Hoshi as Senko Yoshikane's family Isamu Nagato as Tairo no Yoshikane Yuriko Hoshi as Senko Minamoto (Genji) Kล Nishimura as Minamoto no Mamoru Tลru Minegishi as Minamoto no Tasuku People of Kantล Shigeru Tsuyuguchi as Fujiwara no Hidesato Kunishirล Hayashi, Hidesato's subordinate Seiji Miyaguchi as Musashi no Takeshiba People of Kyoto Sayuri Yoshinaga as Takako, Masakado's lover Others Keizล Kanie as Taira no Yoshimasa Fumio Watanabe as Taira no Yoshifumi Kiwako Taichi as Musashi Asao Koike as Ono no Michikaze Kazuko Yoshiyuki as Kera Minori Terada as Fujiwara no Masatsune Ken Ogata as Fujiwara no Sumitomo References External links NHK Kaze to Kumo to Niji to official cite Taiga drama 1976 Japanese television series debuts 1976 Japanese television series endings 1970s drama television series Jidaigeki television series Television series set in the 10th century Television shows based on Japanese novels
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%EA%B3%A0%EB%89%B4%20%EB%B0%B1%EA%B5%AD
๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ
๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ์ž์œ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ(, ) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ ์‹ ์„ฑ๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ดํ”„๋ž‘์Šˆ์ฝฉํ…Œ ๋ ˆ์ง€์˜น ๋™๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋ด‰์‹ ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์™•๊ตญ(๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ์ œ1์™•๊ตญ)์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ, 534๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 843๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ญ ์กฐ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌ ์™•๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ„ํ• ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์†๊ฐ• ์„œ์•ˆ์€ ์„œํ”„๋ž‘ํฌ ์™•๊ตญ์—, ๋™์•ˆ์€ ์ค‘ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌ ์™•๊ตญ์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†๊ฐ• ๋™์•ˆ์€ 888๋…„ ์ƒ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ์™€ ํ•˜๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ์˜ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. 933๋…„ ์นด๋กค๋ฃจ์Šค ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ•˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ์ œ2์™•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1032๋…„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์™•์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์„ฑ๋กœ๋งˆํ™ฉ์ œ ์ฝ˜๋ผํŠธ 2์„ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ฆˆ์Œ ์†๊ฐ• ์„œ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์นดํŽ˜ ์™•๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต๊ตญ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™• ์•„๋‹ฌ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํˆฌ์Šค 2์„ธ ์ด๋ธŒ๋ Œ์‹œ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์˜คํ†  ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต๊ตญ์˜ ๋ด‰์‹ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ฝฉ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 982๋…„ ๋ชจ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†๊ฐ• ์„œ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜คํ†  ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„์€ ์ด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์•„๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹œ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, 1002๋…„ ๊ณ„๋ถ€์ธ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต์ž‘ ์•™๋ฆฌ 1์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ž ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„์Šน๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋Š” ์†๊ฐ• ์ด์„œ์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋กœ์จ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์ด ์ •๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ ์ฅ๋ผ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ต์—ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ  ์•”์—ผ๊ด‘์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 11์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง ์‹ ์„ฑ๋กœ๋งˆํ™ฉ์ œ ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ 3์„ธ๋Š” ๋น„์ž”์ธ  ๋Œ€์ฃผ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์žฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์ž”์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ž์œ ์ œ๊ตญ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„(๋น„์ž”์ธ  ์ž์œ ์‹œ) ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง์† ๋ด‰์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. 1122๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋‚ ํŠธ 2์„ธ์˜ ๋™์ƒ ๊ตฌ์ด๋„(ํ›—๋‚ ์˜ ๊ตํ™ฉ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ†  2์„ธ)๊ฐ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ 5์„ธ์™€ ๋ณด๋ฆ„์Šค ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ž”์ธ ๋Š” ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ 12์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1127๋…„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘ ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ 3์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์•”์‚ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ๋ผ์ด๋‚ ํŠธ 3์„ธ๋Š” ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ "์ž์œ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ(, )์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌํžˆ 1์„ธ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋กœ์‚ฌ ํ™ฉ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์— ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ธ์› ๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘ ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ 4์„ธ์˜ ์กฐ์นด์ด์ž ๋ผ์ด๋†€ํŠธ 3์„ธ์˜ ๋”ธ ๋ฒ ์•„ํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค 1์„ธ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ 4์„ธ์™€ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌํžˆ ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌํžˆ์˜ 5๋‚จ ์˜คํ† ๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ†  1์„ธ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฐฑ์ž‘(archcount)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํฌํ•œํ•œ(์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์œ ์ผํ•œ) ์ž‘์œ„๋ฅผ ์ž์นญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ†  1์„ธ์˜ ๋”ธ ๋ฒ ์•„ํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค 2์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฒ ์•„ํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค 2์„ธ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ผ๋‹ˆ์—” ๊ณต์ž‘ ์˜คํ†  1์„ธ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์˜คํ†  3์„ธ์™€ ๋”ธ ์•„๋ธ๋ผ์ด๋ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ธ๋ผ์ด๋ฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ด‰์‹ ์ธ ์ƒฌ๋กฑ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘ ์œ„๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ธ๋ผ์ด๋ฐ์™€ ์œ„๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์˜คํ†  4์„ธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ด‰๊ฑด ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ†  4์„ธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ๋ฐฑ์ž‘์˜ ๋”ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋งˆ์˜ค ๋“œ ์•„๋ฅดํˆฌ์•„ ์—ฌ๋ฐฑ์ž‘๊ณผ ์žฌํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋งˆ์˜ค๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ตญ์™• ๋ฃจ์ด 9์„ธ์˜ ์งˆ๋…€์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ถŒ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ†  4์„ธ์™€ ๋งˆ์˜ค์˜ ๋”ธ ์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜ 2์„ธ์™€ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์นด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ตญ์™• ํ•„๋ฆฌํ”„ 4์„ธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ”„์™€ ์ƒค๋ฅผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์™•๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์นด๋Š” 1314๋…„ ๊ถ์ค‘ ์„ฑ์ถ”๋ฌธ์ธ ๋„ฌํƒ‘ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์นด๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ†ต์ฃ„ ์œ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์—ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋‹ค ์˜ฅ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆฌํ”„ 5์„ธ์™€ ์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋”ธ ์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜ 3์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋“œ 4์„ธ ๋“œ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต์ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ ๊ทผ 400๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ํ†ต์ผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™ธ๋“œ์™€ ์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์†์ž ํ•„๋ฆฌํ”„๊ฐ€ 1361๋…„ ํ›„์‚ฌ ์—†์ด ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋™๊ตฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต๊ตญ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ตญ์™• ์žฅ 2์„ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์—ญ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ ์˜คํ†  4์„ธ์˜ ์†๋…€ ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ ˆํŠธ 1์„ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์Šน๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ ˆํŠธ๋Š” 1382๋…„ ์ž๊ธฐ ์˜์ง€๋“ค์„ ์•„๋“ค ๋ฃจ์ด 2์„ธ ๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ž‘๋“œ๋ฅด ๋ฐฑ์ž‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์ด 2์„ธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ์ƒ์†์ž ์—†์ด 1384๋…„ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฃจ์ด 2์„ธ์˜ ๋”ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ ˆํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์Šน๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1405๋…„ ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ ˆํŠธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต์ž‘ ์žฅ ์šฉ๋งน๊ณต์ด ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณต๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์ด ํ†ต์ผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋™๊ตฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ 1477๋…„ ๋‚ญ์‹œ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ƒค๋ฅผ ์šฉ๋‹ด๊ณต์ด ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒค๋ฅผ ์šฉ๋‹ด๊ณต์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ์งํ›„, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ ๋ฃจ์ด 11์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒค๋ฅผ์˜ ๋”ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๊ท€๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€๊ณต ๋ง‰์‹œ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ํฐ ํ•ฉ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ด์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด ๊ณ„์Šน์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์ด 11์„ธ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž ์ƒค๋ฅผ 8์„ธ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํด๋ฆฌ ์™•๊ตญ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1493๋…„ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์กฐ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ ์‹ ์„ฑ๋กœ๋งˆํ™ฉ์ œ๋กœ ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•œ ๋ง‰์‹œ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ํ• ์–‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ ๋ง‰์‹œ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์นด์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ผ ๊ตญ์™• ํŽ ๋ฆฌํŽ˜ 1์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1512๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๊ด€๊ตฌ์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ์€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ„์† ํ•ฉ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1678๋…„ ๋„ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ—Œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ตฐํŠธ ๊ด€๊ตฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ดํ”„๋ž‘์Šˆ์ฝฉํ…Œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 867๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 1678๋…„ ํ์ง€ ์‹ ์„ฑ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฑ๊ตญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20of%20Burgundy
County of Burgundy
The Free County of Burgundy (; ) was a medieval feudal state ruled by a count from 982 to 1678. It was also known as Franche-Comtรฉ, from meaning 'free count', and was located in the modern region of Franche-Comtรฉ. It bordered the Duchy of Burgundy to the west, which was part of France from 843. The territory had previously been part of the kingdom of Upper Burgundy (888โ€“933). The county was formed in 982 by Otto-William for the lands he held in the Kingdom of Arles (outside the duchy's borders). In 1032 the Kingdom of Arles was inherited by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, who incorporated the County of Burgundy into the Holy Roman Empire (HRE). The county briefly gained independence in the 12th century, before being re-incorporated into the empire by Frederick Barbarossa. As a state of the HRE, the county was granted a high degree of autonomy. The largest city, Besanรงon, was granted the status of free imperial city. The rest of the county was given imperial immediacy (making it an imperial county) and its rulers were given the title of , from which the French and English names of the county are derived. From 1295 the county began to fall under the increasing influence of France and the House of Burgundy, which ruled the duchy. From 1330 to 1361 and again from 1405 to 1477, there was a personal union between the county (part of the HRE) and the adjacent duchy (part of France). In 1493 the county was transferred to Habsburg Spain, which ruled it until it was conquered by France in 1674. French rule was made permanent by the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678. Formation within the kingdom of Arles The area previously formed part of the Kingdom of the Burgundians, which had been annexed by the Franks in 534 and incorporated into the Kingdom of the Franks. The Empire was partitioned in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, with the area west of the Saรดne river being allotted to West Francia as the French Duchy of Burgundy, while the southern and eastern parts of the former Burgundian kingdom fell to Middle Francia under Emperor Lothair I. This Middle Frankish part became the two independent entities of southern Lower Burgundy in 879 and northern Upper Burgundy under King Rudolph I in 888. The region that would become Franche-Comtรฉ was then included in Upper Burgundy, centred around the city of Besanรงon. In 933, with the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, Lower and Upper Burgundy were re-united under King [[Rudolph II of Burgundy|Rudolph II]] as the Kingdom of Arles (Arelat). In 982, Otto-William (son of Adalbert of Lombardy) married Ermentrude of Roucy. Erementrude was a widow, whose previous husband was had been count of Mรขcon (in the Duchy of Burgundy) and controlled additional lands around Besanรงon and Dole. These lands were then ruled by Otto-William in right of his wife. Otto-William was already the adopted heir of Henry I, Duke of Burgundy, so expected to inherit the entire duchy when Henry died. The lands outside the duchy, that Otto-William had acquired through Ermentrude, were organised as the new County of Burgundy. Henry I died in 1002, at which point Otto-William claimed the Duchy of Burgundy. However, king Robert II of France refused to recognise the adoption and claimed the duchy as the nephew of Henry I. This started a war between the two claimants. After a few years of conflict, Robert II prevailed in the duchy; he would later grant it to his son Robert I, Duke of Burgundy, keeping the Crown of his elder son Hugues. Otto-William remained in control of the county of Mรขcon, and therferore strengthened its grip in the County, fief of the Kingdom of Burgundy. Otto-William and Ermentrude became the progenitors of the Anscarid dynasty. The development of commercial routes across the Jura mountains and the development of salt mines assured the prosperity of the county, and for several decades its towns preserved their freedom and neutrality. As part of the Holy Roman Empire The Arelat kingdom collapsed with the extinction the ruling line in 1032. The County of Burgundy was inherited by the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II of the Salian dynasty, while the Duchy of Burgundy returned to a cadet branch of the French Capetian dynasty. At the end of the 11th century Conrad's son Emperor Henry III elevated the Archbishop of Besanรงon to the dignity of an archchancellor and conferred upon Besanรงon the rank of a (imperial city) under the Emperor's direct patronage. Guy of Burgundy, brother of Renaud II, later became pope and negotiated the Concordat of Worms with Emperor Henry V. In the 12th century, Imperial protection allowed for the development of Besanรงon, but in 1127, after the assassination of William III, his cousin Renaud III shook off the Imperial yoke. Burgundy was from then on called , the "free county". Emperor Frederick Barbarossa re-established imperial influence. Frederick took the brother of Count William IV prisoner, then when William died Frederick married William's niece and heir, Beatrice I (daughter of Renaud III). Upon Emperor Frederick's death in 1190, his younger son Otto I received the county of Burgundy and assumed the rare (possibly unique) title of archcount. He was succeeded by his daughter, Beatrice II, and her husband Otto I, Duke of Merania; they were in turn followed by their son, Otto III, Count of Burgundy, and their daughter, Adelaide. The Counts Palatine for many years had to share power with the greater feudal families of the county, notably with the family of Chalon, which was descended from Stephen III, count of Auxonne, grandson of William IV and Beatrice of Thiern, the heir of the county of Chalon. The authority of the counts was re-established only by the marriage of Hugh of Chalon with Adelaide, the sister and heiress. However, this did not prevent a younger son, John of Chalon-Arlay, from taking control of the vassal states. Otto IV, son of Hugh and Adelaide, was the last of the feudal counts of Burgundy. He married first the daughter of the Count of Bar, but the marriage was childless. His second marriage was to the grandniece of King Louis IX of France, Countess Mahaut of Artois. This marriage brought the county under French influence. The daughters of Otto IV and Mahaut, Joan II and Blanche, married respectively Philip V and Charles IV of France, sons of King Philip IV. Jeanne became Queen of France after having been involved in the Tour de Nesle Affair. In that same affair, Blanche was found guilty of adultery and was imprisoned for the rest of her life. Burgundian unions After quarrelling with his barons, and after a new revolt against the French carried out by John of Chalon-Arlay, Otto IV ceded the county to his daughter as a dowry and designated the King of France as administrator of the dowry in 1295. By marrying their daughter and heir Joan, Duke Odo IV of Burgundy reunited the duchy and the county under his rule, followed by his grandson Duke Philip I. The personal union was again broken when Philip died without heirs in 1361: the Duchy of Burgundy was seized as a reverted fief by King John II of France, while the Imperial county was inherited by Philip's great aunt Margaret I, a granddaughter of Count Otto IV. In 1382, she bequeathed her estates to her son Count Louis II of Flanders. Louis II died in 1384 leaving no male heirs, so the County of Burgundy formed part of the immense dowry of his daughter Margaret, which in 1405 was inherited by her son, the Burgundian duke John the Fearless. The county and the duchy were again ruled in personal union by his descendants from the House of Valois-Burgundy until the death of Duke Charles the Bold at the 1477 Battle of Nancy. His cousin King Louis XI of France immediately occupied the county, but Archduke Maximilian I of Habsburg opposed this action, because he was the husband of Charles' daughter Mary the Rich. Though defeated at the 1479 Battle of Guinegate, the French retained the county. Spanish possession Louis' successor King Charles VIII of France, wishing to be free of conflicts over the county in order to intervene in Naples, again ceded it to Emperor Maximilian and his son Philip I of Castile by the 1493 Treaty of Senlis. From that point onwards, the County of Burgundy was ruled by Habsburg Spain, who administered it as part of the Habsburg Netherlands. The Spanish Road trade route ran through the county, connecting the various Spanish possessions in the region. The county was invaded by France in 1668, as part of the War of Devolution. Multiple cities surrendered to the French after little fighting, but were returned as part of the wider Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle later that year. Conquest by France France invaded again in 1674, as part of the Franco-Dutch war, again overrunning the country with little resistance. The Treaties of Nijmegen ended the war in 1678; as part of the third treaty (between France and Spain), the county was transferred to France in exchange for the return of French-occupied territory in the Spanish Netherlands. The territory of Franche-Comtรฉ has remained part of France uninterrupted ever since; it now forms part of the administrative region Bourgogne-Franche-Comtรฉ. See also List of counts of Burgundy Kingdom of Burgundy Kings of Burgundy Duchy of Burgundy Duke of Burgundy Dukes of Burgundy family tree Free Imperial City of Besanรงon References External links The History Files: Frankish Kingdom of Burgundy Burgundian Circle History of Franche-Comtรฉ Burgundy, County 867 establishments States and territories disestablished in 1678 1400s in the Burgundian Netherlands 980s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 1678 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire 982 establishments Spanish Empire in Europe
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%20%ED%96%89%EC%A0%95%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%A5
์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ
์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ–‰์ •์› ์›์žฅ(), ํ†ต์นญ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ(่กŒๆ”ฟ้™ข้•ท)์€ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ–‰์ •์›์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํ†ต์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€์ดํ†ต์— ์ด์–ด ์ดํ†ต ๊ถŒํ•œ๋Œ€ํ–‰ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ œ2์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ง ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์€ ์‘ค์ „์ฐฝ์ด๋‹ค. ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์นญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ทœ(้–ฃๆ†)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1912๋…„์— ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฑด๊ตญ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด๋ฆฌ(ๅ…ง้–ฃ็ธฝ็†)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์ดํ›„ 1914๋…„์— ๊ตญ๋ฌด๊ฒฝ(ๅœ‹ๅ‹™ๅฟ), 1916๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ถ์–‘์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ฌด์ด๋ฆฌ(ๅœ‹ๅ‹™็ธฝ็†)๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1928๋…„์— ๋ถ๋ฒŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ์–‘์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ–‰์ •์›์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰์ •์› ์›์žฅ(่กŒๆ”ฟ้™ข้™ข้•ท)์„ ํ–‰์ •์›์˜ ์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์„ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ง€์—ญ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž(, )๋ผ๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์นญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒํ•œ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์€ ์˜๊ฒฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” "ํ–‰์ •์›ํšŒ์˜(่กŒๆ”ฟ้™ขๆœƒ่ญฐ)"๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •์›ํšŒ์˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰์ •์› ๋ถ€์›์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฌด์œ„์›(๊ฐ๋ฃŒ), ํ–‰์ •์›ํšŒ์˜ ์˜์žฅ์€ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดํ†ต์ด ์ž„๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์€ ํ–‰์ • ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ–‰์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์— ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์— ์ถœ์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰์ •์›์ด ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ์งˆ์˜์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ–‰์ •์›์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ†ต์˜ ์Šน์ธ ๋ฐ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž…๋ฒ•์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ดํ†ต์ด ๊ณตํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ น์—๋Š” ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ๊ทธ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœํœ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์€ ๋ถ€์ดํ†ต์— ์ด์–ด ์ดํ†ต ๊ถŒํ•œ๋Œ€ํ–‰ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ œ2์œ„๋กœ์„œ, ์ดํ†ต๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ดํ†ต์ง์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต์„์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ตœ์žฅ 3๊ฐœ์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดํ†ต ๊ถŒํ•œ๋Œ€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์€ ์˜์› 3๋ถ„์˜ 1 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜์› ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„ ๊ฒฐ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜๋ฉด ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์€ 10์ผ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์€ ์ดํ†ต์—๊ฒŒ ์ž…๋ฒ•์› ํ•ด์‚ฐ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„ ๊ฒฐ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 1๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์˜๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ดํ†ต์ด ์•ผ๋‹น์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ธ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์  ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2005๋…„์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์—์„œ ์ดํ†ต ์ž„๊ธฐ 4๋…„, ์ž…๋ฒ•์› ์ž„๊ธฐ 3๋…„์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ 4๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์ถ”๋ฉด์„œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์ด ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€์™€ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žฅ์•…ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์˜ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์€ ์›๋ž˜ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ๊ณผ ์ดํ†ต ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™๊ฑฐ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ ํ–‰์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์ดํ†ต์ด ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์ด ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์ง•๊ถˆ ์ดํ†ต ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋‚ด์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ†  ์ถœ์‹  ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, 1988๋…„ ์žฅ์ง•๊ถˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉํ›„์ด ๋ถ€์ดํ†ต์ด ์ดํ†ต์ง์„ ์Šน๊ณ„ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ†  ์ถœ์‹  ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ถœ์‹  ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์ดํ†ต๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฉํ›„์ด ์ดํ†ต์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ดํ†ต์ง ์Šน๊ณ„์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ณธํ†  ์ถœ์‹  ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ธ ์œ„๊ถˆํ™”, ๋ฆฌํ™˜, ํ•˜์˜ค๋ณด์ถ˜์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์— ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธํ†  ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ์ž ์žฌ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋‹น๋‚ด ํƒ€ํ˜‘์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ•˜์˜ค๋ณด์ถ˜์ด ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•œ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๋‹น๋‚ด ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ถœ์‹  ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณธํ†  ์ถœ์‹ ์ธ ๋ก„์ž”์„ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์— ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ž ์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ์•ผ๋‹น์˜ ์ •์น˜ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ํƒ€์ด์™„ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ง„๋ณด๋‹น์ด ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ ์  ํ‚ค์›Œ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ง„๋ณด๋‹น์ด ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์— ํœฉ์‹ธ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋‚ด ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํŒŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์ดํ†ต์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์˜ ๋™์˜๊ถŒ์ด ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ ์ž„๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•ด์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ†ต์ด ์šฐ์œ„์— ์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ 2000๋…„ ์ดํ†ต ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ง„๋ณด๋‹น์˜ ์ฒœ์ˆ˜์ด๋ณœ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์ด ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ดํ†ต์˜ ์†Œ์† ์ •๋‹น๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฒ•์› ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋‹น์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๊ณ„์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒœ์ˆ˜์ด๋ณœ ์ดํ†ต์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น ์†Œ์†์˜ ํƒ•ํŽ˜์ด๋ฅผ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์— ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋นš์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ํƒ•ํŽ˜์ด๋Š” ์ทจ์ž„ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 5๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ง„๋ณด๋‹น ์†Œ์†๋งŒ์ด ์ž„๋ช…๋๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์€ ์ดํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์€ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์˜ ์ž„๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•ด์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ํ•ด์„์ด ์•”๋ฌต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๊ณ„์— ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ฒœ์ˆ˜์ด๋ณœ ์ดํ†ต์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๋ ˆ์ž„๋•์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ˆ˜์ด๋ณœ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ง„๋ณด๋‹น์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๊ตญ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์ด "์ฒœ ์ดํ†ต์˜ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์œ„ํ—Œ" ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ํ•ด์„์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์ด ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์—ฐ๋งน์€ ํ–‰์ •์›์ด ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋œ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ง„๋ณด๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฐœ์˜๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์› ํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž…๋ฒ• ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2005๋…„์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ†ต๊ณผ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ 2008๋…„ ์ดํ†ต ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋‹น์„ ๋œ ๋งˆ์ž‰์ฃผ ์ดํ†ต ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์ด ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€์™€ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žฅ์•…ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ดํ›„ ์ดํ†ต๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ, ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ •๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•™์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋„ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€์™€ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๊ทœ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ดํ†ต์˜ ํ–‰์ •์„ ๋ณด์ขŒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ํ–‰์ •์›์žฅ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ดํ†ต ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ•์›์žฅ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ–‰์ •์›๋ถ€์›์žฅ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ž…๋ฒ•์› ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐ์ฃผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20China
Premier of the Republic of China
The premier of the Republic of China, officially the president of the Executive Yuan (Chinese: ่กŒๆ”ฟ้™ข้™ข้•ท), is the head of the government of the Republic of China of Taiwan and leader of the Executive Yuan. The premier is nominally the principal advisor to the president of the republic and positioned as the head of central government. The predecessor of the president of the Executive Yuan was the prime minister of the Republic of China, and the first president of the Executive Yuan was Tan Yanqi; the first president after the constitution was Weng Wenhao; and the first president to take office after the government moved to power was Chen Cheng. Currently, the premier is appointed by the president without approval by the Legislative Yuan. The current president of the Executive Yuan is incumbent Chen Chien-jen, who took office in his first term on 31 January 2023. History Prior to the establishment of the Executive Yuan in 1928, the premier of the ROC was created as Premier of the Cabinet () in 1912. It was changed to the Secretary of State () in 1914 and Premier of State Council () in 1916 in the Beiyang Government. In 1928, the Kuomintang (KMT) Government established the Executive Yuan and Tan Yankai served as the first president of the Executive Yuan. Powers and responsibilities The premier presides over the Executive Yuan Council, which makes up the official cabinet. The vice premier, ministers, and chairpersons of the Executive Yuan Council are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier. The premier's official duties also include presenting administrative policies and reports to the legislators, responding to the interpellations of legislators (much like Question Time in some parliamentary systems), and, with the approval of the president, asking the legislators to reconsider its resolutions. Laws and decrees promulgated by the president must also be countersigned by the premier. In the event of vacancies in both the presidency and the vice presidency, the premier serves as acting president of the republic for up to three months. One-third of the legislators may initiate a no-confidence vote against the premier. If approved with simple majority, the premier must resign from office within ten days and at the same time may request that the president dissolve the Legislative Yuan. If the motion fails, another no-confidence motion against the same premier cannot be initiated for one year. This power has never been used. In practice, the president has enough legitimacy and executive authority to govern in the face of a legislature controlled by the opposition, and would likely respond to a vote of no-confidence by nominating another person with similar views. Premier as head of government The Constitution of the Republic of China did not originally define strictly the relation between the premier and the president of the Republic and it was not clear whether the government would lean towards a presidential system or parliamentary system when divided. Power shifted to Premier Chiang Ching-kuo after President Chiang Kai-shek's death but shifted to the presidency again when Chiang Ching-kuo became president. After President Lee Teng-hui succeeded Chiang as president in 1988, the power struggle within the Kuomintang extended to the constitutional debate over the relationship between the president and the premier. The first three premiers under Lee, Yu Kuo-hwa, Lee Huan and Hau Pei-tsun, were mainlanders who had initially opposed Lee's ascension to power. The appointment of Lee and Hau were compromises by President Lee to placate the conservative mainlander faction in the party. The subsequent appointment of premier Lien Chan was taken as a sign of Lee's consolidation of power. Moreover, during this time, the power of the premier to approve the president's appointments and the power of the Legislative Council to confirm the president's choice of premier was removed (out of fears that the Democratic Progressive Party would one day gain control of the legislature), clearly establishing the president as the more powerful position of the two. The relationship between the premier and the legislature again became a contentious issue after the 2000 Presidential election, which led to the election of the Democratic Progressive Party's Chen Shui-bian to the presidency, while the legislature remained under a Kuomintang-led-Pan-Blue majority. Initially, President Chen Shui-bian appointed Tang Fei, a member of the Kuomintang, to the premiership; however, this arrangement proved unworkable, and subsequent appointments were from the Democratic Progressive Party. The established constitutional convention is that the premier is responsible to the president and does not have any responsibility to the legislature other than to report on his activities. However, the Pan-Blue Coalition of the Kuomintang and its coalition partners contended that Chen's actions were unconstitutional, and proposed to name its own choice of premier. There are calls for a constitutional amendment to better define the relationship between the executive and legislative branches of government. See also List of premiers of the Republic of China President of the Republic of China Politics of the Republic of China Elections in the Republic of China References External links 01 01 Premier Heads of government in Asia Premier Chinese government officials
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84%20%ED%86%A0%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4
๊ธ€๋ ˆ์ด๋ฒ„ ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค
๊ธ€๋ ˆ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋‹ค๋น„๋“œ ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค(, 1996๋…„ 12์›” 13์ผ ~ )๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด์ž, 2023๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ธ ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์˜ ์นด๋ผ์นด์Šค์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” 4์„ธ์— ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜, ์ค‘๊ฒฌ์ˆ˜, ํฌ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 14์„ธ์— ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์Šค์นด์šฐํ„ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งˆ๋ผ์นด์ด์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์— ๋“ฑ๋ก์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2013๋…„์— ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์ปต์Šค์™€ 170๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ์ž์œ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์ปต์Šค ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์ปต์Šค์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•œ ํ›„ ํŒ€์˜ ๋ฃจํ‚ค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํŒ€์ธ ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ์ปต์Šค์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํ•ด์— 0.273์˜ ํƒ€์œจ๊ณผ 29ํƒ€์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ง‰ํŒ์—๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€A๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„์—๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€A ํŒ€์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ๋ฒค๋“œ ์ปต์Šค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  0.293์˜ ํƒ€์œจ๊ณผ 62ํƒ€์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2016๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ์ • ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ „์ฒด ์œ ๋ง์ฃผ ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ 28์œ„์— ์„ ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2016๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰ ํ›„ ์ƒ์œ„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€A ํŒ€์ธ ๋จธํ‹€ ๋น„์น˜ ํŽ ๋ฆฌ์ปจ์Šค์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ์• ๋ค ์›Œ๋Ÿฐ, ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ๋งฅํ‚ค๋‹ˆ, ๋ผ์ƒค๋“œ ํฌ๋กœํฌ๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•„๋กค๋””์Šค ์ฑ„ํ”„๋จผ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋กœ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋œ ํ›„์— ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค์˜ ์ƒ์œ„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€A ํŒ€์ธ ํƒฌํŒŒ ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 2017๋…„์—๋Š” ๋”๋ธ”A ํŒ€๊ณผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”ŒA ํŒ€์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ํ—ค๋“œํผ์ŠคํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋”ฉ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜์— ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ํ† ๋ฏธ ์กด ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„์— ํŒ€์˜ 40์ผ ๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์— ๋“ฑ๋ก์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„์—๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”ŒA ํŒ€์ธ ์Šคํฌ๋ž˜ํŠผ/์œŒํฌ์Šค๋ฐฐ๋Ÿฌ ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ผ์ด๋”์Šค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ๋•Œ 14๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ 0.347์˜ ํƒ€์œจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  4์›” 22์ผ์— ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์ฝœ์—…์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 4์›” 22์ผ์— ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ฝœ์—… ๋œ ํ›„ ๋‹น์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์ œ์ด์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 8๋ฒˆ ํƒ€์ž ๊ฒธ 2๋ฃจ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋งˆ์ด์• ๋ฏธ ๋ง๋ฆฐ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 5์›” 4์ผ์— ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ ์ธ๋””์–ธ์Šค์ „์—์„œ ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์ฒซ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์—๋งŒ 0.294์˜ ํƒ€์œจ๊ณผ 15๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ, 42ํƒ€์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๊ณ , ์ด ๋•๋ถ„์— ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์— ์„ ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— 0.249์˜ ํƒ€์œจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๋ถ€์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์‹ ์ธ ์ƒ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์˜คํƒ€๋‹ˆ ์‡ผํ—ค์ด, ๋ฏธ๊ฒ” ์•ˆ๋‘ํ•˜๋ฅด์— ๋ฐ€๋ฆฐ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2019๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” 6์›” 19์ผ ํƒฌํŒŒ๋ฒ ์ด ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์ฒซ ๋งŒ๋ฃจ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ „๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— 0.292์˜ ํƒ€์œจ๊ณผ 19๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ 50๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํŽผ์นœ ๋•๋ถ„์— ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์—๋„ 19๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 144๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ 0.278์˜ ํƒ€์œจ๊ณผ 38๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  90๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ด 9๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ 0.324์˜ ํƒ€์œจ๊ณผ 3 ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ํŒ€์ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ ํœด์Šคํ„ด ์• ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์Šค์— 2์Šน 4ํŒจ๋กœ ํŒจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 2020๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผ์ „ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜์˜€๋˜ ๋””๋”” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„ ํ•„๋ฆฌ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋‹จ์ถ• ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ํŒ€์ด ์น˜๋ฅธ 60๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ 40๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, 9๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ค์ฑ…์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ถ€์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์—์„œ๋„ 0.243์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์‰ฌ์šด ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 2021๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋„ ํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, 127๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ 0.259์˜ ํƒ€์œจ๊ณผ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ 51๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์ฒซ 2๋…„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ง„ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋น„์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 18๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ค์ฑ…์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, DRS(ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํŒ€์„ ์ˆ˜๋น„์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํฌ์ƒ ์‹œํ‚จ ๋“์ ์˜ ์ˆ˜)์—์„œ -10์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ 9์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํžˆ์˜ค ์šฐ๋ฅด์…ธ๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ฃผ๊ณ  2๋ฃจ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 2022๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” ํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ 2๋ฃจ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ด์—๋Š” 140๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ 0.257์˜ ํƒ€์œจ๊ณผ 24๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ, 76๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ 2ํšŒ (2018๋…„, 2019๋…„) ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ์„ฑ์  2022๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ๊ตต์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ . ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ https://www.mlb.com/player/gleyber-torres-650402 https://www.fangraphs.com/players/gleyber-torres/16997/stats?position=2B/SS https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/t/torregl01.shtml 1996๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ๋‚ด์•ผ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ 2๋ฃจ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์ธ 2023๋…„ ์›”๋“œ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleyber%20Torres
Gleyber Torres
Gleyber David Torres Castro (born December 13, 1996) is a Venezuelan professional baseball shortstop and second baseman for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut on April 22, 2018. Torres was an All-Star in 2018 and 2019. Early life Torres was born and raised in Caracas by his parents, Eusebio Torres and Ibelise Castro. Intrigued by the name "Qleyber," his father decided to name Torres after it because of its uniqueness. Torres grew up in a middle-class household. However, life at home devolved into unrest, with many citizens rebelling against the government in the wake of constant food shortages, rampant crime and widespread violence. Torres started playing baseball at the age of four as a center fielder, catcher, pitcher, and eventually shortstop. His passion for baseball grew watching games on TV, while idolizing his favorite player Omar Vizquel. Torres also played basketball briefly in high school, but he quit the sport on his father's instructions in order to focus on baseball. Academies began to take notice of Torres's talent and wanted to help him become a professional. At 14, Torres moved to Maracay to enroll in an academy that had contacts with MLB scouts. He was sought out by the Chicago Cubs and signed a contract with the team. Professional career Chicago Cubs (2014โ€“2016) Torres signed with the Chicago Cubs as an international free agent in 2013 for a $1.7ย million signing bonus. He made his professional debut in 2014 with the Arizona Cubs of the Rookie-level Arizona League. He was later promoted to the Boise Hawks of the Class A-Short Season Northwest League. In 50 games for the two teams combined, he hit .297/.386/.440 with two home runs. In 2015, Torres began the season with the South Bend Cubs of the Class A Midwest League, and was promoted to the Myrtle Beach Pelicans of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League in September. In 487 at bats over 126 games for the two teams combined, he hit .287/.346/.376 with three home runs and 64 runs batted in (RBI). Torres started the 2016 season with Myrtle Beach. New York Yankees On July 25, 2016, the Cubs traded Torres, Adam Warren, Billy McKinney, and Rashad Crawford to the Yankees for relief pitcher Aroldis Chapman. He began his Yankees career playing with the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League. He finished the 2016 season batting .270/.354/.421 with 11 home runs and 66 RBI for the two Class A+ teams combined. After the season, the Yankees assigned him to the Scottsdale Scorpions of the Arizona Fall League (AFL). After batting .403 in 76 at bats with a .513 on-base percentage and a 1.158 OPS, Torres was named the AFL Most Valuable Player. At the age of 19, Torres was the youngest player in the AFL, and the youngest player in history to win the AFL MVP. He was ranked after the 2016 season as the Yankees' top prospect by Baseball America. Torres was listed the fifth best prospect in baseball entering the 2017 season by Baseball America. After hitting .448 in 29 at bats with two home runs in spring training with the Yankees, Torres began the 2017 season with the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League. In April, he went on the seven-day disabled list with rotator cuff inflammation. The Yankees promoted Torres to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in May. In June, Torres slid headfirst into home, despite the fact that the Yankees stress to their players to slide feet-first because the team believes it is safer, and tore the ulnar collateral ligament in his non-throwing left elbow. On June 19, Torres was ruled out for the rest of the 2017 season after it was determined that his injury required Tommy John surgery. He finished the 2017 season batting .287/.383/.480 with seven home runs and 34 RBI for the two teams combined. The Yankees added him to their 40-man roster after the season. Entering the 2018 season, Torres was labeled the fifth-best prospect in baseball and the best shortstop prospect by MLB.com. During spring training, Torres competed with Miguel Andujar and others for a spot on the opening day roster. On March 13, 2018, Torres was optioned to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre to begin the year. He was pulled out of the game on April 22 after six innings. Torres initially thought it was punishment for not hustling earlier in the game, but was called into manager Bobby Mitchell's office where he was told of his promotion to the Major Leagues. 2018 Torres made his MLB debut on April 22, 2018, as the second-baseman against the Toronto Blue Jays, going 0-for-4. The next day, against the Minnesota Twins, Torres recorded his first MLB hit. On May 4, Torres hit his first career home run, off Josh Tomlin, which at the age of 21 was the youngest Yankee to homer since John Ellis in 1969. Two days later, against the Cleveland Indians, Torres hit his first career walk-off, a home run off relief pitcher Dan Otero, becoming the youngest Yankee to hit a walk-off homer and giving the Yankees a 7โ€“4 victory. On May 21, against the Texas Rangers, Torres recorded his first multi-homer game when he hit two home runs as the Yankees won 10โ€“5. On May 25 against the Los Angeles Angels, Torres hit a home run in his fourth straight game; at 21 years and 163 days old, he became the youngest player in American League history to accomplish that feat. Torres was named AL Player of the Week for the week ending on May 27, when he hit .368/.429/1.158 with five home runs and nine RBIs. On May 29, Torres hit a walk-off single to beat the Houston Astros in extra innings. Torres was also named American League Rookie of the Month for May. He slashed of .317/.374/.659 scoring 13 runs, 26 hits, nine home runs and 24 RBI. On July 4, Torres went on the 10-day disabled list due to a right hip strain. After batting .294 with 15 home runs and 42 RBI over 218 at-bats and boasting a .905 OPS, Torres was selected to the 2018 All-Star Game, his first All-Star appearance, but he did not play in the game. For the week ending on September 2, Torres was once again named AL Player of the week. On September 29, Torres hit the Yankees 265th home run of 2018, surpassing the 1997 Seattle Mariners for most home runs in a single season. In addition, it was the 20th home run in the 9th spot of the order, making the Yankees the first team in history to have 20 home runs from every batting spot in the lineup. Torres finished in third in balloting for the American League Rookie of the Year Award, behind Shohei Ohtani, who won the award, and Andรบjar. 2019 Following the 2018 season, Gleyber signed a one-year contract with the New York Yankees. For his sophomore season, on April 4, 2019, Torres became the fourth youngest Yankee with four hits and three extra base hits in a game since Joe DiMaggio did it in 1936. Torres went 4-for-4 with a double, two home runs and four RBI against the Baltimore Orioles. On June 19, 2019, Torres hit his 39th career home run and his first career grand slam off Oliver Drake of the Tampa Bay Rays. Torres hit his second career grand slam on August 2, 2019 against Eduardo Rodrรญguez of the Boston Red Sox. On August 12, the Venezuelan scored his 13th home run against the Orioles, setting a record in the divisional era. On August 22, Torres hit his 30th home run, thus becoming the second Yankee to hit 30 or more home runs in a single season aged 22 or younger, joining Joe DiMaggio who hit 46 home runs in 1937. On July 9, Torres was announced as an American League All-Star for the second time in his career, first time being in 2018. In the All-Star game, Torres notched one hit in two at bats. His 38 home runs made him the second ever middle infielder after Alex Rodriguez to do so before turning 23, and third Yankees player since DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle to hit at least 20 home runs in two different seasons before the age of 23. Torres finished the 2019 regular season batting .278 and went on to hit .417 in the 2019 American League Division Series. On October 13, 2019, Torres became the youngest second baseman in MLB history, and the third youngest overall (Mantle, Tony Kubek) to recorded at least four RBIs in a game, and youngest ever for at least five RBIs. Gleyber ended the 2019 campaign with 38 home runs and a slugging percentage of .535, proving to be a big part of the dangerous New York Yankees lineup. He finished 17th in MVP voting in 2019, with his teammate D.J. Lemahieu finishing fourth. 2020 In the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, Torres slashed .243/.356/.368 with three home runs and 16 RBI in 42 games. On defense, he led all AL shortstops with nine errors. 2021โ€“2022 In 2021, Torres slashed .259/.331/.366 across a total of 459 at bats. He had nine home runs and 51 RBIs as well. After struggling at shortstop, the Yankees moved Torres back to second base in September. The Yankees acquired Isiah Kiner-Falefa to play shortstop before the 2022 season, keeping Torres at second base. In 2022, he batted .257/.310/.451 in 526 at bats with 24 home runs and 76 RBIs. 2023 The year began amid rumors about the Yankees trying to trade Torres. The Yankees failed to sign Torres before the arbitration deadline. Torres reportedly sought $10.2 million while the team offered him $9.7 million. However, both agreed to a one-year contract amounting $9.95 million on January 29. On April 3, during a game against the Philadelphia Phillies, Torres hit his 100th career home run, a solo shot to right/center field. He became the 7th youngest Yankee of all-time to do so. Personal life Torres met his long-time girlfriend Elizabeth in his hometown of Caracas in 2014. They were married in April 2017, and had their first child, a son, on March 20, 2022. References External links 1996 births Living people American League All-Stars Arizona League Cubs players Boise Hawks players Major League Baseball players from Venezuela Major League Baseball second basemen Major League Baseball shortstops Myrtle Beach Pelicans players New York Yankees players Scottsdale Scorpions players Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players South Bend Cubs players Baseball players from Caracas Tampa Yankees players Trenton Thunder players Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States 2023 World Baseball Classic players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%BC%84%EC%97%AD
๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ
๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ(Milliken Station)์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋™๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์˜ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ์ธ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ด ์—ญ์€ ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ๋กœ๋“œ ๋™์ชฝ, ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์€ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ง์Šค๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„  ์ง€์ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์ด, ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์—ญ์ธ ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ์—ญ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์—์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ํ•€์น˜ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์€ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์™€ ๋งˆ์ปด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šคํ”Œ๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชฐ ๊ฑด๋„ˆํŽธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋“ค๋ฆฌ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ํ™•์žฅ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณต์„ ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๊ฑด๋„๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋˜ ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋†“์•„ ์ž…์ฒด๋กœ ๊ต์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„ ์ „ ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์€ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. 14๋ฒˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์ด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์ธ ์š”ํฌ์„ ์„ ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€ 407๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๋’ค, ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ์ธ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์€ 1871๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ, ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์žฌ์™€ ์žฅ์ž‘์„ ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๊ณ ์ž 1066mm์˜ ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” 1881๋…„ 7์›” ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„์— ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ , 1884๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ ํฌ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1923๋…„์— GTR์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„  ๊ฐœํ†ต ๋‹น์‹œ, ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์€ ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ํŒ์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฐ„์ด์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์™€ ์ดํ›„ ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌํ–‰ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1872๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ก ๋นŒ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ์ •์…˜ ์—ญ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋‘ ๋Œ€์”ฉ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋‹น์‹œ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋งˆ์„์„ ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์ €์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Š ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋กœ ์‡ ๋ฝ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1955๋…„์—๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌํ–‰ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1963๋…„์—๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์—ญ์€ ํ์—ญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„  ์—ฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1971๋…„์—๋Š” ์š”ํฌ ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ฐœํŽธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ CN ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด์ฐจํŽธ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ฒ ๋„์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ฒ ๋„์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์ด ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ด๋•Œ์ฏค์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์„ ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์šดํ–‰์„ ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์‡ผ์–ด, ์กฐ์ง€ํƒ€์šด, ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋จผ๋“œํž ์„ ์„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด ์šดํ–‰์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์€ 1982๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์„ ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ 1982๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ์— ์˜์—…์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ†ต ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” 6๋Ÿ‰ ์—ด์ฐจ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ์„ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜คํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ธ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ‰์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์—๋„ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 9์›” 6์ผ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ์—ญ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ญ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ์€ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์ด ์—ด์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฌ๋‹ซ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋งˆ๋•…์น˜ ์•Š์•„ ์—ญ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”Œ๋ Œ๋””๋“œ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชฐ ๋งž์€ ํŽธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ด ์—ญ์€ 12๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง์„  ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์ด ์—ด์ฐจ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฌ๋‹ซ์„ ๋•Œ ์•ž๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” 725๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ค‘๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ, ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ์‹ค, ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์ฒ ๋„ (Regional Express Rail, RER) ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์˜ ์„ ๋กœ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ ๋ฐฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์„ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ๋„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ถ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋ถ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„๋ชฉ์€ ์ž…์ฒด ๊ต์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์€ ์ง์›์ด ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 5์‹œ 40๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค์ „ 11์‹œ 45๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋„์ฐฉ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ฐจํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋‚˜ ์นด๋“œ ์ถฉ์ „์€ ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋™ํŒ๋งค๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ฒดํฌ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํƒœ๊ทธํ•ด ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์—์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ดํ‹ฐ์ผ“ (e-ticket)์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ์‹ค, ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค, ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด, ๊ณต์ค‘์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‰ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ, ์—ด์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—๋Š” 661๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ์€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ์ง€์ • ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์นดํ’€ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค๋„ ์นดํ’€ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ๋กœ๋“œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํผ์‹œํ”ฝ ๋ชฐ ๋งž์€ ํŽธ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—์„œ ์Šน์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด, ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ๋กœ๋“œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—์„œ ์Šน์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šดํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํ†ต 2023๋…„ 4์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์—๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‰์ผ ์˜คํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์—  ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํŽธ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ๊ณผ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต์˜ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ์™€ YRT ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํ™˜์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ํ™˜์Šน์€ ๋ณ„๋„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ (TTC) ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต (YRT) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ญ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ 1871๋…„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliken%20GO%20Station
Milliken GO Station
Milliken GO Station is a GO Transit train station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the neighbourhood of Milliken which is on the city's northern border with Markham. Description The station is located south of Steeles Avenue, opposite to the Splendid China Mall shopping centre and is accessed via Redlea Avenue. The station has two tracks, two side platforms and two pedestrian tunnels to connect the east platform to the station next to the west platform. There is also direct access to the platforms from Steeles Avenue. It has a 661-car parking lot, a dedicated passenger pick-up and drop-off area, and a station building with ticket vending machines, a waiting area, and public washrooms. History A small shed was built (in latter 19th Century) by the Toronto and Nipissing Railway as a flag stop located on the north side of Steeles Avenue on the east side of the tracks (see postcards) and used by successor railways (Grand Trunk Railway and Canadian National Railways) until it was demolished in the early 1960s. CN continued passenger service on the line (Union to Stouffville from 1971) until 1977 when VIA Rail took over passenger rail service. VIA cut service in 1981. The first GO station opened on September 7, 1982 and closed on September 2, 2005. It was located on the north side of Steeles in Markham, to the east of the former Market Village Mall. It consisted of a fenced off area with a small ticket booth and 2 large bus shelters. It was one of the most neglected GO railway stations because it was built on a sharp curve, and was much shorter than most GO stations. Because of that, trains could not open all the doors when stopped there. It had no dedicated parking spots and a small kiss-and-ride area. Cars waiting for the trains were parked at Market Village or along Steeles Avenue. There are no traces of the former platform, other than a single sign facing towards Steeles Avenue reading "CN Milliken" which has since been removed after double tracking work. The old station footprint is now on the northbound tracks. The second GO station opened on September 6, 2005 on the south side of Steeles Avenue and was accessed by a re-aligned Redlea Avenue. The new location allowed the construction of a parking lot for 680 vehicles and an accessible new station. Milliken GO Station has been undergoing redevelopment since 2019 to support future growth, including two way, all day 15-minute interval service between Union Station and Unionville Station. Once complete, along with the grade-separated crossing and the pedestrian bridge over Steeles Avenue, there will be a longer renovated existing platform, a new second station platform and track, two pedestrian tunnels and elevators, new shelters, and access from both platforms to a covered pedestrian bridge over Steeles Avenue. The redevelopment was planned to be completed by the end of 2022. On May 8, 2023, the south tunnel and the east-side platform were opened for customer use. On that date, trains started to use the east platform only while the west platform was being upgraded. A north tunnel near Steeles Avenue was also available. In September 2023, Metrolinx announced that all station upgrades at Milliken had been completed including the railway overpass over Steeles Avenue. Connecting transit There is a short covered walkway beside the railway tracks from the train platforms to bus stops on Steeles Avenue East. Toronto Transit Commission's bus routes 53 Steeles East operates along Steeles Avenue East and 43 Kennedy terminates by looping there, as does the 57 Midland. York Region Transit route 8 Kennedy stops at the nearby Steeles Avenue and Kennedy Road intersection. References External links GO Transit railway stations Railway stations in Canada opened in 1982 Railway stations in Toronto Transport in Scarborough, Toronto 1982 establishments in Ontario
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%97%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%20%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84
๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„
๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„()์€ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ 1943๋…„ 9์›” 10์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 5์‹œ 36๋ถ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.2, ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ Mw7.0์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด๋‹ค. ์ง„์›์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ๊ฒŒํƒ€์นด๊ตฐ ๋„์š”๋ฏธ์ดŒ(ํ˜„ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ์‹œ)์ด๋‹ค. ์ง„์›์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–‰์•„ ๊ฒŒํƒ€์นด๊ตฐ ๊ณ ์•ผ๋งˆ์ดŒ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ์ง„๋„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ง„๋„6์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์„ธํ†  ๋‚ดํ•ด์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์˜ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆํ˜„ ์˜ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ์—์„  ์ง„๋„5๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 1,000๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์ธ 1944๋…„ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„, 1945๋…„ ๋ฏธ์นด์™€ ์ง€์ง„, 1946๋…„ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ ์ข…์ „ ์ „ํ›„ 4๋Œ€ ์ง€์ง„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์ข…์ „ ํ›„ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ธต ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ์„œ์ชฝ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒํƒ€์นด๊ตฐ ๊ฐ€๋…ธ์ •์—์„œ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ์šฐ์—ํ•˜๋ผ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด 8km์˜ '์‹œ์นด๋…ธ ๋‹จ์ธต๋Œ€'์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ€๋…ธ ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ ์„œ๋‚จ์ชฝ์€ ๋ถ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ 75cm ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 150cm ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ธต ๋™์ชฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 50cm ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ์ธต ์„œ์ชฝ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์ธต์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ€๋…ธ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋˜ '์š”์‹œ์˜ค์นด ๋‹จ์ธต๋Œ€'์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ์ชฝ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 50cm ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 90cm ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ์ง„๋„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ง„๋„5 ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ „์ง„ ํ™œ๋™ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ณธ์ง„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์•ฝ ๋ฐ˜๋…„ ์ „์— ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6๊ธ‰์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ž‡๋‹ฌ์•„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ „์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. 1943๋…„ 3์›” 4์ผ 19์‹œ 13๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6.2์˜ ์ฒซ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์–ด 19์‹œ 35๋ถ„๊ฒฝ์—๋„ M5.7์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์˜ค์ „ 4์‹œ 50๋ถ„๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6.2์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ „์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ์‹œ, ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค์นด๊ตฐ, ์ด์™€๋ฏธ๊ตฐ, ์•ผ์ฆˆ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋กœํ•ญ ์ œ๋ฐฉ 3๊ณณ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ์•ผ๋งˆ์ดŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด 300m์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ ธ ๋ฒผ๋ž‘์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋•…์šธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ํ˜„์ƒ๋„ ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ ํƒํ•ด์ง ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์ƒ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€์ด์˜จ์ฒœ, ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ์˜จ์ฒœ, ๋„๊ณ ์˜จ์ฒœ์€ ํƒ• ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ•˜๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ผ์˜จ์ฒœ์€ ํ•œ๋•Œ ์šฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์˜จ์ฒœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ƒ 11๋ช…์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผํƒ 68์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 515์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ํŒŒ๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ง€์ง„์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ถ”์ง„๋ณธ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” 2016๋…„ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ์ค‘๋ถ€ ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ์ง€์ง„ํ‰๊ฐ€์„œ์—์„œ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ํฐ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ์ค‘๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ดด๋ฉธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์™„์ „ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์กฐ ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด '์˜ค์žฅ์—” ์•ฝ๊ตญ' ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋กœ ์ง€์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ฒ„ํ…ผ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ๋ถ•๊ดด์œจ์ด 80%๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ธด ๊ณณ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์œ ์—ญ์˜ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ ํ‰์•ผ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ๋ถ•๊ดด์œจ์ด ํ‰๊ท  30%๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒผ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์Šต์ง€์˜ ์Šต๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‹คํ•ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ ์ค€๋น„ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ, ์ง€์ง„ ํ›„ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋‚ด์—” 16๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋„๊ด€์ด ํŒŒ์—ด๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง€์ง„ ์ง์ „์— ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๋น„๋กœ ์Šต๋„๊ฐ€ 90% ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•˜๋˜ ๋•Œ๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์†Œํ™” ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๊ธธ์ด ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ์ง„์••๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์–‘์•ก์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฐ์ธ ๋ณธ์„  ๋ฐ ์ธ๋น„ ์„  ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋Š๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ „ํ™”์„  ๋ฐ ๋„๋กœ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์ด ๋Š๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ์ด์™€๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์ด์™€๋ฏธ์ • ์•„๋ผ์นด๋„ค ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์—์„  ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ œ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ ธ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์ˆ™์†Œ์™€ ์•„๋ผ์นด๋„ค ๋งˆ์„์— ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ง•์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ 28๋ช…๊ณผ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ 37๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” ์ด 1,083๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ „์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ธ 705๋ช…(์ „์ฒด์˜ 65%)์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์ „์‹œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ์™ธ ์—ด๋žŒ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ์ง€์ง„์†Œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „์Ÿ ์ข…์ „ ์ „ํ›„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ง€์ง„ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์–ด ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋‚˜ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋‚ด์—ญ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ้Œฆ็น”ๅ‹คใ€ๆฑ ๅ†…ๆ•็ทจใ€Ž่ก—้“ใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌๅฒ37 ้ณฅๅ–ใƒป็ฑณๅญใจ้š ๅฒ ไฝ†้ฆฌใƒปๅ› ๅนกใƒปไผฏ่€†ใ€๏ผˆๅ‰ๅทๅผ˜ๆ–‡้คจใ€2005ๅนด๏ผ‰ 1943ๅนด้ณฅๅ–ๅœฐ้œ‡ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ๅปบ็‰ฉ่ขซๅฎณใจๅœฐ็›ค้œ‡ๅ‹•็‰นๆ€งใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ (ๅœฐ้œ‡้˜ฒ็ฝๅˆ†้‡Ž--้œ‡ๅฎณ้€ฃ้Ž–็‰น้›†(2)) ๆฑๆฟƒๅœฐ้œ‡็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ๅ ฑๅ‘Š (19), 1-7, 2006-11, ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ18ๅนด9ๆœˆ10ๆ—ฅ้ณฅๅ–ๅœฐ้œ‡ใฎ่ขซๅฎณ ใ€Žๆฑไบฌๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅœฐ้œ‡็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ๅฝ™ๅ ฑใ€ ็ฌฌ23ๅ†Š็ฌฌ1/4ๅท, 1947.2.28, pp.97-103, ้‡‘็”ฐๅนณๅคช้ƒŽใ€ๅฒก็”ฐ็ฏคๆญฃ๏ผš1943ๅนด้ณฅๅ–ๅœฐ้œ‡ใฎๅœฐ่กจๅœฐ้œ‡ๆ–ญๅฑค ๆ—ขๅญ˜่ณ‡ๆ–™ใฎๆ•ด็†ใจใใฎๅค‰ๅ‹•ๅœฐๅฝขๅญฆ็š„่งฃ้‡ˆ ใ€Žๆดปๆ–ญๅฑค็ ”็ฉถใ€ Vol.2002 (2002) No.21 p.73-91, ่กจไฟŠไธ€้ƒŽ๏ผšๆ˜ญๅ’Œ18ๅนด3ๆœˆ4ๆ—ฅ้ณฅๅ–ๅœฐ้œ‡่ชฟๆŸปๆฆ‚ๅ ฑ ใ€Žๅœฐ้œ‡ ็ฌฌ1่ผฏใ€ Vol.15 (1943) No.5 P101-113, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ M 7.0 - western Honshu, Japan - USGS 1943๋…„ ์ง€์ง„ 1943๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1943๋…„ 9์›” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€์ง„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%20Tottori%20earthquake
1943 Tottori earthquake
The occurred in Tottori prefecture, Japan at 17:36 local time on September 10, 1943. Although the earthquake occurred during World War II, information about the disaster was not censored, and relief volunteers and supplies came from many parts of the Empire of Japan, including Manchukuo. The Tottori earthquake had its epicenter offshore from Ketaka District, now part of Tottori, and registered a magnitude of 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale. The seismic intensity was recorded as 6 in Tottori city, and 5 as far away as Okayama on the Inland Sea. The center of Tottori city, with many antiquated buildings was the hardest hit, with an estimated 80% of its structures damaged or destroyed. As the earthquake struck in the evening when most kitchens had fires lit in preparation for the evening meal, fires broke out in 16 locations around the city. With water mains damaged, citizens formed bucket brigades to prevent fires from spreading. The number of fatalities was 1,083, including numerous Zainichi Koreans working in the nearby Aragane Copper Mines. Two magnitude 6.2 earthquakes had occurred in the same area earlier that year on March 4 and 5, but did not cause significant damage. See also List of earthquakes in 1943 List of earthquakes in Japan Notes External links Tottori Tottori September 1943 events Earthquakes in the Empire of Japan History of Tottori Prefecture Earthquakes of the Showa period 1943 disasters in Japan Zainichi Korean history
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EB%AC%B4%EB%9D%BC%20%EC%8A%A4%EB%B0%94%EB%A3%A8
ํ‚ค๋ฌด๋ผ ์Šค๋ฐ”๋ฃจ
ํ‚ค๋ฌด๋ผ ์Šค๋ฐ”๋ฃจ(, 1990๋…„ 6์›” 29์ผ ~)๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์„ฑ์šฐ, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ, ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ, ๋ชจ๋ธ, ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์•„ํ† ๋ฏน ๋ชฝํ‚ค ์†Œ์†. ๋…์ผ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์น˜ํžˆ ์ถœ์‹ . ์ฃผ์š” ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž‘ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ TVA 2005๋…„ ๋„๋ผ์—๋ชฝ - ๋งŒํ‰ํ‰ (2005๋…„~) 2011๋…„ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํŽญ๊ท„๋“œ๋Ÿผ - ํƒ€์นด์ฟ ๋ผ ์นธ๋ฐ”, ํŽญ๊ท„ 1ํ˜ธ 2012๋…„ Cร˜DE:BREAKER - ํ—ค์ด์ผ€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ค๋ฏธ ์—์–ด๋ฆฌ์–ด์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ - ํ† ์˜ค๋…ธ ๋ฏธํ‚ค์•ผ ์ฟ ๋กœ์ฝ”์˜ ๋†๊ตฌ - ํŒŒํŒŒ ์›€๋ฐ”์ด ์‹œํ‚ค 2013๋…„ ๊ฑด๋‹ด ๋นŒ๋“œ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆ - ์•Œ๋ž€ ์•„๋‹ด์Šค, ๋ฐฐํ‹€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์Œ์„ฑ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋„ ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค ํƒ“์ด์•ผ! - ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์˜ ํ•™์ƒ ๋“€์–ผ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ V3 - ์บ๋กค ์™ธ ์€ํ•˜๋กœ ํ‚ฅ์˜คํ”„!! - ๊ธฐ์ž ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์œ„์‹œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ2 ๋ฐ์ฝ”๋กœ๋ผ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ - ์œ ํ‚ค์•ผ 2014๋…„ PSYCHO-PASS 2 - ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋…ธ ๊ฑด๋‹ด ๋นŒ๋“œ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด - ์˜ค์นด๋ชจํ†  ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค, ์•Œ๋ž€ ์•„๋‹ด์Šค, ๋ฐฐํ‹€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ทนํ‘์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌํž๋ฐ - ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋Œ€๊ดด์ˆ˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‰ฌ ์šธํŠธ๋ผ ํ”„๋ก ํ‹ฐ์–ด - ๋ฐ์ฆˆ๋ ˆ ์„ฑ์šด์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ต์˜ ์—ด๋“ฑ์ƒ - ๊ณต์ž‘์› ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„ ์Šคํ… - ํ–‰์ธ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฟ - ์•ผ์Šค์™€๊ธฐ ํƒ€์ฟ ํ†  ์†Œ๋…„ํƒ์ • ๊น€์ „์ผ R - ์ฟ ์ง€๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€ ํŒฉ ์›”๋“œ - ์Šคํ‚ค๋ณด ํ•‘ํ THE ANIMATION - ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋งˆ ๋งˆ๋‚˜๋ถ€ / ์•„์ฟ ๋งˆ ํ•˜๋งˆํ† ๋ผ - ์ด์›ƒ์ง‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๋ฐ” 2015๋…„ ๊ดด๋„ ์กฐ์ปค - ์‚ฌ์•…ํ•œ ์—ฌ์šฐ A ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ์—์ด์Šค - ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€ ์ธ ๋„ค๋งˆ์ธ  ๋Œ„์Šค ์œ„๋“œ ๋ฐ๋นŒ์ฆˆ - ๋‚˜๋‚˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์•”์‚ด๊ต์‹ค - ํ…Œ๋ผ์‚ฌ์นด ๋ฃŒ๋งˆ 2016๋…„ 3์›”์˜ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ - ๋งˆ์ธ ๋ชจํ†  ์ž‡์‚ฌ 91Days - ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ๊ฑฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž ์•…์–ด -KAGEWANI- - ํ˜ผ๋งˆ ์ฃ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋™์ „์‚ฌ ๊ฑด๋‹ด ์ฒ ํ˜ˆ์˜ ์˜คํŽ€์Šค - ๋ฐ์ธ ์šฐํ•˜์ด ๋ˆ๊ฐ€์Šค DJ ์•„๊ฒŒํƒ€๋กœ - DJ IKENOSUKE ๋“œ๋ฆผํŽ˜์Šค! - ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ณด์ด์Šค, ๋Œ€์šด๋™ํšŒ MC, ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€ํ‚ค ๋ถ€๋ž€ํ‚ค - ์•„๋ผ๋ฐ”์‹œ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์•ผ ์„๊ณ  ๋ณด์ด์ฆˆ - ๋ฏธํƒ€์ง€๋งˆ ์ง€๋กœ, ๋””์˜ค๋‹ˆ์†Œ์Šค, ํ† ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์™ธ ์žฅ์‹ ์†Œ๋…€ ๋งˆํ† ์ด - ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€ ํ•˜์ดํ!! - ํ…๋„ ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฆฌ 2017๋…„ ROBOMASTERS THE ANIMATED SERIES - ๋ฆฌ ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹œ๋…ธ๋น„ - ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ผ ๋‚˜์˜คํƒ€์นด ์œ ํฌ์™• VRAINS - ์ฟ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‡ผ์ด์น˜ ์žฅ๊ตญ์˜ ์•Œํƒ€์ด๋ฅด - ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ ํŒŒ์ƒค ํ”„๋ฆฌํ”„๋ฆฌ ์น˜์ด์งฑ!! - CHITEKO 2018๋…„ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ › ์—๋ฒ„๊ฐ€๋“  - ์ŠคํŽœ์„œ ๋ชฐ๋ฐ”๋ผ ๋ณด๋ฃจํ† : ๋‚˜๋ฃจํ†  ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ ์ œ๋„ˆ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ฆˆ - ์ฟ ์šฐ ์—ฌ์šฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ - ์Ÿ์•ผ์˜ค ์ด๋‚˜์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ ์•„๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ฒœ์นญ, ์ด๋‚˜์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜จ์˜ ๊ฐ์ธ - ์•„๋งˆ๋…ธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ฏธ์น˜ ์กฐ์ด๋“œ ์™€์ผ๋“œ - ๊ต์ž ์ฃ ์ฃ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๋ชจํ—˜: ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ - ํŽ˜์‹œ ์ข€๋น„๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ - ๋žฉํผ A ํด๋ž˜์‹œ์ปฌ๋กœ์ด๋“œ - ๋งˆ์ดํ•˜๋ผ ํ•ด๊ณจ ์„œ์ ์ง์› ํ˜ผ๋‹ค ์”จ - ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ตฐ, S์‚ฌ ํŽธ์ง‘์žฅ ํžˆ๋…ธ๋งˆ๋ฃจ ์Šค๋ชจ - ์นด๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ธ ์š”์‹œ 2019๋…„ ACTORS -Songs Connection- - ๋งˆ๋ฃจ๋ฉ” ์น˜๊ตฌ๋งˆ BEASTARS - ํ›„๋ฆฌ B ๋ž˜ํผ์ฆˆ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ - ์š”ํ—ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ํ‚ค์ดˆ ์…œ๋ก - ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์•ผ ๋กœ๋น„ํ•˜์น˜ - ์•Œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ฟ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐํ‹€ ํ”Œ๋ž˜๋‹› - ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ” ์ฒด์‚ฌ๋„ค๋กœ ์Šคํƒ€โ˜†ํŠธ์œ™ํด ํ”„๋ฆฌํ์–ด - ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์Šค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ•ด - ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์œ ๋ ˆ์นด! ๋ฐœ๋ช…์™• ํ‚คํŠธ - DJ ๋ฏนํฌ ์ฐฝ๋‹จ! ์ง์Šน์˜ ๊ธธ - ๋น… ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ  ์บ๋กค & ํŠœ์ฆˆ๋ฐ์ด - ์—์ œํ‚ค์—˜ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด ๋‚˜์ด์ธ  - ํ•˜์ž๋งˆ ๊ฒ ํ•œ๋ฐค์˜ ์˜ค์ปฌํŠธ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› - ํ‚ค์˜ค์ฝ˜๊ฒ 2020๋…„ ๋„๋กœํ—ค๋„๋กœ - ์•„์ด์นด์™€ ์•„์ฟ ๋‹ค๋งˆ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ - ์–‘์•„์น˜ ์ด์ผ€๋ถ€์ฟ ๋กœ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ํŒŒํฌ - ์ด์ผ€์šฐ์น˜ ํžˆ๋กœํ†  ์ฃผ์ˆ ํšŒ์ „ - ํ† ๋„ ์•„์˜ค์ด ํ•˜์ดํ!! TO THE TOP - ํ…๋„ ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฆฌ ํžˆํ”„๋…ธ์‹œ์Šค ๋งˆ์ดํฌ -Division Rap Battle- - ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด์น˜๋กœ 2021๋…„ 2.43 ์„ธ์ธ๊ณ ๊ต ๋‚จ์ž ๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ - ์˜ค์ฟ ๋งˆ ์œ ์Šค์ผ€ BEASTARS ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ - ํ›„๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ The Animation - ๋น„ํ†  ์›ํ”ผ์Šค - ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ„๊ธฐ RE-MAIN - ์ฃ ์ง€๋งˆ ์ฃ  ์•„์ด๋Œ๋ฆฌ์‰ฌ ์„ธ๋ธ Third BEAT! - ์ด๋ˆ„๋งˆ๋ฃจ ํ† ์šฐ๋งˆ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒค์ €์Šค - ํ•˜์•ผ์‹œ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋ฃจํ‚ค ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค ํ€˜์ŠคํŠธ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ชจํ—˜ - ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋‹จ๋”” 2022๋…„ ํ—ค์ด์ผ€๋ชจ๋…ธ๊ฐ€ํƒ€๋ฆฌ - ๋ฏธ์ • OVA/Web 2013๋…„ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌด๋กœ๋ฏธ ์”จ OVA - ์Šค๋„ 2014๋…„ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜ ๋กœ๊ทธ - ํ›„์ฟ ์•ผ๋งˆ ์š”ํ—ค์ด 2017๋…„ ๊ฑด๋‹ด ๋นŒ๋“œ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆ GM์˜ ์—ญ์Šต - ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ฑด๋‹ด ๋นŒ๋“œ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ๋ฐฐํ‹€๋กœ๊ทธ - ์•Œ๋ž€ ์•„๋‹ด์Šค, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์Œ์„ฑ 2018๋…„ ๋ฐ๋ธ”์ฆˆ๋ผ์ธ - ์ฟ ๋ผ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฐ๋นŒ๋งจ ํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ ์ด๋น„ - ๊ฐ€๋น„ 2020๋…„ ๋ฐ”์ฟ ๊ฐ„ ์•„๋จธ๋“œ ์–ผ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์Šค - ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ” ์ฒด์‚ฌ๋„ค๋กœ ๊ทน์žฅ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2006๋…„๋„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋œ ๋„๋ผ์—๋ชฝ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ - ์Ÿˆ์ด์•ˆ 2015๋…„ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ PSYCHO-PASS - ์ƒ˜ 2017๋…„ ๋Œ„์Šค ์œ„๋“œ ๋ฐ๋นŒ์ฆˆ - ๋‚˜๋‚˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ํ•˜์ดํ!! ์ฝ˜์…‰ํŠธ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€ - ํ…๋„ ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฆฌ 2021๋…„ 100์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฐ ์•…์–ด - ๋‘๋”์ง€ ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ์ฃผ์ˆ ํšŒ์ „ 0 2022๋…„ ๋” ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ์Šฌ๋žจ๋ฉํฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ Disney Twisted Wonderland - ์ƒ˜ HELIOS RISING HEROES - ์• ์‰ฌ ์˜ฌ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ž‘๋ธ”๋ฃจ ํŒํƒ€์ง€ - J.J ๋…ธ์„๋น› ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋„ˆ์™€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผโ€ฆ - ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ํ›„ํžˆํ†  ๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆ for GIRLS - ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์นด์žํ‚ค ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์œ„์ฆˆ - ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค ์…ฐํŒŒ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ - ๋น„ํ†  ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€๋…ธ์ฃ  ๋ฉ”์ด๋“œ ์ธ ์™€๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ณ ์ ธ์Šค - ์—์ดํ‹ด๋ณผํŠธ ๋ถ•๊ดด3rd - ๋ผ์ด๋ด ๋ฃŒ๋งˆ ์†Œ์šธ ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ 6 - ํ™ฉ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ ์•„์ด๋Œ๋ฆฌ์‰ฌ ์„ธ๋ธ - ์ด๋ˆ„๋งˆ๋ฃจ ํ† ์šฐ๋งˆ ์ง„ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ „์ƒ STRANGE JOURNEY - ์ œ์šฐ์Šค ํ‚น๋ค ํ•˜์ธ  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ - ์–ด์…‹ ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˜ ํ’ํ™”์„ค์›” - ๋ฐœํƒ€์ž๋ฅด ํฐ ์•„๋‹ฌ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํžˆํŠธ ํžˆํ”„๋…ธ์‹œ์Šค ๋งˆ์ดํฌ -Alternative Rap Battle- - ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด์น˜๋กœ ํŠน์ดฌ ์Šˆํผ์ „๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๋™๋ฌผ์ „๋Œ€ ์ฅฌ์˜ค์šฐ์Ÿˆ - ๋ณผ๋ง๊ฒ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ „๋Œ€ ํ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € - ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜, ์„ธ์ด์ž ๋ธ”๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ํ๋ Œ์Ÿˆ์˜ ์•„์ดํ…œ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”์นด๋‹‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ณด์ด์Šค ๋‹ด๋‹น ๋งˆ์ง„์ „๋Œ€ ํ‚ค๋ผ๋ฉ”์ด์ € - ํญํƒ„ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด๋ผ์ด๋” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค - ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค / ๊ฐ€๋ฉด๋ผ์ด๋” ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค CD ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ CD ํžˆํ”„๋…ธ์‹œ์Šค ๋งˆ์ดํฌ - ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด์น˜๋กœ ์™ธํ™” ๋กœ์ผ“๋งจ - ์—˜ํŠผ ์กด(ํƒœ๋Ÿฐ ์—์ €ํ„ด) ๋ธ”๋ž™ ํŒฌ์„œ - ์Œ๋ฐ”์ฟ (์œˆ์Šคํ„ด ๋“€ํฌ) ์†Œ์šธ - ํด(๋‹ค๋น„๋“œ ๋””๊ทธ์Šค) ํ‚น์Šค๋งจ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ - ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ์—๊ทธ์‹œ ์–ธ์œˆ(ํƒœ๋Ÿฐ ์—์ €ํ„ด) ํ†ฐ๊ณผ ์ œ๋ฆฌ - ํ…Œ๋„ค์Šค(๋งˆ์ดํด ํŽ˜๋ƒ) ์Šค๋„ค์ดํฌ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ: ์ง€.์•„์ด.์กฐ - ์Šค๋„ค์ดํฌ ์•„์ด์ฆˆ(ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ๊ณจ๋”ฉ) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณต์‹ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ๊ณต์‹ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„ 1996๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์„ฑ์šฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์น˜ํžˆ ์ถœ์‹ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru%20Kimura
Subaru Kimura
, known professionally as , is a German-born Japanese actor and rapper. His best-known role is voicing Takeshi Goda in the Doraemon series, which has spawned numerous specials. Biography Kimura was born in Blankenburg (Harz) and raised in Japan. After spending seven years in Germany, he returned to the theater company belonging to Sanno Production. In 2002, he appeared as a tap dancer in the Broadway musical Annie. He graduated from Harumi Sogo High School, but dropped out of Asia University. When he was in elementary school, he appeared as a child who resembled Kenji Haga in the impersonation program Mimakin on Nippon TV. On 15 April 2005, he became the new voice of Takeshi Goda in TV Asahi's anime series Doraemon, replacing the late Kazuya Tatekabe. Kimura was a junior high school student when he started the role. Filmography TV drama Tanken Bakumon (2012), Narrator Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger (2016), Bowlingam (ep. 19โ€“20) Uchu Sentai Kyuranger (2017), Seiza Blaster Voice, Ragio Voice (ep. 11โ€“12), Dark Blaster (ep. 26, 28, 31) Mashin Sentai Kiramager (2020), Bomb Jamen (ep. 25-26) GARUGAKU. ~Girls Garden~ (2021), Subanii We Are Medical Interns (2021), Takeshi Yamashita (ep. 2, 4, 6โ€“7) Kamen Rider Revice (2021), Vice / Kamen Rider Vice, Himself (30 - 31) The 13 Lords of the Shogun (2022), Prince Mochihito What Will You Do, Ieyasu? (2023), Watanabe Moritsuna Maybe Koi ga Kikoeru (2023), Yuto Fukamachi Film Okashiratsuki (2023), Katsuragi Anime 2005 Doraemon (2005โ€“present), Takeshi Goda 2011 Penguindrum, Kanba Takakura, Penguin 1 2012 Kuroko's Basketball, Papa Mbaye Siki Code:Breaker, Heike Masaomi 2013 Gundam Build Fighters, Alan Adams 2014 The Kindaichi Case Files R, Daisuke Kujiraki Psycho-Pass 2, Ogino Ping Pong: The Animation, Manabu Sakuma Black Bullet, Takuto Yasuwaki 2015 Assassination Classroom, Ryลma Terasaka Dance with Devils, Mage Nanashiro 2016 Sekkล Boys, Jiro Sandajima, Agrippa, Dionysos Bubuki Buranki, Sลya Arabashiri Assassination Classroom 2nd Season, Ryลma Terasaka Kagewani -II-, Jลji Honma 91 Days, Strega Galassia Haikyลซ!! Karasuno High School vs Shiratorizawa Academy, Satori Tendล Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans, Dayne Uhai March Comes in like a Lion, Issa Matsumoto 2017 Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS, Shลichi Kusanagi Puri Puri Chiichan!!, Chiteko (ep. 24) Altair: A Record of Battles, Kurt Boruto: Naruto Next Generations, Kลซ 2018 Zombie Land Saga, Rapper A Devilman Crybaby, Gabi Zoids Wild, Gyoza 2019 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind, Pesci RobiHachi, Allo Midnight Occult Civil Servants, Kiyo Gongen Actors: Songs Connection, Chiguma Marume Carole & Tuesday, Ezekiel Case File nยบ221: Kabukicho, Masaya 2020 Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle: Rhyme Anima, Ichiro Yamada Jujutsu Kaisen, Aoi Todo Ikebukuro West Gate Park, Hiroto Haikyลซ!! Season 4, Satori Tendล Akudama Drive, Hoodlum 2021 2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team, Yusuke Okuma Beastars Season 2, Free Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai , Galdandy The World Ends with You the Animation, Bito Daisukenojo Tokyo Revengers, Haruki Hayashida Re-Main, Jล Jลjima One Piece, Buggy (young) Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, Muscular Mice 2022 Cap Kakumei Bottleman DX, Tsubasa Akaushi The Prince of Tennis II: U-17 World Cup, J. J. Dorgias 2023 Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle: Rhyme Anima+, Ichiro Yamada Kawagoe Boys Sing, Jin Adachi Original net animation (ONA) Monster Strike (2016), Sanjo Takii Koro-sensei Q! (2016), Ryoma Terasaka Gundam Build Fighters: Battlogue (2017), Allan Adams The Heike Story (2021) The Way of the Househusband (2021), Gลda Super Crooks (2021), Sammy Diesel Record of Ragnarok II (2023), Raiden Tameemon Gamera Rebirth (2023), Brody Onimusha (2023), Goro-Maru Theatrical animation Doraemon: Nobita's Dinosaur 2006 (2006), Takeshi Goda Furusato Japan (2007), Gonji Abe Doraemon: Nobita's New Great Adventure into the Underworld (2007), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: Nobita and the Green Giant Legend (2008), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Spaceblazer (2009), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: Nobita's Great Battle of the Mermaid King (2010), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: Nobita and the New Steel Troopsโ€”Winged Angels (2011), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: Nobita and the Island of Miraclesโ€”Animal Adventure (2012), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: Nobita's Secret Gadget Museum (2013), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: New Nobita's Great Demonโ€”Peko and the Exploration Party of Five (2014), Takeshi Goda Stand by Me Doraemon (2014), Takeshi Goda Psycho-Pass: The Movie (2015), Sem Doraemon: Nobita's Space Heroes (2015), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016 (2016), Takeshi Goda Doraemon the Movie 2017: Great Adventure in the Antarctic Kachi Kochi (2017), Takeshi Goda Dance with Devils: Fortuna (2017), Mage Nanashiro Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Treasure Island (2018), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration (2019), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: Nobita's New Dinosaur (2020), Takeshi Goda Stand by Me Doraemon 2 (2020), Takeshi Goda The Crocodile That Lived for 100 Days (2021), Mole Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars 2021 (2022), Takeshi Goda Re:cycle of Penguindrum (2022), Kanba Takakura That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime: The Movie โ€“ Scarlet Bond (2022), Lacua The First Slam Dunk (2022), Hanamichi Sakuragi Gold Kingdom and Water Kingdom (2023), Jauhara City Hunter the Movie: Angel Dust (2023), Espada Doraemon: Nobita's Sky Utopia (2023), Takeshi Goda Doraemon: Nobita's Earth Symphony (2024), Takeshi Goda Blue Lock: Episode Nagi (2024), Ryล Nameoka Video games The World Ends with You (2007), Bito Daisukenojo Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance (2012), Bito Daisukenojo Granblue Fantasy (2015), J.J., Takeshi Goda IDOLiSH7 (2017), Inumaru Touma Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue (2017), Aced, Bito Daisukenojo Shin Megami Tensei: Strange Journey Redux (2017), Zeus WarioWare Gold (2018), 18-Volt, Mr. Sparkles Kingdom Hearts III (2019), Aced Zoids Wild: Blast Unleashed (2019), Gyoza Fire Emblem: Three Houses (2019), Balthus The King of Fighters for Girls (2019), Ryo Sakazaki Disney Twisted-Wonderland (2020), Sam Final Fantasy VII Remake (2020), Kotch Soulcalibur VI (2020), Hwang Seong-gyeong DC Super Hero Girls: Teen Power (2021), Hal Jordan NEO: The World Ends With You (2021), Bito Daisukenojo WarioWare: Get It Together! (2021), 18-Volt Tales of Luminaria (2021), Raoul Shin Megami Tensei V (2021), Zeus JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: All Star Battle R (2022), Pesci Star Ocean: The Divine Force (2022), Raymond Music/drama CD Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle (2017), Ichiro Yamada (MC B.B.) Commercials The Way of the Househusband (2020), Goda Dubbing Live-action Taron Egerton Testament of Youth, Edward Brittain Kingsman: The Secret Service, Gary "Eggsy" Unwin Kingsman: The Golden Circle, Gary "Eggsy" Unwin Robin Hood, Robin Hood Rocketman, Elton John Tetris, Henk Rogers Winston Duke Black Panther, M'Baku Avengers: Infinity War, M'Baku Avengers: Endgame, M'Baku Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, M'Baku The 100, Lincoln (Ricky Whittle) Bad Boys for Life, Dorn (Alexander Ludwig) Bad News Bears, Mike Engelberg Bullet Train, The Wolf (Benito A. Martรญnez Ocasio) CJ7, Storm Dragon Cats, Plato and Socrates (Les Twins) Cinderella, Town Crier (Doc Brown) Dallas, Tommy Sutter (Callard Harris) Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan, Major Harry Smith (Travis Fimmel) Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves, Simon the Sorcerer (Justice Smith) Empire, Jamal Lyon (Jussie Smollett) Ender's Game, Dink Meeker (Khylin Rhambo) F9, Twinkie (Bow Wow) Fantastic Four, Reed Richards/Mr. Fantastic (Miles Teller) Frankenstein's Army, Sergei (Joshua Sasse) Fury, Lt. Parker (Xavier Samuel) The Gallows, Ryan Shoos Get Smart (2011 TV Asahi edition), Lloyd (Nate Torrence) The Greatest Showman, Phillip Carlyle (Zac Efron) The Handmaid's Tale, Commander Nick Blaine (Max Minghella) Houdini & Doyle, George Gudgett (Adam Nagaitis) In the Heights, Usnavi (Anthony Ramos) Jexi, Kid Cudi The Little Mermaid, Sebastian (Daveed Diggs) Mulan, Yao (Chen Tang) Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City, Chris Redfield (Robbie Amell) Snake Eyes, Snake Eyes (Henry Golding) Sonic the Hedgehog 2, Knuckles the Echidna (Idris Elba) Spin Out, Billy (Xavier Samuel) Superfly, Eddie (Jason Mitchell) Tom & Jerry, Terrance (Michael Peรฑa) Top Gun: Maverick, Reuben "Payback" Fitch (Jay Ellis) Animation The Book of Life, Manolo Sรกnchez Mao Mao: Heroes of Pure Heart, Badgerclops Megamind, Hal Stewart/Tighten Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, Skeebo Puss in Boots: The Last Wish, Baby Bear RWBY, Cardin Winchester Sing 2, Darius Smallfoot, Migo Soul, Paul Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, Hobie Brown / Spider-Punk Star Wars Resistance, Kazuda Xiono Trolls World Tour, Tiny Diamond References External links Official blog Official agency profile 1990 births Living people Actors from Saxony-Anhalt Asia University (Japan) alumni German emigrants to Japan Japanese male child actors Japanese male musical theatre actors Japanese male models Japanese rappers Japanese television personalities People from Blankenburg (Harz) 21st-century Japanese male actors 21st-century Japanese singers 21st-century Japanese male singers
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%84%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%98
๋ผ์Šค ์„ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜
๋ผ์Šค ์„ค๋ฆฌ๋ฒˆ(Lars Sullivan, 1988๋…„ 7์›” 6์ผ ~ )๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ช…์€ ๋”œ๋ž€ ๋งˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ(Dylan Miley)๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋Š” 189cm(6 ft 2 in)์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 160kg(352 lb)๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์ฒด๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ 2013๋…„ ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง ์ž…๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์‰ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฒ— ๋“œ๋กญ, ํ”„๋ฆญํฌ ์—‘์‹œ๋˜ํŠธ(์›จ์ด์ŠคํŠธ-๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์Šฌ๋žจ)์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Professional wrestling highlights Finishing moves Diving headbutt drop Freak Accident (Waist-lift side slam) Signature moves Biel throw Canadian backbreaker rack Delayed vertical suplex Iron claw slam Military press drop Military press slam Modified body slam Multiple powerslam variations Falling Pop-up Running Wist-lock Running lariat Sitout powerbomb Nickname "NXT's Version Of The Colossus Of Rhodes" "The Freak" "The Humungous Hominid" "The Leviathan" Entrance themes "Freak" by CFO$ (WWE NXT/WWE; 2017-2019) "Freak V2" by CFO$ (WWE; 2020-2021) WWE NXT ๋กœํ‚ค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ํž˜์„ผ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฏน์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธ ์›จ์ด ํ˜ธ์„ธ, ์˜ค๋‹ˆ ๋กœ์ปจ, ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ ๋ฒ„์น˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ NXT ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„: ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ฆˆ์—์„œ ์บ์‹œ์–ด์Šค ์˜ค๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๊บพ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฐ์Šนํ–‰์ง„์„ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ WWE NXT์—์„œ ๋กœ๋ฐ๋ฆญ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ์„ ๊บพ๊ณ  12์›” 27์ผ NXT์—์„œ์˜ NXT ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ๋„์ „์ž ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ธ”๋ž™, ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋…ธ, ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ๋ฐ์ธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. NXT ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„: ๋‰ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋Œ€ NXT ๋…ธ์Šค ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ž˜๋”๋งค์น˜์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์• ๋ค ์ฝœ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๋˜ ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ ๋ฐ์ธ์„ 2018๋…„ 4์›” 18์ผ NXT์—์„œ No DQ ๋งค์น˜๋กœ ๊บพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ธ”๋ž™์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์ „ํ•ด์„œ NXT ํ…Œ์ดํฌ์˜ค๋ฒ„: ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  II์—์„œ๋Š” NXT ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ดํ•„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž ์‹œ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ '๋ธ”๋ž™ ์Šต๊ฒฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด'์˜ ๋ฒ”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” EC3๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ง„๋ฒ”์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์Ÿˆ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋…ธ๋‹ค!! WWE ์ค€๋น„์ค‘!! 2018๋…„ 11์›” 19์ผ WWE ๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ ์Šน๊ฒฉ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 2019๋…„ 4์›” 8์ผ WWE Raw์—์„œ ์ปคํŠธ ์•ต๊ธ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜ ์Šฌ๋žจ์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฒ— ๋“œ๋กญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•…์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค!! 2019๋…„ 4์›” 9์ผ WWE ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•˜๋”” ๋ณด์ด์ฆˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค!! ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜ ์Šฌ๋žจ, ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฒ— ๋“œ๋กญ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. WWE ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ!! 2019๋…„ 4์›” 15์ผ WWE Raw์—์„œ ์ด์™€์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค!! 2019๋…„ 4์›” 16์ผ WWE ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ ์ด์ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•Œ ํŠธ๋ฃจ์Šค ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 4์›” 23์ผ WWE ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ธ” ์ง„๋” ๋งˆํ• ์„ ๋ฌด์žํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง“๋ฐŸ๋Š”๋‹ค!! ๋งท์ง‘์ด ์žฅ๋‚œ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!! 2019๋…„ 5์›” 7์ผ WWE Raw์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋˜ ๋…ธ ์›จ์ด ํ˜ธ์„ธ์™€ ์ฝฉ๊ฐ€ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚ธ ๋’ค ๋ฐฑ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€์—์„œ ์™€์ผ๋“œ์นด๋“œ ๋ฃฐ ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์™€ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋นˆ์Šค ๋งฅ๋งจ์„ ๋งค์„ญ๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ๋ ค๋ณด๊ณค ํ‡ด์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 5์›” 7์ผ WWE ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐฑ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ๋งคํŠธ ํ•˜๋””์™€ ์•Œ ํŠธ๋ฃจ์Šค์˜ ์•ž์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋‘˜์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์“ฐ๋ŸฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌด์Œ์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ›„์ˆ ํ•  ๋…ผ๋ž€๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ WWE ์Šˆํผ ์‡ผ ๋‹ค์šด 2019์—์„œ ๋ฃจ์ฐจ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฝœ์—… ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ณต์‹์ „์„ ์น˜๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›” 3์ผ WWE Raw์—์„œ ์™€์ผ๋“œ ์นด๋“œ ๋ฃฐ๋กœ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฃจ์ฐจ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฆฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๊ตด์„ ๋งž๊ณ  ๋ง์•„์›ƒ๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2019๋…„ 6์›” 4์ผ WWE ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฃจ์ฐจ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‚ ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ WWE ์Šˆํผ ์‡ผ ๋‹ค์šด 2019์—์„œ ํ•ธ๋””์บก ๋งค์น˜๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ„์† ํ•ฉ๋™๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— DQ์Šนํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ํ‡ด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฃจ์ฐจ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ์ผ์›๋“ค์„ ์ซ“์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›” 10์ผ WWE Raw์—์„œ 3vs1 ํ•ธ๋””์บก ๋งค์น˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋๋‚ด ๋ฆฐ์„ธ ๋„๋ผ๋„, ๊ทธ๋ž€ ๋งคํƒˆ๋ฆญ์„ ๋‘˜๋‹ค ํƒˆ๋ฝ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ˜ ์Šฌ๋žจ ์ดํ›„๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฒ— ๋“œ๋กญ์œผ๋กœ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘”๋‹ค!! ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ˆ๋‚˜์˜ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2020๋…„ 10์›” 9์ผ WWE ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ 1๋…„ 4๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค!! ์ œํ”„ ํ•˜๋””, ๋งท ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋” ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ฆญํฌ ์—‘์‹œ๋˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค!! 2020๋…„ 10์›” 12์ผ WWE Raw์—์„œ ์กด ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ฆญํฌ ์—‘์‹œ๋˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์‚ด๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค!! ์•„์ง ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 10์›” 16์ผ WWE ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฟ ํ”„๋กœํ•์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์นผ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์•„ํด๋กœ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆˆ์™€ ์‡ผํ‹ฐ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•์‚ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œํ”„ ํ•˜๋””๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค!! 2020๋…„ 10์›” 23์ผ WWE ์Šค๋งฅ๋‹ค์šด๋„ ์‡ผํ‹ฐ ์ฅ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜... 2021๋…„ 2์›” 3์ผ๋‚ ์—์„œ๋Š” WWE ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์†Œ์‹์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ PWI ๋žญํฌ๋“œ ํž˜ #84 ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ํƒ‘ 500 ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ฆˆ ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง ์ธ ๋” PWI 500 ์ธ 2018 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ํ”„๋กœ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ 1988๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20Sullivan
Lars Sullivan
Dylan Miley (born July 6, 1988) is an American retired professional wrestler best known for his time in WWE under the ring name Lars Sullivan. He joined WWE in 2013 and spent several years training at the WWE Performance Center before making his debut on the NXT brand in April 2017. He made his main roster debut on Raw in April 2019, before being moved to SmackDown later that month. Following a tenure plagued by injuries, mental health issues, and the resurfacing of controversial online posts, he requested and was granted his release from WWE in early 2021. Professional wrestling career WWE (2014โ€“2021) Miley reported to the WWE Performance Center by October 2014. He wrestled his first recorded match on March 29, 2015, defeating Marcus Louis in a showcase match at WrestleMania Axxess. He then made sporadic appearances at NXT live events over the following two years. Miley made his television debut on the April 12, 2017 episode of NXT under his real name, teaming with Michael Blais in a loss to DIY. Following the match, Miley attacked Blais. In May 2017, he adopted the ring name Lars Sullivan. After several similar tag team appearances which resulted in him attacking his partner, Sullivan made his first appearance as a singles performer on the August 23 episode of NXT, attacking No Way Jose before a scheduled match. His first televised singles match and victory took place on the September 6 episode of NXT, defeating three jobbers in a three-on-one handicap match. Following weeks of squash matches, Sullivan defeated Kassius Ohno at NXT TakeOver: WarGames on November 18, 2017. In December, he competed in a tournament to determine NXT Champion Andrade Cien Almas' opponent for NXT TakeOver: Philadelphia that was won by Johnny Gargano. At NXT TakeOver: New Orleans on April 7, 2018, Sullivan took part in a six-man ladder match for the NXT North American Championship, which was won by Adam Cole. Sullivan wrestled his final televised NXT match on June 16, 2018 at NXT TakeOver: Chicago II, unsuccessfully challenging NXT Champion Aleister Black; the loss marked his first pinfall defeat in NXT. In November 2018, vignettes began airing for Sullivan's main roster debut on both Raw and SmackDown. He was scheduled to appear on Raw on January 14, 2019, but reportedly walked out due to an anxiety attack. On the April 8 episode of Raw, Sullivan made his debut by attacking Kurt Angle, who had retired at WrestleMania 35 the previous night. Pushed as a monstrous villain by WWE, he went on to attack high-profile wrestlers such as Rey Mysterio and The Hardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy). As part of the Superstar Shake-up on April 16, he moved to the SmackDown brand. He began feuding with Lucha House Party (Kalisto, Gran Metalik, and Lince Dorado), defeating them via disqualification in a three-on-one handicap match at Super ShowDown. During a rematch with Lucha House Party on the June 10 episode of Raw, he sustained a severe knee injury with a predicted recovery time of six to nine months. Sullivan returned on the October 9, 2020 episode of SmackDown, attacking Jeff Hardy, Matt Riddle, and The Miz. On the October 23 episode of SmackDown, he defeated Shorty G in what would be Sullivan's final match in WWE. In January 2021, Miley was quietly released from his WWE contract after being removed from programming. It was revealed by Miley that he had asked for his release after informing WWE that he was done with pro wrestling due to his ongoing anxiety issues. In an interview conducted with Fightful on February 3, 2021, Miley stated that he is "likely done" with professional wrestling. Personal life In May 2019, it was revealed that Miley had used multiple accounts on the Bodybuilding.com forum to write what Sports Illustrated described as "a slew of racist, sexist, homophobic, and otherwise offensive posts" between 2007 and 2013. Some of the posts were directed towards WWE employees and were written after Miley had joined WWE. Paste wrote that the posts showed "a long history of repeated behavior" and noted that some of them had insulted foreigners and the mentally ill. In response to the accusations, Miley stated, "There is no excuse for the inappropriate remarks that I made years ago. They do not reflect my personal beliefs nor who I am today, and I apologize to anyone I offended." He was fined $100,000 by WWE and required to complete sensitivity training. In December 2019, it was revealed that Miley had performed in homosexual pornographic films under the name Mitch Bennett years earlier. Championships and accomplishments Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 84 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2018 References External links 1988 births Living people American male professional wrestlers People from Westminster, Colorado Professional wrestlers from Colorado 21st-century professional wrestlers
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%20%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%A4%EC%8B%9C%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%8D%94%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%96%BC%ED%8B%B0%EB%B0%8B
์Šˆํผ ์Šค๋งค์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค ์–ผํ‹ฐ๋ฐ‹
ใ€Š์Šˆํผ ์Šค๋งค์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค ์–ผํ‹ฐ๋ฐ‹ใ€‹(, )์€ ์Šค๋งค์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด "์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€" ํ˜น์€ "์ „์› ์ฐธ์ „(Everyone is Here)" ์Šˆํผ ์Šค๋งค์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค ์–ผํ‹ฐ๋ฐ‹์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์•ž์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ๋ถˆ์˜ ๋ณ„ ๋Œ€๋‚œํˆฌ ์Šค๋งค์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค X์ดํ›„๋กœ 10๋…„๋งŒ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฐฝ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '๋น›์˜ ํ™”์‹  ํ‚ค๋ผ'์— ๋งž์„œ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ํ”ผ๊ทœ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…๋“ค๋„ ์ „๋ฉธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋…์ฒด๋กœ ๋– ๋„๋Š” ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ปค๋น„๋งŒ์€ ์›Œํ”„์Šคํƒ€๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์—์„œ ๋„๋ง์น˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋™์œผ๋กœ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•ด์„œ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žƒ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ƒ์กด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‚ค๋ผ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งž์„œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจํ—˜์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ข…๋œ ๊ผญ๋‘๊ฐ์‹œ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํš๋“ํ•œ ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋œ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด ๋™๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋„์žฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ƒ์ ์€ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟํฌ์ธํŠธ(SP)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒด๋ ฅ์žฅ์€ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ1์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋‹จ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋„์žฅ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ตํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ์—ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์— ๋ง‰๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ์„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉํ•ด์•ผ ์—ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒํ—˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉํ•ด์•ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํƒํ—˜ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‚ค๋ผ์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ 01.๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค - ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ์Šˆํผ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. ๋ณธ์ž‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šˆํผ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์˜ค๋””์„ธ์ด์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šคํ‚จ์œผ๋กœ ๋นŒ๋” ๋ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ์›จ๋”ฉ ๋ณต์žฅ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 02.๋™ํ‚ค์ฝฉ - ๋™ํ‚ค์ฝฉ ๋™ํ‚ค์ฝฉ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. 03.๋งํฌ - ์ ค๋‹ค์˜ ์ „์„ค ์ ค๋‹ค์˜ ์ „์„ค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. 04.์‚ฌ๋ฌด์Šค - ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. 04ฮต.๋‹คํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์Šค - ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ณธ์ž‘์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฐธ์ „ํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์•…์—ญ. 05.์š”์‹œ - ์š”์‹œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์ž ์š”์‹œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. 06.์ปค๋น„ - ๋ณ„์˜ ์ปค๋น„ ์ปค๋น„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. ์Šคํ†ค์ค‘์— ์ ค๋‹ค์˜ ์ „์„ค์˜ ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค 07.ํญ์Šค - ์Šคํƒ€ํญ์Šค ์Šคํƒ€ํญ์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. 08.ํ”ผ์นด์ธ„ - ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ. 09.๋ฃจ์ด์ง€ - ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์ž ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€ ๋งจ์…˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. 10.๋„ค์Šค - EarthBound ๋งˆ๋”2์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. 11.์บกํ‹ด ํŒ”์ฝ˜ - F-Zero 12.ํ‘ธ๋ฆฐ - ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ 13.ํ”ผ์น˜ - ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค 13ฮต.๋ฐ์ด์ง€ - ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค 14.์ฟ ํŒŒ - ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค 15.์–ผ์Œ ํƒ€๊ธฐ - Ice Climber 16.์‹œํฌ - ์ ค๋‹ค์˜ ์ „์„ค 17.์ ค๋‹ค - ์ ค๋‹ค์˜ ์ „์„ค 18.๋‹ฅํ„ฐ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค - ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค 19.ํ”ผ์ธ„ - ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ 20.ํŒ”์ฝ” - ์Šคํƒ€ํญ์Šค ์Šคํƒ€ํญ์Šค์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ. 21.๋งˆ๋ฅด์Šค - ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˜ 21ฮต.๋ฃจํ‚ค๋‚˜ - ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˜ 22.์†Œ๋…„ ๋งํฌ - ์ ค๋‹ค์˜ ์ „์„ค 23.๊ฐ€๋…ผ๋Œํ”„ - ์ ค๋‹ค์˜ ์ „์„ค 24.๋ฎค์ธ  - ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ 25.๋กœ์ด - ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˜ 25ฮต.ํฌ๋กฌ - ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˜ 26.Mr. ๊ฒŒ์ž„&์›Œ์น˜ - Game & Watch 27.๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ - ๋ณ„์˜ ์ปค๋น„ 28.ํ”ผํŠธ - Kid Icarus ํ‚ค๋“œ ์ด์นด๋ฃจ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. 28ฮต.๋ธ”๋ž™ํ”ผํŠธ - Kid Icarus 29.์ œ๋กœ ์ŠˆํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์Šค - ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ 30.์™€๋ฆฌ์˜ค - ๋ฉ”์ด๋“œ ์ธ ์™€๋ฆฌ์˜ค 31.์Šค๋„ค์ดํฌ - Metal Gear Solid 32.์•„์ดํฌ - ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˜ 33-35.ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ๏ผˆ๊ผฌ๋ถ€๊ธฐ(33) / ์ด์ƒํ•ดํ’€(34) / ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ชฝ(35)๏ผ‰ - ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ 36.๋””๋””์ฝฉ - ๋™ํ‚ค์ฝฉ 37.๋ฅ˜์นด - EarthBound 38.์†Œ๋‹‰ - ์†Œ๋‹‰ 39.๋””๋””๋”” ๋Œ€์™• - ๋ณ„์˜ ์ปค๋น„ 40.ํ”ผํฌ๋ฏผ&์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ - ํ”ผํฌ๋ฏผ 41.๋ฃจ์นด๋ฆฌ์˜ค - ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ 42.R.O.B. - Nintendo Entertainment System R.O.B. 43.ํˆฐ๋งํฌ - ์ ค๋‹ค์˜ ์ „์„ค 44.์šธํ”„ - ์Šคํƒ€ํญ์Šค 45.๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ - ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆฒ 46.๋ก๋งจ - ๋ก๋งจ 47.Wii Fit ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ - Wii Fit 48.๋กœ์ ค๋ฆฌ๋‚˜&์น˜์ฝ” - ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค 49.๋ฆฌํ‹€๋งฅ - Punch-Out!! 50.๊ฐœ๊ตด๋‹Œ์ž - ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ 51-53.Mii ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ(๊ฒฉํˆฌํ˜•(51)/๊ฒ€์ˆ ํ˜•(52)/์‚ฌ๊ฒฉํ˜•(53)) - Mii 54.ํŒŒ๋ฅดํ…Œ๋‚˜ - Kid Icarus ํ‚ค๋“œ ์ด์นด๋ฃจ์Šค์˜ ํžˆ๋กœ์ธ. 55.ํŒฉ๋งจ - ํŒฉ๋งจ 56.๋Ÿฌํ”Œ๋ ˆ - ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˜ 57.์Šˆ๋ฅดํฌ - Xenoblade Chronicles 58.์ฟ ํŒŒ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด - ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค 59.๋•ํ—ŒํŠธ - ๋•ํ—ŒํŠธ 60.Ryu - Street Fighter 61ฮต.Ken - Street Fighter 61.ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ - Final Fantasy VII 62.์นด๋ฌด์ด - ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˜ 63.๋ฒ ์š”๋„คํƒ€ - Bayonetta 64.์ž‰ํด๋ง - Splatoon 65.๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋ฆฌ - ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋“œ 66.์‚ฌ์ด๋จผ - Castlevania 66ฮต.๋ฆญํ„ฐ - Castlevania 67.ํ‚นํฌ๋ฃจ๋ฃจ - ๋™ํ‚ค์ฝฉ 68.์—ฌ์šธ - ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆฒ 69.์–ดํฅ์—ผ - ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ DLC ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ DLC ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์Šˆํผ ์Šค๋งค์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค for ๋‹Œํ…๋„ 3DS/Wii U์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ• ์‹œ ๋ฐฐํฌ์ผ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋œ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ธํŠธ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 70.๋ป๋”ํ”Œ๋ผ์›Œ - ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค(๋‹Œํ…๋„e์ˆ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ํ•œ์ • ์ฟ ํฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํš๋“(๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ํ•œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ํŒฉ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚ด์žฅ) 71.์กฐ์ปค - ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜ 72.์šฉ์‚ฌ - ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค ํ€˜์ŠคํŠธ 73.๋ฐ˜์กฐ & ์นด์ฃผ์ด - ๋ฐ˜์กฐ์™€ ์นด์ฃผ์ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ชจํ—˜ 74.ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ - ์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค 75.๋ฒจ๋ ˆํŠธ / ๋ฒจ๋ ˆ์Šค - ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˜ 76.๋ฏธ์—”๋ฏธ์—” - ARMS 77.์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ / ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค - Minecraft ์Šคํ‚จ์œผ๋กœ ์ข€๋น„์™€ ์—”๋”๋งจ๋„ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. 78.์„ธํ”ผ๋กœ์Šค - Final Fantasy VII 79-80.ํ˜ธ๋ฌด๋ผ / ํžˆ์นด๋ฆฌ - Xenoblade Chronicles 81.์นด์ฆˆ์•ผ - ์ฒ ๊ถŒ ์ฒ ๊ถŒ์˜ ์•…์—ญ. 82.์†Œ๋ผ - ํ‚น๋คํ•˜์ธ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2018๋…„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‹Œํ…๋„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์Šˆํผ ์Šค๋งค์‹œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ฒฉํˆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Smash%20Bros.%20Ultimate
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate is a 2018 crossover fighting game developed by Bandai Namco Studios and Sora Ltd. and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It is the fifth installment in the Super Smash Bros. series, succeeding Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U (2014). The game follows the series' traditional style of gameplay, in which players control one of the various characters and use attacks to weaken their opponents and knock them out of an arena. It features a wide variety of game modes, including a single-player campaign and multiplayer versus modes. Ultimate features 89 playable fighters, including all characters from previous Super Smash Bros. games as well as newcomers. The roster ranges from Nintendo characters to those from third-party franchises. Planning for the game had begun by December 2015, with full development starting after the completion of 3DS/Wii U downloadable content (DLC). Series creator and director Masahiro Sakurai returned along with Bandai Namco Studios and Sora, the studios that developed 3DS/Wii U, with their return speeding up the preparation process. Sakurai's goal with Ultimate was to include every character from previous games in the series, despite the various development and licensing challenges this would present. Several well-known video game musicians contributed to the soundtrack, with Hideki Sakamoto writing the main theme "Lifelight". Nintendo first teased Ultimate in a Nintendo Direct in March 2018 and fully revealed it at E3 2018 the following June. It later received two additional Directs prior to its release on December 7, 2018. The game received universal acclaim, with some critics calling it the best of the series; they praised its amount of content and fine-tuning of existing Smash gameplay elements, although its online mode received criticism. Ultimate is the best-selling fighting game of all time, having sold over 30 million copies as of March 2023. It is also a popular competitive fighting game, and has commonly been ranked as one of the best fighting games ever made and one of the greatest video games of all time. The game received downloadable content adding new fighters, stages, and other content from its release until October 2021. Gameplay Super Smash Bros. Ultimate is a platform fighter for up to eight players in which characters from Nintendo games and third-party franchises fight to knock each other out of an arena. Each player has a percentage meter which raises as they take damage, thus increasing the knockback they take and making them easier to launch in the air and out of the arena. Standard battles use one of three victory conditions: Timed, where players aim to win the most points by defeating opponents within a time limit; Stock, where players have a set number of lives and aim to be the last player standing; and Stamina, where players reduce their opponent's health down to zero to defeat them. Players can adjust the rules to their liking and save them as presets for future matches. Players can also enable various items which attack enemies or grant them power-ups, along with Pokรฉ Balls and Assist Trophies, which respectively summon Pokรฉmon and other non-playable characters to assist them in battle. In Timed matches, certain Assist Trophies can be attacked and defeated to earn points. Each character also possesses a powerful Final Smash attack, which can be performed either by obtaining a Smash Ball or by filling up a special meter, both of which can be toggled on and off. The base game features 104 different stages, with additional stages being added alongside DLC fighters. Stages can be played in alternative Battlefield and Omega forms or toggled to remove stage hazards. A new feature called Stage Morph allows players to select two stages that the game alternates between at certain intervals during a match. Other tweaks include new icons and gauges for character-specific abilities, such as Cloud's Limit gauge. In addition to returning modes such as Classic, Special Smash, and Home-Run Contest, Ultimate adds new modes. These are Smashdown, where each character can only be played once; Squad Strike, where players battle in teams of multiple characters; and a tournament mode that allows up to 32 players to battle in playoff brackets. Spirits Ultimate introduces the Spirits mechanic, replacing the collectible trophies from previous games. Each of these Spirits, based on characters from represented franchises, can be used to power up a fighter with unique abilities. Players mainly gain Spirits through pre-made challenges called "Spirit Battles" that represent the character the Spirit depicts, which are embodied by one or more of the game's fighters and other specific level effects. For example, the Spirit battle of Rayquaza, a flying dragon Pokรฉmon, requires players to defeat a large version of Ridley with a similar color palette and wind effects. Players are encouraged to strategically choose Spirits based on the battle conditions; in the same example, a Spirit that provides wind resistance or immunity would lessen or neutralize the wind's effects. A separate mode called the Spirit Board presents a rotating set of Spirit battles for players to gain Spirits from. Spirits have a growth and evolution system, in which they can be leveled up to become more powerful or converted into Cores to summon new Spirits. Certain Spirits will also become an "enhanced" form upon reaching max level, but will return to level 1. Nintendo offers limited-timed Spirit events in cross-promotion with other games and franchises, with the Spirits featured only available to collect during the event. Eventually, these Spirits make their way into general rotation and can be found on the Spirit Board. The Smash mode also supports the Spirit mechanics optionally. World of Light Ultimate features the return of Adventure Mode, which was absent in 3DS/WiiU. It is now integrated into the Spirits mode with a new story, World of Light, which prominently utilizes the game's Spirit mechanics. The mode's narrative begins with an evil entity, Galeem, destroying the Smash Bros. world, vaporizing almost all of the fighter characters and placing them under his imprisonment; only Kirby, due to his Warp Star, evades this attack. Players explore a new world that Galeem created to rescue captured fighters and Spirits -the remnants of other characters' physical forms- by completing marked Spirit battles. Players can use regained allies and Spirits to overcome certain challenges on the map and defeat Galeem. However, after Galeem is defeated, a new enemy, Dharkon, emerges; after Dharkon's defeat, it wages war against Galeem. If just Galeem is defeated, Dharkon will engulf the world in darkness, but if just Dharkon is defeated, then Galeem will cover the universe with light. However, by defeating an equal amount of light and dark Spirits on the final map, players are able to challenge and defeat both of them, freeing the Spirits from their control and allowing them to return to the real world. Multiplayer The game supports local multiplayer, local wireless with other systems, and online play via Wi-Fi or LAN connections. By defeating players online, players earn tags which can be traded for in-game currency to buy new Spirits, music, and Mii Fighter costumes. The game is compatible with Joy-Con controllers, the Nintendo Switch Pro Controller, and GameCube controllers via an USB adapter. Like the previous entry, amiibo figurines can be used to create AI-controlled Figure Players, which can be trained to become stronger. Shortly after the game's release, a service for the Nintendo Switch Online mobile app, known as "Smash World", was launched, which allows players to check their game statistics and share images and videos captured from the game to social media. Ultimate features over 900 music tracks, which can be played through the Switch's handheld mode while in standby mode. Version 3.0 of the game, released in April 2019, adds a Stage Builder, which allows players to create custom stages which can be shared or downloaded through the Switch Online service. The update also includes a replay editor, allowing players to edit stored replays, which can be shared online or downloaded to other devices. These replays are available within the Smash World app. An update in May 2019 provided limited support for the virtual reality VR Kit of Nintendo Labo, allowing players to view computer-only matches in VR or play in a 1-on-1 mode against the computer. An update in September 2019 added the Home-Run Contest mode from previous Smash games. Playable characters Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, like other games in the Super Smash Bros. series, features a crossover cast of fighters from several different Nintendo franchises, as well as fighters from series by third-party developers such as Konami, Sega, Capcom, Bandai Namco Entertainment, Square Enix, PlatinumGames, Microsoft, SNK, and Disney. The base game features 74 playable fighters, consisting of all 63 previous fighters from past entries and 11 newcomers: the Inklings from Splatoon; Princess Daisy from the Mario series; Ridley and Dark Samus from the Metroid series; Simon Belmont and Richter Belmont from the Castlevania series; Chrom from Fire Emblem Awakening; King K. Rool from the Donkey Kong series; Isabelle from the Animal Crossing series; Ken Masters from the Street Fighter series; and Incineroar from Pokรฉmon Sun and Moon. When starting the game, players only have access to the eight starter characters of the original Super Smash Bros. and unlock the rest by completing the game's Classic modes, playing through World of Light, or fighting a certain amount of battles. Certain characters whose movesets are directly based on other characters are now classified as "Echo Fighters", possessing similar movesets and proportions to the fighters they are based on, but with unique animations and gameplay differences. On the character selection screen, these characters can either be listed individually or stacked with the fighters they are based on. Select characters also have alternative skins featuring different genders or sometimes other characters, such as Bowser Jr., who has the other Koopalings as skins, but with identical animations and abilities. Several returning characters received updates to their appearances, such as Mario having Cappy from Super Mario Odyssey accompanying him and The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild's incarnation of Link replacing the one from Twilight Princess. Additional fighters have been added to the game via post-release downloadable content (DLC). The first of these, Piranha Plant from the Mario series, was released in January 2019 and made available for free to those who purchased and registered the game with a My Nintendo account before the end of that month. Additional fighters, each coming with a unique stage and related music, have been released both individually and as part of two Fighters Pass bundles. The first Fighters Pass consisted of five characters: Joker from Atlus' Persona 5, released in April 2019; the Hero from Square Enix's Dragon Quest series, released in July 2019; Banjo & Kazooie from Rare's Banjo-Kazooie series, released in September 2019; Terry Bogard from SNK's Fatal Fury series, released in November 2019; and Byleth from Fire Emblem: Three Houses, released in January 2020. The second Fighters Pass, titled Fighters Pass Volume 2, consisted of six additional fighters and was the final content planned for Ultimate. The first character in this collection, Min Min from ARMS, was released in June 2020. Steve, the default player avatar from Mojang Studios' Minecraft, was released in October 2020. Sephiroth, the antagonist from Square Enix's Final Fantasy VII, was released in December 2020, with players able to unlock him a few days early by defeating him in a limited-time boss battle known as the "Sephiroth Challenge". Pyra and Mythra, a dual character from Xenoblade Chronicles 2, were released in March 2021. Kazuya Mishima from Bandai Namco's Tekken series was released in June 2021. Sora from Disney and Square Enix series Kingdom Hearts was the final fighter to be added in October 2021. Development Super Smash Bros. Ultimate was developed by Bandai Namco Studios and Sora Ltd., the same studios that developed Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, for the Nintendo Switch, with series creator Masahiro Sakurai returning as game director. Unlike previous Super Smash Bros. games, the team was not assembled from the ground up, which sped up preparation time. The project plan for the game was in the works by December 2015, when the DLC for 3DS and Wii U was in development, and finished after it was completed. Staff gathering was done soon afterward. The development period was shorter compared to previous entries in the series. Hatena assisted with the development of some elements, and tri-Crescendo contributed to programming and design. According to Sakurai, producing a Super Smash Bros. game for the Switch was the last request that former Nintendo president Satoru Iwata had given him before his death in 2015, and he wanted to make the game the best possible product he could to respect him. Sakurai sought to include every character from previous games, as to not disappoint fans. However, he knew this would be a complex problem for both development and licensing; it would also drastically increase the cost of development. The return of Bandai and Sora made it easier for this to happen. Sakurai also wanted to adjust character abilities to speed up the game, although not to an extent that would alienate players unfamiliar with the series. Sakurai knew that Ultimate was a core game for Nintendo and that it had a dedicated player base that he did not want to disappoint, and believed that completing this goal was necessary to satisfy them. Sakurai was also faced with the decision to either create a completely new game system or build off of pre-existing ones; he chose to build off pre-existing ones because there would only be about a third of the characters he desired in the final game. All the returning characters' abilities had to be re-balanced so they could work in Ultimate. Originally, gameplay would differ between the Switch's docked and handheld modes, but Sakurai scrapped this idea since the system's screen in handheld mode was better than he thought. Sakurai believed this would be the only Smash game to have the full roster of returning characters, calling the effort to include the characters, music, stage settings, and other elements as "unprecedented", and cautioned that future games in the series would likely be smaller in scope. However, he still wanted to add as many fighters as possible through DLC. Voice lines recorded by David Hayter for Snake were re-used for Ultimate, despite Hayter having been replaced with Kiefer Sutherland in Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. Xander Mobus, who voiced Crazy Hand, Master Hand, and the announcer in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, also made a return with new voice clips, in addition to reprising his role as Joker from Persona 5 when he was added as DLC. The addition of Ridley from Metroid as a playable character had been highly requested within the Super Smash Bros. community for some time. In 2008, Sakurai stated that he knew Ridley was a high-demand character, but thought that he was "impossible" to add unless they were able to sacrifice the character's size for balancing purposes. So that Ridley could be included in the game, Sakurai studied the art of the character and redesigned him so he could stand upright. All characters were chosen at the beginning of development except for Incineroar, who had not been created yet; the team instead left a space open for a Sun and Moon Pokรฉmon. The Inklings' ink mechanic proved challenging to implement due to its interactions with environments. The team built Ultimate from scratch with new assets and content. Localization manager Nate Bihldorff stated that the game significantly upgraded lighting effects and texture rendering from the game engine of the Wii U version. The World of Light mode was inspired by Brawl (2008) Subspace Emissary, and Sakurai chose to start it with a cataclysmic event because he thought it would leave a greater impact on players. The team conceived the Spirits mechanic because they wanted to create an enjoyable single-player mode, but did not have enough resources to create character models. While it did not let them tell stories for individual fighters or create new locations and rules, it let them use various characters and assets. One part of the team chose Spirits to include in the game and had to thoroughly research them; according to Sakurai, the Spirits mode was essential for using various franchises. Music Like previous games in the series, Ultimate features several well-known video game music composers and arrangers providing a mix of original music and rearrangements of various tracks for the represented franchises, with over 1,000 tracks in total. New to Ultimate is the tying of tracks to franchises instead of individual stages, as well as the ability to create custom playlists to listen to outside of the game when the Switch is in handheld mode. Sakurai stated that he began contacting composers over a year before release, providing them with a database of over a thousand suggested track ideas. In addition, he allowed them to submit their own personal favorites, with those choices being given priority for inclusion. While Sakurai oversaw the process and preferred that the music retain the spirit of the original games, the direction of them was generally handled by the composers themselves. The main theme, "Lifelight", composed by Hideki Sakamoto, is the basis of most of the game's original music. Downloadable content As with previous entries, Nintendo planned to offer new fighters through DLC; however, unlike with the 3DS and Wii U, where players could request which characters they wished to see in the game, Nintendo chose which characters they would add by November 2018. Like the previous title, additional Mii costumes were released as paid DLC, with certain costumes also adding new music tracks to the game. Sakurai believed that despite characters like Joker, the first announced DLC fighter, not being from games usually associated with Nintendo, they were added because they were "emblematic" of the types of characters they wanted to add to Ultimate. He also stated that they "bring just a whole different level of fun and enjoyment for players". The Piranha Plant was chosen as a DLC character because Sakurai wanted to add diversity to the roster. Nintendo met with Rare studio head Craig Duncan at E3 2018 to discuss the possibility of including Banjo and Kazooie as downloadable content; Duncan, believing it to be "a great opportunity", agreed and connected the two development teams for further discussions. Sakurai noted that Banjo and Kazooie were the second most requested character for Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U in a Nintendo-sanctioned fan vote in 2015, and that their addition happened "quite easily", despite the property being owned by Microsoft through its acquisition of Rare. Phil Spencer, the head of Xbox, stated that negotiating their inclusion was "an easy deal to make" thanks to Microsoft's strong partnership with Nintendo. The development of Fighters Pass Volume 2 was heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, as due to stay-at-home orders in Japan, Sakurai and his development team had to work remotely. According to Daniel Kaplan of Mojang Studios, early discussions between Nintendo and Microsoft including Minecraft content in the Super Smash Bros. series had begun roughly five years prior to Steve's addition into the game. The character's inclusion required the development team to rework every stage in the game in order to accommodate Steve's gameplay mechanics. Sakurai had wanted to include Sora from Kingdom Hearts in the game because he was the top fighter requested for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U in the 2015 fan vote. However, they initially thought that the legality surrounding the intellectual property with Disney would be insurmountable, and originally planned for only five fighters in the second pass. However, Sakurai met a Disney representative at an award venue, which facilitated the start of negotiations for Sora's inclusion. Nintendo, Disney, and Square Enix saw towards including Sora in the game and overseeing all aspects related to his inclusion, with several limitations and guidelines they were required to follow. The Sora Challenger Pack featured a promotional tie-in with the 2020 rhythm game Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory: players with Melody of Memory save data on their Nintendo Switch would unlock the music track "Dearly Beloved (Swing Version)". Release Ultimate was teased during a Nintendo Direct presentation on March 8, 2018, under the working title Super Smash Bros., with the release year shown to be 2018. Nintendo formally announced the game at E3 2018, revealing that the full roster of characters from past games would be included, as well as its release date. Demo versions were playable at E3 in June and at the San Diego Comic-Con the following month. IGN nominated Ultimate for its Best Game of E3 2018 award; the game won Best Nintendo Switch Game from both IGN and Gamescom. Two Nintendo Direct presentations in 2018, one on August 8 and another one on November 1, were devoted to the game, revealing new characters, stages, and game modes. Nintendo released Super Smash Bros. Ultimate worldwide on December 7, 2018. In addition to the standard retail version, a special edition containing a Super Smash Bros.-themed Nintendo Switch Pro Controller and a Switch with a download code was also released. An additional special edition contained a pair of Super Smash Bros.-themed Joy-Con as well as a Switch console, a Super Smash Bros.-themed dock, and a download code for the game. A GameCube controller with the Super Smash Bros. Ultimate logo was released on November 2, 2018. One of the game's new additions had the character Mr. Game & Watch assuming the appearance of a feather- and loincloth-wearing Native American when using one of his attacksโ€”a reference to Fire Attack (1982), in which players controlled a cowboy defending his fort from attacking indigenous people. Some series fans saw this as racist, leading to Nintendo apologizing and removing the animation in an update shortly after release. Two weeks before its release, a leaked copy of the game was distributed across the internet. Nintendo took steps to issue copyright strikes on YouTube videos using data mined content, while fans worked to isolate spoilers, particularly the World of Light story mode, from those that had played the leaked version. Reception Ultimate received "universal acclaim" from critics, according to the review aggregator platform Metacritic. Critics lauded the huge cast of characters and levels, new game modes, and combining of the best elements from its predecessors. French video game website Jeuxvideo.com called it the best game in the series, praising its features which "brilliantly mix gargantuan content with nostalgia". Bleacher Report hailed the game's colorful art style, faster gameplay, and unique stages. IGN praised the game's decision to bring back every character from the series as "ambitious and excellent". The game's massive soundtrack and portable music player were praised by The Verge. However, the game's online mode received criticism for its technical performance and matchmaking. Many players found significant lag affecting their games, even when using wired connections over wireless, while the game's matchmaking features did not adhere to players' criteria, with players frequently playing matches with rule sets they did not choose. The matchmaking process was further criticized for making it difficult for friends to join matches over random players, and not allowing multiple local players to join in online matches. There had been so many complaints on Ultimate subreddit that the administrators forwarded all complaints to a separate thread. Ultimate World of Light mode also received mixed reviews. While some found the single-player mode both accessible and challenging, others found the mode tedious and excessive. Sales In November 2018, Nintendo announced Ultimate was the most pre-ordered game for the Switch and in the series. The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment reported that Ultimate was the fastest-selling Switch and Super Smash Bros. game in the United Kingdom, with physical launch sales 302% higher than those for Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, 233% higher than those for 3DS, and 62.5% higher than those for Brawl. In its first three days on sale in Japan, the game sold 1.2ย million copies, outselling Pokรฉmon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee! and The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild in the region. Within 11 days of its release, Ultimate had sold more than three million copies within the United States, making it the fastest-selling Switch game in the country. It was similarly the fastest-selling Switch game as well as the fastest-selling game for any Nintendo console in Europe based on the first 11-day sales. It was estimated that the game sold and shipped over five million copies within its first three days of release. Within three weeks, Ultimate became the fifth best-selling Switch game in the United Kingdom, surpassing the sales of Splatoon 2. In January 2019, Amazon reported that Ultimate was their highest selling video game product of 2018, with Nintendo officially announcing that the game had shipped over 12.08ย million copies worldwide. Ultimate was also Nintendo's fastest-selling game of all time until being surpassed by Pokรฉmon Sword and Shield in 2019. By September 2020, the game had sold over 21.10ย million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling fighting game of all time, surpassing the record of Street Fighter II, and became the third-best-selling Nintendo Switch game, only behind Animal Crossing: New Horizons and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe. , total sales reached million. Awards The game won the award for "Best Nintendo Switch Game", "Best Fighting Game", and "Best Multiplayer Game" in IGN's Best of 2018 Awards, whereas its other nominations were for "Game of the Year" and "Best Video Game Music". Esports EVO 2019, held on August 2โ€“4, 2019, featured Ultimate as one of its main events. It was the largest offline Smash Bros. tournament of all time, with 3,534 entrants signed up. It set a new record for EVO concurrent viewership, with over 279,000 viewers during Top 8. On May 8โ€“10, 2020, top Super Smash Bros. Melee player Hungrybox partnered with NFL running back Le'Veon Bell and esports organization Team Liquid to host The Box, an online tournament with a $10,000 prize pool. With over 8,000 entrants, it was the largest online Smash Bros. tournament of all time. In February 2020, it was announced that the Smash World Tour would feature both Super Smash Bros. Melee and Ultimate players for a grand prize pool of $250,000. The tournament would have included international qualifiers, with the grand finals' location to be in the United States. However, the COVID-19 pandemic quickly led to several of the qualifiers getting either postponed or canceled. The Smash World Tour was successfully relaunched in 2021, featuring a mix of online and offline qualifiers and culminating in a final offline championship. In 2022, an officially licensed circuit was introduced, being the Panda Cup, featuring Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. However on November 24, 2022, Nintendo stated that the Smash World Tour 2022 could not continue, as they did not have a license from Nintendo. Accusations of Panda CEO, Alan Bunney, caused many players who had qualified for the Panda Cup to drop out. This caused both the Panda Cup and the Smash World Tour 2022 Championships to be cancelled, along with the Smash World Tour 2023. Notes References External links 2018 video games 2.5D fighting games Bandai Namco games Cooperative video games Crossover fighting games Esports games Fighting games Fighting games used at the Evolution Championship Series tournament Golden Joystick Award winners Japan Game Awards' Game of the Year winners Multiplayer and single-player video games Nintendo Switch games Nintendo Switch-only games Platform fighters Super Smash Bros. The Game Awards winners Video games developed in Japan Video games directed by Masahiro Sakurai Video games scored by Hideki Sakamoto Video games that use Amiibo figurines Video games with AI-versus-AI modes Video games with user-generated gameplay content
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EA%B0%80%EB%86%8D%EC%9E%A5
์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ
์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ(Windowfarm)์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํƒ€ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ(Britta Riley)๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋„์‹œ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ์ค‘ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด ์ •์›์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด‘์„ ์ฌ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์–‘์•ก์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธ ์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ์ฆˆ(Windowfarms)๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฌผ, ์ฑ„์†Œ, ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์ง ๋†์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†๊ฒฝ์  ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์Œ์‹ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ nutrient-spiked water๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์—์„œ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ค์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์‹ ๋‹ค. ํก์ˆ˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์€ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์— ๋ชจ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค. ํ† ์–‘์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„“๊ณ  ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ณ  ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ํ† ์–‘์žฌ๋ฐฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’๋‹ค. ํ™œ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ Grateful Greens(์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค ๋ฃจ์ด๋นŒ)๋Š” ์š”๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์˜€๋˜ ๋†๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Mid-Hudson Workshop for the Disabled(๋‰ด์š• ํฌํ‚ต์‹œ)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์žฅ์• ์ธ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ด ํ‡ด์—ญ ๊ตฐ์ธ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฑ™๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. Harbec, Inc.(๋‰ด์š• ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค)๋Š” ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์œˆ๋“œ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋‚˜ 2013๋…„์— ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ํƒ„์†Œ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋กœ๋“œ๋งต ๋”ฐ์œ„๋กœ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜์‹  ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. DIY 2009๋…„์—, ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํƒ€ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ 5์ธต์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ • ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ, ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋œ ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋œ ํ์‡„๋œ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต์œ  ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ our.windowfarms.org์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์†Œ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” 40,000๋ช…์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ฅ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•œ ํ‚ฅ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…(social startup)์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋†์žฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด $285,000 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋†์—…์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ(:en:agricultural biodiversity) ๋ถ€ํ™œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ ํŒ€์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ์ง€ 1๋…„ ํ›„์— ํ‚ฅ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ์—… 2016๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ์ž์—, ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ž๋“ค, ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค, ํ”ผ๊ณ ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ "์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ์ฆˆ๋Š” ํ์—…ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์„œ์— ๊ธฐ์ž…๋œ ๋ฏธ๋‚ฉ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๋„ 2016๋…„ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์—†์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น›์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค."๋Š” ํ†ต์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด windowfarms.org์™€ ๊ทธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” windowgardeners.org์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ž€๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํƒ€ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 12์›”์— ์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ์ฆˆ ๋”œ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. International pledges์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ&๋ฐฐ์†ก ๋น„์šฉ์€ ํ›„์›์ž๋‹น $120์—์„œ $300 ์ด์ƒ์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. International backers๋Š” 2014๋…„ 4์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œํ’ˆ๋„ ํ™˜๋ถˆ๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ์ฆˆ๋Š” International backers์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์˜๋„ ์ „ํ™”๋„ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ๋„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„  ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์• ๋งค๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด '์ˆ˜์ง์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ'์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์™€, ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด $199์—์„œ $399์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š”, ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํƒ€ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฐฝ์—…์ž์ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํƒ€ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ์„ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. CBC ๋‰ด์Šค(:en:CBC News)๋Š” 2013๋…„ 6์›”์— ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ›„์›์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํƒ€ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ•ญ์˜์„œ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ํ›„์›์ž๋Š” windowfarmsfraud.com๋ผ๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œ ์œˆ๋„์šฐํŒœ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ „์‹œํšŒ, "Our Global Kitchen: Food, Culture, Nature"์— ๋‘ ์ค„์˜ ํฐ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์šฉ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ •์›์˜ LED ์ƒ์žฅ๋“ฑ์€ Columbus Avenue์™€ 79th street์˜ ์ž…๊ตฌ์— 2012๋…„ 11์›”์—์„œ 2013๋…„ 8์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 10๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก  ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋†์žฅ์€ NPR, ๋‰ด์š• ํƒ€์ž„์Šค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ(:en:Grist (magazine)), ์•„ํŠธ ์ธ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด(:en:Art in America), ๊ตฟ ๋ชจ๋‹ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ์™€์ด์–ด๋“œ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ, ๋งˆ์ƒค ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ์‡ผ(:en:Martha (TV series)), ๊ฐ€๋“  ์ปฌ์ฒ˜(:en:garden culture), ๋ ˆ๋””๋ฉ”์ด๋“œ ์žก์ง€(:en:ReadyMade (magazine)), ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์Œ์‹ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ๋“ค, ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜ํ™”๋“ค์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์„œ ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€ ํ™”๋ถ„ ๋„์‹œ ์›์˜ˆ ์šฉ๊ธฐ ์ •์› ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Britta Riley's Ted Talk Windowfarms community site Commercial Windowfarms Treehugger article NPR story Urban Garden Magazine entry CBC News Rosebudmag article Translucid article windowfarm.freeforums.org - active at Jan-2017 Windowgardeners.org - newly launched site that tries to revive the diy and community aspect of the project ๋†์—… ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowfarm
Windowfarm
A Windowfarm is a hydroponic urban gardening system that was originally developed by Britta Riley using open-source designs. A Windowfarm is an indoor garden that allows for year-round growing in almost any window. It lets plants use natural light, the climate control of your living space, and organic โ€œliquid soil.โ€ About Windowfarms was a Brooklyn, NY-based social enterprise that helped city-dwellers around the world grow their own fresh food. Windowfarms made vertical indoor food gardens that optimize the conditions of windows for year-round indoor growing of greens, herbs, and small vegetables. How it works In the hydroponic system, nutrient-spiked water is pumped up from a reservoir at the base of the system and trickles down from bottle to bottle, bathing the plantsโ€™ roots along the way. Water and nutrients that are not absorbed collect in the reservoir and will be pumped through again at the next interval. Plants grown in soil have roots that extend far and wide, but hydroponically grown plants roots are hairy and dense. Because the roots are so compact, a hydroponic system is a much more efficient use of space. Partners Grateful Greens (Louisville, Kentucky) was founded by a former chef turned farmer to provide fresher, more delicious produce. Mid-Hudson Workshop for the Disabled (Poughkeepsie, New York) employs disabled US war veterans and other physically handicapped workers to give them meaningful work and comprehensive health coverage. HARBEC, Inc. (Ontario, New York) makes Windowfarms eco-plastic components. DIY In 2009, Founder Britta Riley built the first Windowfarm with friends in her 5th floor Brooklyn apartment window. She collaborated to open and crowdsource the development of a home hydroponic food growing system for apartment windows, building a now defunct social media sharing site, around a set of instructions for making the systems out of repurposed water bottles and plumbing supplies. The site now has nearly 40,000 registered users who have built Windowfarms. Kickstarter campaign Through two Kickstarter campaigns, the social startup raised over $285,000 to bootstrap itself into manufacturing designed Windowfarms in the US and with sustainable practices, with an updated focus on the plants the systems grow โ€” all with the goal of reviving agricultural biodiversity in small scale systems. One year after funding succeeded on their second campaign the WindowFarm team made a final update to the Kickstarter project page, announcing domestic orders fulfilled. Out of business As of December 31, 2016, debtors, investors, and former employees received a notice that "Windowfarms is going out of business and will not be able to make good on its outstanding balance on your invoices. The company will be fully dissolved by the end of the fiscal year 2016 and does not have sufficient assets to offset this and other debts." Surviving plans Although a lot of information from both windowfarms.org and their community has been lost, some of it has still survived. An effort is being made to collect this data online. Controversy and complaints Britta Riley estimated Windowfarmsโ€™ delivery for December 2012. Product and delivery costs for International pledges: from $120 to more than $300 per backer. As of April 2014, International backers never received their product nor reimbursement and Windowfarms ignores enquiries, phone calls or emails from International backers. Simultaneously, Britta Riley (Windowfarms) continues promoting and selling her product locally. Windowfarmsโ€™s definition and mission is ambiguous. There was a community where people from everywhere exchange and develop โ€˜vertical window farmsโ€™ and the commercial WindowFarms priced from $199 to $399. One was a social community and the other was a company for which Britta Riley is co-founder. The designs are released under a Creative Commons license which, despite being Non-Commercial (as well as Attribution and Share-Alike), didn't prevent Britta Riley's company from selling the kits for profit. July 2013, CBC News published an article explaining how Canadian and international backers feel ripped-off by Britta Riley, co-founder of the Windowfarms. A Netherlands-based part of the community wrote an open letter to Riley, asking her to contact them, and Canadian backers set up a website called windowfarmsfraud.com. Exhibition Windowfarms was commissioned to build two large arrays of Windowfarms at The American Museum of Natural History in conjunction with the globe-traveling special exhibition on food, โ€œOur Global Kitchen: Food, Culture, Natureโ€œ. The LED grow light powered hydroponic research garden was on view for 10 months at the Columbus and 79th street entrance November 2012-August 2013. References Hydroponics Urban agriculture
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80%EC%98%A4%20%EB%A7%88%EC%BD%94%ED%86%A0
๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ค ๋งˆ์ฝ”ํ† 
๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ค ๋งˆ์ฝ”ํ† (, 1936๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ ~ 2021๋…„ 5์›” 23์ผ)๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์—์„œ ๊ณตํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ด์žฅ, ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณ ๋“ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์†Œ์žฅ, ๋…๋ฆฝํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์ธ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ, ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญํšŒ๋„์„œ๊ด€์žฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ „๊ณต์€ ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ, ์˜์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ, ํŒจํ„ด ์ธ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ํŒจํ„ด ์ธ์‹ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žํ•„ ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ์ธ์‹ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฐํŽธ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ํŒ๋…์žฅ์น˜์— ์‘์šฉ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ „์ž ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ค˜๋‹ค. ์ž์„œ์ „์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Š์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š” ํž˜, ํ•™๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œใ€‹(๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ฅด๋ฐ” ์‡ผ๋ณด, 2010๋…„)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ผ€์˜ค, ์“ฐ์ง€์ด ์ค€์ด์น˜, ๋งˆ์“ฐ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋‹ค์นด์‹œ, ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ†  ์œ ์ง€, ์‚ฌํ†  ์‚ฌํ† ์‹œ, ๊ตฌ๋กœํ•˜์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์˜ค, ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ์œ ์ด์น˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ํ•™ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ, ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„ 1997๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2003๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ด์žฅ์„ ๋งก์•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ฒ•์ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐ๋งน, ์–ธ์–ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ •๋…„ ํ‡ด์ž„ ํ›„์ธ 2004๋…„์— ๊ตฌ ํ†ต์‹ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์™€ ๊ตฌ ํ†ต์‹ ยท๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2007๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญํšŒ๋„์„œ๊ด€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜์—ฌ 2012๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€๋Š” ์ „์ž ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ์—ฐ์ด ๊นŠ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ž„ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๋„์„œ๊ด€ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•™์‚ฌ์› ํšŒ์›(์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ, ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„๊ณผ)์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋๊ณ  2015๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณ ๋“ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์†Œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ฒ•์ธ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„์— ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„ โ€˜ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์—ญํ• โ€™์—์„œ โ€˜๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กฐ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค(๋ฐฐํฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ, ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ). 2021๋…„ 5์›” 23์ผ์— ๋‡Œ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค(ํ–ฅ๋…„ 84์„ธ). ์‚ฌํ›„์—๋Š” ์ •3์œ„๋กœ ์ถ”์ฆ๋๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1955๋…„ : ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋ฆฝ ์ œ์ œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—… 1959๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์กธ์—… 1961๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณตํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต ์„์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ • ์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ, ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž„ 1966๋…„ : ๊ณตํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ(๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›, ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ใ€ŠStudies on language analysis procedure and character recognitionใ€‹) 1967๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ 1968๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜ 1973๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ 1986๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ์žฅ 1991๋…„ : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐ๋งน์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 1994๋…„ : ์–ธ์–ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 1995๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ถ€์† ๋„์„œ๊ด€์žฅ 1996๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ด์žฅํŠน๋ณ„๋ณด์ขŒ 1997๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ด์žฅ 1997๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณตํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์žฅยท๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€์žฅ 2004๋…„ : ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ 2007๋…„ : ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญํšŒ๋„์„œ๊ด€์žฅ( ~ 2012๋…„) 2013๋…„ : ๊ตํ† ์‹œ ์Œ์•…์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ 2014๋…„ : ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•™์‚ฌ์› ํšŒ์›(์ œ2๋ถ€, ์ œ5๋ถ„๊ณผ)์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ 2015๋…„ : ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณ ๋“ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์†Œ์žฅ( ~ 2018๋…„) 2016๋…„ 4์›” : ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ฒ•์ธ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ( ~ 2018๋…„) ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1977๋…„ : ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ƒ 1986๋…„ : ์ „์ž์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ํ•™ํšŒ ์—…์ ์ƒ 1993๋…„ : IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award 1993๋…„ : ์ „์ž์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ํ•™ํšŒ ๊ณต์ ์ƒ 1996๋…„ : ๊ตํ†  ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ™”์ƒ 1997๋…„ : ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ ๊ณต์ ์ƒ 1997๋…„ : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐ๋งน ์˜์˜ˆ์ƒ 1999๋…„ : NHK ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ฌธํ™”์ƒ 1999๋…„ : C&C์ƒ(C&C ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ) 2003๋…„ : Association for Computational Linguistics Lifetime Achievement Award 2005๋…„ : ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ œ์ƒ ์ƒํ›ˆยท์˜์˜ˆ 1997๋…„ : ์ž์ˆ˜ํฌ์žฅ 1999๋…„ : ๋…ธํŒ…์—„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ 2000๋…„ : IEEE ํŽ ๋กœ 2005๋…„ : ๋ ˆ์ง€์˜น ๋„๋‡Œ๋ฅด ํ›ˆ์žฅ ์Šˆ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ์—์žฅ 2008๋…„ : ๋ฌธํ™”๊ณต๋กœ์ž 2014๋…„ : ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•™์‚ฌ์› ํšŒ์› 2018๋…„ : ๋ฌธํ™”ํ›ˆ์žฅ 2020๋…„ : ๊ตํ† ์‹œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ €์„œ ์ €์„œ โ€ป์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ: ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ์š”์ด์น˜๋กœ ใ€Š๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ์‹ ํ† ใ€‹(), ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ, 2020๋…„ 6์›” ํŽธ์ง‘ ํŽธ์ € ใ€Š๊ฐ•์ขŒํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์–ธ์–ด (7): ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌใ€‹(), ์‚ฐ์„ธ์ด๋„(1984๋…„ 1์›”) ใ€Š์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ - ์‹ค์šฉํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœใ€‹(), ์‹ ์ดˆ๋ถ„์ฝ”(1986๋…„ 4์›”) ใ€Š์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๋‹คใ€‹(), ๋งˆํ‚ค๋…ธ ๋‹ค์ผ€๋…ธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณตํŽธ์ €, ๊ต๋ฆฌ์“ฐ ์ถœํŒ(1995๋…„ 2์›”) ใ€Š์ด์™€๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ณผํ•™ (15) - ์ž์—ฐ ์–ธ์–ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌใ€‹(), ์ด์™€๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์‡ผํ…(1996๋…„ 4์›”) ใ€Š์„œ์ฑ…๊ณผ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ - ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€์‹ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ž€ใ€‹(), ์—”๋„ ๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฃจยท์š”์‹œ๋ฏธ ์ŠŒ์•ผ ๊ณตํŽธ์ €, ์ด์™€๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์‡ผํ…(2010๋…„ 11์›”) ๊ณต์ € ๊ณตํŽธ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ตํ† ์‹œ ้•ทๅฐพ็œŸ ใƒ•ใ‚งใƒญใƒผ - ์ผ๋ณธ ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™ํšŒ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ค ๋งˆ์ฝ”ํ†  - ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•™์‚ฌ์› ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 1936๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 2021๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณตํ•™์ž ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”ํ›ˆ์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ๋ ˆ์ง€์˜น ๋„๋‡Œ๋ฅด ์Šˆ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ์— ํ›ˆ์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ์‹œ๊ฐ€ํ˜„ ์ถœ์‹  ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ ๊ตํ†  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto%20Nagao
Makoto Nagao
was a Japanese computer scientist. He contributed to various fields: machine translation, natural language processing, pattern recognition, image processing and library science. He was the 23rd president of Kyoto University (1997โ€“2003) and the 14th director of National Diet Library in Japan (2007โ€“2012). Biography Born in Mie Prefecture, Japan, Makoto Nagao graduated from Kyoto University in 1959, and received a master's degree in engineering in 1961 and a Ph.D. in engineering in 1966 from the university. In Kyoto University, he became an assistant professor in 1967, an associate professor in 1968, and a professor in 1973. He served as the 23rd president of Kyoto University (1997โ€“2003). After retirement from the university, he was appointed to the director of National Diet Library in 2007 and held the position until 2012. He was the 20th director of the Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ) (1999โ€“2000). Each year since 2005, IPSJ Nagao Special Researcher Award has been awarded to young Japanese computer scientists who accomplished notable research. He was the first president of the Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation (AAMT), and in each year from 2006, AAMT Nagao Award is awarded to individuals or groups who made contribution to machine translation. Work Nagao was one of the first scientists who developed practical machine translation (MT) systems. Between 1982 and 1986, he led the Mu project which aimed at translations for technical papers and became the first successful MT system between English and Japanese. In addition, example-based machine translation, an important approach for MT, is the method proposed by him in the early 1980s. In 1984 he introduced the analogy principle into the machine translation, which is adapted to the translation between two totally different languages, such as Japanese and English. He was also a pioneer of natural language processing (NLP) for the Japanese language. In 1994, he created KNP, a dependency analyzer for Japanese, with Sadao Kurohashi. In the 1990s, he directed a project to make a Japanese parsed corpus, which is now called Kyoto University Text Corpus. Another NLP resource developed under his laboratory is Juman, a Japanese morphological parser and the first system which merged word segmentation and morphological analysis for languages which do not have explicit word boundaries (such as Japanese or Chinese). In pattern recognition and image processing, he was the first engineer who applied feedback analysis mechanisms to facial recognition systems, and he introduced various artificial intelligence techniques into the image processing. He supervised the Ariadne software system, a digital library system, which made an impact upon digital library research in Japan and over the world. While the National Diet Library of Japan holds a traditional slogan "Truth makes us free" (John 8:32), a new slogan "Through knowledge we prosper" was proposed by him as the director. He gave a keynote lecture in the Wikimedia Conference Japan 2009. Honors and awards 1993: IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award 1997: Medal of Honour with Purple Ribbon 1997: International Association for Machine Translation's Award of Honor 1999: C&C Prize 2003: ACL Lifetime Achievement Award 2004: Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University 2005: Japan Prize 2005: Chevalier de la Lรฉgion d'honneur 2008: Person of Cultural Merit 2018: Order of Culture References 1936 births 2021 deaths Japanese computer scientists Japanese librarians Kyoto University alumni Presidents of Kyoto University Academic staff of Kyoto University Knights of the Legion of Honour Recipients of the Medal of Honor (Japan) People from Mie Prefecture Recipients of the Order of Culture Natural language processing researchers Computational linguistics researchers Presidents of The Japan Association of National Universities
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84%20KBO%20%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8
2019๋…„ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ
KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ 2019๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์€ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ 38๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ 10๊ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ•œ์€ํ–‰์ด ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์Šคํฐ์„œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2019 ์‹ ํ•œ์€ํ–‰ SOL KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์  SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ํž๋งŒ ๊ฐ๋…๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ผ๊ฒฝ์—ฝ์„ ์ƒˆ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์›์šฐ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์–‘์ƒ๋ฌธ์„ ์ƒˆ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. KT ์œ„์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๊น€์ง„์šฑ ๊ฐ๋…๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฐ•์ฒ ์„ ์ƒˆ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜์ค€ ๊ฐ๋…์„ 2๊ตฐ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋™์šฑ์„ ์ƒˆ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค์˜ 1๊ตฐ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ์ด ์ฐฝ์›NCํŒŒํฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋๊ณ  2๊ตฐ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ์€ 1๊ตฐ์ด ์“ฐ๋˜ ๋งˆ์‚ฐ์ข…ํ•ฉ์šด๋™์žฅ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค 2๊ตฐ ํŒ€ ๋ช…์นญ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ ์–‘ ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์› ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋๋‹ค. ๋„ฅ์„ผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์Šคํฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์›€์ฆ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒ€ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋๊ณ , 2๊ตฐ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ์ด ๊ณ ์–‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์•ผ๊ตฌํ›ˆ๋ จ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 2๊ตฐ ํŒ€ ๋ช…์นญ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™”์„ฑ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์–‘ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ ์—ฐ๋งน์˜ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ์ , ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ, ์šฉ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค€๋น„, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ง„ํ–‰, ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดยท๊ธˆ์ง€ ํ–‰๋™ยท๋น„์‹ ์‚ฌ์  ํ–‰์œ„, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒ, ์‹ฌํŒ์›, ๊ณต์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ก์› ๋“ฑ ์ด 9๊ฐœ ์กฐ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋”๋ธ” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋”ฉ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์•ผ์ˆ˜์— ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์„ ๊ณ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌํŒ์›์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์‹œ ์ฃผ์ž์™€ ํƒ€์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์›ƒ์ด ์„ ๊ณ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•„์›ƒ์ด ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋น„์ธก์ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์›ƒ์ด ์„ ๊ณ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŒ๋… ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‰๊ท ์น˜์— ๋งž์ถฐ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ •๋๋‹ค. 0.4134 ์ด์ƒ 0.4374 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ MLB์™€ NPB์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 0.4034 ์ด์ƒ 0.4234 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ท„์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ 2019๋…„ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต์‹ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐํŠธ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ช…(๋ชฉ์žฌ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€), ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰, ์ง™์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰, ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํŠธ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์ดํ”Œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฐ๊ณต์žฌ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฌ์งˆ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ํ—ค๋“œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐฐํŠธ์˜ ์†์žก์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์ธ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํŒ๋งค์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ํ†ต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ MLB, NPB ๊ณต์ธ ๋ฐฐํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฐ๋„ ๊ณต์ธ ์‹ ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด KBO์— ๊ณต์ธ์„ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ „ ์‹ฌํŒ์œ„์›์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐฐํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ธ์ฆ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ“จ์ฒ˜์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ „ ์ œ์ถœ๋œ ํƒ€์ˆœํ‘œ์— ์ง€๋ช…ํƒ€์ž๋กœ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋ผ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์—ญ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ๋ก ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€๋“์ดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„ ๋ฐœ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์˜์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ด‰, ์˜ต์…˜ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ 100๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด ๊ทœ์ •์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ํŠน๋ณด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด(PM2.5((์ดˆ)๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€) 150ใŽ/ใŽฅ ๋˜๋Š” PM10(๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€)๊ฐ€ 300ใŽ/ใŽฅ์ด 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ์ง€์†๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋  ๋•Œ) ๋ฐœ๋ น ์‹œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์šด์˜์œ„์›์ด ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋Œ€์— ํ™•์ธ ํ›„ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์žฅ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ทจ์†Œ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ’, ํญ์—ผ, ํ™ฉ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด ๋ฐœ๋ น ์‹œ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ทจ์†Œ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค€๋น„์™€ ํŒฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๋žŒ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ์‹œ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŒ๋…์€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒญ ํšŸ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋‹น 1ํšŒ์— ํ•œํ•ด ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์Šคํ”ผ๋“œ์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ ์ด๋‹๋‹น 2๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋๋˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒˆ ๊ณต ๊ตํ™˜์€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฌ ์ ์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 3๊ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํœด๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹ ์„คํ•ด ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋…€ ์ถœ์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ 5์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์กฐ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ๋ก์€ ๋ง์†Œ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋“ฑ๋ก ์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์กฐ ํœด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์ผ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ํ˜„์—ญ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋ก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์†ก๊ตฌ ์‹œ์ ์— ํƒ€์ž ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ 3ํ”ผํŠธ ๋ผ์ธ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์šธ๋ผ์ธ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜๋น„ ์ธก์ด ํ™ˆํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์™€ 1๋ฃจ ํŒŒ์šธ๋ผ์ธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋น„ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ , 3๋ฃจ ํŒŒ์šธ๋ผ์ธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์‹ฌํŒ์›์ด ์†ก๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜๋น„ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์„ ํ˜„ํ–‰๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋””์˜คํŒ๋… ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์šฉ ์ˆ˜๋น„ ํŽ˜์ดํผ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์˜ฌํ•ด ์™ธ์•ผ์ˆ˜์— ํ•œํ•ด ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™•๋Œ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ถ”ํ›„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ ํŽ˜์ดํผ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํŒ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ํ›”์น˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํ‡ด์žฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ๋‹จ, ์„ ์ˆ˜, ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ถ„, ์ œ์žฌ๊ธˆ ๋ถ€๊ณผ, ์ถœ์žฅ์ •์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋ณ„ ์บ์น˜ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ฆˆ(์Šฌ๋กœ๊ฑด) SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ์—ด๊ด‘, ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2019 ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค : TEAM DOOSAN 2019! ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค : Bring It! : ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šน๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ผ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ : New Heroes Kiwoom Heroes KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ : ๋„์ „, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜_Always KIA TIGERS ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : NEW BLUE! NEW LIONS! ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  : One team Giants, V3 2019 LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ์„œ์šธ์€ LG, ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค! KT ์œ„์ฆˆ : ้ฃ›ไธŠ(๋น„์ƒ) 2019, ์Šน๋ฆฌ์˜ kt wiz NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค : ํŒ€ ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ๊นจ์›Œ๋ผ : ๋ฐ•๋™(์„œ๋ธŒ ์Šฌ๋กœ๊ฑด HEART BEATS UNITED) ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ด๋™ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ „ 2019๋…„ ์‹ ์ธ์ง€๋ช… ์„ ์ˆ˜ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ๋ฐฑ์Šน๊ฑด, ๊น€์ฐฝํ‰, ํ•˜์žฌํ›ˆ, ์ตœ์žฌ์„ฑ, ํ—ˆ๋ฏผํ˜, ๊น€์„ฑ๋ฏผ, ์ตœ๊ฒฝ๋ชจ, ์„œ์ƒ์ค€, ์ฑ„ํ˜„์šฐ, ์ „์ง„์šฐ, ์ตœ๋ฅœ๊ธฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค : ๊น€๋Œ€ํ•œ, ์ „์ฐฝ๋ฏผ, ์†ก์Šนํ™˜, ์ด๊ตํ›ˆ, ์ด์žฌ๋ฏผ, ๊น€ํƒœ๊ทผ, ์ •ํ˜„์šฑ, ์ตœํ˜„์ค€, ๊น€๋ฌธ์ˆ˜, ์ „ํ˜•๊ทผ, ์ถ”์ข…๋ฏผ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค : ๋ณ€์šฐํ˜, ๋…ธ์‹œํ™˜, ์œ ์žฅํ˜, ์ •์ดํ™ฉ, ๊น€์ดํ™˜, ๊น€ํ˜„๋ฏผ, ์˜ค๋™์šฑ, ๊น€๋ฏผ์„, ์กฐํ•œ๋ฏผ, ํ—ˆ๊ด€ํšŒ, ๋ฐ•์œค์ฒ  ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ : ๋ฐ•์ฃผ์„ฑ, ์œค์ •ํ˜„, ์กฐ์˜๊ฑด, ์ฃผ์„ฑ์›, ๊น€์ธ๋ฒ”, ์ด๋ช…๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ•์ค€ํ˜•, ์กฐ๋ฒ”์ค€, ๊น€์‹ ํšŒ, ์ •ํ˜„๋ฏผ, ๊น€์ฃผํ˜• KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ : ๊น€๊ธฐํ›ˆ, ํ™์›๋นˆ, ์žฅ์ง€์ˆ˜, ์ดํƒœ๊ทœ, ์–‘์Šน์ฒ , ์˜ค์„ ์šฐ, ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜์šฉ, ๊น€๋ฏผ์ˆ˜, ๊น€์ฐฝ์šฉ, ์ดํ˜ธํ˜„, ๋‚˜์šฉ๊ธฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : ์›ํƒœ์ธ, ์ดํ•™์ฃผ, ๊น€๋„ํ™˜, ์–‘์šฐํ˜„, ์ด๋ณ‘ํ—Œ, ์˜ค์ƒ๋ฏผ, ๊น€์ค€์šฐ, ์„œ์žฅ๋ฏผ, ์ดํ•ด์Šน, ๋ฐ•์Šน๊ทœ, ๊น€์—ฐ์ค€ ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  : ์„œ์ค€์›, ๊ณ ์Šน๋ฏผ, ๊ฐ•๋ฏผ์„ฑ, ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜, ๋ฐ•์ง„, ๋ฐ•์˜์™„, ๊น€๋™๊ทœ, ๊น€ํ˜„์šฐ, ์˜ค์˜์šฑ, ๊น€๋ฏผ์ˆ˜, ์‹ ์šฉ์ˆ˜ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ์ด์ •์šฉ, ์ด์ƒ์˜, ์ •์šฐ์˜, ๋ฌธ๋ณด๊ฒฝ, ๊ฐ•์ •ํ˜„, ๋‚จํ˜ธ, ๊ตฌ๋ณธํ˜, ๊น€์„ฑ์ง„, ์ž„์ค€ํ˜•, ์ด์ง€๊ฐ•, ํ•œ์„ ํƒœ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ : ์ „์šฉ์ฃผ, ์ด๋Œ€์€, ์ด์ •ํ›ˆ, ์†๋™ํ˜„, ์ด์ƒ๋™, ๋ฐ•๋ฏผ์„, ๊ฐ•๋ฏผ์„ฑ, ์ด์„ ์šฐ, ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋ฏผ, ๋ฐ•์ค€ํ˜ธ, ์ง€๊ฐ•ํ˜ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค : ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ํ˜„, ์†ก๋ช…๊ธฐ, ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฏผ, ์ตœ์žฌ์ต, ๋ฐฐ๋ฏผ์„œ, ๊น€๋ฒ”์ค€, ํ•˜์ค€์ˆ˜, ์ตœ์ •์›, ๋ฐ•์ง€ํ•œ, ์„œํ˜ธ์ฒ , ๋…ธ์‹œํ›ˆ ๋…๋ฆฝ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์˜์ž… ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊น€๊ทœ๋‚จ : ๊ณ ์–‘ ์œ„๋„ˆ์Šค โ†’ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค ๋…๋ฆฝ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ด์  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ FA ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žฅ์›์ค€ : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค ๋ฐ•ํ•œ์ด : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ ์†์ฃผ์ธ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ ์ด๋ช…์šฐ : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ๋ชจ์ฐฝ๋ฏผ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค (์ด์•ก 3๋…„ 20์–ต) ์ตœ์ • : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค (์ด์•ก 6๋…„ 106์–ต) ์ด์žฌ์› : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค (์ด์•ก 4๋…„ 69์–ต) ๋ฐ•์šฉํƒ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค (์ด์•ก 2๋…„ 25์–ต) ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜ : kt ์œ„์ฆˆ (์ด์•ก 3๋…„ 26์–ต) ๊น€์ƒ์ˆ˜ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ (์ด์•ก 3๋…„ 18์–ต) ์†ก๊ด‘๋ฏผ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค (์ด์•ก 2๋…„ 16์–ต) ๊ธˆ๋ฏผ์ฒ  : kt ์œ„์ฆˆ (์ด์•ก 2๋…„ 7์–ต) ์œค์„ฑํ™˜ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ (์ด์•ก 1๋…„ 10์–ต) ์ด๋ณด๊ทผ : ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ (์ด์•ก 3+1๋…„ 19์–ต) ์ตœ์ง„ํ–‰ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค (์ด์•ก 1+1๋…„ 5์–ต) ์ด์šฉ๊ทœ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค (์ด์•ก 2+1๋…„ 26์–ต) FA ์ด์  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์–‘์˜์ง€ : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค โ†’ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค (์ด์•ก 4๋…„ 125์–ต) ๊น€๋ฏผ์„ฑ : ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค (์ด์•ก 3๋…„ 18์–ต) FA ์˜์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณด์ƒ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ด์  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํ˜•๋ฒ” : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค (์–‘์˜์ง€์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ) ๊ตฐ ์ž…๋Œ€(์ƒ๋ฌด ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ž…๋‹จ) ์„ ์ˆ˜ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ๋ฐ•์„ฑํ•œ, ์ •๋™์œค, ์ตœ๋ฏผ์ค€ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค : ๋ฐ•์„ฑ๋ชจ, ์กฐ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค : ์ด์Šน๊ด€ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ : ๊น€์žฌํ˜„, ๊น€์ •์ธ KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ : ๊น€์œ ์‹  ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : ๊ฐ•ํ•œ์šธ, ๊ถŒ์ •์›…, ์‹ฌ์ฐฝ๋ฏผ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ์–‘์„ํ™˜ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ : ํ™ํ˜„๋นˆ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค : ๋„ํƒœํ›ˆ, ์ด๋„ํ˜„, ์ด์žฌ์œจ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ(๋ณด๋ฅ˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ œ์™ธ) ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค : ๊น€์Šนํ›„, ๋ฌธ์ง„์ œ, ์„œ๋‘์›, ์„ฑ์˜ํ›ˆ, ์†ก์ฃผ์˜, ์–‘๊ตฌ์—ด, ์ด์›์žฌ, ์ด์ง€๋ชจ, ์ตœ๋ณ‘์šฑ, ํ˜„๋„ํ›ˆ, ์‚ฌ๊ณต์—ฝ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค : ์„ฑ์‹œํ—Œ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ : ๊น€์„ฑํƒ, ๊น€ํ•ด์ˆ˜, ๊น€์„ฑํ˜„ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ : ๊น€๋„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ํ›„ ์ด์  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ฌ์ˆ˜์ฐฝ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์žฅ์›์‚ผ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์ „๋ฏผ์ˆ˜ : kt ์œ„์ฆˆ โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์ด์ผ€๋นˆ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค ๋ฐฐ์˜์ˆ˜ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค โ†’ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค ๊น€์ข…๋ฏผ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค ์žฅ๋ฏผ์ต : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค โ†’ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค ์ด์„ฑ์šฐ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ๊น€์ •ํ›„ : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์–‘์ข…๋ฏผ : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ๊ฐ•๊ตฌ์„ฑ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์ •๋ณ‘๊ณค : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค ๋ฐ•์ •์ค€ : ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ โ†’ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค ์ด์ •๋‹ด : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  โ†’ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค ์ง„์žฌํ˜ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค ๊ถŒํ˜ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค โ†’ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์˜์ž… ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ•๋ฏผ๊ตญ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ (ํ™์„ฑ๋ฌด์™€ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ํ™์„ฑ๋ฌด : kt ์œ„์ฆˆ โ†’ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค (๊ฐ•๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์กฐ์šฉํ˜ธ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ (๋ฌด์ƒ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ๋‚จํƒœํ˜ : kt ์œ„์ฆˆ โ†’ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค (์ „์œ ์ˆ˜์™€ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์ „์œ ์ˆ˜ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ (๋‚จํƒœํ˜๊ณผ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ๊ณ ์ข…์šฑ : ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ โ†’ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค (๊น€๋™์—ฝ, ์ด์ง€์˜๊ณผ 1:1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์ด์ง€์˜ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ (๊ณ ์ข…์šฑ, ๊น€๋™์—ฝ๊ณผ 1:1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ๊น€๋™์—ฝ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ (๊ณ ์ข…์šฑ, ์ด์ง€์˜๊ณผ 1:1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ๋ฌธ์„ ์žฌ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ (์ •์šฉ์šด๊ณผ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์ •์šฉ์šด : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค (๋ฌธ์„ ์žฌ์™€ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ๊น€๋ฏผ์„ฑ : ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค (์‚ฌ์ธ ์•ค ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์€ํ‡ด ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ•๊ธฐํ˜ : kt ์œ„์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (kt ์œ„์ฆˆ 1๋ฃจ ์ฃผ๋ฃจ์ฝ”์น˜) ํ™์„ฑ์šฉ : kt ์œ„์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (kt ์œ„์ฆˆ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ ์žฌํ™œ์ฝ”์น˜) ๋‚จ์œค์„ฑ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค ์Šค์นด์šฐํŠธ) ์ •์„ฑํ›ˆ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ 2๊ตฐ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์ฝ”์น˜) ๊น€์‚ฌ์œจ : kt ์œ„์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (๋””์•คํ”ผํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ์œ ์†Œ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์—… ํŒ€์žฅ) ์กฐ๋™์ฐฌ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ ์œก์„ฑ๊ตฐ ์ฝ”์น˜) ๊น€ํƒœ์™„ : ๋„ฅ์„ผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (๊ณ ์–‘ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์ฝ”์น˜) ์กฐ์œค์ค€ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (๊ฐœ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…) ๋ฐ•ํ—Œ๋„ : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ๋ฐ•์ •์ง„ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค ํ”„๋ŸฐํŠธ ์ž„์›) ์ž„์ฐฝ์šฉ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ตœ์ค€์„ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ ์งˆ๋กฑ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ—ˆ๊ฑด์—ฝ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ ์งˆ๋กฑ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ž„์ข…ํ˜ : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  โ†’ ์งˆ๋กฑ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฉ”๋ฆด ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์Šค (์ด์•ก 2๋…„ 550๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ) ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์‚ฌ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ ํ‘ธ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ€๋””์–ธ์Šค ํ‚ค๋ฒ„์Šค ์ƒ˜์Šจ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค โ†’ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด ๋…ธ์—์‹œ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ ๋งˆ์ด์• ๋ฏธ ๋ง๋ฆฐ์Šค ํŒ€ ์•„๋ธ๋งŒ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์‹ ์‹œ๋‚ดํ‹ฐ ๋ ˆ์ฆˆ ์™•์›จ์ด์ค‘ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ์• ์Šฌ๋ ˆํ‹ฑ์Šค ํŒป ๋”˜ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์•ค๋”” ๋ฒˆ์ฆˆ : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  โ†’ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์ œ์ด์Šค ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ํ”ผ์–ด๋ฐด๋“œ : kt ์œ„์ฆˆ โ†’ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์ œ์ด์Šค ๋กœ๊ฑด ๋ฒ ๋ › : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ์• ์Šฌ๋ ˆํ‹ฑ์Šค ๊น€์›์„ : ์—ฐ์ฒœ ๋ฏธ๋ผํด โ†’ ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ ˆ๋“œํ˜ธํฌ์Šค ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํ—ค์ผ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค โ†’ ๋‰ด์š• ์–‘ํ‚ค์Šค ์‹ ๊ทœ ์˜์ž… ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ๋ธŒ๋ก ๋‹ค์ต์† ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค : ํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์—˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋ฐ์Šค ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค : ์›Œ๋ฆญ ์„œํด๋“œ, ์ฑ„๋“œ ๋ฒจ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ : ์—๋ฆญ ์š”ํ‚ค์‹œ KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ : ์ œ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ ํ•ด์ฆ๋ฒ ์ด์ปค, ์ œ์ด์ฝฅ ํ„ฐ๋„ˆ, ์กฐ ์œŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : ์ €์Šคํ‹ด ํ—ค์ผ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฑ ๋งฅ๊ณผ์ด์–ด ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  : ์ œ์ดํฌ ํ†ฐ์Šจ, ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ์•„์ˆ˜์•„ํ—ค LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ์ผ€์ด์‹œ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ, ํ† ๋ฏธ ์กฐ์…‰ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ : ๋ผ์šธ ์•Œ์นธํƒ€๋ผ, ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์ฟ ์—๋ฐ”์Šค NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค : ๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฃจ์นœ์Šคํ‚ค, ์—๋”” ๋ฒ„ํ‹€๋Ÿฌ, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋ฒ ํƒ•์ฝ”์šฐ๋ฅดํŠธ ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ์•™ํ—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ฒด์Šค, ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ๋กœ๋งฅ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค : ์กฐ์‰ฌ ๋ฆฐ๋“œ๋ธ”๋Ÿผ, ์„ธ์Šค ํ”„๋žญ์ฝ”ํ”„ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค : ์ œ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ํ˜ธ์ž‰ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ : ์ œ์ดํฌ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ€, ์ œ๋ฆฌ ์ƒŒ์ฆˆ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋Ÿฌํ”„ ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  : ๋ธŒ๋ฃฉ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ํƒ€์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œŒ์Šจ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ : ๋ฉœ ๋กœํ•˜์Šค ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ๋ฉ”๋ฆด ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค : ํ‚ค๋ฒ„์Šค ์ƒ˜์Šจ, ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํ—ค์ผ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ : ์—๋ฆญ ํ•ด์ปค KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ : ๋กœ์ € ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋””๋‚˜, ํŒป ๋”˜, ์—‘ํ† ๋ฅด ๋…ธ์—์‹œ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : ๋ฆฌ์‚ด๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ์•ผ, ํŒ€ ์•„๋ธ๋งŒ ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  : ์•ค๋”” ๋ฒˆ์ฆˆ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ์•„๋„๋‹ˆ์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์‹œ์•„, ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์‚ฌ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ : ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ํ”ผ์–ด๋ฐด๋“œ, ๋”์Šคํ‹ด ๋‹ˆํผํŠธ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค : ๋กœ๊ฑด ๋ฒ ๋ ›, ์žฌ๋น„์–ด ์Šคํฌ๋Ÿญ์Šค, ์™•์›จ์ด์ค‘ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ณต๊ท€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค‘ ๋…๋ฆฝ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์˜์ž… ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…ธํ•™์ค€ : ์—ฐ์ฒœ ๋ฏธ๋ผํด โ†’ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค ๊น€๋„ํ™˜ : ๊ณ ์–‘ ์œ„๋„ˆ์Šค โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์†ก์œค์ค€ : ํŒŒ์ฃผ ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ €์Šค โ†’ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค ๋…๋ฆฝ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ด์  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์„ : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค โ†’ ์ €๋‹ˆ๋งจ ์™ธ์ธ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์กฐ์Šน์ˆ˜ : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค โ†’ ์ €๋‹ˆ๋งจ ์™ธ์ธ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ตœํ˜„์ง„ : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค โ†’ ์ €๋‹ˆ๋งจ ์™ธ์ธ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๊ตฐ ์ž…๋Œ€(์ƒ๋ฌด ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ž…๋‹จ) ์„ ์ˆ˜ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ์กฐ์„ฑํ›ˆ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ(๊ณ„์•ฝ ํ•ด์ง€) ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค : ๋ฌธ์žฌํ˜„, ๋ฐ•์žฌํ˜•, ๋ฐ•์ค€ํ˜, ์—ฌ์ธํƒœ, ์›ํ˜์žฌ, ์œค์Šน์—ด, ์ด์ฐฝ์—ด, ์ด์ฒญํ˜„, ์ž„์ง€ํ›ˆ, ํ™์„ฑ๊ฐ‘, ํ™์œ ์ƒ ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  : ๋ฐ•๊ทผํ™, ๋ฐ•์ •ํ˜„, ์†ก์ฐฝํ˜„, ์˜ค์œค์„, ์†ก์ฃผ์€, ์˜ค์˜์šฑ, ์œค๊ธธํ˜„, ์ด์žฌ์šฑ, ์ด์ฐฌ๊ฑด, ์ •์ข…์ง„, ์กฐ์ค€์˜, ์ตœ์Šนํ›ˆ KT ์œ„์ฆˆ : ๊น€์šฉ์ฃผ, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์—ด, ์œค๊ทผ์˜ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ : ๊น€์ข…๋•, ์†๋™์šฑ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ๊น€ํƒœ์˜, ์ด๋‚˜ํ˜„, ์žฅ์‹œ์œค, SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ๊ฐ•๋™๊ถŒ, ๋ฅ˜ํšจ์šฉ, ์ด๋™๊ทผ, ์žฅ๋ฏผ์ต, ์ •ํ˜์ง„ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : ๊น€์—ฐ์ค€, ์ •๊ด‘์šด, ์ตœ์ข…ํ˜„, ํ™ฉ์„ ๋„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ํ›„ ์ด์  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ก ๋‹ค์ต์† : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ์€ํ‡ด ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ•ํ•œ์ด : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ์ด๋ฒ”ํ˜ธ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ๋ฅ˜์ œ๊ตญ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ์ด๋™ํ˜„ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (SBS ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์•ผ๊ตฌ ํ•ด์„ค์œ„์›) ์ด์ผ€๋นˆ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ์‹ฌ์ˆ˜์ฐฝ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (MBC ์Šคํฌ์ธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•ผ๊ตฌ ํ•ด์„ค์œ„์›) ์†์ฃผ์ธ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ ํ”„๋ŸฐํŠธ ์ž„์›) ์†์‹œํ—Œ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (์ฐฝ์› ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค ์ˆ˜๋น„์ฝ”์น˜) ๊น€์ฃผํ˜„ : ์—ฐ์ฒœ ๋ฏธ๋ผํด โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ์ฝ”์น˜) ๋‚˜๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ž‰์ฝ”์น˜) ๋ฌธ๊ทœํ˜„ : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  2๊ตฐ ์ฝ”์น˜) ์„œ์ƒ์šฐ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ์„œ๋™์šฑ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ 2๊ตฐ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์ฝ”์น˜) ์œคํ•ด์ง„ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ฝ”์น˜) ์ด์ธํ–‰ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ 2๊ตฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ„์„์ฝ”์น˜) ๋ฐ•์ •๊ถŒ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค 2๊ตฐ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์ฝ”์น˜) ๋ฐฐ์˜์ˆ˜ : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ์ฑ„๋ณ‘์šฉ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค ์ „๋ ฅ๋ถ„์„์›) ์œค์ง€์›… : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ํ•œ๊ธฐ์ฃผ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ๊น€์ง€์ˆ˜ : ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด (ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ฝ”์น˜) ์ตœ์œค์„ : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค โ†’ ์€ํ‡ด ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์˜์ž… ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ค€ํ˜ : KT ์œ„์ฆˆ โ†’ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค (๋ฐ•์Šน์šฑ, ์กฐํ•œ์šฑ๊ณผ 2:2 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์ •ํ˜„ : KT ์œ„์ฆˆ โ†’ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค (๋ฐ•์Šน์šฑ, ์กฐํ•œ์šฑ๊ณผ 2:2 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ๋ฐ•์Šน์šฑ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ (์˜ค์ค€ํ˜, ์ •ํ˜„๊ณผ 2:2 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์กฐํ•œ์šฑ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค โ†’ KT ์œ„์ฆˆ (์˜ค์ค€ํ˜, ์ •ํ˜„๊ณผ 2:2 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์ด์šฐ์„ฑ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค โ†’ KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ (์ด๋ช…๊ธฐ์™€ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์ด๋ช…๊ธฐ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค (์ด์šฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์‹ ์ •๋ฝ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค (์†ก์€๋ฒ”๊ณผ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ์†ก์€๋ฒ” : ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค โ†’ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค (์‹ ์ •๋ฝ๊ณผ 1:1 ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ) ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ : ์ œ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ ํ•ด์ฆ๋ฒ ์ด์ปค (์‚ฌ์œ  : ์„ฑ์  ๋ถ€์ง„) SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ๋ธŒ๋ก ๋‹ค์ต์† (์‚ฌ์œ  : ์„ฑ์  ๋ถ€์ง„) ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  : ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ์•„์ˆ˜์•„ํ—ค (์‚ฌ์œ  : ์„ฑ์  ๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋น„ ์‹ค์ฑ… ๊ณผ๋‹ค), ์ œ์ดํฌ ํ†ฐ์Šจ (์‚ฌ์œ  : ์„ฑ์  ๋ถ€์ง„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ƒ) NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค : ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋ฒ ํƒ•์ฝ”์šฐ๋ฅดํŠธ (์‚ฌ์œ  : ์„ฑ์  ๋ถ€์ง„), ์—๋”” ๋ฒ„ํ‹€๋Ÿฌ (์‚ฌ์œ  : ์–ด๊นจ ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์  ๋ถ€์ง„) LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ํ† ๋ฏธ ์กฐ์…‰ (์‚ฌ์œ  : ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์  ๋ถ€์ง„) ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : ์ €์Šคํ‹ด ํ—ค์ผ๋ฆฌ (์‚ฌ์œ  : ์„ฑ์  ๋ถ€์ง„), ๋ฑ ๋งฅ๊ณผ์ด์–ด (์‚ฌ์œ  : ํ–„์ŠคํŠธ๋ง ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์  ๋ถ€์ง„) ์‹ ๊ทœ ์˜์ž… ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ : ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ„ด ํ„ฐ์ปค SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์‚ฌ ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  : ์ œ์ด์ฝฅ ์œŒ์Šจ, ๋ธŒ๋ก ๋‹ค์ต์† NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค : ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ฒœ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฆญ, ์ œ์ดํฌ ์Šค๋ชฐ๋ฆฐ์Šคํ‚ค LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ํŽ˜๊ฒŒ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : ๋งฅ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šจ, ๋ฒค ๋ผ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋กœ์ € ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋””๋‚˜ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šคํƒ€์ฆˆ ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ์•„์ˆ˜์•„ํ—ค : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  โ†’ ์• ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์Šค ํ† ๋ฏธ ์กฐ์…‰ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค โ†’ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ ˆ๋“œ์‚ญ์Šค ์ €์Šคํ‹ด ํ—ค์ผ๋ฆฌ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ โ†’ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ณต๊ท€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์Šนํ™˜ : ์ฝœ๋กœ๋ผ๋„ ๋กœํ‚ค์Šค โ†’ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ ๊ถŒํœ˜ : ์งˆ๋กฑ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ โ†’ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค 2020๋…„ ์‹ ์ธ์ง€๋ช… ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค : ์ด์ฃผ์—ฝ, ์žฅ๊ทœ๋นˆ, ์ œํ™˜์œ , ์ตœ์„ธ์ฐฝ, ์กฐ์ œ์˜, ๋ฐ•์ง€ํ›ˆ, ์˜ค๋ช…์ง„, ๊น€์„ฑ๋ฏผ, ์–‘์ฐฌ์—ด, ์ตœ์ข…์ธ, ์•ˆ๊ถŒ์ˆ˜ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ : ๋ฐ•์ฃผํ™, ์ด์ข…๋ฏผ, ์‹ ์ค€์šฐ, ๊น€๋™ํ˜, ๊น€๋ณ‘ํœ˜, ๋ฐ•๊ด€์ง„, ๋ฌธ์ฐฌ์ข…, ์ •์žฌ์›, ๊น€๋™์€, ๋ฐ•๋™ํ˜, ๊น€๋™์šฑ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค : ์˜ค์›์„, ์ „์˜์‚ฐ, ๊น€์„ฑ๋ฏผ, ์ตœ์ง€ํ›ˆ, ํ˜„์›ํšŒ, ์ด์žฌ์„ฑ, ๋ฅ˜ํšจ์Šน, ๊ธธ์ง€์„, ๊น€๊ต๋žŒ, ์ด๊ฑฐ์—ฐ, ๋ฐ•์‹œํ›„ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค : ์ด๋ฏผํ˜ธ, ๊น€์œค์‹, ์ด์ฃผํ˜•, ์†ํ˜ธ์˜, ๊ฐ•๋ฏผ, ์œ ์˜์ฐฌ, ํ•˜์˜์ง„, ํ•จ์ฐฝ๊ฑด, ์„ฑ์žฌํ—Œ, ์ด์ •์šฐ, ๋ฐ•์ฐฌํ˜ธ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค : ๊น€ํƒœ๊ฒฝ, ์ •๊ตฌ๋ฒ”, ๋ฐ•์‹œ์›, ์•ˆ์ธ์‚ฐ, ์ž„ํ˜•์›, ๊ฐ•ํƒœ๊ฒฝ, ํ•œ๊ฑดํฌ, ๊น€ํ•œ๋ณ„, ํ•œ์žฌํ™˜, ์ด์ข…์ค€, ๋…ธ์ƒํ˜ KT ์œ„์ฆˆ : ์†Œํ˜•์ค€, ๊ฐ•ํ˜„์šฐ, ์ฒœ์„ฑํ˜ธ, ์ด๊ฐ•์ค€, ์œค์ค€ํ˜, ๊น€์„ฑ๊ท , ์„œ๊ฒฝ์ฐฌ, ํ•œ์ง€์šฉ, ๋ฌธ์ƒ์ค€, ์—ฌ๋„๊ฑด, ์ตœ์ง€ํšจ KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ : ์ •ํ•ด์˜, ๋ฐ•๋ฏผ, ํ™์ข…ํ‘œ, ์˜ค๊ทœ์„, ์œ ์ง€์„ฑ, ๊น€์–‘์ˆ˜, ์žฅ์žฌํ˜, ๋ฐฑํ˜„์ข…, ๊ฐ•๋ฏผ์ˆ˜, ์ด์ธํ•œ, ์ตœ์šฉ์ค€ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ : ํ™ฉ๋™์žฌ, ํ—ˆ์œค๋™, ๊น€์ง€์ฐฌ, ํ™์›ํ‘œ, ์ด์Šน๋ฏผ, ๋ฐ•์ฃผํ˜, ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์›, ์ •์ง„์ˆ˜, ์‹ ๋™์ˆ˜, ํ•œ์—ฐ์šฑ, ๊น€๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค : ์‹ ์ง€ํ›„, ๋‚จ์ง€๋ฏผ, ํ•œ์Šน์ฃผ, ์ž„์ข…์ฐฌ, ๊ฐ•์žฌ๋ฏผ, ์žฅ์›…์ •, ์ตœ์ธํ˜ธ, ์ตœ์ด๊ฒฝ, ๋ฐ•์ •ํ˜„, ๊น€๋ฒ”์ค€, ๊น€์Šน์ผ ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  : ์ตœ์ค€์šฉ, ํ™๋ฏผ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ•์žฌ๋ฏผ, ๋ฐ•๋ช…ํ˜„, ์ •๋„์›…, ํ™ฉ์„ฑ๋นˆ, ์—„ํƒœํ˜ธ, ๊น€๊ฑด์šฐ, ํ•œ์ง€์šด, ๊น€ํ˜„์ข…, ์‹ ํ•™์ง„ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ : 3์›” 12์ผ ~ 3์›” 20์ผ ์ •๊ทœ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ : 3์›” 23์ผ ~ 9์›” 13์ผ ์ž”์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ : 9์›” 14์ผ ~ 10์›” 1์ผ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2017๋…„๋„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์œ„ ํŒ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์ธ ์ž ์‹ค(ํ•œํ™”:๋‘์‚ฐ), ์‚ฌ์ง(ํ‚ค์›€:๋กฏ๋ฐ), ๋ฌธํ•™(KT:SK), ๊ด‘์ฃผ(LG:KIA), ์ฐฝ์›(์‚ผ์„ฑ:NC) 5๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ์žฅ์—์„œ 2์—ฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ํŽผ์ณ์ง„๋‹ค. ํŒ€ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค์™€ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค๋Š” ์Šน, ๋ฌด, ํŒจ, ์Šน๋ฅ ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค๊ฐ€ SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค์™€์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์ „์ ์ด 9์Šน 7ํŒจ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ๋ฏ€๋กœ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ์‹œ์ฆŒ 3์œ„์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ค€ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„, ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์— ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์ข… 2์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2์œ„์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์ข… 3์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํƒ€์ž TOP ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ TOP ์‹œ์ฆŒ 1ํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก 1ํ˜ธ ์•ˆํƒ€ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์ดํ˜•์ข… 1ํ˜ธ ๋ณผ๋„ท : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฏผ 1ํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ์ฑ„ํƒœ์ธ 1ํ˜ธ ๋„๋ฃจ : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ์•„์ˆ˜์•„ํ—ค 1ํ˜ธ ๋„๋ฃจ์ €์ง€ : ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค ๋ฐ•์„ธํ˜ 1ํ˜ธ ํƒ€์  : KT ์œ„์ฆˆ ์œ ํ•œ์ค€ 1ํ˜ธ ๋“์  : KT ์œ„์ฆˆ ํ™ฉ์žฌ๊ท  1ํ˜ธ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋ฒ ํƒ•์ฝ”์šฐ๋ฅดํŠธ 1ํ˜ธ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ : NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค ๋ชจ์ฐฝ๋ฏผ 1ํ˜ธ ์‹ค์ฑ… : ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ ๋ฑ ๋งฅ๊ณผ์ด์–ด 1ํ˜ธ ํญํˆฌ : ๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ  ๋ธŒ๋ฃฉ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ 1ํ˜ธ ๋ณ‘์‚ดํƒ€ : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์˜ค์ง€ํ™˜ 1ํ˜ธ ์‚ผ์ง„ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ ์–‘ํ˜„์ข… 1ํ˜ธ ํ”ผ์‚ผ์ง„ํƒ€์ž : LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜ 1ํ˜ธ ๋น„๋””์˜คํŒ๋… : KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ ์ด๋ช…๊ธฐ 1ํ˜ธ ์Šน๋ฆฌํˆฌ์ˆ˜ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค ํ•˜์žฌํ›ˆ 1ํ˜ธ ํŒจ์ „ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ : KT ์œ„์ฆˆ ์ •์„ฑ๊ณค 1ํ˜ธ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค ๋ฐ•ํฌ์ˆ˜, KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ ์ด์ค€์˜ 1ํ˜ธ ํ™€๋“œ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค ๊น€ํƒํ˜• 1ํ˜ธ ์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ : SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค ๊น€ํƒœํ›ˆ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก 3์›” ์†ก์€๋ฒ”(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 3์›” 28์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 41๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 3์›” 28์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 16๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2900๋ฃจํƒ€, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 22๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 900๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•ํ•œ์ด(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 3์›” 28์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2100๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์„ฑ์—ด(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 3์›” 30์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 94๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜ธ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 3์›” 30์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 38๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 250๋ฒˆ์งธ 2๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)๋Š” 3์›” 30์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 35๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›” ์–‘์˜์ง€(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)๋Š” 4์›” 2์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 32๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์„๋ฏผ(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 3์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 40๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2200๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 6์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 33๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„ํƒœ์ธ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 4์›” 6์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 69๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 200๋ฒˆ์งธ 2๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์‹œํ—Œ(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 7์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 43๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ์ค€(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 4์›” 9์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 45๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๊ด‘ํ˜„(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 10์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 12๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1300ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทผ์šฐ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)๋Š” 4์›” 10์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 33๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1600๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฏผํ˜ธ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 4์›” 10์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 37๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์„ฑ๋ฒ”(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 12์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 70๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 200๋ฒˆ์งธ 2๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์˜์ง€(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)๋Š” 4์›” 13์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 89๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์šฉํƒ(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 16์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 1๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2400์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 4์›” 17์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 23๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 900๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ์ค€(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 4์›” 17์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 67๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ง€์™„(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 4์›” 18์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 28๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 200ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ฏผ์„ฑ(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 18์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 86๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์›์„(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 4์›” 19์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 89๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 20์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 17๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 4์›” 20์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 145๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฃผ์ฐฌ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 4์›” 20์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 21๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 6000ํƒ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฑ ๋งฅ๊ณผ์ด์–ด(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 4์›” 21์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 14๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ธํžˆํŠธ๋…ธ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์žฌ๊ท (KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 4์›” 21์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 48๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์šฉํƒ(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 24์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2100๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง€ํ™˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 24์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 65๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œค์„ฑํ™˜(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 4์›” 25์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 13๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1300ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฏผ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 4์›” 25์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 95๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ƒ์šฐ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 4์›” 26์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 42๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ตœ์†Œ ํˆฌ๊ตฌ(1๊ตฌ) ์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜์œค(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 27์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 87๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฏผํ˜ธ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 4์›” 28์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 30๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2500๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์šฐ์ฐฌ(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 4์›” 30์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 9๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•œ ์ด๋‹ 4ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” ์ด์žฌ์›(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 5์›” 1์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 146๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ƒ์ˆ˜(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 5์›” 1์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 90๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฏผํ˜ธ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 5์›” 1์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 49๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์„ฑ๋ฒ”(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 5์›” 1์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 66๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 5์›” 2์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 50๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฃผ์ฐฌ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 2์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 14๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1800์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์„ฑ๋ฒ”(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 5์›” 3์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 91๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 5์›” 5์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 23๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1700์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜ธ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 5์›” 5์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 12๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 300ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 5์›” 7์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 28๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1600์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ˜„์ข…(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 8์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1400ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 5์›” 8์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 34๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฃผ์ฐฌ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 9์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 27๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1700๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ค€์šฐ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 5์›” 9์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 67๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 5์›” 11์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ kt์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 27๋ฒˆ์งธ 7๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ข…์šฑ(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 5์›” 12์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 56๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 5์›” 12์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ 14๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)๋Š” 5์›” 14์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 44๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์šฉ์ˆ˜(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 5์›” 15์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์ฒซ ํƒ€์„ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์žฌ๊ท (kt ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 15์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 46๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700ํƒ€์ , ์—ญ๋Œ€ 68๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์›์„(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 17์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 92๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์˜์ง€(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)๋Š” 5์›” 18์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 96๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†ก๊ด‘๋ฏผ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 5์›” 21์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 88๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ก ๋‹ค์ต์†(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 5์›” 23์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 29๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์„ ๋ฐœ ํƒ€์ž ์ „์› ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 1๋ฒˆ์งธ 5์ด๋‹ 12ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ค€์šฐ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 5์›” 24์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 90๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 5์›” 25์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 47๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 5000ํƒ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ง„ํ–‰(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 5์›” 26์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 147๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œค์„ฑํ™˜(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 28์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 15๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1800์ด๋‹์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ฃผ์›(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 29์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 42๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฃผ์ฐฌ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 29์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 11๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 350๋ฒˆ์งธ 2๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์˜์ง€(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)๋Š” 5์›” 29์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 41๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 5์›” 31์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 15๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 3000๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ˜„์ข…(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 31์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 21๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1700์ด๋‹์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 5์›” 31์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 47๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ์ค€(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 5์›” 31์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 68๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 6์›” ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 6์›” 2์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 19๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2800๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒํ˜(๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค)์€ 6์›” 2์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 150ํ™€๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฏผํ˜ธ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 6์›” 2์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 35๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œค์„ฑํ™˜(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 6์›” 2์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 130์Šน์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ˆ˜๋นˆ(๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค)์€ 6์›” 4์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 97๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 6์›” 5์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 85๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๋” ํŒŒํฌ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๊ทœ๋ฏผ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 6์›” 5์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 43๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 6์›” 6์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 25๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 900ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 6์›” 7์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 15๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 900์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 6์›” 7์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ 12๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์žฌ๊ท (KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 6์›” 7์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 41๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2200๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜ธ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 6์›” 8์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 45๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๊ทœํ˜„(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 6์›” 8์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 147๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์šฐ๋žŒ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 6์›” 11์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 4๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 800๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 150์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํƒœ๊ท (ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 6์›” 12์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 4๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 3400๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฃผ์ฐฌ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 6์›” 12์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 13๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 6์›” 13์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 46๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฏผํ˜ธ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 6์›” 13์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 18๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 250ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 13๋ฒˆ์งธ 10๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์„ฑ์—ด(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 6์›” 14์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 60๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์ฃผ์ธ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 6์›” 14์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 149๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 6์›” 15์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 32๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2400๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ•ด์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 6์›” 15์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 10๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™€๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฏผ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 6์›” 16์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 38๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ค€์šฐ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 6์›” 18์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 150๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง€ํ™˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 6์›” 18์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 91๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜ธ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 6์›” 19์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 11๋ฒˆ์งธ 11๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜์œค(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 6์›” 20์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 93๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ฃผํ™˜(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 6์›” 20์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 98๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜ธ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 6์›” 20์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 38๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600๋ณผ๋„ท์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง€ํ™˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 6์›” 21์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 23๋ฒˆ์งธ 8๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฃจ, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 89๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ•ด์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 6์›” 21์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ 4๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™€๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง€ํ™˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 6์›” 22์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 94๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํƒœ๊ท (ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 6์›” 23์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2100์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์šฐ์ฐฌ(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 6์›” 23์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 29๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500์ด๋‹์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทผ์šฐ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)๋Š” 6์›” 25์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 31๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2500๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์›์„(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 6์›” 25์ผ ํฌํ•ญ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 90๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ง„ํ˜ธ(๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค)๋Š” 6์›” 27์ผ ํฌํ•ญ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 86๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๋” ํŒŒํฌ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 6์›” 29์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 16๋ฒˆ์งธ 9๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์žฌ์›(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 6์›” 30์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 92๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํƒœ๊ท (ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 6์›” 30์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1300ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” ๊น€์ฃผ์ฐฌ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 2์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 23๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2700๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์žฌ๊ท (KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 2์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 43๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 5000ํƒ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์„๋ฏผ(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 2์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ 12๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๊ทœ๋ฏผ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 3์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 52๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 5000ํƒ€์ž ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ•˜์„ฑ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 4์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 72๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 7์›” 4์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 34๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 800๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ์ค€(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 4์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 49๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 51๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2000๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ˜„์ข…(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 5์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 11๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๊ด‘ํ˜„(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 6์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 9๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 130์Šน์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜์œค(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 6์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 93๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฏผํ˜ธ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 7์›” 7์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 76๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1700๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์‚ฌ(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)๋Š” 7์›” 9์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 33๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 7์›” 9์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 11๋ฒˆ์งธ 10๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์„๋ฏผ(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 9์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 36๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2300๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒ”ํ˜ธ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 7์›” 11์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 13๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2000๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๊ด‘ํ˜„(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 12์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 26๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1600์ด๋‹์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ˜„์ข…(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 12์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 10๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 130์Šน, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 10๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์Šน์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์šฐ์ฐฌ(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 12์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 14๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1300ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์„๋ฏผ(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 12์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 26๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 900ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํƒœ๊ท (ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 7์›” 13์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ [KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ|KIA]]์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 20๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1900๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1100์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 7์›” 13์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 12๋ฒˆ์งธ 10๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฃผ์ฐฌ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 14์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 69๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜ธ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 7์›” 14์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 24๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1700์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 7์›” 16์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 33๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2400๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œค์„๋ฏผ(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 16์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 91๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ฏผ์šฐ(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)๋Š” 7์›” 16์ผ ์ฒญ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 99๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 18์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 34๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1600๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜ธ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 7์›” 18์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ [KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ|KIA]]์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ 11๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 17๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2900๋ฃจํƒ€, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 35๋ฒˆ์งธ 800๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ฏผ์šฐ(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)๋Š” 7์›” 18์ผ ์ฒญ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 50๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๊ด‘ํ˜„(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 26์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 9๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1400ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ฃฉ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 7์›” 27์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 15๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜•(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 7์›” 27์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 35๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1600๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์„๋ฏผ(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 7์›” 28์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 22๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํ˜„ํฌ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 7์›” 30์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 11๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™€๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 7์›” 31์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 38๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›” ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 1์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1200ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 4์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 13๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 300ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œค์„ฑํ™˜(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 4์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 11๋ฒˆ์งธ 9๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์ด๋‹์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 8์›” 4์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 23๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 300๋ฒˆ์งธ 2๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 8์›” 6์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 29๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1600์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์„ ๋นˆ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 6์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 151๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์šฐ์ฐฌ(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 8์›” 6์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 31๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์Šน์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์žฌํ˜ธ(๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค)๋Š” 8์›” 7์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 100๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 7์ผ ์šธ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 20ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 8์›” 8์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 18๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2900๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทผ์šฐ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)๋Š” 8์›” 9์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 15๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1800์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 9์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 52๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2000๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ•˜์„ฑ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 9์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 17๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 200๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 9์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ 12๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ƒ์ˆ˜(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 9์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 69๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์„๋ฏผ(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)์€ 8์›” 10์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 16๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 900์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 11์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 95๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ƒ์ˆ˜(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 11์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 30๋ฒˆ์งธ 4๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 50๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ˆ˜๋นˆ(๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค)์€ 8์›” 13์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 152๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํƒœ๊ท (ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 8์›” 13์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 14๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์žฌํ™˜(๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค)์€ 8์›” 18์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 94๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ•˜์„ฑ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 18์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 92๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์šฐ์ฐฌ(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 8์›” 18์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 16๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 13๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์Šน์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 8์›” 20์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 18๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 200๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์˜์ง€(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)๋Š” 8์›” 20์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 71๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 200๋ฒˆ์งธ 2๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ฑด์ฐฝ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 21์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 96๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทผ์šฐ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)๋Š” 8์›” 22์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 33๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 100์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ž์šฑ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 22์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 73๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋™ํ˜„(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 8์›” 22์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 12๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ์ค€(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 22์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 56๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์˜์ง€(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)๋Š” 8์›” 22์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 61๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 8์›” 23์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 15๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋“์ , ์—ญ๋Œ€ 9๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋“์ -๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 8์›” 23์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 30๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1600์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์žฌ๊ท (KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 23์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 18๋ฒˆ์งธ 8๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 8์›” 24์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 24๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 300๋ฒˆ์งธ 2๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์น˜ํ™(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 24์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 93๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฏผ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 24์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 74๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 25์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 51๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์Šน๋ฝ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 8์›” 25์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 270์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๊ฐ•๋ฏผ(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 8์›” 27์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 47๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 27์ผ ์ฒญ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ 4์—ฐํƒ€์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅํ•„์ค€(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 27์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 31๋ฒˆ์งธ 4๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 50๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ˜„์ข…(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 28์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1500ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 8์›” 28์ผ ์šธ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 46๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 150ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 8์›” 29์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ 7๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 200๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฏผ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 29์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 9๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 20๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ž์šฑ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 8์›” 29์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 57๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” ์ •๊ทผ์šฐ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)๋Š” 9์›” 1์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KT์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 22๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 6000ํƒ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 9์›” 1์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 10๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 3100๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง€ํ™˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 9์›” 1์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 57๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์˜์ง€(NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค)๋Š” 9์›” 1์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 70๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ •(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 9์›” 3์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 1๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 250์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘ํ˜ธ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 9์›” 3์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 30ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ฃผ์›(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 3์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 33๋ฒˆ์งธ 4๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 50๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 9์›” 3์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 28๋ฒˆ์งธ 7๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘ํ—Œ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 9์›” 3์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 51๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์šฐ๋žŒ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 9์›” 5์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 12๋ฒˆ์งธ 3๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 20์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฏผํ˜ธ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 9์›” 5์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 26๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2600๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘ํ—Œ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 9์›” 6์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 32๋ฒˆ์งธ 7๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์žฌ๊ท (KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 6์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 9๋ฒˆ์งธ 11๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์›์„(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 7์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 101๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ฑด์ฐฝ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 8์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 70๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 9์›” 8์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 15๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 800์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฃผ์ฐฌ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 10์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 52๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง€ํ™˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)์€ 9์›” 10์ผ ์ฒญ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 94๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1200๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์šฐ๋žŒ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 9์›” 11์ผ ์ฒญ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ 10๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 50๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ•˜์„ฑ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 11์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 33๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํƒ€์ -์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘ํ˜„์ข…(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 11์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 16๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1800์ด๋‹์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์šฐ๋žŒ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)์€ 9์›” 13์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 160์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜(LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค)๋Š” 9์›” 13์ผ ๊ณ ์ฒ™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ‚ค์›€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 44๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 5000ํƒ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์˜์ˆ˜(๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค)๋Š” 9์›” 14์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋ณดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œค์„ฑํ™˜(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 14์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 9๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 8000ํƒ€์ž ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ž์šฑ(์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 15์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 19๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 200๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 9์›” 15์ผ ๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•œํ™”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 25๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1700์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ์ค€(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 15์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ SK์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 39๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 250๋ฒˆ์งธ 2๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทผ์šฐ(ํ•œํ™” ์ด๊ธ€์Šค)๋Š” 9์›” 16์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 48๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 700ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ฆฌ ์ƒŒ์ฆˆ(ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 9์›” 16์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 34๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํƒ€์ -์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์„ ๋นˆ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 17์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 102๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 500๋“์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ˜•์šฐ(KIA ํƒ€์ด๊ฑฐ์ฆˆ)๋Š” 9์›” 18์ผ ๊ด‘์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 16๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 1800์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์„ฑํ˜„(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 9์›” 19์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 153๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๋„ค ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ๋กœ๋งฅ(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 9์›” 19์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 94๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํฌ๊ด€(๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค)์€ 9์›” 20์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 4๋ฒˆ์งธ 7๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์Šน์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜(KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)๋Š” 9์›” 20์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 75๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 62๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600ํƒ€์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์žฌ์ผ(๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค)์€ 9์›” 24์ผ ์ฐฝ์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ NC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 23๋ฒˆ์งธ 4๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 20ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๊ด‘ํ˜„(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 9์›” 25์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 24๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 7000ํƒ€์ž ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜ธ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )๋Š” 9์›” 25์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 1๋ฒˆ์งธ 10๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 200๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์•„์„ญ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 9์›” 26์ผ ์‚ฌ์ง์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ KIA์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 9๋ฒˆ์งธ 7๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 200๋ฃจํƒ€, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 32๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2500๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์žฌ๊ท (KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 26์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 20๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 200๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์„ฑํ˜„(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 9์›” 27์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 53๋ฒˆ์งธ 6๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์ข…ํ›ˆ(SK ์™€์ด๋ฒˆ์Šค)์€ 9์›” 28์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 17๋ฒˆ์งธ 5๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ์„ธ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์žฌ๊ท (KT ์œ„์ฆˆ)์€ 9์›” 29์ผ ์ˆ˜์›์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 24๋ฒˆ์งธ 4๋…„ ์—ฐ์† 20ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ, ์—ญ๋Œ€ 37๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 2300๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†์Šน๋ฝ(๋กฏ๋ฐ ์ž์ด์–ธ์ธ )์€ 9์›” 30์ผ ์ž ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ LG์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ 21๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 600๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›”๊ฐ„ MVP ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์‹œ์ฆŒ KBO์—์„œ 2014๋…„ 10์›” 27์ผ ๋‹จ์žฅ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 4์œ„ํŒ€๊ณผ 5์œ„ํŒ€์ด ์™€์ผ๋“œ์นด๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ฌ 3์œ„ํŒ€๊ณผ ์ค€ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „ 2019๋…„ KBO ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์€ 7์›” 21์ผ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์›NCํŒŒํฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ณ„ ์ง€์ƒํŒŒ TV SBS TV KBS 2TV MBC TV ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” TV SBS ์Šคํฌ์ธ  KBS N ์Šคํฌ์ธ  MBC ์Šคํฌ์ธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค SPOTV SPOTV2 ๋ผ๋””์˜ค KBS์ฒญ์ฃผ ํ•ดํ”ผFM ๋Œ€์ „ MBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋Œ€๊ตฌ MBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ถ€์‚ฐ MBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค MBC ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค SBS ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒFM TJB ํŒŒ์›ŒFM TBC ๋“œ๋ฆผFM KNN ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒFM KNN ํŒŒ์›ŒFM ์™€์ผ๋“œ์นด๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „ ์ค‘๊ณ„ 1์ฐจ์ „ : SBS TV, KNN ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒFM ์ค€ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ค‘๊ณ„ 1์ฐจ์ „ : MBC TV 2์ฐจ์ „ : MBC TV 3์ฐจ์ „ : KBS 2TV 4์ฐจ์ „ : SBS TV ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ค‘๊ณ„ 1์ฐจ์ „ : KBS 2TV 2์ฐจ์ „ : SBS ์Šคํฌ์ธ , MBC ์Šคํฌ์ธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค, SPOTV 3์ฐจ์ „ : SBS TV ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ค‘๊ณ„ 1์ฐจ์ „ : KBS 2TV, SBS ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒFM 2์ฐจ์ „ : SBS TV, SBS ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒFM 3์ฐจ์ „ : MBC TV, SBS ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒFM 4์ฐจ์ „ : KBS 2TV, SBS ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒFM KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20KBO%20League%20season
2019 KBO League season
The 2019 KBO League season was the 38th season in the history of the KBO League. The regular season began on March 23 and ended on October 1. The All-Star break was extended from four days to seven. Standings Doosan Bears ranked ahead of SK Wyverns due to winning their head-to-head season series 9-7. League Leaders Foreign players Each team could sign up to three foreign players, one of whom must be a hitter. In 2019, the KBO League capped salaries for new foreign players at US$1ย million. Foreign hitters Postseason Wild Card The series started with a 1โ€“0 advantage for the fourth-placed team. Semi-playoff Playoff Korean Series Attendances See also 2019 Major League Baseball season 2019 Nippon Professional Baseball season References KBO League seasons KBO League season KBO League season
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A9%EB%8F%99%EA%B5%90%EC%A0%84%EB%8A%A5%EB%A0%A5
ํ•ฉ๋™๊ต์ „๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
ํ•ฉ๋™๊ต์ „๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(CEC, Cooperative Engagement Capability)์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ค‘์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ํ•จ์ •, ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ง€์ƒ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ณต์ค‘์ƒํ™ฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์„ผ์„œ๋ง ์ฒด๊ณ„๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š”, ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ชจํ•จ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅ™ํ•œ F-35C ์Šคํ…”์Šค ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐฉ์— ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด, E-2D ํ˜ธํฌ์•„์ด ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ˜• ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ํ›„๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ณด์ž‰ F/A-18E/F ์Šˆํผ ํ˜ธ๋„ท์ด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ, ์ด์ง€์Šคํ•จ, F-35 ์Šคํ…”์Šค ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์— CEC ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜๋ฉด, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ํƒ์ง€ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด์„œ, ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•ด์ƒ์ž์œ„๋Œ€๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ผ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ์ด SM-3 ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์š”๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•œ๋ฏธ์ผ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์šด์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋งํฌ 16 ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์‹œ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ด์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํƒ์ง€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์— ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๋™ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—…์—ˆ๋‹ค. CEC๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ์‹œ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์ง€ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์š”๊ฒฉ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1์กฐ์›์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์ด์ง€์Šคํ•จ์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹นํ•ด ์ด์ง€์Šค ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํƒ ๋”๋“œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์ผ์ฒด ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ CEC ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , CEC ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ, ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌ์ฐฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ, ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํƒ ๋”๋“œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ํ˜ธ์œ„ํ•จ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์ •๋ณด ๋“ฑ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” '๊ณต๋™๊ต์ „๋Šฅ๋ ฅ'(CEC, :en:Cooperative Engagement Capability) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋…์ž ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 2022๋…„๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ํ˜ธ์œ„ํ•จ์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์šด์šฉํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ •๋ณด๊ณต์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์„œ ์‹œ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ธ์œ„ํ•จ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ธ์œ„ํ•จ์ด ์š”๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ตœ์‹ ํ˜• ์ด์ง€์Šคํ•จ 2์ฒ™์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ˜• CEC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. 2019~2020๋…„๋„์— ๊ฑด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋‚ด๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์ž์œ„๋Œ€ ์‹ ํ˜• ์ด์ง€์Šค ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ 2์ฒ™์— ์ž์œ„๋Œ€์—์„  ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ CEC๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต์ž์œ„๋Œ€๋Š” 2019๋…„๋„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” E-2D ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ 4๊ธฐ์— ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ CEC๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. CEC๋ฅผ ์‹ค์œผ๋ฉด E-2D๊ฐ€ ํƒ์ง€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋“ฑ ํ‘œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๊ตฐ ์ด์ง€์Šคํ•จ์ด ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์š”๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„๋„ ์ดํ›„ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ตœ๋Œ€ 13๊ธฐ์˜ E-2D ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ˜• CEC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต์—”(์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ์–ต์›)์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ 2018๋…„ 11์›” 5์ผ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ํ•˜์™€์ด ์—ฐ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋™๊ต์ „๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(CEC) ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋Œ€๊ณต๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ ํ˜ธ๋ฐ”ํŠธํ•จ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œ ๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ ์กดํ•€ํ•จ๊ณผ ์ถ”์  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉํ†ต์ œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์กดํ•€ํ•จ์€ ๋ชจ์˜ ํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ํ‘œ์  ๊ฒฉ์ถ”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด SM-3 ๋ธ”๋ก-IIA ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ 1๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” CEC๋ฅผ E-7A ์›จ์ง€ํ…Œ์ผ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๊ณต ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋ฐฉ์–ด(IAMD) ์‚ฌ์—…์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ CEC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ๋„ E-7A ์›จ์ง€ํ…Œ์ผ์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ค‘์ด์ง€๋งŒ, CEC ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ NIFC-CA ํ–ฅํ›„, CEC๋Š” ํ•ด๊ตฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํ™”์žฌ ์ œ์–ด - ์นด์šดํ„ฐ ์—์–ด (NIFC-CA) ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— AD/A2 ์ „์žฅ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. F-35C๋Š” ์Šคํ…”์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์˜ ์˜๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๊นŠ์ˆ™์ด ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด, ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฐฐ (ISR) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์šธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ์ „ํŒŒ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ต๋ž€์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, F-35C๊ฐ€ ํƒ์ง€ํ•œ ํ‘œ์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ E-2D๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐ›์•„, 4์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์ธ ์Šˆํผํ˜ธ๋„ท์ด๋‚˜, 5์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์ธ F-35C์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์ธ ์Šˆํผ ํ˜ธ๋„ท๋„ 150km~270km ํƒ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ F-35 ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ AN/APG-81 ๋ ˆ์ด๋”์— ๋ชป์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” 140km~250km ํƒ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ AN/APG-79 ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ๋ผ์šธ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ „์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ณต๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ๋“ค์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ „ํˆฌ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ญ‡ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ตฐํ•จ์—์„œ ๊ณต์ค‘ ํ‘œ์ ์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์„ธ๋„ ํ•„์š” ์—†์ด, ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ค‘ ํ‘œ์ ์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ „ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•„(ๆˆ‘)๊ตฐํ•จ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฐํ•จ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ํ™”๊ธฐ๋„ ์œ ๋„ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋Š˜์— ๋–  ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐํ•จ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ตฐํ•จ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ํ•ด์†Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‘ฅ๊ธ€๋ฉฐ, ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๋Š” ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์— ๊ตฐํ•จ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฐํ•จ์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 30km ์•ˆํŒŽ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ณ ๋„ 20km๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์ต ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•จ ํƒ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ ๋กํžˆ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตญ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ F-35์˜ MADL (Multi-Function Advanced Data Link) ํ‘œ์  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ SM-6 ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ง€์Šค ์ „ํˆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ์ด์ง€์Šค ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ธ 9์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•ด์„œ NIFC-CA ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์šด์šฉ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 30DX ํ˜ธ์œ„ํ•จ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์žฅ๋น„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative%20Engagement%20Capability
Cooperative Engagement Capability
Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) is a sensor network with integrated fire control capability that is intended to significantly improve battle force air and missile defense capabilities by combining data from multiple battle force air search sensors on CEC-equipped units into a single, real-time, composite track picture (network-centric warfare). This will greatly enhance fleet air defense by making jamming more difficult and allocating defensive missiles on a battle group basis. Development Origins of the US Navy program The CEC concept was conceived by Johns Hopkins applied physics laboratory in the early 1970s. The concept was originally called Battle Group Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Coordination. The first critical at-sea experiment with a system prototype occurred in 1990. The CEC became a Navy acquisition program in 1992. United States NIFC-CA In the future, CEC will form a key pillar of the Naval Integrated Fire Control-Counter Air (NIFC-CA) capability, which will allow stealthy sensor platforms such as the F-35C Lightning II to act as forward observers with their observations channeled through the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye to less stealthy platforms such as the UCLASS or Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. In a combat situation where the United States Navy would need to penetrate an anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) environment, a carrier air wing would launch all of its aircraft. The F-35C would use its stealth to fly deep into enemy airspace and use its sensors to gather intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) data. The EA-18G Growler would use the Next Generation Jammer to provide stand-off jamming or at least degradation of early warning radars. When targets are detected by the F-35C, they would transmit weapons-quality track to the E-2D and pass that information on to Super Hornets or other F-35Cs. The F/A-18E/F fighters would penetrate as far as they could into heavily contested airspace, which is still further than an ordinary fourth-generation jet fighter, then launch stand-off weapons. The UCLASS would use aerial refueling capabilities to extend the range of the strike force and use its own ISR sensors. NIFC-CA relies on the use of data-links to provide every aircraft and ship with a picture of the entire battlespace. Aircraft deploying weapons may not need to control missiles after releasing them, as an E-2D would guide them by a data-stream to the target. Other aircraft are also capable of guiding missiles from other aircraft to any target that is identified as long as they are in range; work on weapons that are more survivable and longer-ranged is underway to increase their effectiveness in the data-link-centric battle strategy. This can allow forward-deployed Super Hornets or Lightning IIs to receive data and launch weapons without needing to even have their own radars active. E-2Ds act as the central node of NIFC-CA to connect the strike group with the carrier, but every aircraft is connected to all others through their own links. Two Advanced Hawkeyes would move data using the tactical targeting network technology (TTNT) waveform to share vast amounts of data over long distances with very low latency. Other aircraft would be connected to the E-2D through Link 16 or concurrent multi-netting-4 (CMN-4), a variant of four Link 16 radio receivers "stacked up" on top of each other. Growlers would coordinate with each other using data-links to locate hostile radar emitters on land or on the ocean surface. Having several sensors widely dispersed also hardens the system to electronic warfare; all cannot be jammed, so the parts that are not can home in on the jamming energy and target it for destruction. The network is built with redundancy to make it difficult to jam over a broad geographic area. If an enemy tries to disrupt it by targeting space-based communications, a line-of-sight network can be created. Cooperative engagement also applies to ship-based protective features where Aegis radars of guided missile cruisers and destroyers are linked together into a single network to share data as a whole. This allows targets detected by one ship, as well as those seen by aircraft, to be identified by another ship and fired upon with long-range missiles like the Standard Missile 6 (SM-6) without that vessel having to actually detect it themselves. Not needing to fire on targets only once a ship's own sensors see them allows for shorter time needed to shoot, increased standoff distance to begin firing, and enables a whole fleet to intercept threats, like high-speed cruise missiles, once only a single ship sees them. On September 12, 2016 Lockheed used a separate ground station to relay the F-35's Multi-Function Advanced Data Link (MADL) targeting data to an Aegis system for a SM-6 launch. Potential countermeasures There is serious concern among the U.S. Navy that key parts of the CEC can be countered by sophisticated electronics. Russian and Chinese advancements in low-frequency radars are increasingly able to detect stealth aircraft; fighters like the F-22 Raptor and F-35 are optimized to avoid detection from higher frequencies in the Ku, X, C, and parts of the S bands, but not from longer wavelengths like L, UHF, and VHF. Previously these bands might see stealth aircraft but not clearly enough to generate a missile lock, but with improved computing power, fire control radars could discern targets more precisely by the 2020s or 2030s. Warships like the Chinese Type 52C Luyang II and Type 52D Luyang III have both high and low-frequency radars to find aircraft detectable by both wavelength ranges. This would make it difficult for the Navy F-35C to survive in a low-frequency radar environment. The entire NIFC-CA concept is also vulnerable to cyber warfare and electronic attacks, which would be used to disrupt the system reliant on data-links. Long-range anti-radiation missiles can threaten the radar-equipped E-2D, the central node of the NIFC-CA network. These threats may give impetus to calls for building the UCLASS as an all-aspect broadband stealth aircraft. It is feared that the stealth F-35C could be targeted by low-frequency radar-guided missiles, like during the 1999 downing of an F-117 Nighthawk. In that incident, the F-117 Nighthawk became the first stealth plane to be shot down when it was hit by an SA-3 Goa. The low-frequency VHF acquisition radar detected it some away, then cued the higher-frequency S-band engagement radar, which small stealth planes are optimized to avoid detection, although at away sufficient lock was achieved to fire several missiles until the third one struck the Nighthawk. The creation of digital AESA VHF acquisition radars, including the Russian ground-based 3D Nebo SVU and Chinese ship-borne Type 517M, offering detection at greater ranges, faster and more accurate cueing of engagement radars, enhanced resistance to jamming, and improved mobility contribute to the perceived vulnerability of small stealth fighters. Several important factors made the intercept in 1999 possible, including engagement radars being active for no more than 20 seconds to avoid location by NATO electronic warfare aircraft, and the use of decoys and frequent movement of the missile battery to make it difficult for NATO suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) aircraft to locate and target it. Poor operational discipline on the US's part also contributed, including the F-117 flying the same flight path on different missions, communicating on unencrypted channels that could be (and were) monitored by hostile forces, and the absence of standoff electronic warfare support aircraft to be properly aligned with enemy radars to support a stealth intrusion. The F-35C was designed for network-centric warfare, and gives the pilot enhanced situational awareness from its ability to communicate and process data obtained from onboard sensors and from other platforms. While the F-117 had no radar, the F-35C uses an AN/APG-81 AESA radar that can act as a narrowband jammer and can be used against engagement radars. Under NIFC-CA, F-35Cs will routinely be supported by Growlers and Super Hornets to jam and destroy enemy targets beyond the range of surface-to-air missiles. Data-links used to share information are high-bandwidth and jam-resistant to maintain contact. The Navy would also work with the United States Air Force in an attack, with the Navy using the EA-18G as a dedicated EW platform in contested airspace, and the Air Force contributing other stealth platforms including the B-2 Spirit, Long Range Strike Bomber (LRS-B), and future stealthy unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs); those platforms have, or are planned to have, wideband stealth using geometrical features such as large size and a tailless configuration to enable them to stay undetected when confronted by VHF radars. Even with the possibility of cyber and electronic attack to hack or jam data-links, passive detection systems to locate aircraft based on their electronic emissions, and long-range anti-radiation missiles, the flexibility of "network-centric" cooperative engagement concepts allows additional systems and platforms to be "plugged or unplugged" as required, offering increased survivability and growth potential for new methods of countering countermeasures to be integrated into new or existing concepts. France France has developed its own CEC system tenue de situation multi plateformes (TSMPF) India On 15 May 2019, the Indian Navy became the second service in the world after the United States, and the first in Asia, to have developed the capability, by conducting the maiden cooperative engagement firing of the Barak 8. The firing was undertaken on the Western Seaboard by 2 Kolkata-class destroyers, and wherein the missiles of both ships were controlled by one ship to intercept different aerial targets at extended ranges. The trial was carried out by the Indian Navy, DRDO and Israel Aerospace Industries. The capability would be rolled out on all future major warships of the Indian Navy. The test employed the full Joint Taskforce Coordination (JTC) mode which implements the Barak 8 โ€˜Cooperative Engagementโ€™ operating mode. The trial comprised two complex scenarios involving multiple platforms and several simultaneous targets. The destroyers detected multiple targets using their EL/M-2248 MF-STAR radars and launched several missiles at those targets. What was different was that only one of the ships controlled the engagement, intercepting different aerial targets at extended ranges by the missiles fired from both ships using the systemsโ€™ JTC mode. The test demonstrated the ability of MRSAM to operate wide area air defense, distributing assets and control over different platforms and locations. Previous MRSAM firing trials were conducted on a single platform, in the stand-alone mode. Japan In a Joint test, Japan's Cooperative Engagement Capability allowed to detect and track a ballistic missile; shot it down. See also Global Information Grid Ship Self-Defense System References External links Equipment of the United States Navy Anti-aircraft warfare
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%EC%9D%98%20%EC%9E%A5%EC%86%8C%20%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D
ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Šํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ใ€‹์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ฉ”์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์   ์  (XEN)์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์ด์ž ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. G๋งจ์˜ ๋ง์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด '๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ง€์—ญ(Border World)'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์  ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๊ณณ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐจ์›์„ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ธ ๋งˆํฌ ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋กœ์šฐ๋Š” ์  ์„ '๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์ด๋™ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ'๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ธ '์  ์—๋Š” ํ† ์ฐฉ์ข…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๋Š” ์–ธ๊ธ‰ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์  ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์ด ์ž์˜๋กœ ์  ์— ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์  ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๋™๋œ ์ข…๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„: ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ์‰ฌํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ ์นผํ›ˆ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์žฅ์น˜ ์—†์ด ์  ์œผ๋กœ ์›Œํ”„ํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ํ˜ธํก์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ํก์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜ธํกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๋งŒํผ ์ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝํ•œ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋•…๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐŸ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋•… ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ญ๋– ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์œ„์˜ ๋ถ€์œ ๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ณต๋ช… ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์   ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์ƒ‰ ์ˆ˜์ •๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ์‰ฌํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์›Œํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์  ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ขŒํ‘œ ์ค‘๊ณ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„, ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ด์ „์— ์  ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž‘์ค‘ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์  ์œผ๋กœ ์›Œํ”„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ H.E.V. ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ณต์„ ์ž…์€ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ’ˆ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ—ฌ๋ฉง์˜ ์ฐฉ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ ์›์€ ํŒŒ์•…์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ 2 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ()๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ 2์™€ ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ 2: ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ 1์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ฃผ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด์ฒด ์ดํ›„์˜ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์‹ ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ์ „ํ›„(ๆˆฐๅพŒ) ๊ณ ์ „ ์–‘์‹, ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด์ฒด ์ดํ›„์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์–‘์‹์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์นจ๋žต ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ๋‡Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘์•™์—๋Š” ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ธ ์š”์ƒˆ์ธ ์‹œํƒ€๋ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ €์ธต ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ๋™๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋ฉฐ TV์™€ ์ „๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‹œ์ธ๋„ฅ์„œ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค๋กœ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ๋ น๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘์›, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์นดํŽ˜์™€ ์‹๋‹น, ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์šฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ, ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์—๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์—… ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ์šดํ•˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋„๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋…ธ๋ฉด ์ „์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ผ ์—ญ์‹œ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ์šดํ•˜๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์šดํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ง๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์—… ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์šดํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ด ์–•๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์œ ๋… ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ฉ”์‚ฌ ๋™๋ถ€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ฉ”์‚ฌ ๋™๋ถ€(Black Mesa East)๋Š” ์ง€๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์šดํ•˜์— ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์— ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ฉ”์‚ฌ ๋™๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ฉ”์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฉ”์‚ฌ ๋™๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฐ˜์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ผ์ด ๋ฐด์Šค์™€ ์ฃผ๋””์Šค ๋ชจ์Šค๋งจ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฐ˜์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ณด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๊ณคํŠธ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ฉ”์‚ฌ ๋™๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์   ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ผ์ด์˜ ์ „ ๋ถ€์ธ์ธ ์•„์ด์ง€์—”์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํ„ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ 2์—์„œ ์‚ญ์ œ๋œ ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ผ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹ ์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.) ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ฉ”์‚ฌ ๋™๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธํ™ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์Šต ์ค‘์— ์•Œ๋ฆญ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ ธ, ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธํ™ˆ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธํ™ˆ(Ravenholm)์€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๋งˆ์„์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ›„์— ๋ฐ˜์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์˜ ์••์ •์„ ํ”ผํ•ด์„œ 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ ๋งˆ์„์€ ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ—ค๋“œํฌ๋žฉ ๋กœ์ผ“ ํญ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋“  ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋งจ์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ข€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๊ธ€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋งˆ์„์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์™€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ง‘๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ จ ์น˜ํ•˜์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋“ฑ๋„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“  ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋งจ์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ ์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ข€๋น„๋ฅผ ์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•จ์ •์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ข€๋น„๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ '๊ตฌ์›'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์นญํ–ˆ๋‹ค), ๊ณ ๋“ ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐํƒ„์ด์„ ๋„˜๊ฒจ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋“ ์ด ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์— ์„ฑ๋‹น์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ข€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ๊ณต๋™ ๋ฌ˜์ง€์™€ ๋‚ฉ๊ณจ๋‹น, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ—ค๋“œํฌ๋žฉ๊ณผ ์ข€๋น„์˜ ์˜จ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. 17๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ฐ” ํ”„๋กœ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ ๋…ธ๋ฐ” ํ”„๋กœ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ(Nova prospekt)๋Š” ๊ฐœ์กฐ ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ 2์˜ ์ฑ•ํ„ฐ์ด์ž ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ 7์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นจ๋žตํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ์ „ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆํ™” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฑด์„คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋…ธ๋ฐ” ํ”„๋กœ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋ชจ์•„ ๋…ธ๋ฐ” ํ”„๋กœ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์บ๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๊ณคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋ก  ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์— ๋Œ€์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”๋ฒ•์ž ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ค‘์—์„  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ข…์กฑ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ท€์‹ ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํƒ“์—, ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ›์•„์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋“  ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋งจ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ท€์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ธ๋ฐ” ํ”„๋กœ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชฐ์‚ด์‹œํ‚จ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฉฐ์น  ํ›„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ผ์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ(White Forest)๋Š” ์ง€๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“  ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋งจ๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฐด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ 2: ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ 1์—์„œ์˜ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋Œ€ํญ๋ฐœ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์ดํ›„, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋จผ์ € ํ”ผ์‹ ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋ผ์ด ๋ฐด์Šค์˜ ์ผํ–‰๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 17๋ฒˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ผ์ด ์ผํ–‰์€ ์‹œํƒ€๋ธ์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์€ ์Šˆํผ ํฌํ„ธ ํญํ’์„ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋กœ์ผ“ ์œ„์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํš์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋“ ๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™€์ค‘์— ์•Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ช…์ƒ์„ ์ž…๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๊ณคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์น˜๋ช…์ƒ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋˜ ๋„์ค‘ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ G๋งจ์ด ์•Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‚ฌํžˆ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ธ๋„ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์Šˆํผ ํฌํ„ธ ํญํ’์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ G๋งจ์—๊ฒ ๋‚ดํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—ˆ์Œ์—” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณง์ด์–ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์žฅ์†Œ ์• ํผ์ฒ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์˜ฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์˜ฌ๊ฐ€(St. Olga)๋Š” ํ•˜ํ”„๋ผ์ดํ”„ 2: ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ฃผ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” 17๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์—์„œ G๋งจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์˜ฌ๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ…”๋ ˆํฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ  HDR๊ด‘ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๋ชจ๋“œ์ธ ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” "์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํ•ด์•ˆ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. 17๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์˜ ๋งต ์ด๋ฆ„์€ "์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ(Coast)"๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์˜ฌ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ์˜ฌ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ ์ ๋ น ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋“œํฌ๋žฉ ๋กœ์ผ“์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ ์žฅ์†Œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locations%20of%20Half-Life
Locations of Half-Life
The Half-Life video game series features many locations set in a dystopian future stemming from the events of the first game, Half-Life. These locations are used and referred to throughout the series. The locations, for the most part, are designed and modeled from real-world equivalent locations in Eastern Europe, but also include science fiction settings including the Black Mesa Research Facility, a labyrinthine subterranean research complex, and Xen, an alien dimension. Half-Life and expansions Black Mesa Research Facility The Black Mesa Research Facility (shortened to B.M.R.F.) is the primary setting for Half-Life and its three expansions: Opposing Force, Blue Shift, and Decay. The base is a decommissioned ICBM launch complex at an undisclosed New Mexico desert location, which has been converted into a scientific research facility and bears a number of similarities to Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories and Area 51. This facility is depicted as a vast series of underground research laboratories as well as surface constructions such as offices, chemical waste disposal plants, and personnel dormitories (even cafeterias, where Gordon Freeman can destroy Doctor Magnusson's microwave casserole), all powered by a hydroelectric dam and connected by an advanced tram system. Over the course of the series, Black Mesa is revealed to be conducting top-secret research into various fields, such as teleportation and experimental weapons research. Prior to the beginning of Half-Life, scientists experimenting on teleportation discover Xen, a border dimension somehow intrinsically involved in the teleportation process. Creatures and crystals from Xen are subsequently brought back to the facility for testing. At the beginning of Half-Life, one such crystal, revealed in Half-Life 2: Episode Two to have been provided by the G-Man, is put through an anti-mass spectrometer and causes a resonance cascade, tearing the spacetime continuum. As a result, Xen creatures are teleported into the facility and prey on its human inhabitants. There are many notable creatures that come from Xen, such as the Vortigaunts and Headcrabs. The resulting crisis is seen from several points of view in Half-Life and its expansions. In Half-Life, protagonist Gordon Freeman is introduced to the facility in a notable sequence involving very little interactivity. This serves to foreshadow many of the challenges the player will face, as well as the labyrinth-like structure of the game. Eventually, the player fights through the facility and teleports to Xen to try to seal the tear from the other end, where a Xen creature is keeping it open. Blue Shift shows the events from the viewpoint of a security guard, Barney Calhoun, who joins a group of scientists who use the teleportation technology to evacuate survivors from the base. In Decay, another group of scientists attempt to close the tear through their own equipment, after calling in the U.S. Military to assist with the situation. The military situation is shown through the eyes of Adrian Shephard in Opposing Force, where U.S. Marines (referred to as HECU, or Hazardous Environment Combat Unit) are ordered to cover up the incident by killing the entire population of Black Mesa as well as the alien attackers, but are overwhelmed and forced to withdraw, allowing for black operations units to detonate a nuclear warhead in the facility, ultimately destroying it. However, the fracture in the spacetime continuum remains, allowing the Combine to invade and occupy Earth. Black Mesa is also mentioned several times in another Valve game, Portal, and its sequel. In these games it is a competitor of Aperture Science, the company that owns the area where the games take place. Black Mesa is also referenced in the Portal-themed levels of Lego Dimensions, wherein Chell and Wheatley discover a hidden storage room in Aperture containing various crates and boxes stolen from Black Mesa. Xen Xen is an alternative dimension and is the adopted home of the Vortigaunts. A collection of asteroids hanging over a nebula, Xen is briefly featured in Half-Life and its first two expansions, Opposing Force and Blue Shift. It is often referred to as the "border world", as it is somehow involved in the teleportation process used by the Black Mesa Research Facility. The player encounters multiple types of fauna such as Headcrabs in Xen, in addition to its sentient inhabitants. The asteroids are linked with their own teleporter system, and a number of asteroids are shown to include underground factory-like areas, where Vortigaunts work to create or mature Xen's military forces, including the large, blue ape-like alien called the Gargantua. Gravity in Xen is significantly lower than on Earth. Xen forms the setting for the closing parts of Half-Life, where Gordon Freeman travels to Xen to kill the Nihilanth and seal the spatial fracture to Black Mesa. The player briefly visits Xen in both Opposing Force and Blue Shift as well; in the former, Adrian Shephard is forced to travel to Xen to escape an otherwise enclosed area, while in the latter, Barney Calhoun goes to Xen to align some equipment to allow Black Mesa to be evacuated using the teleporters. After the death of the Nihilanth in Half-Life, the fracture is destabilized further, causing large amounts of Xen's wildlife to be teleported to locations across Earth. In the third party remake of Half-Life Black Mesa, Xen is greatly expanded upon with many environments being completely new, such as a remote research facility operated by Black Mesa adjacent to a lush forest area as well as a village inhabited by enslaved Vortigaunt factory workers. Half-Life 2 and its episodes City 17 City 17 is a dystopian metropolitan area that forms the primary setting for Half-Life 2, its first expansion, Episode One, and Half-Life: Alyx. The city features a variety of architectural styles, mostly Eastern European architecture dating from preโ€“World War II neoclassicism, to post-war revival of classical designs, Soviet modernism, and post-Soviet contemporary designs, as well as alien Combine structures. The playable area of the city is quite large, including plazas, railway stations, a dilapidated canal system, underground road tunnels, multiple communal living quarters and crowded, tightly-packed tenement buildings. The whole city seems to be in an advanced state of urban decay, with abandoned structures and graffiti rampant throughout the city. It contains a large number of signs written in Cyrillic. Signs advertising a "Cafรฉ Baltic" can be occasionally seen, suggesting City 17 may be located on the Baltic Sea, rather than the Black Sea, as could also be the case. The city is policed by the Combine Civil Protection, who patrol the streets and suppress dissent with extreme brutality, which is seen frequently in Half-Life 2. Massive jumbotrons broadcast propaganda from Wallace Breen, the administrator of Earth. Travel and other luxuries are severely restricted, and citizens are under surveillance from floating drones. According to Half-Life 2: Raising the Bar, the game's artbook, City 17 was inspired by elements from several European cities, such as Sofia, Belgrade, Budapest, Prague, and for the railyard in the game's introduction, Gare Saint-Lazare in Paris, France. Art director Viktor Antonov, after being approached by Valve, expressed an interest in moving 3D games out of 'corridors' and into realistic environments, with layered histories. Eastern Europe was chosen as the setting due to "the collision of the old and the new", resulting in strong influences from Sofia, Antonov's hometown, and George Orwell's dystopian novel 1984. City 17 is the base of operations for the Combine on Earth, and its Citadel the headquarters for Wallace Breen, the human administrator for the Combine. The Citadel itself is an exceptionally tall structure of Combine design, reaching both deep underground and approximately 2.5 kilometers into the clouds, forming an ominous, foreboding presence in City 17's skyline. The Citadel serves as a reference point to help the player navigate, as well as providing a long-term goal to drive the player's action. In Half-Life 2, the player (as Gordon) initially arrives in City 17 by train; but, after being discovered, flees the city via its canal system. When Gordon returns later in the game, the city has been turned into a war zone as the citizens mount a full-scale rebellion against the Combine. The player eventually enters the Citadel itself to confront Breen, destroying the dark energy reactor and teleporter at the top of the Citadel. This proceeds to destabilize the Citadel's main reactor, which the player, accompanied by Alyx Vance, must temporarily stabilize in Episode One to allow for the population to be evacuated. The Combine try to accelerate the Citadel's collapse to send a message to their native dimension, requesting reinforcements. The Citadel eventually explodes at the end of Episode One, destroying City 17 and forming a super portal to the Combine dimension, which the player must work to collapse in Episode Two before Combine reinforcements arrive. Black Mesa East Black Mesa East is the name of the base for the Lambda Resistance on the outskirts of City 17. It is featured briefly in Half-Life 2, where it acts as the base of operations for Eli Vance, the leader of the human Lambda Resistance against the ruling Combine. Situated alongside a hydroelectric dam outside City 17, Black Mesa East is mostly underground, consisting of several levels containing laboratories, kitchens, recreational areas and maintenance facilities. Its population includes both humans and Vortigaunts. The base is the primary destination for the player in the early stages of Half-Life 2 after an attempt to teleport directly to the facility fails (due to Dr. Kleiner's pet headcrab Lamarr), leaving Gordon Freeman to proceed there by conventional means. Shortly after Freeman's arrival, Judith Mossman alerts the Combine forces to his presence, resulting in the base being raided. Though Eli Vance tries to say not to go through Ravenholm, Gordon has no choice but to do so to escape, while Vance and Mossman are captured. Ravenholm Ravenholm is an Eastern European mining town depicted in Half-Life 2. The town was a hidden location housing refugees from City 17 until it was discovered and attacked by the Combine, using artillery shells filled with headcrabs. Consequently, the town was massacred and its survivors zombified by the headcrabs. The tunnel from Black Mesa East is blocked to prevent the spread of the headcrabs and zombies. The mines are equally infested, and its structures have been heavily damaged. The town's sole survivor, Father Grigori, hunts the zombie population to put it out of its misery. Working from the church, Grigori has rigged numerous traps (one type involves a blade attached to an engine) and overhead walkways to keep himself safe. The player journeys through Ravenholm to get to the coast, after Black Mesa East is attacked by the Combine. Ravenholm has been noted as a cross-over of the science fiction and survival horror genres, as the player encounters the level at night, and many dark areas allow for surprise attacks from the zombies and other creatures within the town. Ravenholm is challenging for players to navigate due to its open nature as well as its overall circular path. Highway 17 Highway 17 is a road featured in Half-Life 2 that runs along a stretch of coast outside City 17. The player travels through this area in a Tau-cannon-rigged dune buggy to get to Nova Prospekt. The area is heavily occupied by large insectoid creatures called antlions that live in underground hives and violently defend their sandy territory, though Gordon is eventually able to direct them to target the Combine instead. The area around the road is mostly coastal with multiple boathouses and jetties but the water level has been reduced to such an extent that the derelict ships are sitting on what was once the seabed. The road itself is in disrepair; several portions have collapsed, and it is cluttered with many abandoned cars. Highway 17 is interspersed with various outposts under control of the Lambda Resistance, although several of them are under attack or have already been destroyed when the player arrives at them. Nova Prospekt Nova Prospekt is a security and detention installation controlled by the Combine in Half-Life 2. The facility is the player's destination for the middle parts of the game, as Gordon Freeman travels along the coast to get there and free the leader of the human resistance, Eli Vance, after he is captured by the Combine at Black Mesa East. Nova Prospekt is described as once being a high-security prison, set on a coastal cliff. Its interior is largely dilapidated, consisting of several unoccupied and badly damaged cell blocks, a number of interrogation chambers and numerous guard posts and checkpoints. The actual facility, built on the ruins of the old prison, incorporates Combine infrastructure, a teleporter, and a large holding area for political prisoners, held unconscious in pods suspended from the walls. The facility is also shown to deal with processing humans through invasive surgery, either changing them into Combine Overwatch soldiers or into Stalkers, dismembered cyborg slaves used for menial labor. The facility also incorporates an express train link from City 17. Nova Prospekt is heavily damaged during Gordon's incursion into the prison due to his use of antlions to break into the facility and rampage through it, as well as a subsequent teleporter explosion as he flees with Alyx Vance. The fight at Nova Prospekt is seen as the first strike against the Combine, and signals a major uprising in City 17. White Forest White Forest is a fictional mountainous region in Eastern Europe that forms the setting for Half-Life 2: Episode Two. The area also contains a Soviet-era ICBM silo that acts as the base of operations for the human resistance against the Combine and is the primary destination for much of the game. White Forest is the only area of gameplay in Episode Two, and is depicted as a largely forest-land region near the base of several mountains. The area consists of several villages and minor resistance bases, connected by a road in a state of disrepair with a number of abandoned cars. Various other structures include radio stations, industrial warehouses and bridge houses, which are often infested with headcrabs. In addition, there are several mineshafts, which are shown to have been colonized by antlions. The player travels the forest roads in a salvaged 1969 Dodge Charger to reach the base. The base itself is used by the resistance as a platform to launch a rocket containing codes to shut down a Combine superportal that is opened in the wake of the destruction of the Citadel at the end of Episode One. Other locations Aperture Science Laboratories The Aperture Laboratories Computer-Aided Enrichment Center is an Aperture Science Innovators research facility built completely underground, that forms the setting of Portal and Portal 2. Aperture Science is a direct rival to Black Mesa and, as revealed by in-game information and a website for the fictional company, initially provided shower curtains for the US military. However, after receiving a US government award for Best Shower Curtain Contractor, its founder Cave Johnson shifted the company's focus and embarked on several ill-conceived projects, interdimensional portal research among them. The project was deemed worthwhile and government funding was granted to expand Aperture Science's facilities, using an old salt mine in Upper Michigan to give them nearly unlimited space, expanding the maximum dimensions of the facility to approximately 10 by 1 miles in width and 3 miles deep. This ultimately led to the installation of the "Genetic Lifeform and Disk Operating System", GLaDOS, an advanced artificial intelligence, revealed in Portal 2 to be based on the personality of Johnson's assistant Caroline; however, shortly after its installation, GLaDOS turned on its creators, connecting the facility's ventilation system to a neurotoxin generator and imprisoning the survivors (including the player character Chell) for later use as test subjects. The areas of the underground Enrichment Center seen by the player in Portal consists of clinically white "test chambers", overlooked by laboratories and office spaces devoid of life, and disused maintenance areas behind these chambers. The clinical feel was designed after the settings in the film The Island, aiming to reduce the amount of background detail to allow players to focus on the puzzles. In Portal 2, however, the facility has been overgrown by plant life and has fallen into disarray after many years. GLaDOS is able to rapidly restore the chambers to their pristine conditions after being reactivated, showing the capability of highly configurable testing chambers. Later, the player travels deeper underground through the mine revealing earlier sections of Aperture Science from the 1950s to the 1980s, which have a more industrial style. Recordings from Cave Johnson during these areas relate the gradual decline of the company's fortunes, going from performing tests of its discoveries on elite personnel from the military, to using paid volunteers, and finally to requiring mandatory testing of its employees, and this directive became the basis for GLaDOS' core programming. At the end of Portal 2, the player reaches the surface, revealing that one of the accesses to the facility is a run-down shed in the middle of a wheat field. In Half-Life 2: Episode Two, the player learns that the Borealis, an Aperture Science research vessel, and a portion of the drydock it was moored to, was somehow teleported to the Arctic, and is a point of interest that the player is told to investigate. Episode Two concludes as the player prepares to visit this location. Portal 2 includes the surviving portion of the drydock deep in the Aperture Science facility where the Borealis was originally located before its disappearance. St. Olga St. Olga is a seaside town featured in Half-Life 2: Lost Coast, provided to players as a technology demonstration of high dynamic range rendering in the Source engine. St. Olga is built near a seaside cliff and features an Eastern Orthodox monastery at the top of the cliff, which the Combine have made a base of operations to launch artillery shells filled with headcrabs into the town. In Lost Coast, the player controls Freeman as he meets an old fisherman from St. Olga who asks him to defeat the Combine. Freeman storms the monastery and disables the artillery launcher, then returns to the fisherman, who congratulates him. The church style was specifically selected to enhance the influence of the high dynamic range rendering, while the cliff-side environments were built to encourage combat strategies in the vertical direction. Reception The environments of both Half-Life and Half-Life 2 and their expansions have been well received by critics. The locations in Half-Life have been praised as "self-contained, believable, and thoroughly engaging" by GameSpot, who also noted the "distinct looks" used in different areas throughout the game. The moment when the player arrives at the alien world of Xen towards the end of the game in particular has been praised for inspiring a sense of awe and astonishment. In addition, several reviews praised the way that players progressed through the areas of Black Mesa and the loading points in between as "largely seamless", with Computer and Video Games commenting that this made level loading "a thing of the past". However, some aspects of level design were criticized: IGN in particular, despite describing the locations as "logically linked and fun to explore" noted that in the middle of the game "the tension seriously sags, as [the player is] forced to wander around some dreadful tunnels looking for switches in retro-gaming land, as jumping puzzles, switch hunts, and all the tedium of a dozen other games returns in force". PC Zone described the environments in Half-Life 2 as "breathtaking, diverse and immense", while GameSpot praised the locations as "simply stunning, from the plazas and streets of City 17 to the rusted interiors of an abandoned factory" and stated that the game featured "excellent level design". In addition, IGN noted that the game world is "immaculately crafted and rendered". City 17 has been noted for its aesthetic use of 3D sound. Sound is used to remind the player of the trashy style of their train as they arrive in the city, while the sound of the surveillance camera in the large resonant space creates a generally unpleasant feeling. While some reviewers felt disappointment at the lack of new locations in Episode One, the entirely new rural environments in Episode Two were significantly praised by critics. The Computer and Video Games magazine stated that Episode Two contained "wonderful art design and the odd bit of technical spit-shine", while IGN praised the "expansive" outdoor environments and "claustrophobic" tunnels featured in White Forest. Fumito Ueda, lead developer for Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, has stated that Half-Life 2 incorporates a "natural setting", and "the puzzles are incorporated in that natural setting, and the players don't get lost. And that's something we put a lot of effort into for Ico, so I understand what went into that." References External links Locations in the Half-Life series at Combine OverWiki, a Half-Life wiki Half-Life (series) Video game locations Video games set in abandoned buildings and structures Half-Life
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC
ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ
ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ()๋Š” ์Œ๋ฃŒ, ์Œ์‹, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ ‘์‹œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ์ฒญ์†Œ์šฉ ์•ฝํ’ˆ, ์‹ํƒ๋ณด, ์‹์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ์Œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์—Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. "ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ"์˜ ์–ด์›์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด์˜ paneterie์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” pain์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด panis์˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ "๋นต"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์„ธ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ค‘์„ธ ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ค์šฉ๋„์‹ค์€ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋นต์„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ํ•œ์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋ฅผ ํŒฌํ‹€๋Ÿฌ(pantler)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ปจ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ (larder), ์ˆ  ์ €์žฅ๊ณ (buttery, ์˜คํฌํ†ต์„ ๋ฒ—(butt)์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค), ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ (butteries, ํ‘œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฐœ์Œ์€ "butt'ry"๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ์ผ๋‹ค)๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์„œ๋Š˜ํ•œ ๋ชจํ‰์ด์— ๋†๋ถ€์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์‚ฌ์˜ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ ํ˜น์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹๋‹น๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ๊ฐ€์ • ํŠนํžˆ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—์„œ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ ์• ์‰ฌ๋นŒ์˜ ๋นŒํŠธ๋ชจ์–ด ๋Œ€์ €ํƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์ฃผ ์•„์ฝ˜์˜ ์Šคํƒ  ํ•˜์•ผํŠธ ํ™€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ €ํƒ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ "๋Œ€์ €ํƒ" ์œ ํ–‰์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์–ด์„  ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ "์ง‘๋ฌด์‹ค"์„ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ €ํƒ๊ณผ ์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์น˜์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์–ต์—์„œ ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Œ์‹ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ (storeroom)์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์‹์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ‘์‹œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ์ง€์ €๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€์—Œ๋ฐฉ(scullery)์ด๋‚˜ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์„ค๊ฑฐ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์—Œ๋ฐฉ์€ ์ˆ˜๋„์™€ ๋Œ€์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์ง€์ž ์ƒ์„  ์†์งˆ๊ณผ ๋‚ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์จ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์Œ์‹ ์†์งˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์ €๋ถ„ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋„๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡, ์€์‹๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋Œ€์•ผ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์”ป๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋„๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์„ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋‹ค์šฉ๋„ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ชฉ์žฌ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ(pantry)๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ฐฝ๊ณ (larder), ์ฐฌ์žฅ(cupboard), ์Œ์‹ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ (storeroom)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ์‚ด๋ฆผ์‚ด์ด๋กœ 1990๋…„๋„ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ์ฃผํƒ ์•ˆ ๋ถ€์—Œ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋  ์ง‘๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์šฉ๋„์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ†ต์กฐ๋ฆผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๊ด€ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ์™€ ๋ถ€์—Œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ถ€์—Œ์€ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์—Œ์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์—Œ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ์€ ๋ฏธ์ถ”์•ผ ํƒ„์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์‹ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋žœ ์„ธ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ๋„์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ˆ˜(์„œ๋ž์žฅ ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ)๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์šฉ๋„์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์œ ํ–‰์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ํ›„์ง€์–ด ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹๊ธฐ์‹ค ์‹๊ธฐ์‹ค(butler's pantry) ํ˜น์€ ์ ‘๋Œ€์šฉ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ(serving pantry)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์šฉ๋„์‹ค์€ ์ €ํƒ์—์„œ ์‹ํ’ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ‘๋Œ€์šฉ ์‹๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹๊ธฐ์‹ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ์ฒ™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์€์‹๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์€์‹๊ธฐ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•จ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ธ์˜ ํšŒ๊ณ„์žฅ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์™€์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ชฉ๋ก ๋“ฑ๋„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง‘์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ • ๋„์šฐ๋ฏธ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ์ง‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด๋„ ๋ฒ„ํ‹€๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹ ์ฃผํƒ์—์„œ ์‹๊ธฐ์‹ค์€ ๋ถ€์—Œ๊ณผ ์‹์‚ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณดํ†ต์ด๋‹ค. ์‹๊ธฐ์‹ค์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์™€ ์–‘์ดˆ, ์ ‘๋Œ€์šฉ ์‹๊ธฐ, ์‹ํƒ๋ณด, ์™€์ธ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์žฅ์‹์„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹๊ธฐ์„ธ์ฒ™๊ธฐ, ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ , ์‹ฑํฌ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€, ์šฐ์œ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ์€ ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ์•„์ด์Šค๋ฐ•์Šค๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด์Šค๋ฐ•์Šค๋Š” ์ €์žฅ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋„‰๋„‰ํ•œ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ƒ‰์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด "๋ƒ‰์žฅ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ"๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋” "์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ์‹ค"์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” (๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด) ๋ชฉ์žฌ ํ•ฉํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธต์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ฐฌ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์ชฝ์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€ ํ†ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ถ•์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์˜ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐฌ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ถํ–ฅ ๋ฒฝ ์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์ชฝ ํ™˜ํ’๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ฐฌ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ ํ™˜ํ’๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋นจ๋ ค๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฌ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ์ฃผํƒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ‘๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ƒ‰๋งค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋นต, ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ, ์น˜์ฆˆ์ผ€์ต, ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€, ํŒจ์Šค์ธ„๋ฆฌ, ํŒŒ์ด ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ฑ„๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋‹ค ๊บผ๋‚ด์–ด ์š”๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์•„์ด์Šค๋ฐ•์Šค์— ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ง€์–ด ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ 1900๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์ธ๋””์• ๋‚˜์ฃผ ๋‰ด์บ์Šฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ›„์ง€์–ด ์ œ์ž‘ํšŒ์‚ฌ(Hoosier Manufacturing Company)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ 1930๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง„ ํ›„์ง€์–ด ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ถ€์—Œ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. "์Œ์‹ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์™€ ๋ถ€์—Œ์— ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ"("pantry and kitchen in one")๋ผ๋Š” ์นดํ”ผ๋กœ ํ›„์ง€์–ดํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์—Œ์— ์•ˆ์„ฑ๋งž์ถค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์™€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŒ๋งค ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์ „์› ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ถ€์ธต์—๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ํ›„์ง€์–ด ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ์ธ๊ธฐ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ์  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•™(domestic science, home economics)์ด ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฆ๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒญ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ธ ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ E. ๋น„์ฒ˜(Catharine E. Beecher)์™€ ํ—ค๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ ๋น„์ฒ˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ(Harriet Beecher Stowe)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ง‘(The American Woman's Home)(1869)์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์—Œ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ฑ๋‚ฑํžˆ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒœ์žฅ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ‘์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต ์ฃผํƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฉ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹๋ฏผ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถ€์—Œ์€ ์ž‘์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ข…์ข… ๊ตฌ์ƒ‰์„ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ–์ท„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋นŒํŠธ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ฐฌ์žฅ, ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์ ธ ์กฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ(These Happy Golden Years)์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์žฅ์— ๋กœ๋ผ ์ž‰๊ฒ”์Šค ๋นŒ๋”(Laura Ingalls Wilder)๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์ฃผ ๋“œ์Šค๋ฉง์—์„œ ์•Œ๋งŒ์กฐ ๋นŒ๋”(Almanzo Wilder)๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ณด๊ธˆ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์ง€์€ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ „์›์˜ ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋กœ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง‘์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์ข…์ข… ์•„๋™๋ฌธํ•™ ์†Œ์žฌ๋‚˜ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•™์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ผํ™”๋Š” ๋งˆํฌ ํŠธ์›จ์ธ์˜ ํ†ฐ ์†Œ์—ฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ—˜์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ชจ์˜ ์žผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ธ๋ฐ ํ†ฐ์†Œ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋กœ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์น ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ  ์ง€ํ•˜ ์ €์žฅ์‹ค ํŒฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์ž ๋‹ค์šฉ๋„์‹ค ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฃธ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฝ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฐฉ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantry
Pantry
A pantry is a room or cupboard where beverages, food, (sometimes) dishes, household cleaning products, linens or provisions are stored within a home or office. Food and beverage pantries serve in an ancillary capacity to the kitchen. Etymology The word "pantry" derives from the same source as the Old French term ; that is from , the French form of the Latin , "bread". History in Europe and United States Late Middle Ages In a late medieval hall, there were separate rooms for the various service functions and food storage. The pantry was where bread was kept and food preparation was done. The head of the office who is responsible for this room is referred to as a pantler. There were similar rooms for storage of bacon and other meats (larder), alcoholic beverages (buttery, known for the "butts", or barrels, stored there), and cooking (kitchen). Colonial Era In the United States, pantries evolved from early Colonial American "butteries", built in a cold north corner of a colonial home (more commonly referred to and spelled as "butt'ry"), into a variety of pantries in self-sufficient farmsteads. Butler's pantries, or China pantries, were built between the dining room and kitchen of a middle-class English or American home, especially in the latter part of the 19th into the early 20th centuries. Great estates, such as the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina or Stan Hywet Hall in Akron, Ohio, had many pantries and other domestic "offices", echoing their British "great house" counterparts. Victorian Era By the Victorian era, large houses and estates in Britain maintained the use of separate rooms, each one dedicated to distinct stages of food preparation and cleanup. The kitchen was for cooking, while food was stored in a storeroom, pantry or cellar. Meat preparation was done in a larder as game would come in undressed, fish unfilleted, and meat in half or quarter carcasses. Vegetable cleaning and preparation would be done in the scullery. Dishwashing was done in a scullery or butler's pantry, "depending on the type of dish and level of dirt". Since the scullery was the room with running water with a sink, it was where the messiest food preparation took place, such as cleaning fish and cutting raw meat. The pantry was where tableware was stored, such as China, glassware, and silverware. If the pantry had a sink for washing tableware, it was a wooden sink lined with lead to prevent chipping the China and glassware while they were being washed. In some middle-class houses, the larder, pantry, and storeroom might simply be large wooden cupboards, each with its exclusive purpose. Types Asian Pantry Traditionally, kitchens in Asia have been more open format than those of the West. The function of the pantry was generally served by wooden cabinetry. For example, in Japan, a kitchen cabinet is called a "mizuya tansu". A substantial tradition of woodworking and cabinetry in general developed in Japan, especially throughout the Tokugawa period. A huge number of designs for tansu (chests or cabinets) were made, each tailored towards one specific purpose or another. The idea is very similar to that of the Hoosier cabinet, with a wide variety of functions being served by specific design innovations. Butler's pantry A butler's pantry or serving pantry is a utility room in a large house, primarily used to store serving items, rather than food. Traditionally, a butler's pantry was used for cleaning, counting, and storage of silver. European butlers often slept in the pantry, as their job was to keep the silver under lock and key. The merchant's account books and wine log may also have been kept in there. The room would be used by the butler and other domestic staff. Even in households where there is no butller, it is often called a butler's pantry. In modern houses, butler's pantries are usually located in transitional spaces between kitchens and dining rooms and are used as staging areas for serving meals. They commonly contain countertops, as well as storage for candles, serving pieces, table linens, tableware, wine, and other dining room articles. More elaborate versions may include dishwashers, refrigerators, or sinks. Butler's pantries have become popular in recent times. Cold pantry Certain foods, such as butter, eggs, and milk, need to be kept cool. Before modern refrigeration was available, iceboxes were popular. However, the problem with an icebox was that the cabinet housing it was large, but the actual refrigerated space was relatively small. A clever and innovative solution was invented, the "cold pantry", sometimes called a "California cooler." The cold pantry usually consisted of a cabinet or cupboard with wooden-slat shelves for air circulation. An opening near the top vented to the outside, either through the roof or high out the wall. A second opening near the bottom vented also to the outside, but low near the ground and usually on the north side of the house, where the air was cooler. As the air in the pantry warmed, it rose, escaping through the upper vent. This in turn drew cooler air in from the lower vent, providing constant circulation of cooler air. In the summertime, the temperature in the cold pantry would usually hover several degrees lower than the ambient temperature in the house, while in the wintertime, the temperature in the cold pantry would be considerably lower than that in the house. A cold pantry was the perfect place to keep food stocks that did not necessarily need to be kept refrigerated. Breads, butter, cheesecakes, eggs, pastries, and pie were the common food stocks kept in a cold pantry. Vegetables could be brought up from the root cellar in smaller amounts and stored in the cold pantry until ready to use. With space in the icebox at a premium, the cold pantry was a great place to store fresh berries and fruit. Hoosier Cabinet First developed in the early 1900s by the Hoosier Manufacturing Company in New Castle, Indiana, and popular into the 1930s, the Hoosier cabinet and its many imitators soon became an essential fixture in American kitchens. Often billed as a "pantry and kitchen in one", the Hoosier brought the ease and readiness of a pantry, with its many storage spaces and working counter, right into the kitchen. It was sold in catalogues and through a unique sales program geared towards farm wives. Today, the Hoosier cabinet is a much sought-after domestic icon and widely reproduced. Books Chapters of earlier books, particularly written during the era of domestic science and home economics in the latter half of the 19th century, featured how to furnish, keep, and clean a pantry. Catharine E. Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, in their seminal The American Woman's Home (1869), advocated the elimination of the pantry by installing pantry shelving and cabinetry in the kitchen. This idea did not take hold in American households until a century later, by which time the pantry had become a floor-to-ceiling cabinet in the Post-Vietnam War kitchen. During the Victorian era and until the Second World War, when housing changed considerably, pantries were commonplace in virtually all American homes. This was because kitchens were small and strictly utilitarian, and not the domestic center of the home. Thus, pantries were important workspaces with their built-in shelving, cupboards and countertops. In the last chapter of These Happy Golden Years, Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote a descriptive account of the pantry that Almanzo Wilder built for her in their first home together in DeSmet, South Dakota. It details a working farmhouse pantry in great detail, which she sees for the first time after her marriage to Wilder and subsequent journey to their new home. Pantry raids were often common themes in children's literature and early 20th century advertising. Perhaps the most famous pantry incident in literature was when Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer had to do penance for getting into his Aunt Polly's jam in her pantry: as punishment, he had to whitewash her fence. See also Larder Root cellar Shaker-style pantry box Storage room Utility room References Further reading External links Food storage Rooms
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B8%EB%B9%8C%EC%97%AD
์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ
์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ(Unionville Station)์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ๋งˆ์ปด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ณณ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ปด ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์—ญ์€ 407๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ถ์ชฝ, ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ๋กœ๋“œ ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์˜ ๊ด‘์—ญ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต์˜ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์€ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ง์Šค๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„  ์ง€์ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ, ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฒด ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 14๋ฒˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์ธ ์š”ํฌ์„ ์„ ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง€์ƒ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€์„œ 407๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์€ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ์งํ›„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์€ ๋„“์€ ๊ณต์—…์ง€๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋Š” ํ—ˆํ—ˆ๋ฒŒํŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ€์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ์ธ ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์€ ๋งค์ฝ”์› ๋กœ๋“œ์™€ ๋ฒŒ๋ก ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ 1871๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ, ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์žฌ์™€ ์žฅ์ž‘์„ ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๊ณ ์ž 1066mm์˜ ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1872๋…„์—๋Š” ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋˜ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€์ธ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๊ตฌ๋”ํ–„์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ฒ ๋„์ธ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ ํฌ ์ฒ ๋„๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ์ฒ ๋„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์„ ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„์˜€๋˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  1878๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ์ž์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ ค 1882๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2๋…„ ๋’ค์ธ 1884๋…„, ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ ํฌ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ฃผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1923๋…„์— GTR์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1794๋…„์— ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์˜จ ๋…์ผ์ธ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ •์ฐฉํ•ด 1840๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋ฃจ์ง€ ๊ฐ•์— ์ œ๋ถ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋งˆ์„์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1851๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€์žฅ์žฅ์ด, ๋ชฉ์ˆ˜, ์žฌ๋‹จ์‚ฌ, ์ œํ™”๊ณต, ์ง๊ณต ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. 20๋…„ ๋’ค, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณฑ์ ˆ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ด€์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ, ์ƒ์ ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜์›์ด์ž ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ์ œ๋ถ„์†Œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์˜€๋˜ ํœด ํฌ์Šค์›ฐ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ž„์ง์›๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์„  ์„ ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์€ ์ด์›ƒ ๋™๋„ค์ธ ๋งˆ์ปด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ์ œ๋ถ„์†Œ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—๋Š” ๋งคํŠœ ๊ณก๋ฌผํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ฐฝ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋Š” 1916๋…„์— ์Šคํƒ€์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ 1871๋…„์— ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๋งˆ์„์€ ์ œ๋ถ„์†Œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋ถ„์†Œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1878๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋งˆ์„ ๋ถ€์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฒ ๊ธธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹์—๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์—ญ์ด ์ง€์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ‹€์ด๋‚˜ ํŒ์ž๋ฒฝ ์‹œ๊ณต๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋”• ๋ณต๊ณ ์กฐ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์— ์—ญ ๊ฑด์„ค ์ดํ›„์— ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ํ€ธ ์•ค ๋ณต๊ณ ์กฐ ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๋œ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1920๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” 7๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์–ด์ ธ์„œ ์ƒ์—…์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ถ•์ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›๋„์‹ฌ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒŒ ์—†์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ์›ํ˜• ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์ „๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ์šด์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋„๋กœ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ฒ ๋„ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ์ง€์„ ์€ ๋‹ค 1920๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํฌ์ฝ˜ํฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” 1955๋…„๋Œ€์— ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1965๋…„์—๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌํ–‰ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์— VIA ์ฒ ๋„ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด VIA ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 1991๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ์„ ์ด์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1991๋…„์— ์ด์ „ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2005๋…„ 4์›”์— ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ๋กœ๋“œ์™€ 407๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„์ž…๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์€ ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์ฒ ๋„ (Regional Express Rail, RER) ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์˜ ์„ ๋กœ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ ๋ฐฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ญ ํ™•์žฅ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ๋กœ์™€ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—์„œ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ๋žจํ”„๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  300๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํŒ, ์กฐ๋ช…, ์กฐ๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์€ ์ง์›์ด ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 5์‹œ 10๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ 8์‹œ 15๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋„์ฐฉ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ฐจํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋‚˜ ์นด๋“œ ์ถฉ์ „์€ ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋™ํŒ๋งค๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ฒดํฌ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํƒœ๊ทธํ•ด ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์—์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ดํ‹ฐ์ผ“ (e-ticket)์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ์‹ค, ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค, ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด, ๊ณต์ค‘์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‰ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ, ์—ด์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—๋Š” 1,614๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ฃผ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ์€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ์ง€์ • ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์นดํ’€ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค๋„ ์นดํ’€ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ญ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ๊ณผ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šดํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํ†ต 2023๋…„ 6์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์—๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‰์ผ ์˜คํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์—  ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์—์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€๋„ค๋””, ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ, ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด, ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒ€์•ผํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํŽธ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์˜ 407๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋™์ชฝ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” 52, 54๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” 70, 71๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ๋Š” 8๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ๊ณผ YRT ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํ™˜์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ (YRT) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ญ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ 1871๋…„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionville%20GO%20Station
Unionville GO Station
Unionville GO Station is a train and bus station in the GO Transit network located in Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is a stop on the Stouffville line. The station is also served by Highway 407 East Express buses, which run westbound to Highway 407 station, northbound to Mount Joy GO Station, and eastbound to the Oshawa GO station. By late May 2022, the station had acquired a second track, a turnaround track and an island platform to support future all-day, two-way service on the Stouffville line. In future, GO trains will run every 10 minutes to Unionville and every 30 minutes to Mount Joy GO Station. History Old Unionville Station The original Unionville Station was opened in 1871 by the Toronto and Nipissing Railway. The railway line and station were acquired in succession by the Midland Railway of Canada in 1882, the Grand Trunk Railway in 1884 and Canadian National Railway in 1923. Canadian National served the station until 1978; GO Transit used the station from 1982 to 1991. GO train service ended at the station on Friday May 3, 1991, and service began at the current GO station the following Monday, May 6. The old station building has been restored and is now used as a community centre. Like Markham GO Station, this station features classic Canadian Railway Style with elements of Vernacular Carpenter Gothic architecture of the 19th Century. It is located on Station Lane, near Main Street Unionville. While a platform exists it is fenced off from the rail line to indicate it is not an operational station. Current station The current station was built in 1991 to replace the old Unionville Station. The newer station was renovated and re-opened in April 2005 and accessed by a service road from Kennedy Road north of Highway 407. By the end of May 2022, Metrolinx had completed a number of station improvements as part of GO Expansion to support future all-day, two-way service on the Stouffville line. The improvements include: A second track, new platform and a turnaround track. A new island platform and a relocated east platform, both with canopies, shelters and a snow-melting system. New pedestrian tunnels and elevators. 286 additional parking spots. Pedestrian walkways through the parking lot. New ramps from the parking lot to the platforms. More bicycle storage. Connecting bus routes GO Transit 52 407 East (Oshawaโ€“Highway 407 Bus Terminal) (weekend only) 54 407 East (Markhamโ€“Highway 407 Bus Terminal) (weekdays only) 56 407 East (Oakville GO Stationโ€“Oshawa GO Station) (weekdays only) 56A 407 Corridor (Square One - Oshawa GO Station) (weekday express) 71 Stouffville ("Train-bus" for Stouffville Line when trains do not operate) York Region Transit 8 Kennedy Viva routes Viva Pink (temporarily suspended) Viva Purple Viva service began on October 16, 2005, with buses stopping near Kennedy Road. Because the nearby Enterprise Drive was not finished when Viva services in the area began, this station served as a temporary station until November 19, 2005. During this time, both Viva Purple and Viva Green buses had to go on a detour on Highway 407 nearby. Viva Pink services were added on January 2, 2006. Unionville Station is the eastern terminus of peak services on the Viva Pink services to Richmond Hill Centre and Finch station. Viva Pink and Viva Purple usually serve Unionville Station. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Viva Pink remains temporarily suspended. References External links GO Transit railway stations Railway stations in Markham, Ontario Railway stations in Canada opened in 1991 Designated heritage railway stations in Ontario 1991 establishments in Ontario
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%A4%80%EC%9D%BC
์–‘์ค€์ผ
์–‘์ค€์ผ(ๆขไฟŠๆ—ฅ, aka Joon Il Yang, aka JIY, aka V2, 1969๋…„ 8์›” 19์ผ ~ )์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ 1991~1993๋…„(ํ™œ๋™๋ช… Joon Il Yang, JIY), 2001๋…„(ํ™œ๋™๋ช… V2) ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 12์›”์— ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ ํˆฌ์œ  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ - ์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋งจ ์‹œ์ฆŒ3์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œํ™˜๋œ ํ›„, ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ค€์ผ์˜ ์œ ๋…„์‹œ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์ง€๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™€ 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ง€๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์–‘์ค€์ผ์€ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์ธ 1969๋…„ 8์›” 19์ผ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณต(ํ˜„ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ˜ธ์น˜๋ฏผ)์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™์ฝฉ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ตญํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๋„๋ด‰๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ด์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, 1978๋…„ 2์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์˜จ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์ด๋ฏผ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์–‘์ค€์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋…”๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์˜ค์ˆœํƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ค์ˆœํƒ์€ ์–‘์ค€์ผ์˜ ๋ชจ์นœ์—๊ฒŒ "์Ÿค๋Š” ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋˜์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(USC)์—์„œ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฐ€์š”์ œ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฒ”ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ๋ท” ๋ฐ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ œ์ž‘ ์ œ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์†”๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท” ๊ทธ๋Š” 20์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์—ฐ์„ธํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํ•™๋‹น์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1์ง‘ ์•จ๋ฒ” ์ค€๋น„ ์ž‘์—… ํ›„, 1991๋…„ 1์›”์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋ท” ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ž‘์‚ฌ, ์ž‘๊ณก, ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค, ํŽธ๊ณก ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์†”๋กœ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1991๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ›„ 1993๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 2์žฅ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์žก์•˜๋˜ ๋น„์ž ์—ฐ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •์„œ์™€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ™œ๋™ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์™ธ๋ชจ์™€ ์˜์ƒ, ์ด๊ตญ์  ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋งค๋„ˆ, ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํŽผ์นœ๋‹ค. ๊ณฑ์ƒํ•œ ์™ธ๋ชจ, ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ๊ฑฐ์นจ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋งค๋„ˆ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์•„์ธต์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ณก๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์š”๊ณ„์˜ ์ •์„œ์™€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ํ˜ธ๋ถˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘์ค€์ผ์ด ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด ์˜ค๋น  ๋Œ ๋‚ ์•„์™€์š”๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋’ค์ชฝ ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋งž๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ๋™ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํžˆํŠธํ•œ ์„œํƒœ์ง€์™€ ์•„์ด๋“ค, ๊น€๊ฑด๋ชจ, ์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆ ๋“ฑ์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ๋„ 1์œ„๋Š”์ปค๋…• ์ƒ์œ„๊ถŒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„œํˆด๋Ÿฌ์„œ ํ›„์ˆ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฌ์„ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๊ตํฌ ์ถœ์‹  ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท” ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ ‘๊ณ  ํ•œ์ฐธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅธ ํ›„์—๋Š”, ๊ทธ์˜ ์Œ์•…์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์–ดํ•„๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1993๋…„์—๋Š” ์ฒ ์ด์™€ ๋ฏธ์• ์˜ '๋šœ๋ฒ…์ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘'์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์—ฐ๋น„์ž ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ 2์ง‘ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์Œ์•… ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ์žํƒ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์ˆ™์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ค‘์—๋„ ์ž ์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, IMF ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ ‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๊ดŒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ดํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน V2 ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ํ…Œํฌ๋…ธ ๋Œ„์Šค๊ณก์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  2001๋…„ 4์›” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์š”๊ณ„์— ์ปด๋ฐฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2001๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ์— ์•จ๋ฒ” "Fantasy"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ , V2๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•ด ์Ÿˆ์ด(JIY)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. V2๋ž€ ์–‘์ค€์ผ ์ธ์ƒ์— ๋ฒ„์ „(Version) 2๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–‘์ค€์ผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์„œ, ์˜๋ฌธ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…œ์„ ๋ณธ๋œฌ ์˜ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  V2 ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ณ€์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฒŒํฌ์—…์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ถœ์ƒ ์—ฐ๋„๋„ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ 11์‚ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ 1977๋…„ ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด์„œ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…๋„๋Š” ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์•„์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ ‘๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์–‘์ค€์ผ์€ ๊ฐ€์š”๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์ผ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์˜์–ด ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์˜์–ด๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์˜์–ด ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์€ ๋‚˜์ด์— ์žฌํ˜ผํ•œ ํ›„ 2015๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ๋“๋‚จํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2018๋…„๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๋ชจ์™€ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏ, 30์—ฌ๋…„์„ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ„ ์Œ์•…, ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•„ ์™”๋˜ ๊น€๋ฏธ๋ ค๋‚˜ ์ด์ง€ํ˜œ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ›„๋ฐฐ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ๋“ค ๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์Œ์•…์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ฑ์„ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ท€๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ณต๊ท€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋˜์‚ด์•„๋‚œ ์œ ๋ช… ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ค์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด, ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ ๋์— ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์—ฐ์˜ ์ œ๋ณด๋กœ 2019๋…„ 12์›” 6์ผ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ ใ€Š์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋งจ 3ใ€‹๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚œ์ง€ 4-5๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  18๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด ์–‘์ค€์ผ์€ ์œ„ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์„ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ 2019๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ์— ์„ฑํ™ฉ๋ฆฌ์— ํŒฌ๋ฏธํŒ…์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ์•  3๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์Œ์•…์ €์ž‘๊ถŒํ˜‘ํšŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, TV ๋ฐ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ถœ์—ฐ, CF ์ถœ์—ฐ, ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ™œ๋™, ์ž์„  ํ™œ๋™, ์—์„ธ์ด์ง‘ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 1์›” 4์ผ์—๋Š” ์‡ผ! ์Œ์•…์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณก "๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์นด"๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์„ฐ๊ณ , ๋™๋…„ 3์›” 14์ผ ์‡ผ! ์Œ์•…์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ์•„ํ‚ด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ "Dance with me ์•„๊ฐ€์”จ"๋กœ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋‰ด๋ฎค์ง ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐํš์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์ž… ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„œ๋งŒ ๋ณด์•„๋„ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์„ ์žก์•˜๋˜ ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜์ž… ์ œ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  1์ธ ๊ธฐํš์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์›Œ์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์—‘์Šค๋น„(XBe)๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” 'ex'์™€ ๋ฐœ์Œ์ด ๊ฐ™๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” 'X'์—, ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” 'Be'๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์ณ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€, ํ˜„์žฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ, ์–‘์ค€์ผ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง•๊ณ„ ์–‘์ค€์ผ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์œค์ข…์‹ ์ด DJ๋ฅผ ๋งก์€ SBS ๋ผ๋””์˜ค <๊ธฐ์œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ Š์€ ๋‚ >์—์„œ '์–ด๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ(arrest)'ยท'์ธ๋ฒ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜(investigation)' ๋“ฑ ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‹ฌ์˜๊ทœ์ •์„ ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1993๋…„ 4์›” 10์ผ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œ„์›ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ '3๊ฐœ์›” ๊ฐ„ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ •์ง€๋ช…๋ น' ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2์ง‘ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก 'Dance With Me ์•„๊ฐ€์”จ'๋Š” ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ  ํƒ“์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ใ€ŠRocking Roll Againใ€‹(2020๋…„ 8์›” 19์ผ / Official MV) ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์™ธ ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐฉ์†ก 1991๋…„ KBS1 ใ€Š์‡ผ ํ† ์š”ํŠน๊ธ‰ใ€‹ 1991๋…„ MBC ใ€Šํ† ์š”์ผ ํ† ์š”์ผ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›Œใ€‹ 1992๋…„ MBC ใ€Šํ† ์š”์ผ ํ† ์š”์ผ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›Œใ€‹ 1992๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š์—ด์ „ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์š”์ผใ€‹ 1993๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š๊ฐ€์š” ํ†ฑ 10ใ€‹ 1993๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋ผ ๊ณ ๊ณ ใ€‹ 1993๋…„ SBS ใ€Š๋น™๊ธ€๋น™๊ธ€ ํ€ด์ฆˆใ€‹ 2001๋…„ KBS ์ œ1๋ผ๋””์˜ค ใ€Š์œ„๋ฌธ์—ด์ฐจใ€‹ 2019๋…„ JTBC ใ€Šํˆฌ์œ  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ - ์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋งจ 3ใ€‹ 2ํšŒ 2019๋…„ JTBC ใ€ŠJTBC ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฃธใ€‹ (์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ) 2020๋…„ MBC ใ€Š์‡ผ! ์Œ์•…์ค‘์‹ฌใ€‹ 2020๋…„ MBC ใ€Š์„น์…˜TV ์—ฐ์˜ˆํ†ต์‹ ใ€‹ 2020๋…„ JTBC ใ€Š์Šˆ๊ฐ€๋งจ, ์–‘์ค€์ผ 91.19ใ€‹(2์ฃผ ํŽธ์„ฑ) 2020๋…„ MBC ํ‘œ์ค€FM ใ€Š์—ฌ์„ฑ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์–‘ํฌ์€, ์„œ๊ฒฝ์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คใ€‹ 2020๋…„ MBC ใ€Š๋ฐฐ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ ์žผใ€‹ 2020๋…„ MBC ใ€Šํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์–ด์žฅ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์Šคํƒ€ใ€‹ 2020๋…„ KBS ์ฟจFM ใ€Š๋ฐ•๋ช…์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์‡ผใ€‹ 2020๋…„ CBS ใ€Š์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„, 15๋ถ„ใ€‹ 2020๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Šํ•ดํ”ผํˆฌ๊ฒŒ๋” 4ใ€‹ 2020๋…„ MBC ์—๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์› ใ€Š๋น„๋””์˜ค์Šคํƒ€ใ€‹ 2020๋…„ MBC ํ‘œ์ค€FM ใ€Š์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋ฒ™๊ธ€์‡ผ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ์„ฑ, ํ—ˆ์ผํ›„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คใ€‹ 2020๋…„ KBS ์ฟจFM ใ€Š์œค์ •์ˆ˜, ๋‚จ์ฐฝํฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ผ๋””์˜คใ€‹ 2020๋…„ SBS MTV ใ€Š๋” ์‡ผใ€‹ 2020๋…„ KBS ํ•ดํ”ผFM ใ€Š์ž„๋ฐฑ์ฒœ์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ฎค์งใ€‹ 2020๋…„ KBS2 ใ€Š์˜ฅํƒ‘๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์•„๋“คใ€‹ 2020๋…„ MBC FM4U ใ€Š์˜คํ›„์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ด์ง€ํ˜œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คใ€‹ 2020๋…„ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋ž‘ TV ใ€ŠSimply K-Popใ€‹ 2020๋…„ KBS ์ฟจFM ใ€Š์กฐ์šฐ์ข…์˜ FM๋Œ€ํ–‰์ง„ใ€‹ 2020๋…„ KBS1 ใ€Š์—ด๋ฆฐ์Œ์•…ํšŒใ€‹ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋‚ด์—ญ ๋กฏ๋ฐํ™ˆ์‡ผํ•‘ ์—˜ํด๋Ÿฝ ํ”ผ์žํ—› ์‹œ์›์Šค์ฟจ ๋ฐ”์ด์—˜ ๋ฒ ๋กœ์นด ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์„œ์  2020๋…„ 2์›” 14์ผ, ใ€Š์–‘์ค€์ผ MAYBE : ๋„ˆ์™€ ๋‚˜์˜ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋งใ€‹, ์–‘์ค€์ผ, ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ ๊ธ€, ๊น€๋ณดํ•˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„, ๋ชจ๋น„๋”•๋ถ์Šค, . 2020๋…„ 5์›” 19์ผ, 20์ผ, 21์ผ ใ€Š์–‘์ค€์ผ MAYBE : ๋„ˆ์™€ ๋‚˜์˜ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ง - ํ•œ๊ธ€, ํ•œ์˜, ์˜์–ด ํŒใ€‹, ์–‘์ค€์ผยท์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ ๊ธ€, ์–‘์ค€์ผ ๋‚ญ๋…, Storyside ์ถœ๊ฐ„, ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌํ…” ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์ถœ์‹œ ISBN 9789152116081 ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2019 ๋” ํŒฉํŠธ ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ ํŒฌ์•ค์Šคํƒ€ ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์†Œ๊ฐ 2020๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ถฉ์„ฑ๋„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ•ซ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ํฌํ† ์›” ์ˆ˜์ƒ์†Œ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์˜คํ”ผ์…œ ์–‘์ค€์ผ - ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์–‘์ค€์ผ ์˜คํ”ผ์…œ - ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ์žฌ๋ถ€ํŒ… ์–‘์ค€์ผ - ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ 1969๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋…ธ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ„์Šค ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•™์› ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ˜ธ์ฐŒ๋ฏผ์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต๋„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%20Joon-il
Yang Joon-il
Yang Joon-il (born 19 August 1969), also known as John Yang, Yang Joon Il, Joon-il Yang, JIY and V2, is a Korean-American singer-songwriter. Yang made his debut in 1991 with a song titled "Rebecca". He was active in South Korea from 1991 to 1993 before he had issues renewing his visa. In 2001, he made a brief comeback as JIY, a member of project group V2. The song was a hit, but, at the time, agency issues prevented him from working in the entertainment industry. He got back to America disappearing away from the public scene. He recently gained attention through JTBC's Two Yoo Project Sugar Man, a program dedicated to finding and rediscovering old singers from the past. As of 2020, he is active in various fields such as fan meeting, book writing, public appearances, lectures, commercials, beauty and fashion related activities. Personal life Yang was born in Saigon, whose current name is Ho Chi Minh City today, of Vietnam during the war on August 19, 1969. His father used to work for an American travel agency and his mother was a reporter. He spent his childhood in Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea. Yang emigrated to the United States with his family at age nine and grew up in Los Angeles. He released three albums in Korea between 1991 and 2001. After one year of dating Yang married a woman with whom he fell in love at first sight in 2006 and the first son was born in 2015. Career Beginning When he was in Glendale High School in LA, he was persuaded to make a debut as an entertainer by the late Hollywood actor Soon-tek Oh, who was a member to the same church. Yang was a soloist in his high school choir. He took classes at a modeling school to prepare for his debut. He entered University of Southern California Marshall School of Business. During his studies, he was selected by Lee Bum Hee, who was the famous composer of the day in Korea. Yang dropped out of school to debut as a singer in Korea in 1990. He entered Korea in the same year and studied Korean at the Yonsei Korean Language Institute. 1991-1993 - First and Second Album Yang debuted in March 1991 at the age of 21 with the album, "Winter Wonderer(๊ฒจ์šธ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค)". He debuted on the "Rookie Stage" of the MBC's music program "Saturday Night Music Show" performing "Rebecca". The second single was "Help Me Cupid". A few months later, he returned to Los Angeles to work on his 2nd album. His 2nd full length album was released in 1992. He released other hit songs like "Dance with Me Miss" (1992) and "GaNaDaRaMaBaSa" (1992). Yang also composed most of the songs including "Love Strutter(๋šœ๋ฒ…์ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘)" of Chul Y and Mi Ae(์ฒ ์ด์™€ ๋ฏธ์• )'s second album. In 'Back to the Future" in Chul Y and Mi Ae's 2nd album dance pop and Korean traditional music were combined, which was very innovative attempt at the time. Active in South Korea from 1991 to 1993, he suddenly disappeared from the public scene and returned to the U.S. In a 2019 interview with The Korea Times, he revealed that "he was hated by many for his unusual looks and songs." Some also threw rocks during his performance at an open-air stage. Once, Yang recalled, an audience member faked a handshake to pull him violently down to the ground from the stage, telling him: "You need a beating." While a 10-year visa he held in Korea as a U.S. national had to be recertified every six months, but he was denied an extension to his visa. His nationality as an American also made it hard for him to gain acceptance in South Korea. 2001 - Third Album, Promoting as JIY of V2 On April 17, 2001, he made another debut as JIY, a member of a music band V2, with a third album "Fantasy". V2 meant his "Version 2". He was in active under the name of JIY instead of his real name, Yang Joon-il. He lied about his age and made a big change in his look. His new song "Fantasy", composed by Valery Gaina of Cruise, enjoyed a brief popularity before he finally put an end to his music career. Due to the agency's circumstances, it became impossible to work as a musician and after that he worked as an English teacher for 14 years. In 2015, he returned to the United States. Because of his age, he had a hard time finding work. He worked as a warehouse worker, office cleaner, and restaurant server. 2019 - Comeback with "Sugar Man" In 2019, he gained attention through JTBC's Two Yoo Project Sugar Man, a program dedicated to finding and rediscovering old singers from the past. He sang "Rebecca", "GaNaDaRaMaBaSa", "Dance With Me Miss", and "Fantasy". Still slim in figure and soulful in his performance, he dazzled the audience and show hosts. When asked his next plans amid this viral syndrome, he simply said: "I don't make any plans; I just focus on fully living every moment. If there's any plans, I hope to live as a humble husband and dad." When the show hosts asked him to give a message to 20-year-old himself living 30 years ago, Yang said: "I know nothing will happen how you want. But don't worry, everything will come out perfectly in the end." After his fame skyrocketed again after his appearance on the show, he quit his job at the restaurant to focus on his entertainment career. On December 25, Christmas Day, he appeared on JTBC Newsroom. He said "It's like a dream every day", "I've been trying to get rid of my prejudice against myself, which is full of my mind as if I had to abandon my unhappiness before I was happy." "There are no more tears" Yang said, adding that his powerful fandom, which claims to be a support group, is also a big boost to Yang. On December 31, Yang met with fans through two official fan meeting events. "Are you really here to see me?"he said, tearing up with joy. "This is my first time. I didn't imagine any of this. I'm so grateful." Just a few days before the fan meeting he shot a commercial with Lotte Home Shopping for the first time in his life. He spent that money to rent an apartment in Korea. On January 3 in 2020, Yang created his account on Instagram.jiytime On the 4th, he performed his debut song "Rebecca" on MBC's "Show! Music Core" after 28 years after his debut. Yang appeared himself a fan video, a parody of his own 90's fashion style.interview JTBC's special feature <Sugar Man, Yang Joon-il, 91.19> aired on the 16th and 23rd. The title of the program is meant to commemorate his debut year, 1991 and 2019 when he was recovered. On February 3, his photo essay [Yang Joon Il Maybe] started a pre-sale. On the first day, over 15,000 copies were pre-sold and it became bestseller. A series of the interviews with the behind-the-scenes of photo shooting for his book was released also.interview-Question From Yang Joon Il On the 9th, Yang opened his official YouTube channel, Official Yang Joon Il. The number of subscribers has spiked up to over 15K in a single day. On Valentine's day, on February 14, [Yang Joon Il Maybe] was officially released. On March 14, the 100th day anniversary of his re-debut, Yang and choreographer Lia Kim appeared on MBC "Show! Music Core" of the via a collaboration stage. Two of them went on stage with his song "Dance with Me" released in 1992.practice video version On the 16th, Yang was shown as a lecturer on "Sebasi Talk". The title of the lecture was <Message to unhappy people in competition>. It hit 1 million view mark in 2 days. On April 28, Yang held a Drive-through Fansign Event in Paju Premium Outlet.Drive-thru Fansign On May 12, his KaKaoTalk emoticons, I Got Yang Joon Il has been launched. On the 15th, Yang Joon Il Maybe: Password of You and I eBook has been released. On the 19th, Yang Joon Il Maybe: Password of You and I Audiobook narrated by Yang Joon Il himself has been released. Yang signed a contract with Production Lee Whang . According to Production Lee Whang, the agency has formed with Yang's one-man agency XBe and will be in charge of promoting his songs and managing his schedule. The remastered first and second album on vinyl LP are pre-sold from August 5 to 19 and released in October. Yang and Shinsegae International's collaboration goods are sold in limited quantities starting august 17th.Life.Walker.FashionFilm His new song "Rocking Roll Again" teaser was released on the 13th.RRA.Teaser On August 19, which is also his 51st birthday, [Yang Joon Il Maybe Special Edition] was published. It is re-edited with over 40 illustrations by Yullachoeyulla and a new message by Yang is added. "Rocking Roll Again" was released.MV On August 28, Sinsegae International and Yang launched their women's 2020 F/W collection and opened pop-up retail. A solo concert "The First Dance" was scheduled for September 19.notice Yang was scheduled to appear at the "Blue Spring Festival" held from September 26 and 27th.notice "The First Dance" concert scheduled to be held in Seoul September was cancelled due to Covid-19. The "Blue Spting Festival" was also cancelled. The JTN Concert, which was scheduled to be held in May but was cancelled due to Covid-19, was announced to be held on December 5. Discography Album Single Rocking Roll Again(August 19, 2020) - Yang Joon Il/ Val Gaina - 4:10 Bibliography Yang Joon Il MAYBE-Password of You and I (์–‘์ค€์ผ MAYBE-๋„ˆ์™€ ๋‚˜์˜ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ง)(2/14/20) - Memoir. Photo Essay. Co-authored by Yang Joon Il and Icecream. Photo by Kim Bo-ha Published by Mobidicbooks Yang Joon Il MAYBE: Password of You and I Voiced by Yang Joon Il(JIY)(English Edition-5/19/20, Korean Edition-5/19/20, Korean-English Edition-5/21/20 Varies by region Teaser) - Serviced on Storytel.com Yang Joon Il MAYBE Special Edition greeting from author JIY and illustrator Yulla- Co-authored by Yang Joon Il and IceCream. Illustrated by Yulla(์œจ๋ผ). Photo by Kim Bo-ha. Published by Mobidicbookks. Appearances Concerts Party Invitation '93 at Viva Art Hall, Seoul (June 26โ€“27, 1993) A Gift of JIY (์–‘์ค€์ผ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ) at Daeyang Hall, Seoul (December 31, 2019) Other ventures Endorsements In 2019, Yang shot a commercial with Lotte Home Shopping for the first time in his life. In 2020, Yang came in third place in brand reputation rankings for male advertisement models, as studied by The Korean Business Research Institute. Yang became an official model for Pizza Hut. He was selected as an endorsement model for Siwon School. He has been working as an ambassador for Shinsegae International. It was also reported that Shinsegae International is planning to launch a collaborative product with Yang. He appeared in commercials for Berocca by Bayer Korea. He was appointed as a new face of Jenny House Cosmetics. Jenny House Cosmetics announced to release a new product in collaboration with Yang. Re;BAK Style Repair Shampoo and Treatment was officially launched in March and Rebecca Salon, their collaboration site, was opened on the same day. On August, Shinsegae International launched "449 Project Yang Joon Il Goods line" which was produced on the theme of 'Life.Walker', Yang's values. S.I. and JIY's collaborative womenswear line was released on S.I. Village andย  at pop-up stores in Shinsegae Department Store. Awards 2019 The Fact Music Awardsโ€”Special Prize acceptance speech 2020 Brand Customer Loyalty Awardโ€”Hot Icon acceptance speech References External links Production LEE HWANG Official Homepage jiy.kr 449 x JIY on YouTube 1969 births Living people South Korean male singers
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4%20%EC%A0%84%EC%A7%80
์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€
์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€(ๅ…จๅ›บ้ซ”้›ปๆฑ , Solid-state battery)๋Š” ์ „์ง€ ์–‘๊ทน๊ณผ ์Œ๊ทน ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์•ก์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ฒด๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ œ์‹œ๋์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๋น›์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์š”ํƒ€๊ฐ€ 2010๋…„ ํ™ฉํ™”๋ฌผ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•œ ๋’ค๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์žฌ ํ›„๋ณด๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ™ฉํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ, ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž 3์ข…์ด ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ™ฉํ™”๋ฌผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ž์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ž์„œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์†๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„  ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™ฉํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. 1991๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์†Œ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์ƒ์šฉํ™”ํ•œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ 2์ฐจ์ „์ง€๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์—์–ด ์ „์ง€, ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ์ „์ง€, ๋ฆฌํŠฌํ™ฉ ์ „์ง€, ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ 2022๋…„ ๋„์š”ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 2025๋…„ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ์šฉ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด 2030๋…„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 100์กฐ์› ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์š”ํƒ€๋Š” ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ €์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•ก์ฒด ์ „์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค 2๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์š”ํƒ€, ๋‹ค์ด์Šจ, ํฌ๋ฅด์…ฐ ๋“ฑ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ 2์ฐจ์ „์ง€ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ™” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์—ฐ์ด์–ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 5๋ถ„์ด๋ฉด 80% ์ถฉ์ „์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผํ–‰๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ์ „์ง€์˜ 2๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ, ๊ฒฝ์œ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ ๊ธ‰์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 5๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. 2012๋…„~2014๋…„ ๋„์š”ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์›ํ•œ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „์ง€ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ 68%๋Š” ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋‹ค. 200๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด 1/3์ด๋‹ค. SNE๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋น„์œจ์€ 2024๋…„ 2%์—์„œ 2030๋…„ 10%๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ „๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์—…์ฒด Allied market research๋Š” 2017๋…„ 633์–ต์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด 2025๋…„ 1์กฐ6820์–ต์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹œ์žฅ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด ํ›„์ง€๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” 2035๋…„ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ 32์กฐ6000์–ต์›์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋‹ค ๋ดค๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ 1991๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์†Œ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ์ „์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ๋†’๊ณ  ์ถฉ์ „์ด ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•œ 2์ฐจ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „์ง€๋Š” ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ, ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์ž ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ 2์ฐจ ์ „์ง€๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ง€ 28๋…„์ด ํ˜๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” 255Wh/kg ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ 495Wh/kg๊นŒ์ง€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์ง€ ์–‘๊ทน์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ์Œ๊ทน์žฌ๋ฃŒ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋†’์€ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด 2์ฐจ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํŒŒ๋‚˜์†Œ๋‹‰์€ ๋„์š”ํƒ€์™€ ์ง€๋‚œ 4์›” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•ฉ์ž‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋‚˜์†Œ๋‹‰-๋„์š”ํƒ€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ' ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์„ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—…์ฒด๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ 40%๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ž์„œ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์š”ํƒ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฏผ๊ด€ ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด ์ด 17์กฐ์›์„ ํˆฌ์ž, ์˜ค๋Š” 2022๋…„์— ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ 2018๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์นญ๋‹ค์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋””๋ฒจ๋กœํ”„๋จผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ 10์–ต์œ„์•ˆ(์•ฝ 1600์–ต์›)์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•ด ์žฅ์‘ค์„ฑ ์ฟค์‚ฐ์‹œ์— ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€ ์–‘์‚ฐ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ์–‘์‚ฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€ ์–‘์‚ฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 2021๋…„ ์–‘์‚ฐ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 2025๋…„ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์นญ๋‹ค์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ์‹  ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์…€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ kg๋‹น 250~300Wh ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต, ์ž์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€๋Š” kg๋‹น 400Wh ์ด์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์นญ๋‹ค์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์–‘์‚ฐ์ด ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์นญ๋‹ค์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ 180๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ• ์ •๋„๋กœ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 2018๋…„ 3์›” 19์ผ, ๊ตญ์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ์‚ฐ์—…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›(KIET)์€ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด์ „์ง€์˜ ์–‘์‚ฐ ์‹œ์ ์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ „๋ง์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์ ์„ 2025๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›” 17์ผ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์€ ๊น€ํ˜ธ์„ฑ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ(์ œ์ฃผ์ง€์—ญ๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ) ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด ํญ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ํ™”์žฌ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์—†์• ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒฉ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” '๋ฐ”์ดํด๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด์ „์ง€' ์ œ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 445Wh/L ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์šฉํ™” ์‹œ์ ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ๋ณด๋‹ค 7~8๋…„ ๋Šฆ์€ 2030๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š” 2030๋…„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‹ ์ฐจ ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ธก์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 2017๋…„ 11์›” 15์ผ, ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฒค์ฒ˜๊ธฐ์—… ํ”ผ์Šค์ปค์˜ CEO ํ—จ๋ฆญ ํ”ผ์Šค์ปค๋Š” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด 1๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด ์ถฉ์ „์œผ๋กœ 800 km๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ—จ๋ฆญ ํ”ผ์Šค์ปค๋Š” ํ…Œ์Šฌ๋ผ ์ฐฝ์—…์— ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค.. 2019๋…„ 1์›”, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๊ธฐ์—… ํ…Œ์Šฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ช…๊ฐ€ ๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ 2์–ต1800๋งŒ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(์•ฝ 2439์–ต์›)์— ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ์ˆ˜์„ค ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ํ…Œ์Šฌ๋ผ์— ๋…์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ํŒŒ๋‚˜์†Œ๋‹‰ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€๋Š” 1965๋…„ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒŒ๋””์—์ด๊ณ ์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์Šฌ๋ผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๊ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” ๋ฒ ์ด์—์–ด๋ฆฌ์–ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ œ๋„ˆ๋Ÿด ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค(GM)์™€ ๋žŒ๋ณด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„ 300 Wh์˜ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋””์ ค์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 2-3ํšŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค๋…ธํด ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ 3-4์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์Šค๋…ธํด ํ•ญํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์€ 5๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์Šค๋…ธํด ํ•ญํ•ด์‹œ์—๋„ ์†Œ์Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ ค์—”์ง„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—”์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ ์†Œ์Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€, ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„ 8์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€, ๋‚ฉ์ถ•์ „์ง€์˜ 2๋ฐฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„ 30๋ถ„, 1991๋…„ ์†Œ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์†Œ๋ฅ˜๊ธ‰ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€, ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ์ „์ง€์˜ 2๋ฐฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ์ถฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„ 5๋ถ„, 2021๋…„ ๋„์š”ํƒ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฆฌํŠฌํ™ฉ ์ „์ง€, ์ „๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „์ง€์˜ 2๋ฐฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, 2030๋…„ ์ƒ์šฉํ™” ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌํŠฌํ™ฉ ์ „์ง€ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ „์ง€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state%20battery
Solid-state battery
A solid-state battery uses solid electrodes and a solid electrolyte, instead of the liquid or polymer gel electrolytes found in lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries. While solid electrolytes were first discovered in the 19th century, several drawbacks prevented widespread application. Developments in the late 20th and early 21st century generated renewed interest in solid-state battery technology, especially in the context of electric vehicles, starting in the 2010s. Solid-state batteries can potentially solve many problems of liquid (i.e. the mainstream type of) Li-ion batteries, such as flammability, limited voltage, unstable solid-electrolyte interphase formation, poor cycling performance and strength. Materials proposed for use as solid electrolytes in solid-state batteries include ceramics (e.g., oxides, sulfides, phosphates), and solid polymers. Solid-state batteries have found use in pacemakers, RFID and wearable devices. Solid-state batteries are potentially safer, with higher energy densities, but at a much higher cost. Challenges to widespread adoption include energy and power density, durability, material costs, sensitivity and stability. History Between 1831 and 1834, Michael Faraday discovered the solid electrolytes silver sulfide and lead(II) fluoride, which laid the foundation for solid-state ionics. By the late 1950s, several silver-conducting electrochemical systems employed solid electrolytes, but such systems possessed undesirable qualities, including low energy density and cell voltages, and high internal resistance. In 1967, the discovery of fast ionic conduction ฮฒ - alumina for a broad class of ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Ag+, and Rb+) kick-started excitement for and the development of new solid-state electrochemical devices with increased energy density. Most immediately, molten sodium / ฮฒ - alumina / sulfur cells were developed at Ford Motor Company in the US, and NGK in Japan. This excitement for solid-state electrolytes manifested in the discovery of new systems in both organics, i.e. poly(ethylene) oxide (PEO), and inorganics such as NASICON. However, many of these systems commonly required operation at elevated temperatures, and / or were expensive to produce, enabling only limited commercial deployment. A new class of solid-state electrolyte developed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, lithiumโ€“phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON), emerged in the 1990s. While LiPON was successfully used to make thin-film lithium-ion batteries, such applications were limited due to the cost associated with deposition of the thin-film electrolyte, along with the small capacities that could be accessed using the thin-film format. In 2011, the landmark work of Kamaya et al. demonstrated the first solid-electrolyte, Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS), capable of achieving a bulk ionic conductivity in excess of liquid electrolyte counterparts at room temperature. With this, bulk solid-ion conductors could finally compete technologically with Li-ion counterparts, leading to the modern era of solid-state research. Commercial research and development since 2010 As technology advanced into the new millennium, researchers and companies in the automotive and transportation industries experienced revitalized interest in solid-state battery technologies. In 2011, Bollorรฉ launched a fleet of their BlueCar model cars, first in cooperation with carsharing service Autolib, and later released to retail customers. The car was meant to showcase the company's diversity of electric-powered cells in the application, and featured a 30ย kWh lithium metal polymer (LMP) battery with a polymeric electrolyte, created by dissolving lithium salt in a co-polymer (polyoxyethylene). In 2012, Toyota soon followed suit and began conducting experimental research into solid-state batteries for applications in the automotive industry in order to remain competitive in the EV market. At the same time, Volkswagen began partnering with small technology companies specializing in the technology. A series of technological breakthroughs ensued. In 2013, researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder announced the development of a solid-state lithium battery, with a solid composite cathode based on an ironโ€“sulfur chemistry, that promised higher energy capacity compared to already-existing SSBs. In 2017, John Goodenough, the co-inventor of Li-ion batteries, unveiled a solid-state glass battery, using a glass electrolyte and an alkali-metal anode consisting of lithium, sodium or potassium. Later that year, Toyota announced the deepening of its decades-long partnership with Panasonic, including a collaboration on solid-state batteries. Due to its early intensive research and coordinated collaborations with other industry leaders, Toyota holds the most SSB-related patents. However, other car makers independently developing solid-state battery technologies quickly joined a growing list that includes BMW, Honda, Hyundai Motor Company and Nissan. Other automotive-related companies, such as spark plug maker NGK, have retrofitted their business expertise and models to cater to evolving demand for ceramic-based solid-state batteries, in the face of perceived obsolescence of the conventional fossil-fuel paradigm. Major developments continued to unfold into 2018, when Solid Power, spun off from the University of Colorado Boulder research team, received $20 million in funding from Samsung and Hyundai to establish a small manufacturing line that could produce copies of its all-solid-state, rechargeable lithium-metal battery prototype, with a predicted 10 megawatt hours of capacity per year. QuantumScape, another solid-state battery startup that spun out of a collegiate research group (in this case, Stanford University) drew attention that same year, when Volkswagen announced a $100 million investment into the team's research, becoming the largest stakeholder, joined by investor Bill Gates. With the goal to establish a joint production project for mass production of solid-state batteries, Volkswagen endowed QuantumScape with an additional $200 million in June 2020, and QuantumScape IPO'd on the NYSE on November 29, 2020, as part of a merger with Kensington Capital Acquisition, to raise additional equity capital for the project. QuantumScape has "scheduled mass production to begin in the second half of 2024". Qing Tao started the first Chinese production line of solid-state batteries in 2018 as well, with the initial intention of supplying SSBs for โ€œspecial equipment and high-end digital productsโ€; however, the company has spoken with several car manufacturers with the intent to potentially expand into the automotive space. In July 2021, Murata Manufacturing announced that it will begin mass production of all-solid-state batteries in the coming months, aiming to supply them to manufacturers of earphones and other wearables. The battery capacity is up to 25mAh at 3.8V, making it suitable for small mobile devices such as earbuds, but not for electric vehicles. Lithium-ion cells used in electric vehicles typically offer 2,000 to 5,000 mAh at similar voltage: an EV would need at least 100 times as many of the Murata cells to provide equivalent power. Ford Motor Company and BMW funded the startup Solid Power with $130 million, and as of 2022 the company has raised a total of $540 million. In September 2021, Toyota announced their plan to use a solid-state battery in some future car models, starting with hybrid models in 2025, due to the cost and lower power requirements. In early 2022, Swiss Clean Battery (SCB) announced its plans to open the world's first factory for sustainable solid-state batteries in Frauenfeld by 2024 with an initial annual production of 1.2 GWh which is planned to be scaled to 7.6 GWh. In January 2022, ProLogium signed a technical cooperation agreement with Mercedes-Benz, a subsidiary of the Daimler Group. The money invested by Mercedes-Benz will be used for solid-state battery development and production preparations. In July 2022, Svolt announced the production of a 20 Ah electric battery with an energy density of 350-400 Wh/kg. In October 2023, Toyota announced a partnership with Idemitsu Kosan to produce solid-state batteries for their electric vehicles starting in 2028. In June 2023, Maxell Corporation has begun mass production of large-capacity all-solid-state batteries. This mass-produced battery has extremely long life and heat resistance. Furthermore, mass production of 200mmAh cylindrical solid-state batteries will begin in January 2024. Size (diameter 23mm/height 27mm) Materials Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) candidate materials include ceramics such as lithium orthosilicate, glass, sulfides and RbAg4I5. Mainstream oxide solid electrolytes include Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP), Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 (LATP), perovskite-type Li3xLa2/3-xTiO3 (LLTO), and garnet-type Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZO) with metallic Li. The thermal stability versus Li of the four SSEs was in order of LAGP < LATP < LLTO < LLZO. Chloride superionic conductors have been proposed as another promising solid electrolyte. They are ionic conductive as well as deformable sulfides, but at the same time not troubled by the poor oxidation stability of sulfides. Other than that, their cost is considered lower than oxide and sulfide SSEs. The present chloride solid electrolyte systems can be divided into two types: Li3MCl6 and Li2M2/3Cl4. M Elements include Y, Tb-Lu, Sc, and In. The cathodes are lithium-based. Variants include LiCoO2, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, LiMn2O4, and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2. The anodes vary more and are affected by the type of electrolyte. Examples include In, Si, GexSi1โˆ’x, SnOโ€“B2O3, SnS โ€“P2S5, Li2FeS2, FeS, NiP2, and Li2SiS3. One promising cathode material is Liโ€“S, which (as part of a solid lithium anode/Li2S cell) has a theoretical specific capacity of 1670 mAh gโˆ’1, "ten times larger than the effective value of LiCoO2". Sulfur makes an unsuitable cathode in liquid electrolyte applications because it is soluble in most liquid electrolytes, dramatically decreasing the battery's lifetime. Sulfur is studied in solid-state applications. Recently, a ceramic textile was developed that showed promise in a Liโ€“S solid-state battery. This textile facilitated ion transmission while also handling sulfur loading, although it did not reach the projected energy density. The result "with a 500-ฮผm-thick electrolyte support and 63% utilization of electrolyte area" was "71โ€ฏWh/kg." while the projected energy density was 500โ€ฏWh/kg. Li-O2 also have high theoretical capacity. The main issue with these devices is that the anode must be sealed from ambient atmosphere, while the cathode must be in contact with it. A Li/LiFePO4 battery shows promise as a solid-state application for electric vehicles. A 2010 study presented this material as a safe alternative to rechargeable batteries for EV's that "surpass the USABC-DOE targets". A cell with a pure silicon ฮผSi||SSE||NCM811 anode was assembled by Darren H.S Tan et al. using ฮผSi anode (purity of 99.9 wt %), solid-state electrolyte (SSE) and lithiumโ€“nickelโ€“cobaltโ€“manganese oxide (NCM811) cathode. This kind of solid-state battery demonstrated a high current density up to 5 mA cmโˆ’2, a wide range of working temperature (-20ย ยฐC and 80ย ยฐC), and areal capacity (for the anode) of up to 11 mAh cmโˆ’2 (2890 mAh/g). At the same time, after 500 cycles under 5 mA cmโˆ’2, the batteries still provide 80% of capacity retention, which is the best performance of ฮผSi all solid-state battery reported so far. Chloride solid electrolytes also show promise over conventional oxide solid electrolytes owing to chloride solid electrolytes having theoretically higher ionic conductivity and better formability. In addition chloride solid electrolyteโ€™s exceptionally high oxidation stability and high ductility add to its performance. In particular a lithium mixed-metal chloride family of solid electrolytes, Li2InxSc0.666-xCl4 developed by Zhou et tal., show high ionic conductivity (2.0 mS cmโˆ’1) over a wide range of composition. This is owing to the chloride solid electrolyte being able to be used in conjunction with bare cathode active materials as opposed to coated cathode active materials and its low electronic conductivity. Alternative cheaper chloride solid electrolyte compositions with lower, but still impressive, ionic conductivity can be found with an Li2ZrCl6 solid electrolyte. This particular chloride solid electrolyte maintains a high room temperature ionic conductivity (0.81 mS cmโˆ’1), deformability, and has a high humidity tolerance. Uses Solid-state batteries are potentially useful in pacemakers, RFIDs, wearable devices, and electric vehicles. Electric vehicles Hybrid and plug-in electric cars use a variety of battery technologies, including Li-ion, nickelโ€“metal hydride (NiMH), leadโ€“acid, and electric double-layer capacitor (or ultracapacitor), with Li-ion dominating the market. Honda stated in 2022 that it planned to start operation of a demonstration line for the production of all-solid-state batteries in early 2024, and Nissan announced that, by FY2028, it aims to launch an electric vehicle with all-solid-state batteries that are to be developed in-house. In June 2023, Toyota updated their strategy for battery electric vehicles, announcing that they will not use commercial solid-state batteries until at least 2027. Wearables The characteristics of high energy density and keeping high performance even in harsh environments are expected in realization of new wearable devices that are smaller and more reliable than ever. Equipment in space In March 2021, industrial manufacturer Hitachi Zosen Corporation announced a solid-state battery they claimed has one of the highest capacities in the industry and has a wider operating temperature range, potentially suitable for harsh environments like space. A test mission was launched in February 2022, and in August, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced the solid-state batteries had properly operated in space, powering camera equipment in the Japanese Experiment Module Kibล on the International Space Station (ISS). Drones Being lighter weight and more powerful than traditional lithium-ion batteries it is reasonable that drones would benefit from solid-state batteries. Vayu Aerospace, a drone manufacturer and designer, noted an increased flight time after they incorporated them into their G1 long flight drone. Portable solar generators In 2023, Yoshino become the first producer of solid state portable solar generators, 2.5 times higher energy density, double rated and surge AC output wattage of non-solid state lithium (NMC, LFP) generators. Challenges Cost Thin-film solid-state batteries are expensive to make and employ manufacturing processes thought to be difficult to scale, requiring expensive vacuum deposition equipment. As a result, costs for thin-film solid-state batteries become prohibitive in consumer-based applications. It was estimated in 2012 that, based on then-current technology, a 20 Ah solid-state battery cell would cost US$100,000, and a high-range electric car would require between 800 and 1,000 of such cells. Likewise, cost has impeded the adoption of thin-film solid-state batteries in other areas, such as smartphones. Temperature and pressure sensitivity Low temperature operations may be challenging. Solid-state batteries historically have had poor performance. Solid-state batteries with ceramic electrolytes require high pressure to maintain contact with the electrodes. Solid-state batteries with ceramic separators may break from mechanical stress. In November 2022, Japanese research group, consisting of Kyoto University, Tottori University and Sumitomo Chemical, announced that they have managed to operate solid-state batteries stably without applying pressure with 230Wh/kg capacity by using copolymerized new materials for electrolyte. In June 2023, Japanese research group of the Graduate School of Engineering at Osaka Metropolitan University announced that they have succeeded in stabilizing the high-temperature phase of (ฮฑ-) at room temperature. It was via rapid heating to crystallize the glass. Interfacial resistance High interfacial resistance between a cathode and solid electrolyte has been a long-standing problem for all-solid-state batteries. Interfacial instability The interfacial instability of the electrode-electrolyte has always been a serious problem in solid-state batteries. After solid-state electrolyte contacts with electrode, the chemical and/or electrochemical side reactions at the interface usually produce a passivated interface, which impedes the diffusion of Li+ across the electrode-SSE interface. Upon high-voltage cycling, some SSEs may undergo oxidative degradation. Dendrites Solid lithium (Li) metal anodes in solid-state batteries are replacement candidates in lithium-ion batteries for higher energy densities, safety, and faster recharging times. Such anodes tend to suffer from the formation and the growth of Li dendrites, non-uniform metal growths which penetrate the electrolyte lead to electrical short circuits. This shorting leads to energy discharge, overheating, and sometimes fires or explosions due to thermal runaway. Li dendrites reduce coulombic efficiency. The exact mechanisms of dendrite growth remain a subject of research. Studies of metal dendrite growth in solid electrolytes began with research of molten sodium / sodium - ฮฒ - alumina / sulfur cells at elevated temperature. In these systems, dendrites sometimes grow as a result of micro-crack extension due to the presence of plating-induced pressure at the sodium / solid electrolyte interface. However, dendrite growth may also occur due to chemical degradation of the solid electrolyte. In Li-ion solid electrolytes stable to Li metal, dendrites propagate primarily due to pressure build up at the electrode / solid electrolyte interface, leading to crack extension. Meanwhile, for solid electrolytes which are chemically unstable against their respective metal, interphase growth and eventual cracking often prevents dendrites from forming. Dendrite growth in solid-state Li-ion cells can be mitigated by operating the cells at elevated temperature, or by using residual stresses to fracture toughen electrolytes, thereby deflecting dendrites and delaying dendrite induced short-circuiting. Aluminum-containing electronic rectifying interphases between the solid-state electrolyte and the lithium metal anode have also been shown to be effective in preventing dendrite growth. Mechanical failure A common failure mechanism in solid-state batteries is mechanical failure through volume changes in the anode and cathode during charge and discharge due to the addition and removal of Li-ions from the host structures. Cathode Cathodes will typically consist of active cathode particles mixed with SSE particles to assist with ion conduction. As the battery charges/discharges, the cathode particles change in volume typically on the order of a few percent. This volume change leads to the formation of interparticle voids which worsens contact between the cathode and SSE particles, resulting in a significant loss of capacity due to the restriction in ion transport. One proposed solution to this issue is to take advantage of the anisotropy of volume change in the cathode particles. As many cathode materials experience volume changes only along certain crystallographic directions, if the secondary cathode particles are grown along a crystallographic direction which does not expand greatly with charge/discharge, then the change in volume of the particles can be minimized. Another proposed solution is to mix different cathode materials which have opposite expansion trends in the proper ratio such that the net volume change of the cathode is zero. For instance, LiCoO2 (LCO) and LiNi0.9Mn0.05Co0.05O2 (NMC) are two well-known cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. LCO has been shown to undergo volume expansion when discharged while NMC has been shown to undergo volume contraction when discharged. Thus, a composite cathode of LCO and NMC at the correct ratio could undergo minimal volume change under discharge as the contraction of NMC is compensated by the expansion of LCO. Anode Ideally a solid-state battery would use a pure lithium metal anode due to its high energy capacity. However, lithium undergoes a large increase of volume during charge at around 5ย ยตm per 1 mAh/cm2 of plated Li. For electrolytes with a porous microstructure, this expansion leads to an increase in pressure which can lead to creep of Li metal through the electrolyte pores and short of the cell. Lithium metal has a relatively low melting point of 453K and a low activation energy for self-diffusion of 50 kJ/mol, indicating its high propensity to significantly creep at room temperature. It has been shown that at room temperature lithium undergoes power-law creep where the temperature is high enough relative to the melting point that dislocations in the metal can climb out of their glide plane to avoid obstacles. The creep stress under power-law creep is given by: Where is the gas constant, is temperature, is the uniaxial strain rate, is the creep stress, and for lithium metal , , . For lithium metal to be used as an anode, great care must be taken to minimize the cell pressure to relatively low values on the order of its yield stress of 0.8 MPa. The normal operating cell pressure for lithium metal anode is anywhere from 1-7 MPa. Some possible strategies to minimize stress on the lithium metal are to use cells with springs of a chosen spring constant or controlled pressurization of the entire cell. Another strategy may be to sacrifice some energy capacity and use a lithium metal alloy anode which typically has a higher melting temperature than pure lithium metal, resulting in a lower propensity to creep. While these alloys do expand quite a bit when lithiated, often to a greater degree than lithium metal, they also possess improved mechanical properties allowing them to operate at pressures around 50 MPa. This higher cell pressure also has the added benefit of possibly mitigating void formation in the cathode. Advantages Solid-state battery technology is believed to deliver higher energy densities (2.5x). They may avoid the use of dangerous or toxic materials found in commercial batteries, such as organic electrolytes. Because most liquid electrolytes are flammable and solid electrolytes are nonflammable, solid-state batteries are believed to have lower risk of catching fire. Fewer safety systems are needed, further increasing energy density at the module or cell pack level. Recent studies show that heat generation inside is only ~20-30% of conventional batteries with liquid electrolyte under thermal runaway. Solid-state battery technology is believed to allow for faster charging. Higher voltage and longer cycle life are also possible. Thin-film solid-state batteries Background The earliest thin-film solid-state batteries is found by Keiichi Kanehori in 1986, which is based on the Li electrolyte. However, at that time, the technology was insufficient to power larger electronic devices so it was not fully developed. During recent years, there has been much research in the field. Garbayo demonstrated that โ€œpolyamorphismโ€ exists besides crystalline states for thin-film Li-garnet solid-state batteries in 2018, Moran demonstrated that ample can manufacture ceramic films with the desired size range of 1โ€“20โ€‰ฮผm in 2021. Structure Anode materials: Li is favored because of its storage properties, alloys of Al, Si and Sn are also suitable as anodes. Cathode materials: require having light weight, good cyclical capacity and high energy density. Usually include LiCoO2, LiFePO4, TiS2, V2O5and LiMnO2. Preparation techniques Some methods are listed below. Physical methods: Magnetron sputtering (MS) is one of the most widely used processes for thin-film manufacturing, which is based on physical vapor deposition. Ion-beam deposition (IBD) is similar to the first method, however, bias is not applied and plasma doesn't occur between the target and the substrate in this process. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD), laser used in this method has a high power pulses up to about 108 W cmโˆ’2. Vacuum evaporation (VE) is a method to prepare alpha-Si thin films. During this process, Si evaporates and deposits on a metallic substrate. Chemical methods: Electrodeposition (ED) is for manufacturing Si films, which is convenient and economically viable technique. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a deposition technique allowing to make thin films with a high quality and purity. Glow discharge plasma deposition (GDPD) is a mixed physicochemical process. In this process, synthesis temperature has been increased to decrease the extra hydrogen content in the films. Development of thin-film system Lithiumโ€“oxygen and nitrogen-based polymer thin-film electrolytes has got fully used in solid-state batteries. Non-Li based thin-film solid-state batteries have been studied, such as Ag-doped germanium chalcogenide thin-film solid-state electrolyte system. Barium-doped thin-film system has also been studied, which thickness can be 2ฮผm at least. In addition, Ni can also be a component in thin film. There are also other methods to fabricate the electrolytes for thin-film solid-state batteries, which are 1.electrostatic-spray deposition technique, 2. DSM-Soulfill process and 3. Using MoO3 nanobelts to improve the performance of lithium-based thin-film solid-state batteries. Advantages Compared with other batteries, the thin-film batteries have both high gravimetric as well as volumetric energy densities. These are important indicators to measure battery performance of energy stored. In addition to high energy density, thin-film solid-state batteries have long lifetime, outstanding flexibility and low weight. These properties make thin-film solid-state batteries suitable for use in various fields such as electric vehicles, military facilities and medical devices. Challenges Its performance and efficiency are constrained by the nature of its geometry. The current drawn from a thin-film battery largely depends on the geometry and interface contacts of the electrolyte/cathode and the electrolyte/anode interfaces Low thickness of the electrolyte and the interfacial resistance at the electrode and electrolyte interface affect the output and integration of thin-film systems. During the charging-discharging process, considerable change of volumetric makes the loss of material. See also Solid-state electrolyte Divalent Fast ion conductor Ionic conductivity Ionic crystal John B. Goodenough List of battery types Lithiumโ€“air battery Lithium iron phosphate battery Separator (electricity) Supercapacitor Thin-film lithium-ion battery References Further reading External links 2000s introductions
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%EB%85%84%20%EC%8A%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%9E%91%EC%B9%B4%20%ED%97%8C%EC%A0%95%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0
2018๋…„ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ํ—Œ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ
2018๋…„ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ํ—Œ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” 2018๋…„ 10์›” 26์ผ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋งˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌํŒ”๋ผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ง ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ผ๋‹ ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ž„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‹ ์ž„ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ „์ž„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด์ž ํ˜„์—ญ์˜์›์ธ ๋งˆํžŒ๋‹ค ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์— ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 2๋ช…์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ—Œ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆฌ ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ์™€ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ํ†ต์ผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น(UNP)์€ ์ด ์ž„๋ช…์„ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ž„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ฒด ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ "๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ํ˜ผ๋ž€"์„ ๋นš์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜ํšŒ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น ๋ฐ ์•ผ๋‹น์€ ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ด์ž„๊ณผ ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ์ž„๋ช… ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์œ„ํ—Œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ์จ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์˜์žฅ ์นด๋ฃจ ์ž์•ผ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ง‘ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ง‘ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  10์›” 27์ผ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ 11์›” 16์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ ์ž„ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์ž ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ 11์›” 9์ผ ์˜ํšŒ ํ•ด์‚ฐ์„ ๋ช…๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์€ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ—Œ์ด๋ผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ 2018๋…„ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํšŒ ํ•ด์‚ฐ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ •์ง€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ž„ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋‚ด์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์žฌ์ž„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋…์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ „์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์žฌ์ž„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(2005-2015๋…„) ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ธฐ์ž ํ”ผ์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ํ—Œ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์žฌ์ž„ ๋งˆํžŒ๋‹ค ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์žฌ์ž„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ธ 2005๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ž„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด, ์กฑ๋ฒŒ์ •์น˜, ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์•ฝํ™”, ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋‚ด์ „์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐ€์›” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์žฌ์ž„ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„์—” ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด 29๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋˜๋˜ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋‚ด์ „์„ ๋๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ€๋ฐ€์กฑ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์„ ํ•™์‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ „์Ÿ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ถŒ์นจํ•ด ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ง์†์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ 4๊ฐœ ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒธ์งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ 80% ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ 3๋ช…์€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์žฅ๊ด€, ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€, ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€, ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์žฅ์„ ๊ฒธ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ์ผ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ข…๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ดํ„ฐ ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋‚ด์ „ ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด๋“์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Œ์• ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ "์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ"๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก ์—์„  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ 'ํฐ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ'์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ํ‡ด๋ณด์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•œ ํ†ต์ผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋‹น ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์–‘ํ•ด๊ฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ 2015๋…„ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•ผ๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์ž์œ ๋‹น์˜ ๋‹น์ˆ˜์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌํŒ”๋ผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์ „ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ†ต์ผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋‹น์ˆ˜์ธ ๋ผ๋‹ ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜๋Š” 2015๋…„ 1์›” ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ์ œ7๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ทจ์ž„ ์ดํ›„ ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ดํ›„์ธ 2015๋…„ 8์›” 17์ผ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต์ผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น ์ฃผ๋„ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ 225์„ ์ค‘ 106์„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋‹น๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ†ต์ผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋‚ด์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ž”ํ•™ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2015๋…„ ๋Œ€์„  ํŒจ๋ฐฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ •๊ถŒ ๊ต์ฒด์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ์ธ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„์›(RAW)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„ ์ •๋ถ€๋„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์›”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 4์›” 28์ผ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜์›์ง์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋‘˜ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณค ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ง์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์ œ19์ฐจ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ๊ตญ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๋‚ด๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น-์ด๋ฆฌ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์‹œ์ ˆ ์Œ“์ธ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ƒํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๊ฐํ‘ธ๋ผ ๋งˆ๋‹ˆํ•˜๋ผ ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ(ํ•จ๋ฐ˜ํ† ํƒ€ ํ•ญ๋งŒ)๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๋ฐœ ์ž๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2017๋…„์— 99๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ž„๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— 2017๋…„ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์ด 3.1%๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 16๋…„๋งŒ์— ์ตœ์ €์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์ธ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์ž์œ ๋‹น์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์••๋„์  ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ํ›„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตญ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๋‚ด๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ •๋‹น ์‚ฌ์ด ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋งŽ๋˜ ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ ๋งค๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— 110์–ต ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋ฃจํ”ผ(6500๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰)์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ž…ํ˜”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ์ด๋ฆฌ ์•”์‚ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„  ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ 56%๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ตญ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ฑํ• ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 63%๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์กฐ์‚ฌ 2018๋…„ 5์›”, ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒจ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์žฌํŒ์„ ์ „๋‹ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› ์„ค๋ฆฝ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› ์‹ ์†์žฌํŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ์ •๋ถ€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 7์›” 15์ผ ์„ ๋ฐ์ด ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ณด๋„์—์„œ๋Š” "์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ์ „ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์‚ฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์„ธ๋‚˜๋ผํ์™€ ์ „๋ฌด์ด์‚ฌ ํ”ผ์•ผ๋‹ค์‚ฌ ์ฟ ๋‹ค๋ฐœ๋ผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์„ค๋œ ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋  ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋‚˜๋ผํ๋Š” ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐธ๋ชจ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ํ—Œ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์•”์‚ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜ 2018๋…„ 9์›”, ๋‚˜๋ง ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์žฅ๊ด€์ธ ๊ณ ํƒ€๋ฐ”์•ผ ๋ผ์žํŒ์นด๋ฅผ ์•”์‚ดํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€(CID)์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  9์›” ๋ง ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ธ๋„ ์ผ€๋ž„๋ผ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€๋ฆฌ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•”์‚ด ๊ณ„ํš์— ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ถ€(TID) ์†Œ์žฅ์ด์ž ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋‚˜๋ž„์นด ๋ฐ ์‹ค๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์•”์‚ด ์Œ๋ชจ์˜ ์ฃผ๋™์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ž„์นด ๋ฐ ์‹ค๋ฐ”๋Š” CID๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ •์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 10์›” 25์ผ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ CID์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 11์›” 7์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ธ The Hindu์—์„œ๋Š” 2018๋…„ 10์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ์ธ๋„ ์ •๋ณด ๋ถ„์„์›(RAW)๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์•”์‚ดํ•˜๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ด ์ผ์„ ๋ถ€์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๊ฐํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ RAW๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ "์•”์‚ดํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ๋„"ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ธ๋„์˜ ๋‚˜๋ Œ๋“œ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋””๋Š” ์•”์‚ด ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 10์›” 18์ผ, ์ธ๋„ ์ด๋ฆฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ์—์„  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ธ๋„ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ Œ๋“œ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋””์—๊ฒŒ ์•”์‚ด ๊ณ„ํš์— ์ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ "(์ธ๋„์˜) ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๋„์™€ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์‚ฌ์ด๋Š” ์œ ์ตํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 10์›” 26์ผ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ž์œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ(UPFA)์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ ํ˜‘์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋™๋งน ํƒˆํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ 2015๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ๊ตญ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์•”์‚ด ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ๊ด€์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฐํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ "์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€, ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์•”์‚ดํ•˜๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ๋งˆํžŒ๋‹ค ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ 10์›” 26์ผ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ ์•„์นจ, ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์†ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋‹น์ธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ž์œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ์œ„ํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ†ต์ผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๊ตญ์ค‘๋ฆฝ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ์˜คํ›„ 7์‹œ์—” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ธ ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ์žํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ง‘๋ฌด์‹ค ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž ์•ž์—์„œ ์ทจ์ž„์‹ ์„ ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›Œํฌ๋ ˆ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ˜„์ง์ด๋ฉฐ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฐฐํ•˜๋˜ ๋„์ค‘์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋˜ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋ณด์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ๋ฐ˜ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์žฅ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์ด ์‹ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํŽธ์ด ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ—Œ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ 2004๋…„ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด ์ด์„  1975๋…„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ—Œ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํ—Œ์ •์œ„๊ธฐ 2018๋…„ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด 2018๋…„ 10์›” 2018๋…„ 11์›” 2018๋…„ 12์›” ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20Sri%20Lankan%20constitutional%20crisis
2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis
A constitutional crisis began in Sri Lanka when President Maithripala Sirisena appointed former president and member of parliament Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister on 26 October 2018 before formally dismissing the incumbent Ranil Wickremesinghe, resulting in two concurrent Prime Ministers. Wickremesinghe and the United National Party (UNP) viewed the appointment as illegal, and he refused to resign. Sirisena's sudden decision instigated "political turmoil in the country", and drew international criticism. Wickremesinghe, the majority of the parliament, and opposition parties refused to acknowledge his removal and the appointment of Rajapaksa, stating that Sirisena's move was unconstitutional. Wickremesinghe claimed that he still commands a majority in parliament and requested that Speaker of the Parliament Karu Jayasuriya convene parliament immediately. Sirisena ignored all calls to reconvene parliament and on 27 October prorogued parliament, delaying its meeting till 16 November. After an attempt to form a new cabinet of ministers with Rajapaksa as Prime Minister failed, Sirisena attempted to dissolve parliament on 9 November. The UNP declared the move unconstitutional and subsequently the Supreme Court stayed Sirisena's dissolution until December 2018, when it ruled that the move was unconstitutional and illegal. Rajapaksa backed down from claiming the office and Wickremesinghe was once again reinstated, ending the crisis after 7 weeks of political and economic turmoil. The roots of the crisis date back to the late Rajapaksa presidency which turned increasingly authoritarian in its second term, after the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War. During his time in office President Rajapaksa expanded the power of the presidency, centralising power under his control, while drawing the country closer to China. He and his close family have been accused of and are currently under investigation for corruption, and the former president has also been accused of war crimes and human rights violations. The crisis was triggered by a false allegation of an assassination plot against President Sirisena and lasted for 7 weeks but had a lasting political and economic impact on the country. Due to the fragile Sri Lankan economy the crisis cost the country a billion US dollars in reserves, dropping from $7.991 billion in forex reserves to $6.985 billion. The Sri Lankan rupee ultimately devalued by 3.8% during the same time, while US$312.9 million, in the form of treasury bonds, and US$29.8 million in the form of treasury bills left the country. Sri Lanka's credit was also downgraded as a result of the crisis, while the United States and Japanese governments froze more than a billion US dollars worth of development aid. November saw industrial activity in Sri Lanka slow as a result of the crisis, falling 3.7% from October to November, the largest seen since it began in 2016. Background Rajapaksa presidency The presidency of Mahinda Rajapaksa, from 2005 to 2015 was an increasingly authoritarian regime characterised by the diminishing human rights in the country, nepotism, weakening of government institutions, slow progress of national reconciliation in the aftermath of the Sri Lankan Civil War, and close ties to China. Before serving as president, Rajapaksa also served as Prime Minister. In 2009, Rajapaksa ended the 27-year long Sri Lankan Civil War, but has been accused of war crimes and human rights abuses. At the height of his power, Rajapaksa and his family controlled 80 percent of the national budget where Rajapaksa simultaneously served as finance minister and four other cabinet posts on top of the presidency, while his three brothers served as the defence secretary and ministers of economy and ports and the Speaker of the Parliament. Many of those, including journalists, who were critical of him disappeared. According to Reuters, in the aftermath of the Sri Lankan Civil War, Rajapaksa borrowed "billions of dollars" from China to build infrastructure projects, though these had little economic value to the country. These projects were seen as vanity projects or white elephants. 2015 presidential election In response to the degrading democracy in the country, the United National Party (UNP), along with several other parties and civil organisations, signed a Memorandum of Understanding and decided to field the then Secretary General of Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Maithripala Sirisena, as the Common Candidate for the 2015 Presidential Election. Sirisena, a former health minister under Rajapaksa, pledged to appoint UNP Leader Ranil Wickremesinghe as the Prime Minister if he were to win the election. Sirisena won the January 2015 election and became the 7th President of Sri Lanka and appointed Wickremesinghe as the Prime Minister as promised. The presidential election was followed by a General Parliamentary Elections, held on 17 August 2015, in which the UNP-lead coalition gained 106 seats in the Parliament and formed a National Government with several other parties. Wickremesinghe and the UNP came to power promising accountability for alleged atrocities committed during the Sri Lanka civil war and during the Rajapaksa presidency. Following the 2015 election defeat, Mahinda Rajapaksa held India's intelligence service, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), among those responsible for the change in regime. The Government of India also welcomed Rajapaksa's defeat, claiming that the former leader had strained ties with them while moving the country closer to China. A national unity government was formed, which passed the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka on 28 April 2015, stipulating that the Prime Minister should remain in office for as long as his cabinet functions, unless he resigns or ceases to be a member of parliament. Uneasy coalition The Sirisena-Wickremesinghe government had been struggling to repay the debts incurred during the Rajapaksa presidency. The Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port, built with Chinese money, was handed over to Beijing in a 99-year lease in 2017 as a form of payment. Sri Lanka also recorded just 3.1% economic growth rate, the lowest for 16 years in 2017. By 2018, following Mahinda Rajapaksa's proxy Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna winning a landslide victory in the 2018 local authority elections, disputes among the members of the National Government began to surface and a major rift between the President and Prime Minister appeared. Sirisena claimed Wickremesinghe to have led to the loss of 11ย billion Sri Lankan rupees ($65 million; ยฃ50 million) in the controversial central bank bond sale, and also alleged that a cabinet minister was involved in a plot to kill him and that police had obstructed an investigation. In 2017 opinion poll conducted by the Centre for Policy Alternatives revealed Fifty-six percent of respondents are unhappy with the coalition government. Specially 63 percent of majority Sinhalese respondents. Special high courts for bribery and corruption cases In May 2018, the Sri Lanka parliament approved a special high court that would expedite the hearing and trial of bribery and corruption related cases. The concept for the High Court Trial-at-Bar was instituted with the passage of amendments to the Judicature Act, the purpose of expediting cases from the Rajapaksa Government era. The Sunday Times of 15 July 2018 stated that "the former Sri Lanka Insurance Corporation chairman Gamini Senarath and its Managing Director Piyadasa Kudabalage will be the first to be indicted before the newly set up court." Senarath was the chief of staff of former President Mahinda Rajapaksa. The Special Courts are also strongly regarded as a factor in the creation of the 2018 Constitutional Crisis. Alleged assassination attempt Reports of an assassination plot emerged in September when an individual named Namal Kumara claimed he was aware of a plan to assassinate President Sirisena and former Defence Secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa. Kumara was interrogated by the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), and in late September the police arrested an Indian national, Marceli Thomas, from Kerala, claiming he knew of the plot. Kumara alleged the Director of the Terrorism Investigation Division (TID) of the Sri Lanka Police, Deputy Inspector General of Police Nalaka de Silva had masterminded the plot. Nalaka de Silva was suspended pending a formal investigation by the CID and later arrested by CID on 25 October under the Prevention of Terrorism Act and remanded till 7 November. In mid October 2018, Indian newspaper The Hindu reported that Sirisena told Cabinet members that India's intelligence service, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), had devised a plot to assassinate him, though Sirisena denied the report. Sirisena in the cabinet meeting told Ministers that RAW was "trying to kill" him, but "Prime Minister Narendra Modi may not be aware of the plan." On 18 October 2018, a statement released by India's Prime Minister Office (PMO) said that Sirisena called Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to reject the media reports about him alluding to the involvement of India in the alleged assassination plot. Sirisena also stated that he "regards the [Indian] Prime Minister as a true friend of Sri Lanka, as also a close personal friend. He stressed that he greatly valued the mutually beneficial ties between India and Sri Lanka, and remained steadfast to work with the Prime Minister for further strengthening them." On 26 October 2018, the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) withdrew from the government, ending the national government that was in place since 2015. The same day, Sirisena also alleged that a cabinet minister was involved but did not name the cabinet minister. However said "Under these political problems, economic troubles, and the strong plot to assassinate me, the only alternative open to me was to invite former president Mahinda Rajapaksa and appoint him as Prime Minister to form a new government." In February 2019 Sri Lankan police refused to press charges against Indian national, Marceli Thomas and cleared the man of wrongdoing due to lack of evidence. "There is no sufficient evidence to file charges against him and we will not file charges against him", S. Wijesuriya, an investigating official, told the Colombo Magistrate Court. Timeline of events Two Prime Ministers The president's UPFA had earlier on Friday, 26 October, quit the national unity government that had governed with Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe's UNP. Later at about 7:00ย pm without a prior announcement, President Maithripala Sirisena unexpectedly appointed former President Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister in a live swearing-in ceremony broadcast over television. Rajapaksa took an oath of office in the presence of Sirisena and representatives of the military inside the Presidential Secretariat. He was sworn in while Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe was still the incumbent and away touring in the south of the country. The situation in Colombo was uneasy with some cabinet ministers immediately declaring the move unconstitutional, while other Cabinet ministers and parliamentarians began defecting to the new government. Wickremesinghe addressed the nation saying, "I am addressing you as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. I still hold the majority of the house. [...] Convene parliament and I will prove it." Three ministers, including Mangala Samaraweera and Cabinet Spokesman Rajitha Senaratne, tried to address the nation during a live television program. That day Rajapaksa loyalists stormed two state-owned television networks which they regarded loyal to Wickremesinghe and the sitting government, including Rupavahini, and forced them off the air. Troops were brought in to protect the channel's staff. Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera tweeted that Rajapaksa's appointment was "unconstitutional and illegal. This is an anti-democratic coup," saying Wickramasinghe remained leader as he could not constitutionally be removed by the president. While UPFA MP Susil Premajayantha told reporters that a new cabinet would be sworn in soon. Speaker of the Parliament Karu Jayasuriya said he was to decide on Saturday (27th), after seeking legal advice, whether to recognise Rajapaksa or not. The Parliament was not due to meet until 5 November when the 2019 national budget was to be presented. The Supreme Court, which is empowered to resolve constitutional disputes, was shut for the weekend, to be reopened on Monday. On 27 October President Sirisena issued a formal notice for Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe to step down. Sirisena later issued gazettes formalising and defending the dramatic move. Wickremesinghe however entered Temple Trees, the Prime Ministers residence, refusing to accept the appointment of Mahinda Rajapaksa and his dismissal, insisting in a letter to Sirisena that he was still in office. Sirisena and Rajapaksa announced their intent to form a new cabinet. Nalaka Kaluwewa, an Acting Additional Secretary in the Presidential Secretariat, was appointed as Acting Director General of Information under the instructions of President Sirisena. The day after Rajapaksa's appointment, the Parliament, which was due to meet on 5 November to discuss the budget for the next year, was prorogued by the President, delaying its meeting till 16 November. President Sirisena stated on Saturday night that the main reason for him to form a new government with Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister was the alleged plot to assassinate him. He claimed that the name of Sarath Fonseka had come up in the investigation of the CID but was suppressed. On 27 October, Mangala Samaraweera tweeted that the security personnel and official verticals assigned to the Prime Minister were withdrawn from Wickremesinghe and assigned to Rajapaksa on orders from the President. The Inspector General of Police (IGP) Jayasundara had ordered the 1,008 police and STF personnel assigned to Wickremesinghe as Prime Ministerial security to be withdrawn and replaced with 10 police personnel from the Ministerial Security Division (MSD). The security details of ministers of the former government have been also reduced to the levels provided to parliamentarians. China, Burundi and Pakistan had recognised Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister. Chinese President Xi Jinping was one of the first to congratulate the pro-Beijing leader. Calls to reconvene Parliament The Speaker of Parliament, Karu Jayasuriya requested the President to reconvene parliament following consultations with party leaders of the UNP, ITAK, JVP and the SLMC on 30 October. The Attorney General Jayantha Jayasuriya stated that it is inappropriate for him to express an opinion on the matter, in response to a request for comment by the Speaker. UPFA MP Susil Premajayantha stated that Parliament would reconvene on 16 November as per the Gazette and not on 5 November as said by Rajapaksa the day before. On 2 November 119 MPs from several parties met and passed a resolution calling for immediate convention of Parliament claiming that the removal of the Prime Minister and the appointment of another was unconstitutional. The Speaker has stated that the President agreed to convene Parliament on 7 November. However, if the President fails to issue the gazette notification to convene Parliament, the Speaker has stated that he will convene Parliament on 7 November under the powers vested in him. Speaker Jayasuriya later in a statement announced that he will not accept any changes that had happened in Sri Lanka after 26 October until they are verified in parliament. On 7 November UPFA MP Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena said that the only item on Parliamentary agenda on 14 November is the policy statement by President Sirisena. President Sirisena met with a Tamil National Alliance (TNA) delegation whom he asked to abstain from a vote of no confidence if it were moved. The TNA told Sirisena it had taken a decision to vote against the appointment of Mahinda Rajapaksa as the Prime Minister. The President in response is reported to have said that he will not reappoint Ranil Wickremesinghe as the Prime Minister, even if his party secured a majority in Parliament. While making an address on 8 November the SLFP executive committee meeting Sirisena said that "he had used only one trump card and there were more trump cards still in his hand", and that he would not go back on any decisions that he had taken already, during this crisis. Sirisena said he was going to make a request to the UNP to support the government's work plan when Parliament reconvenes on the 14th. The UNP said it would explore the possibility of removing President Sirisena in conformity with Article 38 (2) of the Constitution. The Tamil Progressive Alliance (TPA) responded it would not support any impeachment move as, while they do not support the appointment of Rajapaksa, "they are not in favour of adding more fire to the current crisis". Sirisena-Rajapaksa cabinet appointments On 29 October, President Maitripala Sirisena appointed the first members of a new cabinet at the Presidential Secretariat in Colombo, with four UNP MPs appointed as ministers including Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe, Vadivel Suresh, Vasantha Senanayake and Ananda Aluthgamage. UNP MP Dunesh Gankanda was sworn in as State Minister of Environment along with a dozen secretaries to various ministries on 30 October. UNP MP Ashoka Priyantha was appointed on 4 November as Deputy Minister of Cultural and Internal Affairs, and Regional Development (Wayamba). While UPFA MPs Dinesh Gunawardena was appointed Minister of Megapolis and Western Development; Vasudeva Nanayakkara, Minister of National Integration, Reconciliation, and Official Languages and Keheliya Rambukwella State Minister of Mass Media and Digital Infrastructure. On 6 November Deputy Minister of Labour and Foreign Employment and UPFA MP Manusha Nanayakkara resigned from his ministerial position and pledged support to Ranil Wickremesinghe. Nanayakkara says that staying true to his heart he cannot join or participate in the recent appointments made and the change in government. UPFA MP Dinesh Gunawardena was appointed Leader of the House. Bribery allegations In an effort to show a majority in parliament for a vote of confidence the Sirisena-Rajapaksa group have been seeking defections from opposing parties in an attempt to reach 113 MPs. Amid these attempts have been claims of bribery and threats against those opposing the Sirisena-Rajapaksa group. UNP MP Hirunika Premachandra's political career had been threatened, over a phone call to her aunt, if she failed to accept a ministerial portfolio with the Sirisena-Rajapaksa group. The UNP alleged that Rajapaksa loyalists had been luring its MPs to support Sirisena and Rajapaksa with the offer of significant bribes and ministerial portfolios. Some say they have been offered over Rs. 500 million (US$2,796,150, Dec 2018) to defect. Another UNP legislator claimed he had been approached by Sirisena's party to defect with an offer of 500 million rupees and an apartment in Malaysia along with free passage for the entire family to a foreign destination. Some UNP MPs have said the bribery is being financed by China, which Beijing has denied. Namal Rajapaksa responded on Twitter saying his party had no information about bribes. Palitha Range Bandara told Speaker Jayasuriya he had been offered a bribe of Rs. 500 million to defect to Mr. Rajapaksa's party. On 3 November, the UNP released an audio recording, which claimed to attempt to buy UNP MPs which contained a phone conversation allegedly taken place between UPFA MP S. B. Dissanayake and UNP MP Palitha Range Bandara. Bandara said he would hand over the electronic and documentary evidence to the Bribery Commission to file a complaint. Members of the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress, who have 7 MPs, have said its members have been approached with offers to join the Sirisena-Rajapaksa camp. In an interview, with the Daily Mirror in early December, President Sirisena confirmed the bribery allegations made by the UNP remarking he personally knew about the situation. "Some MPs even asked for Rs. 500 million ($2,796,150 USD, Dec 2018) to crossover. I personally know about such situations. It was like calling for tenders. That is why Mahinda Rajapaksa could not show a majority in Parliament" he said. Sirisena openly admitted his candidate for Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa attempted to bribe members of parliament in order to show majority in the House, he went on to say that the current crisis could have been avoided had he been able to the 113 MPs. However he said he "believes that Mahinda Rajapaksa couldn't show majority because MPs demanded millions, as high as Rs. 500 million to crossover. The Daily Mirror later removed the video of the interview from its Facebook page upon coming under increasing pressure from the President's Media Division. The video was replaced with an audio based short video of photographs of Sirisena. A second version did not carry Sirisena's remarks about MPs asking for bribes. Dissolution of parliament and elections President Sirisena issues a gazette notification bringing the Sri Lanka Police under the purview of the Ministry of Defence, which was earlier under the Ministry of Law and Order. This was followed with the transfer of the Department of Government Printing which publishes the government Gazette under the Ministry of Defence. Sirisena has brought the Military, Police and the Gazette under his direct control. Amid calls to reconvene parliament Sirisena and his party admitted they did not have enough votes to support Mahinda Rajapaksa against Ranil Wickremesinghe to decide the office of Prime Minister. Ahead of the president's announcement the UPFA said they were at least eight legislators short of getting a majority for Rajapaksa in the parliament. "At the moment we have 104 or 105 MPs," UPFA's spokesman Keheliya Rambukwella told reporters. He further went on to say the Sirisena-Rajapakse group hoped to secure support from "crossover" legislators. This is in contrast to what Sirisena claimed on the 5th, that he had the support of 113 legislators when he sacked Wickremesinghe. According to an AFP count, 120 MPs support Wickremesinghe and his allies. President Sirisena dissolves Parliament by proclamation, from midnight of 9 November and declared snap parliamentary elections to be held on around 5 January 2019. The move was swiftly denounced by the United National Party in a post on Twitter, saying it "vehemently rejects" the sacking of the parliament. The party also accused Sirisena of robbing the "people of their rights and democracy". The act was in violation of the 19th Amendment to the constitution, which he co-sponsored. A short while later it was announced through an extraordinary gazette notice that general elections will be held on 5 January 2019, with the first meeting of the new Parliament to be held on 17 January 2019. UPFA MP Lakshman Yapa Abeywardena said "The nominations would be tendered from 9 to 26 November". The JVP has accused Sirisena of trying to consolidate his power grab. The election date was announced even before preparing the government's annual budget for the next fiscal year in 2019. Sirisena inducted more cabinet ministers prior to signing the order to dissolve the parliament. Supporters of Ranil Wickremesinghe were in the process of preparing legal papers to challenge the latest move in the country's Supreme Court. Sri Lanka Freedom Party Split Succeeding the dissolution of parliament and the announcement of snap elections, Mahinda Rajapaksa and 44 other members of parliament on 11 November defected from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, led by President Maithripala Sirisena, to join the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP). The SLPP was formed in 2016 by Basil Rajapaksa, younger brother of Mahinda. A member of the SLPP said that 65 out of 82 Sri Lanka Freedom Party MPs will eventually join Rajapaksa's party. Other prominent defectors include Mahindananda Aluthgamage, Rohitha Abeygunawardena, Anura Priyadharshana Yapa, Johnston Fernando and Namal Rajapaksa. Namal Rajapaksa said relating to the defections, "We will strive to create a broader coalition with many stakeholders under the leadership of Maithripala Sirisena & Mahinda Rajapaksa to face the upcoming General Election and come out victorious." Supreme Court stays proclamation dissolving parliament On 12 November, twelve Fundamental Right petitions were submitted to the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka challenging the president's decree sacking parliament and calling a snap election, by the UNP, TNA, JVP, SLMC and others including Prof Ratnajeevan Hoole, a member of the Election Commission. Arguing that Sirisena's actions were unconstitutional, illegal and against the people of Sri Lanka, Hoole demanded the restoration of status quo prevailing prior to 26 October. Hoole's position strengthens the argument of 11 other petitions. These were taken up for hearing on the same day by a three-member bench of the Supreme Court consisting of the Chief Justice Nalin Perera, Justices Prasanna Jayawardena and Priyantha Jayawardena. Responding to the petitions, Attorney General Jayantha Jayasuriya made submissions stating that "the court had no jurisdiction to hear and determine the Fundamental Rights petitions against the dissolution of Parliament". On the same day, 5 petitions by Prof G. L. Peiris, Minister Udaya Gammanpila, Minister Vasudeva Nanayakkara and two others supporting the dissolution of parliament were filed at the Supreme Court. However, in the evening the three Judge bench issued an interim order till 7 December staying the proclamation issued by President Sirisena to dissolve parliament and granted leave to proceed with the Fundamental Rights petitions that challenged the President's dissolving parliament. Following the stay order of the Supreme Court, President Sirisena convened the National Security Council at the Presidential Secretariat; where he ordered the police and armed forces to maintain the peace in the country. Soon after the IGP Jayasundara ordered senior police officers to maintain the law and order in the country. Parliamentary clashes 1st Motion of no confidence The Speaker office stated on 13 November, following the stay order from the Supreme Court, that Parliament would convene on 14 November as per the gazette issued by President Sirisena on 4 November. On 14 November the Parliament gathered for the vote. Rajapaksa and his son Namal walked out of the chamber just before the Speaker called for a vote. Amid shouting, speaker Karu Jayasuriya took a voice vote while members loyal to Rajapaksa attempted to grab the mace, the symbol of authority of the legislature, to disrupt it. The vote went ahead and a no-confidence motion against Mahinda Rajapaksa was passed. Wickremesinghe said he submitted a petition carrying signatures of 122 MPs who support the no-confidence motion. Jayasuriya confirmed that the no-confidence motion against Rajapaksa had support of 122 members in the 225-member house. 2nd Motion of no confidence A second Motion of no confidence took place on 16 November which was approved. However it too was not accepted by the President, who later requested for a third motion of no confidence to be passed in parliament. Motion of confidence On 12 December, the parliament passed a vote of confidence in support of Ranil Wickremesinghe as Prime Minister. Rajapaksa led government moves During the period of the crisis the disputed government hastily made controversial government decisions and contracts in order to win over public opinion. The Rajapaksa led government had made plans to lower fuel prices and income taxes in a bid to increase public support. Transferral of Nishantha Silva Since the start of the crisis, President Sirisena has taken the police under his direct control. Inspector of Police Nishantha Silva is the officer in charge of Criminal Investigation Department's (CID) Organised Crimes Investigation Unit. Silva is handling investigations into major incidents including those during the Rajapaksa administration, most notably the abduction and the assault of Journalist Keith Noyahr, in 2008 and the murder of Lasantha Wickrematunge in 2009, in addition to at least 60 crimes committed by the LTTE. He is also investigating the rape and the murder of student Sivaloganathan Vithya and the abduction of 11 youths in Colombo, in 2008-09 where Chief of Defence Staff Admiral Ravindra Wijegunaratne is allegedly involved in harbouring a suspect of the abduction. Mahinda Rajapaksa, his family and associates are directly connected to these investigations, and as Silva pursued inquiries into them, on 18 November he was transferred by IGP Pujith Jayasundara on the orders of President Sirisena to the Negombo Division with "immediate effect on service requirements". Silva had just secured an arrest order for Admiral Wijegunaratne when he was shifted. Wijegunaratne, however has retained the office of Chief of Defence Staff. Gotabhaya Rajapaksa, the Former defence secretary and brother of the former president, is being investigated on allegations of defrauding the state and was indicted in September. Silva was also investigating Gotabhaya for alleged corruption in aircraft purchases from Ukraine during his time in the Rajapaksa administration. In response to the transferral Silva had appealed to the National Police Commission (NPC). The Commission requested a report from IGP Pujith Jayasundara as to why the officer handling several high-profile investigations had been transferred. The intervention by the NPC prompted IGP Jayasundara to reverse his order and withdraw the transfer, on the 19th, allowing Silva to continue in the same capacity. It was learnt in a letter to IGP Jayasundara, written by CID Director Senior DIG Ravi Seneviratne that it was Admiral Wijegunaratne who had orchestrated the transferral by framing allegations against Silva of maintaining connections with the LTTE, during the last security council meeting chaired by President Sirisena. The daughter of Lasantha Wickrematunge, Ahimsa Wickrematunge wrote to the President against the obstruction of justice. Sugar tax The disputed government controversially lowered taxes on sugary drinks which attracted immediate criticism. The tax that was introduced by the Sirisena-Wickremesinghe government sought to tackle the prevalence of diabetes in the country. The sweet tax, which taxed 50 cents on every gram of sugar in fizzy and fruit drinks was cut to 30 cents starting 1 December. Mahinda Rajapaksa who holds the Ministry of Finance in the disputed government instructed the cut the sugar tax by 40 percent, a move made after a meeting with business leaders in the industry. The measure could reduce soft drinks prices by 30%, Prime Minister's Office said. Court order restraining Prime Minister and Ministers {{Quote box |quote = The damage that will be posed by temporarily restraining a lawful cabinet of ministers from functioning would be โ€ฆ outweighed by the damage that would be caused by allowing a set of persons who are not entitled in law to function as the Prime Minister or the cabinet of ministers," |author = Preethipadhman Surasena |source = Court of Appeal''' |quoted = 1 |qalign = centre |width = 25% }} Following a quo warranto writ petition filed by 122 MPs against the appointment of Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister and other Ministers, the Court of Appeal issued an interim order on 3 December restraining the functioning of the respondents Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister as well as other cabinet ministers, deputy ministers and state ministers. The following day Rajapaksa filed an appeal in the Supreme Court against the interim order. On 14 December 2018, the Supreme Court refused to issue an interim order vacating the earlier interim order of the Court of Appeal restricting the functions of the Prime Minister's office, the matter was set down for hearing in mid-January 2019. Following this decision, the Prime Minister indicated his intention to resign. Concerns have been raised over a possibility of a government shutdown similar to those in the United States, without the parliament passing finances for the government spending for the year 2019. Without a lawful finance minister it is unclear if the government's $1 billion foreign debt repayment due in early January can be serviced. Supreme Court rules dissolution of Parliament unconstitutional On 13 December 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that President Sirisena's decision to dissolve the Parliament 20 months before the end of its term was unconstitutional. A full (seven-judge) bench unanimously ruled on that the President cannot dissolve Parliament until it completes a four-and-a-half-year term. The court also said the President's decision to call snap elections was illegal. On 14 December in response to the Supreme Court rulings, according to party members, Mahinda Rajapaksa said he would relinquish his claim to be Prime Minister and would back down after an address to the nation on Saturday (15th). Rajapaksa's son Namal wrote in a Twitter post "to ensure stability of the nation, Former President Rajapaksa has decided to resign from the Premiership tomorrow after an address to the nation". Namal Rajapaksa went on to say "his family's political party would work with Mr. Sirisena's party to form a broader coalition in Parliament". Supreme Court refused to vacate Court of Appeal interim order The following day, the Supreme Court also refused to vacate the interim order given by the Court of Appeal restraining Rajapaksa and his cabinet from functioning. Rajapaksa relinquishment of his claim and reinstatement of Wickremesinghe On 15 December 2018, Mahinda Rajapaksa signed a letter of resignation as Prime Minister. He stated he has no intention of remaining as Prime Minister without a general election and does not wish to hamper the president forming a new government. Former minister S. B. Dissanayake claimed that Rajapaksa intends to become the Leader of the Opposition while Dinesh Gunawardena intends to become the Chief Opposition Whip. On the same day, it was announced that Wickremesinghe would be reinstated as Prime Minister the next day. Ranil Wickremesinghe was sworn in as Prime Minister at 11:16am on 16 December at the Presidential Secretariat. The UNP has said it will appoint a UNP government but several legislators from the SLFP have expressed interest in joining the new government. Meanwhile, Rajapaksa said he will continue to work with Sirisena to establish a majority or push for a general election. Outcomes Political With both the presidential election in 2019 and parliamentary elections in 2020 coming up, President Sirisena and Rajapaksa's attempts to consolidate power ended up backfiring due to political and economic instability during the crisis. The turmoil angered many Sri Lankans and weakened both Rajapaksa and the president ahead of the polls. Senior political scientist Jayadeva Uyangoda named President Sirisena and his party, the SLFP, as the "ultimate casualties" of the crisis. The crisis resulted in the split of the SLFP when Rajapaksa and his loyalists broke away from the party days after being appointed Prime Minister and took up membership in the pro-Rajapaksa Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna. Prof. Uyangoda said Sirisena lost all control he once had over his party, with his party being virtually absorbed by the pro-Rajapaksa SLPP. "Sirisena has proved to be the country's poorest political leader when it comes to political strategising", Prof. Uyangoda told The Hindu. The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka played a central role in the crisis. The biggest outcome of the Supreme Court's rulings against President Sirisena was the re-emergence of the judiciary with a clear sense of institutional autonomy and independence. In doing so, it also ensured the constitutional protection to the Prime Minister and the Cabinet as well as the institutional autonomy of the legislature. The two decisions by the Supreme Court in the last week of the crisis were not only landmark judgments but will go on to define judicial verdicts of the future. As the crisis gave prospect of a new Mahinda Rajapaksa-led government coming to power, authorities in the United States were prompted to publicly disclose charges of money laundering and visa fraud against former Sri Lankan Ambassador to the United States Jaliya Wickramasuriya, to ensure his swiftly prosecution before a Rajapaksa-led administration could restore his diplomatic immunity. Wickramasuriya, a cousin of Rajapaksa, became the first relative of the Rajapaksa family to be prosecuted abroad. He faced a lengthy jail term following five counts of charges ranging from wire fraud to immigration offences. Economic The fragile Sri Lankan economy was badly hurt during the political upheaval with the steep loss in value in its currency, downgrading of its economy and loss in tourist revenue. The economic loss and financial slippage, according to a provisional assessment, caused to the country during this period has exceeded Rs. 102 billion. In January 2019 it was revealed that the crisis cost the country a billion US dollars in reserves. The government on 26 October had $7.991 billion in forex reserves but by the end of this period reserves had depleted to $6.985 billion. The Colombo Stock Exchange recorded some growth during the crisis. However, the rupee reached a record low during the same time, but was boosted by Central Bank dollar sales. The Sri Lankan rupee was ultimately devalued by 3.8% during the 7-week political crisis. USD $312.9 million, in the form of treasury bonds, and US$29.8 million in the form of treasury bills had also gone out of the country. Sri Lanka's credit was also downgraded during the period. On 20 November credit rating agency Moody's released a statement downgrading the Sri Lankan government's foreign currency issuer and senior unsecured ratings to B2 from B1 and changed the outlook to stable from negative. Moody's says the downgrade was driven by the "ongoing tightening in external and domestic financing conditions and low reserve adequacy, exacerbated most recently by a political crisis which seems likely to have a lasting impact on policy". In the wake of the political crisis and doubts about the future of democracy in the nation, the United States and Japanese governments froze more than a billion US dollars worth of development aid. The European Union also warned that if it did not stick to commitments on national reconciliation, it could withdraw duty-free concessions for Sri Lankan exports. In November industrial activity in Sri Lanka slowed as a result of the crisis. The Index of Industrial Production compiled by the Department of Census and Statistics fell 1.2% to 107.3 points in November when compared to the same time a year earlier. Food production, which contributes 35.2% to overall manufacturing activities fell 2.7% in November. Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products, the third largest industrial production, fell 11.3% compared to a year earlier. Sri Lanka's leading export however, which forms 19.8% of industrial activity, apparel production grew 3.8% and exports of garments during the month grew 9.9%. Coke and refined petroleum production, Sri Lanka's fourth largest manufacturing activity, and rubber and plastic product manufacturing, the fifth largest, also grew 5.8% and 13.3% respectively. Overall the index recorded a 3.7% fall from October to November, the largest seen since it began in 2016. Social The crisis saw the resilience of Sri Lanka's democracy among its citizens amid multiple setbacks. Activism by citizens in defence of political freedom, political consciousness, education and participation greatly increased. Activism, participation and resistance was particularly large among young voters, whose political weapons were the use of political humour shared through social media. President Sirisena's betrayal of the 2015 mandate, which opened a democratic space for Sri Lankans, shocked and angered many citizens who spontaneously mobilised to defend constitutional governance, democracy, and freedom. 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings The political fallout of the constitutional crisis and the bitter infighting between the country's leaders was believed to have contributed to the breakdown of the government's functionality, which would subsequently lead to the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings. Protests The UNP held a protest near the Temple Trees on 31 October, where thousands of Sri Lankans took to the streets urging President Sirisena to uphold democracy. The JVP held a protest rally at Nugegoda on 1 November demanding the president to reconvene parliament immediately and restore democracy in the country. Tens of thousands of Sri Lankans marched on 5 November in support of a new government led by Mahinda Rajapaksa and Maithripala Sirisena. About 120,000 people attended the rally according to an estimate by the Sri Lankan Police. Violence Rival groups supporting Mahinda Rajapaksa and Ranil Wickremesinghe gathered at several locations across Colombo. Hundreds of supporters of Wickremesinghe gathered around Temple Trees, saying they would occupy the area to protect the ousted Prime Minister. While demonstrations were mostly peaceful, Speaker Karu Jayasuriya warned of an alleged "blood bath" if Parliament was not permitted to meet and end the constitutional crisis. Shortly after the brisk swearing in of Rajapaksa, Rajapaksa loyalists stormed two state-owned television networks which were regarded as loyal to Wickremesinghe and the sitting government and forced them off air. Trade unions linked to Rajapaksa's party have also been blocking access to ministers who are from the United National Party. On 28 October, the bodyguards of a deposed government minister opened fire against a crowd of protestors, resulting in the death of one person. The first reported outbreak of violence occurred at the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation (CPC), which houses the headquarters of national oil and gas company. A shoot-out occurred between members of the SLFP CPC Trade Union and the personal security detail of deposed petroleum minister, Arjuna Ranatunga. Crowds loyal to the president attempted to prevent Ranatunga from entering the government building in Colombo as he was attempting to retrieve belongings from the CPC offices. One union member was killed and two or three were injured by shots fired by a member of the police MSD security detail as the crowd attempted to take Ranatunga hostage. Ranatunga was rushed into the building in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. The SLFP CPC Trade Union went on strike until Ranatunga was arrested, causing long queues at filling stations. Ranatunga was dressed in a helmet and camouflage, and escorted by the Special Task Force, while dozens of regular police were deployed in order to pacify a still-agitated crowd. He was arrested by police on 30 October, and was subsequently released on bail. The strike was called off. One security member was arrested and an investigation into the incident began. After being rescued by police commandos, Ranatunga later spoke to reporters saying his bodyguards opened fire because the crowd "came to kill me โ€“ I state this responsibly โ€“ and you can check the CCTV footage... For the first time, I feared for my life. I thought of my children and my family." Reactions Domestic responses Political parties Ceylon Workers' Congress (CWC) โ€“ Two members of the CWC have pledged their support to Mahinda Rajapaksa on 27 October. Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) โ€“ Has pledged its support to United National Party on 27 October. Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) โ€“ The leader of the JVP Anura Kumara Dissanayaka, has stated that the JVP will not support any party to form a government and that the "President should now convene Parliament and added that the premiership was decided on the majority of Parliament". Others Sri Lanka Police โ€“ The Inspector General of Police Pujith Jayasundara, met Mahinda Rajapaksa for discussions soon after he was sworn in on 26 October. IGP Jayasundara ordered that all leave for police personnel be cancelled on 27 October. Church of Ceylon โ€“ Diocese of Colombo of the Church of Ceylon stated "The Democratic frame work enshrined in our Constitution should not be abused for political expediency. We urge the instruments of the State, Religious Institutions and all peace-loving people of our country to join hands to uphold Democratic values and peace with justice for all, as well as the rule of law for the greater common good of the people of our country, and the preservation of Democratic institutions so that all communities that call Sri Lanka home may live without fear and intimidation. We further call upon the Police and Tri Forces to act impartially and with restraint in the enforcing of law and order,". All Island Canteen Owners' Association (AICOA) of Sri Lanka reduced prices of several food items appreciating the President's move to sack Ranil Wickramasingha and appoint Mahinda Rjapaksa. International responses Supranational โ€“ The United Nations Secretary General Antรณnio Guterres expressed concern over the situation in Sri Lanka and has asked for democracy and constitution to be respected. โ€“ The Ambassador of the European Union to Sri Lanka, along with the Ambassadors of France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania and the High Commissioner of the United Kingdom stated that they are closely following the events as they are unfolding in Sri Lanka and "urged all parties to fully act in accordance with Sri Lanka's constitution, to refrain from violence, to follow due institutional process, to respect the independence of institutions, and freedom of media." On 9 November, Ambassadors of EU countries voiced concerns over reports that a confidence vote will not take place when Parliament reconvenes. On 17 December 2018 the European Union, in a statement stated "As steady friends of Sri Lanka, we welcome the peaceful and democratic resolution of the political crisis in accordance with the constitution. We commend the resilience of Sri Lanka's democratic institutions and will continue to support its efforts towards national reconciliation and prosperity for all," โ€“ The Commonwealth Secretary-General Patricia Scotland encouraged restraint and to uphold the rule of law and comply with Sri Lanka's constitutional framework in resolving the current challenges. South Asia โ€“ The Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Raveesh Kumar stated on 28 October that "India is closely following the recent political developments in Sri Lanka. As a democracy and a close friendly neighbour, we hope that democratic values and constitutional process will be respected," and "India will continue to extend its developmental assistance to the friendly people of Sri Lanka." India is considering imposition of economic and diplomatic sanctions against individuals associated with Rajapaksa camp. The Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Raveesh Kumar stated on 16 December 2018 that "As a close neighbour and true friend, India welcomes the resolution of the political situation in Sri Lanka. It's a reflection of the maturity demonstrated by all political forces, and also of the resilience of Sri Lankan democracy and its institutions" โ€“ Pakistan High Commissioner Shahid Ahmat Hashmat called on Mahinda Rajapaksa and congratulated him on appointment as Prime Minister. The High Commissioner reiterated Pakistan's support for continuation and consolidation of democratic process in Sri Lanka, the High Commission said in a statement. Others โ€“ Foreign Affairs Minister Marise Payne stated "It is important that issues be addressed expeditiously through parliament and those democratic principles and freedoms are upheld. Australia urges all parties to respect the democratic will of Sri Lankans, as exercised through their elected representatives. We encourage all parties to continue to resolve differences peacefully and refrain from confrontation and violence". On 8 November, Australia's High Commissioner to Sri Lanka, Bryce Hutchesson, voiced concerns over reports that a confidence vote would not take place when Parliament reconvenes. โ€“ Burundi was one of three countries to recognise Mahinda Rajapaksa's appointment. โ€“ The Government of China has congratulated Mahinda Rajapaksa on his appointment as Prime Minister. The Chinese Ambassador to Sri Lanka Cheng Xueyuan visited Rajapaksa on 27 October to present a congratulatory message from Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and promise that "China will provide immense support for Sri Lanka's future development activities". Xueyuan thereafter visited Wickremesinghe. โ€“ The Japanese government, after his abrupt dismissal of Ranil Wickremesinghe raised doubts about the future of democracy and has subsequently frozen more than a billion dollars of development aid. A statement issued by the Foreign Affairs Ministry said "Japan hopes that the stability in Sri Lanka will continue to be ensured through due process in accordance with the law." โ€“ Mark Field, State Minister for Asia and Pacific stated: "All parties and competent authorities in Sri Lanka should respect the Constitution and follow due political process." โ€“ The Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs of the US Department of State tweeted: ""We expect the Government of Sri Lanka to uphold its Geneva commitments to human rights, reform, accountability, justice and reconciliation". This was followed by a statement by Heather Nauert, spokesperson of the US Department of State which called for the immediate recall of parliament, stating "We urge all sides to refrain from intimidation and violence. We call on President, in consultation with the Speaker to immediately reconvene parliament and allow the democratically elected representatives of the Sri Lankan people to fulfil their responsibilities to affirm who will lead their government"''. Non-governmental sector Amnesty International (AI) โ€“ responded to the political crisis by saying "Human rights must not become a casualty of Sri Lanka's political crisis. The authorities must ensure that key freedoms are respected and protected at this time. People should be allowed to exercise their rights to freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and association." Human Rights Watch โ€“ Brad Adams, Asia director said, "Rajapaksa's return to high office without any justice for past crimes raises chilling concerns for human rights in Sri Lanka." "The current government's failure to bring justice to victims of war crimes under the Rajapaksa government reopens the door for past abusers to return to their terrible practices." See also 2019 Sri Lankan presidential election 2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election Self-coup References External links Timeline - Groundviews 13 December Supreme Court ruling Constitutional crisis Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 2018 Maithripala Sirisena Mahinda Rajapaksa Ranil Wickremesinghe Sri Lankan constitutional crisis, 2018 Attempted coups in Sri Lanka Research and Analysis Wing
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%A7%98%20%EC%8A%88%EB%93%9C%20%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4
ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด()์€ 1948๋…„ 12์›” 1์ผ, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” 40๋Œ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์˜๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋…์‚ด๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ 74๋…„์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๋ฐ”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์˜ ์‹œ์ธ ์˜ค๋งˆ๋ฅด ํ•˜์ด์–Œ์ด ์“ด ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ๋ž€ ์‹œ์ง‘์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ ค๋‚ธ 'ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ(Tamam Shud)'๋ž€ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์–ธ๋ก ์—์„œ 'Taman Shud'๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜คํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— 'ํƒ€๋งŒ ์Šˆ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด'์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 8์›”์— ๋“œ๋””์–ด ์ด ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์ด ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ธ ์นด๋ฅผ ์›น์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ 1948๋…„ 12์›” 1์ผ, ์˜ค์ „ 6์‹œ 30๋ถ„์— ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์„œ๋‚จ์ชฝ 11km(6.8๋งˆ์ผ) ๊ธ€๋ ˆ๋„ฌ๊ทธ(Glenelg) ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํŒŒํฌ(Somerton Park) ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์ ˆ๋ฆ„๋ฐœ์ด ์œก์•„์›(Crippled Children's Home) ๋งž์€ ํŽธ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‚ฌ์žฅ์— ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—์Šคํ”Œ๋ผ๋‚˜๋“œ(Esplanade)์™€ ๋น…ํฌ๋“œ ํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค(Bickford Terrace) ๋ชจํ‰์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ œ์— ๋Œ€๊ณ  ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ญ‰ ํŽด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์€ ๊ต์ฐจ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž ์„ ์ž๋Š” ์ค‘์— ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฝ”ํŠธ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊นƒ์— ๋ถˆ์„ ๋ถ™์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” 2๋“ฑ์นธ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ํ‘œ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ‘œ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ œ ๋น—์‚ด์ด ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๋น—, ๋ฐ˜์ฏค ๋น„์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ผํ–ฅ ๊ปŒ, ์•„๋ฏธ ํด๋Ÿฝ(Army Club) ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๊ณฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” 7๊ฐœ๋น„์˜ ์ผ„์‹œํƒ€์Šค(Kensitas) ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ, 1/4 ์ •๋„ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ & ๋ฉ”์ด(Bryant & May) ์„ฑ๋ƒฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›” 30์ผ ์ €๋…์— ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ฆ์ธ์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ ˆ๋ฆ„๋ฐœ์ด ์œก์•„์› ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋… 7์‹œ ์ฏค์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ปคํ”Œ๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅธํŒ”์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ญ‰ ๋ป—์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ๋Š์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํŒ”์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์— ๋ถˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ 7์‹œ 30๋ถ„์—์„œ 8์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปคํ”Œ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” 30๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ ์— ์ทจํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ„๋‹จ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ดค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ์ธ์€ 1959๋…„์— ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์‹ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 3๋ช…์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๋‚  ๋ฐค์— ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํŒŒํฌ ํ•ด๋ณ€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž˜ ์ฐจ๋ ค ์ž…์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๊นจ์— ๋ฉ”๊ณ  ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ดค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ ์˜ค ๋„ํ—ˆํ‹ฐ(Don O'Doherty) ํ˜•์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ์กด ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ํด๋ฆฌ๋žœ๋“œ(John Burton Cleland)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 40~45์„ธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ์žฅ์€ 180cm(5ํ”ผํŠธ 11์ธ์น˜)์˜€๊ณ  ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฐํ•œ ์ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€์ž๋†€์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ํšŒ์ƒ‰์ด ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋„“์€ ์–ด๊นจ์™€ ์ข์€ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์†๊ณผ ์†ํ†ฑ์—” ๋…ธ๋™์„ ํ•œ ํ”์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ„์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ถ€์ธ ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์๊ธฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ, ๋†’์€ ์ข…์•„๋ฆฌ ๊ทผ์œก์—” ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ธ ๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ดํž์„ ์‹ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํฐ์ƒ‰ ์™€์ด์…”์ธ , ๋นจ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ํ•˜์–‘, ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋„ฅํƒ€์ด, ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ”์ง€์™€ ์–‘๋ง, ๊ตฌ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์งœ์ธ ํ’€์˜ค๋ฒ„์™€ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋‹จ๋œ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์ค„ ๋‹จ์ถ”์˜ ์žฌํ‚ท์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ท์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ์ž์™€ ์ง€๊ฐ‘๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉด๋„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํœด๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‚ด์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ์น˜๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์–ด๋Š ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ๋„ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฒ€์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ถ”์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ 12์›” 1์ผ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 2์‹œ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฒ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žฅ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜€๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์€ ์ •์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์€ ์šธํ˜ˆ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋‘(ๅ’ฝ้ ญ)์— ์šธํ˜ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹๋„์—” ํ‘œํ”ผ์ธต์˜ ์ ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์–—๊ฒŒ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๊ถค์–‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„๋Š” ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์šธํ˜ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ญ์ด์ง€์žฅ์˜ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์— ์šธํ˜ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์—๋Š” ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์„ž์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘ ์‹ ์žฅ์—” ์šธํ˜ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์žฅ์€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •์ƒ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ 3๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ์—ฝ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์œ„์—ผ ์ถœํ˜ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„, ๋น„์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์šธํ˜ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์—๋„ ์šธํ˜ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฒ€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŒจ์Šคํ‹ฐ(Pasty)๋กœ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์„œ๋„ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์— ๋จน์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชธ ์†์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ๋“œ์œ„์–ด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” "๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฝค ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋น„ํˆฌ๋ฅด๋‚˜ ๋…น๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๋…์‚ด์ด ์ฃผ๋œ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๋‚จ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŒจ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ์— ๊ฒ€์‹œ๊ด€์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›, ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ 11์›” 30์ผ์— ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋œ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹ ์€ 1948๋…„ 12์›” 10์ผ์— ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์‹ ์›์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ 1949๋…„ 1์›” 14์ผ์— ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ ์ง์›์ด ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 1948๋…„ 11์›” 30์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 11์‹œ ์ดํ›„์— ์—ญ ํœด๋Œ€ํ’ˆ ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ์— ๋งก๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์€ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” 7ํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๊ฐ€์šด๊ณผ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์Šฌ๋ฆฌํผ 1์ผค๋ ˆ, ํŒฌํ‹ฐ 4์žฅ, ํŒŒ์ž๋งˆ, ๋ฉด๋„ ๋„๊ตฌ, ๋ฐ”์ง“๋‹จ์— ๋ชจ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌป์€ ์—ฐ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ”์ง€ 1๋ฒŒ, ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„, ์งง๊ณ  ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ž๋ฅธ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ๋‚˜์ดํ”„, ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์œ„, ์นผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์œ„์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ์•„์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ์Šคํ…์‹ค๋ง ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ ์˜ 3๋“ฑ ํ•ญํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋˜ ์Šคํ…์‹ค ๋น—์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”์ง€์˜ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์•ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฌ์งˆ์˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ”๋ฒ„ ์‚ฌ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋ž์„ ์ž…ํžŒ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ท์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋„ฅํƒ€์ด์— 'T. Keane'์ด๋ผ ์ ํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์„ธํƒ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์— ์ ํžŒ 'Keane', ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์…”์ธ ์— 'Kean'(๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ e๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ)์ด๋ผ ์ ํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์„ 1171/7, 4393/7 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3053/7์ด๋ž€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋‹ ๋งˆํฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์˜๋ฅ˜์˜ ํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 'Keane'์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์˜๋กœ ์˜๋ฅ˜์— 'Keane' ํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œ์— ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์˜ท์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ด๋ฆ„ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ „ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์˜ ํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ณ  ์˜๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ ์€ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์— ์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์–‘๋ง์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋น„๋ก ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์—ฐํ•„๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํŽธ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์–ด๋Š ์˜์–ด ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ค์ข…๋œ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ค‘์— T. Keane์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํŒ๋œ ๋“œ๋ผ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋‹ ๋งˆํฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—†์Œ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ฝ”ํŠธ์˜ ์•ž์— ๋ง๋Œ€๋Š” ์ฒœ๊ณผ ๊นƒํ„ธ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ๋•€์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์ˆ˜์ž…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค์˜จ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ, ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ํฌํŠธ์˜ค๊ฑฐ์Šคํƒ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ฐจํ•œ ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๋ฐฐ์Šค(๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์—์„  ๋ชฉ์š•ํƒ• ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.)์—์„œ ์ƒค์›Œ์™€ ๋ฉด๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์ „์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ค์ „ 10์‹œ 50๋ถ„์— ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ฐจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋Œ์•„์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ์ธ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์—ญ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ํœด๋Œ€ํ’ˆ ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ€๋ ˆ๋„ฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚ด ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์žก์•„ ํƒ”๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๋ฐฐ์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ชฉ์š• ์‹œ์„ค์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์—ญ์˜ ๋ชฉ์š• ์‹œ์„ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์—ญ ํœด๋Œ€ํ’ˆ ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ ์ธ๊ทผ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ญ์˜ ๋…ธ์Šค ํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์ถœ๊ตฌ ์ธ๊ทผ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๋ฐฐ์Šค๋Š” ํ‚น ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ข์€ ๊ธธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ถœ๊ตฌ ๊ฑด๋„ˆํŽธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์˜ ๋ชฉ์š• ์‹œ์„ค์—” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‚ ์— ์†์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‹œ๊ด€ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์–ด์Šคํ‚จ ํด๋ฆฌ๋žœ๋“œ(Thomas Erskine Cleland)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋งŒ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 1949๋…„ 6์›” 17์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ํด๋ฆฌ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ด ๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ๊นจ๋—ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ธ€๋ ˆ๋„ฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ตฌ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋‹ฆ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ”์ ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์ธ ๊ตฌํ† ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ดํ›„์— ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํŒŒํฌ ๋น„์น˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€์กŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ฆ์ธ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ „๋‚  ๋ฐค์— ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์•„์นจ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์กŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฆ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ "๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ์ถ”์ธก์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฐ ์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋“œ๋ฆญ ์Šคํƒ ํ„ด ํž‰์Šค(Cedric Stanton Hicks)๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ '1๋ฒˆ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€์ข…๊ณผ ํŠนํžˆ '2๋ฒˆ' ๋น„๊ต์  ์ ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์œ ๋…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„๋ก ์ฒซ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ˜น์€ ์‹๋ณ„์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ๋žœ๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ Exhibit C.18์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ž…๋œ ๋‘ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์ด ์•ฝ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋Œˆ ํ•„์š” ์—†์ด "๊ฝค ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”" ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 1980๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.(์•ฝ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””๊ธฐํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค(Digitalis)์™€ ์™€๋ฒ ์ธ(Ouabain)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์นด๋ฅด๋ฐ๋†€๋ผ์ด๋“œ ํ˜• ๊ฐ•์‹ฌ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์ฒด์ด๋‹ค.) ํž‰์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์— ๊ตฌํ† ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฌํ† ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์ด๋Š” '์†”์งํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก '์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํž‰์Šค๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋˜๊ณ  7์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„์— ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ›„ 7์‹œ์— ์ฆ์ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋œ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ํด๋ฆฌ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” "๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์ฒด(้…็ณ–้ซ”)์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฐพ์„ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ ์› ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์•ˆ์‹์ฒ˜๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋• "๋ชจ๋“  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์–ด๊นจ์˜ ์„๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ํ™•์ •์ง“๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ "๋น„ํ•  ๋ฐ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ธ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋งˆ๋ฅด ํ•˜์ด์–Œ์˜ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๋•Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ฆ˜์— ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์•ˆ์— ์žฌ๋ด‰๋œ ์‹œ๊ณ„์šฉ ์ž‘์€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ 'ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ(Tamam Shud)'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‡„๋œ ์ž‘์€ ์ข…์ด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ๋Œ ๋ง๋ฆฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋Š” ์˜ค๋งˆ๋ฅด ํ•˜์ด์–Œ(Omar Khayyam)์˜ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ(Rubaiyat) ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” '๋' ํ˜น์€ '์ข…๊ฒฐ'์ด๋ž€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์ด์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์™€์ด๋“œ(Australia-wide)์— ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ฐพ๋„๋ก ์ง€์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์ด ์Šคํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ˜ธ์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฐข์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์ฒ˜์น˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„ํŠธ์ปด & ํˆผ์ฆˆ(Whitcombe and Tombs) ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถœํŒ๋œ ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ํ”ผ์ธ ์ œ๋Ÿด๋“œ(Edward FitzGerald)์˜ 1859๋…„ํŒ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ณธ์˜ 1941๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ๋ฆฐ(Lionel Leane) ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๊ฐ€๋ช…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์„ฑ๋ช…์—์„œ ์ฆ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ '๋กœ๋‚ ๋“œ ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค(Ronald Francis)'๋ž€ ๊ฐ€๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์›์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 'ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค'๋Š” ์ „ ๋‚  ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฑ…์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฑ…์€ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ 1์ฃผ์ผ ํ˜น์€ 2์ฃผ์ผ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์˜ ์ „ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ํŽ ํ„ฐ์Šค(๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ)๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ด '๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์งํ›„'์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ „์— ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์ด 1์ฃผ์ผ ํ˜น์€ 2์ฃผ์ผ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์— ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ด ๊ธ€๋ ˆ๋„ฌ๊ทธ ์ œํ‹ฐ ๋กœ๋“œ(Jetty Road)์— ์ฃผ์ฐจ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ด ์ž ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฐจ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ํ›„ํšŒํ•  ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ž์‚ดํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์ ํžŒ 'ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ' ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋’ท๋ฉด์€ ๋น„์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ข…์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์˜ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—์„œ ์ฐข์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฑ… ๋’ท๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ๋œ 5์ค„์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋“ค์—ฌ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ค„์€ ์ง€์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ค„๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•”ํ˜ธ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. WRGOABABD MLIAOI WTBIMPANETP MLIABOAIAQC ITTMTSAMSTGAB ์ฑ…์— ์ ํžŒ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ค„์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ 'M'์ธ์ง€ 'W'์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค„์— ์ ํžŒ ๋ฌธ์ž 'M'๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ 'W'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ‘์ค„์ด ๊ทธ์–ด์ง„ ์ค„์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” 'MLIAOI'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฝํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ค„์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ 'L'์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 'I'์™€ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ธ ์ค„ ํ˜น์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐ‘์ค„์„ ๊ธ‹๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ค„์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 'L'์€ ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ์•„๋žซ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ณก์„ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 'O' ์œ„์— 'X'๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๊ธฐ ์ „์—” ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธ ํ•ด๋… ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋น™๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1978๋…„์— ABC-TV ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ๋ฆฌํ‹€๋ชจ์–ด(Stuart Littlemore)์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์•”ํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” '๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋‹ต๋ณ€'์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” '๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ'๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” '๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ'์˜ '์˜๋ฏธ์—†๋Š”' ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ฑ… ๋’ท๋ฉด์— ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 400m(1,300ํ”ผํŠธ) ์ง€์ ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ ˆ๋„ฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ(Moseley St,)์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ œ์‹œ์นด ์—˜๋ Œ '์กฐ' ํ†ฐ์Šจ(Jessica Ellen "Jo" Thomson, 1921~2007) - ์ถœ์ƒ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค(Jessie Harkness)๋กœ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๊ทผ๊ต์˜ ๋‰ด์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ผ์Šค์ฃผ ๋งค๋ฆญ๋นŒ(Marrickville)์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. - ์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚  ๋ฐค์— ๊ต์™ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ 1948๋…„ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ์— ์‹ ์› ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ ค ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜†์ง‘ ์ด์›ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋…€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2002๋…„์— ํ†ฐ์Šจ์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ํŽ ํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋ฒ„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ ํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ๋”ธ ์ผ€์ดํŠธ ๋˜ํ•œ 2014๋…„์— ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์ธ ์ฑ„๋„ ๋‚˜์ธ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” <60๋ถ„>์ด๋ž€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1949๋…„์— ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์— ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์ œ 3์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์Šค, ์ฑ… ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๊ณ ์—์„  ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋ณ„๋ช…์ธ '์ œ์Šคํ‹ด(Jestyn)'์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด 'ํ…Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฌ ์กด์Šจ ๋‹ˆ ํŒŒ์›”(Teresa Johnson nรฉe Powell)' ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ํŽ ํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” 2010๋…„์— ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๋‚จํŽธ ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ(Prosper Thomson)์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŽ ํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ช…๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ ํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ํ†ฐ์Šจ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹ ์›์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์•”ํ˜ธ ํ•ด๋… ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ DS ๋ฆฐ(DS Leane)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์„๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜• ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด "๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž๋‹ค."๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„ ํด ๋กœ์Šจ(Paul Lawson) - ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ๋ดค๋˜ ์„๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž - ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๋ณธ ์งํ›„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ˆˆ๊ธธ์„ ๋Œ๋ ธ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋กœ์—ด ๋…ธ์Šค ์‡ผ์–ด ๋ณ‘์›(Royal North Shore Hospital)์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„์— ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์˜ ํด๋ฆฌํ”„ํ„ด ๊ฐ€๋“ ์Šค ํ˜ธํ…”(Clifton Gardens Hotel)์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์™•๋ฆฝ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๊ณต๋ณ‘๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์šด์†ก ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ฌด ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ค‘์œ„ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด(Alfred Boxall)์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณต์‚ด์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๊ณ  ๋‹ต์žฅ์„ ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (์ฐจํ›„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ(Prosper Thomson)์€ 1949๋…„์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ์ดํ˜ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ์‹œ์นด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.) ๋ณต์‚ด์ด 1945๋…„ ์ดํ›„์— ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ†ฐ์Šจ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ์Šจ๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1949๋…„ 7์›”์— ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด์€ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ(์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ์ถœํŒ๋œ 1924๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.) ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋Š” ์˜จ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 'ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ' ๋‹จ์–ด ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์‚ด์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋žœ๋“œ์œ„ํฌ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„(์ „์Ÿ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ) ์œ ์ง€ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž์‹  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ๋„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์‚ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ค€ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์•ž๋ฉด์— ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋Š” 'JEstyn'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  70์ ˆ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. : Indeed, indeed, Repentance oft before I sworeโ€”but was I sober when I swore? And then and then came Spring, and Rose-in-hand My thread-bare Penitence a-pieces tore. ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ถ”์ธก์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์–ด๋„ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋‘ ๊ณณ์ธ ๋ผ๋“ ํž(Radium Hill) ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‹œ์„ค์ธ ์šฐ๋ฉ”๋ผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ง€(Woomera Test Range)๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์žฌ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์— ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(ASIO)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ฌ ํ•ด์— ์ฐฝ์„ค๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฐ„์ฒฉ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—„์ค‘ ๋‹จ์†์ด ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋…ธ๋‚˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํ•˜ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘๊ณผ ์งํ›„์— ์ •๋ณด ์ง๋ฌด์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1978๋…„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ๋ฆฌํ‹€๋ชจ์–ด(Stuart Littlemore)๋Š” "๋ณต์‚ด ์”จ, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ [์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค]๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ •๋ณด๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ณต์‚ด์€ "์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณต์‚ด์€ "๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ...."์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ‹€๋ชจ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์ฒฉ ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋„Œ์ง€์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž ๋ณต์‚ด์€ "๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฝค ๋ฉœ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ผ์ง€์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์†Œ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์‚ด์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ด€์ธก๋ถ€๋Œ€(NAOU) - ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ - ์— ์žฌ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์šด์†ก 4์ค‘๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, NAOU์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณต์‚ด์€ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ง„๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 3๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด์— ์ผ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ์ค‘์œ„๋กœ ์ง„๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ดํ›„ 1949๋…„์— ์‹ ์› ๋ถˆ๋ช… ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค ๋ฌ˜์ง€(West Terrace Cemetery)์— ๋งค์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ธ๊ตฐ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ์Šคํƒ ๋“œ ๋งˆ๊ถŒ์—…์ž ํ˜‘ํšŒ(South Australian Grandstand Bookmakers Association)์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฅ๋ก€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งค์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„์— ๋ฌด๋ค ์œ„์— ๊ฝƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋ฌ˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ฆ˜์— ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ ๋งž์€ ํŽธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผํŠธ๋ชจ์–ด ํ˜ธํ…”(Strathmore Hotel) ์ ‘์ˆ˜ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋น„(Ina Harvey)๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋™์•ˆ 21ํ˜ธ์‹ค๊ณผ 23ํ˜ธ์‹ค์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๊ณ  1948๋…„ 11์›” 30์ผ์— ์ฒดํฌ์•„์›ƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒ€์ • ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ง์›์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•˜๋น„์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด '๋ฐ”๋Š˜'์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1959๋…„ 11์›” 22์ผ์— ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ฑฐ๋ˆ„์ด(Whanganui) ๊ต๋„์†Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ E.B. ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์Šค(E.B. Collins)๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ดํ›„ 70๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ถ€, ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ์•”ํ˜ธ ํ•ด๋…๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ์ฑ…์˜ ๋’ท๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„์— ์ „์ง ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ํŽ ํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” <์„ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฉ”์ผ(Sunday Mail)> ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ค„ 'ITTMTSAMSTGAB'์€ 'It's Time To Move To South Australia Moseley Street...(์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๋ชจ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค....)'์˜ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…œ์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž ์กด ๋ ˆ๋ง(John Rehling)์— ์˜ํ•œ 2014๋…„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„  ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜์–ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์†๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๊ณ , ์•”ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ์›๋ฌธ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์˜์˜ ํ™•์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1978๋…„ ABC-TV์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ <์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ(Inside Story)>๋Š” '์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด๋ณ€์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ(The Somerton Beach Mystery)'๋ž€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ๋ฆฌํ‹€๋ชจ์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด๊ณผ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์„๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํด ๋กœ์Šจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„์— ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์žฅ ๊ฒธ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์žฅ ์กด ํ•˜๋ฒ„ ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค(John Harber Phillips)๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  "๋””๊ธฐํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ’€์–ด์˜ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ, ๋””์ง€ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค, ์ž์—ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  "์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ํž˜์„ ์‹ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1940๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ Œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด(Len Brown) ์ „ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ์ด๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ƒค๋ฐ” ์กฐ์•ฝ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ์†ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ถœ์‹ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์„๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ํฌ๋ฆ„์•Œ๋ฐํžˆ๋“œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ DNA๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์–ด ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. 1986๋…„์— ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ด์‡ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ฆ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง„์ˆ ์„œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์„œ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์‹ ์› ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ ์›์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์ง€์—ญ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ธ <๋”” ์• ๋“œ๋ฒ„ํƒ€์ด์ €(The Advertiser)>๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŽ˜์ด๋„ด(Payneham)์˜ ์•„์„œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ(Arthur St)์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 45์„ธ์˜ E.C ์กด์Šจ(E.C. Johnson)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์ธ 1948๋…„ 12์›” 3์ผ์— E.C ์กด์Šจ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์—์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์‹ ์›์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์ง€์—ญ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ธ <๋” ๋‰ด์Šค(The News)>๋Š” ์•ž ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 12์›” 4์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋” ๋จผ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 12์›” 5์ผ์— <๋”” ์• ๋“œ๋ฒ„ํƒ€์ด์ €>๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ 11์›” 13์ผ์— ๊ธ€๋ ˆ๋„ฌ๊ทธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๋ณ‘์ (ๅ…ต็ฉ)์„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ '์†”๋กœ๋ชฌ์Šจ(Solomonson)'์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์ ํžŒ ๊ตฐ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1949๋…„ 1์›” ์ดˆ์— ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‹œ์‹ ์ด 63์„ธ์˜ ์ „ ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ๊ณต ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์›”์‹œ(Robert Walsh)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋งฅ(James Mack) ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์›”์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›”์‹œ๋Š” ํ€ธ์ฆ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ์–‘์„ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „์— ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณ„ํš๋Œ€๋กœ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์›”์‹œ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Š™์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋น„๋ก ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์†์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ 18๊ฐœ์›” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ”์ ์ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์‹ ์› ํ™•์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์ „์— ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์›”์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ํ†ฐ์Šจ(Elizabeth Thompson)์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋ณธ ํ›„์— ์‹œ์‹ ์— ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ์›”์‹œ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์›”์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1949๋…„ 2์›” ์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ 2๋ช…์˜ ๋‹ค์œˆ ์ถœ์‹  ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ข…๋œ ์—ญ๋ฌด์›์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ฆ๊ธฐ์„  ๋…ธ๋™์ž ํ˜น์€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ฅ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์‹ ์›ํ™•์ธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋“œ๋ผ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋‹ ์„ธํƒ์†Œ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์„ธํƒ ๋งˆํฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์ถœ์‹ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ดํ›„ 28๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์žฅ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  '๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ' ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹ ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. SS ์‚ฌ์ดํด ์†Œ์†์˜ ์„ ์› ํ† ๋ฏธ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ(Tommy Reade)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž…ํ•ญํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์„ ์›๋“ค์ด ์˜์•ˆ์‹ค์—์„œ ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹จํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1953๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์›์— ๊ด€ํ•œ 251๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ '๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋‹จ์„œ'๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์˜๋ฅ˜์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์œ ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ํ˜ธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€๋“œ(Horace Charles Reynolds)์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž ๋งˆ์„ธ์ฆˆ ํ•˜๋„จ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ(Maciej Henneberg)์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์— ๋ณต๋ฌดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถœ์‹  ์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 2011๋…„ 10์›”์— ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋„จ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋„จ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” ์ฝ”, ์ž…์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ˆˆ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŠน์ง•์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ƒ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ท€์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๋งŒํผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๊ท€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋„จ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 'ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‹๋ณ„์ž'๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋บจ ์œ„์— ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ท€์˜ ํŠน์ง•, ์ด ์ ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ™•์ธ์„ ํ•  ๊ท€ํ•œ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค." 58757์ด๋ž€ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ ID ์นด๋“œ๋Š” 1918๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ H.C ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ตญ์ ์€ '์˜๊ตญ์ธ'์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 18์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ณด์กด ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€, ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ณด์กด ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€๊ณผ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๋… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์€ H.C ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€๋“œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ์ค‘๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ถ€์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด์— ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ H.C ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€๋“œ๋Š” ํก์‚ฌํ•œ ์™ธ๋ชจ, ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด๋ณ€์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— 1953๋…„ 5์›” 18์ผ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ง„๋‹จ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 2009๋…„ 3์›”์— ๋ฐ๋ ‰ ์• ๋ฒ—(Derek Abbott) ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ˆ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ ์•”ํ˜ธ ํ•ด๋…๊ณผ DNA ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ์ฒด ๋ฐœ๊ตด์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ถ”์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฒ—์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ํฌ์žฅ์žฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋ฒ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ•ด๋…์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€์ž ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค; ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์˜ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ˜•์‹๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ์˜ 4ํ–‰์‹œ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•”ํ˜ธ๋Š” 1ํšŒ์šฉ ์•”ํ˜ธํ‘œ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ํž˜์„ ์‹ค์–ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์— ๋”ํ•ด ํƒˆ๋ฌด๋“œ์™€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ž ๋นˆ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์•”ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•”ํ˜ธ์˜ ์งง์€ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ฑ…์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํŒ๋ณธ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ์›๋ณธ์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ”ผ์ธ ์ œ๋Ÿด๋“œ์˜ ํŒ๋ณธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‹œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๊ฐ€ 1948๋…„~1949๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ถ„์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ฐ” ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ๋„์„œ๊ด€(Barr Smith Library)์˜ ํด๋ฆฌ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ชจ์Œ๋„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋งˆ์„ธ์ฆˆ ํ•˜๋„จ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ท€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ— ๊ท“๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ท“๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 1~2% ์ •๋„์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ 5์›”์— ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์–‘ ์ธก์ ˆ์น˜ ๊ฒฐ์†์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ํŠน์ง•์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 2%์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋˜ ์น˜๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 6์›”์— ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด๋ณ€์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ— ๊ท“๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ท“๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํด ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์น˜์•„ ๊ฒฐํ•๊นŒ์ง€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚จ ๋กœ๋นˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ์—ฐ์˜ ์ผ์น˜์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ 1,000๋งŒ ๋ถ„์˜ 1์—์„œ 2,000๋งŒ ๋ถ„์˜ 1 ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก ์€ 1948๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ์— 16๊ฐœ์›”์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  2009๋…„์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๋กœ๋นˆ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด ํ˜น์€ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์–‘ ํ–‰์„ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ž์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. DNA ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ถ”์ธก์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ตด๊ณผ ์ƒ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ DNA ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ๋ฐํž ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 'ํผ์ฆ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์กฐ๊ฐ'์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2011๋…„ 10์›”์— ์กด ๋ผ์šฐ(John Rau) ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์€ "๋Œ€์ค‘์  ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ณต์ต์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ตด ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ ํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” "๋‚˜๋Š” '๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ฒ”๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ”๊ธฐ' ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์นœ์ฒ™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ตด๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 7์›”์— ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์› ํ™•์ธ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” "์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€๊ฒ€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•ด ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. <์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์„ ๋ฐ์ด(California Sunday)> 2015๋…„ ํŠน์ง‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” 2010๋…„์— ๋กœ๋นˆ ํ†ฐ์Šจ๊ณผ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์—๊ฑด(Roma Egan)์˜ ๋”ธ ๋ ˆ์ด์ฒผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 12์›”์— ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” DNA ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์„ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์„๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ DNA ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 1๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 2์›”์— ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํŒ€์€ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ DNA์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ์„ ๋ช…๋„์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•˜ํ”Œ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฃน H4a1a1a์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„  ๊ฒจ์šฐ 1%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 10์›”์— ๋น„ํ‚ค ์ฑ„ํ”„๋งŒ(Vickie Chapman) ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ DNA ์ฑ„์ทจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ตด ์Šน์ธ์„ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚€ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์†๋…€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ DNA๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. <60๋ถ„>์—์„œ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 2013๋…„ 11์›”์— '์ œ์Šคํ‹ด'์˜ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค์ด ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ ์ฑ„๋„ ๋‚˜์ธ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ <60๋ถ„>๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์‹œ์นด์™€ ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ๋”ธ ์ผ€์ดํŠธ ํ†ฐ์Šจ(Kate Thomson)์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ "๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ž€๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” 1995๋…„์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋˜ํ•œ 2007๋…„์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด์˜€๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋”ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ณณ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋นˆ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ์ธ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์—๊ฑด(Roma Egan)๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋”ธ ๋ ˆ์ด์ฒผ ์—๊ฑด(Rachel Egan)๋„ <60๋ถ„>์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๋กœ๋นˆ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ด์ฒผ์˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๊ฑด์Šค๋Š” ์กด ๋ผ์šฐ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ตด๊ณผ DNA ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋ ‰ ์• ๋ฒ— ๋˜ํ•œ ์—๊ฑด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ผ์šฐ ์žฅ๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด DNA ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์€ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฌด๋ค์—์„œ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข…๊ฒฐ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ€์ดํŠธ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜ค๋น ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ XTM์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ•œ ์žก์‹๋‚จ๋“ค์˜ ํžˆ๋“ ์นด๋“œ M16 15ํšŒ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์—ผ๊ฑด๋ น ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๋ญ‰๊ฐœ์ง„ ๊ท€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ผ๋ณด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทผ์ ‘ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ ๋ฌด์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋งˆ ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌด์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1948๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋ชฉ ๋ฌด์ˆ ์ด ์„ฑํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌด์ˆ ์ด ์„ฑํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์†Œ๋ จ ์ถœ์‹  ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์› ํ™•์ธ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2022๋…„ 7์›” 26์ผ์— ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ๋ ‰ ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํŒ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ ์›์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์™€ ์กฑ๋ณดํ•™์ž ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ ํ”ผ์ธ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆญ(Colleen Fitzpatrick)์€ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ 1905๋…„ 11์›” 16์ผ์— ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ๊ทผ๊ต์˜ ํ’‹์ธ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด(Footscray)์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์˜ค๊ฑฐ์ŠคํŠธ ์›น(Richard August Webb)๊ณผ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(Eliza Amelia Morris Grace) ์‚ฌ์ด 6์ž๋…€ ์ค‘ ๋ง‰๋‚ด๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ „๊ธฐ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์ด์ž ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ์ž‘์ž ์นด๋ฅผ ์ฐฐ์Šค ์›น(Carl "Charles" Webb)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์„๊ณ  ๋ฐ์Šค๋งˆ์Šคํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ๋“ค์˜ DNA ๊ฐ์‹์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ณ„๋ณดํ•™ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์›น์˜ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ ํ˜•์ œ ํ›„์†๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ถ€๊ณ„์™€ ๋ชจ๊ณ„ ์–‘์ชฝ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์  ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์›น์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ์ผ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์›น์€ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋กœ 20๋ถ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ํ‚จ(Thomas Keane)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋งค๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์˜๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ด๋ฆ„๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ์›น์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ 1947๋…„ 4์›”๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ๋„๋กœ์‹œ ๋„ํ”„(Dorothy Doff)[ํ˜ผ์ „ ์„ฑ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ์Šจ(Robertson)]์™€ ํ—ค์–ด์ง„ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ์ดํ˜ผ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1951๋…„์— ๋„๋กœ์‹œ๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ 144 km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๋ทฐํŠธ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์›น์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋ฒ—์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์›น์€ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ์— ๋ฐฐํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•”ํ˜ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ง์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์›น์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ž์ž‘์‹œ๋ฅผ ์“ด ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ˆ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2022๋…„ 7์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์›น์˜ ์•„์ง ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค ์ค‘์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ง์ „ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™ํŒ€์€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ŒํŒŒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‚™๊ด€ํ•œ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉฐ์น  ํ›„ ABC๋Š” ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘์— ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์›น์˜ ํ˜•์ œ ๋กœ์ด ์›น(Roy Webb)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ 1900๋…„ 2์›” 8์ผ : ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ H.C ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํƒœ์ฆˆ๋ฉ”์ด๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1905๋…„ ๊ฒฝ : ๊ฒ€์‹œ๊ด€์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1906๋…„ 4์›” : ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด์ด ์˜๊ตญ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1912๋…„ 10์›” 16์ผ : ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ํ€ธ์ฆ๋žœ๋“œ ๋„์‹ฌ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1918๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ : H.C ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€๋“œ์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1921๋…„ : ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‰ด์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ผ์Šค์ฃผ ๋งค๋ฆญ๋นŒ(Marrickville)์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1936๋…„ : ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ๋‰ด์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ผ์Šค์ฃผ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํƒ€์šด(Blacktown)์—์„œ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ์˜ ๋™๋‚จ์ชฝ ๊ต์™ธ ๋ฉ˜ํ†ค(Mentone)์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•ด ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 8์›” : ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์˜ ํด๋ฆฌํ”„ํ„ด ๊ฐ€๋“ ์Šค ํ˜ธํ…”(Clifton Gardens Hotel)์—์„œ ํ•œ ์ž” ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์—ญ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ํ•ด์™ธ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— 'JEstyn'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ธ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ 10์›” ๊ฒฝ : ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ๋กœ๋นˆ์ด ์ˆ˜ํƒœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.(์ •์ƒ ์ž„์‹  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •) 1946๋…„ ๋ง : ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ˜ํ†ค์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.(ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ƒˆ ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ 10๋…„ ์ „์— ์„ธ์› ๋˜ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ๊ต์™ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค.) 1947๋…„ ์ดˆ : ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ต์™ธ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ์„ฑ์ธ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1947๋…„ 7์›” : ๋กœ๋นˆ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ 1์›” 15์ผ : ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ „์‹œ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ 1948๋…„ 4์›”์— ์ „์—ญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ 7์›” : ๊ธ€๋ ˆ๋„ฌ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ๋ Œํ„ฐ์นด ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ๋งฅํƒ€๊ฐ€ํŠธ ํ†ฐ์Šจ(Prosper McTaggart Thomson)์ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํŒ๋งค ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋กœ์„œ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์›์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํŒ๋งค ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด 1947๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 1947๋…„ 11์›”์— ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ 11์›” 30์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 8์‹œ 30๋ถ„~10์‹œ 50๋ถ„ : ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ค์ „ 10์‹œ 50๋ถ„ ๋ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์€ ์˜ค์ „ 6์‹œ 15๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ 2์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ๋œ ๋‹จ 3์žฅ์˜ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ์ค‘ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ณ€ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ์ ์›์ด ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8์‹œ 30๋ถ„~10์‹œ 50๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์ด : ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ญ˜ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ ๋ชฉ์š•ํƒ• ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ญ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ชฉ์š•ํƒ•์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ‹ฐ์ผ“๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—” ์—†๋‹ค. 11์‹œ~11์‹œ 15๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์ด : ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ ์ง ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ์— ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋งก๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 11์‹œ 15๋ถ„ ์ดํ›„ : ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ ๋งž์€ํŽธ ๋…ธ์Šค ํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค(์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์Šค๋ชจ์–ด ํ˜ธํ…” ์•ž์ชฝ) ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” 11์‹œ 15๋ถ„์— ๋ฐœ์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” 7d ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์ด ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํŒ๋งค๋œ 9๊ฐœ ์ค‘ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜€๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์‹œ๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํƒ‘์Šนํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค; ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋งก๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 15๋ถ„ ์ •๋„์˜ ํ‹ˆ๋งŒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.(์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—์„œ 60m ์ง€์ ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.) ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค; ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์˜ค์ „ 11์‹œ 44๋ถ„์— ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํŒŒํฌ์— ์ข…์ฐฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ๊ธ€๋ ˆ๋„ฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๊ณ  ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋“œ ํ˜ธํ…”(St. Leonard's hotel)์—์„œ ์งง์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ 400m ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ์ฃผ์†Œ ๋ชจ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ 1km ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ›„ 7์‹œ~8์‹œ : ๋งŽ์€ ์ฆ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ›„ 10์‹œ~11์‹œ : ์‚ฌ๋ง ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋จน์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„. 12์›” 1์ผ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 2์‹œ : ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ถ”์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ. ์•ฐ๋ทธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋กœ ํ›„์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ง ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ '๋น ๋ฅธ ์˜๊ฒฌ'์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ด์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ง์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 2์‹œ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ „ 6์‹œ 30๋ถ„ : ์กด ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์Šค(John Lyons)์™€ ๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ 2๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ. 1949๋…„ 1์›” 14์ผ : ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ. 6์›” 6์ผ~14์ผ : ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฐ”์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ณ„์šฉ ์ž‘์€ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ 'ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํžŒ ์ข…์ด ์ชฝ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ. 6์›” 17์ผ~21์ผ : ๊ฒ€์‹œ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 7์›” 26์ผ : ๊ธ€๋ ˆ๋„ฌ๊ทธ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ(์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ†ฐ์Šจ, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ „ ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค)์ด ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ถ€์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถ”์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด ๋กœ์Šจ(Paul Lawson)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‚  ๋กœ์Šจ์˜ ์ผ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ 'ํ†ฐ์Šจ ์—ฌ์‚ฌ'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ 'ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ชธ๋งค'๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”๊ณ  ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๋ฅœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  '๋งค์šฐ ์šฉ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ'(๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„) ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 1948๋…„์— 27์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๋กœ์Šจ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‚  ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ•  ๋“ฏ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด๊ณผ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ค๋ช…์„ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค€ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹ค๋ช…์€ 2002๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 7์›” 27์ผ : ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ํ•จ. 1950๋…„ ์ดˆ : ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์˜ ์ดํ˜ผ์ด ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋จ. 1950๋…„ 5์›” : ์ œ์‹œ์นด์™€ ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•จ. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ : ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์‹ค๋จ. 1953๋…„ 5์›” 18์ผ : ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋™์ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ H.C ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•จ. 1958๋…„ 3์›” 14์ผ : ๊ฒ€์‹œ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋จ. ํ†ฐ์Šจ๊ณผ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด์€ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋จ. 1986๋…„ : ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ด '๋” ์ด์ƒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค'๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„๋จ. 1994๋…„ : ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์žฅ ์กด ํ•˜๋ฒ„ ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค(John Harber Phillips)๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์‚ด์€ ๋””๊ธฐํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ 4์›” 26์ผ : ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ ์‚ฌ๋ง. 1995๋…„ 8์›” 17์ผ : ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ณต์‚ด ์‚ฌ๋ง. 2007๋…„ 5์›” 13์ผ : ์ œ์‹œ์นด ํ†ฐ์Šจ ์‚ฌ๋ง. 2009๋…„ 3์›” : ๋กœ๋นˆ ํ†ฐ์Šจ ์‚ฌ๋ง. 2019๋…„ 10์›” 14์ผ : ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์ด ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ DNA ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ฑ„์ทจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€๋กœ ์Šน์ธํ•จ. 2022๋…„ 7์›” 26์ผ : ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ๋ ‰ ์• ๋ฒ— ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํŒ€์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ 1905๋…„ ํ’‹์ธ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด ํƒœ์ƒ์˜ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด ์นด๋ฅผ ์ฐฐ์Šค ์›น์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ •ํ•จ. 1945~1949๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜น์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค ์กฐ์ง€ ์กฐ์…‰ ๋งˆ์ƒฌ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ 3๋…„ ์ „์ธ 1945๋…„ 6์›”์— 34์„ธ์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์ธ ์กฐ์ง€ ๋งˆ์ƒฌ(ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์กฐ์…‰ ์‚ฌ์šธ ํ•˜์ž„ ๋งˆ์ƒฌ(Joseph Saul Haim Mashal))์ด ๋ชจ์Šค๋งŒ(Mosman)์˜ ์• ์‰ฌํ„ด ํŒŒํฌ(Ashton Park)์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ์˜ค๋งˆ๋ฅด ํ•˜์ด์–Œ์˜ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ์‰ฌํ„ด ํŒŒํฌ๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌํ”„ํ„ด ๊ฐ€๋“ ์Šค์™€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ƒฌ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž์‚ด๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ํ•˜ํฌ๋‹ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์‚ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ƒฌ์˜ ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋งˆ์ƒฌ(David Marshall)์€ ์ดํ›„ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์„ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” 1945๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ์— ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ถค๋„ค์Šค ๋„๋กœ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์—„(Gwenneth Dorothy Graham)์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 13์ผ ํ›„์— ์š•์กฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์ฒด๋กœ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์—Ž๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฑ„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์†๋ชฉ์ด ์ ˆ๋‹จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์† ์ผ๊ฐ€ 1949๋…„ 6์›” 6์ผ์— ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํŒŒํฌ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋žต 20km(12๋งˆ์ผ) ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋ผ๊ทธ์Šค ๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์–ธ๋• ์•ˆ ์ž๋ฃจ ์•ˆ์—์„œ 2์‚ด๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ ํด๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์†(Clive Mangnoson)์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜์‹์ด ์—†๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ผ€์ด์Šค ๋ฐœ๋ฐ๋งˆ๋ฅด ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์†(Keith Waldemar Mangnoson)์ด ๊ทธ ์˜†์— ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ฒด์˜จ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ปจ๋””์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์›์— ํ›„์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฒ€์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ํ›„์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์† ๋ถ€์ž๋Š” 4์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ค์ข… ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ํด๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์ง€ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ผ๊ทธ์Šค ๋งŒ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ ๋งฅ๋ ˆ์ด(Neil McRae)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „ ๋‚  ๋ฐค ๊ฟˆ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์‹œ๊ด€์€ ๋น„๋ก ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์†์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์œ„์žฅ ์† ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์Œ ์ดํ›„ ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์†(Roma Mangnoson)์€ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์“ด ๋‚จ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ผ๊ทธ์Šค ๋…ธ์Šค ์นฉ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ(Cheapside Street)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ง‘ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์น  ๋ป”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‚ก์€ ํฌ๋ฆผ์ƒ‰ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์†์€ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ท„๊ณ  ์–ผ๊ตด์— ์นดํ‚ค์ƒ‰ ์†์ˆ˜๊ฑด์„ ์“ด ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ '๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ!'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‹ฎ์•„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ง‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์†์€ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ 1939๋…„์— ๋ Œ๋งˆํฌ(Renmark)์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ์นผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ(Carl Thompsen)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ•œ ์งํ›„ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์†์€ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๊ทธ์Šค ๋…ธ์Šค ์ง„๋ณด ํ˜‘ํšŒ(Largs North Progress Association)์˜ ์ด๋ฌด J.M ๊ฐ€์›Œ(J. M. Gower)๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์† ๋ถ€์ธ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ต๋ช…์˜ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ํฌํŠธ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ–‰ A.H ์ปคํ‹ฐ์Šค(A. H. Curtis)๋„ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋…ธ์†์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฅœ์— ์ฐธ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” 3ํ†ต์˜ ์ต๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ทธ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์žฅ๋‚œ์ „ํ™”์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋”์ฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ๋‚จํŽธ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณตํฌ์— ๋–จ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋™์ผ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ ์ผ๊ฐ„์ง€ <๋”” ์• ๋“œ๋ฒ„ํƒ€์ด์ €(The Advertiser)>์™€ <๋” ๋‰ด์Šค(The News)>๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ทจ์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์กฐ๊ฐ„์‹ ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ <๋”” ์• ๋“œ๋ฒ„ํƒ€์ด์ €>๋Š” 1948๋…„ 12์›” 2์ผ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋ณธ 3๋ฉด์— ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ 'ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋‹ค'์˜€๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ด๋„˜(Payneham) ์•„์„œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ(Arthur St)์˜ ๋Œ€๋žต 45์„ธ ์ •๋„์˜ E.C ์กด์Šจ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ์–ด์ œ ์ €๋…์— ์ ˆ๋ฆ„๋ฐœ์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง‘ ๋งž์€ํŽธ์˜ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ์„œ๋จธํŠผ์˜ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ๋กœ๋“œ(Whyte Rd)์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” J.๋ผ์ด์˜จ์Šค ์”จ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. H. ์ŠคํŠธ๋žญ์›จ์ด(H. Strangway) ํ˜•์‚ฌ์™€ J.๋ชจ์Šค(J. Moss) ์ˆœ๊ฒฝ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์„๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ธ <๋” ๋‰ด์Šค>๋Š” 1๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1949๋…„ 6์›”์— ํ•œ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์ด์•ผํŠธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ '์„œ๋จธํŠผ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ถ”์ธก์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž”์ด ๋น„์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ์ผ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์„ค์—์„  ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ 'ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋…์„ฑํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ฒ”์ธ์˜ ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ง„์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์€ ํ•œ๋‚ฑ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋…๊ทน๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฃผ 1948๋…„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1948๋…„ 12์›” ๋ฏธํ™•์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์˜ค๋งˆ๋ฅด ํ•˜์ด์–Œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerton%20Man
Somerton Man
The Somerton Man was an unidentified man whose body was found on 1 December 1948 on the beach at Somerton Park, a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. The case is also known after the Persian phrase (Persian: ุชู…ุงู… ุดุฏ), meaning "is over" or "is finished", which was printed on a scrap of paper found months later in the fob pocket of the man's trousers. The scrap had been torn from the final page of a copy of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyรกm, authored by 12th-century poet Omar Khayyรกm. Following a public appeal by police, the book from which the page had been torn was located. On the inside back cover, detectives read through indentations left from previous handwriting: a local telephone number, another unidentified number, and text that resembled a coded message. The text has not been deciphered or interpreted in a way that satisfies authorities on the case. Since the early stages of the police investigation, the case has been considered "one of Australia's most profound mysteries". There has been intense speculation ever since regarding the identity of the victim, the cause of his death, and the events leading up to it. Public interest in the case remains significant for several reasons: the death occurred at a time of heightened international tensions following the beginning of the Cold War; the apparent involvement of a secret code; the possible use of an undetectable poison; and the inability or unwillingness of authorities to identify the dead man. On 26 July 2022, Adelaide University professor Derek Abbott, in association with genealogist Colleen M. Fitzpatrick, claimed to have identified the man as Carl "Charles" Webb, an electrical engineer and instrument maker born in 1905, based on genetic genealogy from DNA of the man's hair. South Australia Police and Forensic Science South Australia did not verify the result, although they were hopeful of being able to do so. Initial discovery and investigation Discovery of body On 1 December 1948 at 6:30ย am, the police were contacted after the body of a man was discovered on Somerton Park beach near Glenelg, about southwest of Adelaide, South Australia. The man was found lying in the sand across from the Crippled Children's Home, which was on the corner of The Esplanade and Bickford Terrace. He was lying back with his head resting against the seawall, with his legs extended and his feet crossed. It was believed the man had died while sleeping. An unlit cigarette was on the right collar of his coat. A search of his pockets revealed an unused second-class rail ticket from Adelaide to Henley Beach; a bus ticket from the city that may not have been used; a narrow aluminium comb that had been manufactured in the USA; a half-empty packet of Juicy Fruit chewing gum; an Army Club cigarette packet which contained seven cigarettes of a different brand, Kensitas; and a quarter-full box of Bryant & May matches. Witnesses who came forward said that on the evening of 30 November, they had seen an individual resembling the dead man lying on his back in the same spot where the corpse was later found. A couple who saw him at around 7ย pm noted that they saw him extend his right arm to its fullest extent and then drop it limply. Another couple who saw him from 7:30ย pm to 8ย pm, during which time the street lights had come on, recounted that they did not see him move during the half an hour in which he was in view, although they did have the impression that his position had changed. Although they commented between themselves that it was odd that he was not reacting to the mosquitoes, they had thought it more likely that he was drunk or asleep, and thus did not investigate further. One of the witnesses told the police she observed a man looking down at the sleeping man from the top of the steps that led to the beach. Witnesses said the body was in the same position when the police viewed it. Another witness came forward in 1959 and reported to the police that he and three others had seen a well-dressed man carrying another man on his shoulders along Somerton Park beach the night before the body was found. A police report was made by Detective Don O'Doherty. According to the pathologist, John Burton Cleland, the man was of "Britisher" appearance and thought to be aged about 40โ€“45; he was in "top physical condition". He was: 180 centimetres (5ย ft 11 in) tall, with grey eyes, fair to ginger-coloured hair, slightly grey around the temples, with broad shoulders and a narrow waist, hands and nails that showed no signs of manual labour, big and little toes that met in a wedge shape, like those of a dancer or someone who wore boots with pointed toes; and pronounced high calf muscles consistent with people who regularly wore boots or shoes with high heels or performed ballet. He was dressed in a white shirt; a red, white and blue tie; brown trousers; socks and shoes; a brown knitted pullover and fashionable grey and brown double-breasted jacket of reportedly "American" tailoring. All labels on his clothes had been removed, and he had no hat (unusual for 1948) or wallet. He was clean-shaven and carried no identification, which led police to believe he had committed suicide. Finally, his dental records were not able to be matched to any known person. An autopsy was conducted, and the pathologist estimated the time of death at around 2 am on 1 December. The heart was of normal size, and normal in every way ...small vessels not commonly observed in the brain were easily discernible with congestion. There was congestion of the pharynx, and the gullet was covered with whitening of superficial layers of the mucosa with a patch of ulceration in the middle of it. The stomach was deeply congested... There was congestion in the second half of the duodenum. There was blood mixed with the food in the stomach. Both kidneys were congested, and the liver contained a great excess of blood in its vessels. ...The spleen was strikingly large ... about 3 times normal size ... there was destruction of the centre of the liver lobules revealed under the microscope. ... acute gastritis hemorrhage, extensive congestion of the liver and spleen, and the congestion to the brain. The autopsy also showed that the man's last meal was a pasty eaten about three to four hours before death, but tests failed to reveal any foreign substance in the body. The pathologist, Dr. Dwyer, concluded: "I am quite convinced the death could not have been natural ... the poison I suggested was a barbiturate or a soluble hypnotic". Although poisoning remained a prime suspicion, the pasty was not believed to be the source. Other than that, the coroner was unable to reach a conclusion as to the man's identity, cause of death, or whether the man seen alive at Somerton Beach on the evening of 30 November was the same man, as nobody had seen his face at that time. The body was then embalmed on 10 December 1948, after the police were unable to get a positive identification. The police said this was the first time they knew that such action was needed. Discovery of suitcase On 14 January 1949, staff at the Adelaide railway station discovered a brown suitcase with its label removed, which had been checked into the station cloakroom after 11:00ย am on 30 November 1948. It was believed that the suitcase was owned by the man found on the beach. In the case were a red checked dressing gown, a size-seven red felt pair of slippers, four pairs of underpants, pyjamas, shaving items, a light brown pair of trousers with sand in the cuffs, an electrician's screwdriver, a table knife cut down into a short sharp instrument, a pair of scissors with sharpened points, a small square of zinc thought to have been used as a protective sheath for the knife and scissors, and a stencilling brush, as used by third officers on merchant ships for stencilling cargo. Also in the suitcase was a thread card of Barbour brand orange waxed thread of "an unusual type" not available in Australiaโ€”it was the same as that used to repair the lining in a pocket of the trousers the dead man was wearing. All identification marks on the clothes had been removed but police found the name "T. Keane" on a tie, "Keane" on a laundry bag and "Kean" on a singlet, along with three dry-cleaning marks; 1171/7, 4393/7 and 3053/7. Police believed that whoever removed the clothing tags either overlooked these three items or purposely left the "Keane" tags on the clothes, knowing Keane was not the dead man's name. With wartime rationing still enforced, clothing was difficult to acquire at that time. Although it was a very common practice to use name tags, it was also common when buying secondhand clothing to remove the tags of the previous owners. What was unusual was that there were no spare socks found in the case, and no correspondence, although the police found pencils and unused letter stationery. A search concluded that no T. Keane was missing in any English-speaking country. A nationwide circulation of the dry-cleaning marks also proved fruitless. All that could be garnered from the suitcase was that the front gusset and featherstitching on a coat found in the case indicated it had been manufactured in the United States. The coat had not been imported, indicating the man had been to America or bought it from someone of similar size who had been. Police checked incoming train records and believed the man had arrived at the Adelaide railway station by overnight train from either Melbourne, Sydney or Port Augusta. They speculated he had showered and shaved at the adjacent City Baths (although there was no Baths ticket on his body) before returning to the railway station to purchase a ticket for the 10:50ย a.m. train to Henley Beach, which, for whatever reason, he did not board. He immediately checked his suitcase at the station cloak room before leaving the station and catching a city bus to Glenelg. Although named "City Baths", the centre was not a public bathing facility, but rather a public swimming pool. The railway station bathing facilities were adjacent to the station cloak room, which itself was adjacent to the station's southern exit onto North Terrace. The City Baths on King William St. were accessed from the station's northern exit via a lane way. There is no record of the station's bathroom facilities being unavailable on the day he arrived. Inquest An inquest into the man's death, conducted by coroner Thomas Erskine Cleland, commenced a few days following the discovery of the body but was adjourned until 17 June 1949. Cleland, as the investigating pathologist, re-examined the body and made a number of discoveries. He noted that the man's shoes were remarkably clean and appeared to have been recently polished, rather than in the condition expected of a man who had apparently been wandering around Glenelg all day. He added that this evidence fitted in with the theory that the body may have been brought to Somerton Park beach after the man's death, accounting for the lack of evidence of vomiting and convulsions, which are the two main physiological reactions to poison. Cleland speculated that, as none of the witnesses could positively identify the man they saw the previous night as the same person discovered the next morning, there remained the possibility the man had died elsewhere and had been dumped. He stressed that this was purely speculation as all the witnesses believed it was, "definitely the same person", as the body was in the same place and lying in the same distinctive position. He also found no evidence indicating the identity of the deceased. Cedric Stanton Hicks, professor of physiology and pharmacology at the University of Adelaide, testified that of a group of drugs, variants of a drug in that group he called "number 1" and in particular "number 2" were extremely toxic in a relatively small oral dose that would be extremely difficult if not impossible to identify even if it had been suspected in the first instance. He gave Cleland a piece of paper with the names of the two drugs which was entered as Exhibit C.18. The names were not released to the public until the 1980s as at the time they were "quite easily procurable by the ordinary individual" from a chemist without the need to give a reason for the purchase. (The drugs were later publicly identified as digitalis and ouabain, both cardenolide-type cardiac glycosides.) Hicks noted the only "fact" not found in relation to the body was evidence of vomiting. He then stated its absence was not unknown but that he could not make a "frank conclusion" without it. Hicks stated that if death had occurred seven hours after the man was last seen to move, it would imply a massive dose that could still have been undetectable. It was noted that the movement seen by witnesses at 7 p.m. could have been the last convulsion preceding death. Early in the inquiry, Cleland stated, "I would be prepared to find that he died from poison, that the poison was probably a glucoside and that it was not accidentally administered; but I cannot say whether it was administered by the deceased himself or by some other person." Despite these findings, he could not determine the cause of death of the unidentified man. Cleland remarked that if the body had been carried to its final resting place then "all the difficulties would disappear". After the inquest, a plaster cast was made of the man's head and shoulders. The lack of success in determining the identity and cause of death of the man had led authorities to call it an "unparalleled mystery" and believe that the cause of death might never be known. Connection to Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Around the same time as the inquest, a tiny piece of rolled-up paper with the words printed on it was found in a fob pocket sewn within the dead man's trouser pocket. Public library officials called in to translate the text identified it as a phrase meaning "ended" or "finished" found on the last page of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. The paper's verso side was blank. Police conducted an Australia-wide search to find a copy of the book that had a similarly blank verso. A photograph of the scrap of paper was released to the press. Following a public appeal by police, the copy of Rubaiyat from which the page had been torn was located. A man showed police a 1941 edition of Edward FitzGerald's (1859) translation of Rubaiyat, published by Whitcombe and Tombs in Christchurch, New Zealand. Detective Sergeant Lionel Leane, who led the initial investigation, often protected the privacy of witnesses in public statements by using pseudonyms; Leane referred to the man who found the book by the pseudonym "Ronald Francis" and he has never been officially identified. "Francis" had not considered that the book might be connected to the case until he had seen an article in the previous day's newspaper. There is some uncertainty about the circumstances under which the book was found. One newspaper article refers to the book being found about a week or two before the body was found. Former South Australian Police detective Gerry Feltus (who dealt with the matter as a cold case) reports that the book was found "just after that man was found on the beach at Somerton". The timing is significant as the man is presumed, based on the suitcase, to have arrived in Adelaide the day before he was found on the beach. If the book was found one or two weeks before, it suggests that the man had visited previously or had been in Adelaide for a longer period. Most accounts state that the book was found in an unlocked car parked in Jetty Road, Glenelg โ€“ either in the rear floor well, or on the back seat. The theme of Rubaiyat is that one should live life to the fullest and have no regrets when it ends. The poem's subject led police to theorise that the man had committed suicide by poison, although no other evidence corroborated the theory. The book was missing the words on the last page, which had a blank reverse, and microscopic tests indicated that the piece of paper was from the page torn from the book. In the back of the book were faint indentations representing five lines of text, in capital letters. The second line has been struck out โ€“ a fact considered significant due to its similarities to the fourth line and the possibility that it represents an error in encryption. WRGOABABD MLIAOI WTBIMPANETP x MLIABOAIAQC ITTMTSAMSTGAB In the book, it is unclear whether the first line begins with an "M" or "W", but it is widely believed to be the letter W, owing to the distinctive difference when compared to the stricken letter M. There appears to be a deleted or underlined line of text that reads "MLIAOI". Although the last character in this line of text looks like an "L", it is fairly clear on closer inspection of the image that this is formed from an "I" and the extension of the line used to delete or underline that line of text. Also, the other "L" has a curve to the bottom part of the character. There is also an "X" above the last "O" in the code, and it is not known if this is significant to the code or not. Attempts to decode Initially, the letters were thought to be words in a foreign language before it was realised it was a code. Code experts were called in at the time to decipher the lines, but were unsuccessful, and amateurs also attempted to crack the code. In 1978, following a request from ABC Television's journalist Stuart Littlemore, Department of Defence cryptographers analysed the handwritten text. The cryptographers reported that it would be impossible to provide "a satisfactory answer": if the text were an encrypted message, its brevity meant that it had "insufficient symbols" from which a clear meaning could be extracted, and the text could be the "meaningless" product of a "disturbed mind". In 2004, retired detective Gerry Feltus suggested in a Sunday Mail article that the final line "ITTMTSAMSTGAB" could stand for the initials of "It's Time To Move To South Australia Moseley Street..." (Jessica Thomson lived in Moseley Street which is the main road through Glenelg). In 2009 to 2011, Derek Abbott's team concluded that it was most likely that each letter was the first letter of a word. A 2014 analysis by computational linguist John Rehling strongly supports the theory that the letters consist of the initials of some English text, but finds no match for these in a large survey of literature, and concludes that the letters were likely written as a form of shorthand, not as a code, and that the original text can likely never be determined. Jessica Thomson and Alf Boxall A telephone number was also found in the back of the book, belonging to a nurse named Jessica Ellen "Jo" Thomson (1921โ€“2007) โ€“ born Jessie Harkness in the Sydney suburb of Marrickville, New South Wales โ€“ who lived in Moseley St, Glenelg, about north of the location where the body was found. When she was interviewed by police, Thomson said that she did not know the dead man or why he would have her phone number and choose to visit her suburb on the night of his death. However, she also reported that, at some time in late 1948, an unidentified man had attempted to visit her and asked a next door neighbour about her. In his book on the case, Gerry Feltus stated that when he interviewed Thomson in 2002, he found that she was either being "evasive" or she "just did not wish to talk about it". Feltus believed Thomson knew the Somerton man's identity. Thomson's daughter Kate, in a television interview in 2014 with Channel Nine's 60 Minutes, also said that she believed her mother knew the dead man. In 1949, Jessica Thomson requested that police not keep a permanent record of her name or release her details to third parties, as it would be embarrassing and harmful to her reputation to be linked to such a case. The police agreed โ€“ a decision that hampered later investigations. In news media, books and other discussions of the case, Thomson was frequently referred to by various pseudonyms, including the nickname "Jestyn" and names such as "Teresa Johnson nรฉe Powell". Feltus in 2010 claimed he was given permission by Thomson's family to disclose her names and that of her husband, Prosper Thomson. Nevertheless, the names Feltus used in his book were pseudonyms. Feltus also stated that her family did not know of her connection with the case, and he agreed not to disclose her identity or anything that might reveal it. Thomson's real name was considered important because it may be the decryption key for the purported code. When she was shown the plaster cast bust of the dead man by DS Leane, Thomson said she could not identify the person depicted. According to Leane, he described her reaction upon seeing the cast as "completely taken aback, to the point of giving the appearance that she was about to faint". In an interview many years later, Paul Lawson, the technician who made the cast and was present when Thomson viewed it, noted that after looking at the bust she immediately looked away and would not look at it again. Thomson also said that while she was working at Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney during World War II, she had owned a copy of Rubaiyat. In 1945, at the Clifton Gardens Hotel in Sydney, she had given it to an Australian Army lieutenant named Alf Boxall, who was serving at the time in the Water Transport Section of the Royal Australian Engineers. Thomson told police that, after the war ended, she had moved to Melbourne and married. She said that she had received a letter from Boxall and had replied, telling him that she was now married. (Subsequent research suggests that her future husband, Prosper Thomson, was in the process of obtaining a divorce from his first wife in 1949, and that he did not marry Jessica until mid-1950.) There is no evidence that Boxall had any contact with Jessica Thomson after 1945. As a result of their conversations with Thomson, police suspected that Boxall was the dead man. However, in July 1949, Boxall was found in Sydney and the final page of his copy of Rubaiyat (reportedly a 1924 edition published in Sydney) was intact, with the words "Tamam Shud" still in place. Boxall was now working in the maintenance section at the Randwick Bus Depot (where he had worked before the war) and was unaware of any link between the dead man and himself. In the front of the copy of Rubaiyat that was given to Boxall, Jessica Harkness had signed herself "JEstyn" and written out verse 70: Indeed, indeed, Repentance oft before I sworeโ€”but was I sober when I swore? And then and then came Spring, and Rose-in-hand My thread-bare Penitence a-pieces tore. Media reaction The two daily Adelaide newspapers, The Advertiser and The News, covered the death in separate ways. The Advertiser first mentioned the case in a small article on page three of its morning edition of 2 December 1948. Titled "Body found on Beach", it read: A body, believed to be of E.C. Johnson, about 45, of Arthur St, Payneham, was found on Somerton Beach, opposite the Crippled Children's Home yesterday morning. The discovery was made by Mr J. Lyons, of Whyte Rd, Somerton. Detective H. Strangway and Constable J. Moss are enquiring. The News featured their story on its first page, giving more details of the dead man. As one journalist wrote in June 1949, alluding to the line in Rubaiyat, "the Somerton Man seems to have made certain that the glass would be empty, save for speculation". An editorial called the case "one of Australia's most profound mysteries" and noted that if he died by poison so rare and obscure it could not be identified by toxicology experts, then surely the culprit's advanced knowledge of toxic substances pointed to something more serious than a mere domestic poisoning. Early reported identifications A number of possible identifications have been proposed over the years. On 3 December 1948, a day after The Advertiser named him as the likely victim, E.C. Johnson identified himself at a police station. That same day, The News published a photograph of the dead man on its front page, leading to additional calls from members of the public about his possible identity. By 4 December, police had announced that the man's fingerprints were not on South Australian police records, forcing them to look further afield. On 5 December, The Advertiser reported that police were searching through military records after a man claimed to have had a drink with a person resembling the dead man at a hotel in Glenelg on 13 November. During their drinking session, the mystery man supposedly produced a military pension card bearing the name "Solomonson". In early January 1949, two people identified the body as that of 63-year-old former wood cutter Robert Walsh. A third person, James Mack, also viewed the body, initially could not identify it, but an hour later he contacted police to claim it was Walsh. Mack stated that the reason he did not confirm this at the viewing was a difference in the colour of the hair. Walsh had left Adelaide several months earlier to buy sheep in Queensland but had failed to return at Christmas as planned. Police were skeptical, believing Walsh to be too old to be the dead man. However, the police did state that the body was consistent with that of a man who had been a wood cutter, although the state of the man's hands indicated he had not cut wood for at least eighteen months. Any thoughts that a positive identification had been made were quashed, however, when Elizabeth Thompson, one of the people who had earlier positively identified the body as Walsh, retracted her statement after a second viewing of the body, where the absence of a particular scar on the body, as well as the size of the dead man's legs, led her to realise the body was not Walsh. By early February 1949, there had been eight different "positive" identifications of the body, including two Darwin men who thought the body was of a friend of theirs, and others who thought it was a missing station worker, a worker on a steamship or a Swedish man. Detectives from Victoria initially believed the man was from there because of the similarity of the laundry marks to those used by several dry-cleaning firms in Melbourne. Following publication of the man's photograph in Victoria, twenty-eight people claimed to know his identity. Victoria detectives disproved all the claims and said that "other investigations" indicated it was unlikely that he was from Victoria. A seaman named Tommy Reade from the , in port at the time, was thought to be the dead man, but after some of his shipmates viewed the body at the morgue, they stated categorically that the corpse was not that of Reade. By November 1953, police announced they had recently received the 251st "solution" to the identity of the body from members of the public who claimed to have met or known him. But, they said that the "only clue of any value" remained the clothing the man wore. Mangnoson family Contemporary reports considered the connection with the death of a two-year-old boy six months later. On 6 June 1949, the body of two-year-old Clive Mangnoson was found in a sack in the Largs Bay sand hills, about up the coast from Somerton Park. Lying next to him was his unconscious father, Keith Waldemar Mangnoson. The father was taken to a hospital in a very weak condition, suffering from exposure; following a medical examination, he was transferred to a mental hospital. The Mangnosons had been missing for four days. The police believed that Clive had been dead for twenty-four hours when his body was found. The two were found by Neil McRae of Largs Bay, who claimed he had seen the location of the two in a dream the night before. The coroner could not determine the young Mangnoson's cause of death, although it was not believed to be natural causes. The contents of the boy's stomach were sent to a government analyst for further examination. Following the death, the boy's mother, Roma Mangnoson, reported having been threatened by a masked man who, while driving a battered cream car, almost ran her down outside her home in Cheapside Street, Largs North. Mangnoson stated that "the car stopped and a man with a khaki handkerchief over his face told her to 'keep away from the police or else'". Additionally a similar-looking man had been recently seen lurking around the house. Mangnoson believed that this situation could be related to her husband's attempt to identify the Somerton Man, believing him to be Carl Thompsen, who had worked with him in Renmark in 1939. Soon after being interviewed by police over her harassment, Mangnoson collapsed and required medical treatment. J. M. Gower, secretary of the Largs North Progress Association, received anonymous phone calls threatening that Mrs. Mangnoson would meet with an accident if he interfered while A. H. Curtis, the acting mayor of Port Adelaide, received three anonymous phone calls threatening "an accident" if he "stuck his nose into the Mangnoson affair". Police suspect the calls may be a hoax and the caller may be the same person who also terrorised a woman in a nearby suburb who had recently lost her husband in tragic circumstances. International interest In addition to intense public interest in Australia during the late 1940s and early 1950s, the case also attracted international attention. South Australia Police consulted their counterparts overseas and distributed information about the dead man internationally, in an effort to identify him. International circulation of a photograph of the man and details of his fingerprints yielded no positive identification. For example, in the United States, the Federal Bureau of Investigation was unable to match the dead man's fingerprint with prints taken from files of domestic criminals. Scotland Yard was also asked to assist with the case, but could not offer any insights. Post-inquest Preโ€“2009 In 1949, the body of the unknown man was buried in Adelaide's West Terrace Cemetery, where the Salvation Army conducted the service. The South Australian Grandstand Bookmakers Association paid for the service to save the man from a pauper's burial. Years after the burial, flowers began appearing on the grave. Police questioned a woman seen leaving the cemetery but she claimed she knew nothing of the man. About the same time, Ina Harvey, the receptionist from the Strathmore Hotel opposite Adelaide railway station, revealed that a strange man had stayed in Room 21 or 23 for a few days around the time of the death, checking out on 30 November 1948. She recalled that he was English speaking and only carrying a small black case, not unlike one a musician or a doctor might carry. When an employee looked inside the case he told Harvey he had found an object inside the case he described as looking like a "needle". On 22 November 1959 it was reported that one E.B. Collins, an inmate of New Zealand's Whanganui Prison, claimed to know the identity of the dead man. In 1978, ABC-TV, in its documentary series Inside Story, produced a programme on the Tamรกm Shud case, titled "The Somerton Beach Mystery", where reporter Stuart Littlemore investigated the case, including interviewing Boxall, who could add no new information, and Paul Lawson, who made the plaster cast of the body and who refused to answer a question about whether anyone had positively identified the body. In 1994, John Harber Phillips, Chief Justice of Victoria and Chairman of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, reviewed the case to determine the cause of death and concluded that, "There seems little doubt it was digitalis." Phillips supported his conclusion by pointing out that the organs were engorged, consistent with digitalis, the lack of evidence of natural disease and "the absence of anything seen macroscopically which could account for the death". Former South Australian Chief Superintendent Len Brown, who worked on the case in the 1940s, stated that he believed that the man was from a country in the Warsaw Pact, which led to the police's inability to confirm the man's identity. The South Australian Police Historical Society holds the plaster bust, which contains strands of the man's hair. Any further attempts to identify the body have been hampered by the embalming formaldehyde having destroyed much of the man's DNA. Other key evidence no longer exists, such as the brown suitcase, which was destroyed in 1986. In addition, witness statements have disappeared from the police file over the years. Spy theories There has been persistent speculation that the dead man was a spy, due to the circumstances and historical context of his death. At least two sites relatively close to Adelaide were of interest to spies: the Radium Hill uranium mine and the Woomera Test Range, an Anglo-Australian military research facility. The man's death also coincided with a reorganisation of Australian security agencies, which would culminate the following year with the founding of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO). This would be followed by a crackdown on Soviet espionage in Australia, which was revealed by intercepts of Soviet communications under the Venona project. Another theory concerns Boxall, who was reportedly involved in intelligence work during and immediately after World War II. In a 1978 television interview Stuart Littlemore asks: "Mr Boxall, you had been working, hadn't you, in an intelligence unit, before you met this young woman [Jessica Harkness]. Did you talk to her about that at all?" In reply, Boxall says "no", and when asked if Harkness could have known, Boxall replies: "Not unless somebody else told her." When Littlemore suggests in the interview that there may have been an espionage connection to the dead man in Adelaide, Boxall replies: "It's quite a melodramatic thesis, isn't it?" Boxall's army service record suggests that he served initially in the 4th Water Transport Company, before being seconded to the North Australia Observer Unit (NAOU) โ€“ a special operations unit โ€“ and that during his time with NAOU, Boxall rose rapidly in rank, being promoted from lance corporal to lieutenant within three months. H. C. Reynolds theory In 2011, an Adelaide woman contacted biological anthropologist Maciej Henneberg about an identification card of an H. C. Reynolds that she had found in her father's possessions. The card, a document issued in the United States to foreign seamen during World War I, was given to Henneberg in October 2011 for comparison of the ID photograph to that of the Somerton man. While Henneberg found anatomical similarities in features such as the nose, lips and eyes, he believed they were not as reliable as the close similarity of the ear. The ear shapes shared by both men were a "very good" match, although Henneberg also found what he called a "unique identifier"; a mole on the cheek that was the same shape and in the same position in both photographs. "Together with the similarity of the ear characteristics, this mole, in a forensic case, would allow me to make a rare statement positively identifying the Somerton man." The ID card, numbered 58757, was issued in the United States on 28 February 1918 to H. C. Reynolds, giving his nationality as "British" and age as 18. Searches conducted by the US National Archives, the UK National Archives and the Australian War Memorial Research Centre have failed to find any records relating to H. C. Reynolds. The South Australia Police Major Crime Branch, who still have the case listed as open, will investigate the new information. Some independent researchers believe the ID card belonged to Horace Charles Reynolds, a Tasmanian man who died in 1953 and therefore could not have been the Somerton man. Jessica Thomson relatives Prosper Thomson died in 1995 and Jessica Thomson died in 2007. In November 2013, three of their relatives gave interviews to the Channel Nine current affairs program 60 Minutes. Kate Thomson, the daughter of Jessica and Prosper Thomson, said that her mother was the woman interviewed by the police and that her mother had told her she had lied to them โ€“ Jessica did know the identity of the Somerton man and his identity was also "known to a level higher than the police force". She suggested that her mother and the Somerton man may both have been spies, noting that Jessica Thomson taught English to migrants, was interested in communism, and could speak Russian, although she would not disclose to Kate where she had learned it or why. Roma Egan, the widow of Jessica Thomson's son Robin, and Robin and Roma's daughter Rachel Egan, also appeared on 60 Minutes. They suggested that the Somerton man was Robin's father and, therefore, Rachel's grandfather. The Egans reported lodging a new application with the Attorney-General John Rau to have the Somerton man's body exhumed and DNA tested. Abbott also subsequently wrote to Rau in support of the Egans, saying that exhumation for DNA testing would be consistent with federal government policy of identifying soldiers in war graves, to bring closure to their families. Kate Thomson opposed the exhumation as being disrespectful to her brother. Exhumation In October 2011, as interest in the case resurfaced, Attorney-General John Rau refused to exhume the body, stating: "There needs to be public interest reasons that go well beyond public curiosity or broad scientific interest." Feltus said he was still contacted by people in Europe who believed the man was a missing relative but did not believe an exhumation and finding the man's family grouping would provide answers to relatives, as "during that period so many war criminals changed their names and came to different countries". In October 2019, however, Attorney-General Vickie Chapman granted approval for his body to be exhumed to extract DNA for analysis. The parties interested in the analysis agreed to cover the costs. A potential granddaughter's DNA was planned to be compared to the unknown man's to see if it is a match. An exhumation was carried out on 19 May 2021. Police stated that the remains were in "reasonable" condition and were optimistic about the prospect of DNA recovery. The remains were deeper in the ground than previously thought. It was reported that the body was exhumed as part of Operation Persevere and Operation Persist, which are investigating historical unidentified remains in South Australia. The authorities have said that they intend to take DNA from the remains if possible. Dr. Anne Coxon of Forensic Science South Australia said: "The technology available to us now is clearly light years ahead of the techniques available when this body was discovered in the late 1940s," and that tests would use "every method at our disposal to try and bring closure to this enduring mystery". Abbott investigation In March 2009, a University of Adelaide team led by Professor Derek Abbott began an attempt to solve the case through cracking the code and proposing to exhume the body to test for DNA. His investigations have led to questions concerning the assumptions police had made on the case. Abbott also tracked down the Barbour waxed cotton of the period and found packaging variations. This may provide clues to the country where it was purchased. It was determined the letter frequency of the message in the back of the Rubaiyat was considerably different from letters written down randomly; the frequency was to be further tested to determine if the alcohol level of the writer could alter random distribution. They observed that the format of the code also appeared to follow the quatrain format of Rubaiyat, leading them to theorise that the code was a one-time pad encryption algorithm. Copies of Rubaiyat, as well as the Talmud and Bible, were being compared to the code using computers to get a statistical base for letter frequencies. However, the code's short length meant the investigators would require the exact edition of the book used. With the original copy lost in the 1950s, researchers have been looking for a FitzGerald edition. The team concluded that it was most likely that each letter was the first letter of a word. An investigation had shown that the Somerton man's autopsy reports of 1948 and 1949 are now missing and the Barr Smith Library's collection of Cleland's notes do not contain anything on the case. Maciej Henneberg, professor of anatomy at the University of Adelaide, examined images of the Somerton man's ears and found that his cymba (upper ear hollow) is larger than his cavum (lower ear hollow), a feature possessed by only 1โ€“2% of the Caucasian population. In May 2009, Abbott consulted with dental experts who concluded that the Somerton Man had hypodontia (a rare genetic disorder) of both lateral incisors, a feature present in only 2% of the general population. In June 2010, Abbott obtained a photograph of Jessica Thomson's eldest son Robin, which clearly showed that he โ€“ like the unknown man โ€“ had not only a larger cymba than cavum but also hypodontia. The chance that this was a coincidence has been estimated as between one in 10,000,000 and one in 20,000,000. The media have suggested that Robin Thomson, who was sixteen months old in 1948 and died in 2009, may have been a child of either Boxall or the Somerton man and passed off as Prosper Thomson's son. DNA testing would confirm or eliminate this speculation. Abbott believes an exhumation and an autosomal DNA test could link the Somerton man to a shortlist of surnames which, along with existing clues to the man's identity, would be the "final piece of the puzzle". After discovering that Robin Thomson had died in 2009, Abbott contacted Rachel, the daughter of Roma Egan and Robin Thomson, who had been adopted and grew up in New Zealand. Abbott and Rachel married in 2010 and they have three children. The family has a painting of the Somerton man hanging in their home, believing him to be family. However, Rachel Egan's DNA has been analysed and links were found to the grandparents of Prosper Thomson. In July 2013, Abbott released an artistic impression he commissioned of the Somerton man, believing this might finally lead to an identification. "All this time we've been publishing the autopsy photo, and it's hard to tell what something looks like from that", Abbott said. In December 2017, Abbott announced three "excellent" hairs "at the right development stage for extracting DNA" had been found on the plaster cast of the corpse, and had been submitted for analysis to the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA at the University of Adelaide. Processing the results could reportedly take up to a year. While much of the DNA is degraded, in February 2018, the University of Adelaide team obtained a high-definition analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from the hair sample from Somerton Man. They found that the Somerton Man belonged to haplogroup H4a1a1a, possessed by only 1% of Europeans. However, mitochondrial DNA is only inherited through the maternal line, and therefore cannot be used to investigate a hereditary link between Rachel Egan, Abbott's wife, and the Somerton Man. Potential identification On 26 July 2022, Abbott announced that he and genealogist Colleen Fitzpatrick had determined that the man was Carl "Charles" Webb, an electrical engineer and instrument maker born on 16 November 1905, in Footscray, a suburb of Melbourne. Abbott claimed his DNA identification from strands of hair found in the plaster death mask made by South Australian Police in the late 1940s. Through investigative genetic genealogy, matches were found for descendants of two distant cousins of Webb, both on the paternal and on the maternal side. None of Webb's still-living relatives in 2022 had known him in person. Initially there were no known pre-death photographs of Webb, but further investigation uncovered his likely presence in a 1921 Swinburne University football team photograph, though the image did not identify Webb directly, and in November 2022 Australian Story revealed photographs of Webb from the 1920s found in a Webb family photo album. Earlier the ABC had published photos of Webb's brother, Roy Webb, claiming they resembled the Somerton Man. Forensic Science South Australia, who were still investigating, declined to comment on Abbott's findings. South Australia Police had not verified the result, but stated they were "cautiously optimistic that this may provide a breakthrough". Carl Webb Carl Webb's father Richard August Webb (who died in 1939) had emigrated to Australia from Hamburg, Germany. He married Eliza Amelia Morris Grace (died in 1946) in 1892 and opened a bakery in Springvale, Victoria. Carl "Charles" Webb was born on 16 November 1905, in Footscray, a suburb of Melbourne, the youngest of six children of Richard and Eliza. The three sons would eventually work at the family bakery. When the bakery closed down, Carl retrained as an electrical instrument maker. In 1941, he married Dorothy "Doff" Robertson, a pharmacist and chiropodist. The couple moved into a flat in Bromby Street, South Yarra. The marriage was not a harmonious one, largely due to Carl's personality. Dorothy described Carl as solitary, having few friends, living a quiet life and being in bed by 7p.m. each night, but also moody, violent and threatening, especially when facing defeat even over relatively trivial matters. He was fond of poetry and wrote several poems of his own, "most of them on the subject of death, which he claims to be his greatest desire", Dorothy stated. This would be consistent with the copy of the Rubaiyat, which also focuses on the subject of death. Dorothy recalled one instance in March 1946 in which her husband apparently attempted suicide with an overdose of ether. She nursed him back to health, only for him to scold her for it and become more violent. In September 1946, Dorothy fled from her husband, following years of physical and verbal abuse. Carl moved out in 1947 and no official records revealing his subsequent whereabouts have been found as of 2022. In 1951, Dorothy was reportedly living in Bute, South Australia, from Adelaide. Abbott speculates that Carl may have gone to Adelaide intending to find her. She applied for a divorce on 5 June 1951, citing desertion. The divorce was granted in April 1952. Carl's oldest sister Freda Grace was married to Thomas Gerald Keane. They had a son named John, who died in World War II in 1943. (Carl's brother Roy also died in a prisoner-of-war camp the same year.) John's possessions included items which imply he resided in the United States at some point, such as American coins and a map of Chicago. Freda Grace and Carl lived a 20-minute drive away from each other. This would explain why the Somerton Man was wearing clothes of American origin and with the name Keane on them: they could have been handed down to him from his brother-in-law or nephew. Abbott's research indicates Webb enjoyed betting on horses; thus, the coded messages could be horse names. Derek Abbott and Colleen Fitzpatrick believe that Carl had serious mental health issues and "spiralled down" after losing four close relatives in seven years. His history and the autopsy findings suggest he committed suicide by poisoning himself. Other possible identifications On 4 January 2022, former Adelaide lawyer Sophie Holsman nominated Austrian milliner Carl/Charles Josef Halban as the Somerton Man. Timeline 17 September 1902: Carl/Charles Josef Halban born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary. circa 1905: Somerton Man is born, according to the coroner's report. 16 November 1905: Carl "Charles" Webb born in Footscray, Melbourne, Victoria. April 1906: Alfred Boxall born in London, England. 16 October 1912: Prosper Thomson is born in central Queensland. 28 February 1918: H. C. Reynolds identity card issued. 1921: Jessie Harkness is born in Marrickville, New South Wales. 1936: Prosper Thomson moves from Blacktown, New South Wales, to Melbourne, Victoria, marries and lives in Mentone, a south east Melbourne suburb. August 1945: Jessica Harkness gives Alf Boxall an inscribed copy of Rubaiyat over drinks at the Clifton Gardens Hotel, Sydney, prior to his being posted overseas on active service. The inscription is signed "JEstyn". circa October 1946: Jessica Harkness's son Robin is conceived (assuming a normal duration pregnancy). Late 1946: Harkness moves to Mentone to temporarily live with her parents. (The same Melbourne suburb in which Prosper Thomson had established himself and his then new wife ten years before.) Early 1947: Harkness moves to a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, and changes her surname to Thomson, the name of her future husband. April 1947: Charles Webb leaves his wife Dorothy, whereupon she files for divorce. July 1947: Robin Thomson is born. 15 January 1948: Boxall arrives back in Sydney from his last active duty and is discharged from the army in April 1948. July 1948: "Prosper McTaggart Thomson, hire car proprietor, of Moseley Street, Glenelg" appears in Adelaide Local Court as defendant in a car sale dispute, dating from November 1947, establishing Prosper Thomson as active in Adelaide from 1947. 30 November 1948. 8:30ย a.m. to 10:50ย am: The Somerton Man is presumed to have arrived in Adelaide by train. He buys a ticket for the 10:50ย a.m. train to Henley Beach but does not use it. This ticket is the first sold of only three issued between 6:15ย a.m. and 2 p.m. by the particular ticket clerk for the Henley Beach train. Between 8:30ย a.m. to 10:50ย am: There is no satisfactory explanation for what The Somerton Man does during these hours. There is no record of the Adelaide railway station's bathroom facilities being unavailable and no ticket in his pocket to suggest he visited the Public Baths, outside of the station. Between 11:00ย a.m. and 11:15ย a.m: Checks a brown suitcase into the railway station cloak room. after 11:15ย am: Buys a 7d bus ticket on a bus that departed at 11:15ย a.m. from the south side of North Terrace (in front of the Strathmore Hotel) opposite the railway station. He may have boarded at a later time elsewhere in the city as his ticket was the sixth of nine sold between the railway station and South Terrace; however, he only had a fifteen-minute window from the earliest time he could have checked his suitcase (the luggage room was around sixty metres from the bus stop). It is not known which stop he alights at; the bus terminates at Somerton Park at 11:44ย am and enquiries indicate that he "must have" alighted at Glenelg, a short distance from the St. Leonard's hotel. This stop is less than north of the Moseley St address of Jessica Thomson, which was itself 400 metres from where the body was found. 7 p.m.โ€“8 p.m.: Various witness sightings. 10 p.m.โ€“11 p.m.: Estimated time he had eaten a pasty based on time of death. 1 December 2 a.m.: Estimated time of death. The time is estimated by a "quick opinion" on the state of rigor mortis while the ambulance is in transit. As a suspected suicide, no attempt to determine the correct time is made. As poisons affect the progression of rigor, 2 a.m. is probably inaccurate. 6:30ย am: Found dead by John Lyons and two men with a horse. 14 January 1949: Adelaide railway station finds the brown suitcase belonging to the man. 6โ€“14 June: The piece of paper bearing the inscription "Tamรกm Shud" is found in a concealed fob pocket. 17 and 21 June: Coroner's inquest. 22 July: A man hands in the copy of Rubaiyat he had found on 30 November (or perhaps a week or two earlier) containing an unlisted phone number and mysterious inscription. Police later match the "Tamรกm Shud" paper to the book. 26 July: The unlisted phone number discovered in the book is traced to a woman living in Glenelg (Jessica Thomson, previously Harkness). Shown the plaster cast by Paul Lawson, she does not identify the man as Alf Boxall, or any other person. Lawson's diary entry for that day names her as "Mrs Thompson" and states that she had a "nice figure" and was "very acceptable" (referring to the level of attractiveness) which allows the possibility of an affair with the Somerton man. She was 27 years old in 1948. In a later interview Lawson describes her behaviour as being very odd that day. She appeared as if she was about to faint. Jessica Harkness requests that her real name be withheld because she doesn't want her husband to know she knew Alf Boxall. Although she is in fact not married at this time, the name she gives police is Jessica Thomson, with her real name not being discovered until 2002. 27 July: Sydney detectives locate and interview Boxall. Early 1950: Prosper Thomson's divorce is finalised. May 1950: Jessica and Prosper Thomson are married. 1951: Dorothy Webb reported to be living in Bute, South Australia. 1950s: The original Rubaiyat is lost. 18 May 1953: death of Horace Charles Reynolds, Tasmanian man born in 1900 and regarded by some investigators as the owner of the "H. C. Reynolds" ID card. 14 March 1958: The coroner's inquest is continued. The Thomsons and Alf Boxall are not mentioned. No new findings are recorded and the inquest is ended with an adjournment sine die. 1986: The Somerton Man's brown suitcase and contents are destroyed as "no longer required". 1994: The Chief Justice of Victoria, John Harber Phillips, studies the evidence and concludes that poisoning was due to digitalis. 26 April 1995: Prosper Thomson dies. 17 August 1995: Boxall dies. 13 May 2007: Jessica Thomson dies. 18 March 2009: Robin Thomson dies. 14 October 2019: Attorney-General of South Australia grants conditional approval for The Somerton Man to be exhumed in order for a DNA sample to be obtained. 19 May 2021: Exhumation takes place. 26 July 2022: Derek Abbott announces that his DNA analysis has identified the man as Carl "Charles" Webb, an electrical engineer and instrument maker born in Melbourne in 1905. In popular culture The Somerton Man is referenced in Holly Throsby's 2018 crime novel, Cedar Valley. See also Isdal Woman Peter Bergmann case Ricky McCormick's encrypted notes The Gentleman of Heligoland Notes References Sources Further reading Ruth Balint, "The Somerton Man: An unsolved history," Cultural Studies Review, Vol. 16, no. 2, pp.ย 159โ€“78, 2010. Ruth Balint, "Der Somerton Man: Eine dokumentarische Fiktion in drei Dimensionen," Book Chapter in Goofy History: Fehler machen Geschichte, (Ed. Butis Butis) Bรถhlau Verlag, pp.ย 264โ€“279, 2009, Michael Newton, The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes, Infobase Publishing, 2009, . John Pinkney, Great Australian Mysteries: Unsolved, Unexplained, Unknown, Five Mile Press, Rowville, Victoria, 2003. . Kerry Greenwood, Tamam Shud โ€“ The Somerton Man Mystery, University of New South Wales Publishing, 2013 Peter Bowes, The Bookmaker From Rabaul โ€“ Bennison Books Publishing, 2016 Tamam Shud: The Somerton Man Mystery by Kerry Greenwood was published in 2012. External links Archival newspaper articles on the Taman Shud Case Reddit AMA interview with Taman Shud researcher Derek Abbott Taman Shud Case at the Doe Network In 2019, ABC's Radio National released a six-part series titled The Somerton Man Mystery SA Police Historical Society Oct 2007 Newsletter on the case SA Police Historical Society October 2010 article on Jimmy Durham who worked in the case Scott Philbrook & Forrest Burgess โ€“ Astonishing Legends Podcast 1948 deaths 1940s in Adelaide Australian folklore Crime in Adelaide December 1948 events in Australia Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers Unidentified decedents Year of birth unknown
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%9C%20%EB%AA%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4
์กฐ์ œ ๋ชจ๋ผ์ด์Šค
์กฐ์ œ ๋งˆ๋ˆ„์—˜ ํŽ˜๋ ˆ์ด๋ผ ๋“œ ๋ชจ๋ผ์ด์Šค(, 1965๋…„ 7์›” 27์ผ ~ )๋Š” ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ์ „ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1984๋…„ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ UD ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ํ›„ ๋“œ๋ฅด๊ทธ๋ขฐ๋ฅด๋ฐ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ 1988๋…„ ๋ชจ๋ผ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฐ์ฟ  CP๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฐ์ฟ  CP์— ์†ํ•œ 1990๋…„ ๋ชจ๋ผ์ด์Šค๋Š” SC ํ”„๋ผ์ด์—”์Šค๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž„๋Œ€ ๋ณต๊ท€ ํ›„ FC ํŽ˜๋‚˜ํ”ผ์—˜์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. FC ํŽ˜๋‚˜ํ”ผ์—˜์—์„œ 1991๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋ผ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ํ˜„์—ญ ์„ ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1999๋…„ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ SL ๋ฒคํ”ผ์นด BํŒ€์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋กœ ์ฒซ ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‚ด๋””๋Ž ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2003-04์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  FC ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์„ธ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋‰ด ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋ณด์ขŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— FC ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๋Š” UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„์ฝ”์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋ชจ๋ผ์ด์Šค๋Š” CD ์‚ฐํƒ€ ํด๋ผ๋ผ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์˜ˆ๋ฉ˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฐ๋…์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์˜ˆ๋ฉ˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ง์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์—์ŠคํŽ˜๋ž€์Šค ์Šคํฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋“œ ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 2009-10์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  FC ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์„ธ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋‰ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ ๋ฐ€๋ž€์˜ ์ˆ˜์„์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋‰ด๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ ˆ์•Œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋‰ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒผ์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชจ๋ผ์ด์Šค ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฒผ์‹œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014-15์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„์˜ ์•Œ์ƒค๋ฐฅ FC์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  2015-16์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฒผ์‹œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 2์›” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ EFL ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์Šฌ๋ฆฌ FC์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2017-18์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฐ˜์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ EFL ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๋…์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ†ˆ์ง„ ํ†ˆํ•˜์ด๋กœ ๋– ๋‚œ ์ตœ๊ฐ•ํฌ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์˜ ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ FC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ „๋ถ ๊ฐ๋… ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 1-1 ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „ ์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๋ถ์€ ์šธ์‚ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€, FC ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์งˆ์ฃผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋ผ์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์œ„ํŒ€ ๊ฐ๋… ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์˜ ํŒ€ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋งก์•„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์šธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์Šน๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๋•Œ 2์œ„๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•‰์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ตœ์ข…๋ผ์šด๋“œ์ธ 38๋ผ์šด๋“œ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ•์› FC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ถ์„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์šฐ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 2019์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , 2020 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋„ ์ „๋ถ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋งก์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ถ์˜ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šฐ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ถ์€ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 4์—ฐํŒจ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ด๋ค„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ๋ชจ๋ผ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2020 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ถ๊ณผ์˜ 2๋…„ ๋™ํ–‰์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 5์›” 2์ผ ์•Œํž๋ž„๊ณผ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ฝ”์น˜ FC ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2003-2004 ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ ์Šˆํผ์ปต 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2003 UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2003-2004 ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฐ€๋ž€ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์— A 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2009-2010 ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2009-2010 UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2009-2010 ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2011-2012 ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ธ ๋ ˆ์ด 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2010-2011 ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2012 ์ฒผ์‹œ FC ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2014-2015 ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน : 2014-2015 ๊ฐ๋… ES ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์Šค ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1 ์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ : 2009 ์•Œ์ƒค๋ฐฅ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋”” ์Šˆํผ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ : 2014 ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์šฐ์Šน 2ํšŒ : 2019, 2020 FA์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ : 2020 ๊ฐœ์ธ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ : 2019 FA์ปต ์ง€๋„์ž์ƒ : 2020 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1965๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ค‘์•™ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋” ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์•Œํž๋ž„ SFC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ˆ๋ฉ˜์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ํŠ€๋ฅดํ‚ค์˜ˆ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ๋…์ผ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ˆ๋ฉ˜์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ํŠ€๋ฅดํ‚ค์˜ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ๋…์ผ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ํŠ€๋‹ˆ์ง€์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์ธ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋ผ๋‹ค์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์‰ฌํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์„ธํŒŒํ•œ SC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋”” ํ”„๋กœ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ 2์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒผ์‹œ FC์˜ ๋น„์„ ์ˆ˜์ง„ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ CF์˜ ๋น„์„ ์ˆ˜์ง„ CD ์‚ฐํƒ€ํด๋ผ๋ผ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Morais
Josรฉ Morais
Josรฉ Manuel Ferreira de Morais (born 27 July 1965) is a Portuguese professional football coach and former player. Morais arrived at Inter Milan in July 2009 to replace the departing Andrรฉ Villas-Boas, who took the head coaching position with Acadรฉmica de Coimbra. Hired by fellow countryman Josรฉ Mourinho, the two reportedly first met at Benfica in 2000. After head coach Mourinho terminated his contract with Inter, Morais followed Mourinho to Real Madrid in June 2010. Similarly, he then followed Mourinho to Chelsea in June 2013 following the end of Mourinho's managerial spell with Real Madrid. He then managed in his own right in several countries, winning two K League 1 titles with Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors in South Korea. In June 2022, he signed for three seasons to manage Iranian club Sepahan. Playing career Morais' playing career started at the Uniรฃo de Leiria in 1984. He stayed there for two seasons before moving to Dragรตes de Alferrarede in 1986, playing there for two years. His next stint at Atlรฉtico CP lasted only one year. In 1990, he went on loan to Praiense before finally retiring in Penafiel after the 1990โ€“91 season. Coaching career Morais worked with the Benfica youth team among several football clubs in Portugal, Swedish club Assyriska, Tunisian club Espรฉrance, as well as once holding the head coach position for the Yemen national team. On 27 April 2002, he became the coach of Westfalia Herne in the German fourth division. Between 20 January 2003 and 30 June, he was the head coach from two times German champion Dresdner SC in the German third league. On 13 July 2006, Morais joined Saudi Arabian club Al-Faisaly as manager. He left the club on 16 December 2006 following a 5โ€“1 defeat to Al-Ittihad. On 6 June 2014, Morais was named as new manager of Saudi side Al-Shabab. He won Saudi Super Cup title after defeating Al Nassr in penalty shootout in his first match as Al-Shabab manager. For the 2014โ€“15 season, Morais took a one-year sabbatical to become manager of Saudi Arabian team Al-Shabab before returning to Chelsea for the start of pre-season ahead of the 2015โ€“16 Premier League campaign. On 16 August 2018, Morais was appointed manager of Ukrainian Premier League club Karpaty Lviv. On 28 November 2018, Morais quit as manager of Ukrainian Premier League and was appointed as manager of South Korean K League 1 side Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors. He won the K League 1 in both of his first two seasons. In December 2020, he left Jeonbuk after his contract was terminated. In May 2021, Morais signed a contract until the end season with Saudi club Al Hilal. on 24 June 2022, Morais joined Persian Gulf Pro League side Sepahan on a new three-year deal. Managerial statistics Honours Espรฉrance Tunis Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1: 2009โ€“10 Al-Shabab Saudi Super Cup: 2014 Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors K League 1: 2019, 2020 FA Cup: 2020 Al Hilal Saudi Professional League: 2020โ€“21 Sepahan Persian Gulf Pro League runner-up: 2022โ€“23 Individual K League 1 Manager of the Year: 2019 References 1965 births Living people Footballers from Lisbon Portuguese football managers Expatriate football managers in Germany Expatriate football managers in Greece Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia Expatriate football managers in South Korea Expatriate football managers in Sweden Expatriate football managers in Tunisia Expatriate football managers in Turkey S.L. Benfica B managers G.D. Estoril Praia managers SC Westfalia Herne managers Dresdner SC managers C.D. Santa Clara managers Assyriska FF managers Al Faisaly FC managers Al-Hazem F.C. managers Stade Tunisien managers Espรฉrance Sportive de Tunis managers Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) managers Antalyaspor managers AEK Athens F.C. managers Barnsley F.C. managers FC Karpaty Lviv managers Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors managers Al Hilal SFC managers Real Madrid CF non-playing staff Chelsea F.C. non-playing staff Sรผper Lig managers Super League Greece managers Saudi Pro League managers Liga Portugal 2 managers Ukrainian Premier League managers K League 1 managers Portuguese expatriate football managers Expatriate football managers in England Expatriate football managers in Ukraine Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Germany Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Greece Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in South Korea Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Sweden Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Tunisia Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Turkey Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Yemen Sepahan S.C. managers Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Iran Persian Gulf Pro League managers Expatriate football managers in Iran Men's association football players not categorized by position Association football players not categorized by nationality
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%20to%20Run
Born to Run
ใ€ŠBorn to Runใ€‹์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์Œ๋ฐ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ 200์—์„œ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์žฅ์˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์„ ํŒ”์•˜๋‹ค. ใ€ˆBorn to Runใ€‰๊ณผ ใ€ˆTenth Avenue Freeze-Outใ€‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ณก์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๊ณก์€ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ˆThunder Roadใ€‰, ใ€ˆShe's the Oneใ€‰ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ใ€ˆJunglelandใ€‰๋Š” AOR ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์™€ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ํ•˜์ด ํฌ์ธํŠธ์˜ ์ •์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ŠBorn to Runใ€‹์€ 1975๋…„ 8์›” 25์ผ ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์Œ์•…๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 11์›” 14์ผ, ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์˜ 30์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋… ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ DVD 2๊ฐœ, ์ฆ‰ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ผ์ง€ ์˜ํ™”์™€ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฐ•์Šค ์„ธํŠธ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ง ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์ธ ๋ฐฅ ๋ฃจ๋“œ์œ…์ด 1982๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์˜ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฌผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ 7์žฅ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“œ ์—๋””์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ•์Šค ์„ธํŠธ์ธ ใ€ŠThe Album Collection Vol. 1973โ€“1984ใ€‹์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2014๋…„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋””์Šคํฌ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น์Œ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์€ 1974๋…„ 5์›”์— ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์—์„œ ์ตœํ›„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ์ง€์›๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์€ ๋…น์Œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์›” ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์• ์“ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ผผ์ง ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ใ€ˆBorn to Runใ€‰์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฏน์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐœ๋งค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์€ ์ „์ž‘์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž‘๊ณก์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ์ ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ŠGreetings from Asbury Park, N.J.ใ€‹๋‚˜ ใ€ŠThe Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffleใ€‹๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ใ€ŠBorn to Runใ€‹์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๊ณก๋“ค์„ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‰ด์ €์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ใ€ˆBorn to Runใ€‰์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ "์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์ž์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์€ ์ด์ „ ๋‘ ์Œ๋ฐ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๊ณก์„ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋…น์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 14๊ฐœ์›” ์ด์ƒ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ณ , 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ใ€ˆBorn to Runใ€‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณก ์ž์ฒด์— ์†Œ๋น„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์€ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” "๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์†์—์„œ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ"๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์™€ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์€ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กด ๋žœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์ด์ž ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ์•„ํŽ ๊ณผ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์ด ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ๋กœ์ด ๋น„ํƒ„๊ณผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ ๋งฅ์Šค ์™€์ธ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ฒซ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์ด๋‹ค(๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์ƒŒ์…”์Šค์™€ ์–ด๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์นดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์™€ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์ธ 1974๋…„ 8์›”์— ๋๋‚œ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค). ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ฐ ๊ณก์˜ ์Œ์ƒ‰(๋ชจ๋“  ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ณก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค)์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ์™€ ํ•„ ์ŠคํŽ™ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ "์›” ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ" ํŽธ๊ณก๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์€ ใ€ŠBorn to Runใ€‹์ด "๋กœ์ด ์˜ค๋น„์Šจ์ด ์ŠคํŽ™ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹ฑํ•œ ๋ฐฅ ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณก๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด, ์™€์ธ๋ฒ„๊ทธ, ๋น„ํƒ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ํƒˆ๋ ŒํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ์„น์…˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋กœ ๋…น์Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค ใ€ŠBorn to Runใ€‹์˜ ๊ณก๋“ค์€ 1974๋…„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ๊ณต์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1975๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์˜ ์‡ผ์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ (๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ใ€ˆMeeting Across the Riverใ€‰๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ), 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํˆฌ์–ด์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณจ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด๊ณผ E ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” 2008๋…„ 5์›” 7์ผ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€์ฃผ ๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ฑ…ํฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์นด์šดํŠธ ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ž์„  ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ใ€ŠBorn to Runใ€‹์„ ์ „๊ณก๊ณผ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณต์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 2009๋…„ 9์›” 20์ผ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์˜ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‡ผ์™€ 2009๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„ Working on a Dream Tour์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‡ผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณต์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์€ 2013๋…„ ๋ด„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๊ทธ์˜ Wrecking Ball Tour๋ฅผ ๊ณต์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์„ธํŠธ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์›€์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์—ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 6์›” 20์ผ ์˜๊ตญ ์ฝ”๋ฒˆํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฒˆํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์‹œํ‹ฐ FC์˜ ๋ณธ๊ณ ์žฅ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฝ” ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜์—์„œ ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ „๋‚  ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๊ฐ ๋Œํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ถ”๋ชจ์— ํ—Œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 3์›” 2์ผ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜์—์„œ 4๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ณต์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณก ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณก๋“ค์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž‘์‚ฌ/์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฆ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Born to Run (Adobe Flash) Album lyrics and audio samples Collection of album reviews Born To Run Photographs Born To Run autobiography coming Sept. 27 โ€“ The Official Bruce Springsteen Website 1975๋…„ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šคํ‹ด์˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ ์Œ๋ฐ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%20to%20Run
Born to Run
Born to Run is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen, released on August 25, 1975, by Columbia Records. As his effort to break into the mainstream, the album was a commercial success, peaking at number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually selling seven million copies in the United States. Two singles were released from the album: "Born to Run" and "Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out"; the former helped Springsteen achieve mainstream popularity. The tracks "Thunder Road", "Backstreets", "She's the One", and "Jungleland" became staples of album-oriented rock radio and Springsteen concert high points. Born to Run garnered widespread acclaim upon release, and is considered by many critics to be one of the greatest albums of all time. On November 14, 2005, a 30th anniversary remaster of the album was released as a box set including two DVDs: a production diary film and a concert movie. The album was remastered again in 2014 by veteran mastering engineer Bob Ludwig, who has worked on much of Springsteen's audio output since 1982, for release as part of The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973โ€“1984, a boxed set composed of remastered editions of his first seven albums. It was later released in remastered form as a single disc as well. Recording Springsteen began work on the album in May 1974. Having been given an enormous budget in a last-ditch effort at a commercially viable record, Springsteen became bogged down in the recording process while striving for a wall of sound production. Fed by the release of an early mix of "Born to Run" to nearly a dozen radio stations, anticipation built toward the album's release. Springsteen has noted a progression in his songwriting compared to his previous work. Unlike Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. and The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle, Born to Run includes few specific references to places in New Jersey, in an attempt to make the songs more identifiable to a wider audience. Springsteen has also referred to a maturation in his lyrics, calling Born to Run "the album where I left behind my adolescent definitions of love and freedomโ€”it was the dividing line." In addition, Springsteen spent more time in the studio refining songs than he had on the previous two albums. All in all, the album took more than 14 months to record, with six months alone spent on the song "Born to Run" itself. During this time Springsteen battled with anger and frustration over the album, saying he heard "sounds in [his] head" that he could not explain to the others in the studio. During the process, Springsteen brought in Jon Landau to help with production, made contractually official on April 13, 1975. Five days later, sessions resumed at The Record Plant, New York City, with Jimmy Iovine as engineer. This was the beginning of the breakup of Springsteen's relationship with producer and manager Mike Appel, after which Landau assumed both roles. The album was Springsteen's first to feature pianist Roy Bittan and drummer Max Weinberg (although David Sancious and Ernest "Boom" Carter played the piano and drums, respectively, on the title track, which was finished August 1974, before they left the band). The album is noted for its use of introductions to set the tone of each song (all of the record was composed on piano, not guitar), and for the Phil Spector-like "Wall of Sound" arrangements and production. Springsteen has said that he wanted Born to Run to sound like "Roy Orbison singing Bob Dylan, produced by Spector." Most of the tracks were first recorded with a core rhythm section band comprising Springsteen, Weinberg, Bittan, and bassist Garry Tallent, with other members' contributions then added on. In terms of the original LP's sequencing, Springsteen eventually adopted a "four corners" approach, as the songs beginning each side ("Thunder Road", "Born to Run") were uplifting odes to escape, while the songs ending each side ("Backstreets", "Jungleland") were sad epics of loss, betrayal, and defeat. (Originally, he had planned to begin and end the album with alternative versions of "Thunder Road".) A few original pressings have "Meeting Across the River" billed as "The Heist", and the original album cover has the title handwritten with a broad-nib pen. These copies, known as the "script cover," are very rare and considered to be the "holy grail" for Springsteen collectors. Marketing and sales The album's release was accompanied by a $250,000 (about $1,420,497 in 2023) promotional campaign by Columbia, directed at both consumers and the music industry, making good use of Landau's "I saw rock and roll future and its name is Bruce Springsteen" quote. With much publicity, Born to Run vaulted into the top 10 in its second week on the charts and soon went Gold. Time and Newsweek magazines put Springsteen on the cover in the same week (October 27, 1975) โ€“ in Time, Jay Cocks praised Springsteen, while the Newsweek article took a cynical look at the "next Dylan" hype that haunted Springsteen until his breakthrough. The question of hype became a story in itself, as critics began wondering if Springsteen was for real or the product of record company promotion. Upset with Columbia's promotion department, Springsteen said the decision to label him as the "future of rock was a very big mistake and I would like to strangle the guy who thought that up." When Springsteen arrived for his first UK concert at the Hammersmith Odeon, he personally tore down the "Finally the world is ready for Bruce Springsteen" posters in the lobby and ordered that the buttons with "I have seen the future of rock 'n' roll at the Hammersmith Odeon" printed on them not be given out. When the hype died down, sales tapered off and the album was off the chart after 29 weeks. However, the album had established a solid national fan base for Springsteen, which he would build on with each subsequent release. The album first charted at number 84 on the Billboard album chart in the week of September 13, 1975. The following week, it made an impressive increase, entering the top 10 at No. 8, then spent two weeks at No. 4, and finally, during the weeks of October 11 and 18, Born to Run reached its peak position of No. 3. Born to Run continued to be a strong catalog seller through the years, re-entering the Billboard chart in late 1980 after The River was released, and again after the blockbuster success of Born in the U.S.A., spending most of 1985 on the chart. It was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1986, the first year in which pre-1976 releases were eligible for platinum and multi-platinum awards. Columbia first issued the album on CD in Japan in 1982, and in the US in 1984. It has since been reissued several times, including on vinyl. Several limited edition versions on 12-inch vinyl have been released, including a CBS half-speed master version in 1980 as part of its Mastersound audiophile series, a 1999 QUIEX vinyl LP edition, and a 180g vinyl LP edition, from the same masters used for the 2014 boxed set, was issued in May 2015 in conjunction with Record Store Day. Critical reception Born to Run received highly positive reviews from critics. In a rave review for Rolling Stone magazine, Greil Marcus wrote that Springsteen enhances romanticized American themes with his majestic sound, ideal style of rock and roll, evocative lyrics, and an impassioned delivery that defines what is a "magnificent" album: "It is the drama that counts; the stories Springsteen is telling are nothing new, though no one has ever told them better or made them matter more." John Rockwell, writing in The New York Times, said that the "solidly rock 'n' roll" album is more diverse than Springsteen's previous albums, while his detailed lyrics retain a universal quality that transcends the sources and myths he drew upon. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice felt that he condenses a significant amount of American myth into songs, mostly centered on taking a lover for a joyride, and often succeeds in spite of his tendency for histrionics and "pseudotragic beautiful loser fatalism": "Springsteen may well turn out to be one of those rare self-conscious primitives who get away with it." Langdon Winner was less enthusiastic in his review for The Real Paper and argued that, because Springsteen consciously adheres to traditions and standards extolled in rock criticism, Born to Run is "the complete monument to rock and roll orthodoxy". Born to Run was voted the third best album of 1975 in the Pazz & Jop, an annual critics poll run by The Village Voice. Christgau, the poll's creator, ranked it 12th on his own year-end list. He later wrote that its major flaw was its pompous declaration of greatness, typified by elements such as the "wall-of-sound, white-soul-at-the-opera-house" aesthetic and an "unresolved quest narrative". Nonetheless, he maintained the record was important for how "its class-conscious songcraft provided a relief from the emptier pretensions of late-hippie arena-rock." On the other hand, AllMusic's William Ruhlmann contends that although "some thought it took itself too seriously, many found that exalting." According to Acclaimed Music, it is the 16th most celebrated album in popular music history. In 1987, it was ranked No. 8 by Rolling Stone in its "100 Best Albums of the Last Twenty Years" and in 2003, the magazine ranked it 18th on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revision and dropping a few slots to number 21 in the 2020 reboot of the list. In 2001, the TV network VH1 named it the 27th-greatest album of all time, and in 2003, it was ranked as the most popular album in the first Zagat Survey Music Guide. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. It was voted number 20 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). Born to Run was also listed in the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry of historic recordings. In December 2005, U.S. Representative Frank Pallone (who represents Asbury Park) and 21 co-sponsors sponsored H.Res. 628, "Congratulating Bruce Springsteen of New Jersey on the 30th anniversary of his masterpiece record album 'Born to Run', and commending him on a career that has touched the lives of millions of Americans." In general, resolutions honoring native sons are passed with a simple voice vote. This bill, however, was referred to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce and died there. Live performances Songs from Born to Run were performed live as early as mid-1974, and by 1975, all had made their way into Springsteen's shows and (with the rare exception of "Meeting Across the River") continued to be a regular staple of his concerts on subsequent tours through 2018. Springsteen and the E Street Band performed Born to Run in its entirety and for the first time at a benefit performance at the Count Basie Theatre in Red Bank, New Jersey, on May 7, 2008. It was again performed during their September 20, 2009, show at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois, as well as several other shows on the fall 2009 leg of the Working on a Dream Tour. During the 2013 spring-summer run of his Wrecking Ball Tour, Springsteen again began to perform the album in its entirety although a few times its performance was not included in the actual set lists and it was performed as either a surprise or request. On June 20, 2013, the full album was performed at the Ricoh Arena, the home of Coventry City F.C. in Coventry, England, and dedicated to the memory of actor James Gandolfini, who died of a heart attack the previous day. On March 2, 2014, the full album was performed at Mt Smart Arena in Auckland, New Zealand for 40,000 fans. Artwork The cover art of Born to Run is one of rock music's most recognizable images. It was taken by Eric Meola, who shot 900 frames in his three-hour session. These photos have been compiled in Born to Run: The Unseen Photos. The photo shows Springsteen holding a Fender Telecaster with an Esquire neck, while leaning against saxophonist Clarence Clemons. That image became famous as the cover art. "Other things happened," says Meola, "but when we saw the contact sheets, that one just sort of popped. During the Born to Run tours, Springsteen and Clemons would occasionally duplicate the pose onstage for several seconds after a song while the stage lights were dim. As soon as the audience recognized and responded to what they were doing, they immediately broke the pose. The Springsteen and Clemons cover pose has been imitated often, from Cheap Trick on the album Next Position Please, to Tom and Ray Magliozzi on the cover of the Car Talk compilation Born Not to Run: More Disrespectful Car Songs, to Kevin & Kell on a Sunday strip entitled "Born to Migrate" featuring Kevin Dewclaw as Springsteen with a carrot and Kell Dewclaw as Clemons with a pile of bones, to Bert and the Cookie Monster on the cover of the Sesame Street album Born to Add. The Spanish band, Los Secretos, also imitated the pose on the cover of the album, Algo Prestado in 2015. 30th Anniversary Edition and Album Collection releases On November 14, 2005, Columbia Records released Born to Run 30th Anniversary Edition in box set form. The package included a remastered CD version of the original album. "Born to Run is the one I've remastered several times; most recently for the box set..." recalled Bob Ludwig. "That's the one that Bruce told me sounded closest to the way he'd imagined it in his head, which is the ultimate compliment." The CD is all black (including playback side), with the label side replicating the original vinyl disc, having four bands (the original LP had four tracks per side), and including a modified red Columbia label listing all eight tracks. The DVD included Wings for Wheels, a lengthy documentary on the making of the album, which later won the 2007 Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video, with bonus film of three songs recorded live on May 1, 1973, at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles. The DVD also included Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band Hammersmith Odeon, London '75, a full-length concert film recorded on November 18, 1975, at the Hammersmith Odeon in London during the brief European portion of their Born to Run tours. This live recording was subsequently released as the CD Hammersmith Odeon London '75. Packages from retailer Best Buy also included a CD single replica of the original "Born to Run" 45 single. The box set debuted on the Billboard 200 album chart on December 3, 2005, at number 18 with sales of 53,206 copies. In November 2014, Columbia Records/Legacy Recordings released The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973โ€“1984, a boxed set composed of remastered editions of Springsteen's first seven albums recorded and released for Columbia Records between 1973 and 1984. Born to Run was one of those seven titles that were released individually on CD, with artwork true to the original LP packaging. Columbia also released it in single CD form in June 2015. Track listing Original release Cassette version The cassette version has the song order rearranged to save tape space, which was a common practice amongst the record companies. The track listing for the cassette is as follows: Unreleased outtakes There are seven known outtakes from the album: "Linda Let Me Be The One" "Lonely Night in the Park" "A Love So Fine" "A Night Like This" "Janey Needs a Shooter" "Lovers in The Cold" "So Young and in Love" Two of those seven, "Linda Let Me Be the One" and "So Young and in Love" were released on the Tracks box set. Rough mixes of the unreleased songs "Lovers In The Cold" (Walking in the Street) and "Lonely Night in the Park" surfaced in 2005, when they made their debut on E Street Radio. "Lovers In The Cold'" originally contained the closing musical figure that became the anthemic ending to "Thunder Road". The album sequence as of July 2, 1975, included "Linda Let Me Be the One" and "Lonely Night in the Park", and deleted "Born to Run". However, Mike Appel had a personal talk with Springsteen, and on July 7, 1975, an amended final sequence was issued with the released tracklist. "Janey Needs a Shooter" would later be re-worked by Springsteen and Warren Zevon into the track "Jeannie Needs a Shooter," included on Zevon's 1980 album Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School. On October 23, 2020, a 2019 recording of the original "Janey Needs a Shooter" was released on the album Letter to You. Personnel Adapted from the liner notes: Bruce Springsteen โ€“ lead vocals, lead and rhythm guitars (tracks 1โ€“6, 8), harmonica (track 1), horn arrangement (track 2) The E Street Band Roy Bittan โ€“ piano (tracks 2โ€“4, 6โ€“8), glockenspiel (tracks 1, 3), harpsichord (tracks 3, 6), organ (tracks 4, 6), Fender Rhodes (track 1), background vocals (track 1) Clarence Clemons โ€“ saxophones (tracks 1โ€“3, 5, 6, 8) Garry Tallent โ€“ bass guitar (tracks 1โ€“6, 8) Max Weinberg โ€“ drums (tracks 1โ€“4, 6, 8) Ernest Carter โ€“ drums (track 5) Danny Federici โ€“ organ (track 5) David Sancious โ€“ keyboards (track 5) Steven Van Zandt โ€“ background vocals (track 1), horn arrangement (track 2) Mike Appel โ€“ background vocals (track 1) Randy Brecker โ€“ trumpet (tracks 2, 7), flugel horn (track 2) Michael Brecker โ€“ tenor saxophone (track 2) David Sanborn โ€“ baritone saxophone (track 2) Wayne Andre โ€“ trombone (track 2) Richard Davis โ€“ bass (track 7) Suki Lahav โ€“ violin (track 8) Charles Calello โ€“ string arrangements and conductor (track 8) Technical personnel: Mike Appel, Bruce Springsteen โ€“ production Jon Landau โ€“ production (tracks 1โ€“4, 6โ€“8) Jimmy Iovine โ€“ engineering and mixing Thom Panunzio, Corky Stasiak, Dave Thoener, Ricke Delena, Angie Arcuri, Andy Abrams โ€“ engineering assistants Louis Lahav โ€“ engineering (track 5) Greg Calbi โ€“ mastering Paul Prestopino โ€“ maintenance John Berg, Andy Engel โ€“ album design Eric Meola โ€“ photography Charts Certifications and sales See also Born to Run References External links Album lyrics and audio samples Collection of album reviews Born To Run Photographs Bruce Springsteen albums 1975 albums Albums arranged by Charles Calello Albums produced by Jon Landau Albums produced by Mike Appel Albums recorded at Record Plant (New York City) Columbia Records albums United States National Recording Registry albums United States National Recording Registry recordings
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%BC%EC%86%90%EC%9E%A1%EC%9D%B4%20%EC%95%84%EB%82%B4
์™ผ์†์žก์ด ์•„๋‚ด
ใ€Š์™ผ์†์žก์ด ์•„๋‚ดใ€‹๋Š” 2019๋…„ 1์›” 2์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ 5์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ KBS 2TV ์ €๋…์ผ์ผ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš ์˜๋„ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ์‹ ํ˜ผ์—ฌํ–‰์ง€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๋‚จํŽธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ํ—ค๋งค๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž, ๋’ค์—‰ํ‚จ ์š•๋ง ์†์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋‚จ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง„์งœ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ „ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ด์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ : ์˜ค์‚ฐํ•˜ ์—ญ - ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด, ์ฐฌํฌ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ , ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ๊น€์ง„์šฐ : ๋ฐ•๋„๊ฒฝ / ์ด์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ โ†’ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์žฅ์†์ž / ์‘๊ธ‰์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ ์ง„ํƒœํ˜„ : ๊น€๋‚จ์ค€ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ฐ•ํšŒ์žฅ ๋น„์„œ์‹ค์žฅ ๋ช…์šฐ์™€ ์• ๋ผ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ํ•˜์—ฐ์ฃผ : ์žฅ์—์Šค๋” ์—ญ - ๋„๊ฒฝ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด, ์˜ค๋ผ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ํ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์ด์Šน์—ฐ : ์กฐ์• ๋ผ ์—ญ - ๋‚จ์ค€๊ณผ ๋„๊ฒฝ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ๋ช…์šฐ์˜ ์˜› ์—ฐ์ธ, ์˜ค๋ผ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ๊ด€์žฅ, ๊ฐ•์ฒ ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ์‚ฐํ•˜๋„ค ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ธธ : ์˜ค์ฐฝ์ˆ˜ ์—ญ - ์‚ฐํ•˜์™€ ์Šฌํ•˜์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด <ํฌ๋ ˆ> ๋Œ€ํ‘œ, ์‹œ๊ฐ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๊น€์„œ๋ผ : ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆํฌ ์—ญ - ์‚ฐํ•˜์™€ ์Šฌํ•˜์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ•์œ ํ•˜ : ์˜ค์Šฌํ•˜ ์—ญ - ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜ ๋ ๋™๊ฐ‘ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ, ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ, ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ œ ์ตœ์ง€ํ›ˆ : ๊น€์ฐฌํฌ โ†’ ์ด๊ฑด โ†’ ๋ฐ•๊ฑด ์—ญ - ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์™€ ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜ ์•„๋“ค ๋„๊ฒฝ๋„ค ๊น€๋ณ‘๊ธฐ : ๋ฐ•์ˆœํƒœ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํšŒ์žฅ, ํ•ด์ฒ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์ฒ ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์„ ์šฐ์šฉ์—ฌ : ์ฒœ์ˆœ์ž„ ์—ญ - ๋ฐ• ํšŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒ˜, ํ•ด์ฒ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์ฒ ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์ •์ฐฌ : ๋ฐ•๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์—ญ - ๋ฐ• ํšŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋‘˜์งธ ์•„๋“ค, ๋„๊ฒฝ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์• ๋ผ์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ๊น€์ค€์˜ : ๋ฐ•๋…ธ์•„ ์—ญ - ๋„๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์—์Šค๋”์˜ ์•„๋“ค, ๊ฑด์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์น˜์›์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋™๊ธ‰์ƒ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ •์žฌ๊ณค : ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์ฒ  ์—ญ - ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ๋ฐ• ํšŒ์žฅ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚จ, ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ(๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ฒœ์žฌ) ํˆฌ๋ณ‘ ์ค‘[ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ] ๊น€์˜ฅ์ฃผ : ์ด์—ฐ์•„ ์—ญ - ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ๋ฐ• ํšŒ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์ž„์˜ ๋ง๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ, ์• ๋ผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ง[ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ] ์ด์‹œํ›„ : ๋ด‰์„ ๋‹ฌ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์‹œํ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ, ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋น„์„œ์ด์ž ์Šฌํ•˜์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ๊น€๋ฏธ๋ผ : ๊น€ํ™์‹ค / ํ‹ฐํŒŒ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ - ๋‚จ์ค€์˜ ๊ณ ๋ชจ, ์นจ๊ตฌ ๋งค์žฅ ์‚ฌ์žฅ, ์ฐฌ์˜ ์–‘๋ชจ ๊ถŒ๋ณ‘์ค€ : ์†์ค‘๊ธฐย ์—ญ - ๋‚จ์ค€์˜ ๋ณด์œก์› ์‹œ์ ˆ ์นœํ•œ ํ˜•, ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋„๊ฒฝ์˜ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜คํ”„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ง‘๋„์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฏธ์ฃผ : ์˜คํ•˜์˜ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2๋Œ€ ์ฃผ์ฃผ ๊ณจ๋“œ ์—์…‹ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง€์‚ฌ์žฅ, ์ ฌ๋งˆ์˜ ๋™์ƒ, ์˜ค ํšŒ์žฅ์˜ ์–‘๋”ธ ์ตœ์„œํ•˜ : ์˜ค์ ฌ๋งˆ ์—ญ - ์˜คํ•˜์˜์˜ ์นœ์–ธ๋‹ˆ, ์˜ค ํšŒ์žฅ์˜ ์–‘๋”ธ ์„ฑํ˜„๋ฏธ : ํ™์ฒœ๋Œ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋„์šฐ๋ฏธ ์ตœํ˜„์ข… : ์„ฑ๋ฏผ์ • ์—ญ - ํ˜•์‚ฌ ํ•œ์„œ์—ฐ : ์ตœ์ฃผ์•„ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ˜ธํ…” ์ง์› ์—ญ ์ด์ •ํ˜ธ : ์„œ๊ณผ์žฅ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๊ณผ์žฅ, ๋ถ€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ง„ ๋ฏธ์†Œ์œค : ์ •๋ณ„๋‹˜ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€ ์‹ ์ž…์‚ฌ์›, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์Šน์ง„ ์„œ์ •์šฑ : ์˜ค์ง€ํ›ˆ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ, ๊ณผ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ง„ ๊น€ํƒœ์˜ : ์˜ค๋ผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ฃผ์น˜์˜ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์†Œ์ • : ์˜์ˆ™ ์—ญ - ๅ‰ ์ž…์–‘์„ผํ„ฐ ์ง์›, ๅพŒ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์‹๋‹น ์ข…์—…์› ์ „ํ—Œํƒœ : ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์‹ค์žฅ ์—ญ - ์˜ค๋ผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์‹ค์žฅ ์ด์„ค๊ตฌ : ์ฒธ ์—ญ - ๋‚จ์ค€๋„ค ์ง‘์„ ๊ธ‰์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง๊ณ„์˜ ๋‘๋ชฉ ํ™์Šน๋ฒ” : ์žฅ๊ธฐํƒœ ์—ญ - ์žฅ์‚ฌ์žฅ ํฌ๋ ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฒ”, ์ด์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋ ˆ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฒ”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๊ฐ„ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€์†Œ์—ฐ : ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ ๊น€์œ ๋‚˜ : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๋ฐฑ์ข…๋ฏผ : ์šฐ์ฒด๋ถ€ ์—ญ ์ตœํ˜ธ์ • : ๋ฐฑํ™”์  ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ์—ญ ์„œํฌ : ์—ฌ์ง์› ์—ญ ์กฐ์—ฌ์ง„ : ์—ฌ์ง์› ์—ญ ์ „์€๋ฏธ : ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์œค์ง€์šฉ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ๊ถŒ๊ตฌ๋‚จ : ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€ ์—ญ ํ™ฉ๋ณด๊ถŒ : ํ€ต์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ง์› ์—ญ ๋ฐ•๋ณด์€ : ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ๋งค์žฅ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์ด์‘๋ฏผ : ์ง์› ์—ญ ์ •์„ธ์—ฐ : ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์—ญ ๋‚˜์„œ๊ฒฝ : ๋„ค์ผ์ƒต ์ฃผ์ธ ์—ญ ํ•œ์Šนํ˜„ : ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ ์ •์€์ • : ์˜ท๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ๋‚จ์ฒœ์šฐ : ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ด์„ ์˜ : ํ˜ธํ…” ์ง์› ์—ญ ์•ˆ์ฐฌ์›… : ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์š”์› ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์„ธํ›ˆ : ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋‚จ ์—ญ ์œ ํ˜ธ์˜ : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ด์„ฑ๊ทœ : ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ ์—ญ ์‹ ๊ฑดํ˜ธ : ๊ฐ€๋“œ ์—ญ ์ด์šฉ์ค€ : ๊ฐ€๋“œ ์—ญ ์ดํ™˜๋ฒ” : ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ด์ข…๊ตฌ : ํƒ์ง€์ง์› ์—ญ ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š˜ : ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ ์ •๋‹ค์šด : ์•ˆ๋‚ด์ง์› ์—ญ ๊น€์ฃผ์™„ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ์œ ๋ณ‘์ฃผ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ์•ˆํ˜œ์› : ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ๋ฐฑ์Šน์šฐ : ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ ์ฐจ์†Œ์œค : ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ์žฅ์šฑํ˜„ : ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ์œ ์€์ • : ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ ํ™์„ฑ๊ด€ : ์ฒธ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์—ญ ์„œ๋ฏผ์ค€ : ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์žฌ์› : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ์ตœ์ค€ํ™˜ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ํ•œ์†กํ˜ธ : ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ ํ•จ์ง„์„ฑ : ํฅ์‹ ์†Œ ๋‚จ ์—ญ ์ •์ข…์šฐ ์‹ ์žฌ์› ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ ์†ก์›์„ : ์„ฑํ˜•์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ / ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ ์—ญ ํ•œ์ฐฝํ˜„ : ๊น€๋ช…์šฐ ์—ญ - ๋‚จ์ค€์˜ ์นœ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ์• ๋ผ์˜ ์˜› ์—ฐ์ธ, ํ™์‹ค์˜ ์˜ค๋น  ์ตœ์žฌ์„ฑ : ์˜ค๋ฃก ์—ญ - ๊ณจ๋“œ ์—์…‹ ํšŒ์žฅ, ์ ฌ๋งˆ์™€ ํ•˜์˜์˜ ์–‘์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์œ  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์žฅ 2019๋…„ 2์›” 4์ผ : ์„ค ํŠน์„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์บกํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด: ์‹œ๋นŒ ์›Œใ€‹ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2019๋…„ 2์›” 5์ผ : ์„ค ํŠน์„ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š์ฃผํ† ํ”ผ์•„ใ€‹ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2019๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ : 3.1์šด๋™ 100์ฃผ๋…„ ํŠน์ง‘ ์ „์•ผ์ œ ใ€Š100๋…„์˜ ๋ด„ใ€‹ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2019๋…„ 3์›” 22์ผ : ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ VS ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2019๋…„ 5์›” 6์ผ : ใ€Š์‚ด๋ฆผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋“คใ€‹ ์žฌ๋ฐฉ์†ก ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. ์™ผ์†์žก์ด ์•„๋‚ด ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด 100๋ถ€์ž‘์—์„œ 3ํšŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์–ด 103๋ถ€์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ MBC ์ผ์ผ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋น„๋ฐ€๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋งใ€‹ (2018๋…„ 6์›” 25์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 1์›” 11์ผ) ใ€Š์šฉ์™•๋‹˜ ๋ณด์šฐํ•˜์‚ฌใ€‹ (2019๋…„ 1์›” 14์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ) KBS 1TV ์ €๋…์ผ์ผ๊ทน ใ€Š๋น„์ผœ๋ผ ์šด๋ช…์•„ใ€‹ (2018๋…„ 11์›” 5์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 4์›” 26์ผ) ใ€Š์—ฌ๋ฆ„์•„ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•ดใ€‹ (2019๋…„ 4์›” 29์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 10์›” 25์ผ) ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2019 KBS ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ผ์ผ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๋‚จ์ž ์šฐ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊น€์ง„์šฐ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋‹น์ดˆ ์˜ค์‚ฐํ•˜ ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์œค์†Œ์ด๊ฐ€ ์บ์ŠคํŒ…๋˜์–ด ๋Œ€๋ณธ ๋ฆฌ๋”ฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ใ€Šํ™ฉํ›„์˜ ํ’ˆ๊ฒฉใ€‹ ์ดฌ์˜ ์ผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ตœ์ข… ํ•˜์ฐจํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ฐฐ์—ญ์€ ์ด์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹ , ์œค์†Œ์ด๋Š” ใ€Š์™ผ์†์žก์ด ์•„๋‚ดใ€‹ ํ›„์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋˜๋Š” ใ€Šํƒœ์–‘์˜ ๊ณ„์ ˆใ€‹ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์œค์‹œ์›” ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์บ์ŠคํŒ…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทน ์ตœํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์— ์ด๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ณ„์žฅ์€ ใ€Š์—ฌ๋ฆ„์•„ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•ดใ€‹์˜ ์ฃผ์šฉ์ง„, ํ—ˆ๊ฒฝ์•  ์žํƒ์ด๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2์›” 12์ผ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋ถ„์—์„œ ์žฅ์†Œ ํ˜‘์ฐฌ์ฃผ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…๊ฐ„ํŒ, ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋ด‰ํˆฌ์˜ ํ˜‘์ฐฌ์ฃผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์†กํ†ต์‹ ์‹ฌ์˜์œ„์›ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ '๊ถŒ๊ณ ' ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์™ผ์†์žก์ด ์•„๋‚ด ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2019๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ 2TV ์ผ์ผ์—ฐ์†๊ทน ํŒฌ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฌธ์€์•„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 2019๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-Handed%20Wife
Left-Handed Wife
Left-Handed Wife () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Lee Soo-kyung and Kim Jin-woo. It aired from January 2 to May 31, 2019 on KBS2. It is also the first KBS daily drama not to premiere on a Monday. Cast Main Lee Soo-kyung as Oh San-ha An employee at the product development division of a cosmetics company. Kim Jin-woo as Park Do-kyung: Heir apparent of the Aura Group. Esther Jang's boyfriend. Song Won-seok as Lee Soo-ho: A doctor working as a resident in a hospital's emergency department. San-ha's husband. Jin Tae-hyun as Kim Nam-joon An associate to Aura Group's chairman. Ha Yeon-joo as Esther Jang A curator at the Aura Museum (a subsidiary of Aura Group). Supporting People around San-ha Kang Nam-gil as Oh Chang-soo, San-ha and Seul-ha's dad who went blind in the beginning of the series. Kim Seo-ra as Baek Geum-hee, San-ha and Seul-ha's mom. Park Yoo-na as Oh Seul-ha, Oh San-ha's younger sister. Lee Si-hoo as Bong Sun-dal People around Do-kyung Kim Byung-ki as Park Sun-tae Aura Group's chairman and Do-kyung's grandfather. Sunwoo Yong-nyeo as Cheon Sun-im Do-kyung & Soo-ho's grandmother Jung Chan as Park Kang-chul Aura's vice chairman and Do-kyung's father & Soo-ho's paternal uncle Lee Seung-yeon as Cho Ae-ra Director of Aura Museum, Do-kyung and Nam-joon's mom, Kang-chul's wife whom he later divorced. Kim Joon-eui as Park Noah Do-kyung and Esther's son out of wedlock. International broadcast In Vietnam, the series was broadcast on VTV3 from January 7, 2020 under the title Hoรกn ฤ‘แป•i sแป‘ phแบญn. Ratings In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings. Notes References External links Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2019 South Korean television series debuts 2019 South Korean television series endings Korean-language television shows South Korean melodrama television series Television series by Pan Entertainment
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%94%EB%A3%A8%EC%85%98%20%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98
์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜
์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜(ํ•ด๋ฒ•์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜, ์˜์–ด : Solutions Journalism) ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ณด๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ๋ณด๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ฆ‰ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ  ๋˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์ข‹์€ ์˜๋„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•ด๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ) ํŠน์ง• ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ œ์‹œ(response) : "๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์ œ๊ณต(evidence) : "์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋“ฏ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ž์˜ ์˜๋„(intention)๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ทจ์žฌ์›์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๊ณผ์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค." ํ†ต์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๊ตํ›ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ(insight or teachable lesson) : "์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์ด ๋ณด๋„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค." ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„(limitations of a response) ์ œ์‹œ : "์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์ด๋ž€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•จ์„ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ฑธ์ž‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ •์ฑ…๋‹น๊ตญ, ์‹œ๋ฏผํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€, ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฝ”ํผ์Šค ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ ์ฝœ๋Ÿฌ ํƒ€์ž„์Šค(Corpus Christi Caller-Times)์˜ โ€˜๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋น„์šฉโ€™ 1๋…„ ์—ฐ์žฌ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ. ์ฝ”ํผ์Šค ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ. ์ด ์—ฐ์žฌ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์— ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ๋…์ž์˜ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ด. ๋ฌด์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. - ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€๋ช…์„ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. - ๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์Šค ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„์˜ ์—์ด์ฆˆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์•ฝ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋„. ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—์ด์ฆˆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ท„๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์ด์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ œ์•ฝ์—…๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ทจ์žฌ. ์—์ด์ฆˆ, ๊ฒฐํ•ต, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ‡ด์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์˜ ๋‹จ์ดˆ ๋งˆ๋ จ. ๋…์žโˆ™ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค. - ๋” ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ํƒ€์ž„์Šค์˜ โ€˜์—๋“€์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋žฉ (Education Lab, Ed Lab)โ€™ ์—ฐ์žฌ. ์—๋“œ ๋žฉ ๋…์ž 780๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์—ฐ์žฌ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ต์œก์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์‹ ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๊ณ , 87%๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ œ์‹œ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›€์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก์ž์˜ 84%๋Š” ์—๋“œ ๋žฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์šฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์€ ๋…์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ ์—ฌ๋ก ๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค - ๋ฐ€์›Œํ‚ค ์ €๋„ ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋„(Milwaukee Journal-Sentine)์˜ ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜ ์—ฐ์žฌ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ. ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•™๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹คํƒœ, ์˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ฑ… ๋ณด๋„. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐ€์›Œํ‚ค ์‹œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋น„์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€. ๋น ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ํ•จ์ • ์˜์›… ์ˆญ๋ฐฐ(Hero Worship): "๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์›…์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์˜์›…๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์˜์›…์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ช…์•”(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ง์žฅ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋นผ๋†“์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค." ๋ฌ˜์ฑ…(Silver Bullet): "์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ํ˜์‹ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์น˜(gadget)๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… โ€˜๊ตฌ์„ธ์ฃผโ€™๋ž€ ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธˆ(money)์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ โ€˜ํŠนํšจ์•ฝโ€™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค." ์นœ๊ตฌ ํ™๋ณดํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ(Favor for a Friend): "์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™๋ณด์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ˆˆ์น˜ ์ฑŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ํฌ์žฅ๋œ ํ™๋ณด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค." ์‹ฑํฌํƒฑํฌ(Think Tank): "์˜คํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜(Opinion journalism)์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๊ทธ์นœ๋‹ค๋ฉด โ€˜์‹ฑํฌํƒฑํฌ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜โ€™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค." ๋’ท๋ถ์น˜๊ธฐ(Afterthought): "์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฆฝ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฒ• ์ œ์‹œ๋Š” ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋’ท๋ถ์น˜๊ธฐ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค." ์ฆ‰ํฅ์  ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€(Instant Activist): "์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์›์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜5๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํด๋ฆญโ€™์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค." ์ผํšŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ๋™๊ธฐ์‚ฌ, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ”ผ ๋ฒ ์ด์ปจ(Chris P. Bacon): ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์• ์™„๋ผ์ง€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค P. ๋ฒ ์ด์ปจ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํœ ์ฒด์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค€ ์ฃผ์ธ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ์ผํšŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ๋™๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ๋™์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•จ์ •์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์ž(reporter)์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ - ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํŒฉํŠธ๋Š”? (๋ˆ„๊ฐ€, ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋””์„œ, ๋ฌด์—‡์„, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์™œ) - ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€? ์ „๋ง์€?(๊ธฐ์กด ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€) - ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ง„์งœ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?(์กฐ์‚ฌ, ๋ถ„์„) - ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€?(์ทจ์žฌ์› ๋ฐœ๊ตด) ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? (ํ•ด๋ฒ• ์กฐ์‚ฌ) - ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? - ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์›์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? - ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ํŽธ์ง‘์ž(editor)์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ - ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ œ์‹œ์— ์ข€ ๋” ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณด๋„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? - ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? - ํŠน์ • ์ •ํŒŒ๋‚˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋‚˜? ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณด๋„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ๊ฐ€? - ์ทจ์žฌ์™€ ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€ ์—†๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทน๋ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? - ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ทจ์žฌ์™€ ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์šธ ํŽธ์ง‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? (์œ ๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?) ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋„์ž… ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ ์กฐ์„ ์ผ๋ณด ๋”๋‚˜์€๋ฏธ๋ž˜ http://futurechosun.com/ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ด๋กœ์šด๋„ท http://www.eroun.net/ ์ž‘์„ฑ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„ โ€œ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ‘์ธ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“คโ€(2015๋…„ 4์›” 20์ผ, ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธดํ‹ฐ Molly M. Ginty ๊ธฐ์ž) ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ํ•ด๋ฒ• ์ฆ‰ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. "๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์นด ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์€ 1์‚ด ์•„๊ธฐ์ธ ์—๋“œ์œˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์žฌ์Šค๋ฏผ ํ‚ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ปด์•ˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒ”์„ ํ™œ์ง ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฐ ์ฑ„ ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ์ค˜์š”.โ€ ์—๋“œ์œˆ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ์กด ๋ฉ”๋””์ปฌ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋“œ๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ๊ฐœ ํŒŒ์ธ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ์ฃผ๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ƒ๋‹ด์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์นด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐค ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‚ด ์ƒ๋‹ด์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•ด์ค˜ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.โ€ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค. "๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์ธ์ข… ์ค‘ ํ‘์ธ์˜ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์ข…์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ต์œก(Mother Nurture) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ํ‘์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋น„์œจ์„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋„์ž…๋œ 2011๋…„ ์ด ๋ณ‘์› ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋“ค(๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ‘์ธ)์˜ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋น„์œจ์€ 46%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” 64%๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ํ•ด๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „์ฒด ํ‘์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์›๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค๋„ ์ด์— ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. W.K.์ผˆ๋กœ๊ทธ ์žฌ๋‹จ์€ ํ‘์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 50๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€œ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. "๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ‘์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ ์ค‘ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๋น„์œจ์€ 59%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค.75%์ธ ๋ฐฑ์ธ, 80%์ธ ํžˆ์ŠคํŒจ๋‹‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ์ƒํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋งŒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋Š” 30%๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฐฑ์ธ์€ 47%, ํžˆ์ŠคํŒจ๋‹‰์€ 45%๋‹ค. ์ตœ์†Œ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ์ƒํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์†Œ์•„๊ณผํ•™ํšŒ, WHO ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ์žฅ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค." ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. "ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์กฐ๋กฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ๋‚˜ ์ €์ž„๋…ธ๋™์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ๋ชจ์œ ๋ฅผ ์งœ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ์œ ๋ฅผ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ์‹ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹์Šต๊ด€๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ถ„์•ผํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€์ธ ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋ฒ„๋Š” 2005๋…„ ํŽด๋‚ธ โ€˜ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ์•ˆ๋‚ด์„œโ€™๋ž€ ์ฑ…์—์„œ โ€œํ‘์ธ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋…€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์œ , ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋นต, ๋‹น๋ฐ€, ์ฑ„์†Œ์ฃฝ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ„ํŽธ์‹์„ ๋จน์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ถ„์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€, ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. โ€œ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒ˜์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๊นŒ? ๋””ํฌ๋กœ์ดํŠธ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ์กด ๋ฉ”๋””์ปฌ์„ผํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ 3๋ช…์˜ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ƒ๋‹ด์‚ฌ ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์ธ ๋ฅด๋„ค ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ์€ โ€œ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ์ด 20๋…„ ์ „ ๋”ธ์„ ์ถœ์‚ฐํ–ˆ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์Šด์„ ๊ฝ๊ฝ ์‹ธ๋งค๊ณ  ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ํ„ธ์–ด ๋ถ„์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘˜์งธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋” ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž„์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  WIC(์—ฌ์„ฑโˆ™ ์•„๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ํŠน๋ณ„์˜์–‘๋ณด๊ธ‰ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ)์—์„œ ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์„ ์ง€์›๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ƒ๋‹ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ƒ๋‹ด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒœ์‹, ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ฐ์—ผ, ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜์•„์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ๋„ ๋‚ฎ์ถฐ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์คฌ๋‹ค. ํ‘์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๋‹ค. (์ค‘๋žต) ์•„๋“ค์„ ์ถœ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ „๋„์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ด‰์ง„์— ์—ด์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„ฐ๊ณ , ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ๊ถŒ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ‹€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ WIC์˜ ์ƒ๋‹ด์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค." ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ, ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. "์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ดD.C.์— ์žˆ๋Š” โ€˜ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ง€์ƒ๋ช…๋ น(Black Womenโ€™s Health Imperative)โ€™์˜ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ๊ณจ๋Ÿฌ ๋ธ”๋ŸฐํŠธ(Linda Goler Blount) ์˜์žฅ์€ ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ƒ๋‹ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ชจ์œ ์ˆ˜์œ  ํ™•์‚ฐ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘์ธ ๋น„์œจ์ด 83%์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ƒ๋‹ด์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ตด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก, ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ‘์ธ ๋น„์œจ์ด 12%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ธ ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ผ์ด ์†๊ธธ์„ ๋ป—๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€œ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์–ธ๋ก 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutions%20journalism
Solutions journalism
Solutions journalism is an approach to news reporting that focuses on the responses to social issues as well as the problems themselves. Solutions stories, anchored in credible evidence, explain how and why responses are working, or not working. The goal of this journalistic approach is to present people with a truer, more complete view of these issues, helping to drive more effective citizenship. Definition and theory Solutions journalism is rigorous, evidence-based reporting on the responses to social problems. Solutions stories can take many forms, but they share several key characteristics. They identify the root causes of a social problem; prominently highlight a response, or responses, to that problem; present evidence of the impact of that response; and explain how and why the response is working, or not working. When possible, solutions stories also present an insight that helps people better understand how complex systems work, and how they can be improved. Proponents of solutions journalism distinguish the approach from so-called "good news" reporting, which can be characterized by a superficial presentation of a response without careful analysis or examination of whether the response is effective. Solutions stories assess responses that are working today, as opposed to untested theoriesโ€”and they tend to place more emphasis on the innovation than on a person or institution responsible for that innovation. Solutions journalism supporters believe that it provides important feedback that allows society to see credible possibilities and respond more successfully to emerging challenges. Compelling reporting about responses to social problems, they say, can strengthen society by increasing the circulation of knowledge necessary for citizens to engage powerfully with issues in their communities, and for communities, leaders, innovators, and philanthropists are to make appropriate, informed decisions on policies and investments. Simply reporting on problems, some research shows, can reduce citizens' sense of efficacy, leading them to disengage from public life. In a 2008 study, the Associated Press found that young people were tired of news, which they perceived as being negative and lacking resolution. This resulted in "news fatigue", in which people tended to tune out from news media rather than engage. Solutions journalism posits that reporting on ways that problems are being addressed can increase engagement among audiences, enhances a sense of efficacy, and fosters constructive discourse around controversial issues. Solutions journalism practitioners say the approach augments and complements the press' traditional watchdog role, presenting citizens with a more complete view of issues. In addition, they say, it can enhance the impact of investigative reporting, by presenting evidence that entrenched problems can, in fact, be solved. Proponents of solutions journalism distinguish the practice from civic journalism, a movement that gained some momentum in the United States in the 1990s by advocating for a more active role for journalism in the democratic process. History As early as 1998, journalists noted the emergence of a new kind of journalism that examined what people and institutions were doing to address social problems. Some journalism critics observed that the governing assumptions of traditional journalismโ€”anchored in the belief that a reporter's job is to expose wrongdoingโ€”might not be universally valid. Simply reporting on problems, it began to appear, might not be the cure to all the world's social woes. Other forms of journalism have similarly responded to a perceived excess of negativity in news media. Civic journalism, which gained some momentum in the United States in the 1990s, seeks to engage readers in public discourse in order to encourage active participation in the democratic process and catalyze change. Solutions journalism is also related to similar journalistic styles that have been practiced outside the United States, including "constructive journalism", which originated in Denmark. In 2003, the French NGO Reporters d'Espoirs, (Reporters of Hope) is created as a network of journalists and media professionals who want to "promote solutions-based news in the media". The organization is officially launched at UNESCO in 2004 with the Reporters d'Espoirs Awards. They promote the concept of "info-solution" and "journalisme de solutions", working with all kind of media to spread initiatives among the general public. Over the years, they demonstrated solutions-based editorial lines -with newspapers like Libรฉration, Ouest-France, TV programs like TF1- generate audiences and interest among citizens. Worldchanging, an online magazine founded in 2003, declared its approach to reporting on and debating environmental issues to be based in the coverage of solutions. The Tyee, a Canadian news site founded by David Beers in 2003, includes a Solutions section. In 2006 The Tyee created Solutions Reporting Fellowships, raising money from readers to fund freelance journalist projects. An independent panel selected recipients until the program ended in 2013. In 2009 Beers and Tyee business director Michelle Hoar created the non-profit Tyee Solutions Society, which produces solutions journalism series published in The Tyee and with other media. In the beginning of 2010, Robert Costanza, David Orr, Ida Kubiszewski and others, launched Solutions, a non-profit print and online publication devoted to showcasing ideas for solving the world's integrated ecological, social, and economic problems. Solutions''' rule of thumb for all articles is no more than one-third of the paper should describe the problem, while at least two-thirds should be devoted to solutions. Over the years, as readership has steadily increased, Solutions has formed partnership with organizations around the world, including 350.org, Club of Rome, David Suzuki Foundation, National Policy Consensus Center (NPCC), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Seventh Generation, Inc., Stockholm Resilience Centre, World Future Council, and many others. In 2010, journalists David Bornstein and Tina Rosenberg also created the "Fixes" column for The New York Times' Opinionator section. "Fixes" is a weekly, deeply reported examination of the response to an urgent social problem. Reader response to "Fixes" has been strong, leading Bornstein and Rosenberg, with journalist Courtney Martin, to co-found the Solutions Journalism Network, an independent, non-profit organization with a mission to make solutions journalism a part of mainstream practice in news. In Ukraine Solutions journalism in Ukraine was firstly used as a ground approach in the Rubryka online media. It became the first Ukrainian media which actively develops this approach and is openly positioning itself as a solutions media since 2020. Rubryka'' was founded in 2018 by Anastasia Rudenko, a Ukrainian journalist, as a socio-political online media with an emphasis on the topics of ecology, urbanism and women's rights. Criticism Journalists and readers sometimes respond negatively to the solutions approach. One common criticism is that solutions journalism easily devolves into "feel-good" storytelling or hero worship, rather than critically examining important issues in society. In fact, some news organizations have created specific sections to highlight upbeat "good news", which can help generate advertiser or sponsor revenue. Proponents of solutions journalism argue that such stories do not represent rigorous, evidence-based reporting. Critics of solutions journalism also have voiced concerns regarding potential bias and advocacy. There is a fine line, they suggest, between reporting on responses and actually advocating on their behalf. Solutions journalism supporters respond that an evidence-based approach to reporting diminishes the risk of bias, and that solutions stories should not be connected to a "call to action" for readers. Others worry that many complex social issues do not have clear causes or clear solutions. This may require reporters pursuing solutions stories to have considerable expertise in a subject areaโ€”and, even then, some believe that the resulting stories will inevitably be too simplistic relative to the reality of a systemic problem. Proponents The Solutions Journalism Network works, it says, "to legitimize and spread the practice of solutions journalism: rigorous and compelling reporting about responses to social problems". To achieve its mission, SJN works with journalists in a variety of ways to build awareness and the practice of solutions reporting. The Solutions Journalism Network has collaborated with numerous news organizations in the United States, including The Seattle Times, The Christian Science Monitor, The Boston Globe, PRI's "The World," and the Center for Investigative Reporting, to produce solutions-oriented reporting projects. Positivas based in Argentina is the first BCorp certified media in Latin America, has been working to pioneer Construction Journalism on radio and multimedia content online since 2003. Journalist Andrea Mรฉndez Brandam, founder and host, has been inspired and coached by Shauna Crockett Burrows, Positive News UK founder. Examples http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-healthcare-collaboration-20140319-dto-htmlstory.html http://kaiserhealthnews.org/news/san-antonio-model-mental-health-system/ http://old.seattletimes.com/html/education/2025538481_edlabrestorativejusticexml.html http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-06-18/some-prenatal-care-community-affair http://www.ocregister.com/articles/police-383818-prostitution-santa.html http://www.noticiaspositivas.og http://www.reportersdespoirs.org References Journalism
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%8B%88%20%EC%83%A4%ED%94%84
์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์ƒคํ”„
์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์ƒคํ”„(Kenny Scharf, 1958๋…„ 11์›” 23์ผ~)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์„ค์น˜์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฒธ ํ™”๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์žฅ ๋ฏธ์…ธ ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‚ค์•„, ํ‚ค์Šค ํ•ด๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ํšŒํ™”, ์กฐ๊ฐ, ํŒจ์…˜, ๋น„๋””์˜ค, ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค ์•„ํŠธ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Flintstones, Jetsons ๋“ฑ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŒ ๋ฌธํ™” ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌต์‹œ๋ก์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค ์„ค์ •์„ ์ค‘๋ฅ˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  1958๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์ถœ์ƒ, B.F.A๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‰ด์š• ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•ด 1980๋…„ School of Visual Arts์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์„ ์ „๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. "์ „๋ฌธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜์˜ ์•ผ๋ง์€ ํšŒํ™”, ์กฐ๊ฐ, ๊ณต์—ฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋‚ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ™•๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ 30๋…„ ์ „์— ์„ธ์šด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ์›์ฒœ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹(My original approach)์€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋„์ „์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์นจ์ ์ธ ์›์น™ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์•ผ๋ง์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ '๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜'์€ 1978๋…„ ๋‰ด์š• ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€East Village 'ํด๋Ÿฝ 57'์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‚ค์Šค ํ•ด๋ง, ์žฅ ๋ฏธ์…ธ ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‚ค์•„ ๋“ฑ ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดํ›„ ํŒ์•„ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์žฅ์ด ๋œ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ, ์ „์‹œ, ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. (๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์Šค์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์•ค๋”” ์›Œํ™€์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•œ๋‹ค.) ๊ทธ๋Š” W์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํšŒ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. "๋งค์ผ๋งค์ผ ์•„ํŠธ ์‡ผ์™€ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๊ณต์—ฐ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ๊ณ , ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ํ›—๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ชจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ „์‹œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ค„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์—์•ผ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ด€์ค‘์€ ์˜ค์ง ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋ชจ์ธ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ํŽ˜์ธํ„ฐ์ด์ž ๋น„์ฃผ์–ผ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ถค์„ ์ถ”๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ๋“  ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•จ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ๊ณ , ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ป ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜€๋‹ค." ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ธ๊ณ„ Cosmic Caverns, immersive black light ๋“ฑ ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” Cosmic Closet์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค์“ฐ ํ—ค๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ๋˜ ํƒ€์ž„์Šคํ€˜์–ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์˜ ์˜ท์žฅ์— ์„ค์น˜๋๋‹ค.(ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์‹œํšŒ์—์„œ '์ฝ”์Šค๋ฏน ์นด๋ฐ˜(Cosmic Cavern)'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์— ํ˜•๊ด‘ ํŽ˜์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์น ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ดํ‚ค๋ธ๋ฆญํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.) ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” Fun Gallery (1981), Tony Shafrazi (1984)์—์„œ ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฑด 1985๋…„ ํœ˜ํŠธ๋‹ˆ ๋น„์—”๋‚ ๋ ˆ (Whitney Biennial)์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ „์‹œํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ธŒ๋กฑ์Šค๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ 3๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€, ๋‰ด์š• ๋…ธํฝ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ณณ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์—๋Š” ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ 1์ธ ์ „์‹œํšŒ์ธ "BLOX ์™€ BAX"๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2017๋…„์—๋Š” ํœ˜ํŠธ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ „์‹œํšŒ์ธ "Fast Forward: Past Fast Forward: 1980๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ"์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋ฌธํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒํ’ˆ ๋จธ์ฒœ๋‹ค์ด์ง•์„ ์ ๊ทน ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” B-52์˜ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์•จ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2002๋…„์—๋Š” The Groovenians for Adult Swim์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ <ํ‚ค์Šค ํ•ด๋ง์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ>, ๊ทธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด์ž ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ธ ํด๋ผ์šฐ์Šค ๋…ธ๋ฏธ (Klaus Nomi)์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ ์†ก (Nomi Song)์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 10์›” 3์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ 3์›” 3์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ ๋กฏ๋ฐ๋ฎค์ง€์—„์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ „์‹œํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐฑ๋‚จ์ค€๊ณผ๋„ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ํ‹ฐ๋น„๋ฅผ ์†Œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. KBS ๋˜, ํƒœ๊ทน๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์–ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ฒฝํ™”โ€˜Dragon serpents adore Korea!' ๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์•„์ž๋™์ฐจ์™€๋„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์•„ ์Šคํ† ๋‹‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ '์นด๋ฐค์ง€' ์—๋””์…˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์•„์ฐจ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌธํ™”๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ BEAT360์— ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1958๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ์ถœ์‹ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny%20Scharf
Kenny Scharf
Kenny Scharf (born November 23, 1958) is an American painter known for his participation in New York City's interdisciplinary East Village art scene during the 1980s, alongside Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring. Scharf's do-it-yourself practice spanned painting, sculpture, fashion, video, performance art, and street art. Growing up in post-World War II Southern California, Scharf was fascinated by television and the futuristic promise of modern design. His works often includes pop culture icons, such as the Flintstones and the Jetsons, or caricatures of middle-class Americans in an apocalyptic science fiction setting. Life and career Born in Los Angeles, Scharf moved to Manhattan, earning a BFA in painting at the School of Visual Arts in 1980. In the East Village of the 1980s, Scharf began his trademark Cosmic Caverns, immersive black light and Day-Glo paint installations that also function as ongoing disco parties. The first was known as the "Cosmic Closet" and was installed in 1981 in the Times Square apartment he shared with Keith Haring. They exhibited together a six minutes video called "The Sparkle End" (1980) in the landmark 1980 Collaborative Projects exhibition The Times Square Show. During this period, Scharf also had important shows at Fun Gallery (1981) and Tony Shafrazi (1983, 1984, 1985), before seeing his work embraced by museums, such as the Whitney, which selected him for the 1985 Whitney Biennial. Art scribe Demetria Daniels writing in Downtown Magazine said about his work that it... "leaves you with hope, joy, play and optimism, and a sense of love...." From then his career took off and he had international exhibitions such as with Galerie Bruno Bischofberger, Zurich (1985) or Akira Ikeda Gallery, Tokyo (1986, 1988). In 1987, Scharf designed a swing carousel for Andrรฉ Heller's Luna Luna, an ephemeral amusement park in Hamburg with rides designed by renowned contemporary artists. In 2015/2016 Scharf had a one-person exhibition at the Hammer Museum. And, in 2017, he mounted "BLOX and BAX", his latest one-person exhibition at Honor Fraser Gallery in Los Angeles (his fifth with the gallery). Also in 2017 his work was featured in the large group exhibition "Fast Forward: Painting From the 1980s" at the Whitney Museum. Scharf's work was included in the October 2017 exhibition "Club 57: Film, Performance, and Art in the East Village, 1978โ€“1983" at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Other one-person exhibitions of Scharf's work have been presented at the Nassau County Museum of Art, Roslyn, NY (2016); Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR (2015); Pasadena Museum of California Art, Pasadena, CA (2004); Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions, Los Angeles (2001); Portland Institute for Contemporary Art, OR (1999); Salvador Dalรญ Museum, Saint Petersburg, FL (1997); University Galleries, Illinois State University, Normal, IL (1997); Museo de Arte Contemporรกneo de Monterrey, Mexico (1996); and Museum of Fort Lauderdale, Fort Lauderdale, FL (1995). His public artworks are on view at ArtCenter College of Design, Pasadena, CA; Cross Bronx Expressway on Third Avenue, Bronx, NY; Houston Street and Bowery, New York, NY; Norfolk Street, New York, NY; Pasadena Museum of California Art, Pasadena, CA; West Adams Boulevard and La Brea Avenue, Los Angeles, CA; West Hollywood Public Library, West Hollywood, CA; and many other locations around the world. His work is included in public collections such as the Bass Museum of Art, Miami Beach, FL; The Jewish Museum, New York, NY; Ludwig Museum, Cologne, Germany; Museo de Arte Contemporรกneo, Monterrey, Mexico; Museu de Arte Moderna, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA; Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA; Sogetsu Museum, Tokyo, Japan; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY. Scharf is also known for welcoming collaborations with popular culture and merchandising opportunities. He designed the cover art for the 1986 B-52's album Bouncing Off the Satellites and created the 2002 pilot for The Groovenians for Adult Swim on the Cartoon Network. He has appeared in the documentaries The Universe of Keith Haring and The Nomi Song, about his friend, opera singer Klaus Nomi, as well as 2016's Kenny Scharf's World: ART/New York No. 69 by Paul Tschinkel. In 2014, he also collaborated on an accessories line with art consultant Maria Gabriela Brito. 2020 Dior luxury fashion house presents a new collection in partnership with Kenny Scharf. Solo exhibitions (selected) 2020 โ€œDystopian Paintingโ€ย  ย Almine Rechย  New York, NY. โ€œMoodzโ€ ย  Jeffrey Deitchย  Los Angeles, CA.ย  JULY โ€“ OCT. 2020 2019 โ€œOptimistically Meltingโ€ ย  Honorย  Fraserย  Galleryย  Los Angeles ย โ€œAnxiouslyย  Optimisticโ€ ย Baik Galleryย  ย Seoul Republic Of Korea "Universalisโ€ย  ย La Nave Salinasย  ย  Ibiza,ย  Spain 2018 โ€œSuper Pop Universeโ€ย  Lotteย  Museum of Artย  ย Seoul Korea โ€œKennyย  Scharfโ€ย  ย David Klein Galleryย  ย Detroit, MI. โ€œParadis Perduโ€ย  Galerieย  ย Enricoย  ย Navarra,ย  ย Paris 2017 โ€œBlox and Baxโ€ ย  Honor ย Fraser ย Galleryย  ย Los Angeles ย CA. ย โ€œInner and Outer Spaceโ€ย  ย Jeffreyย  Deitchย  ย  New York ย  NY. 2016 โ€ Kenny Scharf โ€ ย  Nassauย  Countyย  Museumย  ofย  Art ย  Roslynย  Harbor,ย  NY . 2015 ย  โ€œBorn Againโ€ย  Honorย  Fraserย  Gallery ย ย  Los Angeles, CA. โ€œSCHOWโ€ย  Frederic Snitzerย  Gallery ย  Miami, FL. 2014 โ€œPace Faceโ€ย  By Pace Prints ย  NYC ย โ€œKenny Scharf โ€ ย Colette, Paris 2013 โ€œKolorsโ€ ย Paulย Kasmin Gallery,ย  NY. NY. โ€œAmerikultureโ€ ย Eric ย Firestone ย Gallery, ย East Hampton, NY. Kenny Scharf : ย โ€œPop Renaissanceโ€ ย Honor ย Fraser ย Gallery, ย Los Angeles, CA. 2012 โ€œHodgepodgeโ€ ย The Honor Fraser Gallery ย Los Angeles, CA. 2011 โ€œNaturafuturaโ€ย  Paulย  Kasminย  Gallery ย NY. NY. 2009 โ€œBarberadiseโ€ ย Honor Fraser Galleryย  Los Angeles, CA. 2008 โ€œSuperdeluxaโ€ Waddingtonย  Gallery,ย  London, UK. โ€œ80s Backโ€ย  Seomi & Tuus, Seoul, Korea. 2007 โ€œNEW!โ€ ย Paul Kasminย  Galleryย  New York, NY. 2005 โ€œSuperpopโ€ Paul Kasmin Galleryย  New York, NY. โ€œOuter Limitsโ€ย  Patrick Painter Galleryย  ย Santa Monica, CA. 2004 ย โ€œGroovenian Drawingsโ€ Kantor Galleryย  Los Angeles, CA. Kenny Scharf: ย โ€œCalifornia Grownโ€ Pasadena Museum of California Artย  Los Angeles, CA. 2003 Kenny Scharf: ย โ€œNightlightโ€ Patrick Painter Galleryย  Santa Monica, CA. 2002 โ€œMutedโ€ ย  Chac Mool Galleryย  Los Angeles, CA. 2001 Kenny Scharf: โ€œPortraitsโ€ Tony Schafrazi Galleryย  New York, NY. โ€œHollywood Starsโ€ Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitionsย  Los Angeles, CA. 2000 Gagosianย  Galleryย  ย Beverly Hills, CA. Kenny Scharf : โ€œSmall Paintings & Bronzesโ€ Tonyย  Shafraziย  Gallery,ย  New York, NY. 1999 โ€œHeads, Smallย  Paintingsย  andย  Closet # 16โ€ Galerie Hans Mayerย  Berlin, Germany. Kenny Scharf : โ€œNew Sculptureโ€ PICA-Portlandย  Instituteย  for Contemporary Artย  Portland, OR. โ€œHeads and Small Paintingsโ€ Galerie Hans Mayerย  Dรผsseldorf, Germany. 1998 โ€œKenny Scharfโ€ Galerieย  Ramisย  Barquetย  ย Monterrey,ย  Mexico โ€œKenny Scharfโ€ McIntoshย  Galleryย  Atlanta, GA. โ€œKenny Scharfโ€ Kantorย  Galleryย  Los Angeles, CA. โ€œKenny Scharfโ€ Tony Shafraziย  Galleryย  New York, NY. 1997 ย โ€œPop Surrealistโ€ ย Salvador Dalรญ Museumย  St. Petersburg, FL. ย โ€œWhen Worlds Collideโ€ย  curated by Barry ย โ€œKenny Scharfโ€ ย Tony Shafrazi Galleryย  New York, NY. ย โ€œUltraelektrikโ€ Paintings, Sculpture & Customized 1996 New Workย  Tony Shafraziย  Gallery NY. El Mundo de Kenny Scharf Museo de Art Contemporaneo de Monterrey, Mexico. Kenny Scharf : Heads Center for the Fine Arts, Miami. 1995 Kenny Scharf : Early Paintings 1975-78ย  Yoshiiย  Galleryย  NY. NY. Kenny Scharf : Tony Shafrazi Gallery ย NY. NY. 1994 Kenny Scharf : Wildlife Tony Shafrazi Gallery NY. NY. 1993 Kenny Scharf : Works on Paper, Galerie Burkhard R Eikelmann, Dรผsseldorf. 1992 Kenny Scharf : Edward Totah Gallery 1991 Kenny Scharf : Tony Shafrazi Gallery ย NY. Kenny Scharf : Akira Ikeda Gallery, Tokyo 1990 Kenny Scharf : Galerie Beaubourg, Paris. 1989 Kenny Scharf : Michael Kohn Gallery, Los Angeles. 1988 Kenny Scharf : Akira Ikeda Gallery, Tokyo. 1987 Kenny Scharf : Tony Shafrazi Gallery, NY. 1986 Kenny Scharf : Akira Ikeda Gallery, Tokyo. 1985 Kenny Scharf : Tony Shafrazi Gallery, NY. Kenny Scharf : Galerie Bruno Bischofberger, Zurich. Group Exhibitions: Biennial 1984 Whitney Museum of Contemporary Art, NY. 1984 Kenny Scharf : Tony Shafrazi Gallery, NY. Kenny Scharf : Gagosian Gallery, Los Angeles. 1983 Kenny Scharf : Tony Shafrazi Gallery, NY. Kenny Scharf : American Graffiti Gallery, Amsterdam. 1982 Kenny Scharf : Fun Gallery, NY. 1981 Kenny Scharf : National Studio Artists P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center Kenny Scharf : Customized Appliances Club 57, NY. Kenny Scharf : The Jetsons Fun Gallery, NY. Group Exhibitions: The Times Square Show Times Square, New York City References External links Kenny Scharf talks to the Art Newspaper.tv at the Armory Show 1958 births Living people 20th-century American painters American male painters 21st-century American painters People from Hollywood, Los Angeles Painters from California Artists from Los Angeles 20th-century American male artists
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%20%EB%8D%B8%20%EB%AC%B8%EB%8F%84
ํŽ˜ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„
ํŽ˜ ๋นŒ๋ผ๋ˆ„์—๋ฐ” ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„(, 1911๋…„ 11์›” 27์ผ ~ 2011๋…„ 8์›” 6์ผ)๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ์†Œ์•„์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์ด์ž, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์†Œ์•„์˜๋ฃŒ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ์†Œ์•„์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ•œ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์€ 80๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ณตํ—Œ์œผ๋กœ 1977๋…„ ๋ผ๋ชฌ ๋ง‰์‚ฌ์ด์‚ฌ์ด์ƒ ๊ณต๊ณต์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ 1980๋…„์—๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ณผํ•™์ž ์นญํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 2010๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ผ์นธ๋‘˜๋ผ ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•™์—… ํŽ˜ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” 1911๋…„ 11์›” 27์ผ์— ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ์˜ ์ธํŠธ๋ผ๋ฌด๋กœ์Šค ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นด๋นŒ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 120๋ฒˆ์ง€์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น ๋งž์€ ํŽธ์— ์ง‘์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ํŒŒ์ฆˆ ๋„ค ๋นŒ๋ผ๋ˆ„์—๋ฐ”๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋‚จ๋งค๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ๋‘์ผ€ ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜€๊ณ , ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ ํƒ€์•ผ๋ฐ”์Šค ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8๋‚จ๋งค ์ค‘ 3๋ช…์€, ์œ ์•„๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ 11์‚ด์— ์ถฉ์ˆ˜์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ•์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ์บ ํผ์Šค(UPM)์— 1926๋…„ ์ž…ํ•™ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1933๋…„์— ์˜ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์กธ์—…์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์†ก์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•ด์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์‘์‹œ์ž ์ค‘ 3์œ„๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๋Œ€์— ๋‹ค๋‹ ๋•Œ, ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ๋‘์ผ€ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์„ ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์†Œ์•„์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ง„ํ•™ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ์บ ํผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ํ›„์—, ๋งˆ๋ˆ„์—˜ L. ์ผ€์† ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋งํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ธˆ์ „์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ฒซ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ•™์ƒ, ์ฒซ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์†Œ์•„์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ณผ ์ „๊ณต์ž์ด์ž, ์ฒซ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ํฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ณด๊ด€ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” 1939๋…„์— ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์˜๋Œ€๋ถ€์† ์†Œ์•„๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ 2๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง์„ ์ œ์•ˆ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 1940๋…„์— ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์—์„œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ํ•™ ์„์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ™œ๋™ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์นจ๊ณต์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์ธ 1941๋…„์— ๊ณ ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์ ์‹ญ์ž ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง•๋ฐœํ•œ ์‚ฐํ†  ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์˜ ์•„๋™ ์–ต๋ฅ˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ ํ˜ธ์Šคํ”ผ์Šค ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” "์‚ฐํ†  ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค์˜ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ"๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1943๋…„, ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜ธ์Šคํ”ผ์Šค ๊ฐ•์ œ ํ์‡„ ์ดํ›„, ๋ ˆ์˜จ ๊ท„ํ†  ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€์› ํ•˜์— ์•„๋™ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณ‘์›์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ข…ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฃŒ์„ผํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ๋ถ€์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›(ํ›„์ผ, ํ˜ธ์„ธ.R. ๋ ˆ์•ผ์Šค ๊ธฐ๋… ์˜๋ฃŒ์„ผํ„ฐ)์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์žฅ์œผ๋กœ 1948๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์žฌ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” 1954๋…„์— ์‚ฐํ†  ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€ ํŒŒ์ด์Šคํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง„์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ์•„๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์•„์˜ํ•™์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ œ์•ฝ์— ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์†Œ์•„ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง‘๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ณดํ—˜ ์ œ๋„(GSIS)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์œต์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณ‘์› ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1957๋…„, ์†Œ์•„์˜๋ฃŒ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ€์†์‹œํ‹ฐ์— 100 ๋ณ‘์ƒ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์†Œ์•„์ „๋ฌธ๋ณ‘์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1966๋…„, ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ž๋ณด๊ฑด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘์› ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1958๋…„ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ๋ณ‘์› ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณ‘์› ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ๋„˜๊ฒจ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋…„๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” 90๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์—๋„ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 8์›” 6์ผ, ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ •์ง€๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ์˜์›… ๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ๋ฌปํ˜”๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ˜์‹  ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ €ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‘œ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ํ•ด์™ธ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์—์„œ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ถ”ํ›„์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” "์ Š์€์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™ ์ €๋„๋“ค์— ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด, ์†Œ์•„๋งˆ๋น„, ํ™์—ญ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 100์—ฌํŽธ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋“ฑ์„ ํˆฌ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์ธ ใ€ŠTextbook of Pediatricsใ€‹์„ ์ €์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ๋†์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์ดŒ ์™•์ง„ํŒ€์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ์™€ ์•„๋™ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์–‘ ์„ญ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ฑด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฐํŒŒ๋“ค์ด ๋†์ดŒ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์— ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…์‹คํ•œ ์นดํ†จ๋ฆญ ์‹ ์ž์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋†์ดŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ, ๋Œ€๋‚˜๋ฌด๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ธํ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ๊ณผ ํ‘œ์ฐฝ 1980๋…„, ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์นญํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1966๋…„์— ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ˜ธ๋ฐ”ํŠธ ์•ค ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ๋ธ”๋ž™์›ฐ ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1977๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์†Œ์•„๊ณผํ˜‘ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์†Œ์•„๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์ธ๋„์ฃผ์˜์ž๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 1977๋…„ ๋ผ๋ชฌ ๋ง‰์‚ฌ์ด์‚ฌ์ด ์ƒ ๊ณต๊ณต์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ AY ์žฌ๋‹จ์ด ์บ˜์ปคํƒ€์˜ ์ถ•๋ณต๋ฐ›์€ ํ…Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฌ ์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 4์›” 22์ผ, ๋ง๋ผ์นด๋ƒฅ๊ถ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์•ผ๋‹ˆ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ผ์นธ๋‘˜๋ผ ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ์‚ฌํ›„์—, ๊ณจ๋“  ํ•˜ํŠธ ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ถ”์„œ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” 27์ผ, ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ๋ธ ๋ฌธ๋„ ํƒ„์ƒ 107์ฃผ๋…„์„ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ๋‘๋“ค์„ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถœ์ฒ˜ ์ถœ์ „ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Citation for Fe Del Mundo, 1977 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service Biography of Fe Del Mundo, 1977 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service DOST - National Academy of Science and Technology: Fe Del Mundo 1911๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 2011๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ง‰์‚ฌ์ด์‚ฌ์ด์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ๊ต์œก์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%20del%20Mundo
Fe del Mundo
Fe Villanueva del Mundo, , (born Fรฉ Primitiva del Mundo y Villanueva; 27 November 1911 โ€“ 6 August 2011) was a Filipina pediatrician. She founded the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines and is known for shaping the modern child healthcare system in the Philippines. Her pioneering work in pediatrics in the Philippines while in active medical practice spanned eight decades. She gained international recognition, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in 1977. In 1980, she was conferred the rank and title of National Scientist of the Philippines, and in 2010, she was conferred the Order of Lakandula. She was the first female president of the Philippine Pediatric Society and the first woman to be named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1980. She was also the founder and the first president of the Philippine Pediatric Society, the first Asian to be elected president of the Philippine Medical Association in its 65-years existence, and the first Asian to be voted president of the Medical Woman's International Association. Early life and education Del Mundo was born at 120 Cabildo Street in the district of Intramuros, Manila, on November 27, 1911. She was one of eight children of Bernardo del Mundo and Paz (nรฉe Villanueva; d. 1925). Her family home was opposite the Manila Cathedral. Bernardo was a prominent lawyer from Marinduque who served one term in the Philippine Assembly representing the province of Tayabas. Three of her eight siblings died in infancy, while an older sister died from appendicitis at age 11. The death of her younger sister Elisa, who had made known her desire to become a doctor for the poor, inspired del Mundo to choose a career in medicine. In 1926, del Mundo enrolled at the UP College of Medicine, at the original campus of the University of the Philippines in Manila. She earned her medical degree in 1933, graduating as class valedictorian. She passed the medical board exam that same year, placing third among the examinees. Her exposure while in medical school to various health conditions afflicting children in the provinces, particularly in Marinduque, led her to choose pediatrics as her specialization. Postgraduate studies After del Mundo graduated from UPM, President Manuel Quezon offered to pay for her further training, in a medical field of her choice, at any school in the United States. Del Mundo has sometimes been said to have been Harvard Medical School's first woman student, the first woman enrolled in pediatrics at the school, or its first Asian student. However, according to an archivist at Harvard's Center for the History of Medicine, Harvard had had thousands of Asian students by the time Del Mundo arrived there. Del Mundo returned to Harvard Medical School's Children's Hospital in 1939 for a two-year research fellowship. She also enrolled at the Boston University School of Medicine, earning a Master's degree in bacteriology in 1940. Medical practice Del Mundo returned to the Philippines in 1941, shortly before the Japanese invasion of the country. She joined the International Red Cross and volunteered to care for child-internees then detained at the University of Santo Tomas internment camp for foreign nationals. She set up a makeshift hospice within the internment camp, and her activities led her to be known as "The Angel of Santo Tomas". After the Japanese authorities shut down the hospice in 1943, del Mundo was asked by Manila mayor Leรณn Guinto to head a children's hospital under the auspices of the city government. The hospital was later converted into a full-care medical center to cope with the mounting casualties during the Battle of Manila, and would be renamed the North General Hospital (later, the Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center). Del Mundo would remain the hospital's director until 1948. Del Mundo joined the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas, then the Far Eastern University in 1954. She became the head of the Department of Pediatrics at Far Eastern University - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation for more than two decades. During this time, she founded the Children's Medical Center Foundation in 1957. She also established a small medical pediatric clinic to pursue a private practice and established the Institute of Maternal and Child Health, an institution that trains doctors and nurses. Establishment of the Children's Medical Center Frustrated by the bureaucratic constraints in working for a government hospital, del Mundo desired to establish her own pediatric hospital. Towards that end, she sold her home and most of her personal effects, and obtained a sizable loan from the GSIS (the Government Service Insurance System) in order to finance the construction of her own hospital. The Children's Medical Center, a 107-bed hospital located in Quezon City, was inaugurated in 1957 as the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines. The hospital was expanded in 1966 through the establishment of an Institute of Maternal and Child Health, the first institution of its kind in Asia. In 1958, del Mundo conveyed her personal ownership of the hospital to a board of trustees. Dr. Fe del Mundo lived on the second floor of the Children's Medical Center in Quezon City and continued making early morning rounds until she was 99 years old. Establishment of the Children's Medical Center Foundation When she founded the Children's Medical Center Foundation in 1957, she was able to bring medical care Filipinos in the rural areas of the Philippines who had little to no access to health care. This foundation saved thousands of children through establishment of family planning clinics and treatment of preventable health issues such as poor nutrition and dehydration. Later life and death Del Mundo was still active in her practice of pediatrics into her 90s. She died of cardiac arrest on August 6, 2011, and was buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. Medicine in the Philippines was revolutionized by Dr. Fe del Mundo. She made numerous breakthroughs in the field of pediatrics from immunization, treatment of jaundice, and providing accessible health care to countless families living in poverty. Research and innovations Del Mundo was noted for her pioneering work on infectious diseases in Philippine communities. Undeterred by the lack of well-equipped laboratories in post-war Philippines, she unhesitatingly sent specimens or blood samples for analysis abroad. In the 1950s, she pursued studies on dengue fever, a common malady in the Philippines, of which little was known at the time. Her clinical observations on dengue, and the findings of research she later undertook on the disease are said to "have led to a fuller understanding of dengue fever as it afflicts the young". She authored over a hundred articles, reviews, and reports in medical journals on such diseases as dengue, polio and measles. She also authored Textbook of Pediatrics, a fundamental medical text used in Philippine medical schools. Del Mundo was active in the field of public health, with special concerns towards rural communities. She organized rural extension teams to advise mothers on breastfeeding and child care. and promoted the idea of linking hospitals to the community through the public immersion of physicians and other medical personnel to allow for greater coordination among health workers and the public for common health programs such as immunization and nutrition. She called for the greater integration of midwives into the medical community, considering their more visible presence within rural communities. Notwithstanding her own devout Catholicism, she was an advocate of family planning and population control. Del Mundo was also known for having devised an incubator made out of bamboo, designed for use in rural communities without electrical power. Awards and recognition In 1980, del Mundo was declared as a National Scientist of the Philippines, the first Filipino woman to be so named. Among the international honors bestowed on del Mundo was the Elizabeth Blackwell Award for Outstanding Service to Mankind, handed in 1966 by Hobart and William Smith Colleges, and the citation as Outstanding Pediatrician and Humanitarian by the International Pediatric Association in 1977. Also in 1977, del Mundo was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service. Dr. Fe del Mundo was an honorary member of the American Pediatric Society and a consultant of the World Health Organization. In 2008, she received the Blessed Teresa of Calcutta Award of the AY Foundation. On April 22, 2010, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo awarded del Mundo the Order of Lakandula with the rank of Bayani at the Malacaรฑan Palace. Posthumously, she was conferred the Grand Collar of the Order of the Golden Heart Award by President Benigno Aquino III in 2011. On November 27, 2018, a Google Doodle was displayed to celebrate del Mundo's 107th birthday. References Sources Fe Del Mundo Medical Center. Legacy & History https://www.fedelmundo.com.ph/history-legacy/ External links Citation for Fe Del Mundo, 1977 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service Biography of Fe Del Mundo, 1977 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service DOST โ€“ National Academy of Science and Technology: Fe Del Mundo 1911 births 2011 deaths People from Intramuros University of the Philippines Manila alumni Filipino inventors Filipino educators Filipino pediatricians Ramon Magsaysay Award winners Grand Collars of the Order of the Golden Heart Grand Crosses of the Order of Lakandula National Scientists of the Philippines Boston University School of Medicine alumni Tagalog people Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani Filipino women medical doctors 20th-century Filipino medical doctors 21st-century Filipino medical doctors 20th-century American women physicians 20th-century American physicians 21st-century American women physicians 21st-century American physicians Women inventors 21st-century Filipino women medical doctors 20th-century Filipino women medical doctors Academic staff of Far Eastern University
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%98%20%EB%A3%A8%EC%B9%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4
๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฃจ์นœ์Šคํ‚ค
๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋ฃจ์นœ์Šคํ‚ค(Drew James Rucinski, 1988๋…„ 12์›” 30์ผ ~ )๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด์ž, ํ˜„ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ์• ์Šฌ๋ ˆํ‹ฑ์Šค์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ์‹œ์ ˆ 2008๋…„์—์„œ 2011๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ”„๋กœ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์‹œ์ ˆ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ ์ธ๋””์–ธ์Šค ์‹œ์ ˆ 2011๋…„์— ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ์ง€๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์œ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ~ 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”„๋Ÿฐํ‹ฐ์–ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋กํผ๋“œ ์• ๋น„์—์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. LA ์—์ธ์ ˆ์Šค ์‹œ์ ˆ 2013๋…„ 8์›”์— ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 7์›” 10์ผ์— ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์—์„œ ์ฝœ์—…๋˜์–ด ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 1์ด๋‹ 4ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 1ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ์— ํŒ€์—์„œ ์ง€๋ช… ํ• ๋‹น๋๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์‹œ์ ˆ 2016๋…„ 12์›”์— ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 9์›” 6์ผ์— ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ”„๋กœ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์‹œ์ ˆ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค ์‹œ์ ˆ 2019๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ด์•ก 100๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ 20๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์—ฐ๋ด‰ 60๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์˜ต์…˜ 20๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ)์— ๋กœ๊ฑด ๋ฒ ๋ ›, ์™•์›จ์ด์ค‘์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์˜์ž…๋๋‹ค. 5์›” 8์ผ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 8์ด๋‹ 5ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 7ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, 2์‹ค์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์™„ํˆฌํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›” 20์ผ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 9์ด๋‹ 2์‹ค์ , 4ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 2ํ”ผํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ, 3ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, 2์‹ค์  ์™„ํˆฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 7์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ์ฒซ ์™„ํˆฌ์Šน์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ 30๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ฑํŒํ•ด 177.1์ด๋‹ 3์ ๋Œ€ ํ‰๊ท ์ž์ฑ…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ€ ๋‚ด ์ตœ๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์žฅ, ์ตœ๋‹ค ์ด๋‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 5์›” 5์ผ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 6์ด๋‹ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ , 3ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 4๋ณผ๋„ท, 6ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ฒซ ์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 6์›” 28์ผ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 7์ด๋‹ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ , 4ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 6ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, 2๋ณผ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 6์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” 24์ผ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 7์ด๋‹ 5ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€(1ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ), 8ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, 2์‹ค์ (1์ž์ฑ…)์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ 19์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋‹ค์Šน 1์œ„ ํƒ€์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ 19์Šน 5ํŒจ, 183์ด๋‹, 167ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, 57๋ณผ๋„ท, 3์ ๋Œ€ ํ‰๊ท ์ž์ฑ…์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Šน 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ 11์›” 17์ผ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค์™€์˜ 1์ฐจ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์„ ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑํŒํ•ด 5.1์ด๋‹ 5ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 3์‹ค์ (1์ž์ฑ…)์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. 11์›” 21์ผ 4์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ 2.2์ด๋‹ ๋ฌดํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›” 24์ผ 6์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ 5์ด๋‹ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ , 6ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 2์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋๊ณ , 6์ฐจ์ „ MVP์— ์„ ์ •๋๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ฑํŒํ•ด 13์ด๋‹ 2์Šน, 1์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ ํ‰๊ท ์ž์ฑ…์  0.69, 12ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ 30๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์—ฐ๋ด‰ 130๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ 20๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋“ฑ ์ด์•ก 180๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” 6์ผ ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 6์ด๋‹ 6ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€(1ํ”ผํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ), 3์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, 3ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, 2์‹ค์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ 9์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›” 29์ผ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ผ์ด์˜จ์ฆˆ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 6์ด๋‹ 5ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 1๋ณผ๋„ท, 5ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 15์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ 3์ ๋Œ€ ํ‰๊ท ์ž์ฑ…์ , 15์Šน 10ํŒจ, 178.2์ด๋‹ 177ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, 55๋ณผ๋„ท์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ 30๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์—ฐ๋ด‰ 160๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ 10๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋“ฑ ์ด์•ก 200๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›” 2์ผ LG ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 7์ด๋‹ 2ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, ๋ฌด์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, 9ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ฒซ ์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›” 14์ผ ํ‚ค์›€ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 6์ด๋‹ 7ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, 1์‹ค์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ด ํŒจ์ „ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. 4์›” ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ฑํŒํ•ด 32์ด๋‹ 2์Šน 2ํŒจ, ํ‰๊ท ์ž์ฑ…์  1.13์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›” 6์ผ SSG ๋žœ๋”์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 6์ด๋‹ 5ํ”ผ์•ˆํƒ€, 1์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, 8ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„, ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์Šน์ด์ž 3๋…„ ์—ฐ์† ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜ ์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ 193.2์ด๋‹(๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์œ„), 10์Šน 12ํŒจ, 2์ ๋Œ€ ํ‰๊ท ์ž์ฑ…์ , 194ํƒˆ์‚ผ์ง„(๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์œ„), 34๋ณผ๋„ท์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. QS๋ฅผ 22๋ฒˆ(๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์œ„) ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ”„๋กœ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋ณต๊ท€ 2023๋…„์— ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ์• ์Šฌ๋ ˆํ‹ฑ์Šค์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถœ์‹  ํ•™๊ต ์œ ๋‹ˆ์˜จ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต (ํ„ธ์‚ฌ) ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ค‘ ๊ตต์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฃจ์นœ์Šคํ‚ค MLB ๊ธฐ๋ก 1988๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ณผ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์—์ธ์ ˆ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์ปต์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ํŠธ์œˆ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋งˆ์ด์• ๋ฏธ ๋ง๋ฆฐ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ์• ์Šฌ๋ ˆํ‹ฑ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜ NC ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ „ ์„ ๋ฐœํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew%20Rucinski
Drew Rucinski
Drew James Rucinski (born December 30, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Minnesota Twins, and Miami Marlins, and in the KBO League for the NC Dinos. Career Rucinski attended Union High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He played college baseball at Ohio State University for the Ohio State Buckeyes from 2008 to 2011. Cleveland Indians The Cleveland Indians signed Rucinski as an undrafted free agent on June 15, 2011. He spent his first professional season split between the rookieโ€“level Arizona League Indians, Lowโ€“A Mahoning Valley Scrappers, and Singleโ€“A Lake County Captains. In 22 appearances out of the bullpen, he logged a cumulative 4โ€“0 record and 2.92 ERA with 47 strikeouts in 37.0 innings of work. Rucinski was released by the Indians organization on March 28, 2012. Rockford RiverHawks/Aviators On April 23, 2012, Rucinski signed with the Rockford RiverHawks of the Frontier League. In 22 games (15 starts), Rucinski logged a 7โ€“4 record and 3.13 ERA with 91 strikeouts in innings pitched. In 2013, Rucinski returned to Rockford, now the Aviators, making 15 starts and posting a 4โ€“6 record and 2.88 ERA with 101 strikeouts in 100.0 innings of work. Los Angeles Angels On August 6, 2013, Rucinski signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels organization. He finished the year with the Highโ€“A Inland Empire 66ers, posting a 1.86 ERA across 5 starts. In 2014, Rucinski made 26 starts for the Doubleโ€“A Arkansas Travelers, logging a 10โ€“6 record and 3.15 ERA with 140 strikeouts in innings pitched. On July 10, 2014, Rucinski was selected to the 40-man roster and promoted to the major leagues for the first time. In 3 games for the Angels, he logged a 4.91 ERA with 8 strikeouts in innings pitched. In 2015, Rucinski made the Angels' Opening Day roster, beating out Andrew Heaney and Nick Tropeano. He made only 4 appearances for the team, struggling to a 7.71 ERA with 4 strikeouts in 7.0 innings of work. On September 1, 2015, Rucinski was designated for assignment following the promotion of Wesley Wright. On September 4, he cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Tripleโ€“A Salt Lake Bees. He elected free agency following the season on November 6. Chicago Cubs On November 16, 2015, Rucinski signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs organization. He spent the 2016 season with the Tripleโ€“A Iowa Cubs, making 28 starts and posting a 7โ€“15 record and 5.92 ERA with 116 strikeouts in 155.0 innings of work. Rucinski elected free agency following the season on November 7, 2016. Minnesota Twins On December 15, 2016, Rucinski signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins. He began the 2017 season with the Tripleโ€“A Rochester Red Wings, posting a 3.48 ERA with 13 strikeouts in innings pitched. On May 5, 2017, the Twins selected Rucinski's contract, adding him to the major league roster. He struggled immensely in two appearances for Minnesota, allowing five runs on ten hits and two walks in innings of work. On June 11, Rucinski was designated for assignment following the promotion of Nik Turley. On June 15, he reโ€“signed with the Twins on a minor league deal after briefly becoming a free agent. On September 6, Rucinski was released by the Twins organization. Miami Marlins On November 30, 2017, Rucinski signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. He began the 2018 season with the Tripleโ€“A New Orleans Baby Cakes, posting a 2.52 ERA with 21 strikeouts across 14 appearances. Rucinski had his contract purchased to the major league roster on June 3, 2018. He made 32 relief appearances for Miami, recording a 4.33 ERA with 27 strikeouts in innings pitched. On October 27, Rucinski was removed from the 40โ€“man roster and sent outright to Tripleโ€“A New Orleans; however, he subsequently elected free agency in lieu of the assignment. NC Dinos On November 29, 2018, Rucinski signed a one-year, $600,000 contract with the NC Dinos of the KBO League. On January 1, 2021, Rucinski re-signed with the Dinos on a one-year, $1.6 million contract. He posted a 15โ€“10 record with a 3.17 ERA and 177 strikeouts over 178 โ…” innings. On December 21, 2021, Rucinski re-signed with the Dinos to a $2 million deal, which tied for the second-most lucrative contract for a foreign player at the time of his signing. Rucinski was named a KBO All-Star for the team in 2022. He became a free agent after the 2022 season. Oakland Athletics On December 21, 2022, Rucinski signed a one-year contract with the Oakland Athletics that contains a club option for the 2024 season. He began the 2023 season working out of Oakland's rotation, and went 0โ€“4 through his first 4 starts with the club. On May 20, 2023, Rucinski was placed on the injured list with a gastrointestinal illness. On June 11, it was announced that he had recovered from the illness, but was dealing with a lowโ€“grade MCL sprain of his right knee. On June 20, Rucinski was transferred to the 60-day injured list. On July 18, it was announced that he would undergo seasonโ€“ending back surgery to address a degenerative condition. References External links Ohio State Buckeyes bio 1988 births Living people Sportspeople from Neenah, Wisconsin Baseball players from Wisconsin Major League Baseball pitchers Los Angeles Angels players Minnesota Twins players Miami Marlins players Oakland Athletics players Ohio State Buckeyes baseball players Arizona League Indians players Mahoning Valley Scrappers players Lake County Captains players Rockford RiverHawks players Inland Empire 66ers players Arkansas Travelers players Salt Lake Bees players Iowa Cubs players Rochester Red Wings players Rockford Aviators players New Orleans Baby Cakes players Las Vegas Aviators players NC Dinos players KBO League pitchers American expatriate baseball players in South Korea
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%A4%EB%A0%8C%EC%9D%98%20%EC%97%AC%EC%9D%B8
์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ
์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ()์€ 1970๋…„ 11์›” 29์ผ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ์˜ ์šธ๋ฆฌ์ผ„ ์‚ฐ(Mt. Ulriken)์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ๊ณ„๊ณก์—์„œ 30~40๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์› ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ„ ์‹œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ 2023๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ 52๋…„์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹  ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ„ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ„์กฐ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ผ์ง€ 1970๋…„ 11์›” 29์ผ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ทผ๊ต์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์šธ๋ฆฌ์ผ„(Ulriken) ์‚ฐ ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์–ธ๋•์„ ํ•˜์ดํ‚นํ•˜๋˜ ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ๋‘ ๋”ธ์ด ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ๊ณ„๊ณก์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ฑ„ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ„ ๋‚˜์ฒด์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‹œ์‹  1๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹  ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰ ํŽ˜๋…ธ๋ฐ”๋น„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ 1๋‹ค์Šค์™€ ๋„์‹œ๋ฝ, ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ํ• ๋ฐ”๋“œ(St. Hallvards) ์ˆ ๋ณ‘, ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ณ‘ 2๊ฐœ, ๋ชจ๋…ธ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ง€์›Œ์ง„ ์€์ƒ‰ ์ˆŸ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์‹ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ๊ณจ์งœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถˆํƒ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹  ๋ถ€๊ฒ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ธ์€ ์ผ์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ฑ„ ๋…น์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ 50์•Œ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์—๋Š” ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํƒ€๋ฐ•์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์น˜๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ”์ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ถœ์‹ ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์šฐ์„  ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ˜„์žฅ์—๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ธฐ์— ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‹œ์‹  ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์˜๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒํ‘œ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ๋„ค์ž„ํƒœ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ ๋งˆํฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์š”, ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ๋ผ๋ฒจ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ•๋ฐ• ๊ธํ˜€์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ถ”๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋” ๋Š˜๋ ค์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋”์šฑ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ 3์ผ์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 12์›” 2์ผ์— ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ ์ง ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ ๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ด ์„ ๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค์— ์ฐํžŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ ๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋” ํฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋”ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์— ๋“  ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์† ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ์€ 500๋…์ผ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์™€ 130๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ํฌ๋กœ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ผ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ํƒœ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•œ ๋‚ ์งœ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ•๋ฐ• ๊ธํ˜€์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋น— ์—ญ์‹œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋…ธ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ง€์›Œ์ง„ ์€์ƒ‰ ์ˆŸ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ’ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค 1๋ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ€์žฅ์— ์šฉ์ดํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด๋ผ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ๋“ค ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ง๋“ค ์†์—์„œ ํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—ฝ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ด ์—ฝ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„จ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๋กœ์—”์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ํ˜ธํ…”(Alexandra Hotel)์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์ด ์ €๋…์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค๋ฒ„๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋Š ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ „์— ๊ทธ ํ’๊ฒฝ๋“ค์„ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋‹ด์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์— ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž‘๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์„œ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฐœ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”๊ณ  ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด, ๋…์ผ์–ด, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ˜ธํ…” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์„ ์ „์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๊ณ  ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์„ ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—” ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํ…” ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ธ ์„ธ์ผ์ฆˆ์šฐ๋จผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•คํ‹ฐํฌ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์˜คํŠธ๋ฐ€๊ณผ ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ์ธ์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋…์ผ์–ด๋กœ "๋‚œ ๊ณง ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋žŒ์Šค์–ด์™€ ์œ ์ฐฝํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋Š˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ดค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฐœ์„ ์ผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ–‰์ ์€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋‹คํ—ค์ด๋ฉ˜(Hordaheimen) ํ˜ธํ…”๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 11์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 24์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋‹คํ—ค์ด๋ฉ˜ ํ˜ธํ…” 407ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ํˆฌ์ˆ™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํ…” ์ง์›์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด 30~40๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‚ค๋Š” 164cm ์ •๋„์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ˆˆ์€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์—‰๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ(Southstate)๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ 11์›” 23์ผ์— ์ฒดํฌ์•„์›ƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ํ˜„๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋…€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋‹ด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ 11์›” 29์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 6์ผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ์•Œ ๊ธธ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋‹ด๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ ์› ํŒŒ์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์„œ๋Š” ์ข€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์žํ•„๋กœ ์“ด ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์–‘์‹์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์ด ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ค์Šฌ๋กœ, ํŠธ๋ก ํ—ค์ž„, ์Šคํƒ€๋ฐฉ์—๋ฅด)์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ(ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ) ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์„ ์ตœ์†Œ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ„์กฐ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ผ๊ณผ ์ง์—… ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œ์‹์€ ๋…์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 6์ผ ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰์  ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ๊ณ„๊ณก ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ๋ชฝํƒ€์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์— ์ฐพ์•„์™€ ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 11์›” 24์ผ์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šธ๋ฆฌ์ผ„ ์‚ฐ์— ํ•˜์ดํ‚น์„ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ๊ณ„๊ณก ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€ ์ฝ”ํŠธ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ 2๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ๋˜๋ ท์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์˜ท์ฐจ๋ฆผ์ด ๋“ฑ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์šฐ์•„ํ•œ ๋ณต์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ณตํฌ์— ์งˆ๋ฆฐ ๋“ฏํ•œ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜์ณค์„ ๋•Œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ์ž… ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ œ๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” 1970๋…„ 11์›” 24์ผ~29์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ด ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋‹คํ—ค์ด๋ฉ˜ ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ทธ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ณณ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ”๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋„๋ฌด์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1991๋…„์— ์ต๋ช…์„ ์ง€์ผœ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ ํ•œ ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค ์คฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฆ์–ธ์ด ๋‚˜์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋๋‚ด ์‹ ์›์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ช‡ ๋ช…๋งŒ์ด ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์กฐ์ดํ•œ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์„ ๋์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ์˜ ๋ฌ„๋ Œ๋‹ฌ ๊ณต๋™๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ๋ฌปํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„ ์—†์ด ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆํญ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์†Œ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ช…๊ณผ ์œ„์กฐ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ ๊ณผ ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ์— ๊ฐ€๋ฐœ, ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ ๋ณ€์žฅ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐ€๋ช…์„ ์“ฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์€ ์ ๊ตญ์˜ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 1970๋…„์€ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜€๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์กฐ์•ฝ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•œ ์„œ๋ฐฉ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋™๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์„œ๋ฐฉ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์žฆ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋™๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ฒฉ๋ณด์›๋“ค์€ ์ฒฉ๋ณด ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์‹ ์› ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ง์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์•Œ ๊ธธ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฒฉ๋ณด์›์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ์„ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ์–ด์— ๋Šฅํ†ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์€ ๋™๋…์—์„œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€ ํ•ด์ œ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์šฐ์—ฐ์˜ ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ ต์— ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์˜ ํŽญ๊ท„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„œ์‹ ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ•œ ์–ด๋ถ€๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€๋ฐฉ์—๋ฅด์—์„œ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด๋Š” 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ฒฉ๋ณด ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์‹ค์ข…์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ƒ‰์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ 8๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์กฐ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ฉ์€ ํ–‰์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ ์† ๋ณ€์žฅ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฌธ, ์ด ์—ฌ์ธ์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ์–ธ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋Š” ์ฒฉ๋ณด์›์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†ํ›„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ด์„ค๊ณผ ํƒ€์‚ด์„ค ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์€ ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ž์‚ดํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋‹น๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ž์‚ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž ์ • ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ํ”ผ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ 50์•Œ์ด ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ธ์€ ์ผ์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ๋Š” ๋…น์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„  ๊ทธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ผ์ผฐ์Œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ž์‚ด์„ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ž์‚ด์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ง€ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹ ์›์ด ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏธ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํƒ€์‚ด์„ค๋„ ๋งŒ๋งŒ์ฐฎ๋‹ค. 11์›” 24์ผ์— ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ๊ณ„๊ณก ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค 2๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ์— ์งˆ๋ฆฐ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ์‚ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š”(ํ˜น์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š”) ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ž„๋ฌด์— ์‹คํŒจํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ น ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ๋ฅผ 50์•Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ผ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํƒ€์‚ด์„ค ์ธก์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๋‹น๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด์„ค์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€์‚ด์„ค์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์‹ ๋น™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทผํ™ฉ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ 46๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 2016๋…„์— ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์•ž๋‹ˆ์—์„œ DNA๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ„ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์— ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ 2017๋…„์— ์น˜์•„ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜น์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค-๋…์ผ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ•„์ ์„ ๊ฐ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ทผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์€ ๋…์ผ ํƒœ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—๋„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ™์ด ๋…์ผ์–ด์™€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด์— ๋Šฅํ†ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„, ์ค‘๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ๋‚จ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ˜น์€ ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์น˜๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. 2018๋…„์— NRK์™€ BBC๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ํŒŸ์บ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ"Death in Ice Valley"์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํฌ๋ Œ์‹ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ํ˜น์€ 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋…์ผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ํ˜น์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ์€ ๋…์ผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ํƒœ์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜น์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ›„์— ์ฒฉ๋ณด์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๋“ฑ์ง€์—์„œ ์ฒฉ๋ณด ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1970๋…„์— ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์šธ๋ฆฌ์ผ„ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ ๊ณ„๊ณก์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ ํŽ˜์–ด๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  25๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 1995๋…„์— ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์˜ค์Šฌ๋กœ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ž ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ์‹ ์› ๋ถˆ๋ช…์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ 6์›” 3์ผ์— ์˜ค์Šฌ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ž ํ˜ธํ…” 2805ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜ธํ…”์— '์ œ๋‹ˆํผ ํŽ˜์–ด๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ(Jennifer Fairgate)'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ๋‹ 9mm ๊ถŒ์ด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž์‚ด๋กœ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์ž”์—ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์†์— ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํ…” ๊ฐ์‹ค์—์„  ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๊ถŒ์ด์˜ ์ผ๋ จ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ธํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์‹œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 30์„ธ ์ •๋„(๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ 21์„ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์†์˜€๋‹ค.), ์‹ ์žฅ์€ 160cm(5ํ”ผํŠธ 3์ธ์น˜), ์ฒด์ค‘์€ 66.7kg(147ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ) ์ •๋„์˜€๊ณ  ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋ˆˆ์— ํ‘์ƒ‰ ๋‹จ๋ฐœ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์น˜๊ณผ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๋„์ž๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์—” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํƒœ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ๋น„์‹ผ ์˜ท๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ ๋‚  ์ €๋… 8์‹œ 6๋ถ„์— ๋ฃธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ด ์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅด์„ผ(Kristin Andersen)์€ ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ด '๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ด๊ท ๋œ' ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅด์„ผ์ด ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ํŒ์œผ๋กœ 50๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ํฌ๋กœ๋„ค(5.51๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ)๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 11์›”์— ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด DNA ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 6์›”์— DNA๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ •ํ™ฉ์€ 2020๋…„ 10์›”์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ '๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ ํ’€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค(Netflix's Unsolved Mysteries)' ์‹œ์ฆŒ 1 2ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1970๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฒ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ผ์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ 1970๋…„ 11์›” ๋ฏธํ™•์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 1970๋…„ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdal%20Woman
Isdal Woman
The Isdal Woman (, 1930โ€“1945 โ€“ November 1970) is a placeholder name given to an unidentified woman who was found dead at Isdalen ("The Ice Valley") in Bergen, Norway, on 29 November 1970. Although police at the time ruled a verdict of likely suicide, the nature of the case encouraged speculation and ongoing investigation in the years since. Half a century later, it remains one of the most profound Cold War mysteries in Norwegian history. Discovery On the afternoon of 29 November 1970, a man and his two young daughters were hiking in the foothills of the north face of Ulriken, in an area known as Isdalen ("The Ice Valley"); it was also nicknamed "Dรธdsdalen" ("The Death Valley") due to the area's history of suicides in the Middle Ages and a more recent string of hiking accidents. Noticing an unusual burning smell, one of the daughters located the charred body of a woman located among some scree. Surprised and fearful, the group returned to Bergen to notify the police. Investigation Bergen police responded quickly and launched a full-scale investigation, filed as case name "134/70". Examining the site, police noted the woman's supine position, her clenched hands up by her torso and the absence of a nearby campfire. The front of her body and her clothes had been severely burned, and her face was unrecognisable. Also located or placed near the body, and affected by the fire, were an empty bottle of St. Hallvard liqueur; two plastic water bottles; a plastic passport holder; rubber boots, a woolen jumper and a scarf; nylon stockings; an umbrella, purse, and a matchbox. There was also a watch, two earrings and a ring. Around the body were traces of burned paper, and beneath it was a fur hat which was later found to have traces of petrol. All identifying marks and labels on these items had been removed or rubbed off. Three days later, investigators found two suitcases belonging to the woman which had been abandoned at Bergen railway station. In the lining of one suitcase, police discovered five 100 Deutsche Mark notes ( US$137 in 1970). Among other items, they also found clothing, shoes, wigs, makeup, eczema cream, 135 Norwegian kroner, Belgian, British and Swiss coins, maps, timetables, a pair of non-prescription glasses, sunglasses with partial fingerprints (which matched the woman), cosmetics and a notepad. All identification information had been removed from the items. An autopsy at the Gades Institutt concluded the woman had died from a combination of incapacitation by phenobarbital and poisoning by carbon monoxide. Soot was found in her lungs, indicating she was alive as she burned, and her neck was bruised, possibly from a fall or blow. Analysis of the woman's blood and stomach showed that she had consumed between 50 and 70 Fenemal brand sleeping pills, and found next to her body were a further twelve sleeping pills. At autopsy, her teeth and jaw were removed due to her unique dental work, and tissue samples of her organs were taken. Police then launched an appeal for information in the Norwegian media regarding the case. The last time she was seen alive had been on 23 November, when she checked out of Room 407 of the Hotel Hordaheimen. Hotel staff told police that she was good-looking and roughly tall, with dark brown hair and small brown eyes. Staff noted that the woman kept mainly to her room and seemed to be on guard. When she checked out, she paid her bill in cash and requested a taxi. Her movements between then and the discovery of her body remain unknown. Police were able to decode the notepad entries, and determined that they indicated dates and places the woman had visited. As a result, based on handwritten check-in forms, police determined that the woman had travelled around Norway (i.e. Oslo, Trondheim, Stavanger) and Europe (Paris) with at least eight fake passports and aliases. While details such as birthdays and occupations changed from one form to another, she consistently gave her nationality as Belgian; the forms were filled out in either German or French. It was also learned that the woman had previously stayed at several hotels in Bergen, and was known to change rooms after checking in. She often told hotel staff that she was a travelling saleswoman and antiquities dealer. One witness said that she overheard the woman talking to a man in German in a Bergen hotel. Others who met her mentioned that she also spoke Flemish or broken English and smelled of garlic. People who saw or met her also commented that she wore wigs. Composite sketches of the unknown woman, based on witness descriptions and analysis of her body, were circulated in many countries via Interpol. Despite the significant police resources deployed, the woman was never identified and the case was quickly closed. While authorities concluded that she had committed suicide by ingestion of sleeping pills, others believe that there is evidence that she was murdered. Burial On 5 February 1971, the woman was given a Catholic burial (based on her use of saints' names on check-in forms) in an unmarked grave within the Mรธllendal graveyard located in Bergen. Attended by sixteen members of the Bergen police force, she was buried in a zinc coffin to both preserve her remains and for ease of disinterment. Her ceremony was also photographed in case relatives came forward at a later date. Theories Much remains unanswered about the case, especially the reasons for the woman's many identities and unexplained travel plans, which raise the question of espionage or criminal activity. Multiple investigations point to the possibility that she was a spy, given the Cold War context of the period. Norway had also experienced other strange disappearances in the 1960s, close to military installations, which also traced back to international espionage. The declassified records of the Norwegian Armed Forces also reveal that many of the woman's movements seem to correspond to top secret trials of the Penguin missile. A fisherman is also reported to have seen the woman in the area of Penguin missile testing in Stavanger; her presence in Stavanger is corroborated by a shoe salesman who sold her a pair of rubber boots. Later developments The taxi driver who took the woman from the hotel to Bergen railway station was never found. In 1991, however, a taxi driver wishing to remain anonymous said that after picking up the unknown woman at the hotel, they were joined by another man for the ride to the train station. In 2005, a Bergen resident, who was aged 26 in 1970, told a local newspaper that after seeing the sketch circulated, he had suspected that the Isdal Woman was a woman he had seen five days before the body was discovered, when he was hiking on the hillside at Flรธyen. Surprisingly, she was dressed lightly for the city rather than a hike, and was walking ahead of two men wearing coats who looked "southern". The woman appeared resigned and seemed about to say something to him but did not. He went to someone he knew at the police to report this incident, but was told to forget about it. Therefore, neither the man's name nor his alleged sighting was recorded at that time. After the case was reopened in 2016, Norwegian broadcaster NRK commissioned the American artist Stephen Missal to create six alternative sketches of the Isdal Woman, which were shown to people who had seen her. In 2017, stable isotope analysis of the woman's teeth (taken from her unburied jawbone) indicated that the woman had been born in about 1930, plus or minus four years, in or near Nuremberg, Germany, but had moved to France or the Franceโ€“Germany border as a child. This reinforced earlier analysis of the woman's handwriting, which suggested that she had been educated in France or a neighbouring country. Analysis also indicated she had been to a dentist in either East Asia, Central Europe, Southern Europe or South America. In 2018, NRK and the BBC World Service published a podcast series titled Death in Ice Valley, which included interviews with eyewitnesses and forensic scientists, also suggesting that the Isdal Woman's birthplace may have been southern Germany or the French-German border region, and that she was likely born in or around 1930. She was also likely raised in French-speaking Belgium. In June 2019, the BBC revealed that listeners of the podcast had given more clues. Further, Colleen Fitzpatrick, a geneticist with the DNA Doe Project, contacted the Death in Ice Valley team to offer her help in identifying the woman through genetic genealogical isotope testing of autopsied tissues. It has since been revealed that she is of mtDNA haplogroup H24, indicating a matrilineal line of descent originating in South East Europe or South West Asia. The woman also seems to have had a French passport based on the fact that an unidentified French national was registered on one of the flights she took to Norway. Author Dennis Zacher Aske proposed that the Isdal Woman was a sex worker, based on the way that her route was planned (goal oriented and always returning to the same point, likely her home), her wish to remain anonymous, her behaviour at hotels (including marking the doors in different ways) and the fact that the different men she was witnessed meeting never came forward. Aske argued that another person was likely at the crime scene when the woman died, based on evidence from the scene and her medically intoxicated condition in the hours before her death. He noted there were arguments that supported the death being either murder or assisted suicide, believing murder to be most likely. In 2019, after a publication of an article in the French newspaper Le Rรฉpublicain Lorrain, a resident of Forbach claimed to have had a relationship with the Isdal Woman in the summer of 1970. According to this informant, the woman was a polyglot with a Balkan accent who often dressed herself up to look younger than her age (26), refused to share personal details and often received scheduled phone calls from abroad. Looking through the woman's belongings, the informant found various wigs, colorful clothes and a photograph of the woman riding a horse. Suspecting she was a spy, he considered contacting the authorities but was afraid to do so. Both the informant's story and the photograph were published in a subsequent issue of the newspaper. See also Tamam Shud case Peter Bergmann case David Lytton Lyle Stevik List of unsolved deaths References External links Death in Ice Valley โ€“ BBC Osland, Tore, Isdalskvinnen โ€“ Operasjon Isotopsy, Bergen 2002 Aske, Dennis Zacher. Kvinnen i Isdalen: Nytt lys over norgeshistoriens stรธrste krimgรฅte. Bergen: Vigmostad & Bjรธrke, 2018. Morgan, David, Isdal Woman โ€“ A New Perspective, Northampton 2021 1930s births 1970 deaths 1970 in Norway 1970 murders in Europe 20th-century German people 20th-century German women Barbiturates-related deaths Crime in Norway Deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning Drug-related deaths in Norway Female murder victims Franceโ€“Germany border German expatriates in France German expatriates in Norway German people murdered abroad History of Bergen Incidents of violence against women November 1970 events in Europe People from Nuremberg People murdered in Norway Unidentified murder victims Unsolved deaths Unsolved murders in Norway Women in Norway Violence against women in Norway
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%ED%84%B0%20%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A7%8C%20%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4
ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด()์€ 2009๋…„ 6์›” 16์ผ, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ ๋กœ์Šค์ฆˆ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํ•ด๋ณ€(Rosses Point Beach)์—์„œ 50๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์› ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜์ฒด ์‹œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ 2021๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ 12๋…„์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ(Peter Bergmann)์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ€๋ช…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”๊ธฐ์— ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์—ญ์‹œ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ฝ์–ด์„œ ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, 1970๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ผ์ง€ 2009๋…„ 6์›” 16์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 6์‹œ 45๋ถ„, ๋กœ์Šค์ฆˆ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ์•„์„œ ํ‚จ์…€๋ผ(Arthur Kinsella)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋“ค ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฒ ์ธ 3์ข… ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ํ•ด๋ณ€์— 60์„ธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ฒด๋กœ ๋ˆ„์šด ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๋ฌผ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์˜จ๋ชธ์ด ์ –์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์„œ ํ‚จ์…€๋ผ ๋ถ€์ž๋Š” ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€์— ์‹ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด์†ก๋์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์˜ค์ „ 8์‹œ 10๋ถ„, ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋งฅ๊ณ ์™„(Valerie McGowan) ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณตํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฅ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ ์žฌํ‚ท๊ณผ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€, ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์–‘๋ง, ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ ๋ฒจํŠธ์™€ ๊ฒ€์ • ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ์€ C&A ์ œํ’ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํŒจ์…˜ ์†Œ๋งค์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์žฅ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…์ผ๊ณผ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ์•Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ฒด๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ƒ˜ํ”„๊ณ  ์งง์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋Š” 50๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜~60๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ 1949~54๋…„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๊ณ  ํ‚ค๋Š” 179cm ์ •๋„์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ˆˆ์€ ํŒŒ๋ž—๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ–‡๋น›์— ์ž˜ ๊ทธ์„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ท์ฐจ๋ฆผ์€ ๊น”๋”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ผ๊ตด๋„ ๋‹จ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉด๋„ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ž˜ ๋น—์งˆ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ฆ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๋…์ผ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…์ผ์–ด ์–ต์–‘์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ณจ์ดˆ์—ฌ์„œ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ํ”ผ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ CCTV ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ํก์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๋…์ผ์–ด ์–ต์–‘์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ ์˜๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ๋…์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์™”์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์› ์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋กœ์Šค์ฆˆ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํ•ด๋ณ€ ๊ทผ๊ต์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œํ‹ฐ ํ˜ธํ…”(Sligo City Hotel) ์ง์›์ด ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œํ‹ฐ ํ˜ธํ…”์— ํˆฌ์ˆ™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์ด๋ž€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋””์—๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์— ์ž…๊ตญํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์ด๋ž€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ์€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์•„์˜ˆ ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์— ์ž…๊ตญํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ž์ฒด๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํ…”์— ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ๋˜ ์ฃผ์†Œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์— ์ž…๊ตญํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฒ„์ “์ด ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋™์•ˆ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋’ค ํ•ด๋ณ€๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง„์งœ ์‹ ์›์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ–‰์  ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ–‰์ ์„ ํƒ๋ฌธํ•ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹ ์›๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฒฝ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋‚˜ํ˜ ์ „์ธ 6์›” 12์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‚  ์˜คํ›„ 2์‹œ ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ 4์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์€ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์–ผ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ  ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค์— ํƒ‘์Šนํ•ด ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์ˆ„๋” ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ  ์—ญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๋•Œ๋Š” 6์›” 12์ผ ์ €๋… 6์‹œ 28๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์€ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œํ‹ฐ ํ˜ธํ…”๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๊ณ  65์œ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œํ‹ฐ ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€๊ณ  ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋นˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ง“์œผ๋กœ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํ…”์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋…นํ™” ์˜์ƒ์— ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฌ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์™”์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰ํˆฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰ํˆฌ๋Š” ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๋‹ค ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํ›„ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ‘์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๋‹น๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์‹œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋…”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์— ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์„ธ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ผผ๊ผผํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ž˜ ์•„๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์— ์ˆจ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ธก๋งŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋๋‚ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ด ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰ํˆฌ ์†์— ๋“  ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. 6์›” 13์ผ, ๊ทธ ๋‚  10์‹œ 49๋ถ„์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฒด๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ 82์„ผํŠธ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์šฐํ‘œ์™€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ฉ”์ผ ์Šคํ‹ฐ์ปค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์ธ 6์›” 14์ผ์—๋Š” 11์‹œ์—์„œ 11์‹œ ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œํ‹ฐ ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํƒ”๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ํ•ด๋ณ€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ถ”์ฒœํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์ „๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋กœ์Šค์ฆˆ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํ•ด๋ณ€์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋กœ์Šค์ฆˆ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํ•ด๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ํƒ์‹œ์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ˜ธํ…”๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. 6์›” 15์ผ 13์‹œ 6๋ถ„์— ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์€ ์ฒดํฌ ์•„์›ƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์ˆ„๋”๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰ํˆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์€ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ˜ธํ…”์— ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ A๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ƒˆ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์„œ ์ฒดํฌ์•„์›ƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ์—” ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ B๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ A์˜ ํ–‰๋ฐฉ์€ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒดํฌ์•„์›ƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๋’ค ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฝฐ์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ(Quay Street)์™€ ์™€์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ(Wine Street)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ”๊ณ  ์ฝฐ์ด์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์„œ์„œ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ผด์‚ฌ๋‚ฉ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  13์‹œ 16๋ถ„์— ์ฝฐ์ด์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์™€์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 13์‹œ 38๋ถ„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—์„œ ์นดํ‘ธ์น˜๋…ธ์™€ ํ–„, ์น˜์ฆˆ ํ† ์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์†์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ข…์ด ๋ช‡ ์žฅ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด ์ฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ข…์ด ๋ช‡ ์žฅ์„ ์ฝ์€ ๋’ค ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฐข์–ด์„œ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์—๋‹ค ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 14์‹œ 20๋ถ„์— ๋กœ์Šค์ฆˆ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค์— ์˜ฌ๋ผํƒ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ณ€์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‹๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ฐ ์—†์ด ํ–‰์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” 16๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋์œผ๋กœ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์ธ 6์›” 16์ผ์— ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์•„์„œ ํ‚จ์…€๋ผ ๋ถ€์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋ณ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์˜ ์ง„์งœ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ด ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฒ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์‹œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๋กœ์Šค์ฆˆ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ณ€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ฑ„ ๋‚˜์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ฐ‘์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ํ˜น์€ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‹œ๊ด€์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์ธ์€ ์ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ์‚ด์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ํญํ–‰์˜ ํ”์ ์€ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์˜ ์น˜์•„๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ์น˜๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ”์ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ด€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ”์ ๊ณผ ์ž… ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ๊ธˆ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์–ด์”Œ์šด ํ”์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™ผ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜ํ„ฑ ์ž‡๋ชธ์— ์€ ํ•„๋ง์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ”์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์€ ์˜ท ์ฐจ๋ฆผ์€ ์ž˜ ์ฐจ๋ ค ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ—ˆ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” 179cm์˜ ํ‚ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฒด๊ฒฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์™œ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๊ฒ€์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•” ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜€๊ณ  ๋ผˆ ์ข…์–‘ ์ฆ์„ธ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹ฌ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์„ ์•“์•˜๋˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ ์žฅ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋…์„ฑํ•™ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์•ฝ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋‹ค ์•ž์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์•ฝํ•œ๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์€ ๊ณจ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ž์ฃผ ํ”ผ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด CCTV ์˜์ƒ์— ์ž์ฃผ ํฌ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋Š”์ปค๋…• ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐฅ ์‚ผ์•„์„œ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ…๋ฐ ๋„๋ฌด์ง€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์‹œ๊ด€์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ ํ˜น์€ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทผํ™ฉ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์˜ ์ง„์งœ ์‹ ์›์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 5๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ€๋ช…์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํ—ˆ์•ฝํ•œ ์ด ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง„์งœ ์ •์ฒด๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ 4๋ช…์˜ ํ‰ํ™”์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€์›๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์กฐ์ดํ•œ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์„ ๋์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฌด ์—ฐ๊ณ ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ ์— ์“ธ์“ธํžˆ ๋ฌปํžˆ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด 2015๋…„์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ฅด๋ชฝ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ธก๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ธก์—์„  ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฅด๋ชฝ๋“œ๋Š” ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธํ„ฐํด์˜ '์‹ค์ข…์ž' ํ˜น์€ '์ฐพ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ' ์ด 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ์–ด๋””์—๋„ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ง€๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋งŒ์„ ์‹ค์ข…์ž๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์†์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํƒ€๋ง˜ ์Šˆ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ด์Šค๋‹ค๋ Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ธ ์—˜๋„๋ผ๋„ ์ œ์ธ ๋„ ๊ฐ์ฃผ 2009๋…„ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๊ณ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ 2009๋…„ 6์›” ๋ฏธํ™•์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Bergmann%20case
Peter Bergmann case
The Peter Bergmann case pertains to the mysterious death of an unidentified man in Sligo, County Sligo, Ireland, on or around 16 June 2009. The man, using the alias "Peter Bergmann", had checked into the Sligo City Hotel on 12 June, where he stayed during the majority of his visit to Sligo. The man's movements were captured on CCTV throughout the town; however, the details of his actions and intentions remain unknown. His interactions with other people were limited, and little is known of his origins or the reason for his visit. On the morning of 16 June, the body of the unidentified man was discovered at Rosses Point beach, a popular recreation destination and fishing area near Sligo. Despite conducting a five-month investigation into his death, the Gardaรญ have never been able to identify the man or develop any leads in the case. The mystery is often compared to the Tamam Shud case of Australia, in which an unidentified man was found dead on a beach shortly after the Second World War, although the Bergmann case has not achieved nearly the same amount of notoriety or international coverage. This case remains obscure to the public, and the official investigation has not extended to outside of Ireland. The case received renewed attention in the 2010s. It was the subject of a 2013 documentary, The Last Days of Peter Bergmann, which was shown at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and has developed a small following on social media websites such as Reddit, where readers have constructed theories of the case. Arrival in Sligo On Friday, 12 June, the man was first spotted at the Ulster Bus Depot in Derry between 14:30 and 16:00 local time (15:30 and 17:00 UTC). He boarded a bus headed to Sligo, County Sligo, carrying a black shoulder bag and a standard carry-on luggage bag. He arrived at 18:28 at Sligo bus station and took a taxi to the Sligo City Hotel, where he paid per night in cash. While checking in, he gave the false name of "Peter Bergmann" and an address that was later reported as "Ainstettersn 15, 4472, Vienna, Austria." He had a slender build, stood had short grey hair, blue eyes, a tan complexion, and appeared to be in his late 50s or early 60s. According to staff and tenants at the Sligo City Hotel, the man was of Germanic descent and spoke English with a thick German accent. He was neatly groomed; his face was shaven and his hair was clean and combed. The man was well dressed wearing a black leather jacket, blue trousers, socks, a black leather belt and a pair of black shoes (size 44). His clothes were from C&A, a popular fashion retail store in Europe with most of its stores in Germany and Austria. From the man's appearance it was assumed he was a professional worker. He was a frequent smoker and several surveillance videos show him smoking outside often. During his stay at the hotel, the man was seen on CCTV footage leaving the building with a purple plastic bag full of items or personal effects. However, when he returned from his long walk he was no longer carrying the bag. It is presumed that he had disposed of his belongings throughout Sligo and then folded the bag and put it in his pocket. Authorities were unable to identify what he threw away in the public rubbish bins, as the man used the blind spots of the surveillance cameras to his advantage. His movements were very meticulous and methodical, as if he knew where to hide his personal belongings that could have identified him. On Saturday, 13 June, the man was seen walking to Sligo post office at 10:49 (11:49 UTC) and purchased eight 82-cent stamps and airmail stickers. The following day, the man left the hotel between 11:00 and 11:30 (12:00 and 12:30 UTC) and asked a taxi driver recommendations for a nice quiet beach where he could swim. The taxi driver stated that Rosses Point would be the best place and proceeded to drive the unidentified man to the beach. The man returned with the same taxi and was dropped off at the bus station in Sligo. Body discovery On Monday, 15 June, the man checked out of the hotel at 13:06 (14:06 UTC) and handed in his room key. He left with a black shoulder bag, a purple plastic bag, and a different black luggage bag. He did not have the same black carry-on luggage bag he had when he first arrived in Sligo. He walked to the bus station via Quay Street and Wine Street, then stopped at Quayside Shopping Centre and awkwardly waited in the doorway for a number of minutes. At 13:16 (14:16 UTC) he left the shopping centre and walked along Wine Street in the direction of the bus station, still carrying all three bags. At 13:38 (14:38 UTC) he ordered a cappuccino and a toasted ham and cheese sandwich at the bus station. While eating his food, he looked at pieces of paper that he kept in his pocket. After reading the pieces of paper, he tore the paper in half and threw it away in a nearby rubbish bin. He then mounted a bus that departed at 14:20 (15:20 UTC) for Rosses Point. It was reported that he was seen by sixteen people while walking on the beach, casually greeting the passersby. The following morning, Tuesday 16 June, Arthur Kinsella and his son Brian, who was training for a triathlon, found the man's body lying on the beach at 6:45 (7:45 UTC) in the morning. He was wearing purple striped Speedo-type swimming trunks, with his underpants over the top and a navy T-shirt tucked into them. Arthur and Brian said the Lord's Prayer for the man, and then called the Gardaรญ. At 8:10 (9:10 UTC), Dr Valerie McGowan officially pronounced the man dead. Following the discovery of the man's body, a five-month investigation into his identity was conducted by Gardaรญ. Investigation According to the post mortem report, the body of the man was found on Rosses Point beach with most of his clothes left behind on the shore, with no wallet, money or form of identification. Even though the man had been washed up on the beach, Sligo medical examiner Clive Kilgallen found no evidence of "classical salt water drowning", but also no signs of foul play that would give reason to believe the man's death was a homicide. The man's teeth were in good condition and showed signs of frequent dental work in his life. He had bridging, root canals, crowns and had a full gold tooth on the upper back right side of his mouth and a small silver filling along the gum of a tooth on the left side of the lower jaw. Despite his well-groomed and dressed exterior, the man was in very poor health. The post mortem showed that he had advanced stages of prostate cancer and bone tumours. His heart showed signs of previous ischaemic heart disease. Notably for a man who had serious health conditions, the toxicology report stated that he had no medication of any sort in his system. The medical examiner noted that, due to the man's health status, he would have been in significant pain and would have required prescription pain medicine or at least over-the-counter pain relievers. After a five-month investigation the body was buried in Sligo. The funeral was attended by four Gardaรญ. Some sources say that during the police investigation following his death, it was discovered that the address he gave at the hotel belonged to a vacant lot. However, others have pointed out that a street with the reported spelling of "Ainstettersn" does not exist in Austria or Germany. Additionally, Vienna post codes begin with the number 1, rather than 4, and the post code 4472 is unassigned. It is unclear how police would have been able to establish that the fake address was tied to a vacant lot, or whether they simply determined that it did not exist. What is certain is that the man wanted to remain unknown and he pre-emptively planned his moves so that he could not be identified. In 2015, the French newspaper Le Monde reported that they had contacted Austrian police about the case, and that Austrian police commented that the Gardaรญ had never contacted them. Le Monde also reported that there is no Interpol notice for the unidentified man because the body did not fall into either of the two Interpol categories for 'missing person' or 'wanted person'. It is the responsibility of the man's country of origin to report him as missing. As of August 2023, the man is still unidentified. No relatives, friends, or witnesses have come forward, despite public appeals in Austrian and German newspapers. Although the Gardaรญ retain the man's DNA, a spokesperson said that DNA analysis could only narrow down the area the man might have been from, but not identify him. See also Isdal Woman Joseph Newton Chandler III List of unsolved deaths Lori Erica Ruff Lyle Stevik Tamam Shud case References External links Mystery man's last surprise Last Days of Peter Bergmann German police website on the case Beach body unidentified Interpol list of missing persons 2009 deaths 2009 in the Republic of Ireland Deaths by person in the Republic of Ireland Unidentified decedents Unsolved deaths Year of birth unknown
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%B9%EC%B0%A8%20%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C
๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ
๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ(็„ก่ณƒไน˜่ปŠ ๅ•้กŒ )๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ž์›์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋กœ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๋Š” ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ, ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๋‚จ์šฉ, ํ‡ดํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌด์ž„ ์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์•…ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž์™€ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†์‹ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ œํ•œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ '๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ' '๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€' (non-excludable and non-rival) ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ '๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ'์ด๋ž€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, '๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Œ'์ด๋ž€ ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์— ๊ธˆ์ „์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. '๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ' '๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€' ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋กœ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ๋“ฑ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํƒ€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ทผ์„ ์šดํ•ญํ•  ๋•Œ ๋“ฑ๋Œ€์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  "๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ"ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“ฑ๋Œ€์˜ ๋น›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šดํ•ญ์— ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋žŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ์ค‘์ด ๋งŽ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์จ์˜ ํญ์ฃฝ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ "๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ"๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์ฒด ๊ต์„ญ, ๋…์  ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ•, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™, ์ •์น˜ํ•™, ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํŒ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ง„ํ–‰์—์„œ ํŒ€์› ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์˜ ์›์ธ ๋ฌด์ž„ ์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์€ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ(๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ ๋“ฑ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณตํ—Œ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ž. ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด ๋ˆ์ด ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด๋“์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ด๋“๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ณผ์†Œ๋น„๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๋•Œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ์— ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์†Œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค : ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(์˜ˆ : ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ํ˜ผ์žกํ•ด์ง„ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฃŒ ๋„๋กœ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ์ž…์žฅ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ). ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์†Œ๋น„๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด๋“์„ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. '๊ณต์œ ์ง€์˜ ๋น„๊ทน'์ด๋ก ์€ ๊ฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๊ณผ์†Œ๋น„์— ์ด์–ด ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ž์›์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๋Š” ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋น„์šฉ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณ„ํš๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ๋งŒํผ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ˜œํƒ์€ ์ž๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ , ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠน์ • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ํƒ€๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์— ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํƒ€๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ์‹ค ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ํƒœํ‰์–‘์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์„ฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํˆฌ๋ฐœ๋ฃจ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ. ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์›์˜ ํŒŒ๋ ˆํ†  ์ตœ์  ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์™€๋Š” ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด Albert O. Hirschman์€ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Hirschman์€ ๋ฌด์ž„ ์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง์žฅ ๋‚ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‹ค์—…์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์  ์ž๋ณธ์„ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ„์–‘ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ™˜๋ฉธ์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์†Œ์†์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋“์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ข…์ข… ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ’ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ง€๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์„ค์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์›์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์›๋ž˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Hirschman์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜์  ์š”๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์š”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. John F. Kennedy์˜ ์ทจ์ž„ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ "๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋ผ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Milton Friedman๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜น์€ ๋ฒ•์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ณด์ฆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋ณด์ฆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ •์กฑ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”, ๋ฒ•์  ๊ตฌ์†๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธˆ์ „์  ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ธˆ์ด ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ฆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ์ •์กฑ์ˆ˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์„œ์•ฝ์„œ์™€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ํ™˜๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๋™์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ •์กฑ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง•์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ด๋ก ์  ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค : ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ์„œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์Šค์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž Ronald Coase์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์˜จ ์ฝ”์Šค ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ ๋‹น์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ์ฑ„ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์š•์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์›์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ธ 'The Problem of Social Cost'(1960)์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (์ž ์žฌ์  ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์›์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค.) ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„ ์—†์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„์— ์ฝ”์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฝ”์ฆˆ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์šฉ, ๊ธฐ์—…, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€ ์กฐ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋””๋”ค๋Œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ž‘์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค.๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด 0์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์„ค์ •์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.Coase๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด 0์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์ฝ”์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. "์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ"์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ผ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ž์›์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฒ•์  ์œ„์น˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋Š” "์ฝ”์ฆˆ ์ •๋ฆฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค.Coase๋Š” Coase theorem์™€ ์ฝ”์Šค์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€ ์—†์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€, Coase์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ •๋ณด์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐย  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ถˆ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ž‘๊ฐ€ Stephen King์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ , ์ผ์ • ๊ธˆ์•ก ์ด์ƒ ๋ˆ์ด ๋ชจ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ›„์†์ž‘์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ชธ๊ฐ’์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™€๋”ฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œย  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ฆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์น˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ธˆ์ด ๋‚ญ๋น„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก (์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€) ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ˆœ์ „ํ•œ ์ฝ”์Šค์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํฌ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ํŽ€๋”ฉ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์••๋ฐ• ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด Kickstarter ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ํŽ€๋”๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์Šน์ธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŽ€๋”ฉ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์น˜์— ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž๋™ํ™”์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ์ด์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ข…์ข… ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ํŽ€๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ œ๊ณต ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ œ๊ณต์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ๋น„์‹œ์žฅ์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฌด์ž„ ์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต ์„ ํƒ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต ์žฌ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” โ€œ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ์—†๋Š” ์˜๋ฌดโ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ด‰๋งค ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง‘์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๋™ ์ œํ’ˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์›์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ž…์ฐฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œํ•œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ด, ํ˜น์€ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์—…์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ฑ…์€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ํŽธ์ต์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ณต๋™ ์ œํ’ˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ํ˜‘์—… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๊ณต์ œ๋Š” ์ž์„  ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋…์ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ (๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค) ๊ณต์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์ œ๊ณต์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน๊ถŒ์ธต ์ง‘๋‹จํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์ด์ต, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ, ๋ณด์™„์žฌ ํŒ๋งค์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ํŠน๊ถŒ์ธต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์†๋‹˜์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์•ž์— ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์„ ์„ธ์šด ์‹œ๋‚ด์˜ ์ƒ์ธ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ธ๊ทผ ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ์™€์„œ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•  ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน๊ถŒ์ธต์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์ €์ƒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•œ ์ƒ์ธ์€ ์ด์›ƒ ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ต์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด ์ด๋“์˜ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํŠน๊ถŒ์ธต์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ Coaseโ€™s Penguine์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ . ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถœํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์™€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฌ์ •์  ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ง€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž ๋งค์ˆ˜ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œค์„ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์„ ์„ธ์šธ ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์•”๋ฌต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—…์ž๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŽธ์ต์ด ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์„ ์„ธ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„ ํŽธ์ต๊ณผ ์›๊ฐ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž์˜ ๋งค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ ์ € ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…์ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ € ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์ œ ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ (๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ƒํ’ˆ ๋„์ž…) ์ •๋ณด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์˜จ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ • ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด ๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์ œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ ˆํ†  ์ตœ์ ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋น„์šฉ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ์•ฝ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ด‘๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์€ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ โ€˜๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €์˜ ๊ฐœโ€™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋นผ์•—์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ ˆํŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์˜ โ€œVaultโ€ ํŒ๋งค ๊ด€ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ โ€œSong of the Southโ€๋ฅผ ํ™ˆ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๋น„์Šคํƒ€ ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2008๋…„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ XP๋ฅผ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒ•์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠนํ—ˆ์™€ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ณ ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋…์ ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 0์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์œค์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ์ƒํ’ˆ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฐฐ์ œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ˜‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ์–ป๋Š” ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž„์Šค. M. ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋‚œ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ƒํ’ˆ ์ œ์™ธ์˜ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ โ€œ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šดโ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ž์—ฐ ๋…์ ๋ฌผ, ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ณจํ”„์žฅ, ์˜ํ™”๊ด€, ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” TV, ์†Œ์…œ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ด์œค ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ํ˜‘๋™ ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ธํ”„ ์Š˜ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์ด๋‚˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋…์ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” โ€˜์ดˆ๊ณผ ์ด์ตโ€™, ์ฆ‰ ์ •์ƒ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ต์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์—ฌ ๋…์ ์„ ์ข…์‹์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” โ€œ์Šค์ฟฐํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ํŒŒ๊ดดโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ข…์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ธ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค์™€ ์• ํ”Œ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํšŒ์›์ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ธ โ€œ๊ทธ๋ฃนโ€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒ€์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€์šฉ์˜ ์ •๋„์™€ ์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋  ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์ž„ ์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ์‚ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—๋„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ œ์žฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋†’์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ œ์žฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ดํƒ€์  ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ , ํ˜น์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์™ธ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ข…์ข… ํ•ด๋‹น ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๋™๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ œ์žฌ (์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ) ์ข…์ข… ๊ฐœ์ž„ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ œ์žฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… ์—†์ด๋„ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. Peer-to-Peer ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ, ์ฆ‰ ํšŒ์›์ด ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ณต์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์„ ์ œ์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด ํƒ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ œ์žฌ(๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์† ์œ ์ € ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”์  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์žฌ)์™€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ œ์žฌ(๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์œ ์ € ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ œ์žฌ) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋ฐ€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์ œ์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์†์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์—์„œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์†์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ณด์ฆ๊ธˆ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋น„ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ํ™˜๋ถˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ(๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ž ํ•œ๋ช…์ด ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ฆ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ)์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์€ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ œ์žฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์กฐ์ง ์ ์‹ญ์ž๋‚˜ ๊ณต์˜๋ผ๋””์˜ค, TV๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ๋ด‰์‚ฌ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ”ผ์–ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ˜‘์—… ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œ„ํ‚ค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ, ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…์ž ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ(์ •๋ณด)๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒ€์  ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์ž์„ ๋‹จ์ฒด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜‘์—…์ด ํฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. (๋˜๋ฐ”์˜ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ) ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ–‰๋™์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. Andrew Carnegie์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์„  ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋กํŽ ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ๋‹จ์ด 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•œ โ€œ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…โ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์™ธ์ง€๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ—Œ์‹ ๊ณผ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์—†๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ, ์„ธ์ด๋ธŒ ๋” ์น ๋“œ๋Ÿฐ, ์— ๋„ค์Šคํ‹ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ค์…”๋„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋” ์ข‹๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์นœ์กฑ ์™ธ์— ๋ฌดํ•œํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์›์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์ด๋… ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์ ์ด๋“ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ(์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€)์ด๋“  ๊นŠ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ ๋…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— (๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—) ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ์œ ํ˜น์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ–‰์ •์  ๊ฐ•์š”๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ข…๊ต์  ์‹ ๋…์˜ ํŽธ์žฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋‹ค๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ข…์ข… ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์›๋“ค์ด ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” โ€œ์‹ค์šฉ์  ํ˜„์‹คโ€์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ โ€œํ˜„์‹ค์  ํ˜„์‹คโ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ธ์˜ ์˜์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ธ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์Šฌ๋ก  ์œŒ์Šจ์˜ ๋‹ค์œˆ ์„ฑ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ๊ตํšŒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ์•„ํ”ˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋กœ๋งˆ์ธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์ , ๋น„์ข…๊ต์  ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ด๋…(๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜, ์• ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ ๋“ฑ)์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆญ๊ณ ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ด ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ์—์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌํ–„ ๋ง์ปจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ์Šค๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์—ฐ์„ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ โ€œ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์— ์˜ํ•œ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋กโ€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ณผ์žฅ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ช…๋ถ„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜, ์ฆ‰ ์„ธ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ง•๋ณ‘ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ด€ ๋‹จ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž‰์—ฌ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ ๊ณต์œ ์ง€์˜ ๋น„๊ทน ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์‹œ์žฅ ์‹คํŒจ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-rider%20problem
Free-rider problem
In the social sciences, the free-rider problem is a type of market failure that occurs when those who benefit from resources, public goods and common pool resources do not pay for them or under-pay. Examples of such goods are public roads or public libraries or services or other goods of a communal nature. Free riders are a problem for common pool resources because they may overuse it by not paying for the good (either directly through fees or tolls or indirectly through taxes). Consequently, the common pool resource may be under-produced, overused, or degraded. Additionally, it has been shown that despite evidence that people tend to be cooperative by nature (a prosocial behaviour), the presence of free-riders causes cooperation to deteriorate, perpetuating the free-rider problem. The free-rider problem in social science is the question of how to limit free riding and its negative effects in these situations. Such an example is the free-rider problem of when property rights are not clearly defined and imposed. The free-rider problem is common with public goods which are non-excludable and non-rivalrous. Non-excludable means that non-payers cannot be stopped from getting use of or benefits from the good. Non-rival consumption stipulates that the use of a good or service by one consumer does not reduce its availability for another consumer. These characteristics of a public good result in there being little incentive for consumers to contribute to a collective resource as they enjoy its benefits. A free rider may enjoy a non-excludable and non-rivalrous good such as a government-provided road system without contributing to paying for it. Another example is if a coastal town builds a lighthouse, ships from many regions and countries will benefit from it, even though they are not contributing to its costs, and are thus "free riding" on the navigation aid. A third example of non-excludable and non-rivalrous consumption would be a crowd watching fireworks. The number of viewers, whether they paid for the entertainment or not, does not diminish the fireworks as a resource. In each of these examples, the cost of excluding non-payers would be prohibitive, while the collective consumption of the resource does not decrease how much is available. Although the term "free rider" was first used in economic theory of public goods, similar concepts have been applied to other contexts, including collective bargaining, antitrust law, psychology, political science, and vaccines. For example, some individuals in a team or community may reduce their contributions or performance if they believe that one or more other members of the group may free ride. Incentive The underlying incentive which generates the free-rider problem can be explained via the application of the Prisoner's dilemma, within the context of contributing to a public good. Suppose two people were to split a contribution to a public service (such as for a police station) with society benefiting from their contribution. According to the Prisoner's dilemma, certain conclusions can be drawn from the results of this scenario. If both parties donate, they are out of pocket and society benefits. If one party doesn't pay (in the hopes that someone else will) they become a free-rider, and the other will have to cover the cost. If the other party also decides to become a free-rider and neither pay, then society receives no benefit. This demonstrates that the free-rider problem is generated by individuals' willingness to let others pay when they themselves can receive the benefit at zero cost. This is reinforced by the economic theory of rational choice, stating that humans make choices which provide them with the greatest benefit. Therefore, if a service or resource is offered for free, then a consumer will not pay for it. Economic issues Free riding is a problem of economic inefficiency when it leads to the underproduction or overconsumption of a good. For example, when people are asked how much they value a particular public good, with that value measured in terms of how much money they would be willing to pay, their tendency is to under-report their valuations. Goods that are subject to free riding are usually characterized by: the inability to exclude non-payers, its consumption by an individual does not impact the availability for others and that the resource in question must be produced and/or maintained. Indeed, if non-payers can be excluded by some mechanism, the good may be transformed into a club good (e.g. if an overused, congested public road is converted to a toll road, or if a free public museum turns into a private, admission fee-charging museum). Free riders become a problem when non-excludable goods are also rivalrous. These goods, categorized as common-pool resources,are characterized by overconsumption when common property regimes are not implemented. Not only can consumers of common-property goods benefit without payment, but consumption by one imposes an opportunity cost on others. The theory of 'Tragedy of the commons' highlights this, in which each consumer acts to maximize their own utility and thereby relies on others to cut back their own consumption. This will lead to overconsumption and even possibly exhaustion or destruction of the good. If too many people start to free ride, a system or service will eventually not have enough resources to operate. Free-riding is experienced when the production of goods does not consider the external costs, particularly the use of ecosystem services. An example of this is global climate change initiatives. As climate change is a global issue and there is no global regime to manage the climate, the benefits of reduced emissions in one country will extend beyond their own countries' borders and impact countries worldwide. However, this has resulted in some countries acting in their own self-interest, limiting their own efforts and free-riding on the work of others. In some countries, citizens and governments do not wish to contribute to the associated effort and costs of mitigation, as they are able to free-ride on the efforts of others. This free rider problem also raises questions in regards to the fairness and ethicalness of these practices, as countries most likely to suffer the consequences of climate change, are also those who typically emit the least greenhouse gases and have fewer economic resources to contribute to the efforts, such as the small island country of Tuvalu. Theodore Groves and John Ledyard believe that Pareto-optimal allocation of resources in relation to public goods is not compatible with the fundamental incentives belonging to individuals. Therefore, the free-rider problem, according to most scholars, is expected to be an ongoing public issue. For example, Albert O. Hirschman believed that the free-rider problem is a cyclical one for capitalist economies. Hirschman considers the free-rider problem to be related to the shifting interests of people. When stress levels rise on individuals in the workplace and many fear losing their employment, they devote less of their human capital to the public sphere. When public needs then increase, disenchanted consumers become more interested in collective action projects. This leads individuals to organize themselves in various groups and the results are attempts to solve public problems. In effect this reverses the momentum of free riding. Activities often seen as costs in models focused on self-interest are instead seen as benefits for the individuals who were previously dissatisfied consumers seeking their private interests. This cycle will reset itself because as individuals' work for public benefit becomes less praiseworthy, supporters' level of commitment to collective action projects will decrease. With the decrease in support, many will return to private interests, which with time resets the cycle. Supporters of Hirschman's model insist that the important factor in motivating people is that they are compelled by a leader's call to altruism. In John F. Kennedy's inaugural address he implored the American people to "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." Some economists (for example, Milton Friedman) find these calls to altruism to be nonsensical. Scholars like Friedman do not think the free-rider problem is part of an unchangeable virtuous or vicious circle, but instead seek possible solutions or attempts at improvement elsewhere. Economic and political solutions Assurance contracts An assurance contract is a contract in which participants make a binding pledge to contribute to building a public good, contingent on a quorum of a predetermined size being reached. Otherwise the good is not provided and any monetary contributions are refunded. A dominant assurance contract is a variation in which an entrepreneur creates the contract and refunds the initial pledge plus an additional sum of money if the quorum is not reached. The entrepreneur profits by collecting a fee if the quorum is reached and the good is provided. In game-theoretic terms this makes pledging to build the public good a dominant strategy: the best move is to pledge to the contract regardless of the actions of others. Coasian solution A Coasian solution, named for the economist Ronald Coase, proposes that potential beneficiaries of a public good can negotiate to pool their resources and create it, based on each party's self-interested willingness to pay. His treatise, The Problem of Social Cost (1960), argued that if the transaction costs between potential beneficiaries of a public good are lowโ€”that it is easy for potential beneficiaries to find each other and organize pooling their resources based upon the good's value to each of themโ€”that public goods could be produced without government action. Much later, Coase himself wrote that while what had become known as the Coase Theorem had explored the implications of zero-transaction costs, he had actually intended to use this construct as a stepping stone to understand the real world of positive transaction costs, corporations, legal systems and government actions:I examined what would happen in a world in which transaction costs were assumed to be zero. My aim in doing so was not to describe what life would be like in such a world but to provide a simple setting in which to develop the analysis and, what was even more important, to make clear the fundamental role which transaction costs do, and should, play in the fashioning of the institutions which make up the economic system.Coase also wrote:The world of zero transaction costs has often been described as a Coasian world. Nothing could be further from the truth. It is the world of modern economic theory, one which I was hoping to persuade economists to leave. What I did in "The Problem of Social Cost" was simply to shed light on some of its properties. I argued in such a world the allocation of resources would be independent of the legal position, a result which Stigler dubbed the "Coase theorem".Thus, while Coase himself appears to have considered the "Coase theorem" and Coasian solutions as simplified constructs to ultimately consider the real 20th-century world of governments and laws and corporations, these concepts have become attached to a world where transaction costs were much lower, and government intervention would unquestionably be less necessary. A minor alternative, especially for information goods, is for the producer to refuse to release a good to the public until payment to cover costs is met. Author Stephen King, for instance, authored chapters of a new novel downloadable for free on his website while stating that he would not release subsequent chapters unless a certain amount of money was raised. Sometimes dubbed holding for ransom, this method of public goods production is a modern application of the street performer protocol for public goods production. Unlike assurance contracts, its success relies largely on social norms to ensure (to some extent) that the threshold is reached and partial contributions are not wasted. One of the purest Coasian solutions today is the new phenomenon of Internet crowdfunding. Here rules are enforced by computer algorithms and legal contracts as well as social pressure. For example, on the Kickstarter site, each funder authorizes a credit card purchase to buy a new product or receive other promised benefits, but no money changes hands until the funding goal is met. Because automation and the Internet so reduce the transaction costs for pooling resources, project goals of only a few hundred dollars are frequently crowdfunded, far below the costs of soliciting traditional investors. Introducing an exclusion mechanism (club goods) Another solution, which has evolved for information goods, is to introduce exclusion mechanisms which turn public goods into club goods. One well-known example is copyright and patent laws. These laws, which in the 20th century came to be called intellectual property laws, attempt to remove the natural non-excludability by prohibiting reproduction of the good. Although they can address the free rider problem, the downside of these laws is that they imply private monopoly power and thus are not Pareto-optimal. For example, in the United States, the patent rights given to pharmaceutical companies encourage them to charge high prices (above marginal cost) and to advertise to convince patients to persuade their doctors to prescribe the drugs. Likewise, copyright provides an incentive for a publisher to act like The Dog in the Manger, taking older works out of print so as not to cannibalize revenue from the publisher's own new works. Examples from the entertainment industry include Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment's "vault" sales practice. Examples from the computer software industry include Microsoft's decision to pull Windows XP from the market in mid-2008 to drive revenue from the widely criticized Windows Vista operating system. The laws also end up encouraging patent and copyright owners to sue even mild imitators in court and to lobby for the extension of the term of the exclusive rights in a form of rent seeking. These problems with the club-good mechanism arise because the underlying marginal cost of giving the good to more people is low or zero, but, because of the limits of price discrimination those who are unwilling or unable to pay a profit-maximizing price do not gain access to the good. If the costs of the exclusion mechanism are not higher than the gain from the collaboration, club goods can emerge naturally. James M. Buchanan showed in his seminal paper that clubs can be an efficient alternative to government interventions. On the other hand, the inefficiencies and inequities of club goods exclusions sometimes cause potentially excludable club goods to be treated as public goods, and their production financed by some other mechanism. Examples of such "natural" club goods include natural monopolies with very high fixed costs, private golf courses, cinemas, cable television and social clubs. This explains why many such goods are often provided or subsidized by governments, co-operatives or volunteer associations, rather than being left to be supplied by profit-minded entrepreneurs. These goods are often known as social goods. Joseph Schumpeter claimed that the "excess profits", or profits over normal profit, generated by the copyright or patent monopoly will attract competitors that will make technological innovations and thereby end the monopoly. This is a continual process referred to as "Schumpeterian creative destruction", and its applicability to different types of public goods is a source of some controversy. The supporters of the theory point to the case of Microsoft, for example, which has been increasing its prices (or lowering its products' quality), predicting that these practices will make increased market shares for Linux and Apple largely inevitable. A nation can be seen as a "club" whose members are its citizens. Government would then be the manager of this club. This is further studied in the theory of the state. Non-altruistic social sanctions (common property regimes) Often on the foundation of game theory, experimental literature suggests that free-riding situations can be improved without any state intervention by seeking to measure the effects of various forms of social sanctions. Peer-to-peer punishment, that is, when members sanction other members that do not contribute to the common pool resource by inflicting a cost on "free-riders", is considered sufficient to establish and maintain cooperation. Social actions come at a cost to the punisher, which discourages individuals from taking action to punish the free-rider. Therefore, punishers often need to be rewarded for following through with their punishment for the resource to be effectively managed. Unlike a prisoner's dilemma where the prisoners are prohibited from communicating and strategizing, people can get together to form "common property regimes" in which the group weighs the costs and benefits of rewarding individuals for sanctioning free riders. So long as the benefits of preserving the resource outweigh the cost of communication and enforcement, members often compensate punishers for sanctioning free riders. While the outcome is not Pareto-optimal, as the group has the additional cost of paying for enforcement, it is often less costly than letting the resource deplete. In the limiting case, where the costs of bargaining and enforcement approach zero, the setup becomes Coasian as the solution approaches the Pareto-optimal solution. Both punishment and regulation by the state work relatively badly under imperfect information, where people cannot observe the behavior of others. Often common property regimes which members establish through bargaining have more information about the specific common pool resource which they are managing than outsiders. For this reason, and because common property regimes can avoid the principal-agent problem, the specific local knowledge within common property regimes typically enables them to outperform regulations designed by outside technical experts. Nevertheless, the best performance is typically achieved when people in common property regimes consult with governments and technical experts while deciding on the rules and design of their firm, thereby combining local and technical knowledge. Altruistic solutions Social norms Psychologically, humans are fundamentally considered as free-riders by others only when benefits are consumed while contributions are withheld. Indicating that in all cultures free-riders are recognised, however, cultural differences exist in the degree of tolerance and how these people dealt with them. The impact of social norms on the free-rider problem differs between cultural contexts, which may lead to a variance between results in research on the free-rider problem when applied cross-culturally. Social norms impact on privately and voluntarily provided public goods; however, is considered to have some level of effect on the problem in many contexts. Social sanctioning, for example, is a norm in and of itself that has a high degree of universality. The goal of much research on the topic of social sanctioning and its effect on the free-rider problem is to explain the altruistic motivation that is observed in various societies. Free riding is often thought of only in terms of positive and negative externalities felt by the public. The impact of social norms on actions and motivations related to altruism are often underestimated in economic solutions and the models from which they are derived. Altruistic social sanctions While non-altruistic social sanctions occur when people establish common property regimes, people sometimes punish free-riders even without being rewarded. The exact nature of motivation remains to be explored. Whether costly punishment can explain cooperation is disputed. Recent research finds that costly punishment is less effective in real world environments. Other research finds that social sanctions cannot be generalized as strategic in the context of public goods. Preferences between secret sanctions (untraceable sanctions between players in the game) and standard sanctions (traceable sanctions including feedback between players in an otherwise identical environment) on free riders did not vary significantly. Rather some individuals preferred to sanction others regardless of secrecy. Other research build on the findings of behavioral economics, finds that in a dilemmatic donation game, donators are motivated by the fear of loss. In the game donators' deposits were only refunded if the donators always punish free riding and non-commitment among other individuals. Pool-punishment (everyone loses their deposit if one donator doesn't punish the free rider) provided more stable results than punishment without consideration of the consensus of the group. Individual-to-individual peer punishment led to less consistently applied social sanctions. Collectively this research, although it is experimental in nature, may prove useful when applied in public policy decisions seeking to improve free-rider problems within society. See also Common pool resource Economic surplus Freedom Riders Forced rider Leech (computing) The Logic of Collective Action Moral hazard Parasitism (social offense) Prisoner's dilemma Tragedy of the commons Notes Further reading William D. Nordhaus, "A New Solution: the Climate Club" (a review of Gernot Wagner and Martin L. Weitzman, Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet, Princeton University Press, 250 pp, $27.95), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXII, no. 10 (June 4, 2015), pp.ย 36โ€“39. P. Oliver โ€“ Sociology 626 published by Social Science Computing Cooperative University of Wisconsin Market failure Tragedy of the commons Dilemmas
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84%20%ED%91%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90%20%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98
์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜
์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜(Discrete-time Fourier transform, DTFT)์€ย ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค.ย ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. DTFT์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ „์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ˆ˜์—ด์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์—ด์€ ์—ฐ์†ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ย ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. DTFT์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ DTFT๋ฅผ "์œ ํ•œ" ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด์‚ฐ์ง‘ํ•ฉย  (์ •์ˆ˜)๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ,ย ์˜ ์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜(DTFT)์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด, {x[n]}์€ ์—ฐ์†์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ•จ์ˆ˜ย  ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ย ๋กœ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๊ณ , ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.ย DTFT์€ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์—ฐ์†์‹œ๊ฐ„ย ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ •๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋“ฏ์ด, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฝค ํ•จ์ˆ˜(comb function) ๋ณ€์กฐ์— ์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€, ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋œย ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์˜ ์ดํ•ฉ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋“ฏ์ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ DTFT์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œย k=0 ํ•ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์™œ๊ณก(์œ„์‹ ํ˜ธ, ์•จ๋ฆฌ์•„์‹ฑ)์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.ย  ๋ณ€์กฐ๋œ ์ฝค ํ•จ์ˆ˜(comb function)๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด๋•Œ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ย  ๋Š” ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ,ย ๋Š” ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(๋‹จ์œ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํด์˜ ์ˆ˜)์ด๊ณ ,ย ๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(๋‹จ์œ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ˆ˜)์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ,ย ๋Š” "ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋‹น์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜"๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๊ทœํ™” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(normalized frequency)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋œ ย ๋„ ์ •๊ทœํ™” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์ด์ž๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋Š” "ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋‹น ๋ผ๋””์•ˆ"์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทœํ™” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ย ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์—ญ๋ณ€ํ™˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ(DTFT)์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ (๋‹จ์œ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ˆ˜)์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๊ทœํ™” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ (ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋‹น ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ˆ˜)์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š”ย ย ์ด๋‹ค. (์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋‹น ๋ผ๋””์•ˆ)์—์„œ, ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š”ย  ์ด๊ณ , ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ด๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ n, k๋Š” ์ž„์˜์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋กœ ๋œ๋‹ค. DTFT ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. DTFT์™€ ์›๋ž˜ ์˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๏ผˆ๋˜๋Š” ๏ผ‰๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. DTFT ์™€ Z-๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ DTFT๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์˜ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญ๋ณ€ํ™˜์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณต์› ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋ถ„๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ DTFT์˜ 1์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ {x[n]}์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์ด DTFT ์˜ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋กœ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋ฌดํ•œ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ย ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์—ญ๋ณ€ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด, ๋””๋ž™์˜ ๋ธํƒ€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ณต์›๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ ์‹œํ€€์Šค DTFT์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ํ•œ ์‹œํ€€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธด ์‹œํ€€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜•ํŒŒ์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์–ด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. , ย  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ์‹œํ€€์Šค์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ • ์ „ ์‹œํ€€์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์˜ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, L ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฅผ (2ฯ€)์˜ 1์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ƒ์— ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. , ย  ย  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ผ๋•Œ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. , ย  ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋Š”ย ์ด์‚ฐ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜(DFT)์œผ๋กœ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์€ DTFT๋ฅผ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๊ณ , ์€ DTFT ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ†ต์ƒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ย ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ’์ด 0์ธ ํ•ญ์„ ์ดํ•ฉ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”, DFT์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ย ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, "์ œ๋กœ ํŒจ๋”ฉ DFT" ๋˜๋Š”"๋‚ด์‚ฝ DFT"๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ’์ด 0 ์ธ ํ•ญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ DFT๊ฐ€ ์–ป์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ DTFT๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” DFT์™€ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ž. , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 2 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ DFT๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.ย ์–‘์ชฝ ๋ชจ๋‘ย ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์€ ย ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํŒจํ„ด์€ย  ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜• ์ฐฝํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ย ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ˆ„์„ค(spectrum leakage)์ด๋‹ค. ์ขŒ์ธก ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์šฐ์ธก ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ 0๊ณผ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์„ ํ‘œ๋ณธํ™”ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ํ•œ ๊ธธ์ด ์‹œํ€€์Šค์˜ DTFT๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•œํžˆ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ(์‚ฌ์ธํŒŒ)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์›์ธ์€, ๊ตฌํ˜• ์ฐฝํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ, 64๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋‹น 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค(). ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์™€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ DTFT ์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ญ์ด๊ณ , ํ›„์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„์†์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฐ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์‘์šฉ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค. DFT ์™€ DTFT์€ ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ด์‚ฐ์  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ž…๋ ฅ ํ˜•์‹์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ์ด์‚ฐ์ ์ด๋ฉด, ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ DTFT๋กœ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ์ด์‚ฐ์ , ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฉด, ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ DFT๋กœ ๋œ๋‹ค. Z-๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ DTFT๋Š” Z-๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค.ย ์–‘์ž Z-๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. DTFT๋Š” ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์ด๋•Œ, ์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์†Œํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ย ๋‹จ์œ„ ์› ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„œ์˜ Z-๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ‘œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์€ ์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ(ํ‘œ๋ณธ)์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋‚ด์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ , ์—ฐ์† ๊ฐ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜(ํ‘œ๋ณธ๋‹น์˜ ๋ผ๋””์•ˆ)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์€ ์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์€ ์ •๊ทœํ™” ์‹ฑํฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์€ ๋””๋ž™ ๋ธํƒ€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์€ ํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์ปค ๋ธํƒ€ ์ด๋‹ค. ์€, ์ž„์˜์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ’ t์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌํ˜•ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์ž„์˜์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์น˜ t์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜• ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํŠน์„ฑ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ด์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์—๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ฝ˜๋ณผ๋ฃจ์…˜(convolution)์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜ x[n]์˜ ์ผค๋ ˆ ๋ณต์†Œ์ˆ˜(complex conjugate)์ด๋‹ค. ๋Š” x[n]๊ณผ y[n]์˜ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ์ฝ”๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜(cross correlation)์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ด์€ ์†์„ฑ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…, ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„, ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ด์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ—ˆ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ™€์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ํ•ด์„ํ•™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ (์ˆ˜ํ•™)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete-time%20Fourier%20transform
Discrete-time Fourier transform
In mathematics, the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), also called the finite Fourier transform, is a form of Fourier analysis that is applicable to a sequence of values. The DTFT is often used to analyze samples of a continuous function. The term discrete-time refers to the fact that the transform operates on discrete data, often samples whose interval has units of time. From uniformly spaced samples it produces a function of frequency that is a periodic summation of the continuous Fourier transform of the original continuous function. Under certain theoretical conditions, described by the sampling theorem, the original continuous function can be recovered perfectly from the DTFT and thus from the original discrete samples. The DTFT itself is a continuous function of frequency, but discrete samples of it can be readily calculated via the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) (see ), which is by far the most common method of modern Fourier analysis. Both transforms are invertible. The inverse DTFT is the original sampled data sequence. The inverse DFT is a periodic summation of the original sequence. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm for computing one cycle of the DFT, and its inverse produces one cycle of the inverse DFT. Definition The discrete-time Fourier transform of a discrete sequence of real or complex numbers , for all integers , is a Trigonometric series, which produces a periodic function of a frequency variable. When the frequency variable, ฯ‰, has normalized units of radians/sample, the periodicity is , and the DTFT series is: The discrete-time Fourier transform is analogous to a Fourier series, except instead of starting with a periodic function of time and producing discrete sequence over frequency, it starts with a discrete sequence in time and produces a periodic function in frequency. The utility of this frequency domain function is rooted in the Poisson summation formula. Let be the Fourier transform of any function, , whose samples at some interval (seconds) are equal (or proportional) to the sequence, i.e. .ย  Then the periodic function represented by the Fourier series is a periodic summation of in terms of frequency in hertz (cycles/sec): The integer has units of cycles/sample, and is the sample-rate, (samples/sec). So comprises exact copies of that are shifted by multiples of hertz and combined by addition. For sufficiently large the term can be observed in the region with little or no distortion (aliasing) from the other terms. In Fig.1, the extremities of the distribution in the upper left corner are masked by aliasing in the periodic summation (lower left). We also note that is the Fourier transform of . Therefore, an alternative definition of DTFT is: The modulated Dirac comb function is a mathematical abstraction sometimes referred to as impulse sampling. Inverse transform An operation that recovers the discrete data sequence from the DTFT function is called an inverse DTFT. For instance, the inverse continuous Fourier transform of both sides of produces the sequence in the form of a modulated Dirac comb function: However, noting that is periodic, all the necessary information is contained within any interval of length . In both and , the summations over n are a Fourier series, with coefficients . The standard formulas for the Fourier coefficients are also the inverse transforms: Periodic data When the input data sequence is -periodic, can be computationally reduced to a discrete Fourier transform (DFT), because: All the available information is contained within samples. converges to zero everywhere except at integer multiples of , known as harmonic frequencies. At those frequencies, the DTFT diverges at different frequency-dependent rates. And those rates are given by the DFT of one cycle of the sequence. The DTFT is periodic, so the maximum number of unique harmonic amplitudes is The DFT coefficients are given by: ย  ย  and the DTFT is: ย  ย  ย  Substituting this expression into the inverse transform formula confirms: (all integers) as expected. The inverse DFT in the line above is sometimes referred to as a Discrete Fourier series (DFS). Sampling the DTFT When the DTFT is continuous, a common practice is to compute an arbitrary number of samples () of one cycle of the periodic function :ย  where is a periodic summation: ย  ย  (see Discrete Fourier series) The sequence is the inverse DFT. Thus, our sampling of the DTFT causes the inverse transform to become periodic. The array of values is known as a periodogram, and the parameter is called NFFT in the Matlab function of the same name. In order to evaluate one cycle of numerically, we require a finite-length sequence. For instance, a long sequence might be truncated by a window function of length resulting in three cases worthy of special mention. For notational simplicity, consider the values below to represent the values modified by the window function. Case: Frequency decimation. , for some integer (typically 6 or 8) A cycle of reduces to a summation of segments of length .ย  The DFT then goes by various names, such as: window-presum FFT Weight, overlap, add (WOLA) polyphase DFT polyphase filter bank multiple block windowing and time-aliasing. Recall that decimation of sampled data in one domain (time or frequency) produces overlap (sometimes known as aliasing) in the other, and vice versa. Compared to an -length DFT, the summation/overlap causes decimation in frequency, leaving only DTFT samples least affected by spectral leakage. That is usually a priority when implementing an FFT filter-bank (channelizer). With a conventional window function of length , scalloping loss would be unacceptable. So multi-block windows are created using FIR filter design tools.ย  Their frequency profile is flat at the highest point and falls off quickly at the midpoint between the remaining DTFT samples. The larger the value of parameter , the better the potential performance. Case: . When a symmetric, -length window function () is truncated by 1 coefficient it is called periodic or DFT-even. The truncation affects the DTFT.ย  A DFT of the truncated sequence samples the DTFT at frequency intervals of . To sample at the same frequencies, for comparison, the DFT is computed for one cycle of the periodic summation, Case: Frequency interpolation. In this case, the DFT simplifies to a more familiar form: In order to take advantage of a fast Fourier transform algorithm for computing the DFT, the summation is usually performed over all terms, even though of them are zeros. Therefore, the case is often referred to as zero-padding. Spectral leakage, which increases as decreases, is detrimental to certain important performance metrics, such as resolution of multiple frequency components and the amount of noise measured by each DTFT sample. But those things don't always matter, for instance when the sequence is a noiseless sinusoid (or a constant), shaped by a window function. Then it is a common practice to use zero-padding to graphically display and compare the detailed leakage patterns of window functions. To illustrate that for a rectangular window, consider the sequence: and Figures 2 and 3 are plots of the magnitude of two different sized DFTs, as indicated in their labels. In both cases, the dominant component is at the signal frequency: . Also visible in Fig 2 is the spectral leakage pattern of the rectangular window. The illusion in Fig 3 is a result of sampling the DTFT at just its zero-crossings. Rather than the DTFT of a finite-length sequence, it gives the impression of an infinitely long sinusoidal sequence. Contributing factors to the illusion are the use of a rectangular window, and the choice of a frequency (1/8 = 8/64) with exactly 8 (an integer) cycles per 64 samples. A Hann window would produce a similar result, except the peak would be widened to 3 samples (see DFT-even Hann window). Convolution The convolution theorem for sequences is: An important special case is the circular convolution of sequences and defined by where is a periodic summation. The discrete-frequency nature of means that the product with the continuous function is also discrete, which results in considerable simplification of the inverse transform: For and sequences whose non-zero duration is less than or equal to , a final simplification is: The significance of this result is explained at Circular convolution and Fast convolution algorithms. Symmetry properties When the real and imaginary parts of a complex function are decomposed into their even and odd parts, there are four components, denoted below by the subscripts RE, RO, IE, and IO. And there is a one-to-one mapping between the four components of a complex time function and the four components of its complex frequency transform: From this, various relationships are apparent, for example: The transform of a real-valued function () is the even symmetric function . Conversely, an even-symmetric transform implies a real-valued time-domain. The transform of an imaginary-valued function () is the odd symmetric function , and the converse is true. The transform of an even-symmetric function () is the real-valued function , and the converse is true. The transform of an odd-symmetric function () is the imaginary-valued function , and the converse is true. Relationship to the Z-transform is a Fourier series that can also be expressed in terms of the bilateral Z-transform.ย  I.e.: where the notation distinguishes the Z-transform from the Fourier transform. Therefore, we can also express a portion of the Z-transform in terms of the Fourier transform: Note that when parameter changes, the terms of remain a constant separation apart, and their width scales up or down. The terms of remain a constant width and their separation scales up or down. Table of discrete-time Fourier transforms Some common transform pairs are shown in the table below. The following notation applies: is a real number representing continuous angular frequency (in radians per sample). ( is in cycles/sec, and is in sec/sample.) In all cases in the table, the DTFT is 2ฯ€-periodic (in ). designates a function defined on . designates a function defined on , and zero elsewhere. Then: is the Dirac delta function is the normalized sinc function is the triangle function is an integer representing the discrete-time domain (in samples) is the discrete-time unit step function is the Kronecker delta Properties This table shows some mathematical operations in the time domain and the corresponding effects in the frequency domain. is the discrete convolution of two sequences is the complex conjugate of . See also Least-squares spectral analysis Multidimensional transform Zak transform Notes Page citations References Further reading Transforms Fourier analysis Digital signal processing
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK%204.6%C3%9730mm
HK 4.6ร—30mm
HK 4.6ร—30mm (C.I.P.๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ •)์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœย ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ™”๊ธฐ์ธ ํ—คํด๋Ÿฌ&์ฝ”ํย MP7์˜ ํƒ„์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.ย ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฐ˜๋™์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ ๊ด€ํ†ต๋ ฅ์„ ๋Š˜๋ ธ๋‹ค.ย ์ƒ๊น€์ƒˆ๋Š” ์‡ ๋ฅผ ํ™ฉ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์‹ผ ํƒ„๋‘์™€ย ๋ณ‘๋ชฉํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํƒ„ํ”ผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 4.6ร—30mm ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” 1999๋…„์— ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. FN ํ•ด๋ฅด์Šคํƒˆ์˜ย 5.7ร—28mm ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•ญ๋งˆ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ํƒ„ํ”ผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด 4.6ร—30mm ํƒ„์•ฝ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์†Œ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ํƒ„๋‘๋Š” ์กฐ์ค€์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์‰ฌ์šด ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„๋‘์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ย ๋ฐ˜๋™์— ๋งŽ์ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค. CRISATํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ์ž‘์€ ์ง๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ํƒ„์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€ํ†ต๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4.6ร—30mm์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ์ข… ๋„๋‹ฌ์‹œ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ™์ด ํƒ„๋„ํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋คํ”„ ํŠนํžˆ ๋งˆํ‹ด ํŒฉํด๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์™„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋บ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”˜๋‹ค.ย ์Šฌ๋กœ์šฐ ๋ชจ์…˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์—์„œ 4.6mmํƒ„์ด ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์กฐ์ง ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํƒ„ํ™˜์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด ์•ž์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์กฐ์ง์„ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค์–ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ๋Š” "์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋คํ”„"์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ„๋‘์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์šด๋™์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” 9x19mm์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ถŒ์ด ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค.ย  ๋‚˜ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 5.7ร—28mmํƒ„ํ™˜์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜€์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. NATO๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ "5.7ร—28mm์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž„์€ ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํ†  ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด 5.7ร—28mmํƒ„์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ(27% ์ด์ƒ)๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์—๋Š” ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋…ธ์ถœํ•œ 5.7ร—28mmํƒ„ํ™˜์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ ย 4.6ร—30mmํƒ„ํ™˜๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ด์—ด๋งˆ๋ชจ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค.ย ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 5.7ร—28mm๋Š”ย 5.56ร—45mm ๋‚˜ํ† ํƒ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํ† ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์ง€์ ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€ 5.7ร—28mmํƒ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ™”๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ œ์ž‘๋œ 4.6ร—30mmํƒ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ™”๊ธฐ ๋ฐ 5.7ร—28mm FN ํŒŒ์ด๋ธŒ-์„ธ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ถŒ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ  4.6ร—30mmํƒ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œย ํ—คํด๋Ÿฌ&์ฝ”ํ UCP ๊ถŒ์ด์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋…์ผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ 5.7ร—28mmํƒ„์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” NATO์˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ์„ย ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๊ณต์ •์ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ•œ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ 4.6ร—30mmํƒ„ํ”ผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 0.87ml (13.4gr H2O)์ด๋‹ค. 4.6ร—30mm C.I.P. ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ(mm)๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํƒ„ํ”ผ์˜ ์•ŒํŒŒ/2โ‰ˆ ์–ด๊นจ ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ 22๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ย ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ•์„ ย ๋น„ํ‹€๋ฆผ์€ 160 mm(6.3์ธ์น˜๋‹น 1ํšŒ์ „)์ด๊ณ  6๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™ˆ์ด ํŒŒ์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์ง€๋ฆ„ =4.52 mm, ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด ์ง€๋ฆ„= 4.65 mm, ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ ๋„ˆ๋น„=1.21 mm์ด๊ณ ย ์†Œ์ดย ๋‡Œ๊ด€ ํƒ€์ž…์ด๋‹ค. C.I.P.(ํ™”๊ธฐํ‘œ์ค€์•ˆ์ „์‹คํ—˜๊ธฐ๊ด€)์ด ๊ทœ์ œํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์ฝค๋ณด๋Š” ํŒ๋งค์šฉ์ž„์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ตœ๋Œ€ C.I.P. ์••๋ ฅ 125%์„ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ย ํ˜„์žฌ(2018) ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ 4.6ร—30mmํƒ„์„ ์žฅ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” C.I.P. ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œย  PE piezo ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” 5.7ร—28mm์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ 1993๋…„์— ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ˜„์žฌ 4.6ร—30mm์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 4.6ร—30mm ํƒ„์•ฝ์€ RUAG ์•„๋ชจํ…, ํ”ผ์˜ค์น˜,ย BAE ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ RUAG๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์ „ํˆฌ ์ข…๊ฒฐ์ž 2g DM11 ๊ด€ํ†ตํƒ„ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 4.6ร—30mm ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€(DM11 ๊ด€ํ†ต์ด)๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 6.5g์ด๊ณ  2g์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋„๊ธˆ๋œ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ํƒ„ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์†๋„๋Š”์ด๋‹ค. DM11 ๊ด€ํ†ตํƒ„ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” MP7์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํƒ„ํ™˜์€ย 300๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋„ ๋” ๋จผ NATO CRISAT ํ‘œ์ ์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํƒ„์•ฝ์€ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œ์ ๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€ํ†ต๋ ฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์† V0 V100๋Š” G1 ํƒ„๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 0.141์—์„œ 0.150(ํƒ„๋„๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  DM11 ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์ดํƒ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ (๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฐ€๋„ ฯ = 1.225 kg/m3)ย ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œย DM11 ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ย 200m๋ฅผ ์•ฝ ๋งˆํ•˜1.25(425 m/s)์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์ „์šฉ ์ง‘ํ–‰์ž 2gย ์ค‘๊ณตํƒ„ ์ž‘์—… 4.6ร—30mm ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 6.5g๋กœ 2g ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์•„์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ธˆ(ํ™ฉ๋™)์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ํƒ„๋‘๋Š” ์†์ด ๋น„์–ด 700 m/s(2,300 ft/s)์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” MP7์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํƒ„์•ฝ์€ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œ์ ์— ๋‹ฟ์„ ์‹œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์•Œ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฌธ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ์„ฌ์œ  ๋ฐฉํƒ„๋ณต ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ ํ‘œ์ ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋šซ๋Š” ๊ด€ํ†ต๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ตฌ ์†๋„ V0ย V50๋Š” G1 ํƒ„๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์•ฝ 0.112์—์„œ 0.119์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ (๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฐ€๋„ ฯ = 1.225 kg/m3)ย ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œย ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ย 200m๋ฅผ 2g์˜ ํƒ„๋‘๋Š” ์•ฝ ๋งˆํ•˜1.67(586 m/s ๋˜๋Š” 1923 f/s)๋กœ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์ „์šฉ ์ง‘ํ–‰์ž ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ: ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฒ”์œ„: -30 ยฐC to+52 ยฐC 0m์—์„œ ์†๋„/์—๋„ˆ์ง€: 700 m/s/480 ์ค„ 50m์—์„œ ์†๋„/์—๋„ˆ์ง€: 568 m/s/322 ์ค„ ํƒ„๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ C1: 0.112-0.119(ICAO)/(Army Metro) ํ‰๊ท  ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์••๋ ฅ: max. 400MPa 25m์—์„œ ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด 20% ํ•จ์œ  ํ‘œ์  ๊ด€ํ†ต :ย < 30 cm 50m ํ‘œ์  ์ •ํ™•๋„: ์ง€๋ฆ„ 5ย  cm ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„: 2.7g ์ฒ ๊ฐ‘ํƒ„ 4.6ร—30mm 4.6ร—30mm์ฒ ๊ฐ‘ํƒ„์€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ 7g๋กœ 2.7g๋Š” ์•ˆํ‹ฐ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ™”๋‚ฉโ€“ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋„๊ธˆ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์Œ“์€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋กœ 600 m/s(2,000 ft/s)์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” MP7์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํƒ„์•ฝ์€ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œ์ ์— ๋‹ฟ์„ ์‹œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์•Œ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์ข‹์€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.ย ์ด๊ตฌ ์†๋„ V0 V50๋Š” G1 ํƒ„๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์•ฝ 0.171์—์„œ 0.187์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ (๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฐ€๋„ ฯ = 1.225 kg/m3)ย ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œย ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ย 200m๋ฅผ 2.7g์˜ ํƒ„๋‘๋Š” ์•ฝ ๋งˆํ•˜1.36(463 m/s)๋กœ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๊ฐ‘ํƒ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ: ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฒ”์œ„: -54 ยฐC ๋ฐ+52 ยฐC 0m์—์„œ ์†๋„/์—๋„ˆ์ง€: 600 m/s/544 ์ค„ 100m์—์„œ ์†๋„/์—๋„ˆ์ง€: 463 m/s/320 ์ค„ ํƒ„๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ C1: 0.171-0.187(ICAO)/(Army Metro) ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์••๋ ฅ: max. 400MPa 25m์—์„œ ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด 20% ํ•จ์œ  ํ‘œ์  ๊ด€ํ†ต: < 35 cm 100m ํ‘œ์  ์ •ํ™•๋„: ์ง€๋ฆ„ 8 cm ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์œ„: ~300 (HK๋Š” ์ฒ ๊ฐ‘ํƒ„์ด ๋” ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ํƒ„๋‘๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…€ "์ „ํˆฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ•์ฒ ํƒ„๋‘"๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.) ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ„ํ™˜ VBR์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒํŽธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” 4.6ร—30mm์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ช…์ƒ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ์ฒด ์ค‘์š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ—คํด๋Ÿฌ&์ฝ”ํ๋Š” ํ”ผ์˜ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํƒ„์•ฝ ๋์ด ๊ฒ€์€ CPS ๊ฐ€ 525J์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๊ตฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ 9ร—19mm ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์™€ ๊ฒฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ด๊ธฐ Heckler & Koch MP7 Heckler & Koch UCP ST Kinetics CPW TVGK VBR-CQBW ์ฐธ์กฐ C.I.P. decisions, texts and tables (free current C.I.P. CD-ROM version download (ZIP and RAR format)) RUAG Ammotec 2.0 g German Army 4.6ร—30mm Penetrator DM11 cartridge factsheet RUAG Ammotec 2.0 g Law Enforcement 4.6ร—30mm cartridge factsheet RUAG Ammotec 2.7 g Ball 4.6ร—30mm cartridge factsheet ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ UCP overview on world.guns.ru MP7 PDW overview on world.guns.ru PDW and 4.6 ammo overview on hkpro.com JBM Small Arms Ballistics Ballistic Coefficient (Velocity) Calculator ๊ถŒ์ด๊ณผ ์†Œ์ด ํƒ„์•ฝํ†ต
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK%204.6%C3%9730mm
HK 4.6ร—30mm
The 4.6ร—30mm (designated as the 4,6 ร— 30 by the C.I.P.) cartridge is a small-caliber, high-velocity, smokeless powder, rebated, bottleneck, centerfire cartridge designed for personal defense weapons (PDW) developed by German armament manufacturer Heckler & Koch (HK) in 1999. It was designed primarily for the MP7 PDW to minimize weight and recoil, while increasing penetration of body armor. It features a pointed, steel-core, brass-jacketed bullet. Development The 4.6ร—30mm cartridge was introduced in 1999 as a competitor to FN Herstal's 5.7ร—28mm cartridge. Heckler & Koch started the development of a semi-automatic handgun for their 4.6ร—30mm PDW cartridge, but Heckler & Koch cancelled the Ultimate Combat Pistol (UCP) at the prototype stage. Overview Compared to standard intermediate cartridges one can carry more 4.6ร—30mm ammunition due to the lower weight and relatively small dimensions of the cartridge. Also, due to the lower weight of the bullet, aiming in rapid fire is much easier as recoil depends much on the weight of the bullet. CRISAT testing shows that because of the smaller diameter and high projectile velocity of the round, body armor penetration is higher than that of traditional handgun projectiles. A series of tests performed by NATO in the United Kingdom and France indicated that 5.7ร—28mm was a superior cartridge. The results of the NATO tests were analyzed by a group of experts from France, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom and the group's conclusion was that the 5.7ร—28mm was "undoubtedly" the more efficient cartridge. Among other points, the NATO group cited superior effectiveness (27% greater) for the 5.7ร—28mm against unprotected targets and equal effectiveness against protected targets. It also cited less sensitivity to extreme temperatures for the 5.7ร—28mm and cited a greater potential risk of barrel erosion with the 4.6ร—30mm. In addition, the group pointed out that 5.7ร—28mm is close to the 5.56ร—45mm NATO by its design and manufacture process, allowing it to be manufactured on existing production lines. The group also pointed out that 5.7ร—28mm weapons are more mature than 4.6ร—30mm weapons, and the 5.7ร—28mm FN Five-seveN pistol was already in production at that time, while the 4.6ร—30mm Heckler & Koch UCP pistol was still only an early concept. However, the German delegation and others rejected the NATO recommendation that 5.7ร—28mm be standardized, and as a result, the standardization process was indefinitely halted, though both cartridges would ultimately be standardized by NATO with STANAG 4509 for 5.7ร—28mm and STANAG 4820 for 4.6ร—30mm respectively. Cartridge dimensions The 4.6ร—30mm has 0.87 mL (13.4 grains) H2O cartridge case capacity. 4.6ร—30mm maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions; all sizes in millimeters (mm). Americans define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 โ‰ˆ 22 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 160ย mm (1 in 6.3ย in), 6 grooves, ร˜ lands = 4.52ย mm, ร˜ grooves = 4.65ย mm, land width = 1.21ย mm and the primer type is small rifle. According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes ร  Feu Portatives) rulings, the 4.6ร—30mm can handle up to Pmax (the nominal maximum) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries, every rifle cartridge combination has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to be certified for sale to consumers, referred to as "PE". This means that 4.6ร—30mm chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2018) proof tested at PE piezo pressure. Despite the relatively high Pmax the bolt thrust of the 4.6ร—30mm is on a similar level when compared with traditional service sidearm cartridges. The Belgian 5.7ร—28mm cartridge introduced in 1993 is probably the closest currently available ballistic twin of the 4.6ร—30mm. The 4.6ร—30mm ammunition is produced by RUAG Ammotec, Fiocchi and BAE Systems. Variations 2 g DM11 Penetrator Ultimate Combat The German Army version of the 4.6ร—30mm cartridge (DM11 Penetrator) weighs 6.5ย g and uses a 2-g copper-plated steel bullet projectile at muzzle velocity. The DM11 Penetrator cartridge is designed for the MP7. The Ultimate Combat can penetrate the NATO CRISAT target at more than 200 meters. This ammunition combines energy transfer in soft targets and very good penetration. The muzzle velocity V0 and V100 indicate a G1 ballistic coefficient of approximately 0.141 to 0.150 (BCs are somewhat debatable) making the DM11 projectile aerodynamically more efficient compared to typical service handgun projectiles, but less efficient compared to typical assault rifle projectiles. At the stated effective range of 200ย m, the DM11 projectile will be traveling at approximately Machย 1.25 (425ย m/s) under International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) conditions at sea level (air density ฯย =ย 1.225ย kg/m3). 2 g Action Law Enforcement hollow point The Action 4.6ร—30mm Law Enforcement cartridge weighs 6.5 g and is loaded with a 2 g CuZn-alloy (brass) solid hollow point projectile that achieves 700ย m/s (2,300ย ft/s) muzzle velocity. The cartridge is designed for the MP7. This ammunition is optimized for energy transfer in soft targets and to offer decent penetration performance on hard and combined targets like car doors or glass and body armor. The muzzle velocity V0 and V50 indicate a G1 ballistic coefficient of 0.112 to 0.119. At the stated effective range of 200ย m, the 2ย g Action projectile travels at approximately Machย 1.67 (586ย m/s or 1923ย f/s) under International Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level (air density ฯ = 1.225ย kg/m3). Action Law Enforcement cartridge technical data: Temperature range: -30ย ยฐC to +52ย ยฐC Velocity, energy at 0 m: 700ย m/s, 480 joules Velocity, energy at 50 m: 568ย m/s, 322 joules Ballistic coefficient C 1: 0.112-0.119 (ICAO)/(Army Metro) Mean chamber pressure: max. 400 MPa Penetration in 20% gelatine: bare at 25 m: < 30ย cm Accuracy at 50 m: ร˜ 5ย cm Effective service range: 2.7 g full metal jacket 4.6ร—30mm The ball 4.6ร—30mm cartridge weighs 7ย g and is loaded with a 2.7 g full metal jacket projectile with a PbSb-alloy core and a copper-plated steel jacket that achieves 600ย m/s (2,000ย ft/s) muzzle velocity. The cartridge is designed for the MP7. This ammunition is optimized for energy transfer in soft targets and offers good precision. The muzzle velocity V0 and V100 indicate a G1 ballistic coefficient of 0.171 to 0.187. At the stated effective range of 200ย m, the 2.7 g ball projectile travels at approximately Machย 1.36 (463ย m/s) under International Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level (air density ฯย =ย 1.225ย kg/m3). Ball cartridge technical data: Temperature range: between -54ย ยฐC and +52ย ยฐC Velocity, energy at 0 m: 600ย m/s, 486 Joules Velocity, energy at 100 m: 463ย m/s, 320 Joules Ballistic coefficient C 1: 0.171-0.187 (ICAO)/(Army Metro) Mean chamber pressure: max. 400 MPa Penetration in gelatine bare at 25 m: < 35ย cm Accuracy at 100 m: ร˜ 8ย cm Effective range:~ (HK claims that the FMJ round has more retained energy than the "Combat Steel" due to the FMJ's heavier projectile.) Others VBR produces a 4.6ร—30mm two-part controlled fragmenting projectile that is claimed to increase the content of the permanent wound cavity and double the chance to hit a vital organ. Heckler & Koch claims that the CPS Black Tip ammunition made by Fiocchi has a muzzle energy of approximately 525ย J that is comparable to 9ร—19mm rounds. See also References C.I.P. decisions, texts and tables (free current C.I.P. CD-ROM version download (ZIP and RAR format)) RUAG Ammotec 2.0 g German Army 4.6ร—30mm Penetrator DM11 cartridge factsheet RUAG Ammotec 2.0 g Law Enforcement 4.6ร—30mm cartridge factsheet RUAG Ammotec 2.7 g Ball 4.6ร—30mm cartridge factsheet External links PDW and 4.6 ammo overview on hkpro.com JBM Small Arms Ballistics Ballistic Coefficient (Velocity) Calculator Pistol and rifle cartridges Military cartridges HK 4.6ร—30mm firearms NATO cartridges
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EB%B8%94%EB%A1%9C%20%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%A8%ED%83%88
๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด๋ชจํƒˆ
ใ€Š๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด๋ชจํƒˆใ€‹(Diablo Immortal)์€ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋„ท์ด์ฆˆ์™€ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์ฟผํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์•ก์…˜ ๋กคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ž‰ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‹ค. ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฒ„์ ผ์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ์ž‘์ง„์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ2๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ3 ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด๋ชจํƒˆ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ์—ญ(Sanctuary)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 2์™€ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 3์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์„ฑ์—ญ์˜ ์„œ๋ ฅ์ธ ์ž์นด๋ฃธ ์„œ๋ ฅ 1265๋…„์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 2 'ํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ' ์ข…๊ฒฐ ํ›„ 5๋…„ํ›„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ 1270๋…„์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด๋ชจํƒˆ์˜ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์‹œ์˜ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 3์˜ ์ง์—… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์•…๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์ฆˆ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์Šคํ†ฐ์˜ ์˜์›…์ธ ์•…๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ ๋ฐœ๋ผ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์•…๋งˆ ์•„์ฆˆ๋ชจ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์•Œ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด '๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์ž‘๊ฐ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๋ฐ๋ชจ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ RPG ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ธ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ํŒจ๋“œ ์กฐ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ„ฐ์น˜ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ทธ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋™๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šคํ‚ฌ๋“ค์— ์ฟจํƒ€์ž„์ด ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 1, 2๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํ‰๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๋งต์˜ ๋žœ๋ค ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋งต๋งŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๋น„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ชจ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด๋ชจํƒˆ์€ ์•„์ดํ…œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ž๋™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘์ง„์˜ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ •์€ ์œ ์ง€๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์žฅ๋น„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 3์˜ ์•„์ดํ…œ ์กฐ์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(๋งˆ๋ฒ•๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋“ฑ)์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฃฌ์›Œ๋“œ, ์†Œ์ผ“ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 2์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ˜น์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋งค์žฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์•„์ดํ…œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์›์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 3์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ์žฌํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ œ์ž‘์ง„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฝ๋งค์žฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋„์ž…๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 3 ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋งค์žฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•ด ์˜ฌ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ์š”์†Œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ž…์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ์•„์ง ํ™•์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 'ํŽ˜์ด ํˆฌ ์œˆ(pay to win)'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ์˜ ์•ž์„  ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง์—… ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด๋ชจํƒˆ์€ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง์—…์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ 3์˜ ์ง์—…๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋‘์ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅํŒฉ ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋Š” ์ž์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ์ง์—…์ธ ๊ฐ•๋ น์ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ง์—…์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋งŒ์šฉ์‚ฌ : ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ž‘์ž์ด์ž ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฆฌ์•— ์‚ฐ์— ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์•ผ๋งŒ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฌด์ž๋น„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์„ ์ง“์ด๊ฒจ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋„์‚ฌ : ๋ฏผ์ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ์ „์‚ฌ์ด์ž ๋ฌด์ˆ ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋„์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋•…๊ณผ, ์ผ์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ ๋ช…์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ธŒ๊ทธ๋กœ๋“œ ์‹ ๋“ค์ด ํ’ˆ์€ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋น„ํ•  ๋ฐ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„์ฐ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ผ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ : ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•™๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋น„์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ น ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋น„์ „ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์„ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด ํ”์ ๋„ ์—†์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋ชธ์ด ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ€์„œ์ง€๋„๋ก ์–ผ๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๊นŒ๋งŒ ์ž”ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ถˆํƒœ์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ „์‚ฌ : ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท์„ ์ž…์€ ์ง„๋…ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋„ ์„ฑ์ „์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ ์•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ๋„๋ฆฌ๊นจ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์ „์‚ฌ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•…์„ ์ฒ˜๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋•…์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•…๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ : ๋ณต์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์— ๋ถˆํƒ€๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์ž ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํผ๋ถ“๋Š” ๋ƒ‰ํ˜นํ•œ ์‹ฌํŒ์ž์ธ ์•…๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์€, ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์•…๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•™์‚ด๋‹นํ•œ ์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ํ•™์‚ด์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆํƒ€๋Š” ์ง€์˜ฅ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ฆ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›์€ ์•…๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ฐ์„ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ น์ˆ ์‚ฌ : ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์ด์ž ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž ๋ผํŠธ๋งˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ œ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํž˜์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํž˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์„ฑ์—ญ์„ ์•…๋งˆ์™€ ์ฒœ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ง€์ผœ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ใ€Š๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด๋ชจํƒˆใ€‹์€ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์™€ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์‚ฌ ๋„ท์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ใ€Š๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœใ€‹๋ฅผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋’€๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 8์›” 8์ผ ๊ฐœ์ œ๋œ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ์˜ ์ฐจ๊ธฐ์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” 3์ผ, ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ปจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์‹์—์„œ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ฐ iOS์šฉ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ „ 2018๋…„ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ปจ์—์„œ์˜ ใ€Š์ด๋ชจํƒˆใ€‹ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ Q&A์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ์™“ ์ณ‰์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐœํ‘œ์— "๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋†“์นœ ๋งŒ์šฐ์ ˆ ๋†๋‹ด"์ธ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‘ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ '์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์ž ์ฒญ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์•ผ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฐœ๋งค ์˜ˆ์ • ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ IOS ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์•ก์…˜ ๋กคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ž‰ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋กœ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋กคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ž‰ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ iOS ๊ฒŒ์ž„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo%20Immortal
Diablo Immortal
Diablo Immortal is a free-to-play, massively multiplayer online action role-playing video game developed by Blizzard Entertainment and NetEase. A mobile game in the Diablo series, it is set between the events of Diablo II and Diablo III. Players control a character of their chosen class: Barbarian, Wizard, Monk, Necromancer, Demon Hunter, Crusader, or Blood Knight; they must locate and destroy hidden shards of the Worldstone, to prevent Skarn, the Lord of Damnation, from destroying the world of Sanctuary. Development of Diablo Immortal began with the aim of creating a Diablo game centered around touch controls for those who predominantly played on mobile, but was later expanded to also support game controllers and PC. The game incorporates a business model which allows players to unlock content through microtransactions, though almost all content can also be obtained through gameplay without paying. The announcement of Diablo Immortal at BlizzCon in 2018 was met with a largely negative response from Diablo fans, who had anticipated a game designed for PC. It was released on Android and iOS on June 2, 2022, for countries mainly outside of the Asia-Pacific region, with a beta release for Windows on the same date. The game's Asia-Pacific release was delayed several days before its original date, with most releases taking place on July 8, 2022, and its China launch on July 25, 2022. Immortal received mixed reviews, with praise for its combat, graphics, and the adaption of Diablo to mobile, while criticism targeted the plot, voice acting, and the game's focus on microtransactions. It became the lowest user-rated game on Metacritic in response to microtransactions and the progression system. Immortal had the biggest launch in the franchise's history with over ten-million downloads, reaching 30 million downloads by the end of July 2022. Gameplay Core gameplay Diablo Immortal is a free-to-play massively multiplayer online (MMO) action role-playing game (ARPG), designed initially for play on mobile devices. It is an online-only game, requiring an internet connection during play. The game also features cross-save functionality, linking the player's progress to their Battle.net account and allowing them to continue across multiple devices. The fast-paced, arcade-like Immortal has many gameplay similarities to Diablo III (such as destructible environments); however, while it retains the vibrant art style of Diablo III, the game's tone is closer to the more sombre style of Diablo II. It features the isometric graphic style common to games in the series. Many of the game's activities are designed to be small in size (Blizzard advise that dungeons, though similar to those from the prior games, average 10โ€“15 minutes in length, with shorter activities lasting 1โ€“5 minutes), so they can fit with the shorter play sessions common to mobile gaming; however, unlike many games in the free-to-play mobile space, Immortal does not feature an "energy" system to limit the amount of free play time available. Players can create one or more characters to use within the game. When creating a character, players select one of the game's six character classes: Barbarian, Wizard, Monk, Necromancer, Demon Hunter, and Crusader, each with 12 unlockable skills (from which the player chooses five to use concurrently). For example, the Barbarian class's skills include slamming a hammer and turning into a whirlwind, whereas the Wizard's skills include a beam of electricity that boomerangs back to its source, dealing damage twice. "Charms" can also be acquired within the game and equipped to further increase skill effectiveness and change how they function. Unlike previous games in the series, Immortal features a "Class Change" system, by which players can change the class of an existing character and receive a new set of "appropriate" items without having to reset their progress (although focusing on a specific class may ultimately yield advantages, such as a broader range of available gameplay styles). The class change option has no in-game or microtransaction cost; however players are limited to using it once per week for a given character. The game is designed primarily for touchscreen devices, with virtual controls that overlay the display: a directional thumbstick and skill buttons. Skills feature auto-aim (generally towards the nearest enemy), but the player can manually aim each skill by holding down its corresponding button. Some skills will also "charge" while their button is held, increasing aspects such as damage and area of effect. Alternatively, players can control the game using a connected gamepad: movement and aiming are controlled with the analogue sticks; attacks, potions, and interactions are controlled by the front-facing buttons; and skills are triggered using the top bumpers & triggers (although these bindings can be changed in the game's settings). When played using a mouse and keyboard, Immortal supports movement using the WASD keys (a first for PC games in the series), allowing for movement with one hand alongside combat-based commands using the mouse. Unlike previous games in the Diablo series, mana and other class-specific resources have been removed from Immortal, in favor of a cooldown-based system for skills (with typical cooldown times ranging from 8โ€“12 seconds). Performing attacks will also fill the character's "Ultimate meter", which, when filled, allows the use of more powerful attacks, amplifying the perks of the character's basic attack, for a limited time period. Rifts and other activities Outside of the game's primary storyline missions, other activities include random quests which appear during exploration, "bounties" (such as defeating specific enemies or creating specific items), "challenge rifts" (randomly-generated, time-limited dungeons with ever-increasing levels of difficulty), and "elder rifts". Elder rifts are similar to challenge rifts, but can be modified using "crests" (available on a daily basis) and "legendary crests" for greater reward, the latter of which guarantee a "legendary" (i.e. top-level) gem upon completion. The "Helliquary" is a feature which unlocks by player level 45. Players gain the ability to hunt, trap, and then defeat "boss demons" (each with a recommended offense and defence rating) as part of 8-player raids. Defeating these enemies earns players trophies, which they can place within their Helliquary, granting permanent character bonuses. The development team intend for the game to introduce a new boss each month. In the "Legacy of the Horadrim", players are rewarded for completing specific in-game achievements with "vessels". These items can be inserted into a shrine under Westmarch to unlock character bonuses. Located close to the shrine is a daily-refreshing dungeon, which can be cleared to gain resources for enhancing the vessels to gain additional bonuses. Character progression Through gameplay, characters earn experience points, which allow them to increase their level. As characters increase in level, they become more powerful, earning new skills and increasing the power of existing skills. Each character class has its own system of progression. Once a player's character has reached the game's level cap (which is 60 at launch,, though Blizzard has announced plans to increase this later), they can achieve additional "paragon levels", which can be invested into one of four categories (each with their own talent tree of 100 levels): Survivor (increasing odds of survival), Treasure Hunter (increased odds of finding gold and other in-game items), Vanquisher (increasing combat effectiveness against non-player enemies), and Gladiator (increasing combat effectiveness against other players). At paragon level 150, additional paragon trees are unlocked called Soldier (Party based PvP) and Mastermind (Party buffs that are enhanced when grouping with 4 separate classes). Blizzard has stated that it plans to add additional paragon trees to the game following its initial release. Towards the end of 2022, 3 more paragon specializations were released to players that was unlockable at a much higher paragon level. Massacre (Kill streak focused enhancements), Brawler (Defense bolstering party buffs), Duelist (Chaining skills together increasing damage). Duelist became a favorite among fans. Higher paragon levels can also result in players finding items with higher statistics than the base versions. Loot system Defeated enemies and opened treasure chests drop items ("loot"), and NPCs sell similar items in exchange for the in-game currency of gold. Some loot items are also specific to particular enemies. These items can be equipped via a pop-up button or via the game's inventory screen. Such equipment can also be made more powerful by inserting "gems", and via the game's "rank up" system, which uses materials salvaged from other items to make "rare" and "legendary" level items more effective. Such ranks also be transferred from one item to another, ensuring that resources can be invested in progress even prior to acquiring a specific item. Once a legendary-level gem reaches rank 10, it can be used to "awaken" the item it's inserted into, resulting in improved bonuses and a new appearance (such as flames, or swirls of energy). Players can also use any additional legendary gems in their possession to "resonate" with others, increasing both their bonus and cosmetic effect. Players can also obtain items that belong to a set from specific locations in the game. Item sets in Immortal occupy the six "secondary" slots (hands, feet, neck, waist, and two rings). Equipping two, four, or six items from the same set yields additional bonuses that grant non-class-specific benefits, such as increased healing or extra damage dealt. In addition to items which change character statistics, the game also offers purely cosmetic items, which can be equipped to change the appearance of a character without altering gameplay. Some cosmetic items are available for specific factions to unlock for free by raising their "Dominance" statistic to specific levels. The game features a cross-player "marketplace" in which players can buy and sell materials and gems; however, to avoid repeating controversial issues from the "auction house" feature in Diablo III, the marketplace does not allow purchase or trading of equipment items, which must be earned through gameplay. Multiplayer activities MMO features Although all of Immortal's core activities can be completed by a solo player, in the style of other MMO games, players can encounter each other when exploring. They can also form temporary parties of up to four players, or create more permanent "Warbands" of up to 8 players, to play through "dynamic events" together. Warbands can also occupy and explore the "Castle Cyrangar" location together, to earn additional benefits. Some of the high-level in-game dungeons and enemies are designed specifically to be tackled by groups of players cooperatively. These gameplay elements are similar to Blizzard's long-running MMO, World of Warcraft. The game also provides voice chat features, allowing players to communicate both with other members of their party, and with a broader range of players via "public" channels. Immortal also features clans for bringing together larger groups of players. Immortal supports cross-platform-play; however, players must be on the same in-game server in order to interact. A player character can be transferred between servers for free on the first occasion, with each subsequent transfer requiring a one-off purchase (and a wait period of 30 days). Player versus player combat In addition to cooperative multiplayer elements, the game also features competitive PVP. For example, some areas of the game feature treasure chests which respawn on a timed basis and can only be opened by the last player left alive in the area. Another PVP feature is "Battleground", an 8 vs. 8 mode, with a player ranking system. The "attackers" are charged withโ€”in orderโ€”destroying three "Sacred Guardians", escorting at least one of two "Zealous Idols", and destroying the other team's "Ancient Heart", with a separate time limit for each phase. The "defenders" win if they prevent any of those three tasks from being completed or tally enough opponent kills across all three phases. The "Cycle of Strife" The "Cycle of Strife" is an optional PVP system open to all players who have reached Immortal's "endgame" phase. Each of the game's servers allows up to 300 players within the "Immortals" faction, but an unlimited number of players to opt in as part of the "Shadows" faction. The feature is entirely optional for players; any players who do not opt in during a specific cycle are simply designated "Adventurers" not affiliated with either group. Shadows players attempt to displace the current Immortal players by changing their clans to "Dark Clans" and participating in the Shadows' activities. Immortals players also have designated activities, distinct from those of the Shadows. For example, Immortal players can participate in "Kion's Ordeal": a 48-player raid, with four groups of 12 players fighting four bosses simultaneously. Loot earned from elder rifts by Kion's Ordeal players is added to a vault, which gets handed out to Immortals players on a weekly basis. Shadows activities include "Raid the Vault", where 4 players attempt to steal from the Immortals' vault (beginning with PVE gameplay, until the Immortals send players to defend the vault). The "Wall of Honor", which is located in Westmarch for all players to view, details achievements of all Immortal faction leaders and their four lieutenants. Once the Shadows reach a sufficient level of progression, this will trigger "Rite of Exile" where the Dark Clans battle against each other. Victors from the Rite of Exile proceed to the "Challenge of the Immortal", whereby the top player from the Immortals is transformed into a boss (with powerful skills exclusive to that form), and must battle against the top 30 Shadow players in a 30 vs. 1 format. If the Immortal player defeats all 30 Shadows, the structure of these factions remains unchanged; however, if the Shadows are victorious, all 30 players are resurrected and must battle against each other in a battle royale to determine which Dark Clan becomes the new Immortals faction (with the victorious player becoming the new top Immortal, all other players being returned to "Adventurer" designation), at which point a new cycle begins. Cycles in the game are expected to last between one and three months. Premise Part of the Diablo series, Immortal takes place in the series' world of Sanctuary and is set 5 years after the events of Diablo II, but prior to Diablo III. Players begin their adventure in the town of Wortham, which is being threatened by cultists and the undead. They learn from recurring Diablo character Deckard Cain that they must locate and destroy shards of the Worldstone across the world of Sanctuary in order to prevent a world-threatening disaster, masterminded by the game's initial antagonist Skarn, the "Lord of Damnation." This journey continues into areas including the city of Westmarch (which serves as the game's main location for trade and social activities), Ashworld Cemetery, Dark Wood, the Shassar Sea, Mount Zavain (location of the Sanctified Earth Monastery), the Frozen Tundra (populated by Barbarian tribes), and the Stormpoint prison island. Other aspects of the game's plot focus on conflict between the "Immortals" (a group dedicated to the protection of Sanctuary) and the "Shadows" (a secret group established to test the Immortals) in what is known as the "Cycle of Strife". In the words of the game's principal designer, Scott Shicoff:"A long time ago, there was a powerful individual called Daedessa the Builder... she wanted to protect Sanctuary from demonic invasion but she wasn't a fighter. She was, however, a master crafter, and she created a powerful artifact called the Eternal Crown. She gave it to her son Kion... and charged him with forming a group whose sole purpose would be the protection of Sanctuary from the Burning Hells. Kion took this powerful artifact and created a guardian group which he called the Immortals. "Daedessa knew that power, especially that kind of power, can lead to complacency and corruption for even the best or most well-intentioned individuals like her son. So she gave her daughter Akeba a secret heavy burden. It would be Akeba's job to make sure that the Immortals would never falter or waver. That they were always worthy and capable of defending Sanctuary, as they were charged. So working in secret, Akeba found those brave enough to help her constantly test and challenge the Immortals. They would look for cracks and weaknesses and they would do everything they could to make sure the elite defenders of Sanctuary were always up to the task. She called this group the Shadows. "And should the Shadows ever prove stronger and more capable, they would overthrow the current reign and take up the Eternal Crown as the new Immortals. Which, of course, they eventually did, with Akeba becoming the next Immortal. But Akeba could never get too comfortable because she knew that as she rose up, so too would new Shadows to make sure she was always worthy of her station. And thus the Cycle of Strife was born." Business model Microtransactions Although free-to-play, Immortal features in-game microtransactions using real-world currencies. Blizzard has stated that these transactions are optional, and not required in order to access any core gameplay. According to Diablo general manager Rod Fergusson, "You can play every aspect of this game for free. You can play the entire campaign for free, you can play raids and the Cycle of Strife and everything, for free. And we're going to support it with new zones and dungeons and new character classes post-launch for free." Mike Ybarra, president of Blizzard, slightly amended this statement, saying that players "can literally do 99.5% of everything in the game" without spending real money. The in-game marketplace's currency of "platinum" can be obtained through free gameplay and the selling of materials, or via in-game purchase (though there is not an option to convert this back into currency outside of the game). Other in-game purchases, such as the "Boon of Plenty" (which has a fixed monthly limit), can be used to acquire the in-game currency of "eternal orbs" (a premium in-game currency used to purchase items such as cosmetics and platinum) and "legendary crests" (items used to improve the volume and rarity of rewards gained when completing "rift" dungeons; such as "legendary gems", for improving equipment). The legendary crest system has been classified as a "loot box" process, because of the random nature of their rewards. As an alternative to microtransactions, players can also earn "Telluric Pearls" through in-game rewards, then use them to craft powerful "5-star" legendary gems. Battle pass system In addition to level-based progressions, the game also features a Battle Pass reward system, which grants significant experience points, making it a way to speed up character progression (especially during the end-game content, once players have reached the level cap). The battle pass is leveled up by completing activities such as bounties, dungeons, and rifts. It is tied to seasons, within which there are both free and paid tiers available, with the paid tier focusing on additional opportunities to earn in-game currencies. Blizzard confirmed that seasons which encourage players to create a new character each time (as seen in Diablo III) are not planned for Immortal, which will focus instead on the concept of players retaining a single long-term character. Development Initial development Immortal was co-developed by Blizzard Entertainment and NetEase, the latter being Blizzard's partner for Chinese market releases. Blizzard intended to bring the core Diablo experience to the smartphone platform, making interface design choices to best fit that experience to the medium, including gameplay concepts that were unavailable to prior Diablo titles. By designing for a smartphone gaming audience, Immortal was intended to reach demographics and geographic regions that use mobile phones as their primary gaming platform, and therefore may not otherwise interact with Diablo in other formats. The game's director, Wyatt Cheng, and its senior combat designer, Julian Love, both worked previously on Diablo III, and included elements to Immortal which they were not able to include within its predecessor. The game was first announced during the opening ceremony of BlizzCon in November 2018, where the release platforms were confirmed as Android and iOS, with cross-platform play and progression carry-over between the two. Blizzard also announced plans to keep the Immortal experience fresh after its initial release with the regular addition of stories and characters. Shortly after the game's announcement, Blizzard began allowing players to pre-register on the game's website for admission to playtest the future beta version. In February 2019, NetEase's CFO, Yang Zhaoxuan, stated that the game was "pretty much ready" and still planned for a 2019 release; however, he also stated that Blizzard would be the ones to determine the exact release timetable. In November 2019, during BlizzCon, Blizzard posted an update on its official blog, confirming that Immortal was still in development; however, it stated that there was still no specific release date for the game, because "It takes significant time to meet the Blizzard quality level we're aiming for, and we have a lot of ambitious goals for Diablo Immortal." Additional details confirmed in the post included that the game would feature six playable classes (Barbarian, Crusader, Demon Hunter, Monk, Necromancer, and Wizard) and chargeable, class-specific 'ultimate' abilities. At the start of August 2020, at ChinaJoy, Blizzard and NetEase released a new gameplay trailer for Immortal, showcasing each of the six playable classes, and featuring the first appearance of Baal, one of the main antagonists from Diablo II and its expansion, Lord of Destruction. The trailer also revealed improvements to the game's graphics and character models, which had been implemented since the release of previous promotional material. Public alpha testing A "very limited" public alpha demo of the game took place from December 2020 until January 2021, featuring its first 45 character levels and four of the six playable classes. The alpha was released specifically for players in Australia on Android devices; however, some media outlets were also given access. Character progression from the alpha cannot be carried over into the full game. During a question & answers session at BlizzConline (an online-only version of BlizzCon, due to the COVID-19 pandemic) in February 2021, the development team confirmed that the game's next phase would be an additional alpha, likely featuring the game's full launch level cap (60 levels), additional story elements, and all six playable classes. During this discussion, the team also confirmed that they were working to bring game controller support to Immortal, alongside its on-screen virtual controls, and that they plan to introduce additional classes and locations (all free for every player) after the game's initial release. In further February 2021 interviews, development team members stated that although they remained focused on mobile platforms, they were "not necessarily going to block" efforts by others to emulate it on other devices. They also confirmed the game to be based on a brand new engine, not used for any previous NetEase games, with the same quality standards as other Blizzard-developed games:"Game development at Blizzard is all about making sure that we ask ourselves the questions, like 'is this good enough?' That's sometimes why it takes a long time for us to make what we make ... [NetEase] completely subscribe to our commitment to quality, which was a pre-requisite to having this partnership ... This is an engine that NetEase is using for the first time. It wasn't [used for] any of those previous games people are comparing it to. It's being built from scratch on a new engine, and it's not a re-skin of Diablo III ... It is a wholly new game that we've built."The team also revealed how they had made player feedback a core component of the alpha test, implementing a system which allowed them to look at all of the feedback submitted through the in-game feedback tool:"At the end of our Technical Alpha, we looked at every single piece of feedback we got ... We basically did a summit where we had all the team on a Zoom, and I was sharing my screen, and we just went line-by-line ... In the end, we do have to make a judgment call, but we really do value that kind of feedback, especially when we see clear trends over multiple players. And we're also looking at Reddit and other community channels to get anecdotes and other feedback from there, as well."An example given of changes made in response to this feedback was how the team had strengthened the wizard class's ice-based attacks, to support ways in which players wanted to use these skills, and address concerns that the class was "underpowered". In April 2021, Immortal entered a new closed alpha test, also limited specifically to Android players in Australia. The new test featured addition of the game's Crusader class, a raise of the character level cap to 55 (compared to 60 from the full game), and introduction of the "Cycle of Strife" feature (with the alpha lasting "at least a month" to allow sufficient testing of this new gameplay element). At the beginning of this second alpha, the game's director, Wyatt Cheng, confirmed that there would be a minimum of one further testing phase (with the full level cap of 60) before the game's release. During its first quarter financial earnings release in May 2021, parent company Activision Blizzard confirmed Immortal to be "on track for global release later [in 2021]," although no specific release window for the game was stated; however, in August 2021, Blizzard announced that the game had been delayed until the first half of 2022. The update indicated that the delay was to allow more time for gameplay improvements following alpha testing feedback, such as making the Cycle of Strife feature "more accessible", making the Helliquary and bounties "more engaging", adding controller support, and making alterations to character progression systems. Public beta testing A closed beta version of Immortal launched on October 28, 2021, with an intended duration of "just under three months", solely for Android players in Australia and Canada (expanding in the weeks after to Korea, Japan, and China). This new version of the game added in the Necromancer class (the final of the game's planned launch classes), a new "Hell IV" difficulty level (with improved rewards for higher difficulties), the "Legacy of the Horadrim" feature, and the first iteration of game controller support (a work-in-progress "early test" version of the feature, supporting character movement and combat via a limited range of controllers, but requiring players to navigate menus using the touchscreen). Additional gameplay systems added in the beta included "awakening" and "resonance" for legendary gems, and item sets. The beta also added a player ranking system and corresponding rewards to the 8 vs. 8 "Battlegrounds" mode, and significantly changed the end of the "Cycle of Strife", shifting it from a series of 8 vs. 8 battles (featuring the strongest eight members of the top ten Dark Houses against the best players within the Immortals) to a new system called "Challenge of the Immortal": a 30 vs. 1 battle centred around the top Immortal player. The structure of the "Helliquary" feature was also changed: these enemies, which could previously be defeated by solo players, were changed to 8-player raid events, with a strong focus on teamwork. In-game purchases were made available for the first time during the beta. Although any purchases made during the beta will not carry over to the full version, players making purchases during the beta were to receive equal credits back to their account once the testing period completes. In February 2022 (following completion of the beta in January), game director Wyatt Cheng and senior system designer Kris Zierhut posted on the game's official website stating that they would be making multiple additional changes based on player feedback. These changes included shifting bounties to single-player experiences (to avoid players feeling like groups were forced together), balancing the difficulty of "Helliquary" raid bosses, refining controller support, finalizing the "Paragon" system (to prevent players progressing too quickly ahead of others), and re-evaluating the "Boon of Plenty" micro-transaction to increase its value. Further changes were also announced for the Cycle of Strife (with additional changes to be announced later), including the consolidation of clans and "Dark Houses" into a single entity (describing the existence of separate, temporary social groups a "a jarring upheaval to your social system and network of players"). The post reiterated a target launch for the game at some stage in 2022. Release On March 28, 2022, Blizzard commenced iOS pre-orders for Immortal (to match Android pre-registrations, which had already gone live), with a new trailer showcasing exclusive in-game "Horadrim" cosmetics that would be made available to all players (provided that they complete the tutorial within 30 days of launch) if the game reached 30 million pre-registrations before release. The corresponding App Store listing for the game specified a release date of June 30, 2022; however, later the same day, Blizzard clarified that this was only a placeholder date while they "lock in" plans for the game's release. During this time period, Blizzard also revealed that the game would allow players to change the class of an existing character without losing their prior progress. On April 25, 2022, Blizzard shared a new trailer for Immortal, announcing its release date of June 2, 2022. As part of this announcement, they also unveiled that an open beta for Windows versions of the game would begin on the same date (with all of the mobile version's content and features, plus all progress and purchases carrying over to the full version). It was confirmed that full cross-play and cross-save support would exist across these platforms. Blizzard also released a statement regarding their decision to release the game on PC, despite previously stating it would be mobile exclusive:"On one hand, we felt that we wouldn't be doing the title justice by releasing a game originally designed for mobile on PC, on the other hand, we wanted to make sure the game reached as many players as possibleespecially our most dedicated PC fans. The deciding factor was that we knew many of you would attempt to play this game through an emulator, thus leading us towards building a better experience."In an interview with GameSpot, the game's senior designer, Scott Burgess, added that they had taken "so long" to announce the game's PC version because they "wanted to make sure the polish of the game was at a point where we were happy with it and happy to release it simultaneously with the mobile launch." The release version of the game was expanded to include support for a number of additional controllers compared with its beta versions, including the PlayStation 5's DualSense, the Rotor Riot, and the SteelSeries Nimbus. PC pre-loading for the game began on May 26, 2022, alongside Blizzard's "roadmap to hell," detailing the game's rollout schedule. This included confirmation that although it would launch on June 2 for most regions, Immortal would launch on June 23 for countries in the Asia Pacific region such as Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand, and that it would only be available on PC for players in Vietnam. It was also confirmed that it would launch with native voice chat transcription and speech-to-text accessibility options. In the following days, it was revealed that the game would not be launching in Belgium and the Netherlands, due to "current operating environment for games in those countries," specifically their tighter laws regarding loot boxes. Blizzard supplied reviewers for the game with Razer Kishi controllers, which attach to smartphones to provide a hardware experience similar to handheld gaming consoles such as the Nintendo Switch or Steam Deck. In an interview with The Washington Post, game director Wyatt Cheng said that he believed "...'Diablo Immortal' is going to change a lot of people's minds on what they think of as a mobile game. That was one of our goals since the beginning. Let's elevate the standards for what people can expect from a mobile game." As previously indicated by Blizzard, The mobile version of the game became available for some markets a day ahead of the official June 2 release date. In September 2022, the game received an official tie-in promotion with Burger King in Japan. This promotion featured a limited-time spicy garlic cheeseburger and a giveaway of three t-shirts with a chibi-style cartoon of in-game enemy "The Butcher" (drawn by manga artist Bkub Okawa). Asia-Pacific release delays On June 15, 2022, Immortal's official account on Chinese social media website Weibo was reportedly banned from the service for "violating relevant laws and regulations," with publications speculating that this was due to an alleged, since-deleted post from the account making reference to Winnie the Pooh (a popular method for criticizing Chinese leader, Xi Jinping). Four days later, it was announced that the game's release in Asia-Pacific markets (originally scheduled for June 23, 2022) would be delayed for developers to "[make] a number of optimization adjustments," including "support for a wider range of models and devices ... experience, network and performance optimisations, and more." Following the delay, NetEase promised players an "exclusive thank-you package containing legendary equipment" as an apology, and provided an updated release window of July 8 for impacted markets such as Hong Kong, Indonesia, Macao, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand; however, no new release date for China (which had received over 15 million pre-registrations) was confirmed at the time. NetEase's share price fell significantly in the days following these events. The following month, NetEase confirmed the game's updated China release date of July 25, 2022. Sources cited by Bloomberg indicated that this date was still "subject to last-minute changes"; however, the release went ahead as planned. Due to the ongoing ban of the game's Weibo account, NetEase did not make any social media announcement for the updated launch date (though did set up pre-launch marketing pages on the App Store and TapTap online game stores). On the first two days of release, Immortal was first place in the country's iOS video game downloads, with some players on popular regional servers experienced queues of over 5,000 people. Post-release updates Following a "Season 2" update on July 7, 2022 (focused on a new Battle Pass, and new Helliquary boss, and new cosmetic items), Immortal's first new feature was added on July 20, granting player's access to the "Class Change" feature, swapping their character's class for free, without losing their prior progress. In mid-August 2022, additional game modes were added in the form of limited-time events, including the "Fractured Plane" (a roguelike mode where players enter a 15-floor dungeon, starting with a basic set of skills and equipment, then salvaging better items or purchasing them using looted "shadow coins") and the "Echo of the Immortal" (a PVP mode allowing non-Immortal players to play a match similar to "Challenge of the Immortal"). Immortal's first "major" update was released in late September 2022. This "Forgotten Nightmares" update introduced a new dungeon and a new system for warband groups to occupy and explore a new location called "Castle Cyrangar." In the following month, Blizzard also added a means for players to earn "Telluric Pearls:" a new resource for crafting 5-star legendary gems without making in-game purchases. In response to one of the game's "top requested changes from our community," the ability to transfer characters between in-game servers was added in October 2022, alongside the announcement that the game would be merging servers to achieve higher player counts in each (such as the 12 servers in each North American data center being merged into four groups of three). The first additional in-game location for Immortal, the "salt-scrubbed prison island" of Stormpoint, was announced during a developer Q&A post, which confirmed that it would "expand the story of Diablo Immortal and introduce a new questline," whilst also featuring "more farming opportunities, bounties, and unique zone-wide events." The new location was released on December 14, 2022, as part of the game's second "major content update," named "Terror's Tide." This update also introduced the option for players to re-customize the appearance of their characters, plus additional "Hell" difficulty levels (tied more closely to Paragon and Helliquary progression systems). The game's first new class (also first for the series overall since Diablo III's Crusader in 2014), the Blood Knight, was revealed in early July 2023. Described as a "vanquisher of vampires" and "a mid-range class ... specializing in the polearm weapon type," the Blood Knight was based upon characters established in lore from the original Diablo. Reception Pre-release Response to Immortal's announcement at BlizzCon 2018 was largely negative. While traditional gaming audiences often express skepticism towards mobile versions of game franchises, the Diablo series community's discontent was compounded by their anticipation for a larger announcement. They expressed their discontent through online channels, likening Immortal to a "reskin" of prior NetEase games, such as Crusaders of Light and Endless of God. Later in the same day, developers participated in a Q&A with attendees. Two particular questions leveled at Wyatt Cheng, Principal Game Designer at Blizzard, drew significant attention from media and audiences alike, with one attendee asking if the announcement was an "out of season April Fools' joke", and another asking if there was a possibility for a PC release, leading to the crowd booing when the answer was negative. Blizzard responded to the announcement's reception the following day, stating that Immortal is but one Diablo series game in active development, and pointing to the company's multi-platform development experience and the success of the mobile version of Hearthstone as evidence of their capacity to overcome uncertainty and do right by their core audience. They also addressed a rumor that they had withheld announcement of a main Diablo sequel due to the negative response at Immortal'''s reveal:"First off we want to mention that we definitely hear our community. We generally don't comment on rumors or speculation, but we can say that we didn't pull any announcements from BlizzCon this year or have plans for other announcements. We do continue to have different teams working on multiple unannounced Diablo projects, and we look forward to announcing when the time is right."Following the announcement, Activision Blizzard's stock fell 7% on the first weekday of trading. Later in November 2018, newly-appointed Blizzard president, J Allen Brack, thanked fans for their feedback, because it showed their love for the franchise: "I think it's clear there's a lot of players who are eager for more Diablo PC and console content. That came through loud and clear from BlizzCon. Frankly, we feel fortunate to have a community that cares so much about that franchise. The commitment and the engagement of our community is one of the things that makes Blizzard very special and something that we really appreciate. "We feel that Diablo Immortal is going to deliver a very authentic Diablo experience, and we're not going to compromise on that mission ... Launching the game is only going to be the beginning. There's going to be ongoing support. We're only going to release the game when we feel like it is meeting the community's very high standards. In the end, Diablo Immortal is going to fulfil that, and we think that people are going to experience it, and we think they're going to love it." Previews based on the game's earliest demos in 2018 included both positive and negative sentiment. Mashable, for example, described the game as "a lot of fun" and praised its visual style compared to Diablo III, while GameSpot and VentureBeat cited its many unknown factors (especially how its business model would work, which Blizzard was unable to confirm at the time) as one of the biggest areas of concern. Some writers expressed approval for its controls, its interface having been tested by prior NetEase games, although Polygon noted difficulties with the precision aiming of abilities, and Kotaku felt it to be "occasionally slow to respond." Multiple writers felt that where Immortal captured the series' look and feel, it omitted some of its core tenets, or as Polygon put it, Diablo "soul". Although the mobile game captured the basic Diablo experience, the reviewers questioned whether the new entry had enough new content to remain fresh. In these early previews of the game, newly equipped items did not change the visual appearance of the player's character, which also received criticism; however, this feature was added by the time of the game's subsequent alpha demo. In contrast to those from 2018, previews based on the game's late 2020 alpha featured a higher level of positivity: IGN, described Immortal as offering a "fully fledged new Diablo" experience, and "not a watered down mobile lookalike" (a message reinforced by Eurogamer and The Verge, who described it as "[feeling] like a proper Diablo game"). IGN made specific callout of the fact that, despite Immortal being a free-to-play game, there were no core gameplay elements (such as missions, character progression, or loot items) which required players to spend money. Other areas of praise included the game's combat and art direction (including the look of different equipment items on character models); however, the lack of controller support was identified as a shortcoming. Game Informer's reviewer explicitly stated that the game's new alpha "looks, feels, and plays much closer to a core Diablo title" than the previous demos they had seen; however, they felt that while the game had a number of positives, it made them wish it was available on a non-mobile platform, without virtual touch controls. Of the game's 2021 beta version, Anthony Nash of Android Central stated that "Diablo Immortal has what it takes to not only deliver an authentic Diablo experience, but to quickly become one of the best Android games available when it launches." Describing it as "a must-play for fans of the series," Nash praised the newly-added necromancer class and the improvements to player vs. player modes compared to the prior alpha. Nick Rego of IGN also praised the beta's improvements over the alpha and its similarity to prior Diablo games, but also noted that "it'll only run as good as the phone you're playing it on, and in-game microtransactions may make you feel like you're missing out on some truly great items." Cam Shea of IGN also praised Immortal's controller support, but noted that it was at odds with the game's strength that, by being mobile, "it can fit into your life wherever you want it to." Shea also offered praise for the virtual controls available, describing them as "intuitive and easy to use", despite considering himself "generally not a fan of virtual analogue sticks and virtual buttons." Post-release Diablo Immortal received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. Common areas of praise included the game's "fun" and "satisfying" combat, graphics, user interface, touch controls, and overall presentation; whereas areas of criticism included the plot, leveling system (citing a need for grinding, particularly for free players), and voice acting. During his review, Cam Shea of IGN said the game "feels great to play, and for the most part it looks pretty good, too", reiterated his being a "big fan" of the game's touch controls, while also praising the game's streamlined inventory system compared with its predecessors. He also supported Blizzard's claim that the game did not require in-game purchases to enjoy, writing "not once, in more than 20 hours, did I hit any kind of unexpected roadblock where it felt like I was expected to make a purchase to more easily push through." Other publications, however, expressed a higher level of concern with the game's monetization methods. Den of Geek's Matthew Byrd mentioned that when focusing attention on the "core Diablo Immortal experience... you're able to experience without spending a dime," it is "one of the most substantial mobile games ever made" and "features some of the most impressive presentation values you'll ever find in a mobile game;" however, Byrd also opined that the game's microtransactions are "malicious" and "clearly designed to make free-to-play gamers feel inferior". Similarly, Igor Bonifacic of Engadget described Immortal as "Blizzard's best and most worrying game in years" and "a more fitting sequel" to its predecessors than Diablo 3, but also pointed out how "players willing to spend nearly endless amounts of money on the game will be the most powerful", contrasting with the "spirit of the franchise." Maddy Myers of Polygon thought Diablo Immortal proved that "Diablo was made to be a mobile game", but pointed out how microtransactions work "a little too well" with the series formula, writing "[they] do not just feel predatory and manipulative; they feel like the final ingredient that allows an already-addictive series to attain its true form." Tyler Colp of PC Gamer said that in regards to the game's microtransactions, "the red flags are big with this one." A number of others expressed mixed or uncertain feelings regarding the game's business model (especially in comparison with some other free-to-play mobile titles) at their time of writing. In 2023, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Diablo Immortal for Mobile Game of the Year at the 26th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards. Audience response Metacritic's user review score for the PC version reached 0.2/10, making it the site's lowest ever user rating for a game. Criticism targeted the use of microtransactions, with players noting it became increasingly harder to progress through the later stages of the game without paying real-world money, and accused it of being "pay-to-win". In the days following Immortals release, publications reported on calculations made by YouTuber Bellular News that it would require approximately of real-world money to fully upgrade a character, or approximately 10 years of play without purchases. The required costs were primarily attributed to the game's highest-level legendary gems not being able to be earned by free-to-play players, while the paid process to obtain them was noted by Eurogamer as "randomised and often exceedingly rare". Game Rant and other publications, meanwhile, documented that a Twitch streamer had, in an attempt to highlight the design of the progression system, spent NZ$25,166 ($15,997) in the game before receiving any top-level legendary gems. Other players on services such as Twitter and Reddit later revised these estimates to between and , due to the fact that reaching maximum levels of a legendary gem unlocks additional gem slots within items.Video Games Chronicle reported on the experience of YouTuber Raxxanterax, who noted he had easily lost to a "whale" player, while PCGamesN documented the experience of another YouTuber, Wudijo, who had become powerful enough to survive the toughest battles on their server without spending any money (although they did note that not all members of the victorious clan were free-to-play). Later reports also documented the experience of a player who spent "around $100k" on the game and achieved a battleground record too high for the game's matchmaking system to pair them with any other players, thereby preventing them from playing that game mode. Additional negative sentiment was directed at the discovery of hidden caps for in-game rewards, which the game does not make explicit to players. Such caps include a daily limit on the number of "legendary" level items dropped, and on the number of rewards available from side-quests and random events. Following the controversy over the game's microtransaction costs, a number of Immortal's most notable live streamers and community figures publicly announced their separation from the game. This included a community Diablo website announcing that they would be closing their Diablo Immortal section and removing all of their previously-published guides for it. The website cited the "predatory pay-to-win system", exploiting "gambling addiction" and "unrewarding gameplay" as the key reasons for the decision, concluding that "we cannot in good faith continue to cover this game". In response to negative sentiment around the game's monetization, Blizzard representatives stated that "the monetization comes in at the end game ... hundreds of millions of people can go through the whole campaign without any costs", cited "high user reviews on the App Store" of the game's success, and informed the LA Times that "50% of players have never played a Diablo game before" and "the vast majority of players aren't spending money". Third-party Eternal Orb sales During the initial months after the game's launch, some third-party reseller websites (often supported by proceeds from stolen credit cards) made it possible for players to purchase reduced-price "Eternal Orbs" outside of the game's built-in process; however, in September 2022 (in response to player requests for action, and due to the associated EULA violations), Blizzard removed any orbs from players which were purchased in this manner. Given that many of these orbs had already been spent by players on in-game items, this reduction often resulted in a negative balance, which multiple publications termed "orb debt." For one top player, this debt amounted to the equivalent of approximately โ€“. Blizzard released an official statement to accompany this action:"We have been looking into abnormal Eternal Orb purchases that have been reported among the community, and taken actions to prevent players from purchasing Eternal Orbs through unofficial channels. Investigations have been made for accounts that have participated in these activities, and disciplinary measures were implemented against accounts that were found to have violated the Blizzard End User License Agreement. We will continue to monitor and take actions as needed."Players with such negative balances became unable to join in-game "parties" and other group activities, such as dungeons and rifts; but (following further player requests), Blizzard took additional action in the subsequent weeks, releasing a game update preventing any player in "orb debt" from participating in player-versus-player activities. This was again accompanied by a public statement from Blizzard, saying that "transactions with unauthorized sellers [create] a risk โ€” not only to [a player's] own account, but to our greater player community." Sales and revenue Within the first week of release, Blizzard announced Diablo Immortal as having the biggest launch in the Diablo franchise's history, having reached over ten million downloads. They later announced that, it had reached over 20 million global installs by July 24, 2022, and over 30 million downloads by July 29, 2022. Activision Blizzard's second-quarter financial results for 2022 (which cited Immortal as the reason for its increase from 22 million monthly users to 27 million) indicated that 50% of Diablo Immortal player accounts to-date were newly-registered with Blizzard, suggesting (due to Blizzard's player sign-in requirements) that they had likely not played any prior Diablo game. According to the AppMagic data tracking service, Immortal'' generated over within its first 24 hours, and $14.5 million within its first week. This figure had reached $24 million within the game's first two weeks (making it Blizzard's second-highest-earning game, after Hearthstone). As of July 4, 2022, it was reported that the game was grossing in excess of per day (with a daily peak of ten days after its launch). According to the App Store analytics firm Sensor Tower, the game surpassed in revenue within its first eight weeks. References Further reading External links 2022 video games Diablo (series) video games Blizzard games NetEase games Video game controversies Video games developed in China Video games about demons Hack and slash role-playing games Action role-playing video games Massively multiplayer online role-playing games Android (operating system) games IOS games Windows games
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B1%EB%8A%A5%20%EC%95%A1%EC%B2%B4%20%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%ED%86%A0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC
๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ
๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ(, HPLC)๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์ƒ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ด๋™์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์˜ ์ •์˜ ์นผ๋Ÿผ์— ์ฑ„์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •์ƒ์˜ ์ถฉ์ง„์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ , ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•ด, ๊ณ ์† ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„ ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ง„์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์ž…๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋„์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๋†’์•„์ ธ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์šฉ์•ก์„ ๊ณ ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ '๊ณ ์•• ์•ก์ฒดํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ(high pressure liquid chromatography)'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— '๊ณ ์† ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ(high speed liquid chromatography)'๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์˜ ์ •์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ •์ง€์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋™์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ž์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด๋™์†๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํƒˆ๊ธฐ์žฅ์น˜(Degasser) ๋ชฉ์ : ์ด๋™์ƒ ์ค‘์˜ ์šฉ์กด ์‚ฐ์†Œ, ์งˆ์†Œ, ๊ธฐํฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: He sparging, Vacuum, Ultra-sonication, on-line Degassing ํŽŒํ”„(Pump) ์—ญํ• : ์ด๋™์ƒ์„ ์ด๋™์ƒ ์ €์žฅ์šฉ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์ฃผ์ž…๊ธฐ๋กœ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ•  ์š”๊ฑด ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์œ ์†๊ณผ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฉ๋งค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ Isocratic ๋ฐ Gradient Isocratic: ๋ถ„์„์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋™์ƒ ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—†์Œ. Gradient: ๋ถ„์„์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋™์ƒ ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•จ. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์ฃผ์ž…๊ธฐ(injector) ์—ญํ• : ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ์‹ค์–ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์ข…๋ฅ˜: ์ˆ˜๋™(Manual Injection Valve), ์ž๋™(Auto Injevtor) ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ(column) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ: ๊ด€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์›Œ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ „์ œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ญํ• : ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ข…๋ฅ˜: ๊ณ ์ •์ƒ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ, ์ด๋™์ƒ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ HPLC Column: ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณณ ์ž…์žํฌ๊ธฐ: 1.8ยตm, 3.5ยตm, 4ยตm, 5ยตm, 6ยตm, 7ยตm, 10ยตm, 37ยตm, 55ยตm, 75ยตm ์žฌ์งˆ: Silica, Alumina, Silica-Bonded, Polymer(resin)Bonded * Silica gel ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ(์‚ฌ์šฉ๋นˆ๋„ 75%) ex) High Surface area, wide pore ํ˜•ํƒœ: Spherical, irregular Pore ํฌ๊ธฐ: 50 ร…~ 300 ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ ์„ ํƒ ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์š”์†Œ: ์ถฉ์ „์ œ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ฑ์งˆ, ์ด๋™์ƒ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์š”์†Œ: ์ถฉ์ „์šฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ฒฝย•๊ธธ์ดย•์žฌ์งˆ, ์ถฉ์ „์ œ์˜ ์ž…์žํฌ๊ธฐ, ์ถฉ์ „์ œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ƒํƒœ ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ ์˜จ๋„ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ธฐ(TCC: Thermostatted Column Compartment) ์—ญํ• : ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •, ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ(Detector) ์—ญํ• : ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐ ์–‘์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ข…๋ฅ˜: ๋‹คํŒŒ์žฅ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ํŒŒ์žฅ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ, ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ, ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ์ด๋™์ƒ ์šฉ๋งค ์šฉ๋งค์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋™์ƒ ์šฉ๋งค๋Š” HPLC grade๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ดˆ์ˆœ์ˆ˜(18 Mฮฉ์ด์ƒ)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ UV cutoff๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์šฉ๋งค ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์šฉ๋งค๊ฐ„ ์„ž์ž„์„ฑ(miscibility No. ์ฐจ15๋ฏธ๋งŒ) ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋…น์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ ๋ชจ๋“  ์šฉ๋งค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์—ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํƒˆ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ๋„ ์ด๋™์ƒ์€ ๊ณ ์ •์ƒ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋จ. ์ด๋™์ƒ ์ œ์กฐ ์šฉ๋งค์ค€๋น„ - HPLC grade์˜ ์šฉ๋งค - ์ดˆ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ (๋น„์ €ํ•ญ๊ฐ’;18 Mฮฉ) - ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋น„๋กœ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ํ›„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ - ์šฉ๋งค ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํก์—ด, ๋ฐœ์—ด๋ฐ˜์‘๊ฐ€๋Šฅ - ์‹œ์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‹œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Filter - ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑํ•„ํ„ฐ(PVDF ์žฌ์งˆ) โ€ข๋ฌผ๋กœํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•œํ›„์‚ฌ์šฉ - ์ง€์šฉ์„ฑํ•„ํ„ฐ(PTFE ์žฌ์งˆ) โ€ขMeOH/์ ํ•ฉํ•œ์šฉ๋งค๋กœํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•œํ›„์‚ฌ์šฉ ํƒˆ๊ธฐ ์ด๋™์ƒ์—๋…น์•„์žˆ๋Š”๊ณต๊ธฐ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ, ๊ธฐํฌ์ œ๊ฑฐ โ€“Vacuum Degassing(์ง„๊ณตํƒˆ๊ธฐ) โ€ข์—ฌ๊ณผ+ ํƒˆ๊ธฐ โ€“Helium Sparging โ€ข์ง์ ‘์ด๋™์ƒ์—sparging โ€“Ultrasonication(์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒํŒŒ์‡„) ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์˜ ์žฅ์  ๊ณ ์†์•ก์ฒด ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ(HPLC)๋Š” ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์ด ํฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ GC๊ฐ€ LC์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋™์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทผ๋ž˜์—๋Š” HPLC๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์‘์šฉ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹ ์†ย•์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. GC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜จ๋„๋ฒ”์œ„(์•ฝ350ยฐC) ์ดํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋น„ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ฉฐ ์—ด๋ณ€์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ด๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ HPLC๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์˜จํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์šฉ๋งค๊ฐ€ ์šฉํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ. - ์š”์•ฝ: ์ด๋™์ƒ ์†๋„ GC > LC / ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์‘์šฉ๋ฒ”์œ„ GC < LC ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance%20liquid%20chromatography
High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify specific components in mixtures. The mixtures can originated from food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biological, environmental and agriculture, etc, which have been dissolved into liquid solutions. It relies on high pressure pumps, which deliver mixtures of various solvents, called the mobile phase, which flows through the system, collecting the sample mixture on the way, delivering it into a cylinder, called the column, filled with solid particles, made of adsorbent material, called the stationary phase. Each component in the sample interacts slightly different with the adsorbent material, causing different migration rate for the each component, leading to their separation, as they flow out of the column into a specific detector. The output of the detector is a graph, called Chromatogram. Chromatograms are graphical representations of the signal intensity versus time or volume, showing peaks, which represent components of the sample, each appears in its respective time, called Retention Time, having area proportional to its amount. HPLC is widely used for manufacturing (e.g., during the production process of pharmaceutical and biological products), legal (e.g., detecting performance enhancement drugs in urine), research (e.g., separating the components of a complex biological sample, or of similar synthetic chemicals from each other), and medical (e.g., detecting vitamin D levels in blood serum) purposes. Chromatography can be described as a mass transfer process involving adsorption and/or partition. As mentioned, HPLC relies on pumps to pass a pressurized liquid and a sample mixture through a column filled with adsorbent, leading to the separation of the sample components. The active component of the column, the adsorbent, is typically a granular material made of solid particles (e.g., silica, polymers, etc.), 1.5โ€“50 ฮผm in size, on which various reagents can be bonded. The components of the sample mixture are separated from each other due to their different degrees of interaction with the adsorbent particles. The pressurized liquid is typically a mixture of solvents (e.g., water, buffers, acetonitrile and/or methanol) and is referred to as a "mobile phase". Its composition and temperature play a major role in the separation process by influencing the interactions taking place between sample components and adsorbent. These interactions are physical in nature, such as hydrophobic (dispersive), dipoleโ€“dipole and ionic, most often a combination. Operation The liquid chromatograph is complex and has sophisticated and delicate technology. In order to properly operate the system. It is also desirable that there should be a minimum basis for understanding of how the device performs the data Processing to avoid incorrect data and distorted results HPLC is distinguished from traditional ("low pressure") liquid chromatography because operational pressures are significantly higher (50โ€“~1400 bar), while ordinary liquid chromatography typically relies on the force of gravity to pass the mobile phase through the packed column. Due to the small sample amount separated in analytical HPLC, typical column dimensions are 2.1โ€“4.6ย mm diameter, and 30โ€“250ย mm length. Also HPLC columns are made with smaller adsorbent particles (1.5โ€“50 ฮผm in average particle size). This gives HPLC superior resolving power (the ability to distinguish between compounds) when separating mixtures, which makes it a popular chromatographic technique. The schematic of an HPLC instrument typically includes solvents' reservoirs, one or more pumps, a solvent-degasser, a sampler, a column, and a detector. The solvents are prepared in advance according to the needs of the separation, they pass through the degasser to remove dissolved gasses, mixed to become the mobile phase, then flow through the sampler, which brings the sample mixture into the mobile phase stream, which then carries it into the column. The pumps deliver the desired flow and composition of the mobile phase through the stationary phase inside the column, then directly into a flow-cell inside the detector. The detector generates a signal proportional to the amount of sample component emerging from the column, hence allowing for quantitative analysis of the sample components. The detector also marks the time of emergence, the Retention Time, which serves for initial identification of the component. More advanced detectors, provide also additional information, specific to the analyte's characteristics, such as UV-VIS spectrum or Mass spectrum, which can provide insight on its structural features. These detectors are in common use, such as UV/Vis, Photodiode array (PDA) / diode array detector and mass spectrometry detector. A digital microprocessor and user software control the HPLC instrument and provide data analysis. Some models of mechanical pumps in an HPLC instrument can mix multiple solvents together at a ratios changing in time, generating a composition gradient in the mobile phase. Most HPLC instruments also have a column oven that allows for adjusting the temperature at which the separation is performed. The sample mixture to be separated and analyzed is introduced, in a discrete small volume (typically microliters), into the stream of mobile phase percolating through the column. The components of the sample move through the colum, each at a different velocity, which are a function of specific physical interactions with the adsorbent, the stationary phase. The velocity of each component depends on its chemical nature, on the nature of the stationary phase (inside the column) and on the composition of the mobile phase. The time at which a specific analyte elutes (emerges from the column) is called its retention time. The retention time, measured under particular conditions, is an identifying characteristic of a given analyte. Many different types of columns are available, filled with adsorbents varying in particle size, porosity, and surface chemistry. The use of smaller particle size packing materials requires the use of higher operational pressure ("backpressure") and typically improves chromatographic resolution (the degree of peak separation between consecutive analytes emerging from the column). Sorbent particles may be ionic, hydrophobic or polar in nature. The most common mode of liquid chromatography is Reversed Phase, whereby the mobile phases used, include any miscible combination of water or buffers with various organic solvents (the most common are acetonitrile and methanol). Some HPLC techniques use water-free mobile phases (see normal-phase chromatography below). The aqueous component of the mobile phase may contain acids (such as formic, phosphoric or trifluoroacetic acid) or salts to assist in the separation of the sample components. The composition of the mobile phase may be kept constant ("isocratic elution mode") or varied ("gradient elution mode") during the chromatographic analysis. Isocratic elution is typically effective in the separation of simple mixtures. Gradient elution is required for complex mixtures, with varying interactions with the stationary and mobile phases. This is the reason why in gradient elution the composition of the mobile phase is varied typically from low to high eluting strength. The eluting strength of the mobile phase is reflected by analyte retention times, as the high eluting strength speeds up the elution (resulting in shortening of retention times). For example, a typical gradient profile in reversed phase chromatography for might start at 5% acetonitrile (in water or aqueous buffer) and progress linearly to 95% acetonitrile over 5โ€“25 minutes. Periods of constant mobile phase composition (plateau) may be also part of a gradient profile. For example, the mobile phase composition may be kept constant at 5% acetonitrile for 1โ€“3 min, followed by a linear change up to 95% acetonitrile. The chosen composition of the mobile phase depends on the intensity of interactions between various sample components ("analytes") and stationary phase (e.g., hydrophobic interactions in reversed-phase HPLC). Depending on their affinity for the stationary and mobile phases, analytes partition between the two during the separation process taking place in the column. This partitioning process is similar to that which occurs during a liquidโ€“liquid extraction but is continuous, not step-wise. In the example using a water/acetonitrile gradient, the more hydrophobic components will elute (come off the column) later, then, once the mobile phase gets richer in acetonitrile (i.e., in a mobile phase becomes higher eluting solution), their elution speeds up. The choice of mobile phase components, additives (such as salts or acids) and gradient conditions depends on the nature of the column and sample components. Often a series of trial runs is performed with the sample in order to find the HPLC method which gives adequate separation. History and development Prior to HPLC, scientists used benchtop column liquid chromatographic techniques. Liquid chromatographic systems were largely inefficient due to the flow rate of solvents being dependent on gravity. Separations took many hours, and sometimes days to complete. Gas chromatography (GC) at the time was more powerful than liquid chromatography (LC), however, it was obvious that gas phase separation and analysis of very polar high molecular weight biopolymers was impossible. GC was ineffective for many life science and health applications for biomolecules, because of they are mostly non-volatile and thermally unstable at the high temperatures of GC. As a result, alternative methods were hypothesized which would soon result in the development of HPLC. Following on the seminal work of Martin and Synge in 1941, it was predicted by Calvin Giddings, Josef Huber, and others in the 1960s that LC could be operated in the high-efficiency mode by reducing the packing-particle diameter substantially below the typical LC (and GC) level of 150 ฮผm and using pressure to increase the mobile phase velocity. These predictions underwent extensive experimentation and refinement throughout the 60s into the 70s until these very days. Early developmental research began to improve LC particles, for example the historic Zipax, a superficially porous particle. The 1970s brought about many developments in hardware and instrumentation. Researchers began using pumps and injectors to make a rudimentary design of an HPLC system. Gas amplifier pumps were ideal because they operated at constant pressure and did not require leak-free seals or check valves for steady flow and good quantitation. Hardware milestones were made at Dupont IPD (Industrial Polymers Division) such as a low-dwell-volume gradient device being utilized as well as replacing the septum injector with a loop injection valve. While instrumentation developments were important, the history of HPLC is primarily about the history and evolution of particle technology. After the introduction of porous layer particles, there has been a steady trend to reduced particle size to improve efficiency. However, by decreasing particle size, new problems arose. The practical disadvantages stem from the excessive pressure drop needed to force mobile fluid through the column and the difficulty of preparing a uniform packing of extremely fine materials. Every time particle size is reduced significantly, another round of instrument development usually must occur to handle the pressure. Types Partition chromatography Partition chromatography was one of the first kinds of chromatography that chemists developed, and is barely used these days. The partition coefficient principle has been applied in paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas phase and liquidโ€“liquid separation applications. The 1952 Nobel Prize in chemistry was earned by Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge for their development of the technique, which was used for their separation of amino acids. Partition chromatography uses a retained solvent, on the surface or within the grains or fibers of an "inert" solid supporting matrix as with paper chromatography; or takes advantage of some coulombic and/or hydrogen donor interaction with the stationary phase. Analyte molecules partition between a liquid stationary phase and the eluent. Just as in Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC; a sub-technique within HPLC), this method separates analytes based on differences in their polarity. HILIC most often uses a bonded polar stationary phase and a mobile phase made primarily of acetonitrile with water as the strong component. Partition HPLC has been used historically on unbonded silica or alumina supports. Each works effectively for separating analytes by relative polar differences. HILIC bonded phases have the advantage of separating acidic, basic and neutral solutes in a single chromatographic run. The polar analytes diffuse into a stationary water layer associated with the polar stationary phase and are thus retained. The stronger the interactions between the polar analyte and the polar stationary phase (relative to the mobile phase) the longer the elution time. The interaction strength depends on the functional groups part of the analyte molecular structure, with more polarized groups (e.g., hydroxyl-) and groups capable of hydrogen bonding inducing more retention. Coulombic (electrostatic) interactions can also increase retention. Use of more polar solvents in the mobile phase will decrease the retention time of the analytes, whereas more hydrophobic solvents tend to increase retention times. Normalโ€“phase chromatography Normalโ€“phase chromatography was one of the first kinds of HPLC that chemists developed, but has decreased in use over the last decades. Also known as normal-phase HPLC (NP-HPLC) this method separates analytes based on their affinity for a polar stationary surface such as silica, hence it is based on analyte ability to engage in polar interactions (such as hydrogen-bonding or dipole-dipole type of interactions) with the sorbent surface. NP-HPLC uses a non-polar, non-aqueous mobile phase (e.g., Chloroform), and works effectively for separating analytes readily soluble in non-polar solvents. The analyte associates with and is retained by the polar stationary phase. Adsorption strengths increase with increased analyte polarity. The interaction strength depends not only on the functional groups present in the structure of the analyte molecule, but also on steric factors. The effect of steric hindrance on interaction strength allows this method to resolve (separate) structural isomers. The use of more polar solvents in the mobile phase will decrease the retention time of analytes, whereas more hydrophobic solvents tend to induce slower elution (increased retention times). Very polar solvents such as traces of water in the mobile phase tend to adsorb to the solid surface of the stationary phase forming a stationary bound (water) layer which is considered to play an active role in retention. This behavior is somewhat peculiar to normal phase chromatography because it is governed almost exclusively by an adsorptive mechanism (i.e., analytes interact with a solid surface rather than with the solvated layer of a ligand attached to the sorbent surface; see also reversed-phase HPLC below). Adsorption chromatography is still somewhat used for structural isomer separations in both column and thin-layer chromatography formats on activated (dried) silica or alumina supports. Partition- and NP-HPLC fell out of favor in the 1970s with the development of reversed-phase HPLC because of poor reproducibility of retention times due to the presence of a water or protic organic solvent layer on the surface of the silica or alumina chromatographic media. This layer changes with any changes in the composition of the mobile phase (e.g., moisture level) causing drifting retention times. Recently, partition chromatography has become popular again with the development of Hilic bonded phases which demonstrate improved reproducibility, and due to a better understanding of the range of usefulness of the technique. Displacement chromatography The use of displacement chromatography is rather limited, and is mostly used for preparative chromatography. The basic principle is based on a molecule with a high affinity for the chromatography matrix (the displacer) which is used to compete effectively for binding sites, and thus displace all molecules with lesser affinities. There are distinct differences between displacement and elution chromatography. In elution mode, substances typically emerge from a column in narrow, Gaussian peaks. Wide separation of peaks, preferably to baseline, is desired in order to achieve maximum purification. The speed at which any component of a mixture travels down the column in elution mode depends on many factors. But for two substances to travel at different speeds, and thereby be resolved, there must be substantial differences in some interaction between the biomolecules and the chromatography matrix. Operating parameters are adjusted to maximize the effect of this difference. In many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. Thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative scale, are operational complexity, due to gradient solvent pumping, and low throughput, due to low column loadings. Displacement chromatography has advantages over elution chromatography in that components are resolved into consecutive zones of pure substances rather than "peaks". Because the process takes advantage of the nonlinearity of the isotherms, a larger column feed can be separated on a given column with the purified components recovered at significantly higher concentration. Reversed-phase Liquid chromatography (RP-LC) Reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) is the most widespread mode of chromatography. It has a non-polar stationary phase and an aqueous, moderately polar mobile phase. In the Reversed Phase methods, the substances are retained in the system the more hydrophobic they are.ย  For the retention of organic materials, the stationary phases, packed inside the columns, are consisted mainly of porous granules of silica gel in various shapes, mainly spherical, at different ย diameters (1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 um), with varying pore diameters (60, 100, 150, 300, A), on whose surface are chemically bound various hydrocarbon ligands such as C3, C4, C8,C18ย  There are also polymeric hydrophobic particles that serve as stationary phases, when solutions at extreme pH are needed, or hybrid silica, polymerized with organic substances.ย  The longer the hydrocarbon ligand on the stationary phase, the longer the sample components can be retained. Most of the current methods of separation of biomedical materials use C-18 type of columns, sometimes called by a trade names such as ODS (octadecylsilane) or RP-18 (Reversed Phase 18). The most common RP stationary phases are based on a silica support, which is surface-modified by bonding RMe2SiCl, where R is a straight chain alkyl group such as C18H37 or C8H17. With such stationary phases, retention time is longer for lipophylic molecules, whereas polar molecules elute more readily (emerge early in the analysis). A chromatographer can increase retention times by adding more water to the mobile phase; thereby making the interactions of the hydrophobic analyte with the hydrophobic stationary phase relatively stronger. Similarly, an investigator can decrease retention time by adding more organic solvent to the mobile phase. RP-HPLC is so commonly used among the biologists and life science users, therefore it is often incorrectly referred to as just "HPLC" without further specification. The pharmaceutical industry also regularly employs RP-HPLC to qualify drugs before their release. RP-HPLC operates on the principle of hydrophobic interactions, which originates from the high symmetry in the dipolar water structure and plays the most important role in all processes in life science. RP-HPLC allows the measurement of these interactive forces. The binding of the analyte to the stationary phase is proportional to the contact surface area around the non-polar segment of the analyte molecule upon association with the ligand on the stationary phase. This solvophobic effect is dominated by the force of water for "cavity-reduction" around the analyte and the C18-chain versus the complex of both. The energy released in this process is proportional to the surface tension of the eluent (water: 7.3ย J/cm2, methanol: 2.2ย J/cm2) and to the hydrophobic surface of the analyte and the ligand respectively. The retention can be decreased by adding a less polar solvent (methanol, acetonitrile) into the mobile phase to reduce the surface tension of water. Gradient elution uses this effect by automatically reducing the polarity and the surface tension of the aqueous mobile phase during the course of the analysis. Structural properties of the analyte molecule can play an important role in its retention characteristics. In theory, an analyte with a larger hydrophobic surface area (Cโ€“H, Cโ€“C, and generally non-polar atomic bonds, such as S-S and others) can be retained longer as it is does not interact with the water structure. On the other hand, analytes with higher polar surface area (as a result of the presence of polar groups, such as -OH, -NH2, COOโˆ’ or -NH3+ in their structure) are less retained, as they are better integrated into water. The interactions with the stationary phase can also affected by steric effects, or exclusion effects, whereby a component of very large molecule may have only restricted access to the pores of the stationary phase, where the interactions with surface ligands (alkyl chains) take place. Such surface hindrance typically results in less retention. Retention time increases with more hydrophobic (non-polar) surface area of the molecules. For example, branched chain compounds can elute more rapidly than their corresponding linear isomers because their overall surface area is lower. Similarly organic compounds with single Cโ€“C bonds frequently elute later than those with a C=C or even triple bond, as the double or triple bond makes the molecule more compact than a single Cโ€“C bond. Another important factor is the mobile phase pH since it can change the hydrophobic character of the ionizable analyte. For this reason most methods use a buffering agent, such as sodium phosphate, to control the pH. Buffers serve multiple purposes: control of pH which affects the ionization state of the ionizable analytes, affect the charge upon the ionizable silica surface of the stationary phase in between the bonded phase linands, and in some cases even act as ion pairing agents to neutralize analyte charge. Ammonium formate is commonly added in mass spectrometry to improve detection of certain analytes by the formation of analyte-ammonium adducts. A volatile organic acid such as acetic acid, or most commonly formic acid, is often added to the mobile phase if mass spectrometry is used to analyze the column effluents. Trifluoroacetic acid as additive to the mobile phase is widely used for complex mixtures of biomedical samples, mostly peptides and proteins, using mostly a UV based detectors. They are used rarely used in mass spectrometry methods, due to its residues it can leave in the detector and solvent delivery system, which interfere with the analysis and detection. However it can be highly effective in improving retention of analytes such as carboxylic acids, in applications utilizing other detectors such as UV-VIS, as it is a fairly strong organic acid. The effects of acids and buffers vary by application but generally improve chromatographic resolution when dealing with ionizable components. Reversed phase columns are quite difficult to damage compared to normal silica columns, thanks to the shielding effect of the bonded hydrophobic ligands; however, most reversed phase columns consist of alkyl derivatized silica particles, and are prone to hydrolysis of the silica at extreme pH conditions in the mobile phase. Most types of RP columns should not be used with aqueous bases as these will hydrolyze the underlying silica particle and dissolve it. There are selected brands of hybrid or enforced silica based particles of RP columns which can be used at extreme pH conditions. The use of extreme acidic conditions is also not recommended, as they also might hydrolyzed as well as corrode the inside walls of the metallic parts of the HPLC equipment. As a rule, in most cases RP-HPLC columns should be flushed with clean solvent after use to remove residual acids or buffers, and stored in an appropriate composition of solvent. Some biomedical applications require non metallic environment for the optimal separation. For such sensitive cases there is a test for the metal content of a column is to inject a sample which is a mixture of 2,2'- and 4,4'-bipyridine. Because the 2,2'-bipy can chelate the metal, the shape of the peak for the 2,2'-bipy will be distorted (tailed) when metal ions are present on the surface of the silica... Size-exclusion chromatography Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) separates polymer molecules and biomolecules based on differences in their molecular size (actually by a particle's Stokes radius). The separation process is based on the ability of sample molecules to permeate through the pores of gel spheres, packed inside the column, and is dependent on the relative size of analyte molecules and the respective pore size of the absorbent. The process also relies on the absence of any interactions with the packing material surface. Two types of SEC are usually termed: 1. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)โ€”separation of synthetic polymers (aqueous or organic soluble). GPC is a powerful technique for polymer characterization using primarily organic solvents. 2. Gel filtration chromatography (GFC)โ€”separation of water-soluble biopolymers. GFC uses primarily aqueous solvents (typically for aqueous soluble biopolymers, such as proteins, etc.). The separation principle in SEC is based on the fully, or partially penetrating of the high molecular weight substances of the sample into the porous stationary-phase particles during their transport through column. The mobile-phase eluent is selected in such a way that it totally prevents interactions with the stationary phase's surface. Under these conditions, the smaller the size of the molecule, the more it is able to penetrate inside the pore space and the movement through the column takes longer. On the other hand, the bigger the molecular size, the higher the probability the molecule will not fully penetrate the pores of the stationary phase, and even travel around them, thus, will be eluted earlier. The molecules are separated in order of decreasing molecular weight, with the largest molecules eluting from the column first and smaller molecules eluting later. Molecules larger than the pore size do not enter the pores at all, and elute together as the first peak in the chromatogram and this is called total exclusion volume which defines the exclusion limit for a particular column. Small molecules will permeate fully through the pores of the stationary phase particles and will be eluted last, marking the end of the chromatogram, and may appear as a total penetration marker. In biomedical sciences it is generally considered as a low resolution chromatography and thus it is often reserved for the final, "polishing" step of the purification. It is also useful for determining the tertiary structure and quaternary structure of purified proteins. SEC is used primarily for the analysis of large molecules such as proteins or polymers. SEC works also in a preparative way by trapping the smaller molecules in the pores of a particles. The larger molecules simply pass by the pores as they are too large to enter the pores. Larger molecules therefore flow through the column quicker than smaller molecules, that is, the smaller the molecule, the longer the retention time. This technique is widely used for the molecular weight determination of polysaccharides. SEC is the official technique (suggested by European pharmacopeia) for the molecular weight comparison of different commercially available low-molecular weight heparins. Ion-exchange chromatography Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) or Ion chromatography (IC) is an analytical technique for the separation and determination of ionic solutes in aqueous samples from environmental and industrial origins such as metal industry, industrial waste water, in biological systems, pharmaceutical samples, food, etc. Retention is based on the attraction between solute ions and charged sites bound to the stationary phase. Solute ions charged the same as the ions on the column are repulsed and elute without retention, while solute ions charged oppositely to the charged sites of the column are retained on it. Solute ions that are retained on the column can be eluted from it by changing the mobile phase composition, such as increasing its salt concentration and pH or increasing the column temperature, etc.. Types of ion exchangers include polystyrene resins, cellulose and dextran ion exchangers (gels), and controlled-pore glass or porous silica gel. Polystyrene resins allow cross linkage, which increases the stability of the chain. Higher cross linkage reduces swerving, which increases the equilibration time and ultimately improves selectivity. Cellulose and dextran ion exchangers possess larger pore sizes and low charge densities making them suitable for protein separation In general, ion exchangers favor the binding of ions of higher charge and smaller radius. An increase in counter ion (with respect to the functional groups in resins) concentration reduces the retention time, as it creates a strong competition with the solute ions. A decrease in pH reduces the retention time in cation exchange while an increase in pH reduces the retention time in anion exchange. By lowering the pH of the solvent in a cation exchange column, for instance, more hydrogen ions are available to compete for positions on the anionic stationary phase, thereby eluting weakly bound cations. This form of chromatography is widely used in the following applications: water purification, preconcentration of trace components, ligand-exchange chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography of proteins, high-pH anion-exchange chromatography of carbohydrates and oligosaccharides, and others. Bioaffinity chromatography or High Performance Affinity Chromatography, HPAC, works by passing a sample solution through a column packed with a stationary phase that contains an immobilized biologically active ligand. The ligand is in fact a substrate that has a specific binding affinity for the target molecule in the sample solution. The target molecule binds to the ligand, while the other molecules in the sample solution pass through the column, having little or no retention. The target molecule is then eluted from the column using a suitable elution buffer. This chromatographic process relies on the capability of the bonded active substances to form stable, specific, and reversible complexes thanks to their biological recognition of certain specific sample components. The formation of these complexes involves the participation of common molecular forces such as the Van der Waals interaction, electrostatic interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and the hydrogen bond. An efficient, biospecific bond is formed by a simultaneous and concerted action of several of these forces in the complementary binding sites. Aqueous normal-phase chromatography Aqueous normal-phase chromatography (ANP) is also called Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography, HILIC. This is a chromatographic technique which encompasses the mobile phase region between reversed-phase chromatography (RP) and organic normal phase chromatography (ONP). HILIC is used to achieve unique selectivity for hydrophilic compounds, showing normal phase elution order, using "reversed-phase solvents", i.e., relatively polar mostly non-aqueous solvents in the mobile phase. Many biological molecules, especially those found in biological fluids, are small polar compounds that do not retain well by Reversed Phase-HPLC. This has made hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC) an attractive alternative and useful approach for analysis of polar molecules. Additionally, because HILIC is routinely used with traditional aqueous mixtures with polar organic solvents such as ACN and methanol, it can be easily coupled to MS. Isocratic and gradient elution A separation in which the mobile phase composition remains constant throughout the procedure is termed isocratic (meaning constant composition). The word was coined by Csaba Horvath who was one of the pioneers of HPLC. The mobile phase composition does not have to remain constant. A separation in which the mobile phase composition is changed during the separation process is described as a gradient elution. For example, a gradient can start at 10% methanol in water, and end at 90% methanol in water after 20 minutes. The two components of the mobile phase are typically termed "A" and "B"; A is the "weak" solvent which allows the solute to elute only slowly, while B is the "strong" solvent which rapidly elutes the solutes from the column. In reversed-phase chromatography, solvent A is often water or an aqueous buffer, while B is an organic solvent miscible with water, such as acetonitrile, methanol, THF, or isopropanol. In isocratic elution, peak width increases with retention time linearly according to the equation for N, the number of theoretical plates. This can be a major disadvantage when analyzing a sample that contains analytes with a wide range of retention factors. Using a weaker mobile phase, the runtime is lengthened and results in slowly eluting peaks to be broad, leading to reduced sensitivity. A stronger mobile phase would improve issues of runtime and broadening of later peaks but results in diminished peak separation, especially for quickly eluting analytes which may have insufficient time to fully resolve. This issue is addressed through the changing mobile phase composition of gradient elution. By starting from a weaker mobile phase and strengthening it during the runtime, gradient elution decreases the retention of the later-eluting components so that they elute faster, giving narrower (and taller) peaks for most components, while also allowing for the adequate separation of earlier-eluting components. This also improves the peak shape for tailed peaks, as the increasing concentration of the organic eluent pushes the tailing part of a peak forward. This also increases the peak height (the peak looks "sharper"), which is important in trace analysis. The gradient program may include sudden "step" increases in the percentage of the organic component, or different slopes at different times โ€“ all according to the desire for optimum separation in minimum time. In isocratic elution, the retention order does not change if the column dimensions (length and inner diameter) change โ€“ that is, the peaks elute in the same order. In gradient elution, however, the elution order may change as the dimensions or flow rate change. if they are no scaled down or up according to the change The driving force in reversed phase chromatography originates in the high order of the water structure. The role of the organic component of the mobile phase is to reduce this high order and thus reduce the retarding strength of the aqueous component. Parameters Theoretical The theory of High performance liquid chromatography-HPLC is basically the same as general chromatography theory, which is defined as a separation technique for mixtures of compounds, based on the differences in their distribution coefficient between two phases, the stationary phase, packed inside a column and the liquid mobile phase, flowing through the columns by high pressure pumps. Components whose distribution into the stationary phase is higher, are retained longer, and get separated from those with lower distribution into the stationary phase. The theoretical and practical foundations of this method were laid by A. J. P. Martin and R. L. M. Synge who received Nobel prize for it. The theory of chromatography has been used as the basis for System-Suitability tests, as can be seen in the USP Phamacopaeia, which are a set of quantitative criteria, which test the suitability of the HPLC system to the required analysis at any step of it. The distribution coefficient of a solute between the stationary and the mobile phase is proportional to the parameter called the Capacity Factor, or Capacity Ratio, k', which is defined as shown in the Figure of the Chromatographic Performance Criteria. Where Cs is the concentration of the solute at the stationary phase and Cm is its concentration at the mobile phase while ฮฆ is the volume ratio of the stationary and mobile phase within the solute's zone. he time elapsed between the injection time of the sample component into the column and its detection time is known as the Retention Time (RT or tR). ย  The retention time is longer, when the solute has higher distribution coefficient, due to its chemical nature. For example, in reverse phase chromatography, the more lipophilic is a compound, the higher is its distribution coefficient between the stationary and the mobile phases, so it is retained longer. Therefore, it is obvious that there is a direct relation between the distribution coefficient and the capacity factor k' and the solute retention time. This relation is also represented as a normalized unit-less factor known as the Retention Factor, or Retention parameter, which is the experimental measurement of the capacity ratio, as shown in the Figure of Performance Criteria as well. tR is the retention time of the specific component and t0 is the time it takes for a non-retained substance to elute through the system without any retention, thus it is called the Void Time. The ratio between the Retention Factors, k', of every two adjacent peaks in the chromatogram is used in the evaluation of the degree of separation between them, and is called Selectivity Factor, ฮฑ, as shown in the Performance Criteria graph. The width of a peak, relative to its retention time is a measure of the system's efficiency, calculated as N, Plate Count. The migration through the column causes band-broadening, due to eddy diffusion, lateral diffusion and molecular diffusion, mass-transfer kinetics between the two phases, as well as extra-column effects, which reduce the efficiency of the chromatographic system.ย  The narrower the peak, the better is the separation, as well as the limit of detection and limit of quantification of the chromatographic system, because the detector response is higher for a specific area. When the response is higher, the signal-to-noise is better, hence the system is capable of detecting lower concentrations. At the same time, the narrower is the peak for a given retention time, the better can be the resolution between every two adjacent peaks. The efficiency of the separation, N, the Plate Count is measured as shown in the Figure of Performance Criteria. Where tR is the retention time and w(baseline) is measured from the baseline peak width, calculated using lines tangential to the peak width at 50 % height. The Plate Count N as a criterion for system efficiency was developed for isocratic conditions, i.e., a constant mobile phase composition throughout the run. In gradient conditions, where the mobile phase changes with time during the chromatographic run, it is more appropriate to use the parameter Peak Capacity Pc as a measure for the system efficiency. The definition of Peak Capacity in chromatography is the number of peaks that can be separated within a retention window for a specific pre-defined Resolution Factor, usually ~1. It could also be envisioned as the runtime measured in number of peaks' average widths. The equation is shown in the Figure of the performance criteria. In this equation tg is the gradient time and w(ave) is the average peaks width at the base. The chromatographic peak is assumed to have a Gaussian shape under ideal conditions, describing normal distribution of the velocity of the molecules populating the peak zone, migrating through the stationary phase inside the column.ย  Any deviation from the normal distribution indicates non-ideal distribution during the migration process, therefore might jeopardize the integrity of the peak's integration, reducing the accuracy of the quantitation. There are many experimental and chemical parameters that cause peak asymmetry, such as non-ideal connections or column's packing, insufficient pH buffering, solutes overloading, etc. ย  The deviation from symmetry is measured by the Asymmetry Factor,ย  Afย  orย  Tailing Factorย  Tf. Both equations are found in the Figure of the Performance Criteria. The calculation of Asymmetry Factor, Afย  is calculated from the lines A and B , which are sections in the horizontal line parallel to the baseline, drawn at 10% of the peak height as shown in the Figure. The calculation of Tailing Factor, Tf, which is more widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, as suggested by the pharmacopeias, is also calculated from A and B, the sections in the horizontal line parallel to the baseline, but at 5% of the peak height The USP suggests that Tailing Factor should be in the range of 0.5 up to 2 to assure a precise and accurate quantitative measurement. The parameters are largely derived from two sets of chromatographic theory: plate theory (as part of Partition chromatography), and the rate theory of chromatography / Van Deemter equation. Of course, they can be put in practice through analysis of HPLC chromatograms, although rate theory is considered the more accurate theory. They are analogous to the calculation of retention factor for a paper chromatography separation, but describes how well HPLC separates a mixture into two or more components that are detected as peaks (bands) on a chromatogram. The HPLC parameters are the: efficiency factor(N), the retention factor (kappa prime), and the separation factor (alpha). Together the factors are variables in a resolution equation, which describes how well two components' peaks separated or overlapped each other. These parameters are mostly only used for describing HPLC reversed phase and HPLC normal phase separations, since those separations tend to be more subtle than other HPLC modes (e.g., ion exchange and size exclusion). Void volume is the amount of space in a column that is occupied by solvent. It is the space within the column that is outside of the column's internal packing material. Void volume is measured on a chromatogram as the first component peak detected, which is usually the solvent that was present in the sample mixture; ideally the sample solvent flows through the column without interacting with the column, but is still detectable as distinct from the HPLC solvent. The void volume is used as a correction factor. Efficiency factor (N) practically measures how sharp component peaks on the chromatogram are, as ratio of the component peak's area ("retention time") relative to the width of the peaks at their widest point (at the baseline). Peaks that are tall, sharp, and relatively narrow indicate that separation method efficiently removed a component from a mixture; high efficiency. Efficiency is very dependent upon the HPLC column and the HPLC method used. Efficiency factor is synonymous with plate number, and the 'number of theoretical plates'. Retention factor (kappa prime) measures how long a component of the mixture stuck to the column, measured by the area under the curve of its peak in a chromatogram (since HPLC chromatograms are a function of time). Each chromatogram peak will have its own retention factor (e.g., kappa1 for the retention factor of the first peak). This factor may be corrected for by the void volume of the column. Separation factor (alpha) is a relative comparison on how well two neighboring components of the mixture were separated (i.e., two neighboring bands on a chromatogram). This factor is defined in terms of a ratio of the retention factors of a pair of neighboring chromatogram peaks, and may also be corrected for by the void volume of the column. The greater the separation factor value is over 1.0, the better the separation, until about 2.0 beyond which an HPLC method is probably not needed for separation. Resolution equations relate the three factors such that high efficiency and separation factors improve the resolution of component peaks in an HPLC separation. Internal diameter The internal diameter (ID) of an HPLC column is an important parameter.. It can influences the detection response, when reduced, thanks to the reduced lateral diffusion of the solute band. It can also affect the separation selectivity, when flow rate and injection volumes are not scaled down or up proportionally to the smaller or larger diameter used, both in the isocratic and in gradient modes. It determines the quantity of analyte that can be loaded onto the column. Larger diameter columns are usually seen in preparative applications, such as the purification of a drug product for later use. Low-ID columns have improved sensitivity and lower solvent consumption in the recent Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). Larger ID columns (over 10ย mm) are used to purify usable amounts of material because of their large loading capacity. Analytical scale columns (4.6ย mm) have been the most common type of columns, though narrower columns are rapidly gaining in popularity. They are used in traditional quantitative analysis of samples and often use a UV-Vis absorbance detector. Narrow-bore columns (1โ€“2ย mm) are used for applications when more sensitivity is desired either with special UV-vis detectors, fluorescence detection or with other detection methods like liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Capillary columns (under 0.3ย mm) are used almost exclusively with alternative detection means such as mass spectrometry. They are usually made from fused silica capillaries, rather than the stainless steel tubing that larger columns employ. Particle size Most traditional HPLC is performed with the stationary phase attached to the outside of small spherical silica particles (very small beads). These particles come in a variety of sizes with 5ย ยตm beads being the most common. Smaller particles generally provide more surface area and better separations, but the pressure required for optimum linear velocity increases by the inverse of the particle diameter squared. According to the equations of the column velocity, efficiency and backpressure, reducing the particle diameter by half and keeping the size of the column the same, will double the column velocity and efficiency; but four times increase the backpressure. And the small particles HPLC also can decrease theย widthย broadening. Larger particles are used in preparative HPLC (column diameters 5ย cm up to >30ย cm) and for non-HPLC applications such as solid-phase extraction. Pore size Many stationary phases are porous to provide greater surface area. Small pores provide greater surface area while larger pore size has better kinetics, especially for larger analytes. For example, a protein which is only slightly smaller than a pore might enter the pore but does not easily leave once inside. Pump pressure Pumps vary in pressure capacity, but their performance is measured on their ability to yield a consistent and reproducible volumetric flow rate. Pressure may reach as high as 60ย MPa (6000ย lbf/in2), or about 600ย atmospheres. Modern HPLC systems have been improved to work at much higher pressures, and therefore are able to use much smaller particle sizes in the columns (<2ย ฮผm). These "ultra high performance liquid chromatography" systems or UHPLCs, which could also be known as ultra high pressure chromatography systems, can work at up to 120ย MPa (17,405ย lbf/in2), or about 1200ย atmospheres. The term "UPLC" is a trademark of the Waters Corporation, but is sometimes used to refer to the more general technique of UHPLC. Detectors HPLC detectors fall into two main categories: universal or selective. Universal detectors typically measure a bulk property (e.g., refractive index) by measuring a difference of a physical property between the mobile phase and mobile phase with solute while selective detectors measure a solute property (e.g., UV-Vis absorbance) by simply responding to the physical or chemical property of the solute. HPLC most commonly uses a UV-Vis absorbance detector, however, a wide range of other chromatography detectors can be used. A universal detector that complements UV-Vis absorbance detection is the Charged aerosol detector (CAD). A kind of commonly utilized detector includes refractive index detectors, which provide readings by measuring the changes in the refractive index of the eluant as it moves through the flow cell. In certain cases, it is possible to use multiple detectors, for example LCMS normally combines UV-Vis with a mass spectrometer. When used with an electrochemical detector (ECD) the HPLC-ECD selectively detects neurotransmitters such as: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine and others in neurochemical analysis research applications. The HPLC-ECD detects neurotransmitters to the femtomolar range. Other methods to detect neurotransmitters include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, ELISA, or radioimmunoassays. Autosamplers Large numbers of samples can be automatically injected onto an HPLC system, by the use of HPLC autosamplers. In addition, HPLC autosamplers have an injection volume and technique which is exactly the same for each injection, consequently they provide a high degree of injection volume precision. It is possible to enable sample stirring within the sampling-chamber, thus promoting homogeneity. Applications Manufacturing HPLC has many applications in both laboratory and clinical science. It is a common technique used in pharmaceutical development, as it is a dependable way to obtain and ensure product purity. While HPLC can produce extremely high quality (pure) products, it is not always the primary method used in the production of bulk drug materials. According to the European pharmacopoeia, HPLC is used in only 15.5% of syntheses. However, it plays a role in 44% of syntheses in the United States pharmacopoeia. This could possibly be due to differences in monetary and time constraints, as HPLC on a large scale can be an expensive technique. An increase in specificity, precision, and accuracy that occurs with HPLC unfortunately corresponds to an increase in cost. Legal This technique is also used for detection of illicit drugs in various samples. The most common method of drug detection has been an immunoassay. This method is much more convenient. However, convenience comes at the cost of specificity and coverage of a wide range of drugs, therefore, HPLC as been used as well as an alternative method. As HPLC is a method of determining (and possibly increasing) purity, using HPLC alone in evaluating concentrations of drugs was somewhat insufficient. Therefore, HPLC in this context is often performed in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) instead of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) circumvents the necessity for derivitizing with acetylating or alkylation agents, which can be a burdensome extra step. LC-MS has been used to detect a variety of agents like doping agents, drug metabolites, glucuronide conjugates, amphetamines, opioids, cocaine, BZDs, ketamine, LSD, cannabis, and pesticides. Performing HPLC in conjunction with mass spectrometry reduces the absolute need for standardizing HPLC experimental runs. Research Similar assays can be performed for research purposes, detecting concentrations of potential clinical candidates like anti-fungal and asthma drugs. This technique is obviously useful in observing multiple species in collected samples, as well, but requires the use of standard solutions when information about species identity is sought out. It is used as a method to confirm results of synthesis reactions, as purity is essential in this type of research. However, mass spectrometry is still the more reliable way to identify species. Medical and Health Sciences Medical use of HPLC typically use Mass Spectrometer (MS) as the detector, so the technique is called LC-MS or LC-MS/MS for tandem MS, where two types of MS are operated sequentially. When HPLC instrument is connected to more than one detector, it is called Hyphenated LC system. Pharmaceutical applications are the major users of HPLC, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. This include drug development and pharmacology, which is the scientific study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms, personalized medicine, public health and diagnostics. While urine is the most common medium for analyzing drug concentrations, blood serum is the sample collected for most medical analyses with HPLC. One of the most important roles of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS in the clinical lab is the Newborn Screening (NBS) for metabolic disorders and follow-up diagnostics. The infants' samples come in the shape of dried blood spot (DBS), which is simple to prepare and transport, enabling safe and accessible diagnostics, both locally and globally. Other methods of detection of molecules that are useful for clinical studies have been tested against HPLC, namely immunoassays. In one example of this, competitive protein binding assays (CPBA) and HPLC were compared for sensitivity in detection of vitamin D. Useful for diagnosing vitamin D deficiencies in children, it was found that sensitivity and specificity of this CPBA reached only 40% and 60%, respectively, of the capacity of HPLC. While an expensive tool, the accuracy of HPLC is nearly unparalleled. See also History of chromatography Capillary electrochromatography Column chromatography Csaba Horvรกth Ion chromatography Micellar liquid chromatography References Further reading L. R. Snyder, J.J. Kirkland, and J. W. Dolan, Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2009. M.W. Dong, Modern HPLC for practicing scientists. Wiley, 2006. L. R. Snyder, J.J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch, Practical HPLC Method Development, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997. S. Ahuja and H. T. Rasmussen (ed), HPLC Method Development for Pharmaceuticals, Academic Press, 2007. S. Ahuja and M.W. Dong (ed), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis by HPLC, Elsevier/Academic Press, 2005. Y. V. Kazakevich and R. LoBrutto (ed.), HPLC for Pharmaceutical Scientists, Wiley, 2007. U. D. Neue, HPLC Columns: Theory, Technology, and Practice, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1997. M. C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user's guide, Wiley, 2007. External links HPLC Chromatography Principle, Application [Basic Note] โ€“ 2020. at Rxlalit.com Hungarian inventions Chromatography Scientific techniques
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%BC%ED%85%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%96%BC%EC%97%AD
์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ
์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ(Centennial Station)์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ๋งˆ์ปด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์˜ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ์ธ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งค์ฝ”์› ๋กœ๋“œ ์„œ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ฒŒ๋ก ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์—ญ์€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ปด ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ ๊ณต์›์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜ ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์€ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ง์Šค๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„  ์ง€์ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ, ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์—ญ์ธ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์€ ๋งˆ์ปด ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์ง€์— ๋น„๊ต์  ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ์ธ ๋งˆ์ปด์€ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์•ฝ 10๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1982๋…„์— VIA ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋„˜๊ฒจ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฑด 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ 2004๋…„์— ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์„ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ ๊ฐœํ†ต ์ดํ›„ ์ •์ฐจ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ๋•Œ ๋‘ ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—ญ์— ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •๋ฐ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ์—๋Š” ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 3km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์— ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ์ง€์™€ ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์—ญ (์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ์—ญ)์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ด์ฐจ ์ •์ฐจ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์ปจ๋นŒ์—ญ ๊ฐœํ†ต ์ดํ›„ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 5ํšŒ์”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ  2013๋…„์—๋Š” 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ด์ฐจ์— ์ด์–ด์„œ 2018๋…„ 9์›” ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 9ํšŒ์”ฉ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 12์›” 2์ผ, ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์— 250์—ฌ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธฐ์กด 200๋Œ€์—์„œ 450๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์€ ์ง์›์ด ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋‚˜ ์นด๋“œ ์ถฉ์ „์€ ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋™ํŒ๋งค๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ฒดํฌ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํƒœ๊ทธํ•ด ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์—์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ดํ‹ฐ์ผ“ (e-ticket)์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์€ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ๊ณผ ์‰ผํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‹จ์ดํ•œ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ์‰ผํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์ค‘์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ๊ณผ ์—ด์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ๋žจํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ด์ฐจ์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ฐจ ํƒ€์›Œ์—๋Š” 451๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ญ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์นดํ’€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ฐจ ํƒ€์›Œ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ์‹œ์—์„œ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ฃผ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋ก ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, YRT์™€ TTC ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋งค์ฝ”์› ๋กœ๋“œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šดํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํ†ต 2023๋…„ 6์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์—๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‰์ผ ์˜คํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์—  ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์—์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€๋„ค๋””, ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ, ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด, ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒ€์•ผํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํŽธ ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” 407๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์š”ํฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” 54๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” 71๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ๋Š” ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์˜ 40, 41๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‹œ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ 42, 45, 301, 304๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์˜ 129A ๋งค์ฝ”์› ๋…ธ์Šค ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋งค์ผ„์ง€์™€ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์„ผํ„ฐ์—ญ๊ฐ„์„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” YRT ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” TTC ์š”๊ธˆ๋„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ YRT ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํ™˜์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ (YRT) ๊ธฐ์กด์— 41๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ๋งˆ์ปด ์ง€์„  ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 6์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ 7์‹œ 45๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ 40๋ฒˆ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ๋นŒ ์ง€์„ ์€ ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 10์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ 1์‹œ 45๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์š” ์‘๋‹ตํ˜• ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‹  ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์š” ์‘๋‹ตํ˜• ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ์€ YRT ๊ณ ๊ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ์ธ 1-844-667-5327๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฐœ 60๋ถ„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์š”๊ธˆ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ YRT ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ธˆ์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ, YRT ํŽ˜์ด ์•ฑ, ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ (Transit) ์•ฑ, ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ, ์ฒดํฌ์นด๋“œ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ (TTC) 129A๋ฒˆ์€ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‘ ๊ณณ์„ ์˜ค๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ TTC์™€ YRT ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” TTC ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ํ•˜์ฐจ์‹œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ญ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ 2005๋…„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial%20GO%20Station
Centennial GO Station
Centennial GO Station is a train station on the GO Transit Stouffville line in Markham, Ontario, Canada. The station is located directly west of McCowan Road and north of Bullock Drive, near the Markham Centennial Park. Services Centennial Station does not have a bus terminal. Connecting bus services serve on-street stops adjacent to the station at Bullock Drive and McCowan Road. GO Transit On weekdays, Stouffville line train service to Centennial Station consists of 9 trains southbound to Union Station in the morning and 9 trains northbound to Lincolnville in the afternoon or late evening. Service at other times and in other directions is provided by GO bus route 71, which also continues beyond Lincolnville to Uxbridge station. Route 54, a GO Transit bus, serves this station. This bus operates between Mount Joy Station and the bus terminal at Highway 407 station via Highway 407. Toronto Transit Commission 129A McCowan North serves the station. There are northbound buses to Major Mackenzie Drive and southbound buses to Scarborough Centre station. This route is operated by the TTC on behalf of York Region Transit. An extra TTC fare is required when crossing Steeles Avenue into Toronto. Despite this being a TTC bus, a YRT fare is charged while the bus is north of Steeles Avenue. York Region Transit 40 Unionville Local (rush hour only) 301 Markham Express (rush hour only) References External links GO Transit railway stations Railway stations in Markham, Ontario Year of establishment missing Railway stations in Canada opened in 2004 2004 establishments in Ontario
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya%20de%20Yopougon
Aya de Yopougon
Aya de Yopougon(์š”ํ‘ธ๊ณต์˜ ์•„์•ผ)๋Š” Marguerite Abouet, Clรฉment Oubrerie ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Gallimard๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ž ๊ฐ๋ณธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ, ํŽธ์ง‘์„ ๋งก์€ ๋งŒํ™” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” Aurochenille Production์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธด ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ƒ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Aya de Yopougon(์š”ํ‘ธ๊ณต์˜ ์•„์•ผ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” โ€˜์•„์•ผ์˜ ๋ฐค์—” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ดโ€™๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.), 2013๋…„ 7์›” 17์ผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ฐœ๋ด‰. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 1978๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์ง€์˜€๋˜ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋””๋ถ€์•„๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ˆ˜๋„, ์•„๋น„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋”์šด ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ์š”ํ‘ธ๊ณต์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„์•ผ๋Š” 19์‚ด์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์†Œ๋…€์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒ๋ž€๋งŒ์žฅํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด๋‹ค.ย  1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ํ™”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Yop City๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง„, ์š”ํ‘ธ๊ณต์—๋Š” Aya์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‘ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์•„์ฃผ์•„์™€ ๋ฐฉํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋“ค์€ 19์‚ด์ด๋‹ค, ์•„์•ผ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‘˜์€ ๋‚œ์žกํ•œ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋งŒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ž ์ซ“๊ธฐ์—๋งŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์…‹ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šด๋ช…์ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ Aya์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์•„์•ผ : ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ. ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ, ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์—ด์ •์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚จ์ž๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ•™์—…์— ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ํ•˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์–ด ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”์™€ "๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค.ย  ์ด๋ƒ์Šค : ์•„์•ผ์˜ ์•„๋น . ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฌด๋š๋šํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” Solibra๋ผ๋Š” ์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์˜์—…๋ถ€์žฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋น„์žฅ๊ณผ ์•ผ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋น„์„œ์ธ ์ž” ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์˜ ์—ด๋งค์ธ, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย  ํŒํƒ€ : ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์•„์•ผ์˜ ์—„๋งˆ. ย  ํฌํŒŒ๋‚˜์™€ ์•„ํ‚ค์‹œ : ์•„์•ผ์˜ ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ.ย  ํŽ ๋ฆฌ์‹œํ…Œ : ๊ฐ€์ •๋ถ€. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 23์„ธ์ด๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์†Œ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์Šค ์š”ํ‘ธ๊ณต ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ 3๋“ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ๋’ค์— ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค. Bintou ์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋นˆํˆฌ : ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์„ผ ์•„์•ผ์˜ ์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฌ๋‚œ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋งคํ˜น์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋„ ๊ทธ ์‹ค์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค.ย  ์ฝ”ํ”ผ : ๋นˆํˆฌ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ์ฝ๋œจ์™€ ์ด๋ƒ์Šค์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค.ย  ์•Œํ์‹  : ์•Œํ์‹ ์€ ์ฝ”ํ”ผ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด์ด๊ณ  ๋นˆํˆฌ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ฝ”ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋…€๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์ฝ”ํ”ผ์˜ "์ง๊ถŒ ๋‚จ์šฉ"์— ๋Œ๋ ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.ย  ์—๋ฅด๋ฒ  : ๋นˆํˆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ. ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŒ”๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ํ›„, ์ด ๋ฌธ๋งน์— ์†Œ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ •๋น„์‚ฌ์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋”์ด์ƒ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠนํžˆ ๋™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋ฒ ์˜ ์ด ์†Œ์‹ฌํ•จ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํŽ ๋ฆฌ์‹œํ…Œ์™€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•„์•ผ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™ธ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค.ย  ๋ณด๋‚˜๋ฐฉ๋›ฐ๋ฅด: ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ์†”๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ผ์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋“  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹ค๋ง์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.ย  ์‹œ๋ชฌ๋Š: ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ˜์˜คํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋“ค ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ์‹ผ๋‹ค.ย  ๋ฌด์‚ฌ: ์žฌ๋ฒŒ2์„ธ. ๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋น ๋ฅผ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์“ด๋‹ค. ๋ณ„ ์†Œ๋“์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋นˆํˆฌ๋ž‘ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ , ์•„์ฃผ์•„๋ž‘ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์— ์žค๋‹ค. ์ด๋ƒ์Šค๋ž‘ ๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์•ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ย ์•„์•ผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์‚ฌ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ง๋งŒ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ง‘์„ ๋‚˜์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜ธํ™œ๋™์— ์“ด๋‹ค.(์šฐ๋ฌผ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ, ํƒ์•„์†Œ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ) ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„์— ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋น ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์•„๋น„์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ๊ธˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์†Œํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋””๋ถ€์•„๋ฅด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์— ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. Adjoua ์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ Adjoua : Aya์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ, ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. Mamadou์™€ ์—ฐ์• ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ์•„์นจ์— Bobby์˜ ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Moussa์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด์˜ ์•„๋น ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋น  Hyacinthe๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†์ž„์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค.ย  Hyacinthe et Korotoumou : Adjoua์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜. Hyacinthe๋Š” ํƒ€๋ธ”๋กœ์ด๋“œํŒ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ "Calamitรฉ Matin"์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Koffi์™€ Ignace์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. 3๋ช…์ค‘ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ์ผ์—๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. Koro๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Korotoumou๋Š” Adjoua์˜ ์—„๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กฐ์ž Mamadou : ์•„์ฃผ์•„์™€ ๋นˆํˆฌ๊ฐ€ 'ร‡a va chauffer'์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜์ƒ๊ธด ์ฒญ๋…„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ์•„์™€ ๋นˆํˆฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์•ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ์•„์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์•„์ฃผ์•„๋Š” ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์ž„์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋งˆ๋‘์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งˆ๋งˆ๋‘์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์— (๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์ง‘์•ˆ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋‹ค), ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค(๋นˆํˆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค). ์•„์ฃผ์•„๋Š” ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์ถœ์‹ ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ฃผ์•„์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ ์ด์•„์ƒํŠธ ๋•๋ถ„์—, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด์˜ ์นœ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋งˆ๋‘์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์•„์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์—๋ฅด๋ฒ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ •๋น„์†Œ์—์„œ ์ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.ย  Yao : Moussa์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ž์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•  ๋•Œ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” Moussa๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข€๋” ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”(ํ˜น์€ ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์‹๋‹น)์—์„œ ์ข…์—…์›์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค.ย  ย Jeanne : Ignace์˜ ๋น„์„œ์ด์ž ๋ถˆ๋ฅœ๋…€์ด๋‹ค. ์•ฝ 30๋Œ€์ฏค์ธ ์ด ์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ด ์˜์—…๋ถ€์žฅ์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ์— ๋น ์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์“ฐ๋ผ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ›„ํšŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” Pamela์™€ Ray๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๋“ค์€ Fofana์™€ Akissi์™€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‚˜์ด์ด๋‹ค.) ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ , ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ˆˆ์ด์— ์ง€์นœ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” Fanta์™€ Ignace์˜ ์ง‘์— ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค ๋†“๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. Aya๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.ย  Grรฉgoire : ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ์™€. ๊ฑด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ง์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋…„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ์™€๋Š” ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜น์ž๋‹ค! ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์น˜ ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜นํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ๋นˆํˆฌ์™€ ๊ต์ œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ๋ฆฌํƒ€์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋นˆํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์†์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋นˆํˆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ๋…„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ง์ž์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์นœ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ์†Œ์ฝ”์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์•„๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค.ย  ์˜ํ™”ํ™”๋œ ๋งŒํ™” ๋งŒํ™” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya%20of%20Yop%20City
Aya of Yop City
Aya of Yop City is a series of seven bande dessinรฉe comics written by Marguerite Abouet and drawn by Clรฉment Oubrerie. The original French albums were published by Gallimard between 2005 and 2010. The first six volumes have been translated into English by Drawn & Quarterly. Although not entirely autobiographical, the story is based on the author's life in Cรดte-d'Ivoire. Aya of Yop City is the second of three books in the Abouet's Aya series, each based on the same characters. All three of the books in the series have been illustrated by the author's husband, Clรฉment Oubrerie. The authors adapted it for an animated film of the same title, which was released in 2013. Background Marguerite Abouet was working as a legal assistant in Paris when she conceived the idea of Aya of Yop City, inspired to create the series by her friends who encouraged her to write stories from her childhood in her native Cรดte d'Ivoire. She ended up writing up a group of Ivorian teenagers' everyday lives. Later, Clรฉment Oubrerie, animator, artist and children's book illustrator, gained interest in the project, and it eventually became the first graphic novel for both artists. Inspired by French graphic novelist Marjane Satrapi, Abouet has created a story that depicts the normality of life in Cรดte d'Ivoire. Although Abouet has denied that the stories are based on her own life, she admits it is strongly based on people in her childhood in Cรดte d'Ivoire. The quotidian nature of the stories in Aya of Yop City counters heavily with common conceptions and representation of African life, such as famine, civil war and unhinged wilderness. Abouet's depiction of everyday African life through humor gave western viewers a very different viewpoint of Africa that they are not accustomed to seeing. Through this depiction, Aya of Yop City subverts negative stereotypes that plague Cรดte d'Ivoire and Africa in general. Plot summary Aya of Yop City is a novel that follows the lives of many different people living in the Cรดte d'Ivoire. All of the characters are connected by the main character, Aya, as she assists and helps them through their various dilemmas and daily issues. The book begins with the birth of the son of Moussa and Adjoua. The wedding between Moussa and Adjoua is canceled when they discover the child is not Moussa's. He begins to work for his father. His father seems to be very hard on him, but at the same time Moussa is extremely lazy and does not really do much. At work he tends to hit on the women workers, and is always being yelled at by his father. All the while Adjoua is selling fritters at the market trying to provide for her son. Aya takes care of Adjoua's son the majority of the time and is always helping Adjoua while trying to keep up with her schoolwork at the same time. While this is occurring, Aya's friend Bintou begins seeing a Parisian man named Gregoire. Another character in the story, Herve, goes to Aya for help. He works fixing cars and is going to end up taking over the business since the owner is sick. However, he does not know how to read and write. It is because of this that he goes to Aya and asks her if she is able to teach him about letters. Aya agrees, as she is always helping out her friends and family. Nevertheless, Aya also has some problems of her own - a secret her father Ignace has been hiding for a long time has the power to destroy her family. Cultural history Aya of Yop City is set in Cรดte d'Ivoire during the 1970s. Specifically, the story takes place in Yopougon-Koute, or Yop City for short. Cรดte d'Ivoire, a country on the west coast of Africa, was colonized by France until August 7, 1960, when the country received its independence. Fรฉlix Houphouรซt-Boigny led the country after gaining independence until 1993. During this time, Cรดte d'Ivoire kept close ties with its West African neighbors as well as ties to France. This combination of influences created a unique culture where traditional African culture meshed with modern Western ideals. The post-colonial influence was enhanced by the fact that many Europeans, especially the French, moved to the country after they received independence. When Houphouรซt-Boigny took the presidency, the country experienced an economic boom, known as the "Ivorian miracle". This boom led to the creation of the middle class. With this rise in wealth for a portion of the country, many were able to send their children to school, especially peasants. A peak in the primary-school enrollment rates, at 9.1% between 1976 and 1980, reflects this change. Education, along with other social influences, made many, mostly women, aware of their rights. This began to mix African ideals with European ideals. Women began fighting back against legislation which was aimed at sexual inequality and often succeeded in doing so. As many women became educated, they received more and more power when it came to relationships, especially marriages. Another example of the combination of cultures is language. Throughout the country there are many local languages, but the official language of the country is French. Again, these influences can be seen throughout the novel, especially through the female characters. Major themes Advancement of women in society Aya is different than the other women in Yop City because of her dismissal of the task of finding a husband. She is completely uninterested in men and would rather take care of Bobby and work towards her future. She is a very driven and independent, which is certainly highlighted throughout the novel. On the other hand, the other women in the novel do not seem to be as concerned as Aya with changing their roles in society through pursuing an education and a professional level career. Rather they are more predisposed to the typical women's role in Yop City of staying home to raise a family. Aya nevertheless sets a good example and high standard, as she aspires to be a doctor one day. Aya represents the push towards raising the standards of women's contributions to the community, rather than staying consistent with the historical gender role in Yop City, as displayed by the other women. Honesty and loyalty Many of the characters face problems with infidelity and dishonesty in their narrativesโ€”whether they are the perpetrators or the victims, their paths eventually cross in more ways than one, often not in good ways (in the sense that they are often manipulated by or manipulating each other). Aya contradicts this best, being the emblem of loyalty and honesty in the novel. Family and community Within the first page of Aya of Yop City, the family units are mapped out, laying the groundwork for the strong family ties and connections throughout the novel. These initial family trees let the reader know immediately that family ties are going to be an important force in the community. Within each scene multiple community members from each of the families interact, showing they are ever present in each other's lives. The close connections between the different characters gives the reader the sense that this community has always been tightly knit. Aya best portrays this sense of community through her relationships with others. She performs many favors for her friends, most notably taking care of Bobby as if he was her own. From living in the same area to getting involved in the family business, as Moussa did, the people of Yop City truly value the family unit. Analysis Origin of nationalism in Africa The colonial era in Africa created loosely formed states that contained many different ethnic groups that maintained strong communal values. In the post-colonial era, it became evident that African nations would need to unite in order to form permanent states and establish national governments. This re-branded type of nationalism was created through a collaboration of ideas stemming from traditional communal ties already in existence on the continent, and by the idea of self- determination that was championed by the United Nations. Together, these concepts assisted in the creation of sovereign states in Africa. African communal identity in the novel The novel Aya of Yop City encompasses an overall theme of African nationalism, which is exhibited through familial and communal ties within the Ivorian community. Communalism is argued to be a form of nationalism that is unique to Africa because of the continent's history with colonialism. This communal idea of nationalism serves a different purpose than the Eurocentric norm, in that it is focused on obtaining a collective identity that speaks to the shared history of the African people living in a post-colonial era. For example, the characters in the book are not introduced individually, but rather as family members that play complementary roles. This shows how a distinct identity is formed for the dwellers of Yop city, as they navigate their lives in a post-colonial society. The problems that are usually seen as individual or family issues become community-wide issues. For instance, when Adjoua, a teenage girl in the novel, becomes pregnant the community rallies behind her to offer support. Aya watches after Adjoua's child so that she can continue selling items at the market to support her family. This illustrates the strong communal identity that binds the inhabitants of Yop City together. Artistic style Clรฉment Oubrerie uses an expressive style that conveys the melodramatic tone of the text. His pencil strokes often go a step beyond reality to express strong emotions and to give his characters a distinct personality. For example, Bonaventure Sissoko is caricatured as a bully archetype: his eyes are completely masked by his bushy eyebrows and his huge bald head is attached directly unto his massive body. This exaggeration technique is used for comic effect and it also gives the readers an immediate impression of Bonaventure's obnoxious personality. In contrast, Oubrerie's settings are very realistic. He uses a great amount of detail in his backgrounds to depict with accuracy the social and economic environment of post-colonial Ivory Coast in the 70's. Every scene, from the modern Ivorian cityscape to the small-town marketplace, is drawn in minute detail and vibrant colors that give the readers an immersive experience. In addition, Oubrerie's detailed settings help to establish characterization in the story. For example, Bonaventure's pink mansion stands out from all the other houses like a sore thumb in the same way that his body towers over the other characters. Character list Aya - the protagonist of the book, Aya is a sweet and humble girl who is connected to every character in some way. Aya helps out the entire community in several ways. She is supportive of her friends and family and is always willing to help others. Although she is very young, the audience gets a glimpse of different problems and situations that are common in the African culture through her. Ignace - Aya's father and a working businessman. He takes Aya with him to work as a visit, and when they reach his work establishment, it becomes very apparent that Ignace keeps his family life and work life very separate. Ignace is very defensive and can be extremely rude when he feels that his family may be suspicious about his actions. Akissi - Aya's little sister. Fofana - Aya's little brother. Felicite - the maid for Aya's family and also helps take care of Bobby. Aya wishes to help Felicite practice for the Miss Yopougon pageant. Felicite, in conjunction with Aya, will help Adjoua with her child situation by either watching Bobby, or helping Adjoua sell fritters at the market. Fanta - Aya's mother and a typical African housewife. She does chores around the house and tends to the children. Fanta is very sweet towards her husband and Aya. Adjoua โ€“ a young single mother struggling to make money in Yop City. Adjoua told her family that the child, Bobby, was Moussa's son, so she could marry Moussa. Throughout the book, Adjoua shows her irresponsibility with her child, as Aya is usually taking care of Bobby while Adjoua works at the market. Hyacinte - Adjoua's father. He is very persistent about confirming that Bobby is Moussa's son. Hyacinte was outraged to find out the Mamadou was the actual father, when he was working so hard to prove some type of family connection between Moussa and Bobby. Hyacinte abandons Adjoua after being disappointed that her child was not the heir to Moussa's fortune. Korotoumou - Adjoua's mother. She was outraged as well to find out that Moussa was not the father. It served as a disappointment to the entire family and an embarrassment in the community. Albert - Adjoua's brother. Albert is not a major character in the first book but he is sneaking around with another woman at night. He won't introduce this girl to his family, he is very defensive when anyone asks about her and his girl is not shown in the book. Bintou โ€“ very promiscuous woman who is dying to live a fancier life, as well as being a very materialistic, money hungry woman who is only concerned with her own well-being. However, she is very confident and has high self-esteem, but her cockiness inhibits from her to see things as they truly are. Koffi - Bintou's father. Herve - Bintou's cousin, Herve is extremely hard working. He works as a car mechanic and is becoming increasingly skilled at fixing cars. Herve is also illiterate and comes to Aya after he decided that he wants to learn the alphabet. Mamadou - Bobby's biological father. Mamadou is referred to as a skirt chaser because he is known to sleep around the city. At first, Mamadou does not seem like a responsible father figure, but towards the end of the book, the audience sees a growth in Mamadou as he searches for a job and begins to help Adjoua with Bobby by paying child support. Moussa โ€“ he and his family are much wealthier than the other families in the book. He uses his father's name to meet girls and he often daydreams about women and living a carefree life. His father is very critical of him and he is scolded often. Bonaventure Sissoko - Moussa's father. He is very unemotional and is often angry. He is very strict with his son and his business. Bonaventure continuously expresses his hard work ethic and his disapproval of his son's immature ways. Simone Sissoko - Moussa's mother, who is much more compassionate and worried about Moussa, she also encourages Bonaventure to be more kind to their son. She is very supportive of her son and understands that Bonaventure can be too aggressive with him sometimes. Gregoire - a poor man who tricks Bintou into believing that he is a rich French Parisian. Gregoire is actually sleeping with several woman and he saves up money just so he can appear like a rich man and spoil his mistresses. He is a desperate man who will sell anything just so he can manipulate young women into having sex with him. Jeanne - Ignace's secretary and his mistress. Ignace keeps Jeanne a secret while Jeanne seems to know a lot about Aya and her family, and also has two children with him. Aya and her family are completely unaware of Jeanne and her role until the end of the book when she surprises them at their home. Reception Aya of Yop City debuted to much critical acclaim, receiving a Quill Award nomination, and praise for its accessibility to audiences and for the rare portrait of a warm, friendly, and rather modern Africa. The first album received the Prize for First Album at the 2006 Angoulรชme International Comics Festival. The series is one of the few works of African fiction in graphic novel form that has gained exposure globally. The novel was well received throughout Africa. In Abouet's native country of Ivory Coast, more affordable copies of the book were made available which contributed to its popularity. Film adaptation The novel was adapted into an animated film that was released in July 2013. The film was co-directed and written by Abouet and Oubrerie and was produced by Autochenille Production, the studio responsible for the film adaptation of Joann Sfar's The Rabbi's Cat. Volume list References External links Exclusive Comics Excerpt: Aya of Yop City Explores Vibrant African Township Life (accessed 23 June 2013) Lucky you, ร”! A review of Aya Of Yop City (accessed 23 June 2013) Review: Aya of Yop City Fiction Review: Aya of Yop City (accessed 23 June 2013) Review: Aya of Yop City by Marguerite Abouet and Clement Oubrerie (accessed 23 June 2013) Aya of Yop City (review) (accessed 23 June 2013) Graphic Novel Monday: Aya of Yop City, by Marguerite Abouet and Clement Oubrerie (accessed 23 June 2013) 2008 graphic novels Ivorian comics Autobiographical comics Slice of life comics Comics set in the 1970s Comics set in Ivory Coast Comics set in Paris ร‰ditions Gallimard books 2005 comics debuts 2008 comics endings French comics adapted into films Comics adapted into animated films 2005 establishments in Ivory Coast
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%20%EA%B3%B5%EC%A3%BC
ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๊ณต์ฃผ
ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๊ณต์ฃผ() ํ˜น์€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๋ฏธ๋ผ()๋Š” 2000๋…„ 10์›”์— ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๋ฐœ๋ฃจ์น˜์Šคํƒ„ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€์‚ฌ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ์™• ํฌ์„ธ๋ฅดํฌ์„ธ์Šค 1์„ธ์˜ ๋”ธ ๋กœ๋‘๊ตฌ๋„ค ๊ณต์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์œ„์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‹ค์ฒด๋Š” 1996๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ 21~25์„ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2020๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ธ์„ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด 20๋…„ ์งธ ๋ฏธ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ผ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” 2000๋…„ 10์›” 19์ผ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ์•„ํฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด(Ali Aqbar)๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์†Œ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋…นํ™”๋œ ๋น„๋””์˜คํ…Œ์ดํ”„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ์•„ํฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์˜ ์ž…์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•„ํฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ฃจ์น˜์Šคํƒ„ ์ฃผ์˜ ์นด๋ž€(Kharan)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฑ์žฅ ์™ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจํ•˜๋ฉ”๋“œ ๋ฆฌํ‚ค(Wali Mohammed Reeki)์˜ ์ง‘์— ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ƒค๋ฆฌํ”„ ์ƒค ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค(Sharif Shah Bakhi)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ€˜ํƒ€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์งํ›„์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ’ˆ ์•”์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋ฌด๋ ค 6์–ต ๋ฃจํ”ผ, ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด 1,100๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์— ๊ฒฝ๋งคํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ‚ค์™€ ์•„ํฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ง•์—ญ 10๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์› ํ™•์ธ 10์›” 26์ผ, ์–ธ๋ก ์€ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž์ธ ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฐ”๋“œ์˜ ์ฝฐ์ด๋“œ ์ด ์•„์ž  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(Quaid-e-Azam University) ์•„ํ๋งˆ๋“œ ํ•˜์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ(Ahmad Hasan Dani) ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 600๋…„๊ฒฝ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณต์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ŒŒ๊ณ  ๋„๊ธˆํ•œ ๋ชฉ๊ด€๊ณผ ์„คํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๊ธด ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”ํŒŒ๊ตฌ์Šค์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•ˆ์น˜ํ•ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ด€์—๋Š” ํฐ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฐ”ํ•˜๋ฅด(Faravahar) ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ž๊ณผ ๊ฟ€๋กœ ๋œ ์ธต์˜ ์œ„์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์„ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋งˆ์—” ๊ธˆ๊ด€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ฐ€์ŠดํŒ์— ์ ํžŒ ๊ธ€์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์•„์ผ€๋ฉ”๋„ค์Šค ์™•์กฐ ๊ตญ์™•์ธ ํฌ์„ธ๋ฅดํฌ์„ธ์Šค 1์„ธ์˜ ๋”ธ ๋กœ๋‘๊ตฌ๋„ค(Rhodugune) ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์™•์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ๊ณต์ฃผ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์•„์ผ€๋ฉ”๋„ค์Šค ์™•์กฐ ํ‚ค๋ฃจ์Šค 2์„ธ์˜ ๋”ธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ผํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์Šต์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ผ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์—ฌํ•˜ํŠผ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 2,500๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๊ณต์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ž ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋‹คํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ์ฒญ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ํ™ฉ์‹ค์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ผ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์€ ์ด๋ž€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ์ธก์— ๋ฏธ๋ผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์—„์—ฐํžˆ ์ž๊ตญ ์˜ํ† ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ฃจ์น˜์Šคํƒ„ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์— ๊ท€์†๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋‹ค ์—‰๋šฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๊ถŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ผ์–ด๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค. ํ€˜ํƒ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค์ค˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 2000๋…„ 11์›”, ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ์•ˆ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ˜น ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ž ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ฐ–๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ํ˜น์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฑฐ์ ธ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ŠดํŒ์— ์ ํžŒ ์„คํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ๋œ ๊ธ€์€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ด๋ž€์˜ ๋ฒ ํžˆ์Šคํˆฐ(Behistun)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํžˆ์Šคํˆฐ ๋น„๋ฌธ์€ ํฌ์„ธ๋ฅดํฌ์„ธ์Šค 1์„ธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค 1์„ธ์˜ ์น˜์„ธ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์ŠดํŒ์— ์ ํžŒ ๊ธ€์ด ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์–ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์•ˆ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ณต์ฃผ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์–ด์ธ ์™€๋ฅด๋ฐ๊ฐ€์šฐ๋‚˜(Wardegauna)๋ผ๊ณ  ์จ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ ๋กœ๋‘๊ตฌ๋„ค๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์นด๋ผ์น˜์˜ ์•„๊ทธํ•˜ ์นธ ๋ณ‘์›(Agha Khan Hospital)์—์„œ ์—‘์Šค์„  ์ „์‚ฐํ™” ๋‹จ์ธต ์ดฌ์˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ „ํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ด์žฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง„์งœ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ์‹ ์ฒด ์•ˆ์— ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณดํ†ต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ 2,000๋…„๋„ ๋” ๋œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํž˜์ค„์€ ์ฉ์–ด์„œ ์—†์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋„ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์„์—ฐ์ฐฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์„ธ๋ฅดํฌ์„ธ์Šค 1์„ธ์˜ ๋”ธ์ด ๋งž๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 2,500๋…„ ์ „์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์น˜ํ•œ ๋ชฉ๊ด€์˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋„ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํƒ„์†Œ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ๋ชฉ๊ด€์€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 250๋…„ ์ „์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž ์˜ค์Šค์นด ํ™”์ดํŠธ ๋ฌด์Šค์นด๋ ๋ผ(Oscar White Muscarella)๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ด ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๊ณต์ฃผ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋„ํ•œ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ง€๋‚œ 3์›”์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ดค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธํ™•์ธ ๊ณจ๋™ํ’ˆ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ธ ์ธก์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์•„๋งˆ๋†€๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ(Amanollah Riggi)๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šค์นด๋ ๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์€๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์กฐ๋กœ์•„์Šคํ„ฐ๊ต ์‹ ์ž ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฐ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ŠดํŒ์— ์ ํžŒ ๊ธ€์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์„ธ๋ฅดํฌ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ๋”ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์Šค์นด๋ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์„์—ฐ์ฐฎ์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ํŒ๋งค์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชฉ๊ด€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํƒ„์†Œ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ๋ชฉ๊ด€์ด ๊ณ ์ž‘ 250๋…„๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌด์Šค์นด๋ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์œ„์กฐํ•œ ์œ„์กฐ๋ฒ”์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๋Š์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธํ„ฐํด์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”ํŒŒ๊ตฌ์Šค์—” ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ณผ์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ฐ€์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐํ•„๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ํ”์ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•„์ด๋ž€ ํ•„๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์žก์•„๋„ 400์—ฌ ๋…„ ์ „์—์•ผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฐํ•„์„ ์˜ ํ”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”ํŒŒ๊ตฌ์Šค ์—ญ์‹œ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์žก์•„๋ด์•ผ 400๋…„ ์ „์ฏค์—์•ผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 600๋…„๊ฒฝ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณต์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์•„ํ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํ•˜์‚ฐ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ชฉ๊ด€๋งŒํผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹ ์—๋Š” ๋งคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊น”๋ ค ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋งคํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ž‘ 5๋…„๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ํ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์•„์Šค๋งˆ ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผํž˜(Asma Ibrahim)์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ฐ€์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„ ์ด๋ž€๊ณผ ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ธก์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ธก์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ€๋ฐ˜์ถœํ•œ ๋„๊ตด๊พผ๋“ค์„ ์ฒดํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋“๋ถ€๋“ ์šฐ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์•„์Šค๋งˆ ์ด๋ธŒ๋ผํž˜์€ 2001๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๊ณต์ฃผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ 1996๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ์š”์ถ”์™€ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘”๊ธฐ์— ๋งž์•„ ํ”ผ์‚ด๋œ 21~25์„ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์น˜์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„์— ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜, ์ฒ™์ถ”๋Š” ์†์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฐฑ์„ ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ณ  ๋ณต๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์ค‘ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ ์†Œ๋‹ค์™€ ์—ผํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฑด์กฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๋ฃจ์น˜์Šคํƒ„ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์‚ด์ธ์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์šฉ์˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์ฒดํฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋๋‚ด ๋ฒ”์ธ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด๋ช… ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์ž์„  ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ ์—๋“œํžˆ ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•ด 2005๋…„ 8์›” 5์ผ์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ์ธ์ง€ 2008๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์žฌ๋‹จ์— ๋งค์žฅ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋งค์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์— 2,500๋…„ ์ „ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ณต์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‘”๊ฐ‘๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ž ์† ์†Œ๋…„ ๊ฐ์ฃผ 2000๋…„ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋งž์•„ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ๋‚ ์กฐ 2000๋…„ 10์›” ๋ฏธํ™•์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์•…ํฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20Princess
Persian Princess
The Persian Princess or Persian Mummy is a mummy of an alleged Persian princess who surfaced in Pakistani Baluchistan in October 2000. After considerable attention and further investigation, the mummy proved to be an archaeological forgery and possibly a murder victim. Discovery The mummy was found on October 19, 2000. During a murder investigation, Pakistani authorities were alerted to a videotape recorded by Ali Aqbar, in which he claimed to have a mummy for sale. When questioned by the police, Aqbar told them where the mummy was located; at the house of tribal leader Wali Mohammed Reeki in Kharan, Baluchistan near the border of Afghanistan. Reeki claimed he had received the mummy from an Iranian named Sharif Shah Bakhi, who had said that he had found it after an earthquake near Quetta. The mummy had been put up for sale in the black antiquities market for 600 million rupees, the equivalent of $11 million. Reeki and Aqbar were accused of violating the country's Antiquities Act, a charge which carries a maximum sentence of ten years in prison. Misidentification In a press conference on October 26, Pakistani archaeologist Ahmad Hasan Dani of Islamabad's Quaid-e-Azam University announced that the mummy seemed to be a princess dated circa 600 BC. The mummy was wrapped in ancient Egyptian style, and rested in a gilded wooden coffin with cuneiform carvings inside a stone sarcophagus. The coffin had been carved with a large faravahar image. The mummy was atop a layer of wax and honey, was covered by a stone slab and had a golden crown on its brow. An inscription on the golden chest plate claimed that she was the relatively unknown Rhodogune, a daughter of king Xerxes I of Persia and a member of the Achaemenid dynasty. Hasan Dani speculated that she might have been an Egyptian princess married to a Persian prince, or a daughter of the Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great. However, because mummification had been primarily an Egyptian practice, they had not encountered any mummies in Persia before. Ownership The governments of Iran and Pakistan soon began to argue about the ownership of the mummy. The Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization claimed her as a member of Persian royal family and demanded the mummy's return. Pakistan's Archaeological Department HQ said that it belonged to Pakistan because it had been found in Baluchistan. The Taliban of Afghanistan also made a claim. People in Quetta demanded that the police should return the mummy to them. In November 2000, the mummy was placed in display in the National Museum of Pakistan. Investigation News of the Persian Princess prompted American archaeologist Oscar White Muscarella to describe an incident the previous March when he was shown photographs of a similar mummy. Amanollah Riggi, a middleman working on behalf of an unidentified antiquities dealer in Pakistan, had approached him, claiming its owners were a Zoroastrian family who had brought it to the country. The seller had claimed that it was a daughter of Xerxes, based on a translation of the cuneiform of the breastplate. The cuneiform text on the breastplate contained a passage from the Behistun inscription in western Iran. The Behistun inscription was carved during the reign of Darius, the father of Xerxes. When the dealer's representative had sent a piece of a coffin to be carbon dated, analysis had shown that the coffin was only around 250 years old. Muscarella had suspected a forgery and severed contact. He had informed Interpol through the FBI. When Asma Ibrahim, the curator of the National Museum of Pakistan, studied the item in police custody, she realised that the corpse was not as old as the coffin. The body had shown signs of decomposition fungus on the face, a sign of a recently deceased body, and the mat below the body was about five years old. During the investigation, Iran and the Taliban repeated their demands. The Taliban claimed that they had apprehended the smugglers who had taken the mummy out of Afghanistan. The inscriptions on the breastplate were not in proper grammatical Persian. Instead of a Persian form of the daughter's name, Wardegauna, the forgers had used a Greek version Rhodugune. CAT and X-ray scans in Agha Khan Hospital indicated that the mummification had not been made following ancient Egyptian custom โ€“ for example, the heart had been removed along with the rest of the internal organs, whereas the heart of a genuine Egyptian mummy would normally be left inside the body. Furthermore, tendons that should have decayed over the centuries were still intact. Ibrahim published her report on April 17, 2001. In it, she stated that the "Persian princess" was in fact a woman about 21โ€“25 years of age, who had died around 1996, possibly killed with a blunt instrument to the lower back/pelvic region (e.g., hit by vehicle from behind). A subsequent accelerator mass spectrometry dating also confirmed the mummy's status as a modern fake. Her teeth had been removed after death, and her hip joint, pelvis and backbone damaged, before the body had been filled with powder. Police began to investigate a possible murder and arrested a number of suspects in Baluchistan. Fate The Edhi Foundation took custody of the body, and on August 5, 2005, announced that it was to be interred with proper burial rites. However, police and other government officials never responded to numerous requests, and it was not until 2008 that the foundation finally carried out the burial. Representations in contemporary art The Persian Princess is the name of an exhibition presented in August 2016 in Jerusalem, by artist Hili Greenfeld. The exhibition functions as a tribute to the anonymous woman who, in an instant, went from the status of a Princess in a gold-plated coffin displayed in a national museum, to the victim of a vicious murder in whom everyone quickly lost interest. The extreme transformation of the perception of the archeological object โ€“ from an honored Princess to a woman who was murdered โ€“ is what interests Greenfeld. Greenfeld picked up the signs and symbols used by the forgers, such as engraved rosettes, Cypress gold, the icon of Ahura Mazda, Gold Crown, etc. She painted the symbols on artificial grass, and created a hybrid of lyrical abstract paintings, Persian rugs and graffiti murals. The works that are shown on the walls and on the floor seem to be graffiti murals and then seem to be rugs, but in both cases they are synthetic imitations of the original. See also List of unsolved murders References 1970s births 1990s deaths 2000 hoaxes 2000 in Pakistan Archaeological forgeries Female murder victims History of Balochistan, Pakistan (1947โ€“present) Hoaxes Mummies Unidentified murder victims
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C%202020%20%EA%B0%9C%EC%B5%9C%20%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%20%EC%84%A0%EC%A0%95
UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ ์„ ์ •
์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ ์„ ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ์„ ์ • ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(UEFA)์€ ๋‹น์ดˆ 2012๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ์— UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์œ ์น˜ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  2014๋…„ 9์›”์— UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. -- 3๊ฐœ๊ตญ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฐœ์ตœ - 2๊ฐœ๊ตญ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฐœ์ตœ (์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง€์•„ ๋‹จ๋… ๊ฐœ์ตœ์•ˆ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž”์˜ ๋ฐ”์ฟ ๊ฐ€ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ตœ์ข… ํ›„๋ณด ๋„์‹œ ์„ ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์กฐ์ง€์•„-์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž” ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฐœ์ตœ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.) ๋ฏธ์…ธ ํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ฐ๋‹ˆ UEFA ํšŒ์žฅ์€ ํ„ฐํ‚ค์˜ ์ด์Šคํƒ„๋ถˆ์ด 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ตœ์ข… ํ›„๋ณด ๋„์‹œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์Šคํƒ„๋ถˆ์ด 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ„ฐํ‚ค๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020์„ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žํฌ ๋กœ๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ์ œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์œ„์›ํšŒ(IOC) ์œ„์›์žฅ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ด์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” IOC์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์Šคํƒ„๋ถˆ์ด 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜๋ฉด ํ„ฐํ‚ค๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋ฏธ์…ธ ํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ฐ๋‹ˆ UEFA ํšŒ์žฅ์€ 2012๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2012 ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ์žํšŒ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 12๊ฐœ ๋˜๋Š” 13๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 12์›” 6์ผ์—๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020์ด UEFA ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ 60์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด UEFA ์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” 2013๋…„ 1์›” 25์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 3์›” 28์ผ์—๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์œ ์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •, ์ž๊ฒฉ ์š”๊ฑด์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2013๋…„ 4์›” 26์ผ์—๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์œ ์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •, ์ž๊ฒฉ ์š”๊ฑด, ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020์„ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” 13๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 12๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” 16๊ฐ•์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” 8๊ฐ•์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” 'ํ‘œ์ค€ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€'(Standard Package)๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์€ 1๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” '๊ฒฐ์Šน ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€'(Finals Package)๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020์„ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๋‹ค 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋งˆ๋‹ค 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ํ‘œ์ค€ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€, ๊ฒฐ์Šน ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€์— ์ž…ํ›„๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์œ ์น˜ํ•  ์ง€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์œ ์น˜ํ•  ์ง€๋Š” UEFA ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋งก๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „๊ณผ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์ด ์ตœ์†Œ 70,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ, 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์ด ์ตœ์†Œ 60,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ, 16๊ฐ•์ „๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์ด ์ตœ์†Œ 50,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ 16๊ฐ•์ „๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์ด ์ตœ์†Œ 30,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 2๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ 2016๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020์˜ ์ž๋™ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์€ ํŠน์ • ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  UEFA ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์€ ์˜ˆ์„ ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „, ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์€ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ํŽธ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ 1๊ฐœ ์กฐ์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 2๊ฐœ ํŒ€์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ํŽธ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋™ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ด๋™ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ€๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์บ ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๋ณธ์„ ์„ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ 2๊ณณ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ 2๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ณตํ•ญ 1๊ณณ์„ ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ ํŒฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฐ์Šน ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€, ํ‘œ์ค€ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„์‹œ ๋ธŒ๋คผ์…€ - ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (60,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ) ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ - ์›ธ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 90,000๋ช…) ๋ฎŒํ—จ - ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์ธ  ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 67,812๋ช…) ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ - ์™„๋‹ค ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌํƒ€๋…ธ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 20,000๋ช…, ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์„ 70,000๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Œ) ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜ - RCDE ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 40,500๋ช…) ๋นŒ๋ฐ”์˜ค - ์‚ฐ ๋งˆ๋ฉ”์Šค (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 53,332๋ช…) ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„ - ๋…ธ์šฐ ๋ฉ”์Šคํƒ€์•ผ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 75,100๋ช…) ์นด๋””ํ”„ - ๋ฐ€๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์—„ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 74,500๋ช…) ๊ฒฐ์Šน ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„์‹œ ์ด์Šคํƒ„๋ถˆ - ์•„ํƒ€ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 76,092๋ช…) ํ‚ค์ด์šฐ - ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ผ์Šคํ‚ค ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 70,050๋ช…) ํ‘œ์ค€ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„์‹œ ์˜ˆ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ - ํ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 54,208๋ช…) ๋ฐ”์ฟ  - ๋ฐ”์ฟ  ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 68,000๋ช…, ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Œ) ๋ฏผ์Šคํฌ - ํŠธ๋ฝํ† ๋ฅด ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์„ 33,000๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Œ) ์†Œํ”ผ์•„ - ๋ฐ”์‹ค ๋ ˆํ”„์Šคํ‚ค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 43,230๋ช…) ์ž๊ทธ๋ ˆ๋ธŒ - ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 55,000๋ช…) ์Šคํ”Œ๋ฆฌํŠธ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜จ ํด๋ฅ˜๋“œ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์„ 50,000๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Œ) ํ”„๋ผํ•˜ - ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› ๋ถˆ๋ช…) ์ฝ”ํŽœํ•˜๊ฒ - ํŒŒ๋ฅด์ผ„ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 38,065๋ช…) ํ—ฌ์‹ฑํ‚ค - ํ—ฌ์‹ฑํ‚ค ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 37,500๋ช…) ๋ฆฌ์˜น - ํŒŒ๋ฅดํฌ ์˜ฌ๋žญํ”ผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์š”๋„ค (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 61,556๋ช…) ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค - ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 75,263๋ช…) ๋ถ€๋‹คํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ - ํ‘ธ์Šˆ์นด์‹œ ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (67,889๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ) ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ - ์•„๋น„๋ฐ” ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 51,700๋ช…) ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ - ํ…Œ๋”” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์„ 53,000๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Œ) ๋กœ๋งˆ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ผ์ฝ” (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 72,698๋ช…) ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ์ฃผ์„ธํŽ˜ ๋ฉ”์•„์ฐจ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 80,018๋ช…) ์•„์Šคํƒ€๋‚˜ - ์•„์Šคํƒ€๋‚˜ ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 30,000๋ช…) ์Šค์ฝ”ํŽ˜ - ํ•„๋ฆฌํฌ์Šค 2์„ธ ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 33,460๋ช…) ์•”์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด - ์š”ํ•œ ํฌ๋ผ์œ„ํ”„ ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 53,052๋ช…, ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์„ 55,000๋ช…์—์„œ 56,000๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Œ) ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ƒค๋ฐ” - ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ƒค๋ฐ” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 58,145๋ช…) ํ˜ธ์ฃผํ”„ - ์‹ค๋กฑ์Šคํ‚ค ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 54,477๋ช…) ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ณธ - ์ด์Šคํƒ€๋””์šฐ ๋‹ค ๋ฃจ์Šค (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 65,647๋ช…) ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ - ์ด์Šคํƒ€๋””์šฐ ๋‘ ๋“œ๋ผ๊ฐ• (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 50,399๋ช…) ๋ถ€์ฟ ๋ ˆ์Šˆํ‹ฐ - ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ค๋‚ ๋Ÿฌ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 55,600๋ช…) ์ƒํŠธํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ - ํฌ๋ ˆ์Šคํ†ฑ์Šคํ‚ค ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 69,500๋ช…) ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  - ํ–„๋˜ ํŒŒํฌ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 52,063๋ช…) ๋ฒ ์˜ค๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜จ ์ธ ๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋‚˜ ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 55,538๋ช…) ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„ - ํ”„๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 50,000๋ช…) ๋ฐ”์ ค - ์žฅํฌํŠธ ์•ผ์ฝ”ํ”„ ํŒŒ๋ฅดํฌ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 38,512๋ช…) ๋„๋„ค์ธ ํฌ - ๋ˆ๋ฐ”์Šค ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 52,518๋ช…) ์œ ์น˜ ์‹ ์ฒญ ์ ‘์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ ์„ ์ • ๊ณผ์ • UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์€ 2013๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ์„ ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋งˆ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. UEFA๋Š” 2013๋…„ 9์›” 20์ผ์— 32๊ฐœ UEFA ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ๊ฐ€ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์œ ์น˜ ์‹ ์ฒญ ์ ‘์ˆ˜๋Š” 2014๋…„ 4์›” 25์ผ์„ ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋งˆ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 19๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. UEFA ์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” 2014๋…„ 4์›” 26์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ 2014๋…„ 9์›” 19์ผ์— ์„ ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. UEFA ์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” 2014๋…„ 5์›” 13์ผ์— UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ ์„ ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์Šน ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š” 8๊ฐ•์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ, 4์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š” 16๊ฐ•์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ณด ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ 2014๋…„ 8์›”์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ UEFA ์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ํ™•์ •๋œ '์ง€์—ญ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜'์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” 1์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ, 2์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ›„๋ณด ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. 4์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์น˜ ์‹ ์ฒญ ๋„์‹œ UEFA๋Š” 2014๋…„ 9์›” 10์ผ์— UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•œ 19๊ฐœ ํ›„๋ณด ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2014๋…„ 9์›” 19์ผ์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋  UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ ์„ ์ • ํˆฌํ‘œ์— ์•ž์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์กฐ์น˜์ด๋‹ค. UEFA๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏผ์Šคํฌ, ์†Œํ”ผ์•„, ์Šค์ฝ”ํŽ˜, ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์ด ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉ ํŒ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ›„๋ณด ๋„์‹œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. UEFA๋Š” 2014๋…„ 9์›” 19์ผ์— ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์—์„œ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๋ณธ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” 13๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ ์„ ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํˆฌํ‘œ 1์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ 1์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์„ ์ •๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฎŒํ—จ์ด ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ง์ „์— ๊ธฐ๊ถŒํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ 2์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์„ ์ •๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” 8๊ฐ•์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์ด ์ตœ์†Œ 60,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ›„๋ณด ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌํ‘œ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž„์›๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ 1์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 4์ , 2์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ , 3์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 2์ , 4์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 1์ ์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ 4๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ 3์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์„ ์ •๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” 16๊ฐ•์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜: ๋ถ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ (์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ, ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ, ์›จ์ผ์Šค) 2๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜: ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„ ๋ฐ˜๋„ (๋ด๋งˆํฌ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด) 3๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜: ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ (์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž”, ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„) 4๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜: ์ค‘๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ (๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„, ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ, ๋งˆ์ผ€๋„๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„) 5๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜: ์ค‘์•™์œ ๋Ÿฝ (๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—, ๋…์ผ, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ) 6๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜: ๋‚จ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด (์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ) ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฏผ์Šคํฌ, ์†Œํ”ผ์•„, ์Šค์ฝ”ํŽ˜, ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์ด ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉ ํŒ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ›„๋ณด ๋„์‹œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1๋ฒˆ, 3๋ฒˆ, 5๋ฒˆ, 6๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 3์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š” 2๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜, 4๋ฒˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ 4์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์„ ์ •๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” 16๊ฐ•์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ, 2์ฐจ, 3์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ดํ›„์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›„๋ณด ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌํ‘œ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž„์›๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ 1์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 6์ , 2์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 5์ , 3์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 4์ , 4์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ , 5์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 2์ , 6์ฐจ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 1์ ์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ 6๊ฐœ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ •๋œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ ์„ ์ • UEFA ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฐœ์ตœ์ง€ ์„ ์ •
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Euro%202020%20bids
UEFA Euro 2020 bids
The bidding process for the UEFA Euro 2020 is the process by which the location for the 16th European Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2020, was selected. The process officially began on 21 March 2012 with the intent to announce the hosts in late 2013 or early 2014. Despite interest from Turkey, a joint bid from Scotland, the Republic of Ireland and Wales and a proposal from Georgia and Azerbaijan, UEFA announced on 6 December 2012 that it had made the unprecedented decision to host the tournament in multiple cities across Europe. Background Euro 2020 (held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic) was the second tournament to involve 24 nations, following UEFA Euro 2016 five years previously. Initial bidding process It was initially envisaged that the tournament would be contained within one, two or three countries. In the case of multiple countries hosting the tournament, these countries would have to share a border. Assuming no changes from the Euro 2016 bidding process, the basic hosting requirements were to be as follows: Only the 54 football associations affiliated to UEFA were eligible to host the tournament. Joint bids by two member associations were permitted and, under exceptional circumstances, joint bids by three member associations may have been considered. The stadium requirements for Euro 2016 were as set out below. However, Euro 2016 now used ten stadiums rather than the nine initially specified, so the 2020 bidding process could have adopted a new formula. 2 stadiums with 50,000 seats 3 stadiums with 40,000 seats 4 stadiums with 30,000 seats Schedule On 21 March 2012, UEFA announced that the bidding process would be as set out below in the event that more than one expression of interest in bidding was received by UEFA before 15 May 2012. Without a second bid, UEFA stated that the hosts would be confirmed on 15 May, subject to the confederation receiving the necessary guarantees. On 16 May 2012, UEFA announced that, because more than one national association had submitted their interest, it would begin its formal selection process and would allow any of the 54 national federations to bid, even if they chose not to declare an interest prior to the deadline. The timeline for the rest of the procedure was announced by UEFA on 30 June 2012. Expressions of interest Turkey, a joint Scottish, Irish and Welsh bid and an Azerbaijani-Georgian bid all formally confirmed their interest in hosting Euro 2020 with UEFA in the spring of 2012. The deadline for declarations of interest was at midnight on 15 May 2012, but UEFA announced that further bids were welcome on 16 May. By and large, this was seen as a disappointing group of hosts to select from, especially as favourite for the bid Turkey favoured a bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics in its largest city Istanbul, held in the same year and seen as an obstacle to the hosting of Euro 2020. UEFA President Michel Platini was previously reported to have promised the tournament to Turkey. The Celtic (Scotland, Republic of Ireland and Wales) bid was a late bid that arose after the lack of interest throughout the rest of Europe, Turkey aside. The Azerbaijani-Georgian coalition was doubted by some due to Azerbaijan's preference for a successful Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. On 15 May 2012, hours after the announcement of the three-way Irish, Scottish and Welsh bid, Georgian Sports Minister Vladimir Vardzelashvili announced his country's intention to declare an interest in hosting Euro 2020 alone. Nine days later, however, Azerbaijan notified UEFA that they planned to join forces with Georgia in a bid for Euro 2020 after Baku failed to make the IOC's shortlist as a contender to bid for the 2020 Olympic Games. Several other nations made a less committed effort to the host the tournament, but never announced a firm interest. Among these were Belgium, a joint Bosnia and Herzegovinaโ€“Croatiaโ€“Serbia bid, a proposal from Romania alongside either Bulgaria or Hungary and sole bids from Germany and the Netherlands. Change to pan-European tournament format On 30 June 2012, at a press conference a day before the UEFA Euro 2012 Final, UEFA President Michel Platini suggested that instead of having one host country (or joint hosting by multiple countries), Euro 2020 may be spread over "12 or 13 cities" across the continent. A similar system was in use for its male and female under-age competitions. On 6 December 2012, UEFA announced that the 2020 championships would be held in multiple cities all over Europe to mark 60 years of the tournament's existence. Platini reasoned that this was the logical decision at a time of financial difficulty across Europe. Schedule of process 28 March 2013: Approval of the bidding requirements and bid regulations 26 April 2013: Publication of the bid regulations, bid requirements and launch of the bidding phase 12 September 2013: Formal confirmation of candidate cities by their respective football associations 20 September 2013: Announcement of candidate cities by the UEFA Executive Committee 25 April 2014: Submission of bid dossiers 19 September 2014: Appointment of the host cities by the UEFA Executive Committee Venue selection On 25 January 2013, the UEFA Executive Committee approved the principles of venue selection: Twelve cities would host four matches (the "Standard Package"), consisting of three group stage matches and one round of 16/quarter-final match. A 13th city would host the semi-finals and final (the "Finals Package"). Each city will use one venue only. Each association could bid for either or both of the above packages (same city or two different cities). However, a maximum of one city per country will be chosen. The minimum stadium capacities should be 70,000 for semi-finals/final, 60,000 for quarter-finals, and 50,000 for round of 16 and group matches. Up to two exceptions would be allowed for stadiums of a minimum capacity of 30,000, limited to group matches and a round of 16 match. Any projected stadiums had to start construction by 2016. For the group stage, a maximum of two host teams would be drawn into each group, with each qualified host team guaranteed to play two home matches in the group stage. However, there was no guarantee that a host team would play any knockout matches at home. The composition of teams in the group stage would still be subject to seeding and draw, but the allocation of host teams to each group would take into account of travel distances (flights between host cities in the same group could not exceed two hours). Each team which qualified for the finals could set up their base camp anywhere, without any obligation of staying in any of the host countries. Each host city had to have two airports, or two separate airport terminals at a single airport. This was to segregate rival fans. In May 2013, UEFA President Michel Platini announced that his personal priority was to have the competition hosted at venues that have never hosted European Championship matches before. Expressions of interest The deadline for expressions of interest was 12 September 2013. On 20 September, UEFA confirmed expressions of interest from 32 football associations to act as host cities. Of the associations which had applied to host matches at Euro 2020, nineteen had not previously hosted the final stages of tournament, (labeled with *). Whilst neither Croatia or Serbia had hosted an international football tournament as independent countries, the Serbian and Croatian capitals both hosted finals matches for Euro 1976 as part of then Yugoslavia. Expressed interest in bidding for Finals Package and Standard Package Brussels โ€“ proposed new national stadium (potentially 60,000) London โ€“ Wembley Stadium (90,000) Munich โ€“ Allianz Arena (67,812) Madrid โ€“ Metropolitano Stadium (20,000, to be expanded up to 70,000) Barcelona โ€“ RCDE Stadium (40,500) Bilbao โ€“ San Mamรฉs Barria (53,332) Valencia โ€“ Nou Mestalla (75,100; under construction) * Cardiff โ€“ Millennium Stadium (74,500) Expressed interest in bidding for Finals Package * Istanbul โ€“ Atatรผrk Olympic Stadium (76,092) Kyiv โ€“ NSK Olimpiyskiy (70,050) for semi-finals/final Expressed interest in bidding for Standard Package * Yerevan โ€“ Hrazdan Stadium (54,208) * Baku โ€“ Baku Olympic Stadium (68,000; under construction) * Minsk โ€“ Traktor Stadium (proposed renovation; to be expanded up to 33,000) * Sofia โ€“ Vasil Levski National Stadium (43,230) Zagreb โ€“ proposed new national stadium (55,000) Split โ€“ Stadion Poljud (to be expanded to 50,000) * Prague โ€“ proposed new national stadium * Copenhagen โ€“ Parken Stadium (38,065) * Helsinki โ€“ Helsinki Olympic Stadium (37,500) Lyon โ€“ Parc Olympique Lyonnais (61,556) * Athens โ€“ Olympic Stadium (75,263) * Budapest โ€“ Puskรกs Arรฉna (proposed new 67,889 stadium) * Dublin โ€“ Aviva Stadium (51,700) * Jerusalem โ€“ Teddy Stadium (to be expanded to 53,000) Rome โ€“ Stadio Olimpico (72,698) Milan โ€“ San Siro (80,018) * Astana โ€“ Astana Arena (30,000) * Skopje โ€“ Philip II Arena (33,460) Amsterdam โ€“ Amsterdam Arena (53,052; to be expanded to 55โ€“56,000) Warsaw โ€“ National Stadium (58,145) Chorzรณw โ€“ Stadion ลšlฤ…ski (54,477) Lisbon โ€“ Estรกdio da Luz (65,647) Porto โ€“ Estรกdio do Dragรฃo (50,399) * Bucharest โ€“ Arena Naศ›ionalฤƒ (55,600) * Saint Petersburg โ€“ Krestovsky Stadium (69,500) * Glasgow โ€“ Hampden Park (52,063) Belgrade โ€“ Red Star Stadium (55,538) or proposed new national stadium Solna, Stockholm โ€“ Friends Arena (50,000) Basel โ€“ St. Jakob-Park (38,512) Donetsk โ€“ Donbass Arena (52,518) Withdrawn interest The Finnish Football Association withdrew its bid on 4 March 2014 as redevelopments to its chosen venue, the Helsinki Olympic Stadium, will leave it below the standards required to host matches at the tournament. The Czech Football Association also withdrew its candidacy in March 2014 citing that the government was not ready to provide the guarantees for building a new stadium. The Italian Football Federation withdrew Milan's San Siro Stadium after selecting Rome's Stadio Olimpico as the country's sole venue to host Euro 2020 matches. Several federations withdrew their bids in late April 2014, before the final dossiers were submitted on 25 April. Four nations who had hosted recent tournaments โ€“ Euro 2008 hosts Switzerland (St. Jakob-Park, Basel), Euro 2012 co-hosts Poland (National Stadium, Warsaw and Silesian Stadium, Chorzรณw) and Ukraine (Olympic Stadium, Kyiv), and Euro 2016 hosts France (Stade des Lumiรจres, Lyon) โ€“ withdrew after deciding that their chances of success were minimal. Despite being favourites to host the final, Turkey withdrew its bid to host the final at the Atatรผrk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul in favour of bidding to host UEFA Euro 2024. In addition, other withdrawn bids included: both Portuguese bids, at the Estรกdio da Luz and Estรกdio do Dragรฃo, due to lack of support from local councils; the bid from the Czech Football Association in Prague due to lack of financial guarantees from city authorities; the Croatian Football Federation's bid in Zagreb, due to financial problems; Armenia; Greece; Kazakhstan; and Serbia. Bidding venues The final list of bids was published by UEFA on 26 April 2014 with a decision on the hosts to be made by the UEFA Executive Committee on 19 September 2014. There were two bids for the Finals Package (of which one was successful, marked with blue colour for Semi-Finals and Final) and 19 bids for the Standard Package (of which 12 were initially successful, marked with green colour for Quarter-Finals and Group Stage, yellow colour for Round of 16 and Group Stage; Brussels, marked with red, were initially selected but removed from the list of venues by UEFA on 7 December 2017). On 10 September 2014, UEFA published the evaluation reports of the 19 bids. Before the voting on 19 September 2014, UEFA judged that the candidatures of Belarus (Minsk), Bulgaria (Sofia), Macedonia (Skopje) and Israel (Jerusalem) did not fulfill the bid requirements, so they did not participate at all in the selection phases. Voting Procedure The voting procedure of the venues was approved by the UEFA Executive Committee on 13 May 2014: In the first voting phase, the winner of the Finals Package would be selected. In the second voting phase, the winners of the four Standard Packages which would host the quarter-finals would be selected. In the third and fourth voting phases, the winners of the eight Standard Packages which would host the round of 16 matches would be selected. This selection would be based on "regional zones" which would be finalized by the end of August 2014 by UEFA Executive Committee members whose associations were not bidding. In the third phase, for each zone that had not been selected in the first two phases, a winner of the Standard Package would be selected. In the fourth phase, the winners of the remaining Standard Packages would be selected. The voting was done by secret ballot and Executive Committee members which were associated with the bidding associations were not allowed to vote. The announcement ceremony of the selected venues took place at the Espace Hippomรจne in Geneva on 19 September 2014, 13:00 CEST, right after the voting in the morning. Summary The 13 venues were selected and announced on 19 September 2014: Final and Semi-finals: London (England) Quarter-finals and Group stage: Munich (Germany), Baku (Azerbaijan), Saint Petersburg (Russia), Rome (Italy) Round of 16 and Group Stage: Copenhagen (Denmark), Bucharest (Romania), Amsterdam (Netherlands), Dublin (Republic of Ireland), Bilbao (Spain), Budapest (Hungary), Brussels (Belgium), Glasgow (Scotland) Since Minsk, Sofia, Skopje and Jerusalem did not fulfill UEFA's requirements, Cardiff and Stockholm were the only cities not selected among the eligible bids. First phase In the first phase, the venue which will host the semi-finals and final was selected. Munich withdrew prior to the vote, and London was selected by acclamation. Second phase In the second phase, the four venues which will host one quarter-final and three group stage matches were selected. The seven candidate venues with a capacity of at least 60,000 were eligible. Each voting member ranked the venues in their order of preference: four points for their first choice, three points for their second choice, two points for their third choice, and one point for their fourth choice. The four venues with the highest points total were selected. Third phase In the third phase, a venue from each of the geographical zones which had not yet been chosen was selected to host a round of 16 match and three group stage matches. The six geographical zones were: Zone 1 (North-West): England, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Wales Zone 2 (Scandinavia): Denmark, Sweden Zone 3 (East): Azerbaijan, Belarus, Russia Zone 4 (Centre-East): Bulgaria, Macedonia, Hungary, Romania Zone 5 (Centre): Belgium, Germany, Netherlands Zone 6 (South-Mediterranean): Italy, Israel, Spain Prior to the vote, the venues of Belarus (Minsk), Bulgaria (Sofia), Macedonia (Skopje), and Israel (Jerusalem) were determined to have failed bid requirements, and thus were not involved in the final two phases. Of the six zones, Zones 1, 3, 5 and 6 already had venues chosen in the first two phases. Therefore, only Zones 2 and 4 were involved in this phase. Fourth phase In the fourth phase, the six remaining venues which would host one round of 16 and three group stage matches were selected among the remaining candidate venues. Each voting member ranked the venues in their order of preference: six points for their first choice, five points for their second choice, four points for their third choice, three points for their fourth choice, two points for their fifth choice, and one point for their sixth choice. The six venues with the highest points total were selected. Selected venues Below were the initial 13 venues selected by UEFA. However, the UEFA Executive Committee removed Brussels as a host city on 7 December 2017 due to delays with the building of the Eurostadium. The four matches (three group stage, one round of 16) initially scheduled to be held in Brussels were instead allocated to London. Therefore, London now hosted a total of seven matches, as the city was already chosen to host the semi-finals and final of the tournament. On 23 April 2021, UEFA announced that due to a lack of guarantees regarding spectators caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Dublin was removed as a tournament host (with their matches reallocated to Saint Petersburg for the group stage and London for the round of 16). Similarly, UEFA reassigned the four matches in Spain elsewhere in the country, with La Cartuja in Seville replacing Bilbao. References External links UEFA Euro 2020 โ€“ Information at Union of European Football Associations UEFA Euro 2020 2020 Belgium at UEFA Euro 2020 Denmark at UEFA Euro 2020 England at UEFA Euro 2020 Germany at UEFA Euro 2020 Italy at UEFA Euro 2020 Netherlands at UEFA Euro 2020 North Macedonia at UEFA Euro 2020 Russia at UEFA Euro 2020 Spain at UEFA Euro 2020 Sweden at UEFA Euro 2020 Wales at UEFA Euro 2020
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C%202016%20%EA%B0%9C%EC%B5%9C%EA%B5%AD%20%EC%84%A0%EC%A0%95
UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ์„ ์ •
์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ์„ ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016์€ 2๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์œ ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 3๊ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์œ ์น˜๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ์œ ์น˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ 2008๋…„ 12์›” 11์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(UEFA)์€ 2008๋…„ 12์›” 11์ผ์— UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ์œ ์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์†Œ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์ด 50,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ 2๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์ด 40,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ 3๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์ด 30,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ 4๊ฐœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ UEFA๊ฐ€ 2009๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์„œ์‹ ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ 2014๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค€๋น„๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋‹ด๊ธด 19๊ฐœ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ, ์œ ์น˜ ์‹ ์ฒญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๊ณผํ•œ 200๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ์„ ์ • ์ผ์ • 2008๋…„ 12์›” 15์ผ: UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ์œ ์น˜ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด ์‹œ์ž‘ 2009๋…„ 3์›” 9์ผ: UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ์œ ์น˜ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด ๋งˆ๊ฐ 2009๋…„ 4์›” 3์ผ: UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ์œ ์น˜ ์‹ ์ฒญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ 2010๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ: UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ์œ ์น˜ ์‹ ์ฒญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ์„œ ์ œ์ถœ 2010๋…„ 4์›” 7์ผ ~ 4์›” 15์ผ: UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ์œ ์น˜ ์‹ ์ฒญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ 2010๋…„ 5์›” 28์ผ: UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด ์ƒ์„ธ ์ •๋ณด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณ„ํš ์ƒ๋“œ๋‹ˆ - ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ๋“œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 81,338๋ช…) ๋งˆ๋ฅด์„ธ์œ  - ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ๋ฒจ๋กœ๋“œ๋กฌ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 60,013๋ช…, 70,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ๋ž‘์Šค - ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ณผ๋ผ์—๋ฅด (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 41,809๋ช…, 50,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ - ํŒŒ๋ฅดํฌ ๋ฐ ํ”„๋žญ์Šค (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 48,713๋ช…) ์ƒํ…Œํ‹ฐ์—” - ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ์กฐํ”„๋ฃจ์•„ ๊ธฐ์ƒค๋ฅด (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 35,616๋ช…, 42,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ํˆด๋ฃจ์ฆˆ - ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ๋ฎˆ๋‹ˆ์‹œํŒ” (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 35,472๋ช…, 40,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅด - ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ๋“œ ๋ผ ๋ฉ”๋…ธ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 29,320๋ช…, 36,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ๋‚ญ์‹œ - ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ํ”ผ์ฝ” (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 20,087๋ช…, 35,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฆฌ์˜น - ํŒŒ๋ฅดํฌ ์˜ฌ๋žญํ”ผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์š”๋„ค (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 62,500๋ช…) ๋นŒ๋‡Œ๋ธŒ๋‹ค์Šคํฌ(๋ฆด) - ๊ทธ๋ž‘ ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ๋ฆด ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 50,000๋ช…) ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„ - ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ์ƒค๋ฐฉ๋ธ๋งˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 42,000๋ช…) ๋‹ˆ์Šค - ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ๋’ค ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์•Œ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์ธ  ๋ฆฌ๋น„์—๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 35,000๋ช…) ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ์‚ฐ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 58,248๋ช…, ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ์นผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฆฌ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ์‚ฐํ…”๋ฆฌ์•„ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 23,486๋ช…, ์นผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฆฌ ์นผ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Œ) ์ฒด์„ธ๋‚˜ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ๋””๋…ธ ๋งˆ๋ˆ„์น˜ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 23,860๋ช…, ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์˜ค ํ”„๋ž€ํ‚ค (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 47,282๋ช…, ACF ํ”ผ์˜ค๋ Œํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Œ) ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ์ฃผ์„ธํŽ˜ ๋ฉ”์•„์ฐจ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 80,074๋ช…) ๋‚˜ํด๋ฆฌ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ์‚ฐ ํŒŒ์˜ฌ๋กœ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 60,240๋ช…, ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ํŒ”๋ ˆ๋ฅด๋ชจ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ๋ Œ์ดˆ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋ผ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 37,619๋ช…, US ์น˜ํƒ€ ๋”” ํŒ”๋ ˆ๋ฅด๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Œ) ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋งˆ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ์—”๋‹ˆ์˜ค ํƒ€๋ฅด๋””๋‹ˆ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 28,700๋ช…, ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ๋กœ๋งˆ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ผ์ฝ” (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 72,700๋ช…) ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ - ์œ ๋ฒคํˆฌ์Šค ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 41,000๋ช…, ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Œ) ์šฐ๋””๋„ค - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ํ”„๋ฆฌ์šธ๋ฆฌ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 41,652๋ช…, ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ๋ฒ ๋กœ๋‚˜ - ์Šคํƒ€๋””์˜ค ๋งˆ๋ฅด์นธํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ๋ฒคํ…Œ๊ณ ๋”” (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 39,211๋ช…, ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ํ„ฐํ‚ค ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์•™์นด๋ผ - ์•™์นด๋ผ 5์›” 19์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (43,303๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ์•ˆํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ - ์•ˆํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (44,331๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ๋ถ€๋ฅด์‚ฌ - ํŒ€์‚ฌํ ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (33,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ์—์Šคํ‚ค์…ฐํžˆ๋ฅด - ์—์Šคํ‚ค์…ฐํžˆ๋ฅด ์˜ˆ๋‹ˆ ์•„ํƒ€ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (37,072๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ์ด์Šคํƒ„๋ถˆ - ์•„ํƒ€ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 76,092๋ช…) ์ด์Šคํƒ„๋ถˆ - ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ ํ…”๋ ˆ์ฝค ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 52,647๋ช…) ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฏธ๋ฅด - ์ƒˆ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (41,540๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ์นด์ด์„ธ๋ฆฌ - ์นด๋””๋ฅด ํ•˜์Šค ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 33,296๋ช…) ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์•„ - ํ† ๋ฅด์ฟ  ์•„๋ ˆ๋‚˜ (37,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์•„๋‹ค๋‚˜ - ์ƒˆ ์•„๋‹ค๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (30,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ํŠธ๋ผ๋ธŒ์กด - ์…ฐ๋†€ ๊ท€๋„ค์Šˆ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€ (40,000๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์Œ) ์ƒจ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฅดํŒŒ - ์ƒจ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฅดํŒŒ GAP ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ (์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์› 30,000๋ช…) ํˆฌํ‘œ UEFA ์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” 2010๋…„ 5์›” 28์ผ์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋ฅผ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2016 ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ ์„ ์ • UEFA ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฐœ์ตœ์ง€ ์„ ์ •
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Euro%202016%20bids
UEFA Euro 2016 bids
The bidding process of UEFA Euro 2016 ended on 28 May 2010 when France was announced to be the host. Four bids came before the deadline, 9 March 2009, which were France, Italy and Turkey as single bids and Norway and Sweden as a joint bid. Norway and Sweden eventually withdrew their bid in December 2009. Hosting requirements Joint bids of two member associations were permitted, and under exceptional circumstances, joint bids of three member associations also could be considered. The bidding process officially started on 11 December 2008. UEFA examined the bid regulations on 11 December 2008. For the 2016 edition, nine stadia were required, with another three as optional contingency. The temporary suggestion of minimum stadia-requirements was: 2 stadia with 50,000 seats 3 stadia with 40,000 seats 4 stadia with 30,000 seats These requirements were confirmed by UEFA in a letter to the applicants sent on 1 July 2009. The stadia had to be ready by 30 June 2014. There were also 19 other sectors with requirements, and over 200 questions for documentation of the appliers statements. Schedule Bids Three European national associations signalled to UEFA their interest in staging UEFA Euro 2016: France The President of the French Football Federation (FFF), Jean-Pierre Escalettes, declared France's intention to bid on 18 April 2007. Frรฉdรฉric Thiriez commented that they would be a favourable candidate, owing to the quality of the infrastructure already in place. On 11 December 2007 the French sports minister, Bernard Laporte, said the bid would have the full support of the government and it would be submitted at the end of 2008 or early 2009. The FFF officially confirmed the French bid on 13 February 2009. List of host cities/stadia proposed for 2016 bid (Three will later be nominated as back-ups): Stadia planned for renovating: Saint-Denis: Stade de France, current capacity 81,338 (UEFA Elite Stadium) Marseille: Stade Vรฉlodrome, current capacity 60,013 (Increase of the capacity to 70,000) Lens: Stade Fรฉlix-Bollaert, current capacity 41,809 (Increase of the capacity to 50,000) Paris: Parc des Princes, current capacity 48,713 Saint-ร‰tienne: Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, current capacity 35,616 (Increase of the capacity to 42,000) Toulouse: Stadium Municipal, current capacity 35,472 (Increase of the capacity to 40,000) Strasbourg: Stade de la Meinau, current capacity 29,320 (Increase of the capacity to 36,000) Nancy: Stade Marcel Picot, current capacity 20,087 (Increase of the capacity to 35,000) New Stadiums: Lyon: OL Land, capacity 62,500 Villeneuve d'Ascq (Lille): Grand Stade Lille Mรฉtropole, capacity 50,000 Bordeaux: New stadium to replace Stade Chaban-Delmas, capacity 42,000 Nice: New stadium to replace Stade du Ray, capacity 35,000 Website for the bid: Italy After months of speculation in the Italian media, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) decided to launch an official bid on 2 March 2009, with the FIGC President Giancarlo Abete saying that his country "cannot pull out of hosting major international events" following a Federal Council meeting in Rome. An Italian bid to stage the preceding tournament in 2012 was surprisingly beaten by a joint proposal from Poland and Ukraine in the final vote in April 2007. On 11 September 2009, during a UEFA workshop presentation on the subject of stadia and security, the Project Manager of the Italy Candidate for UEFA Euro 2016, Michele Uva, said: "Euro 2016 is a major goal for Italy, to this Federation and to the entire Italian sporting movement. Italy is preparing to draw up an application that can display and enhance the country's system. This process will involve all the excellence in Italy. We know we have the backing of all the political forces, the 42 million Italians who love football, the public authorities, football clubs and the business world." UEFA said they would require a minimum of nine stadia for the expanded 24-team and 51-match tournament in 2016 and the Italian bid confirmed on 20 September 2009 that it will propose in its bid dossier all twelve host cities it included in the 2012 bid. "Euro 2016 represents an historic opportunity to transform the quality, security and ambience of Italian stadia," Abete said in a statement after the Italian bid unveiled its official logo for the candidacy on the same national team into a ball with the geographic shape of Italy stamped in the centre. List of host cities/stadia proposed for 2016 bid (Three were to be later be nominated as back-ups): Bari โ€“ Stadio San Nicola: Current capacity 58,248. (Planned for renovations) Cagliari โ€“ Stadio Sant'Elia: Current capacity 23,486. (New stadium has been proposed by Cagliari Calcio) Cesena โ€“ Stadio Dino Manuzzi: Current capacity 23,860. (Planned for renovations) Florence โ€“ Stadio Artemio Franchi: Current capacity 47,282. (New stadium has been proposed by ACF Fiorentina) Milan โ€“ Stadio Giuseppe Meazza: Current capacity 80,074. Naples โ€“ Stadio San Paolo: Current capacity 60,240. (Planned for renovations) Palermo โ€“ Stadio Renzo Barbera: Current capacity 37,619. (New stadium has been proposed by U.S. Cittร  di Palermo) Parma โ€“ Stadio Ennio Tardini: Current capacity 28,700. (Planned for renovations) Rome โ€“ Stadio Olimpico: Current capacity 72,700. Turin โ€“ Juventus Arena: Planned capacity of 41,000. (Under construction) Udine โ€“ Stadio Friuli: Current capacity 41,652. (Planned for renovations) Verona โ€“ Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi: Current capacity 39,211. (Planned for renovations) Turkey Following its unsuccessful bids for Euro 2008 (a joint bid with Greece) and 2012, Turkey's renewed intentions for hosting Euro 2016 were first declared by late Turkish Football Federation (TFF) president Hasan DoฤŸan after Euro 2008. He also mentioned that there were "positive talks" between him and Michel Platini about this issue. On 7 February 2009, the TFF gave UEFA their official candidature brief to host UEFA Euro 2016. Amongst the bidders, Turkey remained the only country that had not hosted any European Championship or the World Cup. On 23 December 2009, Turkish Minister of Sport Faruk Nafฤฑz ร–zak announced Turkey's official candidature logo and the eight host cities (Ankara, Antalya, Bursa, EskiลŸehir, ฤฐstanbul, ฤฐzmir, Kayseri and Konya) and three backup cities (Adana, ลžanlฤฑurfa and Trabzon) for the country's bid. Turkey plan to host the tournament with nine stadia in eight cities with Istanbul hosting two stadia. Turkey says it won't host any other games if they don't get the 2016 Euro. Stadia Turkey's proposed cities and stadia for Euro 2016 were as follows: Main Stadia: Ankara โ€“ New Ankara Stadium, to be constructed, capacity 43,303 Antalya โ€“ New Antalya Stadium, to be constructed, capacity 44,331 Bursa โ€“ New Bursa Stadium, to be constructed, capacity 33,000 EskiลŸehir โ€“ New EskiลŸehir Stadium, to be constructed, capacity 37,072 ฤฐstanbul Atatรผrk Olympic Stadium (speculated for Final Venue), will go under renovation for being fully covered, capacity 76,092 (UEFA Elite Stadium). (Increase of the capacity to net 81,106 and gros 94,555) Tรผrk Telekom Arena, capacity 52,647. ฤฐzmir โ€“ New ฤฐzmir Stadium, to be constructed, capacity speculated around 41,540 Kayseri โ€“ Kadir Has Stadium, ready, capacity 33,296 Konya โ€“ New Konya Stadium, to be constructed, capacity 37,000 Backup Stadia: Adana โ€“ New Adana Stadium, to be constructed, capacity undeclared 30.000 Trabzon โ€“ New Trabzon Stadium, to be constructed, capacity undeclared, speculated around 40,000 ลžanlฤฑurfa โ€“ ลžanlฤฑurfa GAP Stadium, ready, capacity 30,000 Turkey's bid planned for seven new stadia, while five existing stadia would be improved. The TFF expected costs of 1.65 billion euros for new investments and improvements for the stadia, infrastructure (transportation and accommodation) and tourism. The exact details about the stadia bids and projects were revealed to the general public on 15 February 2010 when the ban over the country promotions were lifted by UEFA. Voting results Decided not to bid Norwayโ€“Sweden Norway and Sweden had announced their intention to co-host the championship. The bid was confirmed by the Football Association of Norway and the Swedish Football Association at a press conference in Oslo on 26 February 2009. However, it was eventually withdrawn in December 2009, due to lack of political support in both countries. Sweden, the 1992 hosts, and Norway had previously been part of an unprecedented "Nordic bid" for Euro 2008. This was along with Finland and Denmark. Scotlandโ€“Wales In December 2006, the Football Association of Wales announced it was tentatively considering the possibility of jointly hosting the tournament, with the Scottish Football Association. Scotland, along with the Republic of Ireland, bid for Euro 2008 and there was much discussion over whether the nation should consider a solo bid for Euro 2016. The entrance into government of the Scottish National Party (SNP) boosted the hopes of such an outcome. Comments by Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond suggested that a Scotlandโ€“Wales bid may be considered, but a solo Scotland bid would be preferential if logistically possible. In June 2008, both Salmond and Welsh First Minister Rhodri Morgan became supportive of a joint Scotlandโ€“Wales bid, particularly when the increase in size of the tournament was announced. The two countries announced on 1 March 2009, however, that they had cancelled their plans owing to the economic downturn. Republic of Ireland In December 2002, after a failed bid with Scotland for Euro 2008, the Football Association of Ireland were unable to bid. This was because they did not have sufficient stadia to mount a solo bid, and no joint bid partner was forthcoming. Russia Speculation surrounded a potential Russian bid to host Euro 2016; the president of the Russian Football Union, Vitaliy Mutko, had said that "Russia has a good chance to become host of this championship". However, Russia did not bid before the deadline, instead deciding to focus on their bid for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which they later won. Decision controversy There was controversy concerning the decision to give the Euro 2016 to France and not to Turkey. After the decision was announced, responding to the question "During Sepp Blatter's term, Euro 2008 was awarded to Switzerland, during your term Euro 2016 is awarded to France, is this the new trend?" Platini said "When there is a Turkish president, then you can host a major tournament". Guus Hiddink was also highly critical of the decision, stating: "This proves once again that in top-flight football the game is run by politics", and "UEFA gave the Euro 2016 finals to France, who have already had the tournament twice and they also had the World Cup finals in 1998. This does not feel right. I get the feeling that the actual bid was about other things. Otherwise the choice for France as hosting nation, the country of UEFA president Michel Platini, cannot be explained". Another highly controversial remark came from the French national player Marc Planus: "We learned that last night (Thursday night). We're really excited, it will boost the French football". The bidding and the decision process took place on Friday, one day after the French player suggested that "they have already known". Before the bidding process, Michel Platini introduced the French president Nicolas Sarkozy to every member of the decision committee in person, while he did not do the same for the Turkish president Abdullah Gรผl. After the decision Platini concluded: "I think the fact that the president of the Republic was here was important. I think it was good he decided to come. If he hadn't come, Turkey would almost certainly have won". "I'm happy because France has won, and I'm French โ€” let's not forget it". References External links UEFA.com - UEFA EURO 2016 - Bid Evaluation Report bid Italy at UEFA Euro 2016 Turkey at UEFA Euro 2016 Bids 2016
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C%202020%20%EC%98%88%EC%84%A0%20%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%ED%94%84
UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„
์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋Š” ๋‹จํŒ ์Šน๋ถ€ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ค ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „, ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ 2020๋…„ 3์›”์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 2020๋…„์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์€ 2020๋…„ 10์›” 8์ผ์—, ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์€ 2020๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์˜ˆ์„  ์กฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•œ ํŒ€๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 2018-19๋…„ UEFA ๋„ค์ด์…˜์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ 16๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์„  ์กฐ ์ถ”์ฒจ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กฐ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ 2020๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ถ”์ฒจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์™„์„ฑ๋  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์งํ–‰ํ•œ 20๊ฐœ ํŒ€, ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ 16๊ฐœ ํŒ€์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™•์ •๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(UEFA)์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ง„์ถœ ํŒ€ ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฃจํŠธ(๋ฃจํŠธ A, ๋ฃจํŠธ B, ๋ฃจํŠธ C, ๋ฃจํŠธ D)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฃจํŠธ๋งˆ๋‹ค 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋ฃจํŠธ๋งˆ๋‹ค 1๊ฐœ ํŒ€์ด ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ตœ์†Œ 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„ค์ด์…˜์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ํŒ€์€ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•  ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 1์œ„ ํŒ€ ์ค‘์—์„œ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์งํ–‰ํ•œ ํŒ€์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ฐจ์ˆœ์œ„ ํŒ€์ด ์Šน๊ณ„๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ถœ์‹  ํŒ€์ด 4๊ฐœ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๋ณธ์„  ์งํ–‰์ด ํ™•์ •๋œ ํŒ€, ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ง„์ถœ์ด ํ™•์ •๋œ ํŒ€์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํŒ€๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋˜ ํŒ€์ด ์Šน๊ณ„๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 1์œ„ ํŒ€์€ ์ƒ์œ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ํŒ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์— ๊ฐ ์กฐ 1์œ„ ํŒ€์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ํŒ€์ด ์Šน๊ณ„๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจํŠธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ง„์ถœ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ ํŒ€์ด 4๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์ง„ ์ถ”์ฒจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์†ํ•œ ํŒ€๋“ค์€ ์ถ”์ฒจ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํŒ€๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 1์œ„ ํŒ€์€ ์ƒ์œ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํŒ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งž๋ถ™์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํŒ€๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ถ”์ฒจ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ์น™ ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋Š” ๋‹จํŒ ์Šน๋ถ€ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ค ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ(1์œ„ ํŒ€ ๋Œ€ 4์œ„ ํŒ€, 2์œ„ ํŒ€ ๋Œ€ 3์œ„ ํŒ€), ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๋ณธ์„  ์ง„์ถœ ํŒ€์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ํŒ€์˜ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 1๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์Šน์ž์˜ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ๊ณผ 2๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์Šน์ž์˜ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ์ถ”์ฒจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์–‘ ํŒ€์ด ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 90๋ถ„(์ „๋ฐ˜ 45๋ถ„, ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 45๋ถ„)์ด ๋๋‚œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „(์ „๋ฐ˜ 15๋ถ„, ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 15๋ถ„)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „์—์„œ๋„ ์–‘ ํŒ€์ด ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ต์ฒด๋Š” ํ•œ ํŒ€๋‹น ์ตœ๋Œ€ 3๋ช…๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 4๋ช…๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. UEFA๋Š” 2019๋…„ 12์›” 4์ผ์— ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋‹ˆ์˜น์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŒ๋… ๊ธฐ์ˆ (๋น„๋””์˜ค ์–ด์‹œ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ ๋ ˆํ”„๋ฆฌ, VAR)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ง„์ถœ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํŒ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ€๋“ค์€ ๋„ค์ด์…˜์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตต์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋œ ํŒ€์€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ํŒ€์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”๋ก€ ๋Œ€์ง„ ์ถ”์ฒจ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋Œ€์ง„ ์ถ”์ฒจ์€ 2019๋…„ 11์›” 22์ผ์— ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋‹ˆ์˜น์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(UEFA) ๋ณธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํŒ€๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถ”์ฒจ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ถ”์ฒจ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ œํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ: ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฃจํŠธ์— ๋ฐฐ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ ๋ฐฐ์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ: ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ํŒ€๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์ • ์กฐํ•ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. UEFA์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒ€๋“ค(์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ-์ง€๋ธŒ๋กคํ„ฐ, ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„-์ฝ”์†Œ๋ณด, ๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ฒด๊ณ ๋น„๋‚˜-์ฝ”์†Œ๋ณด, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„-์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„-์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž”)์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฃจํŠธ์— ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋Œ€์ง„ ์ถ”์ฒจ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋„ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ํŒ€์ด ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฃจํŠธ์— ๋ฐฐ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ค‘๋ฆฝ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๊ด€์ค‘ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ ์ถ”์ฒจ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฃจํŠธ D๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฃจํŠธ A์—์„œ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ D์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ํŒ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋“ค 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๋ฃจํŠธ D๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ C์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ 7๊ฐœ ํŒ€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 3๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ํŒ€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฃจํŠธ C์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ C์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 1๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ์ถ”์ฒจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฃจํŠธ C๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ B์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 1๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ํŒ€์ด๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํŒ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋“ค 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๋ฃจํŠธ B๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ A์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ 1๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํŒ€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฃจํŠธ A์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ C์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 3๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ์ถ”์ฒจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฃจํŠธ A๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ C์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 4๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๋„ค์ด์…˜์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋Œ€์ง„์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”์ฒจ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 1๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๋ฃจํŠธ C์— ๋ฐฐ์ •๋˜์–ด C4 ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ๋ฃจํŠธ A์— ๋ฐฐ์ •๋˜์–ด ๋„ค์ด์…˜์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ A2, A3, A4 ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ฒจ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋Œ€์ง„ ์ถ”์ฒจ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”๋ก€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋Œ€์ง„ ์ถ”์ฒจ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ A ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „: ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 2๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ (๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ) ์Šน์ž์˜ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ B ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „: ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 1๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ (๋ณด์Šค๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ—ค๋ฅด์ฒด๊ณ ๋น„๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ ๋ถ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ) ์Šน์ž์˜ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ C ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „: ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 2๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ (๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„) ์Šน์ž์˜ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ D ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „: ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 1๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ (์กฐ์ง€์•„ ๋Œ€ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค) ์Šน์ž์˜ ํ™ˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ C์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์ธ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ, ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ฅผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ A ๋˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ C๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน์ • ๋ฃจํŠธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์ด ์†ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ์˜ ์Šน์ž๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐ์— ๋ฐฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ผ์ • UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์€ ์›๋ž˜ 2020๋…„ 3์›” 26์ผ์—, ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์€ 2020๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹จํŒ ์Šน๋ถ€ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2020๋…„์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ UEFA๋Š” 2020๋…„ 3์›” 17์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ณต์‹ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 2020๋…„ 6์›” 4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6์›” 9์ผ๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ UEFA๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด 2020๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ์— ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. UEFA๋Š” 2020๋…„ 6์›” 17์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2020 ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ผ์ •์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์€ 2020๋…„ 10์›” 8์ผ์—, ์˜ˆ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์€ 2020๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฃจํŠธ A ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ A์˜ ์Šน์ž๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ F์กฐ์— ํŽธ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ A๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ C์กฐ์— ํŽธ์„ฑ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฃจํŠธ B ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ B์˜ ์Šน์ž๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ E์กฐ์— ํŽธ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฃจํŠธ C ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ C์˜ ์Šน์ž๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ D์กฐ์— ํŽธ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฃจํŠธ D ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ D์˜ ์Šน์ž๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ C์กฐ์— ํŽธ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ A๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๋ฃจํŠธ D์˜ ์Šน์ž๊ฐ€ F์กฐ์— ํŽธ์„ฑ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฃผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ–‰์‚ฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Euro%202020%20qualifying%20play-offs
UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs
The play-offs of the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying tournament decided the last four teams that qualified for the UEFA Euro 2020 final tournament, to be staged across Europe in June and July 2021. Unlike previous editions, the participants of the play-offs were not decided based on results from the qualifying group stage. Instead, 16 teams that failed to qualify through their group were selected based on their performance in the 2018โ€“19 UEFA Nations League. The sixteen teams were then divided into four paths, each containing four teams, with each play-off path featuring two single-leg semi-finals and one single-leg final. The four play-off path winners joined the twenty teams that had already qualified for UEFA Euro 2020. The matches were originally scheduled for March 2020, but were postponed to 8 October and 12 November 2020 by UEFA due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Format With the new play-off format, the qualifying process guaranteed that at least one team from each division of the previous Nations League season would qualify for the final tournament. The 16 teams were selected based on their performance in the 2018โ€“19 UEFA Nations League. These teams were divided into four paths, each containing four teams, with one team from each path qualifying for the final tournament. Each league would have its own play-off path if at least four teams were available. The Nations League group winners then qualified automatically for the play-off path of their league. If a group winner had already qualified through the conventional qualifying group stage, they were then replaced by the next best-ranked team in the same league. However, if there were not enough teams in the same league, then the spot went to the next-best team in the overall ranking. However, group winners could not face teams from a higher league. With the final tournament draw being held on 30 November 2019 before the play-offs, it was possible that some groups could not be finalised based on the hosts in the play-offs. In that case, a second draw would have taken place after the play-offs on 1 April 2020. However, UEFA confirmed the additional draw was not necessary after the identity of the 20 directly qualified teams and the 16 play-offs teams was known. Team selection Based on the Nations League rankings, the 16 selected teams were chosen as follows, starting with League D and working up to League A: All available group winners were selected. If a group winner had already qualified through the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying group stage, they were replaced by the next best-ranked team from the same league that had not also already qualified. If fewer than four teams from a given league had failed to qualify, then the remaining spaces for that league were allocated by the overall ranking: If the league had a group winner selected for the play-offs, then the next best team in the overall ranking from a lower league was selected. If the league had no group winner available, then the best team in the overall ranking was selected. Path formation The 16 selected teams were then allocated to paths of 4 teams. The draw to allocate teams to the different paths was subject to the following general conditions: Group winners could not form a path with a team from a higher league. If four or more teams from a league entered the play-offs, a path with four teams from the league in question had to be formed. Additional conditions may have been applied, subject to approval, including seeding principles and the possibility of final tournament hosts having to be drawn into different paths. With these conditions, the draw procedure was as follows, starting with League D and working up to League A: Form a path with four teams from the same league. If there were more than four teams qualified in a given league, draw which teams would participate in the play-off path of that league. Remaining teams were drawn into a path of a higher league. If there were no teams from League A (i.e. they all qualified directly for the final tournament), then this procedure would result in four teams from lower leagues being allocated to the path of League A. Match pairings and rules Each play-off path featured two single-leg semi-finals and one single-leg final. In the semi-finals of each path, based on the Nations League rankings, the best-ranked team hosted the lowest-ranked team, and the second-ranked team hosted the third-ranked team. The host of the final was decided during the 22 November 2019 draw, chosen between the winners of the semi-final pairings. The play-offs were played in single-leg knockout matches. If scores were level at the end of normal time, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the scores remained tied, a penalty shoot-out was used to determine the winner. The UEFA Executive Committee approved the use of the video assistant referee system for the qualifying play-offs during their meeting in Nyon, Switzerland on 4 December 2019. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, the UEFA Executive Committee approved on 24 September 2020 the following principles for the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs: Each team could use a maximum of five substitutions, with a sixth allowed in extra time. However, each team was only given three opportunities to make substitutions, with a fourth opportunity in extra time, excluding substitutions made at half-time, before the start of extra time and at half-time in extra time. If a group of players of a team were placed into mandatory quarantine or self-isolation following a decision from national or local health officials due to positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, the match would go ahead as scheduled as long as the team had at least 13 players available (including at least one goalkeeper). If a team could not field the minimum required number of players due to positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, the match would be rescheduled at a later date to be decided by the UEFA administration, including May or June 2021 preceding the start of the UEFA Euro 2020 final tournament. Additionally, UEFA could have the venue reassigned to a neutral UEFA member association if deemed appropriate. If any member of the appointed referee team had to be replaced due to a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, UEFA could exceptionally appoint a match official of the same nationality as one of the teams and/or not on the FIFA list. On 1 October 2020, UEFA announced the partial return of spectators to matches beginning in October 2020, restricted to a maximum of 30 per cent of the respective stadium capacity. However, the return of spectators was subject to the decision of local authorities, with regional limits (including requirements for matches to be played behind closed doors) taking precedence over UEFA's maximum allowed capacity. Away supporters were not allowed at the venues. Social distancing was mandatory for spectators, and additional precautionary measures (such as face masks) were implemented per local regulations. Teams selected The team selection process determined the 16 teams that competed in the play-offs based on a set of criteria. Teams in bold advanced to the play-offs. Key Draw The qualifying play-off draw took place on 22 November 2019, 12:00 CET, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. The draw followed the [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs#Path formation|path formation rules]] to determine the play-off paths that the non-group winners would participate in. Four separate draws determining the host of the play-off final of each path also took place between the winners of the semi-final pairings (identified as semi-final 1 for 1 v 4, and semi-final 2 for 2 v 3). Due to the specificity of the draw, the procedure could only be finalized following the conclusion of the qualifying group stage. Depending on the combination of teams entering the play-offs, one or more draws may have been required to complete the formation of the play-off paths. While UEFA set the following general principles for the draw, none were ultimately necessary: Competition-related reasons: To give host teams a fair chance to qualify for the final tournament, they may have allocated to different paths when possible. Prohibited clashes: Several prohibited clashes were also identified by UEFA, preventing matches between various pairs of teams for political reasons. If it were not possible to keep the teams in separate paths (e.g. they were both group winners from the same path), the conditions to play the match would have needed to be defined (e.g. playing the match at a neutral venue and/or behind closed doors). Possible seeding: Seeding may have been necessary depending on the specific combinations of teams that advanced to the playoffs. Based on the 16 teams that advanced to the playoffs, the four play-off paths were formed following the path formation rules, starting with League D and working up to League A: As there were four teams from League D (all group winners), they were all placed in Path D. As there were seven teams from League C (three group winners and four non-group winners), the three group winners were placed in Path C, while a draw decided which of the four non-group winners was also placed in Path C. As there were four teams from League B (one group winner and three non-group winners), they were all placed in Path B. As there was only one team from League A (non-group winner; Iceland), it was placed in Path A. The remaining three non-group winners from League C who were not drawn there were then placed in Path A. The following four non-group winners from League C (ordered by Nations League ranking) took part in the draw, with one being drawn into Path C, while the remaining three were allocated to Path A: The team drawn into Path C occupied position C4, while the three teams drawn into Path A occupied positions A2, A3, and A4, following their Nations League ranking. The following was the composition of the play-off paths: Key The following semi-final winners were drawn to host the play-off final: Path A: Winner semi-final 2 (Bulgaria v Hungary) Path B: Winner semi-final 1 (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Northern Ireland) Path C: Winner semi-final 2 (Norway v Serbia) Path D: Winner semi-final 1 (Georgia v Belarus) With host Scotland in Path C, and two other hosts Hungary and Romania to be drawn into Path A or C, it was not possible to prevent one of these paths from containing two host teams. Therefore, the winner of the path with two hosts had to be assigned to two final tournament groups. Schedule The semi-finals took place on 8 October 2020, while the final matches took place on 12 November 2020. The semi-final and potential final hosts had until 20 December 2019 to confirm their venue. The initial fixture list was published by UEFA on 22 November 2019 following the draw. Originally, the semi-finals were scheduled to take place on 26 March 2020, while the final matches would take place five days later on 31 March. However, the play-offs were postponed by UEFA on 17 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Afterwards, UEFA tentatively scheduled for the matches to take place on 4 and 9 June 2020. However, the play-offs were later postponed indefinitely by UEFA on 1 April 2020. The scheduling of the play-offs was reviewed by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting on 17 June 2020. At the meeting, UEFA decided to stage the play-offs in October and November 2020. To facilitate this, an additional matchday was added to both international windows, allowing for triple-headers to be played to complete the league phase of the 2020โ€“21 UEFA Nations League as scheduled. The changes to the International Match Calendar for October and November 2020 were approved by the FIFA Council on 25 June 2020. Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses). Kick-off times were generally 20:45, with some exceptions at 18:00 based on the local time zone. Path A The winner of Path A, Hungary, entered Group F in the final tournament. If Romania had won Path A, they would have instead entered Group C. Bracket Summary |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:whitesmoke;" | Semi-finals |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:whitesmoke;" | Final |} Semi-finals Final Path B The winner of Path B, Slovakia, entered Group E in the final tournament. Bracket Summary |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:whitesmoke;" | Semi-finals |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:whitesmoke;" | Final |} Semi-finals Final Path C The winner of Path C, Scotland, entered Group D in the final tournament. Bracket Summary |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:whitesmoke;" | Semi-finals |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:whitesmoke;" | Final |} Semi-finals Final Path D The winner of Path D, North Macedonia, entered Group C in the final tournament. If Romania had won Path A, the winner of Path D would have instead entered Group F. Bracket Summary |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:whitesmoke;" | Semi-finals |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:whitesmoke;" | Final |} Semi-finals Final Goalscorers Discipline A player would have been automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences: Receiving a red card (red card suspensions could be extended for serious offences) Yellow card suspensions from the qualifying group stage were not carried forward to the play-offs, finals or any other future international matches. Goal of the Round Following the semi-finals and finals, UEFA.com shortlisted four goals for users to vote on as "Goal of the Round", which was sponsored by SOCAR. Notes References External links UEFA Euro 2020, UEFA.com European Qualifiers, UEFA.com European Qualifiers play-off simulator, UEFA.com Play-offs Uefa Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs Uefa Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs 2020 in Belarusian football 2020โ€“21 in Bosnia and Herzegovina football 2020โ€“21 in Bulgarian football 2020 in Georgian football Hungary at UEFA Euro 2020 2020 in Icelandic football 2020โ€“21 in Israeli football 2020โ€“21 in Kosovan football North Macedonia at UEFA Euro 2020 2020โ€“21 in Northern Ireland association football 2020 in Norwegian football 2020 in Republic of Ireland association football 2020โ€“21 in Romanian football Scotland at UEFA Euro 2020 2020โ€“21 in Serbian football Slovakia at UEFA Euro 2020 Uefa Euro 2020 qualifying play-offs
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%20%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84
๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„
๋…ธ๋น„์ง€์ง„()๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋…ธยท์˜ค์™€๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„()์€ 1891๋…„ 10์›” 28์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„ ๋…ธ๋น„ํ‰์•ผ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์œก์ง€ ์ง€๊ฐ ๋‚ด ์งํ•˜ํ˜•์ง€์ง„์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌ˜๋…„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ ์‹ ๋ฌ˜์ง„์žฌ()๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง„์•™์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„ ๋ชจํ† ์Šค๊ตฐ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋„ค์˜ค์ดŒ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ† ์Šค์‹œ) ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์™€์Šค๋ฏธ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์‹œ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์„ ์ง„์•™์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ทœ๋ชจ Mk7.0์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ฒด ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ M8.4๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ 1970๋…„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„  ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€-๋‹ค์ด์‡ผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค 0.5 ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์•™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ง„๋„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„  ๊ทœ๋ชจ M8.0์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. '๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๋‹จ์ธต์ง€๋Œ€'๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™ ์ง€๊ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง€์ง„(์งํ•˜ํ˜•์ง€์ง„)์ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์œก์ง€์˜ ์ง€์ง„ ์ค‘ ๊ด€์ธก ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด๋‹ค. 3์ผ ์ „์ธ 10์›” 25์ผ 21์‹œ 14๋ถ„(JST)์—” ์ง„์•™์ด ์ด๋น„๊ฐ• ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์ธ, ์ „์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6.0์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 745๋…„ 6์›” 5์ผ(๋ดํ‘œ 17๋…„ 4์›” 27์ผ) ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ง€์ง„์ธ ๋ดํ‘œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋…ธ๋น„์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์–‘์‹์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1586๋…„ 1์›” 18์ผ(๋ด์‡ผ 13๋…„ 11์›” 29์ผ) ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ด์‡ผ ์ง€์ง„๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋” ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง„์›์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”˜์ง€๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ง„์› ๋‹จ์ธต ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๋‹จ์ธต์—๋Š” ๋ฃŒํ•˜์ฟ  ์‚ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋น„ํ‰์•ผ ๋ถ์ชฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋…ธ๋น„ ๋‹จ์ธต๋Œ€ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๋‹จ์ธต, ์šฐ๋ฉ”ํ•˜๋ผ ๋‹จ์ธต, ์˜จ๋ฏธ๋‹จ์ธต ์„œ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ธต ์šด๋™ ์˜์—ญ์€ ํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ธ ํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„ ๋…ธ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ •์—์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์„ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถ๋ถ์„œ-๋‚จ๋‚จ๋™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด ๊ธธ์ด 76km ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ์–‘ ๋„ํŠธ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 7.6m์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ค์˜ค์ดŒ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ† ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ์ƒํ•˜ 6m, ๊ฐ€๋กœ 4m ๊ธธ์ด๋กœ ๋Š์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์„ธ์ฝ” ์•ผ์Šคํƒ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ-์˜ค์™€๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ฝ” ์•ผ์Šคํƒ€๋กœ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ณ ํ†  ๋ถ„์ง€๋กœ, ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ ํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์„ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๋‹จ์ธต ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ธ๋น„ ๋‹จ์ธต๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋‹จ์ธต์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„-์ด์น˜๋…ธ๋ฏธ์•ผ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋“ฑ ์ด 5๊ฐœ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์›€์ง์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง„๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์œ ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉ์น  ์‹œ ์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ M0 = 1.5ร—1020Nใƒปm (Mw 7.4)์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ ๋ถ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์ƒ์—๋Š” 1948๋…„ ํ›„์ฟ ์ด ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ํ›„์ฟ ์ด ๋‹จ์ธต๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์ƒ์—๋Š” 1945๋…„ ๋ฏธ์นด์™€ ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ํ›„์ฝ”์ฆˆ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ง€์ง„ ๊ด€์ธก์€ ์ค‘์•™๊ธฐ์ƒ๋Œ€(ํ˜„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ) ๋ฐ ์ธกํ›„์†Œ์™€ ๋“ฑ๋Œ€, ๊ตฐ์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์œ„ํƒ๊ด€์ธก์†Œ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค‘์•™๊ธฐ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ์ง„๋„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์€ '์—ด์ง„'(ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ง„๋„6), '๊ฐ•์ง„'(ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ง„๋„ 4-5), '์•ฝ์ง„'(ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ง„๋„ 2-3), '๋ฏธ์ง„'(ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ง„๋„1) 4๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” '๊ฒฉ๋ ฌ'ํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” '์ดˆ(็จ)์—ด์ง„' ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ง„ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ง„๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด ๋…ธ๋น„ํ‰์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„๊ณผ ์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ํ˜„๊ณผ ํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„์—๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋ฏธ ๋‹ค์“ฐ์˜ค์˜ "์‹ ํŽธ์ผ๋ณธํ”ผํ•ด์ง€์ง„์ด๋žŒ"์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 7,273๋ช…, ๋ถ€์ƒ์ž 17,175๋ช…, ๋ถ•๊ดด ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ 142,177์ฑ„๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง„์•™์ง€ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์˜ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ๋ฏผ๋‘ฅ์‚ฐ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์„ค๋„ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐํ›„์‹œ์™€ ์ธ๊ทผ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํ™”์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„์˜ ๊ดด๋ฉธ์„ ์ „ํ•œ 1๋ณด์—์„œ๋Š” "๊ธฐํ›„, ์—†์–ด์ง€๋‹ค"(ใ‚ฎใƒ•ใƒŠใ‚ฏใƒŠใƒซ, ๅฒ้˜œใ€็„กใใชใ‚‹)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๋กœ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ›„์นด์ด์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ-์˜ค์™€๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„๋„๋ถ„ํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ์‹œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„์—์„œ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„, ํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„ ๋‚ด ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ง„๋„6์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ์ง„๋„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์€ ์ด 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ง„๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ง„๋„6์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ณ  ๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ดŒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„ ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ๋ถ•๊ดด์œจ์ด 90%๋ฅผ ๋„˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—์น˜์   ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์™€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ, ์˜ค์™€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ง„๋„7 ๊ธ‰์˜ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„ค์˜ค๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๋‹จ์ธต ์œ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ชจํ† ์Šค๊ตฐ, ๊ธฐ์†Œ ์‚ผ๊ฐ• ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜์ ์—์„  ์ฃผํƒ์ด 100% ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ๊ณณ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „ํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ฟ ๋ผ(ๅœŸ่”ต)๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์› ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์Šˆ์ฟ ๋ฐ” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์— ๊ฑด์ถ•๋œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ฐ• ์ฒ ๊ต ๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด์ง„ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏธ๋…ธ-์˜ค์™€๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์ง„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์žฌ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์ธ์ด์ž ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•œ ๊ณตํ•™์ž์ด์ž ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์ธ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์‹ ์„ ๋„ ๋Š๊ฒจ ๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›” 28์ผ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์กฐ๊ฐ„์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ํ˜ธ์™ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ํžˆ์ฝ”๋„ค, ์šง์นด์ด์น˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ์ „์‹ ์ด ๋ถˆํ†ต์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚œ๋ฐ” ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ณต์žฅ(ํ˜„ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ณต์žฅ)์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ฟ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ๋„์ฟ„๋งค์ผ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ 10์›” 29์ผ ๊ฐ€๋„ค์‚ฌ์™€์™€ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ ์ธ 30์ผ์—์•ผ "์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์žฌ๋ฆผ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์ „ํ•ด์ ธ 29์ผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ํƒ€์ž„์Šค์—๋„ ๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ž„์Šค๋Š” 30์ผ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์˜ ๋กœ์ดํ„ฐ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฒ ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ถ”์ธก ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋งž์€ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ์ œ์ธ ๋น„์ปค์Šคํ…์Šค๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋ถ€์žฌ์ค‘์ธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด 31์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ํ™•์ธ ์•ˆ๋ถ€ ์ „๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , 11์›” 1์ผ ๊ณ ๋ฒ ์—์„œ ์ „๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋น„์ปค์Šคํ…์Šค๋Š” 12์›” 28์ผ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ท€๊ตญ ์ง์ „ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์นผ๋ ˆ๋นŒ ์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ง„ ์ฒดํ—˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ˆ ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋ณธ ์ง€์ง„ํ•™์ž ๊ณ ํ†  ๋ถ„์ง€๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ธต๊ณผ ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ธต์ง€์ง„์„ค์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์ง„ํ•™์ž ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ›„์‚ฌํ‚ค์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์ง„ ํšŸ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์‹์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€ ์•ฝ 100๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ง„์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„์€ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™ํ˜•์ง€์ง„ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ธ 50km ์ •๋„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1944๋…„ ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์—๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‚˜์ฝ” ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ธต ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚œ์นด์ด ํ•ด๊ณก ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์Šค๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ณก ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค์ด ์œ ๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ง€์ง„์˜ˆ์ง€์—ฐ๋ฝํšŒ ์ „ ํšŒ์žฅ์ธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์š”๋Š” ๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋„์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๋Œ€๋žต 20๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๋Šฆ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ง€์ง„๋ฐฉ์žฌ๋Œ€์ฑ…์˜ ์›์ ์€ ๋…ธ๋น„์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋„ค์˜ค์ดŒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆœ ์—†์–ด๋„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1892๋…„ ๋ฐœ์กฑํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋„“์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด '์ง€์ง„ ์˜ˆ์ง€', '๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚ด์ง„์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ', '๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€์ง„์‚ฌ ํŽธ์ฐฌ' ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ 1923๋…„ ๊ฐ„ํ† ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ง€์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์ธ๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์€ ๋…ธ๋น„ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ 10์›” 28์ผ์„ "๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„ ์ง€์ง„๋ฐฉ์žฌ์˜ ๋‚ "๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด ์ง€์ง„๋ฐฉ์žฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งค์›” 28์ผ์„ "๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ์ ๊ฒ€์˜ ๋‚ "๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์žฌ ํƒœ์„ธ ์ ๊ฒ€์„ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๋™ํ˜• ์ง€์ง„ ์ง„๋„7 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Significant Earthquake : JAPAN: MINO-OWARI - NOAA Mino Earthquake โ€“ National Museum of Nature and Science ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€์ง„ 1891๋…„ ์ง€์ง„ 1891๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ˜„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์•„์ด์น˜ํ˜„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ํ˜„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๋™ํ˜• ์ง€์ง„ 1891๋…„ 10์›”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891%20Mino%E2%80%93Owari%20earthquake
1891 Minoโ€“Owari earthquake
The struck the Japanese provinces of Mino and Owari (present-day Gifu Prefecture) in the Nลbi Plain in the early morning of October 28 with a surface wave magnitude of 8.0 and moment magnitude of 7.5. The event, also referred to as the , the , or the , is the largest known inland earthquake to have occurred in the Japanese archipelago. The earthquake came at a time when Japan was undergoing a transformation into a more industrial nation and while advancing its scientific understanding in many fields. Damage from the event was widespread and the loss of life was significant. The many kilometers of visible fault breaks on the surface of the Earth presented scientists with opportunities for field investigations that ultimately led to an improved understanding of the fault scarps that earthquakes often generate. Preface Records of historical earthquakes and tsunami extend further back in time in Japan than any other country that lies along the Pacific Rim (the first documented event occurred in 416 AD). These historical documents supported the date verification of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake that occurred off the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. The issue of earthquakes in Japan was made a priority following the 1854 Ansei-Nankai event that brought great destruction to the southwest portion of the country. With the onset of the Meiji period, the feudal government system was superseded by an empire that began to focus on advancing the Japanese society up to Western standards, especially in science. While the government brought in foreign experts (yatoi) during the building of the country's modern infrastructure, the high seismicity in Japan proved to be an ideal laboratory setting during the establishment of the new science of seismology. In 1876, John Milne came from England to teach at the Imperial College of Engineering in Tokyo. Following the earthquake of February 22, 1880, Milne's attention turned to seismology as a primary area of study. That earthquake also triggered the formation of the Seismological Society of Japan, which was an organization to help foreign scientists stay coordinated in their efforts. Shortly thereafter, the Japanese had their own organization (the Japan Meteorological Agency) that had taken control of an earthquake reporting system that was initially created by Milne. Ultimately, the system and the 1891 earthquake provided data by which seismologist Fusakichi Omori developed a law of decay for aftershocks. Tectonic setting The four main Japanese islands of Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu, and Hokkaido lie in a convex arrangement pointing to the Pacific Ocean, while the oceanic trenches that form the western boundary of the Pacific Plate are convex in the opposite direction, toward Eurasia. The continental crust above the subduction zones had previously been associated with the Eurasian Plate, but northern Honshu and Hokkaido have more recently been treated as part of the North American Plate, due to a poorly defined plate boundary between Eastern Siberia and Alaska and a newly forming boundary at the eastern perimeter of the Sea of Japan. This portion of the crust has been known locally as the Okhotsk Plate. The southwestern border of the plate is called the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line. It is a region of faulting that traverses the width of central Honshu, but it has not generated any large earthquakes. Moving westward, though, the Atera, Miboro, Atotsugawa, and Nobi faults have all produced large events. Two of those events occurred beyond the terminus of the 1891 rupture: the 1945 Mikawa earthquake that hit near Nagoya on the Fukozu Fault and the 1948 Fukui earthquake that occurred near the Sea of Japan. Earthquake The October 1891 event was the largest recorded inland earthquake in Japan's history. Surface faulting stretched with horizontal displacement up to and vertical slip in the range of . In that era, scientists believed that large shallow earthquakes were the result of magma moving underground or even subterranean explosions. Bunjiro Koto, a professor at Tokyo Imperial University, was so influenced by the extraordinary surface faulting that he diverged from the traditional belief and proclaimed that sudden fault slip had been the cause and not simply a secondary consequence of the event. The earthquake was recorded on Gray-Milne-Ewing seismographs at weather observation stations at Gifu, Nagoya, Osaka, and Tokyo as well as a station housed at Tokyo Imperial University. Although the units went off scale after 8.5 seconds at Gifu and 13.5 seconds at Nagoya (probably due to an inundation of large S waves) the seismograms they produced have been beneficial for seismologists to develop an understanding of the fault rupture process. The records from the stations at Gifu and Nagoya were especially useful as they were the closest to the fault zone. Surface faulting Within the first several decades of the event, Koto and Omori documented the comprehensive fault breaks that were visible on the surface, and a later investigation by T. Matsuda revealed that the breaks followed a general northwest-southeast trend. Matsuda's 1974 survey also documented intermittent and complementary conjugate faults that were aligned northeast-southwest and labeled the arrangement the Nobi fault system. The strike-slip breaks were described as primarily left-lateral offset of three major faults. The surface rupture did not extend over the full distance of the individual faults, but the Nukumi segment ran with a maximum offset of . The Neodani and Umehara faults had rupture lengths of and and maximum offsets of and respectively. Damage The shock occurred near Nagoya, and was felt throughout the country, but was the strongest in central Japan. The cities of Gifu and Ogaki experienced heavy damage, due largely to fire, but Osaka and Nagoya were also significantly affected. The earthquake was strong in Tokyo, lasting for many minutes, and knocked items off shelves and stopped clocks. The initial report of the disaster in Tokyo's Asahi Shimbun gave only limited details. It stated that a new building for the Home Ministry in Tokyo lost several chimneys and that the reason for the loss of power in Yokohama was that a brick chimney had fallen at the power plant and had damaged equipment there. The following day though, the paper revealed that many homes had been lost and other industrial buildings were damaged or destroyed in Osaka, including the Naniwa cotton textile mill, a new western-style three-story brick building. On November 3, as the extent of the damage was becoming clearer, the same paper reported that more than 1,000 Japanese homes and other buildings had collapsed in Nagoya. Aftershocks More than 3,000 aftershocks were reported by the Gifu weather observatory in the 14 months following the event. According to a 1976 study by Takeshi Mikumo and Masataka Ando, three or four shocks per year were still being detected. Several university studies of the microearthquake activity were undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s and the areas southwest of the Neodani fault and near Gifu and Inuyama were found to be experiencing elevated activity. See also List of earthquakes in Japan List of historical earthquakes 1586 Tenshล earthquake โ€“ A similar event occurring in the same region References Further reading External links Mino Earthquake โ€“ National Museum of Nature and Science Photograph Albums of the Great Mino-Owari (1891) and Great Kanto (1923) Earthquakes at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections History of Nagoya History of Aichi Prefecture History of Gifu Prefecture 1891 in Japan 1891 1891 earthquakes October 1891 events Earthquakes of the Meiji period Landslides in Japan 1891 disasters in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202020
Rec. 2020
ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•ฝ์–ด๋Š”ย Rec.ย  2020 ๋˜๋Š” BT.2020, SDR๊ณผ ๋„“์€ย ์ƒ‰์—ญ(WCG), ํ•ด์ƒ๋„, ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ, ์ƒ‰๊นŠ์ด, ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ, ํœ˜๋„-์ƒ‰๋„ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌํ‘œํ˜„, ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋งˆ๋ณด์ • ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์„ ๋ช… ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „(UHD TV)์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.ย ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ Rec.2020์€ 2012๋…„ 8์›”23์ผ, ITU ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๊ฒŒ์ œ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ํ›„์† ์—๋””์…˜์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Rec.2100์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ •๋ณด ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ Rec.2020์€ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„,ย 3840ร—2160 ("4K") 7680ร—4320 ("8K")ย ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋Š”ย ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„ธ๋กœ๋น„ย ์˜ 16:9ย ์ด๊ณ ย ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•ย ํ”ฝ์…€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ (๊ตฌ๋™์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜) Rec.2020๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. :120p, 119.88p, 100p, 60p, 59.94p, 50p, 30p, 29.97p, 25p, 24p, 23.976p.ย ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์‹๋งŒย ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ ฅ Rec.ย 2020 ์€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋‹น 10๋น„ํŠธ ๋˜๋Š” 12๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊นŠ์ด๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋‹น 10๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ ๋œ Rec.2020์€ ์ฝ”๋“œ64๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œย ๋ธ”๋ ‰๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊ณผ 940์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ ํ”ผํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ 0-3 ๋ฐ 1,020โ€“1,023์€ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ ๋ ˆํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ 4์—์„œ 63์€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ”๋“œ 941๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1,019 ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ ํ”ผํฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผย ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋‹น 12๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ ๋œ rec.2020์€ ์ฝ”๋“œ 256์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊ณผ 3760์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ ํ”ผํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ 0-15 ๋ฐ 4,080โ€“4,095์€ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ ๋ ˆํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ 16์—์„œ 255๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ”๋“œ 3,761๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4,079 ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ฏธ๋„ ํ”ผํฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก์ • Rec. 2020(UHDTV/UHD-1/UHD-2) ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ Rec.709 (HDTV) ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ‰์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย rec.2020์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”ย RGB ์›์†Œ๋Š” CIE1931 ์ƒ‰์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„ย ์ƒ์˜ ๋‹จ์ƒ‰ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์†Œ์Šค์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค.ย Rec.2020 ์›์ƒ‰์˜ย ํŒŒ์žฅ์€,ย Red๋Š” 630nm, Green์€ 532nm, Blue๋Š” 467nm์ด๋‹ค. CIE1931 ์ƒ‰์ขŒํ‘œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š”, Rec.2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 75.8%, DCI-P3 ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 53.6%, Adobe RGB ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 52.1%, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , Rec.709 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 35.9%๋ฅผ ์ปค๋ฒ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. Rec.2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ‰ ๋Œ€์‹  ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ์ƒ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํšŒ๋กœ ์—†์ด Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋„“์€ ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ƒ‰๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Rec.2020์—์„œ 1๋น„ํŠธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” Rec.709์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. NHK๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ทน์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ‰๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ Barten๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Rec.2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œย ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 11๋น„ํŠธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ํœ˜๋„๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋ณ€์กฐ ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฐ’, ํœ˜๋„๊ฐ€ 1 ๋ณ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ๋„ย ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. NHK๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ UHDTV ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ,์Šˆํผ Hi-Vision์— 12 ๋น„ํŠธย RGB๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์†ก ํŠน์„ฑ Rec.2020์€ ๊ฐ๋งˆ๋ณด์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์ „์†ก ๊ธฐ๋Šฅย ์„ Rec.709์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ด๋‹ค: E ๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผย ์ž…๋ ฅ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ด๊ณ , E'''๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ฮฑ โ‰ˆ1.09929682680944 ์ด๊ณ ,ย ย ฮฒ โ‰ˆ0.018053968510807 (๊ฐ’์€ ์—ฐ์†๋œ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฐ์†๋œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ ์„ ํƒ๋จ) ํ‘œ์ค€์€ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ’์˜ ฮฑ ๋ฐ ฮฒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค: ฮฑ = 1.099 and ฮฒ = 0.018 for 10-bits per sample system (the values given in Rec.ย 709) ฮฑ = 1.0993 and ฮฒ'' = 0.0181 for 12-bits per sample system Rec.ย 2020 ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด ITU-R BT.1886์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋œ 2.4๊ฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ITU-R BT.2035์— ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋  ๋ ˆํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. RGB ๋ฐ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ-ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆ ํฌ๋งท Rec.2020์€ย RGB ๋ฐ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ-ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ 4:4:4 full-resolution์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง๊ณผ 4:2:2์™€ 4:2:0 ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆ ์„œ๋ธŒ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.ย ์ด๋Š”ย ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ย YCbCr ๋ฐ YcCbcCrc ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”ย ๋ฃจ๋งˆ-ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. YCbCr ์€ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ SDTV์™€ย HDTV์˜ 'ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ'์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย YCbCr์„ ์œ„ํ•œ luma (Y')์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š”ย ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ‰๊ท  Y = KRโ‹…R' + (1โˆ’KRKB)โ‹…G' + KBโ‹…B'์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋งˆ ๋ณด์ •๋œ RGB ๊ฐ’(R'G'B')๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ KR = 0.2627, KG = 0.678KB = 0.0593๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, YCbCr์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋Š”ย  C'B = 2โ‹…(Bโˆ’Y')/(1โˆ’KB) ์™€ C'R = 2โ‹…(R'โˆ’Y')/(1โˆ’KR)๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ‘œํ˜„ Y', C'B,C'Rย ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์Šค์ผ€์ผ, ์˜คํ”„์…‹๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ฌ๋ฆผ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด YcCbcCrc ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ "constant luminance"๋ฃจ๋งˆ-ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‹ค. YcCbcCrc๋Š” ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํœ˜๋„์ •๋ณด ์œ ์ง€์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. YcCbcCrc ์—์„œ์˜ ํœ˜๋„์š”์†Œ๋Š” YCbCr์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ’์˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ๋งˆ๋ณด์ •๋œ R'G'B'๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• RGB ํ›„ gamma ๋ณด์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. YcCbcCrc ์—์„œ์˜ ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆ์š”์†Œ๋Š” B'-'Y'์™€ R'โˆ’Y'๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ย Y',B',๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  R'์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌํ˜„ HDMI 2.0ย ์€ Rec. 2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. HDMI 2.0์€ 12๋น„ํŠธ RGB๋ฅผ 2160p ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์™€ 24/25/30 fps๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด 12๋น„ํŠธ 4:2:2/4:2:0 YCbCr๋ฅผ 2160p ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์™€ 50/60 fps๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Rec. 2020 ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ย H.264/MPEG-4AVCย ๊ณผ H.265/๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ฝ”๋”ฉ (HEVC)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์›๋œ๋‹ค.ย HEVC์˜ย ์ฃผ์š” 10๊ฐœ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์€ JCTVC-K0109์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” 10๋น„ํŠธ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ HEVC์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ย ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ์€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  UHD TV์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  rec.2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ, ViXS ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ฆˆ๋Š” XCode 6400 SoC๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š”ย 4K ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ 60fps, HEVC์˜ ์ฃผ์š” 10๊ฐœ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Rec.2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 2014๋…„ 5์›” 22์ผ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‹œ์Šค๋Š” ํ€€ํ…€๋‹ท ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•„๋ฆ„(QDEF)์„ Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 91%๋ฅผ ์ปค๋ฒ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ LCD TV์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‹œ์Šค ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ LCD์นผ๋Ÿฌํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 97%๋ฅผ ์ปค๋ฒ„ํ•˜๋Š” LCD๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 9์›” 4์ผ,ย Canon,Inc.,ย ์บ๋…ผ์€ EOS C500๊ณผ EOS C500 PL ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ DP-V3010- 4K ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š”ย ํŽŒ์›จ์–ด ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 9์›” 5์ผ,ย ๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ ˆ์ด ๋””์Šคํฌ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ย ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ 4Kย ๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ ˆ์ด ๋””์Šคํฌย ํฌ๋งท์€ ์ดˆ๋‹น 60ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์—์„œ 4K UHD (3840x2160 ํ•ด์ƒ๋„)๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ค€์€ย ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 4K ๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ ˆ์ด ๋””์Šคํฌ๋Š” 10๋น„ํŠธ ์ƒ‰๊นŠ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Higher Dynamic Range(HDR)์™€, Rec.2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋” ๋„“์€ ์ƒ‰์žฌํ˜„์œจ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค ์ง€์› ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 4K ๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋””์Šคํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋Š” : 50GB with 82Mbit/s, 66GB with 108Mbit/s, 100GB with 128Mbit/s์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ Ultra HD ๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ ˆ์ดย ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์€ 2016๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ, ๋„ค๊ณณ์˜ ์ŠˆํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 11์›” 6์ผ,ย ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ Rec.2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ VP9ย ์ง€์›์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 11์›” 7์ผ, DivX ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์€ DivX265 ๋ฒ„์ „ 1.4.21์— HEVC๊ณผ Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” 10๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ ์ง€์›์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 12์›” 22์ผ,ย ์•„๋น„๋“œ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€๋Š” 4K ํ•ด์ƒ๋„, Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  DNxHD์ฝ”๋ฑ์— 3,730Mbit/s ์†๋„ ์ง€์›์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œย ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ปดํฌ์ €ย ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 2015๋…„ 1์›” 6์ผ, MHL ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„์€ย 120 fps, 8K ํ•ด์ƒ๋„, Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„, HDR, 32ํ•€ reversible superMHL ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ, 40์™€ํŠธ ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” superMHLย ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 1์›” 7์ผ,ย Atemeย ์€ Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ TITAN ํŒŒ์ผ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์— ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 3์›” 18์ผ,ย ย Arriย ๋Š”ย Arri Alexaย ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ SXT ๋ผ์ธ์ด 4Kํ•ด์ƒ๋„ย Apple ProResย ๋…นํ™”์™€ Rec.2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 4์›” 8์ผ, Canon Inc.๋Š” DP-V2410 4K ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์™€ EOS C300 Mark II ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ Rec. 2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 5์›” 26์ผ, NHK๋Š” Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 98%๋ฅผ ์ปค๋ฒ„ํ•˜๋Š”ย ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œย ๋ฐฑ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 4K LCD๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. NHK๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ 4K LCD๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ๋„“์€ ์ƒ‰์žฌํ˜„์œจ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 6์›” 17์ผ, Digital Projection International์€ Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋Š 4K LED ํ”„๋กœ์ ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 2016๋…„ 1์›” 4์ผ, UHD Alliance๋Š” Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์šธํŠธ๋ผHD ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 1์›” 27์ผ, VESA๋Š”ย DisplayPortย ๋ฒ„์ „ 1.4๊ฐ€ Rec. 2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ,ย Sony๋Š” Rec.2020 ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” 55์ธ์น˜ (140์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ) 4Kย OLEDย ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 4์›” 18์ผ,ย Ultra HD ํฌ๋Ÿผ์€ Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ UHD Phase A๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ง€์นจ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ SID display week 2017์—์„œ, AUOย ๋Š” Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 95%๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” 5์ธ์น˜ ํด๋”๋ธ” 720p HD AMOLED๋ฅผ ์ „์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก 720p๊ฐ€ Rec.2020์˜ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์ด ์ปค๋ฒ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 2018๋…„ย Consumer Electronics Show์—์„œ,ย LG Display๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ตœ์กฐ 8K OLED ํŒจ๋„ ์‡ผ์ผ€์ด์Šคํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Sonyย ๋Š” 10,000nit ํœ˜๋„์˜ 8k LCD ์‡ผ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, HDR์„ ์œ„ํ•œย PQ transfer functionย ์ด 10,000 nit๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.ย HDMI 2.1 ํ˜ธํ™˜ ์นฉ์…‹๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 56G HDMI๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œย  ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ย SID display weekย ์—์„œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 90%๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ย JDIย ๋Š” RGB๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ฐฑ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋Š” 17.3" LCD 8K ๋ฐฉ์†ก์šฉ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ’ˆ์„ ์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Rec.2020์ƒ‰๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 97% ์žฌํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Rec. 2100 Rec. 2100์€ 2016๋…„ 6์›” ITU-R Recommendation์—์„œ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ,ย HDTV 1080p ๊ณผ 4K/8K UHDTV ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œย high dynamic range (HDR) ํฌ๋งท์„ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.ย ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํฌ๋งท์€ Rec.2020๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, HDR์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. Rec.2100์€ HDR์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค: Perceptual Quantizer (PQ), SMPTE ST 2084์— ์ด๋ฏธ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋จ. Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG), ARIB STD-B67์— ์ด๋ฏธ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋จ. 10๋น„ํŠธ ์ƒ‰๊นŠ์ด์˜ PQ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ด๋ฏธย HDR10์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์–ด์™”๋‹ค.ย ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ, 10๋น„ํŠธ ์ƒ‰๊นŠ์ด์˜ย HLG ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ HLG10์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์™”๋‹ค.ย UHD Phase A๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œย Ultra HD ํฌ๋Ÿผ์˜ ์ง€์นจ์€ Rec.709์™€ Rec.2020 ์ƒ‰์—ญ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ 10๋น„ํŠธ ์ƒ‰๊นŠ์ด SDR ํฌ๋งท, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Rec.2100์˜ HDR10๊ณผ HLG10ํฌ๋งท ์ง€์›์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ Rec.2020๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ RGB์™€ YCbCr ์ƒ‰์žฌํ˜„์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, Rec.2100๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœย ICtCpย ๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ constant ํœ˜๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. Rec.2100์€ Rec.2020์˜ YcCbcCrc ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ UHDTV โ€“ Digital video formats with resolutions of 4K (3840 ร— 2160) and 8K (7680 ร— 4320) High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) โ€“ Video standard that supports 4K/8K UHDTV and resolutions up to 8192 ร— 4320 Rec. 709 โ€“ ITU-R Recommendation for HDTV Rec. 601 โ€“ ITU-R Recommendation for SDTV Rec. 2100 โ€“ ITU-R Recommendation for HDR HDTV and UHD ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020 ์ƒ‰ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ITU-R ๊ถŒ๊ณ  ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ „์†ก ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์„ ๋ช… ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.%202020
Rec. 2020
ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020, more commonly known by the abbreviations Rec.ย 2020 or BT.2020, defines various aspects of ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV) with standard dynamic range (SDR) and wide color gamut (WCG), including picture resolutions, frame rates with progressive scan, bit depths, color primaries, RGB and luma-chroma color representations, chroma subsamplings, and an opto-electronic transfer function. The first version of Rec.ย 2020 was posted on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) website on August 23, 2012, and two further editions have been published since then. Rec.ย 2020 is extended for high-dynamic-range (HDR) by Rec.ย 2100, which uses the same color primaries as Rec.ย 2020. Technical details Resolution Rec.ย 2020 defines two standard image formats of 3840 ร— 2160 ("4K") and 7680 ร— 4320 ("8K"). These both have an aspect ratio of 16:9 and use square pixels. Frame rate Rec.ย 2020 specifies the following frame rates: 120p, 119.88p, 100p, 60p, 59.94p, 50p, 30p, 29.97p, 25p, 24p, 23.976p. Only progressive scan frame rates are allowed. Digital representation Rec.ย 2020 defines a bit depth of either 10 bits per sample or 12 bits per sample. 10 bits per sample Rec.ย 2020 uses video levels where the black level is defined as code 64 and the nominal peak is defined as code 940. Codes 0โ€“3 and 1,020โ€“1,023 are used for the timing reference. Codes 4 through 63 provide video data below the black level while codes 941 through 1,019 provide video data above the nominal peak. 12 bits per sample Rec.ย 2020 uses video levels where the black level is defined as code 256 and the nominal peak is defined as code 3760. Codes 0โ€“15 and 4,080โ€“4,095 are used for the timing reference. Codes 16 through 255 provide video data below the black level while codes 3,761 through 4,079 provide video data above the nominal peak. System colorimetry The Rec.ย 2020 (UHDTV/UHD-1/UHD-2) color space can reproduce colors that cannot be shown with the Rec. 709 (HDTV) color space. The RGB primaries used by Rec.ย 2020 are equivalent to monochromatic light sources on the CIE 1931 spectral locus. The wavelength of the Rec. 2020 primary colors is 630 nm for the red primary color, 532ย nm for the green primary color, and 467ย nm for the blue primary color. In coverage of the CIE 1931 color space, the Rec.ย 2020 color space covers 75.8%, the DCI-P3 digital cinema color space covers 53.6%, the Adobe RGB color space covers 52.1%, and the Rec. 709 color space covers 35.9%. During the development of the Rec.ย 2020 color space it was decided that it would use real colors, instead of imaginary colors, so that it would be possible to show the Rec.ย 2020 color space on a display without the need for conversion circuitry. Since a larger color space increases the difference between colors, an increase of 1 bit per sample is needed for Rec.ย 2020 to equal or exceed the color precision of Rec. 709. The NHK measured contrast sensitivity for the Rec.ย 2020 color space using Barten's equation which had previously been used to determine the bit depth for digital cinema. 11 bits per sample for the Rec.ย 2020 color space is below the visual modulation threshold, the ability to discern a one-value difference in luminance, for the entire luminance range. The NHK is planning for their UHDTV system, Super Hi-Vision, to use 12 bits per sample RGB. Transfer characteristics Rec.ย 2020 defines a nonlinear transfer function for gamma correction that is the same nonlinear transfer function that is used by Rec.ย 709, except that its parameters are (for 12 bit only) given with higher precision: where E is the signal proportional to camera-input light intensity and Eโ€ฒ is the corresponding nonlinear signal where ฮฑ = 1 + 5.5 * ฮฒ โ‰ˆ 1.09929682680944 and ฮฒ โ‰ˆ 0.018053968510807 (values chosen to achieve a continuous function with a continuous first derivative) The standard says that for practical purposes, the following values of ฮฑ and ฮฒ can be used: ฮฑ = 1.099 and ฮฒ = 0.018 for 10 bits per sample system (the values given in Rec.ย 709) ฮฑ = 1.0993 and ฮฒ = 0.0181 for 12 bits per sample system While the Rec.ย 2020 transfer function can be used for encoding, it is expected that most productions will use a reference monitor that has an appearance of using equivalent of gamma 2.4 transfer function as defined in ITU-R BT.1886 and that the reference monitor will be evaluated under viewing conditions as defined in Rec.ย ITU-R BT.2035. RGB and luma-chroma formats Rec.ย 2020 allows for RGB and luma-chroma signal formats with 4:4:4 full-resolution sampling and luma-chroma signal formats with 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 chroma subsampling. It supports two types of luma-chroma signals, called YCbCr and YcCbcCrc. YCbCr may be used when the top priority is compatibility with existing SDTV and HDTV operating practices. The luma (Yโ€ฒ) signal for YCbCr is calculated as the weighted average Yโ€ฒ = KRโ‹…Rโ€ฒ + KGโ‹…Gโ€ฒ + KBโ‹…Bโ€ฒ, using the gamma-corrected RGB values (denoted Rโ€ฒGโ€ฒBโ€ฒ) and the weighting coefficients KR = 0.2627, KG = 1โˆ’KRโˆ’KB = 0.678 and KB = 0.0593. As in similar schemes, the chroma components in YCbCr are calculated as Cโ€ฒB = 0.5โ‹…(Bโ€ฒโˆ’Yโ€ฒ)/(1โˆ’KB) = (B'โˆ’Yโ€ฒ)/1.8814 and Cโ€ฒR = 0.5โ‹…(Rโ€ฒโˆ’Yโ€ฒ)/(1โˆ’KR) = (Rโ€ฒโˆ’Yโ€ฒ)/1.4746, and for digital representation the Yโ€ฒ, Cโ€ฒB, and Cโ€ฒR signals are scaled, offset by constants, and rounded to integers. The YcCbcCrc scheme is a "constant luminance" luma-chroma representation. YcCbcCrc may be used when the top priority is the most accurate retention of luminance information. The luma component in YcCbcCrc is calculated using the same coefficient values as for YCbCr, but it is calculated from linear RGB and then gamma corrected, rather than being calculated from gamma-corrected Rโ€ฒGโ€ฒBโ€ฒ and is done as follows: Yโ€ฒ = (KRโ‹…R + KGโ‹…G + KBโ‹…B)โ€ฒ. The chroma components in YcCbcCrc are calculated from the Yโ€ฒ, Bโ€ฒ, and Rโ€ฒ signals with equations that depend on the range of values of Bโ€ฒโˆ’Yโ€ฒ and Rโ€ฒโˆ’Yโ€ฒ. Color management Just like standard definition content, that uses SMPTE C or NTSC 1953, BT.2020 primaries should be color managed to primaries of display. That is different from changing YCbCr matrix. HD content is color managed to BT.709 primaries on linear values. BT.2020 and BT.2100 are usually color managed to P3-D65. The reference color bars for BT.2020 are ARIB STD-B66. Implementations HDMI 2.0 supports the Rec. 2020 color space. HDMI 2.0 can transmit 12 bits per sample RGB at a resolution of 2160p and a frame rate of 24/25/30 fps or it can transmit 12 bits per sample 4:2:2/4:2:0 YCbCr at a resolution of 2160p and a frame rate of 50/60 fps. The Rec.ย 2020 color space is supported by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). The Main 10 profile in HEVC was added based on proposal JCTVC-K0109 which proposed that a 10-bit profile be added to HEVC for consumer applications. The proposal stated that this was to allow for improved video quality and to support the Rec.ย 2020 color space that will be used by UHDTV. On September 11, 2013, ViXS Systems announced the XCode 6400 SoC which supports 4K resolution at 60 fps, the Main 10 profile of HEVC, and the Rec. 2020 color space. 2014 On May 22, 2014, Nanosys announced that using a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF) a current LCD TV was modified so that it could cover 91% of the Rec. 2020 color space. Nanosys engineers believe that with improved LCD color filters it is possible to make a LCD that covers 97% of the Rec. 2020 color space. On September 4, 2014, Canon Inc. released a firmware upgrade that added support for the Rec. 2020 color space to their EOS C500 and EOS C500 PL camera models and their DP-V3010 4K display. On September 5, 2014, the Blu-ray Disc Association revealed that the future 4K Blu-ray Disc format will support 4Kย UHD (3840x2160 resolution) video at frame rates up to 60 frames per second. The standard will encode videos under the High Efficiency Video Coding standard. 4K Blu-ray Discs support both a higher color precision by increasing the color depth to 10 bits per color, and a greater color gamut by using the Rec. 2020 color space. The 4K-Blu-ray specification allows for three disc sizes: 50gb, 66gb and 100gb. Depending on the disc size and physical configuration, the data rate can reach up to 128 Mbit/s. The first Ultra HD Blu-ray titles were officially released from four studios on March 1, 2016. On November 6, 2014, Google added support for the Rec. 2020 color space to VP9. On November 7, 2014, DivX developers announced that DivX265 version 1.4.21 has added support for the Main 10 profile of HEVC and the Rec. 2020 color space. On December 22, 2014, Avid Technology released an update for Media Composer that added support for 4K resolution, the Rec. 2020 color space, and a bit rate of up to 3,730 Mbit/s with the DNxHD codec. 2015 On January 6, 2015, the MHL Consortium announced the release of the superMHL specification which will support 8K resolution at 120 fps, 48-bit video, the Rec. 2020 color space, high dynamic range support, a 32-pin reversible superMHL connector, and power charging of up to 40 watts. On January 7, 2015, Ateme added support for the Rec. 2020 color space to their TITAN File video platform. On March 18, 2015, Arri announced the SXT line of Arri Alexa cameras which will support Apple ProRes recording at 4K resolution and the Rec. 2020 color space. On April 8, 2015, Canon Inc. announced the DP-V2410 4K display and EOS C300 Mark II camera with support for the Rec. 2020 color space. On May 26, 2015, the NHK announced a 4K LCD with a laser diode backlight that covers 98% of the Rec. 2020 color space. Using a laser allows for generating almost monochromatic light. The NHK stated that at the time it was announced this 4K LCD has the widest color gamut of any display in the world. On June 17, 2015, Digital Projection International presented a 4K LED projector with support for the Rec. 2020 color space. 2016 On January 4, 2016, the UHD Alliance announced their specifications for Ultra HD Premium which includes support for the Rec. 2020 color space. On January 27, 2016, VESA announced that DisplayPort version 1.4 will support the Rec. 2020 color space. On April 17, 2016, Sony presented a 4K OLED display with the support of Rec. 2020 color space. On April 18, 2016, the Ultra HD Forum announced industry guidelines for UHD Phase A which includes support for the Rec. 2020 color space. 2017 At SID display week 2017, AUO displayed a 5" foldable 720p HD AMOLED display able to display 95% of the Rec. 2020 colorspace. Although 720p is not specified by Rec. 2020, the color space coverage is of note. The Ultra HD Forum guidelines for UHD Phase A include support for SDR formats with 10 bits of color bit depth based on both Rec.ย 709 and Rec.ย 2020 color gamuts and also both the HDR10 and HLG formats of Rec.ย 2100, which are supposed to start by 2017. 2018 At SID display week 2018, various companies showcased displays that are able to cover over 90% of the Rec.2020 color space. JDI showcased an improvement of their 17.3" LCD 8k broadcast monitor that is powered by an RGB laser backlight system. This allows the display to reproduce 97% of the Rec. 2020 color space. Rec. 2100 Rec. 2100 is an ITU-R Recommendation released in July 2016 that defines high dynamic range (HDR) formats for both HDTV 1080p and 4K/8K UHDTV resolutions. These formats use the same color primaries as Rec.ย 2020, but with different transfer functions for HDR use. Rec.ย 2100 does not support the YcCbcCrc scheme of Rec.ย 2020. See also Rec. 601 โ€“ ITU-R Recommendation for SDTV References External links ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020 Color space Film and video technology ITU-R recommendations Telecommunications-related introductions in 2012 Audiovisual introductions in 2012 Television transmission standards Ultra-high-definition television
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EA%B0%80%20%EB%8A%90%EB%A6%85%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%20%EC%95%88%EC%97%90%20%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%BC%20%EB%84%A3%EC%97%88%EC%8A%B5%EB%8B%88%EA%B9%8C%3F
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์— ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์— ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?()๋Š” 1943๋…„์— ์˜๊ตญ ์šฐ์Šคํ„ฐ์…”์—์„œ 4๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ(Hagley)์˜ ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ ์ˆฒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ๊ณจํ™”๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋’ค 1944๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋‚™์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ 1941๋…„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์œ ๊ณจ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๊ฒ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚™์„œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ "๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 78๋…„ ์งธ ๋ฏธ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ 1943๋…„ 4์›” 18์ผ์— ์˜๊ตญ ์šฐ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ทผ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” 4๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์ธ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํ•˜ํŠธ(Robert Hart), ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์œŒ๋ ˆ์ธ (Thomas Willetts), ๋ฐฅ ํŒŒ๋จธ(Bob Farmer) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ํŽ˜์ธ(Fred Payne)์ด ์นด๋ฒ” ์ž์ž‘(Viscount Cobham)์—๊ฒŒ ์†ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ ํ™€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ž ํฐ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ๋‹ฟ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ํž(Wychbury Hill) ์ธ๊ทผ ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ ์ˆฒ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ํ„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜ ์ƒ ์ƒˆ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ํŒŒ๋จธ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์†์ด ๋นˆ ๋ชธํ†ต ์•ˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ›„์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ๊ณผ ์น˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ์ด ์‚ฌ์œ ์ง€์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ๋•…์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด์–ด์„œ ํŒŒ๋จธ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์—๋‹ค ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ๊ณ  4๋ช…์˜ ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ๋„ ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์— 4๋ช… ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ธ๋˜ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์œŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•จ์„ ๋Š๊ปด ๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์‹ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ถœ๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋ชธํ†ต์„ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ณจ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ฐœ, ๊ธˆ์ƒ‰ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ๋ฐ˜์ง€์™€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜ท๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ๋น ์ง„ ์น˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์น˜์•„ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ์†์˜ ์œ ๊ณจ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ข€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์›น์Šคํ„ฐ(James Webster) ๊ต์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ์ง€ ์ตœ์†Œ 18๊ฐœ์›”์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์‹œ์ ์€ 1941๋…„ 10์›” ์ด์ „์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์›น์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ž…์—์„œ ํ˜ธ๋ฐ•๋‹จ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์งˆ์‹์‚ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์•”์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ชธํ†ต์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ•์ง์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ด ์งํ›„์— ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์กŒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์‹œ์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋‹น์‹œ๋Š” ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ํ•œ์ฐฝ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋ผ ์‹ค์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์‹ค์ข…์ž ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฐธ์กฐํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด๊ฐ€ 1๋ช…๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์น˜์•„ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝค ๋…ํŠนํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1944๋…„์— ๋ฒ„๋ฐ์—„์˜ ์–ดํผ ๋”˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ(Upper Dean Street)์˜ ๋ฒฝ์— "๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? - ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ ์ˆฒ(Who put Bella down the Witch Elm - Hagley Wood.)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‚™์„œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์ซ“๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์“ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์†Œ 1970๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ ์›์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ณณ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์ธ "๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์— ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?(Who put Bella in the Wych Elm?)"๋ž€ ๋‚™์„œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๊ตด ๋ณต์› ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ '๋‚˜์น˜ ์‚ดํ•ด ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค'์˜ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ '์–ผ๊ตด ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค'์—์„œ ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ๋ Œ์‹ ์–ผ๊ตด ๋ณต์›์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ์ŠคํŒŒํฌ(Andrew Sparke)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜๋ขฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์„ค๋“ค 2014๋…„ 8์›”์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค 4 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์—์„œ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํŽ€ํŠธ(Steve Punt)๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ƒ์ž์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” 2๋ช…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1๋ช…์˜ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•œ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋Š” 1944๋…„์— ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฒ„๋ฐ์—„์˜ ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฒจ๋ผ(Bella)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ ๋กœ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ 3๋…„ ์ „์ฏค์— ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒจ๋ผ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฅ˜๋ฒจ๋ผ(Luebella)๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋‚™์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ด์ธ์ž์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•”์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ 1953๋…„์— ์šฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์†(Una Mossop)์ด๋ž€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์ง„์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ „ ๋‚จํŽธ ์žญ ๋ชจ์†(Jack Mossop)์ด ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ํŒ ๋ž„ํŠธ(van Ralt)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์ธ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์— ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žญ ๋ชจ์†๊ณผ ํŒ ๋ž„ํŠธ๋Š” ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Ÿฌ ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽ ๋ฆฌํ…”ํ„ด ์•”์Šค(Lyttelton Arms)์—์„œ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ํŒ ๋ž„ํŠธ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‚  ๋Šฆ์€ ๋ฐค, ์žญ ๋ชจ์†์€ ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ˆ ์— ์ทจํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ์˜์‹์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ˆฒ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์†์ด ๋นˆ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์—๋‹ค ๋‘๊ณ  ์•„์นจ์— ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹ ๋ณ€์— ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žญ ๋ชจ์†์€ ์Šคํƒœํฌ๋“œ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž…์›ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์ผ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์†์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ค๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฟจ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žญ ๋ชจ์†์€ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์†์ด ๋‚จํŽธ ์žญ ๋ชจ์†์ด ์ฃฝ๊ณ  10๋…„์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ง€๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋†“์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋  ๊ณต์‚ฐ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ 1941๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ์— ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํƒ€์›Œ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด์ž ๋‚˜์น˜ ๋…์ผ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด์˜€๋˜ ์š”์ œํ”„ ์•ผ์ฝฅ์Šค(Josef Jakobs)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€ํ•ด์ œ ๋œ MI5 ํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ๋ฐฉ์ฒฉ์ฒญ ์š”์› ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด 1941๋…„์— ์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์…”๋กœ ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ž ์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์„ ์‚๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๊ณ  ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฐฉ์œ„๋Œ€์— ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ’ˆ์— ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ์ธ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์นด๋ฐ”๋ ˆ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ด์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ธ ํด๋ผ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์šฐ์–ผ๋ ˆ(Clara Bauerle)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์ œํ”„ ์•ผ์ฝฅ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ์ทจํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋งˆ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜น์‹œ 1943๋…„์— ์šฐ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ํ•ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ ์ˆฒ์˜ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‹ ์› ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋…์ผ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฒธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ํด๋ผ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์šฐ์–ผ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํด๋ผ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์šฐ์–ผ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์— ์ž ์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ํด๋ผ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์šฐ์–ผ๋ ˆ์˜ ํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 6ํ”ผํŠธ(์•ฝ 183cm) ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋Š๋ฆ…๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ‚ค๋Š” 5ํ”ผํŠธ(152.4cm)์˜€๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 9์›”, ํด๋ผ๋ผ ๋ฐ”์šฐ์–ผ๋ ˆ๋Š” 1942๋…„ 12์›” 16์ผ์— ๋…์ผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„์— ๋Ÿฐ๋˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž ๊ฒธ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ › ๋จธ๋ ˆ์ด(Margaret Murray)๋Š” ๋” ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋†“์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ‘๋งˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ ˆ๋‹จ๋œ ์†์€ '์˜๊ด‘์˜ ์†'(Hands of glory)์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์‹๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜ค์ปฌํŠธ ์˜์‹์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ์ง‘์‹œ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์™€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋กœ์›Œ ํ€ธํ†ค(Lower Quinton) ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์‹์— ํฌ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ฐฐ์Šค ์›”ํ†ค(Charles Walton)์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1953๋…„์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ํด๋ผ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ผ ๋“œ๋ก ์ผ€๋ฅด์Šค(Clarabella Dronkers)๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์ธ๊ณผ ์Œ์•…๋‹น ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋…์ผ ๊ฐ„์ฒฉ๋ง์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1943๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ์šฐ์Šคํ„ฐ์…”์ฃผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1943๋…„ 4์›” ๋ฏธํ™•์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 1941๋…„ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%20put%20Bella%20down%20the%20Wych%20Elm%3F
Who put Bella down the Wych Elm?
"Who put Bella down the Wych Elm?" is a graffito that appeared in 1944 following the 1943 discovery by four children of the skeletonised remains of a woman inside a wych elm in Worcestershire, England. The phrase, or a variant with the preposition "in" and/or the spelling "Witch", is also used to refer to the unsolved case of the circumstances of her death. The womanโ€”whose death is estimated to have occurred in 1941โ€”remains unidentified, and the current location of her skeleton and autopsy report is unknown. Discovery On 18 April 1943, four local boys (Robert Hart, Thomas Willetts, Bob Farmer and Fred Payne) were poaching or birdโ€“nesting in Hagley Wood, part of the Hagley estate belonging to Lord Cobham near Wychbury Hill, when they came across a large wych elm. Thinking the location to be a particularly good place to search for birds' nests, Farmer attempted to climb the tree to investigate. As he climbed, he glanced down into the hollow trunk and discovered a skull. At first he believed it to be that of an animal, but after seeing human hair and teeth, he realised that he had found a human skull. As they were on the land illegally, Farmer put the skull back and all four boys returned home without mentioning their discovery to anybody. However, on returning home, the eldest of the boys, Willetts, felt uneasy about what he had witnessed and decided to report the find to his parents. Investigation When police checked the trunk of the tree they found an almost complete skeleton, with a shoe, a gold wedding ring, and some fragments of clothing. The skull was valuable evidence, in that it still had some tufts of hair and had a clear dental pattern, despite some missing teeth. After further investigation, the remains of a hand were found some distance from the tree. The body was sent for forensic examination by the Birmingham-based Home Office pathologist James Webster. He quickly established that it was that of a female who had been dead for at least 18 months, placing time of death in or before October 1941; Webster also discovered a section of taffeta in her mouth, suggesting that she had died from suffocation. From the measurement of the trunk in which the body had been discovered, he also deduced that it must have been placed there "still warm" after the killing, as it could not have fit once rigor mortis had taken hold. Police could tell from items found with the body what the woman had looked like, but with so many people reported missing during the Second World War, records were too numerous for a proper identification to take place. They cross-referenced the details they had with reports of missing persons throughout the region, but none of them seemed to match the evidence. In addition, they contacted dentists in the area since the dentistry was quite distinctive. 21st century A case review by West Mercia Police was closed in 2014. A 2018 episode of the television programme Nazi Murder Mysteries described a forensic facial reconstruction undertaken by the Liverpool John Moores University's "Face Lab", from photographs of the skull. It was commissioned by Andrew Sparke, for his books on the incident. In May 2023, the BBC launched an appeal to museums, to track down the victim's remains with the intention of carrying out DNA analysis. The remains had, until the late 1960s or early 1970s, been in the Birmingham City Police's "black museum" at their Tally Ho! training centre. The appeal was made in conjunction with a BBC podcast on the case, The Body in the Tree. Theories In a Radio 4 programme first broadcast in August 2014, Steve Punt suggested two possible victims. One possible victim was reported to the police in 1944 by a Birmingham sex worker. In the report, she stated that another sex worker called Bella, who worked on the Hagley Road, had disappeared about three years previously. The name โ€œBellaโ€ (or โ€œLuebellaโ€) suggested the graffiti writer was probably aware of the identity of the victim. A second possibility came from a statement made to police in 1953 by Una Mossop, in which she said that her ex-husband Jack Mossop had confessed to family members that he and a Dutchman called van Ralt had put the woman in the tree. Mossop and van Ralt met for a drink at the Lyttelton Arms (a pub in Hagley). Later that night, Mossop said the woman became drunk, and passed out while they were driving. The men put her in a hollow tree in the woods in the hope that in the morning she would wake up and be frightened into seeing the error of her ways. Jack Mossop was confined to a Stafford mental hospital because he had recurring dreams of a woman staring out at him from a tree. He died in the hospital before the body in the wych elm was found. The likelihood of this being the correct explanation is questioned because Una Mossop did not come forward with this information until more than 10 years after Jack Mossop's death. Another theory comes from an MI5 declassified file about Josef Jakobs โ€“ the last man to be put to death in the Tower of London, on 15 August 1941. An Abwehr agent, he parachuted into Cambridgeshire in 1941 but broke his ankle when landing and was soon arrested by the Home Guard. On his person was found a photo purportedly of his lover, a German cabaret singer and actress named Clara Bauerle. Jakobs said that she was being trained as a spy and that, had he made contact, she might have been sent over to England after him. However, there is no evidence that Clara Bauerle was parachuted into England, and several witnesses describe that Clara Bauerle was around tall, while Bella was . In September 2016, it was determined that Clara Bauerle had died in Berlin on 16 December 1942. In 1945, Margaret Murray, an anthropologist and archaeologist at University College, London, proposed a more radical theoryโ€”witchcraftโ€”because she believed that the severing of one hand was consistent with a ritual called the Hand of Glory, after the victim had been killed by Romani people during an occult ritual. Her ideas excited the local press and led investigators to consider another seemingly ritualistic killing of a man, Charles Walton, in nearby Lower Quinton. In 1953, another theory surfaced, namely that the victim was a Dutchwoman named Clarabella Dronkers, and she had been killed by a German spy-ring consisting of a British officer, a Dutchman and a music hall artist, for "knowing too much". Available records and evidence were unable to support the story. Graffiti In 1944, graffiti related to the mystery appeared on a wall in Upper Dean Street, Birmingham, reading Who put Bella down the wych elm โ€“ Hagley Wood. This provided investigators with several new leads for tracing who the victim could have been. Other messages in the same hand appeared too. Since at least the 1970s, similar graffiti has sporadically appeared on the Hagley Obelisk near to where the woman's body was discovered, which asks the slightly modified Who put Bella in the Witch Elm? Notes References External links "Who Put Bella in the Wych Elm" article on Atlas Obscura Who Put Bella in the Wych Elm, article from Brian Haughton's website Casefile True Crime Podcast - Case 04 - Who Put Bella In The โ€˜Witchโ€™ Elm - 30 January 2016 Bella in the Wych Elm- Christmas and Crime, Confessed Obsessed podcast The Body In The Tree podcast Hoe Bella Stierf A Dutch podcast series about the case 1943 murders in the United Kingdom 1941 in England 1941 murders in the United Kingdom 1943 in England April 1943 events 1944 works 20th century in Worcestershire Graffiti in England Female murder victims Unidentified murder victims Unidentified murder victims in the United Kingdom Unsolved murders in England Murder in the West Midlands (county) Hagley Hall Year of birth unknown
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EB%A8%B8%EC%9A%B0%ED%97%99
๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™
๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™(, 1563๋…„ ~ 1592๋…„)์€ ๋Œ€์›” ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์ œ5๋Œ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ(์žฌ์œ„: 1564๋…„ ~ 1592๋…„)์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์€ ๋ง‰ํ‘น์‘์šฐ์˜Œ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ, 1563๋…„ 2์›”์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1564๋…„, ๋ง‰ํ‘น์‘์šฐ์˜Œ์ด ํ™์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์ž ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ธ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒธํƒœ์™•(่ฌ™ๅคช็Ž‹) ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ์„ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‘์™•(ๆ‡‰็Ž‹) ๋ง‰๋ˆ๋‹ˆ์œผ์—‰(่Žซๆ•ฆ่ฎ“)์ด ๋‚ด์ •์„ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋งˆ(้ง™้ฆฌ)์ธ ์•ˆ๊ตฐ๊ณต(ๅฎ‰้ƒกๅ…ฌ) ๋ง‰์‘์˜ฅ๋ฆฌ์—”(่Žซ็Ž‰่ผฆ), ์„๊ตฐ๊ณต(็Ÿณ้ƒกๅ…ฌ) ์‘์šฐ์˜Œ๋‚€(้˜ฎๆ•ฌ) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ •๋Œ€์‹ ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ณ‘๊ถŒ์„ ์žก๊ณ  ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์„ ๋ณด์ขŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ํƒœ์‚ฌ(ๅคชๅธซ) ์ฐ๋ผ์— ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ณ์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋•…์„ ํƒˆ์ทจํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ •๋Œ€์‹ ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์˜ ์žฅ์ž์ธ ๋‹จ์›…์™•(็ซฏ้›„็Ž‹) ๋ง‰๋‚€์ฐŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์˜ ์ฒฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ†ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๋‹นํ•˜์ž ํ์œ„๋˜์–ด ์„œ์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์˜ ๋‘˜์งธ ์•„๋“ค ๋ง‰๋‚€ํ‘ธ(่Žซๆ•ฌๆ•ท)๋ฅผ ๋‹น์•ˆ์™•(ๅ”ๅฎ‰็Ž‹)์— ๋ด‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘๊ถŒ์„ ์œ„์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด ์ฃฝ์ž ๋ง‰๋‚€์ฐŒ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์›…๋ก€๊ณต(้›„็ฆฎๅ…ฌ)์— ๋ด‰ํ•ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ‘๊ถŒ์€ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐ๋ผ์— ์ด ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋‚จ(ๅฑฑๅ—) ์ผ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณณ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐ๋ผ์— ์ด ๊ณ„์† ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด์˜ค์ž ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‡ด๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ง€ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒธํƒœ์™• ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ณค๊ณ , ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ์ด ์ „๋ถ€ ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋‹ˆ ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์ธ ์ฒญํ™”(ๆทธๅŒ–)๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋น„์–ด์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ด์— 1565๋…„, ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์ฒญํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์Šต ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํŒจ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ฐ๋ผ์— ์„ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1568๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐ๋ผ์— ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด์˜ค์ž ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์„ธ์— ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 1570๋…„, ์ฐ๋ผ์— ์ด ์ฃฝ์ž ์ฐ๊ผฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ถŒ์„ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฐ๊ผฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ƒ‰์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค์ž ๋™์ƒ ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ๋ณ‘๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ„์„ ํ‹ˆํƒ€ 10๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ตฐ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ ์ง„๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋ˆ๋‹ˆ์œผ์—‰, ๋ง‰๋”˜์ฝ”์•„(่Žซๅปท็ง‘)๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ถ€ํ•ด๋ฌธ(็ฅž็ฌฆๆตท้–€)์„ ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ผฐ๊ณ , ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด ๋ง‰์‘์˜ฅ๋ฆฌ์—”, ์‘์šฐ์˜Œ๊พธ์˜Œ(้˜ฎๅ€ฆ) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ ๊ฐ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ฐ๊ผฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰์กฐ๋กœ ํˆฌํ•ญํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋Ÿ‰ํ›„(ๅฟ ่‰ฏไพฏ)์— ๋ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด ํ›„๋ ค์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด์˜ค์ž ์ฐ๋šฑ์€ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์น ๊ฐ•(้ฆฌๆผ†ๆฑŸ)๊ณผ ๋žŒ๊ฐ•(่—ๆฑŸ) ์ผ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํšกํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์Šต์„ ํ•˜์ž ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋†€๋ผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ๋กœ ํˆฌํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์€ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์€ ์˜ˆ์•ˆ(ไน‚ๅฎ‰)์˜ ๊ฐ ํ˜„์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆœํ™”(้ †ๅŒ–), ๊ด‘๋‚จ(ๅปฃๅ—) ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์— ๋‚ด์‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‘์šฐ์˜Œํ˜ธ์•™์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ์‚ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ์˜ˆ์•ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์ž ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฒฉํ‡ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1572๋…„, ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์žฅ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ๊ป๋ฐ(้ปŽๅŠ็ฌฌ)์™€ ์ฐ๋šฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋น ์กŒ๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋œป์„ ํ’ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ํ‹ˆํƒ€ ์ฒญํ™”, ์˜ˆ์•ˆ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์†Œ์š”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1573๋…„, ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์ด ์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์นœ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์€ ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ์Šน๋ฃก(ๆ˜‡้พ) ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ๊ตฐ์˜์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1574๋…„, ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์ด ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”, ์‘์šฐ์˜Œ๊พธ์˜Œ, ๋ง‰์‘์˜ฅ๋ฆฌ์—” ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์˜ˆ์•ˆ, ์ฒญํ™”, ์„ ๊ด‘(ๅฎฃๅ…‰), ํฅํ™”(่ˆˆๅŒ–) ๋“ฑ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์—ด์„ธ์— ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 1578๋…„, ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์ด ๊ถ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ๋ฐ˜์‹ ๋ถˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์˜๊ด€์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์—”ํƒ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1580๋…„, ๋ง‰๋‚€๋””์—”์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์—๊ฒ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ์žƒ์€ ์…ˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์‡ ๋ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1581๋…„, ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์ด ๋ง‰๋ˆ๋‹ˆ์œผ์—‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋ณ‘๊ถŒ์„ ์ด๊ด„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ง‰๋ˆ๋‹ˆ์œผ์—‰์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์™€์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์€ ๋…น๋‚ด์žฅ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ค ์‹ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์‡ ๋ฝํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๋ถ„ํžˆ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ๋กœ ๊ท€๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1585๋…„, ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์€ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ† ๋ชฉ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์Šน๋ฃก์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐ๋šฑ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ฐ๋šฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฅ์ธ ํ˜ธ์•™๋”˜์•„์ด(้ปƒๅปทๆ„›), ์‘์šฐ์˜Œํ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—์šฐ(้˜ฎๆœ‰ๅƒš) ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1591๋…„, ์ฐ๋šฑ์ด ์‘์šฐ์˜Œํ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—์šฐ, ํ˜ธ์•™๋”˜์•„์ด, ์ฐ๋„(้„ญๆœ) ๋“ฑ ๋ถ€(้ƒจ)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ ์ง„๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1592๋…„, ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ฃก์„ฑ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์€ ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์ฃผํ•ด ๋ณด์ œ์ง„(่ฉๆๆดฅ)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๊ณ , ํ† ๊ดด๊ด€(ๅœŸๅกŠ้คจ)์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฅ์ขŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์–ด ์Šน๋ฃก์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋„๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์ด ์žฅํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ง‰์‘์˜ฅ๋ฆฌ์—”, ์‘์šฐ์˜Œ๊พธ์˜Œ ๋“ฑ ๋ถ€(้ƒจ)๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ง‘ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€ํŒจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์Šน๋ฃก์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•จ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›”, ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์€ ์•„๋“ค ๋ง‰๋˜์•ˆ์„ ์™•์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ตญ(็›ฃๅœ‹)์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ „ํˆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›…๋ก€๊ณต ๋ง‰๋‚€์ฐŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์–ด ์ฐ๋šฑ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋ฐฐ ํ›„ ๋ง‰๋จธ์šฐํ—™์€ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋„๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ด‰์•ˆํ˜„(้ณณ็œผ็ธฃ) ๋ชจ๊ณ„์‚ฌ(ๆจกๆก‚ๅฏบ)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์— ์ˆจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 11์ผ ํ›„ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ฐ๋šฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜”๊ณ , ์Šน๋ฃก์œผ๋กœ ์••์†ก๋˜์–ด 3์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ณด์ œ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒญํ™”๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ›„ ๋ ˆ ์™•์กฐ ์กฐ์ •์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ชป์„ ๋ฐ•์€ ๋’ค ์ฒญํ™”์˜ ์ €์žฃ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ํšจ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1560๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1592๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ง‰ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ ์‚ฌํ˜•๋œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํ˜•๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c%20M%E1%BA%ADu%20H%E1%BB%A3p
Mแบกc Mแบญu Hแปฃp
Mแบกc Mแบญu Hแปฃp (่Žซ่Œ‚ๆดฝ, 1560โ€“1593) was the fifth and effectively last reigning emperor of the Mแบกc dynasty from 1562 to 1593. Biography Mแบกc Mแบญu Hแปฃp was born in 1560 at ฤรดng ฤรด. He became the emperor in 1562. In 1592, the Southern dynasty's forces under lord Trแป‹nh Tรนng conquered the capital ฤรดng ฤรด along with the rest of the Northern provinces. Mแบกc Mแบญu Hแปฃp was captured during the retreat at one pagoda of Phฦฐแปฃng Nhแปกn district (Lแบกng Giang prefecture) and was cut to pieces over three days at Thแบฃo Tรขn margin (ฤรดng ฤรด). However, his son Mแบกc Toร n and other successors continued to hold Cao Bรฌnh county during 1592โ€“3. Firstly, his temple name was named as Mแปฅc Tรดng (็ฉ†ๅฎ—) then changed as Anh Tแป• (่‹ฑ็ฅ–) by duke Mแบกc Kรญnh Cung. Family Father : Mแบกc Tuyรชn Tรดng Mother : A concubine of his father Wives : Vรต Thแป‹ Hoร nh (ๆญฆๆฐๆฉซ, ?โ€“1592), Nguyแป…n Thแป‹ (้˜ฎๆฐ, ?โ€“1600) Children : First son has noname, second son Mแบกc Toร n References Cรกc triแปu ฤ‘แบกi Viแป‡t Nam โ€“ Quแปณnh Cฦฐ, ฤแป— ฤแปฉc Hรนng, Nhร  xuแบฅt bแบฃn Thanh niรชn, 2001 ฤแบกi Viแป‡t Thรดng Sแปญ, Lรช Quรฝ ฤรดn (1759) 1560 births 1592 deaths A People executed by Vietnam Executed Vietnamese people Vietnamese monarchs
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%84%AC%20%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%A9
๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ
๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ์ผ€๋„ค์Šค ํ•„๋ฆฝ ํฌ๋žฉ(, 1909. 1. 28 ~ 1956. 4. 19?)์€ ์ผ๋ช… ๋ฒ„์Šคํ„ฐ ํฌ๋žฉ()์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€์ด์ž MI6 ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„๋กœ 1956๋…„์— ์˜๊ตญ ํ–„ํ”„์…”์ฃผ ํฌ์ธ ๋จธ์Šค ํ•ญ์— ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ •์ฐฐ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ์‹ค์ข…๋œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. 1957๋…„ 6์›” 9์ผ์— ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ณต์„ ์ž…์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ์น˜์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์†์ด ์ž˜๋ ค์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด ์‹ ์› ํŒŒ์•…์ด ๋ณด๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ƒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์€ 1909๋…„์— ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์„œ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธํ–„(Streatham)์—์„œ ํœด ํฌ๋žฉ(Hugh Crabb)๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์•„ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ฒด ํฌ๋žฉ(Beatrice Crabb)์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง์—…์„ ์ „์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2๋…„ ๊ฐ„ HMS Conway ํ•ญํ•ด ์‹ค์Šต์„ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์Œ“์€ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ด์ „์— ์ƒ์„  ํ•ด๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ˆ๋น„๋Œ€์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋‹น์‹œ, ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ์œก๊ตฐ ํฌ๋ณ‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1941๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์ธ 1942๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๋ธŒ๋กคํ„ฐ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด ์ง€๋ขฐ์™€ ํญํƒ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ์„œ ์  ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ํ•จ์„  ์„ ์ฒด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚จ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ œ ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ผ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์ธ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ „ํ•จ์ธ ๋ฐ์‹œ๋งˆ ํ”Œ๋กœํ‹ฐ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์•„ MAS(Decima Flottiglia MAS)๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ธŒ๋กคํ„ฐ ํ•ญ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ์„ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐœ ์—†์ด ํ‰์˜์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1942๋…„ 8์›”์— 1์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ 2๋ช…์˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ณต์ž‘์› ๋น„์‹ ํ‹ฐ๋‹ˆ(Visintini) ์ค‘์œ„์™€ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋กœ(Magro) ํ•˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํญ๋ขฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์Šค์ฟ ๋ฒ„ ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋†€์Šค(Sydney Knowles)์™€ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ ๋Œ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ทจํ•œ ํ›„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณต๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ ์กฐ์ง€ ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1943๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ „์„ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ๊ต๊ด€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ฅด๋…ธ์™€ ๋ฒ ๋„ค์น˜์•„ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ขฐ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋’ค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์˜์ œ๊ตญ ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ 1943๋…„์— ์ง€๋ธŒ๋กคํ„ฐ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์ปจ์‚ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฐ์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ B-24 ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ถ”๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ธŒ์™€๋””์Šค์™€ํ”„ ์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅด์Šคํ‚ค ์žฅ๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ด์ž ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ธ ๋ฒ„์Šคํ„ฐ ํฌ๋žฉ(Buster Crabbe)์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ด '๋ฒ„์Šคํ„ฐ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ํŒ”๋ ˆ์Šคํƒ€์ธ์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ”์–Œ(Palyam)์—์„œ ์˜จ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”, ์˜๊ตญ ์œ„์ž„ํ†ต์น˜๋ น ํŒ”๋ ˆ์Šคํƒ€์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ํŒ”๋งˆํฌ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ์ž์œ„๋Œ€์™€ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1947๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„ ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด 1588๋…„์˜ ์•„๋ฅด๋งˆ๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๊ฐค๋ฆฌ์˜จ์„  ์ž”ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์–ผ๋”๋งˆ์Šคํ„ด(Aldermaston)์—์„œ AWRE์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ด€์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์— ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1950๋…„ 1์›”์— ์นจ๋ชฐํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ HMS Truculent๊ณผ 1951๋…„์— ์นจ๋ชฐํ•œ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ HMS Affray์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ํ˜น์‹œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1952๋…„์— ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ธŒ๋ž˜ํฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šจ(Henry Charles Brackenbury Williamson)์˜ ๋”ธ์ด์ž ์–ด๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์•Œ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด(Ernest Albert Player)์˜ ์ „์ฒ˜์˜€๋˜ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ › ์—˜๋ผ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด(Margaret Elaine Player)์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ 1๋…„ ํ›„์ธ 1953๋…„์— ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฑฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋žต 2๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ดํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1955๋…„์— ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ธฐ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ ์Šค๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋“ค๋กœํ”„(Sverdlov)์˜ ์„ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋†€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋†€์Šค์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—์„œ ์›ํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”์ง„๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ํ”„๋กœํŽ ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 3์›”์— ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1๋…„ ํ›„์— MI6์— ์ฑ„์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต์— ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์Œ์ฃผ์™€ ํก์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ํ•ด์ณค๊ณ  ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์‹ค์ข… MI6๋Š” 1956๋…„์— ์˜๊ตญ์— ์™ธ๊ต ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ณ  ์˜จ ๋‹ˆํ‚คํƒ€ ํ๋ฃจ์‡ผํ”„์™€ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋‹Œ์„ ํƒœ์šด ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐ๋‹ˆํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๋žฉ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ 1987๋…„์— ์“ด ์ฑ… <Spycatcher>์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ •๋ณด์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐ๋‹ˆํ‚ค์ง€์˜ ํ”„๋กœํŽ ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1956๋…„ 4์›” 19์ผ, ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ํฌ์ธ ๋จธ์Šค ํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ MI6 ํ†ต์ œ๊ด€์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฆฌ ํฌํŠธ ํ˜ธํ…”(Sally Port Hotel)์— ์žˆ๋˜ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์ ํžŒ ํ˜ธํ…” ์ˆ™๋ฐ•๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ชฝ๋•… ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์—ดํ˜ ํ›„ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ค‘ ์‹ค์ข…๋œ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. MI6๋Š” ์ด ์ฒฉ๋ณด ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์€ํํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›” 29์ผ์— ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ •๋ณด์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์ธ ์กด ์ž‰๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์Šค(John Inglis) ์†Œ์žฅ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ ํ•˜์— ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์†”๋ŸฐํŠธ ํ•ดํ˜‘์˜ ์Šคํ†ก์Šค ๋งŒ(Stokes Bay)์—์„œ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์žฅ์น˜ ์‹œํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹ค์ข…๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ จ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” 4์›” 19์ผ์— ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐ๋‹ˆํ‚ค์ง€์˜ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์ด ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ํ•œ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ดค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์ด ํฌ๋žฉ์„ ์ƒํฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์•ค์„œ๋‹ˆ ์ด๋“ ์€ MI6๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์Šน๋‚™ ์—†์ด ์ž‘์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ด ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ MI6 ๊ตญ์žฅ ์กด ์‹ฑํด๋ ˆ์–ด(John Sinclair)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ ์‹ค์ข…์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ด์ „์— MI6 ๊ตญ์žฅ์„ ์‹ฑํด๋ ˆ์–ด์—์„œ ๋”• ํ™”์ดํŠธ(Dick White)๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ƒ์€ ํ•˜์› ์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต์ต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ? ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์‹ค์ข…๋˜๊ณ  14๊ฐœ์›”์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ชป ๋œ 1957๋…„ 6์›” 9์ผ์— ํ•„์‹œ ์„ฌ(Pilsey Island)์˜ ์น˜์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ํ•ญ(Chichester Harbour)์—์„œ 2๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ณต์„ ์ž…์€ ์‹œ์‹  ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์œก์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ์‹œ์‹ ์€ RAF ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ ํฌ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ 1107์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์šด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฅ™์šฉ ๋ฐฐ์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ์ฑ„ ํ•ด๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‹œ์‹ ์—” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์–‘์†์ด ์—†์—ˆ์„œ ์‹ ์› ํŒŒ์•…์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ž ์ˆ˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋ž ํ›Œ(Rob Hoole)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ๊ณผ ์ฒด์ค‘์ด ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ์ƒ‰๊น”๋„ ๊ฐ™์•˜๊ณ  ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž„๋ฌด์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž…์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”ผ๋ ๋ฆฌ ํˆฌํ”ผ์Šค ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ณต๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ฌธ์–‘์˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›Œ์€ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฌผ ์†์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์†์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์ด์ƒ ์•ผ๋ฆ‡ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ „์ฒ˜๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์›์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์• ์ธ์ธ ํŒป ๋กœ์ฆˆ(Pat Rose) ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋†€์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์งํ›„์— ์‹ ์›์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“  ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๋น› ๋ฐ”๋žœ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ณต๊ณผ ํฐ์ƒ‰ ์Šค์›จํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž”ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ณต์€ ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํƒ€๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–‘์ชฝ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์Œ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋†€์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ๋’ค์˜ Y์ž ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ํ‰ํ„ฐ์™€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋„“์ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ์ž˜ ๋„๋Š” ํ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž D.P. ํ‚น ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๊ฒ€์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , "์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ฒ€์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ‰ํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์งง์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์ง„์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ 1957๋…„ 6์›” 11์ผ์— ์‹ ์› ํŒŒ์•…์„ ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งจ(Bridgman)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์˜€๋˜ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋†€์Šค๋„ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ „์ฒ˜๋„ ๋ฒ„๋…ผ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์–ด๋ขฐ ์žฅ๊ต ๋งฅ๋ผ๋‚˜์ฐฌ(McLanachan) ์ค‘์œ„๋„ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งจ์€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ™•์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 6์›” 26์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” 6์›” 26์ผ์— ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ํ‚น ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด 6์›” 14์ผ์— ์˜์•ˆ์‹ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ์™ผํŽธ์—์„œ ์—ญY์ž ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ‰ํ„ฐ์™€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋„“์ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋žต 6ํŽœ์Šค ๋™์ „ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•œ ํ‰ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚น์€ ๊ทธ ํ‰ํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ฐ์–ด๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด๋ช… ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ธ 50๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€ํ•ด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์‹ค์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋น›์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 10์›” 27์ผ, ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ณด์กด ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€์€ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐํ‚ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ์ž„๋ฌด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ๅ‰ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„์˜€๋˜ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋†€์Šค๋Š” 2007๋…„ 1์›” 19์ผ์— ์˜๊ตญ์˜ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ Inside Out โ€“ South์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•ด "๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค."๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ ํ˜ผ์ž ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ž์œ ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํฌ์ธ ๋จธ์Šค ํ•ญ์— ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐํ‚ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ํ•จ์ด ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 11์›” 9์ผ, ์ธ๋””ํŽœ๋˜ํŠธ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์€ํํ•ด ์™”๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐํ‚ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ์€ ์ดํ›„ 1962๋…„์— ์†Œ๋ จ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด 1962๋…„์— ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ์„œํŒŒํ‘ธ์•„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์™€์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ์šด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ 1965~1966๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜์˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ์€ 1971๋…„์— ํ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ ์˜ํ˜น๋“ค ํฌ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ํ˜ธํŠผ(Harry Houghton)์€ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—์„œ ์„๋ฐฉ๋œ ํ›„ <Operation Portland>์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์—๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๊ณ  ์ €์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ 1956๋…„ 7์›”์— ๋กœ๋งŒ(Roman)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํŠผ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์†Œ๋ จ์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ๋„์‹ฏ์ฃผ์˜ ํผ๋„(Puncknowle)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋กœ๋งŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„์˜€๋˜ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ํƒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š”, ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์†Œ์ง‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์งœ์ฆ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์€ ์งํ›„ ๋กœ๋งŒ์€ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ์งง๊ฒŒ ๋๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐํ‚ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ถ”์ธกํ•œ ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ 6๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ๋ณด์ดˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์–‘์ชฝ์— ์™€์ด์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ์žญ์Šคํ…Œ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋ณด์ดˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ๋•๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ ธ์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์„ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค์™”๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์‹ค๋กœ ํ˜ธ์†ก๋˜์–ด ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ฒ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฒˆ์—” ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ์ž๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ํ˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ ํ’€๋ ค์„œ ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๋ฌผ์†์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์— ์–ฝํ˜€์„œ 14๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํŠผ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ์ตœ์‹  ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐํ‚ค๋‹ˆ์ง€์— ์ž‘์€ ์„ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์ด ์ตœ์‹  ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ŒํŒŒ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๋ขฐ๋Š” ํญ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๋ขฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผ์‚ด 1990๋…„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ ๋ถ•๊ดด ์ดํ›„ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ๅ‰ ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ถ€์˜ ์ผ์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์ง€ํ”„ ์ฆˆ์›”ํ‚จ(Joseph Zwerkin)์€ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์ด ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ๋ฌผ ์†์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ ์ €๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‚ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์‹ค์ข…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 2057๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 11์›” 16์ผ, BBC์™€ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ž ์ˆ˜ ๊ณต์ž‘์›์ธ ์—๋‘์•„๋ฅด๋“œ ์ฝœ์ดˆํ”„(Eduard Koltsov)๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐํ‚ค๋‹ˆ์ œ ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ ์„ ์ฒด ๋ณด๊ธ‰์ฐฝ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์— ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ํฌ๋žฉ์„ ์ƒํฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์„ ์ž˜๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ฝœ์ดˆํ”„๋Š” ์ „ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์ผ๋˜ ๋‹จ๋„์— ๋”ํ•ด ์ ์„ฑํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์„ ์ƒํฌ, ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝœ์ดˆํ”„๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋‹น์‹œ์— 74์„ธ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์–‘์‹ฌ์„ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๋žฉ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธธ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์— ์ •๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ตฐํ•จ์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ต ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ํญ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทนํžˆ ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  ์ฝœ์ดˆํ”„์˜ ์ง€๋ขฐ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ธ ํฌ๋ผ์Šค๋‚˜์•ผ ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค(Krasnaya Zvezda)์— ํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์ฝœ์ดˆํ”„์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณด๊ด€๋œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ฝœ์ดˆํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ ์„ฑํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ณต์ž‘์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”์ผ์˜ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋ฒ„์Šคํ„ฐ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ํญ๋ฐœ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋„์ฒญ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํฌ, ์„ธ๋‡Œ, ์ „ํ–ฅ ํ˜น์€ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฐ„์ฒฉ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•˜์›์˜์›๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋งˆ์ดํด ํ™€(Michael Hall)์€ 1961๋…„์— ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ตœํ›„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์กด ์‚ฌ์ด๋จผ ์ผ€๋Ÿฐ์Šค(John Simon Kerans) ์ค‘๋ น์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์žฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ˆ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ‡ด์งœ๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1964๋…„์— ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฟ ์Šค ๋ฆฝํ†ค ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น ์˜์›์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์žฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ˆ๊ฑด์„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์— ์ƒํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฅดํ† ๋ณด ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์ˆ˜์ธ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 147์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ณต์ž‘์› ํŒ€์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ธ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ค‘๋ น์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ‘ํ•ด ํ•จ๋Œ€์˜ ์†Œ๋ จ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ž‘์ „ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ๋‚˜ MI6๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ จ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜์„œ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฐ„์ฒฉ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์— ํŽธ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฝค ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๋‹ค. 1960๋…„ 5์›” 26์ผ์— ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์žก์ง€์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ณด์Šคํ† ํฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ทน๋™ ํ•จ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†์˜ ๋ ˆํ”„ ๋ฅดํฌ๋น„์น˜ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ธ”๋กœํ”„(Lev Lvovich Korablov) ์ค‘์œ„๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ธ”๋กœํ”„ ์ค‘์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณธ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ „์ฒ˜ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ › ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ „ ๋‚จํŽธ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ๊ณผ ์ •๋ง ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ์ด ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด 1956๋…„์— ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ๋„์ค‘์— ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์— ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ „๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์šด ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ์•„๊นŒ์›Œ์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ ˆํ”„ ๋ฅดํฌ๋น„์น˜ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ธ”๋กœํ”„๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์— ์ž…๋Œ€์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ ˆํ”„ ๋ฅดํฌ๋น„์น˜ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ธ”๋กœํ”„ ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ค‘์œ„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋„๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋ผ ์ง„์œ„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. MI5 ๊ฐ€์„ค 2006๋…„ 3์›” 26์ผ, ๋” ๋ฉ”์ผ ์˜จ ์„ ๋ฐ์ด๋Š” ํŒ€ ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋”ฉ(Tim Binding)์ด ์“ด "๋ฒ„์Šคํ„ฐ ํฌ๋žฉ์€ MI5์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฑด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋”ฉ์€ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์„คํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ๊ณ  2005๋…„์— <Man Overboard>๋ž€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ์นด๋„๋ฅด ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋”ฉ์€ ์ฑ…์ด ์ถœํŒ๋œ ํ›„์— ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋†€์Šค์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋”ฉ์€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์—์„œ ๋†€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋†€์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์†Œ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ MI5๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋”ฉ์€ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ ๊ฑด MI5 ์š”์›์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์„ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜์›…์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์€ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋†€์Šค๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐํ‚ค๋‹ˆ์ œ ์ˆœ์–‘ํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋žฉ์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์ž„๋ฌด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํฌ๋žฉ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ž์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋”ฉ์€ ๋†€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Š” MI5์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฌ๋žฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ด ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๋„ฌ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜์— ํŽธ์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€์Šค๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž‘๊ฐ€์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ 1989๋…„์— ํ† ๋ ˆ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์Šค์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์†Œ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ช…ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ฆฐํ‹ด์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‹ค์ด๋น™ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์• ๊ตญ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง๋ช…์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ์˜์›…์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํƒœ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค." ์™œ MI6๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ช…ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šด ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ จ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฉ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์†Œ๋ จ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฝํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ž ์ˆ˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋กญ ํ›Œ(Rob Hoole)์€ 2007๋…„์— ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘๋… ํ˜น์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ผ์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด(๋งŒ 47์„ธ)์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ์Œ์ฃผ์™€ ํก์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ• ๋‹น๋œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ›Œ์€ ์‹ค์ข… ์ง์ „ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ค๋ฅด์กฐํ‚ค๋‹ˆ์ œ์— ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ ํฌ๋žฉ์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๊ณ ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ MI6 ์žฅ๊ต ์กด ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค ๋ ˆ๋ฐ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์—‡(John Nicholas Rede Elliott)์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํฌ๋žฉ์ด ์žฅ๋น„ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ์›Œํ•ด์˜จ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ดค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™ํƒ•๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ '์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€'์€ '๋ƒ‰์ „. ํ๋ฃจ์‡ผํ”„ ์ •๊ถŒ' ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—์„œ KGB์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์„ธ๋ฏธ์ฐจ์ŠคํŠธ๋‹ˆ(Vladimir Semichastny)์™€ 1996๋…„์— ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํฌ๋žฉ์˜ ์ฐธ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ค์ข… 2๋‹ฌ ํ›„์— ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ฏธ์ฐจ์ŠคํŠธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํฌ๋žฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์šฐ์•„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1909๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1956๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์ธ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ„์ฒฉ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ค์ข…์ž ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€ ์˜๊ตญ ์™•๋ฆฝ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์žฅ๊ต ๋Œ€์˜์ œ๊ตญ ํ›ˆ์žฅ ์žฅ๊ต ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ถœ์‹  ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ฐธ์ „ ๊ตฐ์ธ ๋ƒ‰์ „๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ง€๋ธŒ๋กคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์ฒฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์†Œ๋ จ-์˜๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Crabb
Lionel Crabb
Lieutenant-Commander Lionel Kenneth Phillip Crabb, (28 January 1909 โ€“ presumed dead 19 April 1956), known as Buster Crabb, was a Royal Navy frogman and diver who vanished during a reconnaissance mission for MI6 around a Soviet cruiser berthed at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1956. Early life Lionel Crabb was born in 1909 to Hugh Alexander Crabb and Beatrice (nรฉe Goodall) of Streatham, south-west London. They were a poor family; Hugh Crabb was a commercial traveller for a firm of photographic merchants. In his youth Crabb held many jobs but after two years training for a career at sea in the school ship HMS Conway he joined the merchant navy and the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve before the Second World War. Second World War At the outbreak of the Second World War, Crabb was first an army gunner. Then, in 1941, he joined the Royal Navy. The next year he was sent to Gibraltar where he worked in a mine and bomb disposal unit to remove the Italian limpet mines that enemy divers had attached to the hulls of Allied ships. Initially, Crabb's job was to disarm mines that British divers removed, but eventually he decided to learn to dive. He was one of a group of underwater clearance divers who checked for limpet mines in Gibraltar harbour during the period of Italian frogman and manned torpedo attacks by the Decima Flottiglia MAS. They dived with oxygen rebreathers, Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus, which until then had not been used much if at all for swimming down from the surface. At first they swam by breaststroke without swimfins. On 8 December 1942, during one such attack, two of the Italian frogmen, Lieutenant Visintini and Petty Officer Magro, died, probably killed by small explosive charges thrown from harbour-defence patrol boats, a tactic said to have been introduced by Crabb. Their bodies were recovered, and their swimfins and Scuba sets were taken and from then on used by Sydney Knowles and Crabb. Awards Crabb was awarded the George Medal for his efforts and was promoted to lieutenant commander. In 1943 he became Principal Diving Officer for Northern Italy, and was assigned to clear mines in the ports of Livorno and Venice; he was later created an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for these services. He was also an investigating diver in the suspicious death of General Sikorski of the Polish Army, whose B-24 Liberator aircraft crashed into the sea off Gibraltar in 1943. By this time, he had gained the nickname "Buster", after the American actor and swimmer Buster Crabbe. After the war, Crabb was stationed in Palestine and led an underwater explosives disposal team that removed mines placed by Jewish divers from the Palyam, the maritime force of the Palmach elite Jewish fighting force during the years of Mandatory Palestine. After 1947, he was demobilised from the military. Civilian diver Crabb moved to a civilian job and used his diving skills to explore the wreck of a Spanish galleon from the 1588 Armada, off Tobermory on the Isle of Mull. He then located a suitable site for a discharge pipe for the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston. He later returned to work for the Royal Navy. He twice dived to investigate sunken Royal Navy submarines โ€” in January 1950 and in 1951 โ€” to find out whether there were any survivors. Both efforts proved fruitless. In 1952, Crabb married Margaret Elaine Player, the daughter of Henry Charles Brackenbury Williamson and the former wife of Ernest Albert Player. The couple separated in 1953 and divorced about two years later. In 1955, Crabb took frogman Sydney Knowles with him to investigate the hull of a Soviet Sverdlov-class cruiser to evaluate its superior manoeuvrability. According to Knowles, they found a circular opening at the ship's bow and inside it a large propeller that could be directed to give thrust to the bow. That same year, in March, Crabb was made to retire due to his age, but a year later he was recruited by MI6. By that time, Crabb's heavy drinking and smoking had taken its toll on his health, and he was not the diver that he had been in World War II. Crabb Affair Disappearance MI6 recruited Crabb in 1956 to investigate the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze that had brought head of state Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin on a diplomatic mission to Britain. According to Peter Wright in his book Spycatcher (1987), Crabb was sent to investigate Ordzhonikidzes propeller, a new design that Naval Intelligence wanted to examine. On 19 April 1956, Crabb dived into Portsmouth Harbour and his MI6 controller never saw him again. Years later, a Russian who had been on board Ordzhonikidze claimed that the Soviets were expecting him that night (after being tipped off about the British operation by a mole) and that he dived into the dark and dirty waters beneath the Ordzhonikidze, hunted down Crabb, and slit his air hose and his throat with a knife. Crabb's companion in the Sally Port Hotel took all his belongings and even the page of the hotel register on which they had written their names. Ten days later British newspapers published stories about Crabb's disappearance in an underwater mission. MI6 tried to cover up this espionage mission. On 29 April, under instructions from Rear Admiral John Inglis, the Director of Naval Intelligence, the Admiralty announced that Crabb had vanished when he had taken part in trials of secret underwater apparatus in Stokes Bay on the Solent. The Soviets answered by releasing a statement stating that the crew of Ordzhonikidze had seen a frogman near the cruiser on 19 April. It was reported by Radio Moscow that the Kremlin had sent an official note to the United Kingdom concerning what Pravda described as โ€œshameful espionageโ€. The Foreign Office reportedly replied: โ€œCommander Crabb carried out frogman tests, and, as is assumed, lost his life during these tests. His presence in the vicinity of the destroyers occurred without any permission whatever, and Her Majestyโ€™s Government express their regret at the incident.โ€ British newspapers speculated that the Soviets had captured Crabb and taken him to the Soviet Union. The British Prime Minister Anthony Eden disapproved of the fact that MI6 had operated without his consent in the UK (the preserve of the Security Service, "MI5"). It is mistakenly claimed that Eden forced director-general John Sinclair to resign following the incident. He had determined to replace Sinclair with MI5 director-general Dick White before the incident. The Prime Minister told the House of Commons it was not in the public interest to disclose the circumstances in which Crabb was presumed to have met his end. Body found A little less than 14 months after Crabb's disappearance, on 9 June 1957, a body in a diving suit was brought to the surface in their net by two fishermen off Pilsey Island in Chichester Harbour. The body was brought to shore in a landing craft operated by members of RAF Marine Craft Unit No. 1107. It was missing its head and both hands, which made it impossible to identify (using then-available technology). According to British diving expert Rob Hoole, the body had the same height as Crabb, the same body-hair colour, and was dressed in the same clothes, Pirelli two-piece diving suit and Admiralty Pattern swim fins that Crabb was wearing when he embarked on his final mission. Hoole wrote that given the length of time that Crabb's body had been in the water, there was "nothing sinister" about the missing head and hands. Crabb's ex-wife was not sure enough to identify the body, nor was Crabb's girlfriend, Pat Rose. Sydney Knowles was requested to identify the body shortly after its discovery. He described the body as being clad in a faded green rubber frogman suit of a type issued to Royal Navy divers, and the remains of a white sweater. The suit had been cut open from the neck to the groin and along both legs, revealing very dark pubic hair. Knowles examined the body closely, looking for a Y-shaped scar behind the left knee and a prominent scar on the left thigh. He failed to find any scars on the body and stated that it was not Crabb. A pathologist, Dr. D. P. King, examined the body and stated in a short report for the inquest that a careful examination of the body failed to reveal any scars or marks of identification. Inquest The inquest was opened on 11 June 1957 by Bridgman, who had received the pathologist's report that there was no way of establishing identity. As neither Knowles nor Crabb's ex-wife nor a Lieutenant McLanahan, a Royal Navy torpedo officer from HMS Vernon, had been able to identify the body, Bridgman adjourned the inquest until 26 June to allow time for identification. The inquest was resumed on 26 June. The pathologist, King, gave evidence that he had returned to the mortuary and re-examined the body on 14 June. He reported that he had found a scar in the shape of an inverted Y on the left side of the left knee, and a scar on the left thigh, about the size of a sixpenny coin. King stated that the scar had been photographed whilst he was present. Fate As information was declassified under the 50-year rule, new facts on Crabb's disappearance came to light. On 27 October 2006, the National Archives released papers relating to the fatal Ordzhonikidze mission. Sydney Knowles, a former diving partner of Crabb's, stated in a televised interview on Inside Out โ€“ South on 19 January 2007 that Crabb did not dive alone on his fatal last mission: "He told me they'd given him a buddy diver." Furthermore, papers released under the Freedom of Information Act indicate that there were other divers investigating Ordzhonikidze while the ship was in Portsmouth Harbour. On 9 November 2007, The Independent reported how the government had covered up the death of 'Buster' Crabb. The cruiser Ordzhonikidze was transferred by the Soviet government to Indonesia in 1962, where it operated as KRI Irian. The ship operated in the conflict against the Netherlands over West Papua, and was later used as a floating detention centre for suspected communists during the Indonesian killings of 1965โ€“1966. The cruiser was scrapped in 1971. In a 1968 retrospective on the affair Time reported that a skull thought by some to be Crabbโ€™s was found in early March 1967 on a beach near Portsmouth. Theories and speculations Died during Soviet interrogation After he was released from prison, the spy Harry Houghton wrote a book called Operation Portland in which he claimed that, in July 1956, his Russian handler, a man he knew as Roman, had told him how Crabb had died. Houghton said that, shortly before the Soviet visit, he had been meeting Roman in a pub in Puncknowle, Dorset, and happened to see a friend who worked at the Underwater Detection Establishment with her boyfriend, who was a diver. The boyfriend was annoyed that he had been training for something special, which had just been called off. Shortly after hearing that, Roman had cut short the meeting. According to Houghton's account, after assessing that divers might be planning some activity relating to Ordzhonikidze, the Soviet Navy arranged for six underwater sentries to watch the bottom of the ship, which had been fitted with wire jack-stays on either side to help them hold on. When Crabb arrived, a struggle ensued in which Crabb's air supply was turned off and he passed out. He was then hauled on board and taken to the sick bay, having passed out a second time, where he was given medical treatment. When Crabb had recovered sufficiently, the Soviets began to interrogate him. He was making a confession when he collapsed and did not recover. Aware that they might be accused of causing his death, the Soviets decided to fix his body lightly to the bottom of the ship so that it came loose once the ship was under way. However, the body tangled in something underwater, which meant it was not discovered for fourteen months. Houghton advanced the theory that Crabb's mission was to plant a small limpet mine on Ordzhonikidze, the purpose of which was to detect whether the Soviet Navy was using the latest sonar technology. If it was, the mine would detonate and the ship would slow down; if not, the mine would eventually detach and fall to the bottom of the sea. Killed by the Soviets In a 1990 interview, Joseph Zwerkin, a former member of Soviet Naval intelligence, who had moved to Israel after the breakup of the Soviet Union, claimed that the Soviets had noticed Crabb in the water and that a Soviet sniper had shot him. On 16 November 2007, the BBC and the Daily Mirror reported that Eduard Koltsov, a Soviet frogman, claimed to have caught Crabb placing a mine on the hull of Ordzhonikidze and cut his throat. In an interview for a Russian documentary film, Koltsov showed the dagger he claimed to have used, as well as an Order of the Red Star medal that he said had been awarded for the deed. A Russian journalist from the military newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda considered Koltsov's story improbable. In particular, the archive documents did not confirm that Koltsov, a bus driver in Rostov-on-Don for 30 years, had been awarded the Order of the Red Star or was a Soviet Navy frogman. Official British government documents regarding Crabb's disappearance are not scheduled to be released until 2057. Captured, brainwashed, defected or a double agent Certain Members of Parliament and Michael Hall became concerned about Crabb's ultimate fate. Commander J.S. Kerans of HMS Amethyst fame in 1961 and Marcus Lipton in 1964 both submitted proposals to re-open the case but were rebuffed. Various people speculated that Crabb had been killed by some secret Soviet underwater weapon; that he had been captured and imprisoned in Lefortovo prison with prisoner number 147, that he had been brainwashed to work for the Soviet Union to train their frogman teams; that he had defected and become a commander in the Soviet Navy under the assumed name of Leonid Krabov; that he was in the Soviet Special Task Underwater Operational Command in the Black Sea Fleet; or that MI6 had asked him to defect so he could become a double agent. MI5 theory Tim Binding wrote a fictionalised account of Crabb's life, Man Overboard, that was published by Picador in 2005. Binding stated that, following the book's publication, he was contacted by Sydney Knowles. Binding alleged that he then met Knowles in Spain and was told that Crabb was known by MI5 to have intentions of defecting to the USSR. This would have been embarrassing for the UK โ€” Crabb being an acknowledged war hero. Knowles has suggested that MI5 set up the mission to the Ordzhonikidze specifically to murder Crabb, and supplied Crabb with a new diving partner who was under orders to kill him. Binding stated Knowles alleged that he was ordered by MI5 to identify the body found as Crabb, when he knew it was definitely not Crabb. Knowles went along with the deception. Knowles has also alleged that his life was threatened in Torremolinos in 1989, at a time when Knowles was in discussions with a biographer. About the claims that Crabb was planning to defect to the Soviet Union, Reg Vallintine of the Historical Diving Society was quoted as saying: "Diving historians find it very hard to believe that this man, who prided himself on being a patriot, would have seriously considered defecting. Crabb was very fond of being a hero, and it is hard to imagine him jeopardising that status." Death by misadventure The British diving expert Rob Hoole wrote in 2007 that Crabb had probably died of oxygen poisoning or perhaps carbon dioxide poisoning, and that Crabb's age and poor health caused by his heavy drinking and smoking had made him unsuitable for the mission that he had been assigned. In support of the death by misadventure theory, Hoole noted that before disappearing on his second attempt to dive Ordzhonikidze, Crabb had during his first attempt experienced equipment failure, which suggested that Crabb's equipment was not up to standard. Crabb's MI6 officer Nicholas Elliott always took the view that Crabb had suffered equipment failure, or his health had given way, and that his reputation had been unfairly dragged through the mud. Historical media In a war documentary series titled Secrets of War, episode titled "The Cold War. Khrushchev's Regime", a 1996 interview with former head of the KGB Vladimir Semichastny (who was the first secretary of Komsomol at the time of Crabb's disappearance) reported, Crabb's decapitated body was found floating in the harbour two months after his disappearance. In the interview, Semichastny states that the "Crabb Affair" was handled elegantly. References in popular culture Crabb's time in Gibraltar is covered in the film The Silent Enemy (1958), with Laurence Harvey portraying Crabb. Crabb's life and death is investigated in a 2023, eight-part podcast series called Ministry of Secrets, written and narrated by Giles Milton Tim Binding's novel Man Overboard (2005) is a fictional memoir of Crabb, who looks back over his career from a sanatorium in Czechoslovakia, having been seized by the KGB on his final mission for the British. Crabb appears in the first issue of Warren Ellis' comic Ignition City. John Ainsworth Davis/Christopher Creighton in his thinly disguised fictional account The Krushchev Objective (1987) with co-author Noel Hynd, states he was the second diver with Crabb that thwarted an assassination attempt on the Soviet dictator by defusing limpet mines. The "Crabb affair" inspired Ian Fleming's James Bond adventure Thunderball. The frogman briefly seen in the Tintin book The Red Sea Sharks was based on a photograph of Crabb. The Crabb affair features in Edward Wilson's novel The Envoy (London, Arcadia Books, 2008) See also List of people who disappeared Notes References Further reading External links Lionel Crabb in Spartacus Educational Lionel Crabb in Trivia Library BBC News page on release of National Archive documents, October 2006 National Archive page 1909 births 1956 deaths People of the Cold War Cold War military history of the United Kingdom British Merchant Navy personnel British spies against the Soviet Union English underwater divers Espionage scandals and incidents Frogman operations Gibraltarian military personnel Officers of the Order of the British Empire People from Streatham Recipients of the George Medal Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II Royal Navy officers MI6 personnel Soviet Unionโ€“United Kingdom relations 1950s missing person cases People who died at sea People educated aboard HMS Conway Missing person cases in England Professional divers British Army personnel of World War II Royal Artillery soldiers
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EC%82%AC%20%EA%B3%B5%EC%98%88
์ฒ ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์˜ˆ
์ฒ ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์˜ˆ(Wire art)๋Š” ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฐ(Wire sculpture) ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์˜ˆํ’ˆ(wire wrap jewelry)์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๊ณต์˜ˆ์— ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‘์šฉํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ œ2์™•์กฐ์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ, ์ฒ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ์นผ๋”, ๋ฃจ์Šค ์•„์‚ฌ์™€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ณต์˜ˆ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ์นผ๋” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ์นผ๋”(:en:Alexander Calder, 1898โ€“1976)๋Š” Two Acrobats, Romulus and Remus, and Hercules and Lion ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ‚ค๋„คํ‹ฑ ์•„ํŠธ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋œ ์‹œ๋ฅดํฌ ์นผ๋”(:en:Cirque Calder)๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์˜ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์นผ๋”๋Š” 1926๋…„์—, ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„์˜ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ์ƒ์ธ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ํ›„์—, ํƒ„๋„์‚ฌ(:en:Sword eater)๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ž ์กฐ๋ จ์‚ฌ(:en:lion tamer) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์ปค์Šค ๋‹จ์›์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•œ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์„œ์ปค์Šค ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์–ด์ณ ์‹œ๋ฅดํฌ ์นผ๋”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ๋”๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1927๋…„์— ๋‰ด์š• ์›จ์ด ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ(:en:Weyhe Gallery)์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1930๋…„์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์—(Galerie Billiet)์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์นผ๋”์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”, ์บ๋ฆฌ์ปค์ณ, ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋“ฏ์ด, ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ž ์žฌ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ฒ ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋„ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฆ˜์— ์™€์„œ์•ผ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค... ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋”œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์˜ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฐ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ(decided) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ ๋ฃจ์Šค ์•„์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฃจ์Šค ์•„์‚ฌ์™€(:en:Ruth Asawa)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ํœ˜ํŠธ๋‹ˆ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€๊ณผ 1955 ์ƒํŒŒ์šธ๋ฃจ ๋น„์—”๋‚ ๋ ˆ์— ์ „์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์œ ๋ช…์„ธ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‚ฌ์™€๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™๋งˆ์šดํ‹ด ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ์Šค์Šน ์š”์ œํ”„ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์™€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‚ฌ์™€๋Š” 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— 3์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ ์ฝ”๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ๋œจ๊ธฐ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๊ณต์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‚ฌ์™€๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ํ†จ๋ฃจ์นด์—์„œ ์•„์—ฐ ๋„๊ธˆ๋œ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์กŒ๋‹ค. โ€œI was interested in it because of the economy of a line, making something in space, enclosing it without blocking it out. Itโ€™s still transparent. I realized that if I was going to make these forms, which interlock and interweave, it can only be done with a line because a line can go anywhere.โ€ ์•„์‚ฌ์™€๋Š” 1962๋…„์— ์ž์—ฐ์ , ๊ธฐํ•˜์ , ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๊ณต์˜ˆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค: ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ๋ณด์ด์–ด(Brian Boyer)๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๊ณผ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ/์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ณต์‹, ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜, ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํ˜•์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋นˆ ์›Œ์Šค(Gavin worth)๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์กด์žฌํ• ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ 3์ฐจ์› ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์œตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๊ณต์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›Œ์Šค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์นผ๋”์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„, ๊ด€๊ฐ์„ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜•์ƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฐํŒ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฟ  ํ‚น(:en:Kue King)์€ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊นƒํ„ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ์ง(woven additive) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ‹€์„ ์žก์•„์„œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค๋ค˜๋‹ค. ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์—”(elizabeth berrien)์€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๊ณต์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์€ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜์„œ "์ฒ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ชจ Godmother of Wire"๋ผ๊ณ  ์นญ์†ก๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„ ๋น„์ฆˆ ๊ฟฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์–ด, ํ•€ ๋ฐ”์ด์Šค, ์ค„, ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฅด๊ฐœ(:en:wire cutter) ๋งจ๋“œ๋ (:en:mandrel) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต์˜ˆ์šฉ ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ์ง€๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์˜ˆ์— ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์งˆ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธˆ, ์€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ’๋น„์‹ผ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์šฉํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™ฉ๋™, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„, gold fill๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์žฌ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ’์ด ์‹ผ ๊ณต์˜ˆ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๊ณต์˜ˆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์Œ“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ๋‘๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” 925 ํ‘œ์ค€ ์€, 14k ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋” ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ์— ์†๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 14k ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ (plated wire)์€ ๊ณต์˜ˆ ํ™ฉ๋™ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ์— 14k ๊ธˆ์ด ์”Œ์›Œ์ง„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ฒ ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธˆ์„ 100๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 14/20์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋œ ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ ์‚ฌ์˜ 20%๊ฐ€ 14k ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์€ ๊ธˆ์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ๋ฏธ์ƒ‰์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด, ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๋ณด์„ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ (:en:art jewelry) ์ฒญ๋™, ํ™ฉ๋™ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ (:en:Bronze and brass ornamental work) ๋ณด์„ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ (:en:jewelry) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์กฐ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire%20sculpture
Wire sculpture
Wire sculpture is the creation of sculpture or jewelry (sometimes called wire wrap jewelry) out of wire. The use of metal wire in jewelry dates back to the 2nd Dynasty in Egypt and to the Bronze and Iron Ages in Europe. In the 20th century, the works of Alexander Calder, Ruth Asawa, and other modern practitioners developed the medium of wire sculpture as an art form. Alexander Calder Alexander Calder (July 22,1898โ€“November 11,1976), an American sculptor, greatly developed the use of wire as a medium for sculpture with his kinetic and movement-based Cirque Calder, as well as pieces such as Two Acrobats, Romulus and Remus, and Hercules and Lion. In 1926, after a stint spent making toys at the request of a Serbian toy merchant in Paris, Calder began creating his Cirque Calder, a miniature, movable circus that uses movable wire models of various circus performers, like sword eaters and lion tamers. After this, Calder created complete pieces only using wire and in 1927 had a show of wire sculptures at the Weyhe Gallery in New York City. In 1930, he had a solo show of wire sculptures in Paris, at Galerie Billiet. Calderโ€™s wire sculptures of this period tended to be portraits, caricatures, and stylized representations of people and animals. While originally believing the medium of wire sculpture to be merely clever and amusing, as his work developed, he began to state that wire sculpture had an important place in the history of art and remarked on the great possibilities within the medium.โ€œThese new studies in wire, however, did not remain the simple, modest little things I had done in New York. They are still simple, more simple than before, and therein lie the great possibilities which I have only recently come to feel for the wire medium... There is one thing, in particular, which connects them with history. One of the futuristic painters' canons, as propounded by Modigliani, was that objects should not be lost to view but should be shown through the others by making the latter transparent. The wire sculpture accomplishes this in a most decided manner!" Ruth Asawa Ruth Asawa came to prominence when her wire sculptures appeared at both the Whitney Museum of American Art and the 1955 Sรฃo Paulo Art Biennial. Asawa learned to use commonplace materials from Josef Albers, her teacher at Black Mountain College, and began experimenting with wire using a variety of techniques. In the 1950s, Asawa experimented with crocheted wire sculptures of abstract forms that appear as three dimensional line drawings. She learned the basic technique while in Toluca, Mexico, where villagers used a similar technique to make baskets from galvanized wire. โ€œI was interested in it because of the economy of a line, making something in space, enclosing it without blocking it out. Itโ€™s still transparent. I realized that if I was going to make these forms, which interlock and interweave, it can only be done with a line because a line can go anywhere.โ€ In 1962, Asawa began experimenting with tied wire sculptures of images rooted in nature, geometry, and abstraction. Contemporary practitioners Contemporary wire artists include: Brian Boyer uses wire that would otherwise end up in a landfill to create wire trees. Known for his self-taught style and use of recycled copper/aluminum wire. His trees combine mathematical formulas, algorithms, and equations along with geometric shapes along with flowers and many other abstract patterns in the roots and branches. As of 2018 Brian has had an active profile with the "Canadian Council for the Arts" and continues to make his one of a kind wire trees under the brand name "Forrest Wire" Gavin Worth has used wire sculpture to combine realistic images with 3-d abstract forms. Worth approached Calder's idea of mobility in sculpture by making the viewer the mobile element. By placing varying images on different planes of the sculpture, the image changes as the viewer see it from different angles. Kue King has built a reputation combining wire and feather. He sculpts wire using a woven additive technique. Instead of creating a form with wireframing, he builds with it like clay. Elizabeth Berrien began working with wire in the 1960s and is hailed as the "Godmother of Wire" by the wave of emerging wire sculptors she inspired. Racso Jugarap works speak of organic volume and fluidity. Other than wire sculpture and installations, the artist also experiments with wearable wire arts. Robin Wight creates wire sculptures of fairies. He works with stainless steel wire. One of his more notable works is Dancing with Dandelions Jewelry Because the needed tools are simple, wrapped wire jewelry can be learned and performed in home studios by hobby artists. Some of the tools used include pliers, pin vises, file, wire cutters, and mandrels. The wire used may be of a variety of decorative metals in different cross-sections. Wire sculpture jewelry may have beads or gemstones integrated into the design. Metals used For most people who start out working with wire, it is not cost-effective to jump straight to precious metals such as silver or gold. Therefore, less expensive craft wires made from softer materials such as brass, copper, aluminum, or gold fill can be used. The artist typically first gains experience exploring form while learning the feel of the wire. There are many ways wire can be handled and wrapped. Progression can be made to the more expensive metals such as 925 sterling silver and 14k gold-filled wire. 14k gold-filled wire is a tube of 14k gold that has a length of jewelers brass running through the middle. It is not like gold plated wire as there is approx 100 times more gold in gold filled than there is on the plated wire. With gold-filled wire that is designated 14/20 it means that a minimum 20% of the entire wire is 14k gold. As with solid gold the gold-filled wire can come in at least yellow and rose colors enabling the range of jewelry that can be made to be expansive. See also Art jewelry Bronze and brass ornamental work Estate jewelry Jewellery References External links Jewellery making Sculpture techniques Wire Jewellery Sculpture
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%A9%20%28%EC%A1%B0%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%29
์ด๋ชฉ (์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ)
์ด๋ชฉ(ๆŽ็‰ง, ? ~ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 229)์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ(่ถ™)์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์ด์ž ์žฅ๊ตฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ช…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์†๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ช…์€ ์ด์ดฌ(ๆŽ็น“)์ด๊ณ  ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ(็‰ง)์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ๋ช…๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ชฉ(ๆŽ็‰ง)์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒผ์Šฌ์ด ์ƒ๊ตญ(็›ธๅœ‹)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์•ˆ๊ตฐ(ๆญฆๅฎ‰ๅ›)์˜ ์นญํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ํ‰๋…ธ(ๅŒˆๅฅด)์™€ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ(็งฆ) ๋“ฑ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ „๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ํ‰๋…ธ์™€์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์žฅ๊ตฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐ์ด ๋Œ€(ไปฃ)๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ์•ˆ๋ฌธ(้›้–€) ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ‰๋…ธ(ๅŒˆๅฅด)์™€ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋ฉฐ ํ™œ์˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งํƒ€๊ธฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ด‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์„ ํ’€์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ํ›„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ ‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ํ‰๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ž…ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋น„๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ํ‰๋…ธ์™€ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฒ์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ์™•์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ž์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์ž, ์™•์ด ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„, ํ‰๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์ณ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋†์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ชฉ์ถ•์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ์™•์ด ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ๋ณ‘์„ ํ•‘๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ์™•์ด ์ด๋ชฉ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ž, ์ด๋ชฉ์€ "์™•๊ป˜์„œ ์‹ ์„ ๊ธฐ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๋˜, ์‹ ์ด ์˜ˆ์ „์— ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฐํžˆ ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ์™•์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ์ด์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ˆ˜๋น„๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ž, ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ 1300๋Œ€์™€ ๋ง 13000๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์›Œ 100๊ธˆ์„ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„ ์šฉ์‚ฌ 5๋งŒ ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ™œ์„ ์ž˜ ์˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ 10๋งŒ ๋ช…์„ ์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋“ค์— ๊ฐ€์ถ•๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ํ’€์–ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค. ํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ์„ ์šฐ(ๅ–ฎไบŽ)๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด์˜ค์ž, ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด์˜ค์ž, ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜๋ชปํ•œ ์ง„์šฉ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์–‘์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํŽผ์ณ ํ‰๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ์ด ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๋…ธ์กฑ ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘ 10๋งŒ ๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ด๋žŒ(่ฅœ่ฅค)์„ ๋ฉธ๋ง์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ๋™ํ˜ธ(ๆฑ่ƒก)๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž„ํ˜ธ(ๆž—่ƒก)๋ฅผ ํ•ญ๋ณต์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ‰๋…ธ์˜ ์„ ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ 10๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋„๋ก ํ‰๋…ธ๋Š” ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์ง์ธ ์ƒ๊ตญ(็›ธๅœ‹)์— ์ž„๋ช…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ํ›„์— ์ง„ ์‹œํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœํ•˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ผํ•œ ํ›„, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์–ด์‚ฌ(ๅพกๅฒ)๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ "์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ์™•์ด ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ตญ ์ด๋ชฉ(ๆŽ็‰ง)์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋งน์„œ๋ฅผ ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ ์ธ์งˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋’ค ๋งน์„œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋•… ํƒœ์›์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ์— ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™•์„ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฐํ‘œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 243๋…„(๋„์–‘์™• 2), ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ธ์งˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ํƒœ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ท€๊ตญํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„ ์‹œํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ›„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ์กฐ ๋„์–‘์™•์ด ์Œํƒ•ํ•œ ์„ฑํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•œ ์ง‘์•ˆ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ ์ฐฝํ›„(ๅ€กๅŽ)์™€ ํ˜ผ์ธํ•˜๋ ค ํ• ๋•Œ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ "์—ฌ์ธ์ด ์ •์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฌ์ธ์€ ํ•œ ์ง‘์•ˆ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€์™•๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ๋‘๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ ๊ฐ„์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์กฐ ๋„์–‘์™•์€ "๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ธ์ด ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ฐ„์–ธ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐฝํ›„์™€ ํ˜ผ์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์†Œ์ƒ์ธ ์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ์„ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์™€์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 243๋…„(๋„์–‘์™• 2), ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๋‚˜๋ผ(็‡•)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜(ๆญฆ้‚)์™€ ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ(ๆ–นๅŸŽ)์„ ํ•จ๋ฝ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 233๋…„(์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ 3), ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ(็งฆ)๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ ๋ ค(่ตค้บ—)์™€ ์˜์•ˆ(ๅฎœๅฎ‰)์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋งž์„œ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ๋น„(่‚ฅ) ์„ฑ ์•„๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ธ์›Œ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์žฅ๊ตฐ ํ™˜๊ธฐ(ๆก“้ฝฎ)๋Š” ํŒจํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ๋ฌด์•ˆ๊ตฐ(ๆญฆๅฎ‰ๅ›)์— ๋ด‰ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 232๋…„(์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ 4), ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์˜ค(็•ชๅพ)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์ž ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ(้Ÿ“)์™€ ์œ„๋‚˜๋ผ(้ญ)๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 229๋…„(์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ 7), ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์™•์ „(็Ž‹็ฟฆ) ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ƒ(ๅธ้ฆฌๅฐ™)์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชฉ์€ ์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์žฅ๊ตฐ ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ์ด ์ด์• ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹ ํ•˜์ธ ๊ณฝ๊ฐœ(้ƒญ้–‹)์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ๊พ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํผ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ์€ ์กฐ์ด(่ถ™่”ฅ)๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ทจ(้ก”่š)๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ด๋ชฉ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์ž, ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ •ํƒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์ž„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ชฉ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ธฐใ€‹ ๊ถŒ81 ์—ผํŒŒ์ธ์ƒ์—ฌ์—ด์ „์— ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ธฐใ€‹ ๊ถŒ43 ์กฐ์„ธ๊ฐ€์—๋Š” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ •ํ™ฉ์„ ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ์ฃฝ์ž„์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ƒ์ด ํŒŒ๋ฉด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋งŒ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„์— ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ์ฃฝ์€์ง€ 3๋‹ฌ ํ›„์— ์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ์ด ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 228๋…„ 10์›”, ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋„์์ธ ํ•œ๋‹จ์ด ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๋ฝ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ก ใ€Š์ „๊ตญ์ฑ…ใ€‹ ๊ถŒ7 ์ง„์ฑ…5์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋ชจํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ณฝ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•œ์ฐฝ(้Ÿ“ๅ€‰)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ฐฝ์ด ๋ฌด์•ˆ๊ตฐ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋ชจํ•จํ•˜์ž, ์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ž, ์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ์ด ํ•œ์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฌธ์ฑ…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ "์žฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—, ์žฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ํ—Œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์–ด์ „์—์„œ ๋น„์ˆ˜(ๅŒ•้ฆ–)๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌํ˜•์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜ค."๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์ด๋ชฉ์€ "๋‚˜์—๊ฒ ํŒ”์ด ๊ตฝ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ํ‚ค๋Š” ํฌ๋˜ ํŒ”์ด ์งง์•„์„œ ์ ˆ์„ ํ• ๋•Œ์— ๋•…์— ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋™์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–ด์ „์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์„ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ• ๊นŒ ๋‘๋ ค์› ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณต์ธ(ๅทฅไบบ)๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋กœ ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์†์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์†Œ. ์ฃผ์ƒ๊ป˜์„œ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์†Œ."๋ผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์†Œ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฑท์–ด ํŒ”์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ์ฐฝ์€ "์™•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ, ์‚ฌ๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์†Œ."๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ ˆ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฒ€์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ž๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ "์‹ ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ถ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ž์‚ดํ• ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค."๋ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทน๋ฌธ(ๆฃ˜้–€)์„ ๋‚˜์™€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์†์œผ๋กœ ์นผ์„ ์žก๊ณ  ์ž์‚ดํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŒ”์ด ์งง์•„์„œ ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ž, ๊ฒ€์„ ์ž…์— ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์–ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐ”๋Ÿฌ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ใ€Š์—ด๋…€์ „ใ€‹ ๊ถŒ7 ์–ผํ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ ๋„์–‘์™•์˜ ํ›„๋น„์ด์ž ์กฐ์™• ์ฒœ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์ฐฝํ›„(ๅ€กๅŽ)๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ์ด๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„(ๅฎถไฟ‚)๋Š” ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ํ›„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ธ ใ€Š์‹ ๋‹น์„œใ€‹์— ์ „ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์กฐ๊ตฐ ์ด์”จ(่ถ™้ƒกๆŽๆฐ)๋Š” ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚ธ ์ด๋‹ด(ๆŽๆ›‡)๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์งธ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ํƒœ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚ธ ์ด๊ธฐ(ๆŽ็’ฃ)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ์žํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด์šด(ๆŽ้›ฒ) ยท ์ด๋ชฉ(ๆŽ็‰ง) ยท ์ด์ œ(ๆŽ้ฝŠ) ๋“ฑ์˜ 3์•„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฌด์•ˆ๊ตฐ์— ๋ด‰ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํ›„์†๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ตฐ(่ถ™้ƒก)์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชฉ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด๊ณจ(ๆŽๆฑจ) ยท ์ดํ™(ๆŽๅผ˜) ยท ์ด์„ (ๆŽ้ฎฎ) ๋“ฑ์˜ 3์•„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณจ์€ ์ด๋Ÿ‰(ๆŽ่ซ’) ยท ์ด์ขŒ๊ฑฐ(ๆŽๅทฆ่ปŠ) ยท ์ด์ค‘๊ฑฐ(ๆŽไปฒ่ปŠ) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ขŒ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฌด๊ตฐ(ๅปฃๆญฆๅ›)์˜ ์นญํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ›—๋‚  ์ดˆํ•œ์ „์Ÿ ๋•Œ์— ๋ช…์žฅ ํ•œ์‹ (้Ÿ“ไฟก)์˜ ์ฐธ๋ชจ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ฒœ์€ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ธฐใ€‹์—์„œ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ช…์žฅ๋“ค์ธ ์—ผํŒŒ ยท ์ธ์ƒ์—ฌ ยท ์กฐ์‚ฌ ยท ์ด๋ชฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ด์ „์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—ด์ „์€ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ธฐใ€‹ ๊ถŒ81 ์—ผํŒŒ์ธ์ƒ์—ฌ์—ด์ „์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด๋ชฉ์€ "์–‘์žฅ(่‰ฏๅฐ‡)", ์ฆ‰ "๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์žฅ์ˆ˜"๋ผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์กฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ ์ฃผํฅ์‚ฌ๋Š” ใ€Š์ฒœ์ž๋ฌธใ€‹์—์„œ "๊ธฐ์ „ํŒŒ๋ชฉ(่ตท็ฟฆ้ —็‰ง) ์šฉ๊ตฐ์ตœ์ •(็”จ่ปๆœ€็ฒพ)"์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์ „๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ฐฑ๊ธฐ ยท ์™•์ „ ยท ์—ผํŒŒ ยท ์ด๋ชฉ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 229๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ถ˜์ถ” ์ „๊ตญ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์žฅ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 3์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Mu
Li Mu
Li Mu (; died 229 BC), personal name Zuo (็น“), courtesy name Mu (็‰ง), was a Chinese military General of the State of Zhao during the Warring States period. He is regarded by Chinese folklore as one of the four Greatest Generals of the Late Warring States period, along with Bai Qi, Wang Jian, and Lian Po. He's widely considered as one of the best defensive tacticians commanders of ancient warfare. Life In 265 BC, Li Mu was stationed in Yanmen Commandery and ordered to defend northwestern commanderies of Yanshan (้›ๅฑฑ) and Daijun (ไปฃ้ƒก) from raids instigated by the Xiongnu (ๅŒˆๅฅด) and other tribes. He initially adopted an extremely defensive strategy, for which he was accused of cowardice and thereafter replaced by a more aggressive general. The Zhao state prepared an army of 1,300 war chariots, 13,000 cavalry, 50,000 infantry and 100,000 archers. The army was scattered in the countryside. The Xiongnu sent a small force to raid the border, and Li Mu pretended to be defeated, and abandoned a few thousand men to the Xiongnu. The chanyu (or shan-yรผ, title for the chief of the Xiongnu) heard of this and then sent a large force to invade Zhao. The Zhao divided into two armies, encircled and beat the Xiongnu, killing hundreds of thousands of men and horses. Then the Zhao exterminated the Dan Lan, defeated the Dong Hu, forced the Lin Hu to surrender, making the shan-yรผ flee. In 243 BC, Li Mu took over command in the war against Yan and managed to conquer Wusui (ๆญฆ้‚) and Fangcheng (ๆ–นๅŸŽ). Later, as the threat from Qin increased with the previous ascension of King Zheng, Li Mu turned his focus more towards the western parts of Zhao. However, the State of Zhao was significantly weakened. After having previously suffered utter defeat at the hands of Qin forces led by Bai Qi during, and in the aftermath of, the Battle of Changping in 260 BC, in which Zhao had lost virtually its entire army, most of the core Zhao territories had fallen to Qin. Furthermore, Zhao was diplomatically isolated as the Kingdoms of Wei, Yan, and Han were too weak to offer any kind of support, while Qi and Chu were more willing to see the kingdom extinguished than face the powerful Qin. Nevertheless, Li Mu could still hold out against and compete with the much stronger Qin forces. So while Qin could raid Wei and Han at will, they had a much harder time pillaging in Zhao. In 233 BC, when Qin forces under general Huan Yi (ๆก“้ฝฎ) attacked the cities of Chili (่ตค้บ—) and Yi'an (ๅฎœๅฎ‰). Li Mu was appointed as commander in chief of the Zhao army, engaging and crushing the Qin army at Yi'an (ๅฎœๅฎ‰; around present-day Shijiazhuang, Hebei) or Feixia (่‚ฅ; west of present-day Jinzhou, Hebei province, China), depending on the different sources. For this accomplishment he was rewarded with the title of Marquis of Wu'an (ๆญฆๅฎ‰ๅ›). During the year 232 BC, a Qin army invaded Zhao and captured the City of Langmeng, but were once again defeated by Li Mu at the Battle of Fanwu (็•ชๅพ; in present-day Pingshan, Hebei). Li Mu (according to some interpretations) also held off a Han-Wei incursion in Southern Zhao, after this battle the Zhao forces withdrew into their capital area. Eliminating Li Mu became a necessity for Qin to conquer Zhao and ultimately to unify China. In 229 BC, in light of Wang Jian's invasion of Zhao, where Li Mu had already achieved an stalemate against the Qin Generals Wang Jian, Yang Duan He and Qiang Lei; the Qin decided to sent spies to the Zhao court, bribing key courtiers such as Guo Kai (้ƒญ้–‹) and Han Cang (้Ÿ“ๅ€‰) in order to convince them to persuade the King of Zhao to replace Li Mu and Sima Shang (ๅธ้ฆฌๅฐš) with Zhao Cong (่ถ™่”ฅ) and Yan Ju (้ก่š) as generals by alleging that the former were planning a rebellion. The plan succeeded. Li Mu was expelled from his position and soon thereafter either executed or forced to commit suicide on the king's orders. With Li Mu's death, the fall of Zhao became inevitable, as the state was swiftly crushed afterwards by Qin forces. And in just a few years' time the state of Dai would also fall, therefore putting an end to the last remnants of Zhao. Legacy Li Mu sometimes appears as a menshen on Chinese and Taoist temples, usually paired with Bai Qi. He is also commemorated at Zhenbian Hall, a temple beside the Tianxian Gate at Yanmen Pass in Shanxi. In popular culture In Hara Yasuhisa's famous manga Kingdom he is portrayed as a major antagonist known as "Ri Boku" under the Japanese pronunciation of the same name. He considers himself a pacifist but nonetheless is actually a genius strategist and one of the "Three Great Heavens of Zhao", making him one of the best generals in the series. He held the position of "Prime Minister of the State of Zhao" until he was stripped of that title by the king. His excellent skills at warfare are on par with other prominent tacticians like Wang Jian and Lord Changping. He was always interested in Li Xin's ability in that manga, recognizing his growing talent. In a one-shot manga that Yasuhisa wrote before publishing Kingdom, it details his background and youth. References Citations Bibliography . Di Cosmo, 'Ancient China and its Enemies', 2308. Year of birth unknown 229 BC deaths 3rd-century BC Chinese people Chinese gods Deified Chinese people Generals from Hebei Zhao (state) Zhou dynasty generals
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%BB%B4%EC%97%AD
๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ
๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ(Markham Station) ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ๋งˆ์ปด์˜ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์˜ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ์ธ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์€ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋งˆ์ปด๊ณผ ๋ฒŒ๋ก ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜ ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์€ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ง์Šค๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„  ์ง€์ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ, ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์–ผ์—ญ์€ ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์—์„œ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 10๋ถ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ๋งˆ์ปด ๋ถ๋ถ€์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ์ธ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์€ ๋ฒ„์˜คํฌ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ปด ๋กœ๋“œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋งˆ์ปด ํƒ€์šด์‹ญ์€ 1793๋…„์— ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ชฐ ๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ˆœ๋„ค ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1817๋…„ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ œ๋ถ„์†Œ์™€ ์ œ์žฌ์†Œ 22๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์œ ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์ง€๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์— ์ œ๋ถ„์†Œ์™€ ์ œ์žฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฅธ ํ˜•์ œ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ƒ์› ์˜์›์ด ๋œ ๋ฆฌ์ € ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๋” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. 1851๋…„์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ผ์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ 8-900์—ฌ ๋ช…, ๊ตํšŒ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ, ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ œ๋ถ„์†Œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์ด ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ์ ์€ 1871๋…„์œผ๋กœ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„ (T&NR) ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์ž‘ ์ˆ˜์†ก์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 1066mm์˜ ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. T&NR์ด 1868๋…„ 3์›”์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ต, ๋งˆ์ปด ํƒ€์šด์‹ญ์€ ํƒ€์šด์‹ญ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์ธ 3๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1868๋…„ 12์›”์— ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋กœ T&NR์„ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ปด์— ๋‘ ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ 1871๋…„์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ฝ”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ปด์ด 'ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ'๋กœ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ต์™ธ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ปด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐ๋Š” ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์žฅ์ž‘, ๊ฐ€์ถ•, ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ต๋„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. 1873๋…„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํŒจ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ œ์žฌ์†Œ์— ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๊ณ  1880๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋งˆ์ฐจ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์žฅ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์กฐ ๊ณต์žฅ, ๋ชจ์ง ๊ณต์žฅ ๋ฐ ๋„๊ตฌ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ž ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1871๋…„๊ณผ 1891๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์—…์ข…๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋Š” 30์ข… 61๊ฐœ์ฒด์—์„œ 49์ข… 83๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ 1890๋…„์— ๋ถˆํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฅ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—๋„ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. 1902๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ์—…์ข…๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋Š” 33์ข… 51๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1884๋…„์— T&NR์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ ํฌ ์ฒ ๋„ (GTR)๋Š” 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋ถ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ปด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ, ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ, ๋ฒ•์ •๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์•…ํ™” ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋งˆ์ปด์€ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ด ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งˆ์ปด์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๋˜ ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์—ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—…์ฒด๋“ค๋กœ 1924๋…„์— ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ฆฌ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋ถ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—ฌ ๋ฆฌ์„œ ์ œ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ 1929๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ 1923๋…„, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„ (CN) ๊ฐ€ GTR์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋„๋กœ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ฒ ๋„ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  1965๋…„์—๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌํ–‰ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1977๋…„์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ธ VIA ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ CN๊ณผ CP์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์šด์†ก ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ 80๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด VIA ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 15๋งŒ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ๋ฒ„์Šค๋„ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ์šดํ–‰ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์ฐจ ๋Š˜๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ†ต ๋‹น์‹œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ 1๋Œ€, ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ‰์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 1๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์€ 2018๋…„ 9์›” ํ˜„์žฌ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 9๋Œ€์”ฉ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์€ ์ง์›์ด ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 5์‹œ 10๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค์ „ 11์‹œ 45๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋„์ฐฉ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ฐจํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋‚˜ ์นด๋“œ ์ถฉ์ „์€ ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋™ํŒ๋งค๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ฒดํฌ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํƒœ๊ทธํ•ด ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์—์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ดํ‹ฐ์ผ“ (e-ticket)์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ปด์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ์‹ค, ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค, ๊ณต์ค‘์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‰ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ, ์—ด์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ์„ธ ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ค‘์•™ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—๋Š” 84๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด, ๋™๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—๋Š” 159๋Œ€, ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—๋Š” 167๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ตœ๋Œ€ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ฃผ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์นดํ’€ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์นดํ’€ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ญ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์—ญ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, YRT ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋ฒ„์˜คํฌ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—, TTC ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋งˆ์ปด ๋กœ๋“œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šดํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํ†ต 2023๋…„ 6์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์—๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‰์ผ ์˜คํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์—  ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์—์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€๋„ค๋””, ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ, ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด, ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒ€์•ผํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํŽธ ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” 407๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์š”ํฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” 54๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” 70, 71๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ๋Š” ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์˜ 41๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‹œ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์˜ 102D ๋งˆ์ปด ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋งค์ผ„์ง€์™€ ์›Œ๋“ ์—ญ๊ฐ„์„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” YRT ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” TTC ์š”๊ธˆ๋„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ YRT ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํ™˜์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ (YRT) ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ (TTC) 102D๋ฒˆ์€ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” TTC ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ํ•˜์ฐจํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šน์ฐจํ•  ๋•Œ YRT ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์ฐจํ•  ๋•Œ TTC ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ญ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ 1871๋…„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham%20GO%20Station
Markham GO Station
Markham GO Station is a railway station on the GO Transit Stouffville line network located on Markham Main Street North in Markham, Ontario in Canada. History The station was built in 1871 by the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, which was taken over by the Grand Trunk Railway, which ultimately became part of the Canadian National Railway in 1923. It has been designated as a heritage railway station by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. The station design is based on a classic Canadian Railway Style with elements of the Vernacular-Carpenter Gothic architecture of the mid-19th century in Ontario. The city of Markham purchased the building as a Millennium project and are undertaking its restoration in conjunction with the Markham Village Conservancy, which manages the station. In addition to facilities for GO Transit, the building is used as a community centre, with two rooms that have a capacity of 30 and 100 people, respectively, which are available for rental. Services Markham Station does not have a bus terminal. Connecting bus services serve on-street stops in front of the station. GO Transit On weekdays, Stouffville line train service to Markham Station consists of 9 trains southbound to Union Station in the morning and 9 trains northbound to Lincolnville in the afternoon or late evening. Service at other times and in other directions is provided by GO bus route 71, which continues beyond Lincolnville to Uxbridge station. Route 54 (Hwy 407 East GO Bus) operates between Mount Joy and Highway 407 Bus Terminal. York Region Transit 301 Markham Express (rush hour only) Toronto Transit Commission Markham Road northbound to Major Mackenzie Drive and southbound Warden Subway Station (second longest bus route after 54 Lawrence East). This route is operated by the TTC on behalf of the YRT and charges a YRT fare. Those who want to cross Steeles Avenue (the boundary between Toronto and Markham) are required to pay a TTC fare (in addition to a YRT fare). See also York Region Transit Toronto Transit Commission List of designated heritage railway stations of Canada References External links GO Transit railway stations Railway stations in Markham, Ontario Railway stations in Canada opened in 1871 Canadian National Railway stations in Ontario Designated heritage railway stations in Ontario 1871 establishments in Ontario
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC%20%28%EC%A1%B0%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%29
์กฐ์‚ฌ (์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ)
์กฐ์‚ฌ(่ถ™ๅฅข, ?~?)๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ(่ถ™)์˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ด์ž ์žฅ๊ตฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ช…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์†๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ด„(่ถ™ๆ‹ฌ)์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ณต๊ตฐ(้ฆฌๆœๅ›)์˜ ์นญํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์—ฌ(้–ผ่ˆ‡)์—์„œ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ(็งฆ)์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฒฝ ํ˜ธ์–‘(่ƒก้™ฝ)์„ ๊ฒฉํ‡ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ „๋ถ€(็”ฐ้ƒจ)์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š๋‚ ์€ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์™•์กฑ์ธ ํ‰์›๊ตฐ(ๅนณๅŽŸๅ›)์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์ž, ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ‰์›๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 9๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ‰์›๊ตฐ์ด ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค ํ•˜์ž, ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ‰์›๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ท€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ž์˜ ์ง‘์•ˆ์ด ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์‡ ์•ฝํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ํ‰์›๊ตฐ์ด ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•จ๋„ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜, ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง€์ผœ์„œ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ํ‰์›๊ตฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰์›๊ตฐ์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ์™•์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ž, ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์‹คํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ ๋งฅ๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 280๋…„(ํ˜œ๋ฌธ์™• 19), ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ(้ฝŠ)์˜ ๋งฅ๊ตฌ(้บฅไธ˜)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋นผ์•—์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์—ฌ ์ „ํˆฌ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 270๋…„(ํ˜œ๋ฌธ์™• 29), ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ(็งฆ)์˜ ํ˜ธ์–‘(่ƒก้™ฝ)์ด ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ(้Ÿ“)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์—ฐ์—ฌ(้–ผ่ˆ‡)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜œ๋ฌธ์™•์ด ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์—ผํŒŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ž, ์—ผํŒŒ๊ฐ€ "๊ธธ์ด ์ข์•„์„œ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์ˆ˜์ธ ์•…์Šน(ๆจ‚ไน˜)๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์ˆ˜์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ "๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฉ€๊ณ  ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข์€ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ ๋น„์œ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์ข์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฉ๊ฐํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ˜œ๋ฌธ์™•์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์—ฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„๋‚˜๋ผ(้ญ)์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณต์ž ๊ตฌ(ๅ’Ž)์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์(ๅฎ‰้‚‘)์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ˜‘๊ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„์์ธ ํ•œ๋‹จ(้‚ฏ้„ฒ)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 30๋ฆฌ ์ •๋„ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ์— ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ์ค‘์— ๋ช…์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, "๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ์ฃฝ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฌด์•ˆ(ๆญฆๅฎ‰) ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ์„ฑ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์•ˆ์„ฑ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ง‘๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์™€๋ฅผ ๋’คํ”๋“ค ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ค‘์˜ ์ฒ™ํ›„๋ณ‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฌด์•ˆ์„ ์†ํžˆ ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ž ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ์Œ“๊ณ  28์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ์žฅ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์ž, ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋Š” "ํ•œ๋‹จ์—์„œ 30๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฃจ๋งŒ ์Œ“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ˆ, ์—ฐ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋•…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ž ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท์„ ๋ฒ—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์†ํžˆ ์ง„๊ตฐํ•˜์—ฌ 1๋ฐ• 2์ผ ๋งŒ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ์—ฐ์—ฌ์—์„œ 50๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ํ™œ์„ ์ž˜ ์˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์Œ“์ž, ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋„ ์ค‘๋ฌด์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„๊ตฐํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์— ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ—ˆ๋ ฅ(่จฑๆญท)์ด ๊ฐ„์–ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, "์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค๋งˆ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™”์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ตฐ๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ํž˜์„ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํŒจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ "๋จผ์ € ๋ถ์‚ฐ(ๅŒ—ๅฑฑ)์˜ ์ •์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํŒจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฒŒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•œ๋ฐœ ์•ž์„œ ์‚ฐ์„ ์ ๋ นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜์ž, ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์—ฐ์—ฌ์˜ ํฌ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์—ฌ์—์„œ ํŒจํ•œ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์œ„๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ(ๅนพ)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์ž ์—ผํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์ฐ”๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ณต๊ตฐ(้ฆฌๆœๅ›)์˜ ์นญํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ƒ์—ฌ ยท ์—ผํŒŒ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ˜์—ด์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋‹จ๊ณผ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 269๋…„(ํ˜œ๋ฌธ์™• 30), ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ „๋‹จ(็”ฐๅ–ฎ)์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ณ‘๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์— ์ „๋‹จ์€ "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฒ•์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‚˜, ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์œ ๋… ์žฅ๊ตฐ ๋งŒํผ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜ค."๋ผ ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ์šธ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค 10~20๋งŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์Ÿ์—๋Š” ์˜› ์ œ์™•๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด 3๋งŒ ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "๋ฌด๋ฆ‡ ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ผ(ๅณ)์˜ ๊ฐ„์ง€๊ฒ€(ๅนฒไน‹ๅŠ, ๊ฐ„์žฅ๊ฒ€)์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ค. ์ด ์นผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋งˆ(็‰›้ฆฌ, ์†Œ์™€ ๋ง)๋„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‡ ์— ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์ด(็›คๅŒœ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡)๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์†Œ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์—๋‹ค ์ด๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ์„ธ ๋™๊ฐ•์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋Œ์— ๋•Œ๋ ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์˜ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ 3๋งŒ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์นผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์†Œ."๋ผ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์‚ฌํ•ด(ๅ››ๆตท)๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๊ตญ(่ฌๅœ‹)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜›๋‚ ๊ณผ 7๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋‹จ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํƒ„์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ง์— ์ˆ˜๊ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์ข…์˜ ์‹คํŒจ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 268๋…„(ํ˜œ๋ฌธ์™• 31), ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์œ„๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํšŒ(ๆ‡ท)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋นผ์•—์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ยท ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ ยท ์ดˆ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋“ฑ์˜ 3๊ตญ์ด ํ•ฉ์ข…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‹ˆ, ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํฌ๋…•(้ฎ‘ไฝž) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ๊ตฐํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž ํ•ฉ์ข…์ด ๊นจ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 3๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰์›๊ตฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 265๋…„(ํšจ์„ฑ์™• 1), ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์•ˆํ‰๊ตฐ ์ „๋‹จ(็”ฐๅ–ฎ)์ด ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋‚˜๋ผ(็‡•)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์–‘(ไธญ้™ฝ)์„ ๋นผ์•—์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์ธ ํ‰์›๊ตฐ(ๅนณๅŽŸๅ›)์€ ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ „๋‹จ์„ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ˆ˜(ๆฟŸๆฐด) ๋™์ชฝ์˜ 3๊ฐœ ์„ฑ๊ณผ 57๊ฐœ ์์„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ‰์›๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ ๋Š”, ์•ˆํ‰๊ตฐ์ด ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฐ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์•ˆํ‰๊ตฐ์ด ์ง€ํ˜œ๋กญ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ตณ์ด ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋Œ€๋กœ, ๊ทธํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ์ „๋‹จ์€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ํ•จ๋ฝ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ›„ ์ดํ›„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ–‰์ ์€ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํŒจ์ „ํ•œ ์žฅํ‰๋Œ€์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ์ธ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 260๋…„(ํšจ์„ฑ์™• 7)์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฃฝ์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์กฐ๊ด„์€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณ‘๋ฒ•์— ๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํƒํƒ์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ด„์€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์žฅ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์—ผํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅํ‰๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ช…์žฅ ๋ฐฑ๊ธฐ(็™ฝ่ตท)์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์† ใ€Šํ›„ํ•œ์„œใ€‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํ›„ํ•œ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€์˜€๋˜ ๋งˆ์›(้ฆฌๆด)์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ›„์†์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ณต๊ตฐ(้ฆฌๆœๅ›)์— ๋ด‰ํ•ด์ง€์ž ๊ทธ ์ž์†๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์”จ(ๆฐ)๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ฒœ์€ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ธฐใ€‹์—์„œ ์กฐ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ช…์žฅ๋“ค์ธ ์—ผํŒŒ ยท ์ธ์ƒ์—ฌ ยท ์กฐ์‚ฌ ยท ์ด๋ชฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ด์ „์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—ด์ „์€ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ธฐใ€‹ ๊ถŒ81 ์—ผํŒŒ์ธ์ƒ์—ฌ์—ด์ „์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ƒ๋ชฐ๋…„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ ์ถ˜์ถ” ์ „๊ตญ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์žฅ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 3์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao%20She
Zhao She
Zhao She ( 3rd century BC; ) was a Chinese bureaucrat and general for the State of Zhao during the Warring States period. Biography Zhao She's origins and early life were unknown, other than he was initially employed as a land tax collector in the State of Zhao. Although he was not holding a high or powerful position, Zhao She carried out his duties according to the law. At this time there was a very powerful aristocrat by the name of Zhao Sheng, who refused to pay any land tax. In order to avoid punishing Zhao Sheng personally, Zhao She arrested and killed the nine administrators who kept accounts for Zhao Sheng's family. Zhao Sheng became very angry and wanted to kill Zhao She. However, Zhao She scolded Zhao Sheng for not upholding the law of the state. Zhao She also reminded Zhao Sheng that as an aristocrat, he should be an example in abiding by the law and not infringing on it lest the state would perish. Zhao Sheng realised that he was wrong and he not only apologised to Zhao She, but also recommended him to the ruler for promotion. Zhao She subsequently was promoted as the land tax collector of the whole state. In 271 BCE the State of Qin sent a large army to attack Han, but would have to attack the Zhao territory in the way. The Zhao army was no match for the Qin, who captured a large part of the Zhao territory. The Qin forces were approaching E Yu (้–ผ่ˆ‡, in present-day Heshun county (ๅ’Œ้ †็ธฃ), Shanxi province), which was very far from the Zhao capital of Handan. At that time the commander-in-chief of the Zhao forces, Lian Po recommended abandoning E Yu as it was too far away to reinforce. Also, the road to E Yu was narrow and winding. Zhao She told the ruler and the commander-in-chief that when two armies were fighting in a narrow and winding road it was like two rats fighting in a little hold with not much room to manoeuvre. The braver and stronger one would win. Zhao He, the ruler of Zhao, then appointed Zhao She to lead a reinforcing army to rescue E Yu. Zhao He equipped his troops with light armour for mobility and reached Qin forces' rear. Qin forces, in fear of being trapped, lifted the siege and turn its full strength against the approaching Zhao forces. Zhao He hid most of his troops on a mountain, which he estimated the Qin troops would approach by dusk. Sure enough, the Qin forces approached, and Zhao He ambushed them in the dark. With determination and bravery, Zhao She defeated the Qin forces. King Huiwen of Zhao rewarded Zhao She by making him the administrator of a district called Ma Fu (้ฆฌๆœ in present-day north of Handan city in Hebei province). Unfortunately for the state of Zhao, Zhao She died just years after this victory. He was succeeded by his son Zhao Kuo, who was the commander of the catastrophic Battle of Changping. Eventually in 228 BC the state of Zhao was subjugated by the State of Qin. The offspring of Zhao She adopted "Ma" (้ฆฌ), the first word of the district "Ma Fu", as their surname. Popular culture In the Manga and Anime Kingdom, he was a Great General of Zhao known as "Chou Sha" and he was one of the original "Three Great Heavens of Zhao", alongside "Ren Pa" and "Rin Shou Jo". References Zhou dynasty generals 1st-millennium BC births 3rd-century BC deaths 3rd-century BC Chinese people Zhao (state)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84%20%ED%8C%94%EB%A9%94%20%EC%95%94%EC%82%B4%20%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4
์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์•”์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ ์•”์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฒด๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ ๊ดดํ•œ์ด ์œ ์ด์— ๋งž์•„ ์•”์‚ด๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23์‹œ 21๋ถ„์— ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ์› ์—†์ด ์•„๋‚ด ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ํŠธ ํŒ”๋ฉ”์™€ ๋‹จ ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ๋ž€ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ›„ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋˜ ๊ธธ์— ๊ดดํ•œ์˜ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ํŠธ ํŒ”๋ฉ”๋Š” ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์— ์น˜๋ช…์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์ธ 3์›” 1์ผ์— ํ–ฅ๋…„ 59์„ธ๋กœ ํƒ€๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ณ์—” ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ์›์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์ด ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํ‹ˆ์„ ํƒ€ ๋ฒ”์ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์œ ํžˆ ๋„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1988๋…„์— ์œ ๋ ฅํ•œ ์šฉ์˜์ž ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฅด์†(Christer Pettersson)์ด ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์„๋ฐฉ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ ์•”์‚ด๋ฒ”์„ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์Šค์›จ๋ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ณต์†Œ์‹œํšจ๋ฅผ 25๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ณต์†Œ์‹œํšจ๋Š” 2011๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ์— ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐœ์ •๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•”์‚ด ๋ฐฐํ›„๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์†Œ๋ จ, ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋‚ด ๊ทน์šฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ชฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋‹น์ผ ๋ฐค ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ”๋Š” ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ ์—†์ด ์™ธ์ถœํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•”์‚ด๋‹นํ•œ ๋‚  ๋ฐค ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋•Œ์˜€๋‹ค. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ, ์ž์ •์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ชป๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฒ ํŠธ ํŒ”๋ฉ”(Lisbet Palme)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๋‚ด์˜ ์Šค๋ฒ ์•„๋ฒ ๊ฒ(Sveavรคgen)์˜ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ(Grand Cinema)์—์„œ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ 1๋ช…์˜ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” 23์‹œ 21๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ์— ๋“ฑ์— ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ดํƒ„์€ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์—ฌ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…ํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์ „๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋™๋ฌด์„ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์‹ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‘ ์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1986๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ 0์‹œ 6๋ถ„์— ๋ณ‘์› ๋„์ฐฉ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”์‚ด๋ฒ”์€ ํˆฌ๋„ฌ๊ฐ€ํƒ„(Tunnelgatan) ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํƒˆ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ด๋ฆฌ ์ž‰๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์นผ์†์ด ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ง์„ ์Šน๊ณ„๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ผ์ง€ ์˜ํ™” ๊ด€๋žŒ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์€ ํ†ต์ง€๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฒ ํŠธ ํŒ”๋ฉ”๋Š” ์˜คํ›„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์ง์žฅ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณผ ์˜ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  17์‹œ์— ๋‘˜์งธ ์•„๋“ค ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ… ํŒ”๋ฉ”(Mรฅrten Palme)์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ์—์„œ ์ƒ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” 18์‹œ 30๋ถ„์— ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ ๋ฐ›๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋กœ ์ด ๋‚  ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜์ž” ์˜ค์Šคํ…(Suzanne Osten) ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™” <๋ชจ์ฐจ๋ฅดํŠธ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค(Brรถderna Mozart)>์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•œ ์•„๋“ค ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ…๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ…์˜ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 20์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋’ค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ฒญ์žฅ์น˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์žฅ๋น„ ํ”์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์™€ ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฒ ํŠธ์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ…์˜ ์ง์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ 20์‹œ 30๋ถ„์— ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ ์—†์ด ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์˜ ๊ฐ๋ผ์Šคํƒ„ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ์›๋“ค์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋กœ๋“œ๋งŒ์Šค๊ฐ€ํƒ„ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” 21์‹œ์— ๊ทน์žฅ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์•„๋“ค ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ… ํŒ”๋ฉ”์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์žฅ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋• ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ™” ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งค์ง„๋˜์–ด์„œ ์•„์ง ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ์ ์›์ด ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ขŒ์„์— ์•‰ํžˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทน์žฅ ์—ฐ์ถœ์ž ์ขŒ์„์„ ํŒ”์•˜๋‹ค. ์•”์‚ด ์˜ํ™” ์ƒ์˜์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ๋‘ ์ปคํ”Œ์€ ๊ทน์žฅ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ž ์‹œ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 23์‹œ 15๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ์— ํ—ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฒ ํŠธ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ๋ถ€์ธ์€ ์Šค๋ฒ ์•„๋ฒ ๊ฒ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒํ† ๋ฆฌ์˜ˆํŠธ ์—ญ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋Œํ”„ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ๋ฆญ ๊ตํšŒ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์Šค๋ฒ ์•„๋ฒ ๊ฒ์„ ๊ฑด๋„œ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€์— ์ง„์—ด๋œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ท„๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์Šค๋ฒ ์•„๋ฒ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ํˆฌ๋„ฌ๊ฐ€ํƒ„์˜ ๋ชจํ‰์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋งˆ(Dekorima) ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ„์† ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 23์‹œ 21๋ถ„, ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ง์‚ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‚ดํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์•Œ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์ธ์€ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์„œ ํˆฌ๋„ฌ๊ฐ€ํƒ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”๊ณ  ๋งํœ ๋‚˜์Šค๊ฐ€ํƒ„(Malmskillnadsgatan)์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜จ ๋’ค ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ค๋น„๋“œ ๋ฐ”๊ฒŒ๋ ˆ์Šค(David Bagares) ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ ์œ , ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ตํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์— ํƒ€์ž„ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ฐํžŒ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์ •๋ฐ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:21:30 - ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ๊ถŒ์ด ํ”ผ๊ฒฉ. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:22:20 - ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ „ํ™” 90000์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ฑธ๋ ค ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์•ˆ ๋จ. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:23:40 - Jรคrfรคlla ํƒ์‹œ ๊ตํ™˜๋Œ€ ๊ตํ™˜์›์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ถœ๋™ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ž๊ธฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ํƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์Šค๋ฒ ์•„๋ฒ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ํˆฌ๋„ฌ๊ฐ€ํƒ„ ๋ชจํ‰์ด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด์— ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์†ก. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:24:00 ๊ฒฝ - ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ ํ”ผํŠธ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌด์ „์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์˜จ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ณ ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋„์ฐฉ. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:24:40 - ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์Šค๋ฒ ์•„๋ฒ ๊ฒ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ด๊ฒฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ถœ๋™์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ . ์ถœ๋™์„ผํ„ฐ ์†Œ์žฅ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:24:00~23:25:30 ๊ฒฝ - ์ˆœ์ฐฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์•”์‚ด๋ฒ”์˜ ๋„์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ๋งํœ ๋‚˜์Šค๊ฐ€ํƒ„์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜, ์•”์‚ด๋ฒ”์„ ์žก์œผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋„์ฐฉ. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:25:00 ๊ฒฝ - ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์„œ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:26:00 - ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ถœ๋™ ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ SOS ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด ์Šค๋ฒ ์•„๋ฒ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ํˆฌ๋„ฌ๊ฐ€ํƒ„ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉ. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉ. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:28:00 - ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค์„ ์‹ฃ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ(Sabbatsberg) ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฐœ. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:30:00 - ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์žฅ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ถœ๋™์„ผํ„ฐ์— ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๋ฆผ. 1986๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ 23:31:40 - ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ถœ๋™์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ†ต๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Œ. 1986๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ 00:06:00 - ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง. 1986๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ 00:45:00 - ๋ถ€์ด๋ฆฌ ์ž‰๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์นผ์†, ๋กœ์  ๋ฐ”๋“œ(Rosenbad)์— ๋„์ฐฉ. 1986๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ 01:10:00 - ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ ์•”์‚ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก. 1986๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ 04:00:00 - ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ ์•”์‚ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ TV ๋ฐฉ์†ก. 1986๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ 05:15:00 - ์Šค์›จ๋ด ์ •๋ถ€, ๊ธฐ์žํšŒ๊ฒฌ ๊ฐœ์ตœ. ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ๋“ค ์•”์‚ด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ๋‹จ์„œ๋Š” ์œˆ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ-์›จ์Šคํ„ด .357๋งค๊ทธ๋„˜ 158๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ํ”ผ์–ด์‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ 2๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋œ ์ด์•Œ๋“ค ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ด์•Œ๋“ค์€ ์˜ฌ๋กœํ”„ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฒ ํŠธ ํŒ”๋ฉ” ๋ถ€์ธ์˜ ์˜ท์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋‚ฉ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ผ์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”์‚ด์— ์“ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ณผ๋ฒ„์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํƒ„๋„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์žฌํ˜„์„ ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ค์ง ๋‘ ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ด์•Œ๋งŒ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์กด F. ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ์•”์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1986๋…„ 2์›” 1986๋…„ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์•”์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1986๋…„ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination%20of%20Olof%20Palme
Assassination of Olof Palme
On 28 February 1986, at 23:21 CET (22:21 UTC), Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden, was fatally wounded by a single gunshot while walking home from a cinema with his wife Lisbeth Palme on the central Stockholm street Sveavรคgen. Lisbeth Palme was slightly wounded by a second shot. The couple did not have bodyguards with them. Christer Pettersson, who had previously been convicted of manslaughter, was convicted of the murder in 1988 after having been identified as the killer by Mrs. Palme. However, on appeal to Svea Court of Appeal, he was acquitted. A petition for a new trial, filed by the prosecutor, was denied by the Supreme Court of Sweden. Pettersson died on 29 September 2004, legally declared not guilty of the Palme assassination. On 10 June 2020, chief prosecutor Krister Petersson, in charge of the investigation, announced his conclusion that Stig Engstrรถm, also known as the "Skandia Man", was the most likely suspect. No direct evidence was presented but the prosecutor mentioned Engstrรถm's past knowledge of weapons, friendship with anti-Palme circles and similar clothes as described by certain witnesses. However, as Engstrรถm died on 26 June 2000, and no further investigative or judicial measures were possible, the investigation was officially closed. The decision to name Engstrรถm as a suspect was widely criticised. Various other theories about the murder have also been proposed. Night of the assassination Despite being Prime Minister, Palme sought to live as ordinary a life as possible. He would often go out without any bodyguard protection, and the night of his murder was one such occasion. Walking home from the Grand Cinema with his wife Lisbeth Palme on the central Stockholm street of Sveavรคgen, close to midnight on 28 February 1986, the couple was attacked by a lone gunman. Palme was fatally shot in the back at close range at 23:21ย CET. A second shot wounded Mrs Palme. Police said that a taxi driver used his mobile radio to raise an alarm, and two girls in a nearby car tried to assist. He was pronounced dead on arrival at the Sabbatsberg Hospital at 00:06ย CET on 1 March 1986. The attacker escaped eastwards on Tunnelgatan. Deputy Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson immediately assumed the duties of Prime Minister as the new leader of the Social Democratic Party. Sequence of events Cinema decision Palme's decision to visit the Grand Cinema was made at very short notice. Lisbeth Palme had discussed seeing a film when she was at work during the afternoon, and called her son, Mรฅrten Palme, at 17:00 to talk about the film at the Grand Cinema. Olof Palme did not hear about the plans until at home, at 18:30, when he met with his wife, by which time Palme had already declined any further personal bodyguard protection from the security service. He talked to his son about the plans on the phone, and they eventually decided to join Mรฅrten and his girlfriend, who had already purchased tickets for themselves to see the Swedish comedy Brรถderna Mozart (The Mozart Brothers) by Suzanne Osten. This decision was made about 20:00. The police later searched Palme's apartment, as well as Lisbeth's and Mรฅrten's workplaces, for wire-bugging devices or traces of such equipment, but did not find any. Grand Cinema At 20:30 the Palmes left their apartment, unescorted, heading for the Gamla stan metro station. Several people witnessed their short walk to the station and, according to the later police investigation, commented on the lack of bodyguards. The couple took the subway train to the Rรฅdmansgatan station, from where they walked to the Grand Cinema. They met their son and his girlfriend just outside the cinema around 21:00. Olof Palme had not yet purchased tickets which were by then almost sold out. Recognizing the prime minister, the ticket clerk wanted him to have the best seats, and therefore sold Palme the theatre director's seats. Murder After the screening, the two couples stayed outside the theatre for a while but separated about 23:15. Olof and Lisbeth Palme headed south on the west side of Sveavรคgen, towards the northern entrance of the Hรถtorget metro station. When they reached the Adolf Fredrik Church, they crossed Sveavรคgen and continued on the street's east side. They stopped a moment to look at something in a shop window, then continued past the Dekorima (later Kreatima, now Urban Deli) shop which was then located on the corner of Sveavรคgen and Tunnelgatan. At 23:21, a man appeared from behind, shot Mr. Palme at point-blank range and fired a second shot at Mrs. Palme. The perpetrator then jogged down Tunnelgatan street, up the steps to Malmskillnadsgatan, and continued down David Bagares gata [street], where he was last seen. Timeline Thanks to time stamps on the radio chatter in the central dispatch centre, the events immediately after the murder have been determined with very high precision. 23:21:30 โ€“ Palme and his wife are shot. 23:22:20 โ€“ A witness calls Sweden's emergency number, 90 000, to report the shooting, but the call is misdirected and the caller is not put through to the police. 23:23:40 โ€“ A Jรคrfรคlla Taxi switchboard operator calls the police dispatch centre to pass on a message from one of its drivers to the effect that someone has been shot at the corner Sveavรคgen and Tunnelgatan. 23:24:00 (approx.) โ€“ A police patrol, stationed a few hundred meters away, arrives on scene after being alerted by a second taxi driver who heard of the shooting on his taxi radio. 23:24:40 โ€“ The police are contacted by the emergency dispatch centre concerning the shooting on Sveavรคgen. The dispatch centre operator denies knowledge about any such events. 23:24:00โ€“23:25:30 (approx.) โ€“ A patrol wagonstationed at Malmskillnadsgatan, not far from the attacker's escape route arrives and is ordered by the commanding officer to hunt for the attacker. 23:25:00 (approx.) โ€“ An ambulance, which just happens to be passing the crime scene, is flagged down and assists the victims. 23:26:00 โ€“ The police dispatch centre calls the SOS emergency centre to assure them they are informed about the events on the Sveavรคgen/Tunnelgatan intersection. A third police patrol arrives. A second ambulance arrives. 23:28:00 โ€“ The first ambulance leaves for the Sabbatsberg Hospital, around a kilometre away from the scene, with both victims. Mrsย Palme, suffering only a minor graze to her back, refuses to leave her husband. 23:30:00 โ€“ The police superintendent in charge at the scene informs the police dispatch centre that the prime minister was the victim. 23:31:40 โ€“ The emergency dispatch centre is informed that the ambulance has arrived at the hospital. 23:37:00โ€“23:40:00 โ€“ The emergency dispatch centre is informed by the ambulance that the prime minister was the victim, that he's fatally wounded and likely not going to survive. 00:06:00 โ€“ Palme is pronounced dead. 00:45:00 โ€“ Deputy Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson arrives at Rosenbad, the office of the Swedish government. 01:10:00 โ€“ First radio broadcast about the murder. 04:00:00 โ€“ First television broadcast. 05:15:00 โ€“ The government holds a press conference. Leads from the crime scene The only forensic leads left by the assassin were the two bullets fired, identified as Winchester-Western .357 Magnum 158 grain metal piercing. Both bullets matched the lead fragments found in the clothing of Olof and Lisbeth Palme. Because the weapon was a revolver (which does not automatically eject cartridge cases) there were no cases to recover for ballistic examination โ€“ only the two bullets recovered from the street. From the bullets' lack of certain characteristic deformations, investigators concluded they had been fired from a barrel no shorter than 10ย cm (4 inches); thus the murder weapon would have been a conspicuously large handgun. The singularly most used weapon for this type of ammunition is the Smith & Wesson .357, which is why great efforts were made to locate a weapon of this make. Throughout the investigation, Swedish police test-fired approximately 500 Magnum revolvers. The investigation placed particular emphasis on tracking down ten Magnum revolvers reported stolen at the time of the murder. Out of these all were located except the Sucksdorff revolver, a weapon stolen from the Stockholm home of Swedish filmmaker Arne Sucksdorff in 1977. The person who stole the weapon was a friend of drug dealer Sigvard "Sigge" Cedergren, who claimed on his deathbed that he had lent a gun of the same type to Christer Pettersson two months prior to the assassination. Another weapon that has figured prominently in the investigation is the so-called Mockfjรคrd gun. This weapon, a revolver of the type Smith & Wesson Model 28 ("Highway Patrolman") with .357 Magnum caliber, was first purchased legally by a civilian in the northern Swedish city of Luleรฅ. The gun, along with 91 metal-piercing bullets, was stolen in a burglary in Haparanda in 1983 and is believed to have been used in the robbery of a post office in Mockfjรคrd, Dalarna that same year. A lead isotope analysis of a bullet fired during the robbery confirmed it to have the same isotopic composition as the bullets retrieved from the assassination crime scene, verifying that the bullets were manufactured at the same time. In the autumn of 2006, Swedish police, acting on a tip communicated to the Expressen newspaper, retrieved a Smith & Wesson .357 revolver from a lake in Dalarna. The gun was determined to be the same one used in the post office robbery in Mockfjรคrd, confirmed by the gun's serial number. The gun was transferred to the National Laboratory of Forensic Science in Linkรถping for further analysis. However, the laboratory concluded in May 2007 that tests on the gun could not confirm whether it was used in the Palme assassination, as it was too rusty. In 2021, another Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum revolver was found in the Bรคllstaviken river in West Stockholm, by Paul D'Arcy. There were numerous witnesses to the murder, of whom more than 25 came forward to the police. The killer was described by witnesses as a man between 30 and 50 years of age, about 180 (5'11") to 185 (6'1") centimetres tall, and wearing a dark jacket or coat. Many described him as having walked with a limp or otherwise clumsily, but those testimonies were not given immediately after the murder, only after the arrest of Christer Pettersson. Initially, many witnesses described the killer's movements as smooth, efficient and powerful. No witness was in a position to observe the killer's appearance in any detail. A police sketch of the supposed killer was widely circulated in the media a week after the murder, leading to a massive influx of tips from the public, but it was later determined that the witness on whose statement it was based probably had not seen the actual assailant. No good description of the killer's appearance therefore exists. Witnesses agreed on the killer's escape route. Chronology of leading investigators and prosecutors Chiefs of Investigation Gรถsta Welander (sv) (the night of the murder) Hans Holmรฉr (1986โ€“1987) Ulf Karlsson (sv) (1987โ€“1988) Hans ร–lvebro (sv) (1988โ€“1997) Stig Edqvist (1997โ€“2012) Hans Melander (2012โ€“2013 and 2016โ€“2020) Dag Andersson (2013โ€“2016) Chief Prosecutors K.G. Svensson (sv) (spring of 1986) Claes Zeime (sv) (1986โ€“1987. Assisting prosecutors: Solveig Riberdahl, Anders Helin and Bo Josephson) Axel Morath (sv) (1987โ€“1994. Assisting prosecutors: Solveig Riberdahl, Anders Helin and Jรถrgen Almblad) Solveig Riberdahl (sv) (1994โ€“1996. Assisting prosecutors: Anders Helin and Jan Danielsson) Jan Danielsson (sv) (1996โ€“2000. Assisting prosecutor: Kerstin Skarp) Agneta Blidberg (sv) (2000โ€“2009. Assisting prosecutor: Kerstin Skarp) Kerstin Skarp (2009โ€“2017) Krister Petersson (sv) (2017โ€“2020) Murder theories Along with the length of the ensuing investigation, a number of alternative theories surrounding the murder surfaced. At the time, a murder under Swedish law was subject to prescription in 25 years. The law was later changed to prevent the Palme case from expiring, and thus the police investigation remained active for 34 years. In February 2020, Krister Petersson, the prosecutor in charge of the investigation, stated that he expected to present a conclusive case and either bring charges or close the investigation within a matter of months. Christer Pettersson In December 1988, almost three years after Palme's death, Christer Pettersson, a criminal, drug user and alcoholic, who had previously been imprisoned for manslaughter, was arrested for the murder of Palme. Picked out by Mrsย Palme at a lineup as the killer, Pettersson was tried and convicted of the murder, but was later acquitted on appeal to the court of appeal. Pettersson's appeal succeeded for three main reasons: Failure of the prosecution to produce the murder weapon; Lack of a clear motive for the killing; Doubts about the reliability of Mrs Palme's testimony and "extremely gross errors" by the police in arranging the lineup (giving her hints about Pettersson's alcohol abuse, and allowing him to look like an alcoholic) Additional evidence against Pettersson surfaced in the late 1990s, mostly coming from various petty criminals who altered their stories but also from a confession made by Pettersson. The chief prosecutor, Agneta Blidberg, considered re-opening the case, but acknowledged that a confession alone would not be sufficient, saying: While the legal case against Pettersson therefore remains closed, the police file on the investigation cannot be closed until both murder weapon and murderer are found. Christer Pettersson died on 29 September 2004, after a fall during an epileptic seizure caused a cerebral haemorrhage. According to a documentary programme broadcast on Swedish state television channel SVT in February 2006, associates of Pettersson claimed that he had confessed to them his role in the murder, but with the explanation that it was a case of mistaken identity. Allegedly, Pettersson had intended to kill Sigvard Cedergren, a drug dealer who customarily walked along the same street at night and resembled Palme both in appearance and dress. The programme also suggested there was greater police awareness than previously acknowledged because of surveillance of drug activity in the area. The police had several officers in apartments and cars along those few blocks of Sveavรคgen but, 45ย minutes before the murder, the police monitoring ceased. In the light of these revelations, Swedish police undertook to review Palme's case and Pettersson's role. In the newspaper Dagens Nyheter of 28 February 2006, other SVT reporters scathingly criticized the documentary, alleging that the film-maker had fabricated a number of statements while omitting other contradictory evidence, in particular his chief source's earlier testimony that could not be reconciled with his claim to have seen the shooting. In the final part of the investigation, and in the end report, Pettersson was not included much due to formal legal reasons. The police are, according to law, not allowed to reopen an investigation of a person found not guilty in trial, unless major new evidence materializes. Too little new evidence has come up, so after the trial, the investigation was not focused on him, and the final report instead pointed out the "Skandia man" with even less evidence. South Africa On 21 February 1986ย โ€” a week before he was murderedย โ€” Palme made the keynote address to the Swedish People's Parliament Against Apartheid held in Stockholm, attended by hundreds of anti-apartheid sympathizers as well as leaders and officials from the ANC and the Anti-Apartheid Movement such as Oliver Tambo. In the address, Palme said, "Apartheid cannot be reformed, it has to be abolished." Ten years later, towards the end of September 1996, Colonel Eugene de Kock, a former South African police officer, gave evidence to the Supreme Court in Pretoria, alleging that Palme had been shot and killed because he "strongly opposed the apartheid regime and Sweden made substantial contributions to the ANC". Deย Kock went on to claim he knew the person responsible for Palme's murder. He alleged it was Craig Williamson, a former police colleague and a South African spy. A few days later, former police Captain Dirk Coetzee, who used to work with Williamson, identified Anthony White, a former Rhodesian Selous Scout with links to the South African security services, as Palme's actual murderer. Then a third person, Swedish mercenary Bertil Wedin, living in Northern Cyprus since 1985, was named as the killer by former police Lt. Peter Caselton, who had worked undercover for Williamson. The following month, in October 1996, Swedish police investigators visited South Africa, but were unable to uncover evidence to substantiate deย Kock's claims. A book that was published in 2007 suggested that a high-ranking Civil Cooperation Bureau operative, Athol Visser (or 'Ivan the Terrible'), was responsible for planning and carrying out Olof Palme's assassination. The 8 September 2010 edition of Efterlyst, Sweden's equivalent of BBC TV's Crimewatch programme, was co-hosted by Tommy Lindstrรถm, who was the head of Swedish CID at the time of Olof Palme's assassination. After being asked by Efterlyst's host Hasse Aro who he believed was behind the assassination of the Prime Minister, Lindstrรถm without hesitating pointed to apartheid South Africa as the number one suspect. And the motive for this, he said, was to stop the payments that the Swedish government secretly paid, through Switzerland, to the African National Congress. Bofors and Indian connection In his 2005 book Blood on the Snow: The Killing of Olof Palme, historian Jan Bondeson advanced a theory that Palme's murder was linked with arms trades to India. Bondeson's book meticulously recreated the assassination and its aftermath, and suggested that Palme had used his friendship with Rajiv Gandhi to secure a SEKย 8.4 billion deal for the Swedish armaments company Bofors to supply the Indian Army with howitzers. However, Palme did not know that behind his back Bofors had used a shady company called AE Servicesย โ€” nominally based in Guildford, Surrey, England ย โ€” to bribe Indian government officials to conclude the deal โ€“ the Bofors scandal. Bondeson alleged that on the morning he was assassinated, Palme had met with the Iraqi ambassador to Sweden, Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf. The two discussed Bofors, which al-Sahhaf knew well because of its arms sales during the Iranโ€“Iraq War. Bondeson suggested that the ambassador had told Palme about Bofors' activities, infuriating Palme. Bondeson theorized that Palme's murder might have been inadvertently triggered by his conversation with the ambassador, if either the Bofors arms dealers or the middlemen working through AE Services had a prearranged plan to silence the Prime Minister should he discover the truth and the deal with India become threatened. According to Bondeson, Swedish police suppressed vital MI6 intelligence about a Bofors/AE Services deal with India. Roberto Thieme The Swedish journalist Anders Leopold, in his 2008 book Det svenska trรคdet skall fรคllas ("The Swedish Tree Shall Be Brought Down"), makes the case that the Chilean fascist Roberto Thieme killed Olof Palme. Thieme was head of the most militant wing of Patria y Libertad, a far-right political organization, financed by the CIA. According to Leopold, Palme was killed because he had gratuitously given asylum to a great number of leftist Chileans following the coup that overthrew Salvador Allende in 1973. CIA and P2 connection Another plot sees the involvement of the CIA and the Italian clandestine, pseudo-masonic lodge Propaganda Due led by Licio Gelli who wrote, in a telegram to Philip Guarino, that "the Swedish tree will be brought down". Claims of CIA involvement in the assassination were made by Richard Brenneke, an Oregon businessman who said he was an ex-CIA operative, in a RAI Television report in July 1990. The CIA denied Brenneke's allegations, calling them "absolute nonsense" of an "outrageous nature," and stating that "The agency flatly denies that Mr. Brenneke was ever an agent of the CIA or had any association with the CIA. "The 33-year-old" A Swedish extremist, Victor Gunnarsson (labeled in the media 33-รฅringen, "the 33-year-old"), was soon arrested for the murder but quickly released, after a dispute between the police and prosecuting attorneys. Gunnarsson had connections to various extremist groups, among these the European Workers Party, the Swedish branch of the LaRouche movement. Pamphlets hostile to Palme from the party were found in his home outside Stockholm. Gunnarson's body was found in 1993 in the Blue Ridge Mountains of the United States, stripped naked and with 2 .22 caliber pistol wounds to the back of the head. Some conspiracy theories suggest that Gunnarson might have been used by a foreign government, who then later had Gunnarson killed 8 years later in order to leave no trace of the crime. A former police officer, Lamont C. Underwood, was convicted of Gunnarson's murder as part of a love triangle. GH A suspect identified only as GH by the Granskningskommissionen of 1999 was of prime interest during the early investigation. This was based on a standard profile used by the police to identify an assassin. The conclusion was that the killer had a knowledge of handling light firearms, used a Smith & Wesson of .357 Magnum, which GH at the time possessed. The suspect was reported to have failed to appear on several police interrogations to testify during the 1990s. Later testimonies given by the suspect were deemed untrustworthy; this included the suspect's whereabouts during the night of the assassination and the disposal of firearms. He refused to submit his gun, the only registered .357 caliber weapon in the Stockholm region not to be tested, and subsequently claimed to have sold it to an unknown buyer in Kungstrรคdgรฅrden. GH had on one occasion had his gun license suspended after shooting his television, arguably after seeing Olof Palme's face on the screen. GH has also been convicted for assault, one time for kicking a dog in 1985, and a later incident in 2005 when he assaulted a young man on the metro liner after being harassed. In August 2008, GH committed suicide by gunshot after the police rang his doorbell and requested to be let in after being alerted through a phone call by his brother. He reportedly had paranoia and depression. Police conspiracy In an article in the German weekly Die Zeit from March 1995, Klaus-Dieter Knapp presented his view of the assassination as a result of a conspiracy among Swedish right-wing extremist police officers.According to this report, the murderer was identified by two witnesses who happened to be at the scene and who knew the murderer from previous encounters. PKK In 1971, Olof Palme said that he blamed the fear of the masses on "anarchists and people with long hair and people with beards." Following up on this suggestion, Hans Holmรฉr, the Stockholm police commissioner, worked with an intelligence lead passed to him (supposedly by Bertil Wedin) and arrested a number of Kurds living in Sweden. The PKK was allegedly responsible for the murder. The lead proved inconclusive however and ultimately led to Holmรฉr's removal from the Palme murder investigation. Fifteen years later, in April 2001, a team of Swedish police officers went to interview PKK leader Abdullah ร–calan in Turkish prison. ร–calan alleged during his trial that maybe a dissident Kurdish group, led by ร–calan's ex-wife, had murdered Palme. The police team's visit proved to be unsuccessful. In 2007, renewed allegations of PKK complicity in Palme's assassination surfaced in Turkish media during the Ergenekon investigation, which was ongoing . The Turkish newspapers have several times claimed that the PKK has admitted the murder but the PKK have always denied all claims. In 1998, the PKK said that there is a strong indication that the Turkish side is trying to discredit the PKK using Olof Palme's murder. Also many Kurdish organizations believe that the initial claims were propaganda of the Turkish government. Yugoslavian connection In January 2011 the German magazine Focus cited official German interrogation records in connection with another investigation from 2008 as showing that the assassination had been carried out by an operative of the Yugoslavian security service. The Laser Man John Ausonius, "the Laser Man", also known as John Stannerman, was initially one of the suspects but it turned out that Ausonius had a solid alibi, as he was imprisoned on the night Palme was shot. The Skandia Man In 2018, journalist and investigator Thomas Pettersson published first a series of articles in the Swedish magazine Filter and later a book, Den osannolika mรถrdaren ("The unlikely assassin"), based on a long-running investigation into Palme's murder. Pettersson's findings were also covered elsewhere in the Swedish media, for example by Expressen and Aftonbladet newspapers. Pettersson's theory is that Palme was shot by one Stig Engstrรถm, known as "the Skandia man" (Skandiamannen) after his employer, the Skandia insurance company, whose head office is located next to the murder scene. In earlier accounts Engstrรถm had been treated mostly as a witness, specifically (by his own assertion) the first eyewitness to arrive at the scene of the murder. He had also been briefly investigated by the police as a possible suspect, but this had subsequently been dropped. Pettersson posits a scenario where Engstrรถm, who had a strong dislike of Palme and his policies, had chanced upon Palme in the street and shot him, possibly without premeditation. Engstrรถm died in his home in June 2000. Pettersson suggests that evidence from the crime scene strongly points towards Engstrรถm as the assassin. Most significantly, several other witnesses gave descriptions of the fleeing killer that matched Engstrรถm, some of them very closely so, while no other witness placed Engstrรถm at the scene after the shots, even though Engstrรถm himself claimed to have been present from the beginning, spoken to Mrs. Palme and the police, and taken part in attempts to resuscitate the victim. Conversely, the only persons whom Engstrรถm was able to identify as having been present at the scene were those likely to have been encountered by the killer, while he was unable to identify those who had arrived after the shooting. Also, Engstrรถm's known movements during the evening, about which he provided false information when questioned, indicate he had the opportunity to find Palme at the cinema earlier that evening and later to follow him from there to the crime scene. Soon after the murder, Engstrรถm began a series of media appearances in which he developed an increasingly detailed story of his involvement in the events and criticized the police. He claimed those witnesses who had described the killer had in fact been describing him, running to catch up with police officers in pursuit of the assassin. The police, meanwhile, became frustrated with Engstrรถm as an unreliable and inconsistent witness and soon classified him as a person of no interest. Pettersson proposes Engstrรถm's media appearances were an opportunistic and ultimately successful tactic devised to mislead investigators and later to gain attention as an important witness neglected by the police. While Pettersson's theory is built on circumstantial evidence, he suggests it might be possible to prove Engstrรถm's guilt conclusively by tracing and examining the murder weapon. According to Pettersson's theory, the revolver was likely to have been one legally owned by an acquaintance of Engstrรถm's, an avid gun collector. The "Skandia man" theory had already previously been suggested by Lars Larsson in his 2016 book Nationens fiende (literally, "The enemy of the nation"), but this received only limited attention at the time. On 10 June 2020, the Swedish Prosecution Authority proposed The Skandia Man as the perpetrator and closed off the investigation since Engstrรถm is dead and can thus not be prosecuted, while noting the lack of direct evidence. Although Engstrรถm had a negative view of the prime minister, as well as long-standing financial and growing alcohol problems, investigators still did not have a "clear picture" of Engstrom's motive for killing Palme, Chief Prosecutor Krister Petersson said. Figures The cost of the investigation stands at SEKย 350 million, โ‚ฌ38 million or US$41 million . The total number of pages accumulated during the investigation is around 700,000. According to criminologist Leif G. W. Persson, the investigation is "the largest in global police history". The reward for solving the murder is SEK 50 million (approximately โ‚ฌ5 million or US$7 million.) Film portrayals In the 1998 Swedish fictional thriller film The Last Contract (Sista kontraktet), Palme's assassination was portrayed as having been planned by a hired assassin. In the 2021 Netflix series The Unlikely Murderer, Palme's assassin was depicted as Stig Engstrรถm, the so-called "Skandia man," based on the book by Thomas Pettersson. Because Engstrรถm has never been found guilty in a court of law (having died in 2000 before the investigation was closed in 2020), the episodes' open with the words, "Based on an unsolved crime," and ends with the disclaimer, "It has not been proven that Stig Engstrรถm murdered Olof Palme, but the Swedish police and Prosecution Authority suspect him." See also Ebbe Carlsson affair List of unsolved murders Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro Sources ; Leif GW Persson is a Swedish criminologist and, 9 years prior to the assassination, a member of the Swedish National Police Board. The book is the thinly disguised story of events leading to the assassination of Olof Palme. The book has Palme as having been a CIA agent in his days of student politics. Palme is mistakenly assumed by the American journalist who is killed at the start of the book to have later turned to work for the Soviets. In a later book Persson makes the assassination be carried out by a hit man hired by a renegade member of the Swedish Security Service. References External links Swedish prime minister assassinated Experts doubt Palme case to reopen 1980s in Stockholm 1986 murders in Sweden Assassinations in Sweden Crime in Stockholm Death conspiracy theories Deaths by person in Sweden February 1986 events in Europe Male murder victims Assassination Unsolved murders in Sweden Conspiracy theories in Sweden
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%80%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98%20%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0
ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ
ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ()๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ, ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 18์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ๊ณต๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” 6๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๋ฏผ์ง์ ‘์„ ๊ฑฐ์ œยท๊ฒฐ์„ ํˆฌํ‘œ์ œ๋กœ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” 4๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€์ธ ์˜ํšŒ(์—๋‘์Šค์ฟคํƒ€)์˜ ์˜์›์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ œ๋‹ค. ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋‹น์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ, ๋‹จ์ผ ์ •๋‹น์ด ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์€ ์—ฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” 5๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ํšŒ์— 13๊ฐœ ์˜์„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” 4๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ž์น˜๋ น์ธ ์˜ฌ๋ž€๋“œ ์ œ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ž€๋“œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ œ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฒ• ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์™„์ „ ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ˆํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋“ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ •๋‹น์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ผ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ •๋‹น ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋“ํ‘œ 1์œ„ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋Š” ์ •๋‹น ๋“ํ‘œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ, 2์œ„๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„, 3์œ„๋Š” 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์„, 4์œ„๋Š” 4๋ถ„์˜ 1์„, โ€ฆโ€ฆ , ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋‹น์˜ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 3์—์„œ ํš๋“ํ•œ ๋“ํ‘œ์ˆ˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ• ๋‹น๋œ ์˜์› ์ˆ˜๋งŒํผ ๋‹น์„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํˆฌํ‘œ์šฉ์ง€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 148 ร— 210 ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ํˆฌํ‘œํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ์šฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ „์žํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2008๋…„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ „์žํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์€ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„์ž์™€ ํ”ผํ›„๊ฒฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํ”ผ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ํ† ์ฐฉ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋งŒ ์ถœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ฐ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ „ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋‹น์ผํˆฌํšจ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์™ธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํˆฌํ‘œ์†Œ์—์„œ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‹œ์„ค(๋ณ‘์›, 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์‹œ์„ค, ๊ต์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ)์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์†Œ์žฌ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์™ธ ์†Œ์žฌ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์ธ์ด ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ „ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ()๊ฐ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ „ํˆฌํ‘œ๋„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์œ„์›์žฅ, ๋ถ€์œ„์›์žฅ ์™ธ ์ตœ์†Œ 3์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „ํˆฌํ‘œ์œจ์€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋™๋ถ€ ํ™ฉ์•ผ์ง€๋Œ€, ์ฆ‰ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์ค‘์•™๋‹น ์šฐ์„ธ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐœํ‘œ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์‹œ์ ์—๋Š” ์ค‘์•™๋‹น์ด ์‚ฌ์ „ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋“ํ‘œ์—์„œ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ผํˆฌํ‘œ ๋‹น์ผํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํˆฌํ‘œ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ ๊ฑฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌํ‘œ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์œ„์›์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์œ„์›์žฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ 3์ธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ์„ ๊ฑฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ›„๋ณด๋ณ„๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ค‘์•™์„ ๊ฑฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ(), ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ()๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ด์ „, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์˜์›์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ()๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฏผ ์ง์ ‘๋ณดํ†ต๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋˜์–ด ๋น„๋ก€์ œ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ 10๋ช…-20๋ช…์˜ ์˜์›์„ ์™„์ „ ๋น„๋ก€๋กœ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ์ดˆ๋Œ€์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „๊ตญ์— 13๊ฐœ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํšŒ ์ •์ˆ˜๋Š” 200์„์ธ๋ฐ, ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ฐ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์˜์„์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ์•„๋ฒ ๋‚œ๋งˆ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ์˜์›์ด ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ฐ–์— ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์†Œ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ๊ตญํ† ๋Š” 18๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ()์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜์ฒด๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ด‘์—ญ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ์ •, ํ–‰์ •์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฐธ์‚ฌํšŒ()๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฑฐ()๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์ฐฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ธฐํš์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž…๋ฒ•์ด ์ค€๋น„ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. 2004๋…„๊ณผ 2008๋…„์— ์นด์ด๋ˆ„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌํ‘œ์œจ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋“ค์–ด ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํˆฌํ‘œ์œจ์€ 70%์˜€๊ณ , ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” 60%์˜€๋‹ค. ํˆฌํ‘œ์œจ ํ•˜๋ฝ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด YLE๋Š” 1996๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ํšŒ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”๋„ค(Vaalikone)๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”๋„ค๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ์กฐ์–ธ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ, ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ, ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‹ค. 2003๋…„์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ 4๋ถ„์˜ 1์ด ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์กฐ ์‚ฌํ•ญ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์‚ฌ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ https://web.archive.org/web/20180403050333/http://vaalit.fi/ - Oikeusministeriรถ Vaalien tulokset vuodesta 2003 lรคhtien Vaalilaki Finlex. 2. lokakuuta 1998. Viitattu 6.12.2015. Kuntalaki Finlex. 10. huhtikuuta 2015. Viitattu 6.12.2015. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ TV-ajan eduskuntavaaleja YLEn Elรคvรค arkisto Perustuslaki www.finlex.fi Rikoslaki (14. luku vaalirikoksista) www.finlex.fi Esitys: Suomeen yksi vaalialue YLE 22.4.2008 Finna-palvelussa olevia kuvia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections%20in%20Finland
Elections in Finland
There are four types of elections in Finland. Each Finnish citizen at least 18 years of age has the right to vote in each of the elections, which decide the following: the president, the parliament, the MEPs, and the municipal and city councils. Finland has a presidential election every six years, in which a President of Finland is elected in two rounds on the basis of a direct popular vote. Parliamentary elections are held every four years with a system of proportional representation in multiple seat constituencies. Finnish parliamentary elections use the D'Hondt method. Finland has a multi-party system wherein it is uncommon for a single party to achieve a majority in eduskunta; thus most Finnish governments consist of coalitions. European Parliament elections are held every five years. Finland has 14 seats in the European Parliament. Municipal elections are held every four years. Municipal elections are held separately in the Municipalities of ร…land at the same time as the election of the Parliament of ร…land. A new type of election, aluevaalit, was made by the Marin Cabinet in which determines the councils of each of the country's 21 welfare area. The first aluevaalit will be held in 2022. Presidential elections The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term. An election was last held January 28, 2018 (there was no second round). See 2018 Finnish presidential election. 2018 Presidential election The incumbent president Sauli Niinistรถ won in the first round receiving over 60% of the votes. Green League's candidate Pekka Haavisto came second, followed by Laura Huhtasaari of the Finns Party. Parliamentary elections Under Finland's parliamentary system the prime minister can ask the president to dissolve parliament at any time during its 4-year term, which would result in "early" elections. However, this has not occurred in the past two decades and general elections have been held every four years on the third Sunday in March in 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, and 2007. The 2011 parliamentary elections took place on 17 April 2011. The 2015 parliamentary elections took place on 19 April 2015. The D'Hondt method of proportional representation, used in Finland, encourages a multitude of political parties and has resulted in many coalition-cabinets. The D'Hondt method, while easy to understand and use, tends to favor large, established political parties. For example: in 2007, there were 2,000 candidates representing 18 different parties (plus independents) running for the 200 seats, and those who were elected came from just eight parties. The Prime Minister of Finland is appointed by the president, based on the vote in the parliamentary elections. Usually the chairman of the biggest party becomes the next prime minister. In the parliamentary elections of 16 March 2003, there were two dominating parties: the Centre Party got 55 seats and the Social Democratic Party got 53 in the 200-seat Parliament. A new cabinet was formed by the Centre Party and Social Democrats together with the Swedish People's Party. In the parliamentary elections of 2007, the Center Party retained its lead at 51 seats, but the election was a major victory for the National Coalition, which got 50 seats, and a major loss to SDP, which got 45 seats, losing 8 seats. A new coalition cabinet, Vanhanen II, between Center, Coalition, Greens, and the Swedish People's Party was formed. ร…land's parliamentary elections ร…land is a province that accounts for 0.5% of Finland's population, a total population of 27,210. The ร…land's autonomous political status under the Act on ร…land Autonomy gives the Parliament of ร…land legislative powers over a number of areas. Aside from these issues, the state of Finland, represented by the Provincial Governor, is sovereign and residents vote in general parliamentary elections for one representative to the Finnish parliament. Elections in ร…land are held every four years at the same time as municipal elections are held in the Municipalities of ร…land. A proportional representation system encourages a multitude of political parties and has resulted in many coalition cabinets. ร…land has different political parties than continental Finland. The Premier of the Government of ร…land, Lantrรฅd, is appointed by the speaker of the Parliament, based on the vote in the parliamentary elections. Usually the chairman of the biggest party becomes the next prime minister. In the parliamentary elections on 21 October 2007 there were two dominating parties: the Liberals for ร…land got 10 seats, and the ร…land Centre got 8 seats, in the 30-seat Lagting. These parties then formed a new cabinet led by Viveka Eriksson. Municipal elections Municipalities of Finland, that include cities and other (rural) municipalities, are the basic local administrative units of the country. Most of basic services are provided by the municipality, and are bound to do so by law. Municipalities have council-manager government, where the council (valtuusto) is the highest authority. Every four years, a council is elected. Councils name a civil servant, the city manager or municipal manager, to conduct day-to-day administration of the municipality. In addition, councils name committees (lautakunta) and a municipal executive board (kunnanhallitus). Councils meet periodically and decide on major issues. The executive board prepares the bills and is responsible for the administration, finances and supervision of the interests of the municipality. Unlike in central government, executive boards usually consist of all parties represented in the council; there is no opposition. 2017 municipal elections Although municipal elections are local only, and local results vary, they do function as a measure of the sentiments and party strengths also nationally. In the 2017 election, National Coalition was the most-voted party, with Social Democrats second and Center the third. Proportionally, the biggest winner was the Green League, whose share of votes rose to 12.5% from 8.5% in 2012 municipal elections. The biggest losers were the Finns Party, whose share of votes dropped to 8.8% from 12.3% in 2012. 2021 municipal elections EU elections Finland has participated in European parliament elections since joining the European Union in 1995. The first Finnish election was held in 1996. County elections Finland's first county elections were held in 2022. Referendums The Constitution of Finland allows only for a non-binding (consultative) referendum called on by the Parliament (Article 53 of the Constitution). As of 2013 there have been only two referendums in Finland: Finnish prohibition referendum in 1931 Finnish European Union membership referendum in 1994. In both cases measures passed, and Parliament acted according to the results of the vote (although the referendum in Finland is non-binding). Municipal law 30-31 ยง gives right to Referendum since year 1990. It had been used 56 times between 1990 and 2010. Citizens of Turku collected 15,000 names in one month for referendum against the underground car park. Politicians with in the elections unknown financing from the parking company neglected the citizens opinion. According to International Association of Public Transport UITP parking places are among the most effective ways to promote private car use in the city. Therefore, many European cities have cancelled the expensive underground car parking after the 1990s. The EU recommended actions cover develop guidance for concrete measures for the internalisation of external costs for car traffic also in urban areas. Parking control can only be successful if they are enforceable. In Finland the shops routinely offer free parking for customers which rises the prices of food for all customers, also for those who bicycle or walk. There were also around 40 municipal referendums in Finland (as of 2006). Most have been about municipal mergers. If 50 thousand Finnish citizens sign an initiative (for an act or a referendum), the Parliament has to discuss it, but the initiative is not binding, so the parliament does not have to initiate a referendum. This provision entered into force on 1 March 2013, and the first such initiative to reach Parliament was an initiative to ban fur farming, which was rejected by the Parliament. Several other initiatives reached the Parliament in 2013, including "Common Sense in Copyright" initiative, and a gay marriage initiative. See also Government of Finland President of Finland List of political parties in Finland List of political parties in ร…land Electoral calendar Electoral system External links Finnish Ministry of Justice website about elections in Finland Adam Carr's Election Archive NSD: European Election Database - Finland publishes regional level election data; allows for comparisons of election results, 1991โ€“2007 Findicator - Voting turnout in the Parliamentary Elections since 1908 References Politics of Finland
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%B9%B4%EC%8B%9C%EB%9D%BC%20%EA%B3%B5%EC%9B%90%20%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%89%20%EC%82%B4%EC%9D%B8%20%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4
์ด๋…ธ์นด์‹œ๋ผ ๊ณต์› ํ† ๋ง‰ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
์ด๋…ธ์นด์‹œ๋ผ ๊ณต์› ํ† ๋ง‰์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด()์€ 1994๋…„ 4์›” 23์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๋ฏธํƒ€์นด์‹œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ด๋…ธ์นด์‹œ๋ผ ๊ณต์›์—์„œ 1๊ธ‰ ๊ฑด์ถ•์‚ฌ ์นด์™€๋ฌด๋ผ ์„ธ์ด์น˜(ๅทๆ‘่ช ไธ€, ๋‹น์‹œ 35์„ธ)๊ฐ€ 27ํ† ๋ง‰ ๋‚œ ์‹œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒจ์šฐ 1/3์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ชธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ž”์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋๋‚ด ๋ฒ”์ธ์„ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ  2009๋…„ 4์›” 23์ผ์— ๊ณต์†Œ์‹œํšจ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด ์˜๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์†Œ์‹œํšจ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  6๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ต๋ช…์˜ ์ œ๋ณด์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ œ๋ณด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋Š” ์˜ค์ธ ์‚ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ณต์ž‘์›๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์š” 1994๋…„ 4์›” 23์ผ ์˜ค์ „, ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๋ฏธํƒ€์นด ์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋…ธ์นด์‹œ๋ผ ๊ณต์›์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰ํˆฌ๋ฅผ, ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋ด‰ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์‹ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ณต์› ์ผ๋Œ€ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์„ ์ƒ…์ƒ…์ด ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 7๊ฐœ์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์—์„œ 27๊ฐœ ํ† ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ๋‹จ๋œ ์†๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋ชธํ†ต ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋“  ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋ด‰ํˆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด‰ํˆฌ์—” ๋ฌผ์„ ๋นผ๋Š” ์šฉ๋„์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์€ ๋น„๋‹๋ด‰ํˆฌ์™€ ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ๋ช… ๋ด‰ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒน๊ฒน์ด ์‹ธ์„œ ์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋‹จ์ด ๋ฌถ์–ด๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ง€์›Œ์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚จ์€ ์ง€๋ฌธ๊ณผ DNA๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์€ ๊ณต์› ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ 35์„ธ์˜ 1๊ธ‰ ๊ฑด์ถ•์‚ฌ ์นด์™€๋ฌด๋ผ ์„ธ์ด์น˜(ๅทๆ‘่ช ไธ€)๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ธ์€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ๋น„๋ผˆ์˜ ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ์— ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด ๋‚œ ํ”์ ์ด ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ ์ฆ์–ธ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์›ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์„ค๊ณผ ํ›„์ˆ ํ•  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ค, ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜(่ค‡ๆ•ฐ)์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”ํ–‰๊ณผ ์ด์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ํ’๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ข…๊ต๋‹จ์ฒด ๊ด€๋ จ์„ค ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ค์ด ์—‡๊ฐˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๊ต์šฐ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฒ”์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ”์ธ์„ ๋‹จ์ •์ง€์„ ๋ฌผ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 2009๋…„ 4์›” 23์ผ, ๋ฒ”์ธ ํŠน์ •์— ์ด๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์†Œ์‹œํšจ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ์„ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์ธ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ํŠน์ง• ํ† ๋ง‰๋‚œ ์นด์™€๋ฌด๋ผ ์„ธ์ด์น˜์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ๊ด€์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๊ตต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ธฐํ†ฑ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ 20cm ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ ค ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต์› ๋‚ด ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต ํˆฌ์ž…๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋กœ 20cm, ์„ธ๋กœ 30cm์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋„ ๋‚จ๊น€ ์—†์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋น ์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์ง‘ ์„ค๋น„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์†๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฒด ์ ˆ๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์ธ์„ค์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์˜ 1/3์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ชธํ†ต ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ๊ฐ ์ „ ๋‚ ์ธ 22์ผ์— ๊ณต์›์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์กŒ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ ์ฐจ์— ์‹ค๋ ค ์ฒ˜๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ํ–‰์ ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ ์ •๋ณด ์ง€์ธ๊ณผ ํ—ค์–ด์ง„ ์งํ›„ 22์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 0์‹œ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์™€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑดํ˜„์žฅ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ JR๊ธฐ์น˜์กฐ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐฑํ™”์  ์˜†์—์„œ 2๋ช…์˜ ์ Š์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘๋“ค๊ฒจ ๋งž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ดค๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ์–ธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋‹น์ผ์ธ 23์ผ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 4์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์— ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋ด‰ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์„œ์„ฑ์ด๋˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ 2์ธ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ 2์ธ์กฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ 30๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— ์‹ค์ข…๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” 22์ผ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ† ๋ง‰๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์งํ›„๋Š” ์‹œ์‹ ์„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•ด ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์—๋‹ค ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์ ์ด ๋งŽ์•„ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ์ผœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  3์ผ์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 4์›” 26์ผ์— ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ ๋น„ํ–‰์žฅ์—์„œ 264๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•ญ๊ณต 140ํŽธ ์ถ”๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ๋ก ๋“ค์€ ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘๋ณด๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋…ธ์นด์‹œ๋ผ ๊ณต์› ํ† ๋ง‰์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ณด๋„๋Š” ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฒฉ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  11๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜ด์ง„๋ฆฌ๊ต์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋„์ฟ„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์‚ฌ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ฒญ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ 1๊ณผ์˜ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์กฐ์‚ฌ์›๋“ค๋„ ์˜ด์ง„๋ฆฌ๊ต ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์†Œ์ง‘๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธํƒ€์นด ์‹œ ๊ด€ํ• ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ฒญ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ 1๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ฐ„์ง€์˜ ์ •๋ณด ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๋‹ค์นด์ด๋„(้ซ˜ไบ•ๆˆธ)์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์ข…๊ต์‹œ์„ค์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ข…๊ต๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” "ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต์— ์ž…๊ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค."๋Š” ์„ค์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ์‹œํšจ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ 6๋…„ ํ›„ ์ฆ์–ธ ์‹œํšจ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  6๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ์–ธ์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ '์˜คํ•ด ์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด'์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ‚ค์น˜์กฐ์ง€์— ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ ค ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ๋…ธ์ ์ƒ๋“ค ์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒฉ ์กด์žฌ์˜€๋˜, ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์™€ ์–ผ๊ตด๋„ ํ‚ค์™€ ์ฒด๊ตฌ๋„ ์—ฐ๋ น๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ(์ดํ•˜ A)๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋‹คํˆผ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋…ธ์ ์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•ด ๋‚ด์ซ“์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋…ธ์ ์ƒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์€ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํŠน๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ž‘์›๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์Šต๊ฒฉ ์˜ˆ์ •์ผ์ด ๋ˆ„์„ค๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” A๋Š” ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์ ์ƒ A๋Š” ๋„๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ์ „์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„ํ”ผ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์™€์ค‘์— ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„ ๋„๋‚ด์˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธํ…”์— ์ž ๋ณตํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ์นด์™€๋ฌด๋ผ ์„ธ์ด์น˜์˜ ์ง‘๊ณผ A์˜ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  A ์ž์‹ ๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ์ง€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋กœ ์˜ค์ธ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ข…์ข… ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ•œ ํ›„์—๋„ "์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๋‹ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ...."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ์›Œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ์นด์™€๋ฌด๋ผ ์„ธ์ด์น˜๋Š” A๋กœ ์˜ค์ธ๋˜์–ด ์—‰๋šฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ณต์ž‘์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ์„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์› ํ† ๋ง‰ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋Œœ์˜ค์•„์ด์นญ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1994๋…„ 4์›” 1994๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์ฟ„๋„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํ—ค์ด์„ธ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฏธํƒ€์นด์‹œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1994๋…„ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ† ๋ง‰ ์‚ด์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inokashira%20Park%20dismemberment%20incident
Inokashira Park dismemberment incident
The Inokashira Park dismemberment incident is an unsolved murder that occurred in Inokashira Park, a park between Mitaka City and Musashino City, wherein a dismembered body had been found. The incident is noted for the unusual state the victim was found in, in that they had been cut into 20-centimetres pieces with precision equated to that of a highly trained medical professional. Case Summary In the morning of April 23, 1994, in a trash can in Inokashira Park in Tokyo, a janitor working in the park accidentally opened a plastic bag, and found several human remains. Police were called to the scene, and found 27 severed limbs and body parts scattered across several trash cans, all in waste disposal bags which had holes poked in for draining water. The type of knot tied on the bag was also peculiar, being a specific knot used by fishermen in the region. Most of the fingerprints on the victim's fingers and toes had been destroyed, but not in their entirety, giving the police substantial evidence in identifying the victim. The body was determined to be that of a 35 year old male architect referred to by authorities as "S", who had lived near the park. He had been cut into 20-centimeter pieces using an electric saw with an unusual amount of precision. After this, the body was carefully washed and drained of all its blood; something that would require the skills of a highly trained medical expert. State of Body The dismembered body parts were even in size, having been cut 20cm in length and 30cm in width, which was also close to the dimensions of the trash cans in the park. The dismemberment was noted to have been done with a high level of skill, with an electric saw likely having been used as the weapon, with the muscle having been carefully cut to the specific dimensions. A specific cause of death could not be conclusively determined, as the body did not have any traces of physical battery, or any drugs. Antemortem hemorrhage marks were present on his ribs, indicating a possibility that he had been cut there whilst alive. However, no additional forensic evidence was found that could point to a culprit, leaving the murder unsolved. The body had been completely washed of blood, with authorities noting that to have accomplished this, the culprit would not only need extensive anatomical knowledge, but that the amount of water needed to wash and drain the blood from the body would require a large water supply that an ordinary household water system could not have. Almost all fingerprints on the victim's fingers and toes had been scraped off, though the culprit had missed some of them given the authorities were able to identify the victim from the remaining prints. The victim's torso, chest and genitals were not found among the dismembered body part, and have not been discovered since. One theory posits that the trash bags containing these parts had been collected by janitorial workers the day before the discovery of the rest of the body, and taken to a waste disposal center. Victim Information "S" was a 35 year old architect living in the vicinity of Inokashira Park in the days leading up to his death. "S" was also a member of an unidentified religious organization in Tokyo with which he had a close relationship. He had reportedly broken up with an acquaintance on the midnight of the 22nd of April, after which his whereabouts were unknown. After this event, only unconfirmed eyewitness accounts are able to explain the hours leading up to his death. One witness claimed that they saw a man who resembled "S" being beaten by two men by a department store near his house, with another stating that later, at 4:00 A.M, they saw two men in Inokashira Park displaying suspicious behavior and carrying plastic bags, though it is important to note that there were no signs of physical battery on the body, which calls the former account into suspicion. Every friend and acquaintance of "S" was interviewed at length, and his room was thoroughly searched, but no evidence pointing to a culprit could be found. Eleven months later, many officers from the investigative team were recruited to investigate the sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, leaving the case with very few people working on it. Finally, in 2009, the statute of limitations expired. Aftermath While the case initially attracted the attention of Japan's mass media, the crash of China Airlines Flight 140 occurred on the 26th of April, 3 days after the murder. It was the deadliest accident in the airlines' history, which caused the media's attention to be diverted there. The investigators present on the case worked on it for another 11 months, until most were recruited to investigate the 1995 sarin gas attacks on the Tokyo subway system, leaving the case ultimately unsolved. The statute of limitations for the case expired in 2009, 15 years after the murder. Multiple theories have been put forward to explain the murder, or to identify the culprit responsible for it. This includes the person "S" broke up with attacking, or organizing the attack as revenge. Another posits that the religious organization "S" belonged to had murdered him, though a motive for such an act cannot be discerned. However, as the dismemberment of "S"'s body had been so meticulous, requiring not only someone with medical knowledge, but access to an industrial water supply, the most common theory is that "S" had fallen afoul of an organized crime group in the area, as they would have had the resources to carry out such an attack. Lending further credence to this final theory was testimony from a man who spoke out in 2015, going by the pseudonym "K". "K", who had been doing business at the same time of the murder, claimed that he had been mistaken for "S" on multiple occasions, with his warehouse being in the immediate vicinity of "S"'s house. "K" had worked as a supplier for many street vendors in the area, and admitted to having a bias against foreign street vendors who attempted to open up shop in his area, often using pressure tactics to drive them out. One foreign vendor, however, turned out to have links to an unspecified foreign criminal organization. "K" claimed to have been extensively surveilled by this organization and, fearing a reprisal, booked a hotel in the city to hide from them. While staying there, "K" saw a report on the murder, as well as footage showing "S"'s house near to his, leading the man to believe that "S" had been the victim of mistaken identity, and that he had been murdered under the assumption he was actually "K". "K" feared the organization would realize their mistake if he immediately revealed himself, and thus left the line of work and kept his own account quiet for years afterwards. See also List of unsolved murders Sources 1994 murders in Japan April 1994 events in Asia History of Tokyo Male murder victims Unsolved murders in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C%20%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84%20%EB%B3%B5%EC%A0%9C
์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ณต์ œ
์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ณต์ œ(n) ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•()๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋“ค์„ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์ œ๋œ ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ ์šฉ์„ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์•  ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‹€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™ํ™”๋œ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์€ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์žฅ์• ํ—ˆ์šฉ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์žฅ์•  ํ—ˆ์šฉ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์žฅ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต, ๋‹จ์ผ ์„œ๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ ธ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๊ณ , ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€ ๋ณต์ œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค‘์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„ ์žฅ์• ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ดํ›„ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฌด์–ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ผ): ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ์ž…๋ ฅ์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ์ „์ด ํ•จ์ˆ˜ (Input ร— State โ†’ State) ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ (Input ร— State โ†’ Output) ์‹œ์ž‘์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘์ด๋ผ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ์ƒˆ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์ด ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ๋จธ์‹ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ (deterministic)์ผ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํƒœ ๋จธ์‹ ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (ํŠœ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ). ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ ๋จธ์‹  ์ด์ค‘ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์—๋Ÿฌ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์•  ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก (Determinism)์€ ์žฅ์•  ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด์ƒ์  ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์žฅ์• ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์žฅ์•  ํ—ˆ์šฉ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์€ ์ตœ์†Œ 3๊ฐœ์ž„์„ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์— ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•  2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ 3๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋งŒ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์…‹์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ์ˆ˜์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ธ์ง€ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, F๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ 2F + 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณธ์ œ๋ณธ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„  ์ด ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋„˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„  ์ถ”๋ก ๋“ค์€ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋“œ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์†์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋žœ๋คํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋งŒ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง, ๊ฒฐํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žฅ์•  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์ง€๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€: ๊ณ ์žฅ-์ค‘๋‹จ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ •์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณต์žฌ๋ณธ์ด F + 1๊ฐœ๋งŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ์•  ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ณ„์ธต ์œ„์— ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž์ฃผ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค.(์žฅ์•  ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ๊ณ ์žฅ-์ค‘๋‹จ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๋•Œ์— ํ•œ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.) ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€: ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ์žฅ์•  ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ์žฅ์• ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ์žฅ์• ๋Š” ์šฐ์—ฐ, ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹คํŒจ ๋˜๋Š” ์•…์˜์ , ์ง€๋Šฅ์  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2F + 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋น„์•”ํ˜ธํ•™์  ํ•ด์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€ F๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„์•…์˜์  ๋น„์ž”ํ‹ด ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ F๊ฐœ์˜ ์•…์˜์  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์„œ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์•”ํ˜ธํ•™ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋น„์•”ํ˜ธํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ์•…์˜์  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด 3F + 1๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ• ์•ž์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์žฅ์•  ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ•จ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค : ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์žฌ๋ณธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. 1๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ˆœ์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ค. 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ •์˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค.. 5๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ค. 6๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์žฅ์•  ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ค. ๋ถ€๋ก์€ ๋กœ๊น…, ๊ฒ€์—ญ์†Œ, ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ ์ „์ด ๋“ฑ ์‹ค์ œ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ˆœ์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ ๋จธ์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •์ƒ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ž…๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ œ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์ฑ„๋„(Visible Channel )์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋‘ ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ (์„œ๋ฒ„๋‚˜ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ) ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฐ€์‹œ ์ฑ„๋„(Hidden Channel)์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ: ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ ์ € ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹ , ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ํ†ต์‹ . ๋ชจ๋“  ํ†ต์‹  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์ฑ„๋„์ผ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ธ ์ „์—ญ ์ˆœ์„œ (์ธ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์„œ)๋Š” ํ†ต์‹  ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ถ”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹คํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ƒ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋น„๊ฐ€์‹œ ์ฑ„๋„์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์•ฝํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์ฑ„๋„์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํˆฌํ‘œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฐ’ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ข€ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ๋งค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์„ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •๋ ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ (ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ)๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์€ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹คํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ƒ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์„œ์™€ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„  ์ถ”๊ฐ€์  ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ ์ž…๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ค. ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋™์ž‘์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋•Œ ๋”์šฑ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋ช…๋ น๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ช…๋ น). ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ํŒฉ์†Œ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „์†ก ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์š”์ฒญ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜๊ณ , ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์‘๋‹ต์ด ์ „์†ก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ์žฅ์•  ์‘๋‹ต์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ์‘๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์žฅ์•  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์€ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋งŒ์ด ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. "ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์‘๋‹ต์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์œ ์ผํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์žฅ์•  ํƒ์ง€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ์žฅ์• ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์ด ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฅ์•  ์ฆ๋ช…์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ค ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์•  ํƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์€ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์ฒดํฌ์„ฌ๊ณผ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์„ ์žฌ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒดํฌ์„ฌ์—๋Š” ์•”ํ˜ธํ•™์  ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ปฌ ์„œ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋‚  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์† ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์—ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ๋‹ค. (๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ค). ๋ถ€๋ก: ํ™•์žฅ๋“ค ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ (Checkpoint) ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ค‘๋‹จ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ƒํƒœ ์ „์ด ๋ฆฌ๋” ์„ ์ถœ (ํŒฉ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ) ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ฐธ์กฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Replicated state machines video on MIT TechTV Apache Bookkeeper a replicated log service which can be used to build replicated state machines ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋™๊ธฐํ™” ์žฅ์•  ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋ฌธ์ œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20machine%20replication
State machine replication
In computer science, state machine replication (SMR) or state machine approach is a general method for implementing a fault-tolerant service by replicating servers and coordinating client interactions with server replicas. The approach also provides a framework for understanding and designing replication management protocols. Problem definition Distributed service In terms of clients and services. Each service comprises one or more servers and exports operations that clients invoke by making requests. Although using a single, centralized server is the simplest way to implement a service, the resulting service can only be as fault tolerant as the processor executing that server. If this level of fault tolerance is unacceptable, then multiple servers that fail independently can be used. Usually, replicas of a single server are executed on separate processors of a distributed system, and protocols are used to coordinate client interactions with these replicas. State machine For the subsequent discussion a State Machine will be defined as the following tuple of values (See also Mealy machine and Moore Machine): A set of States A set of Inputs A set of Outputs A transition function (Input ร— State โ†’ State) An output function (Input ร— State โ†’ Output) A distinguished State called Start. A State Machine begins at the State labeled Start. Each Input received is passed through the transition and output function to produce a new State and an Output. The State is held stable until a new Input is received, while the Output is communicated to the appropriate receiver. This discussion requires a State Machine to be deterministic: multiple copies of the same State Machine begin in the Start state, and receiving the same Inputs in the same order will arrive at the same State having generated the same Outputs. Typically, systems based on State Machine Replication voluntarily restrict their implementations to use finite-state machines to simplify error recovery. Fault Tolerance Determinism is an ideal characteristic for providing fault-tolerance. Intuitively, if multiple copies of a system exist, a fault in one would be noticeable as a difference in the State or Output from the others. A little deduction shows the minimum number of copies needed for fault-tolerance is three; one which has a fault, and two others to whom we compare State and Output. Two copies are not enough as there is no way to tell which copy is the faulty one. Further deduction shows a three-copy system can support at most one failure (after which it must repair or replace the faulty copy). If more than one of the copies were to fail, all three States and Outputs might differ, and there would be no way to choose which is the correct one. In general, a system which supports F failures must have 2F+1 copies (also called replicas). The extra copies are used as evidence to decide which of the copies are correct and which are faulty. Special cases can improve these bounds. All of this deduction pre-supposes that replicas are experiencing only random independent faults such as memory errors or hard-drive crash. Failures caused by replicas which attempt to lie, deceive, or collude can also be handled by the State Machine Approach, with isolated changes. Failed replicas are not required to stop; they may continue operating, including generating spurious or incorrect Outputs. Special Case: Fail-Stop Theoretically, if a failed replica is guaranteed to stop without generating outputs, only F+1 replicas are required, and clients may accept the first output generated by the system. No existing systems achieve this limit, but it is often used when analyzing systems built on top of a fault-tolerant layer (Since the fault-tolerant layer provides fail-stop semantics to all layers above it). Special Case: Byzantine Failure Faults where a replica sends different values in different directions (for instance, the correct Output to some of its fellow replicas and incorrect Outputs to others) are called Byzantine Failures. Byzantine failures may be random, spurious faults, or malicious, intelligent attacks. 2F+1 replicas, with non-cryptographic hashes suffices to survive all non-malicious Byzantine failures (with high probability). Malicious attacks require cryptographic primitives to achieve 2F+1 (using message signatures), or non-cryptographic techniques can be applied but the number of replicas must be increased to 3F+1. The State Machine Approach The preceding intuitive discussion implies simple technique for implementing a fault-tolerant service in terms of a State Machine: Place copies of the State Machine on multiple, independent servers. Receive client requests, interpreted as Inputs to the State Machine. Choose an ordering for the Inputs. Execute Inputs in the chosen order on each server. Respond to clients with the Output from the State Machine. Monitor replicas for differences in State or Output. The remainder of this article develops the details of this technique. Step 1 and 2 are outside the scope of this article. Step 3 is the critical operation, see Ordering Inputs. Step 4 is covered by the State Machine Definition. Step 5, see Sending Outputs. Step 6, see Auditing and Failure Detection. The appendix contains discussion on typical extensions used in real-world systems such as Logging, Checkpoints, Reconfiguration, and State Transfer. Ordering Inputs The critical step in building a distributed system of State Machines is choosing an order for the Inputs to be processed. Since all non-faulty replicas will arrive at the same State and Output if given the same Inputs, it is imperative that the Inputs are submitted in an equivalent order at each replica. Many solutions have been proposed in the literature. A Visible Channel is a communication path between two entities actively participating in the system (such as clients and servers). Example: client to server, server to server A Hidden Channel is a communication path which is not revealed to the system. Example: client to client channels are usually hidden; such as users communicating over a telephone, or a process writing files to disk which are read by another process. When all communication paths are visible channels and no hidden channels exist, a partial global order (Causal Order) may be inferred from the pattern of communications. Causal Order may be derived independently by each server. Inputs to the State Machine may be executed in Causal Order, guaranteeing consistent State and Output for all non-faulty replicas. In open systems, hidden channels are common and a weaker form of ordering must be used. An order of Inputs may be defined using a voting protocol whose results depend only on the visible channels. The problem of voting for a single value by a group of independent entities is called Consensus. By extension, a series of values may be chosen by a series of consensus instances. This problem becomes difficult when the participants or their communication medium may experience failures. Inputs may be ordered by their position in the series of consensus instances (Consensus Order). Consensus Order may be derived independently by each server. Inputs to the State Machine may be executed in Consensus Order, guaranteeing consistent State and Output for all non-faulty replicas. Optimizing Causal & Consensus Ordering In some cases additional information is available (such as real-time clocks). In these cases, it is possible to achieve more efficient causal or consensus ordering for the Inputs, with a reduced number of messages, fewer message rounds, or smaller message sizes. See references for details Further optimizations are available when the semantics of State Machine operations are accounted for (such as Read vs Write operations). See references Generalized Paxos. Sending Outputs Client requests are interpreted as Inputs to the State Machine, and processed into Outputs in the appropriate order. Each replica will generate an Output independently. Non-faulty replicas will always produce the same Output. Before the client response can be sent, faulty Outputs must be filtered out. Typically, a majority of the Replicas will return the same Output, and this Output is sent as the response to the client. System Failure If there is no majority of replicas with the same Output, or if less than a majority of replicas returns an Output, a system failure has occurred. The client response must be the unique Output: FAIL. Auditing and Failure Detection The permanent, unplanned compromise of a replica is called a Failure. Proof of failure is difficult to obtain, as the replica may simply be slow to respond, or even lie about its status. Non-faulty replicas will always contain the same State and produce the same Outputs. This invariant enables failure detection by comparing States and Outputs of all replicas. Typically, a replica with State or Output which differs from the majority of replicas is declared faulty. A common implementation is to pass checksums of the current replica State and recent Outputs among servers. An Audit process at each server restarts the local replica if a deviation is detected. Cryptographic security is not required for checksums. It is possible that the local server is compromised, or that the Audit process is faulty, and the replica continues to operate incorrectly. This case is handled safely by the Output filter described previously (see Sending Outputs). Appendix: Extensions Input Log In a system with no failures, the Inputs may be discarded after being processed by the State Machine. Realistic deployments must compensate for transient non-failure behaviors of the system such as message loss, network partitions, and slow processors. One technique is to store the series of Inputs in a log. During times of transient behavior, replicas may request copies of a log entry from another replica in order to fill in missing Inputs. In general the log is not required to be persistent (it may be held in memory). A persistent log may compensate for extended transient periods, or support additional system features such as Checkpoints, and Reconfiguration. Checkpoints If left unchecked a log will grow until it exhausts all available storage resources. For continued operation, it is necessary to forget log entries. In general a log entry may be forgotten when its contents are no longer relevant (for instance if all replicas have processed an Input, the knowledge of the Input is no longer needed). A common technique to control log size is store a duplicate State (called a Checkpoint), then discard any log entries which contributed to the checkpoint. This saves space when the duplicated State is smaller than the size of the log. Checkpoints may be added to any State Machine by supporting an additional Input called CHECKPOINT. Each replica maintains a checkpoint in addition to the current State value. When the log grows large, a replica submits the CHECKPOINT command just like a client request. The system will ensure non-faulty replicas process this command in the same order, after which all log entries before the checkpoint may be discarded. In a system with checkpoints, requests for log entries occurring before the checkpoint are ignored. Replicas which cannot locate copies of a needed log entry are faulty and must re-join the system (see Reconfiguration). Reconfiguration Reconfiguration allows replicas to be added and removed from a system while client requests continue to be processed. Planned maintenance and replica failure are common examples of reconfiguration. Reconfiguration involves Quitting and Joining. Quitting When a server detects its State or Output is faulty (see Auditing and Failure Detection), it may selectively exit the system. Likewise, an administrator may manually execute a command to remove a replica for maintenance. A new Input is added to the State Machine called QUIT. A replica submits this command to the system just like a client request. All non-faulty replicas remove the quitting replica from the system upon processing this Input. During this time, the replica may ignore all protocol messages. If a majority of non-faulty replicas remain, the quit is successful. If not, there is a System Failure. Joining After quitting, a failed server may selectively restart or re-join the system. Likewise, an administrator may add a new replica to the group for additional capacity. A new Input is added to the State Machine called JOIN. A replica submits this command to the system just like a client request. All non-faulty replicas add the joining node to the system upon processing this Input. A new replica must be up-to-date on the system's State before joining (see State Transfer). State Transfer When a new replica is made available or an old replica is restarted, it must be brought up to the current State before processing Inputs (see Joining). Logically, this requires applying every Input from the dawn of the system in the appropriate order. Typical deployments short-circuit the logical flow by performing a State Transfer of the most recent Checkpoint (see Checkpoints). This involves directly copying the State of one replica to another using an out-of-band protocol. A checkpoint may be large, requiring an extended transfer period. During this time, new Inputs may be added to the log. If this occurs, the new replica must also receive the new Inputs and apply them after the checkpoint is received. Typical deployments add the new replica as an observer to the ordering protocol before beginning the state transfer, allowing the new replica to collect Inputs during this period. Optimizing State Transfer Common deployments reduce state transfer times by sending only State components which differ. This requires knowledge of the State Machine internals. Since state transfer is usually an out-of-band protocol, this assumption is not difficult to achieve. Compression is another feature commonly added to state transfer protocols, reducing the size of the total transfer. Leader Election (for Paxos) Paxos is a protocol for solving consensus, and may be used as the protocol for implementing Consensus Order. Paxos requires a single leader to ensure liveness. That is, one of the replicas must remain leader long enough to achieve consensus on the next operation of the state machine. System behavior is unaffected if the leader changes after every instance, or if the leader changes multiple times per instance. The only requirement is that one replica remains leader long enough to move the system forward. Conflict Resolution In general, a leader is necessary only when there is disagreement about which operation to perform, and if those operations conflict in some way (for instance, if they do not commute). When conflicting operations are proposed, the leader acts as the single authority to set the record straight, defining an order for the operations, allowing the system to make progress. With Paxos, multiple replicas may believe they are leaders at the same time. This property makes Leader Election for Paxos very simple, and any algorithm which guarantees an 'eventual leader' will work. Historical background A number of researchers published articles on the replicated state machine approach in the early 1980s. Anita Borg described an implementation of a fault tolerant operating system based on replicated state machines in a 1983 paper "A message system supporting fault tolerance". Leslie Lamport also proposed the state machine approach, in his 1984 paper on "Using Time Instead of Timeout In Distributed Systems". Fred Schneider later elaborated the approach in his paper "Implementing Fault-Tolerant Services Using the State Machine Approach: A Tutorial". Ken Birman developed the virtual synchrony model in a series of papers published between 1985 and 1987. The primary reference to this work is "Exploiting Virtual Synchrony in Distributed Systems", which describes the Isis Toolkit, a system that was used to build the New York and Swiss Stock Exchanges, French Air Traffic Control System, US Navy AEGIS Warship, and other applications. Recent work by Miguel Castro and Barbara Liskov used the state machine approach in what they call a "Practical Byzantine fault tolerance" architecture that replicates especially sensitive services using a version of Lamport's original state machine approach, but with optimizations that substantially improve performance. Most recently, there has also been the creation of the BFT-SMaRt library, a high-performance Byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication library developed in Java. This library implements a protocol very similar to PBFT's, plus complementary protocols which offer state transfer and on-the-fly reconfiguration of hosts (i.e., JOIN and LEAVE operations). BFT-SMaRt is the most recent effort to implement state machine replication, still being actively maintained. Raft, a consensus based algorithm, was developed in 2013. Motivated by PBFT, Tendermint BFT was introduced for partial asynchronous networks and it is mainly used for Proof of Stake blockchains. References External links Replicated state machines video on MIT TechTV Apache Bookkeeper a replicated log service which can be used to build replicated state machines Distributed computing problems Data synchronization Fault-tolerant computer systems
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%20%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%20%EA%B3%B5%EC%95%88%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4
์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ž€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ(1868๋…„-1945๋…„) ์ •์ฒดํ•˜์—์„œ ์ขŒ์ต์„ธ๋ ฅ, ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž, ์ข…๊ต๋‹จ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜์•ˆ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์•ˆ์ˆ™์ฒญ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ์–ธ๋ก ํƒ„์••() ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ „, ์ฆ‰ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ์˜ "์–ธ๋ก ํƒ„์••"์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์ขŒ์ต์„ธ๋ ฅ(์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋“ฑ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž) ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ด€๋ จ๋‹จ์ฒด(๋Œ€์ค‘์šด๋™์กฐ์ง)์˜ ํƒ„์••๊ณผ ์ˆ™์ฒญ (*) ํ•ฉ๋ฒ• ์ขŒ์ต์„ธ๋ ฅ(๊ธ‰์ง„์  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜) ๋ฐ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์••๊ณผ ์ˆ™์ฒญ (โ€ ) ์ฒด์ œ๋‚ด ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ํŒŒ, ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ทธ๋ฃน(์ฃผ๋กœ ์ขŒ์ต ์ „ํ–ฅ์ž)๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์••๊ณผ ์ˆ™์ฒญ (โ€ก) ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ข…๊ต๋‹จ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์••๊ณผ ์ˆ™์ฒญ (ยง) ์ด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํƒ„์••์ž…๋ฒ•(โ€–)์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ํŒจ์ „ํ›„ GHQ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ•์€ ์™„์ „ ํ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ • ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ์ด์ „ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(์ค‘์•™์˜ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์™€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฌ˜๋“ค)์—๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ถŒ๋ถ„๋ฆฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์ •, ์ž…๋ฒ•, ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ผ๊ถŒ์ด ์ผ์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ํ–‰ํ˜•์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋™ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์žฌํŒ์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์ขŒ์šฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ธ ์ž๋ฐฑ์ด ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žฌํŒ์ด ์„œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, ์žฌํŒ, ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ง‘ํ–‰ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€๋‹จ(ๆคœๆ–ญ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€๋‹จ์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์€ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ์ถ”๋ฐฉํ˜•, ์œก์ฒดํ˜•์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€๋‹จ ์ง‘ํ–‰์ž๋Š” ์ฃ„์ธ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃ„์ธ์˜ ์นœ์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒ€๋‹จ์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰์ž(์žฅ์› ์˜์ฃผ, ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋‘, ์ด์ดŒ ์ง€๋„์ž ๋“ฑ)๋Š” ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ฐ•ํƒˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒ€๋‹จ์„ ์•…์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ž”ํ•™์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์งˆ์„œํ•˜์— ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ธ์€ ๋ฌด๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋†“์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฌด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์ธ์„ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฉ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์—๋„์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ต๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์–ด ๊ธˆ๊ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์™€ ์ œ๋‹ค์ด๋ฌ˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฏธ์—๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์œก์ฒด์™€ ์–‘์‹ฌ์— ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋„๋“ค์ด ์ˆœ๊ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ†ต์น˜๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ์ž”ํ•™ํ•œ ์ฒด์งˆ, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋„๋กœ ํ‘œ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜๊ตญ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ณต์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์Šน๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€ 1868๋…„-1899๋…„ 1875๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ํฌ๋œ ์ฐธ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ (ํƒœ์ •๊ด€ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ œ110ํ˜ธ, ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ ์œจ๋ฒ•)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด 1880๋…„๋Œ€ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์••ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ. ๋…์ผ ์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋น„์Šค๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํƒ„์••ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1869๋…„: ์ถœํŒ์กฐ๋ก€ ์ œ์ •. 1875๋…„: ์ฐธ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ  ๋ฐ˜ํฌ. ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ง€์กฐ๋ก€ ์ œ์ •. ์ถœํŒ์กฐ๋ก€ ๊ฐœ์ •. โ†’ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์šด๋™์„ ํƒ„์••. 1880๋…„: ์ง‘ํšŒ์กฐ๋ก€ ์ œ์ •. โ†’ ๊ตญํšŒ๊ฐœ์„ค์šด๋™์„ ํƒ„์••. 1883๋…„: ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ง€์กฐ๋ก€ ๊ฐœ์ •. 1887๋…„: ๋ณด์•ˆ์กฐ๋ก€ ์ œ์ •. โ†’ ์‚ผ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฑด๋ฐฑ์šด๋™์„ ํƒ„์••. ์˜ค์žํ‚ค ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค, ํ˜ธ์‹œ ํ† ์˜ค๋ฃจ, ์นดํƒ€์˜ค์นด ์ผ„ํ‚ค์น˜, ๋‚˜์นด์— ์ดˆ๋ฏผ ๋“ฑ 451๋ช…์„ ํ™ฉ๊ฑฐ 3๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ. 1890๋…„: ์ง‘ํšŒ์กฐ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ ์ง‘ํšŒ๊ธ‰์ •์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •. 1891๋…„: ์šฐ์น˜๋ฌด๋ผ ๊ฐ„์กฐ ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1892๋…„: 1์›” ์—ฌ๊ณ„๋ น ์‹œํ–‰(1914๋…„ ํ์ง€). 2์›” ์ œ2ํšŒ ์ค‘์˜์›์˜์› ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹  ์‹œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ ์•ผ์ง€๋กœ์˜ ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฐฉํ•ด. 4์›” ์ฟ ๋ฉ” ์ฟ ๋‹ˆํƒ€์ผ€ ํ•„ํ™”์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1893๋…„: ์ถœํŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •. 1896๋…„: 26์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1900๋…„-1919๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ œ๊ตญ ๊ณต์•ˆํƒ„์••์‚ฌ ์ œ1๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ. 1900๋…„ ์น˜์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์••๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1910๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์ •๋ถ€์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์••, ์ˆ™์ฒญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ๋„์ฟ„์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ž ์šฐ์—์Šค๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ‚ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ค์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒœํ™ฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ค์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ฒ  ํƒ€์ธ ํ‚ค์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋ผ๋ˆ„๋งˆ ๊ธฐ์ด์น˜๋กœ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฃผ๋ฒ” ์ฝ”ํ† ์ฟ  ์Šˆ์Šค์ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌํ˜•ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฝ”ํ† ์ฟ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ฝ”ํ† ์ฟ ์˜ ์œ ์ž‘ ใ€Ž๊ธฐ๋…๋ง์‚ด๋ก ใ€์€ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์— ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1900๋…„: 3์›” ์น˜์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •. 1904๋…„: ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํ•ด์‚ฐ. 1908๋…„: ์ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1909๋…„: ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •. 1897๋…„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ง€์กฐ๋ก€ ๊ฐœ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ œํ•œ๊ทœ์ •์ด ๋ถ€ํ™œ. 1910๋…„: ์ฝ”ํ† ์ฟ  ๋Œ€์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1911๋…„: ๋‚ด๋ฌด์„ฑ์— ํŠน๋ณ„๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ(์ดํ•˜ ํŠน๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ) ์„ค์น˜. ๋‚จ๋ถ์กฐ ์ •ํ†ต๋ฌธ์ œ โ†’ ํ‚คํƒ€ ํ‚ค๋‹คํ‚ค์น˜ ์ •์ง์ฒ˜๋ถ„. ์ฝ”ํ† ์ฟ  ์Šˆ์Šค์ด์™ธ 26๋ช… ์ฒ˜ํ˜•. ๋‹ค์ด์‡ผ ์‹œ๋Œ€ 1920๋…„-1925๋…„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ์ฝ”ํ† ์ฟ  ๋Œ€์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„ "๊ฒจ์šธ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€"๋ฅผ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™์„ ํƒ„์••, ์ˆ™์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ฐ˜์ฒœํ™ฉ์ œ ์šด๋™์„ ๋‹จ์† ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต์•ˆ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์‚ฌ์˜ ํฐ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1910๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ค์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ์šฐ์—์Šค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ œ๋Œ€์น ์ƒ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ์šฐ์ต๋‹จ์ฒด ์„ค๋ฆฝ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ฝ”ํ† ์ฟ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์‚ด์ธํ•œ ํžˆ๋ผ๋ˆ„๋งˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ด์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 1930๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ณต์•ˆํƒ„์••์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ธ์žฌ์˜ ์œก์„ฑ์— ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์—๋Š” ํžˆ๋ผ๋ˆ„๋งˆ์™€ ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ํ‚ค์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1918๋…„ 8์›” 26์ผ: ํ•ซ์ฝ” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด ๋œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์˜ 1918๋…„ ์Œ€ ์†Œ๋™ ์˜นํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋ฆผ. ์‹ ๋ฌธ ํ๊ฐ„ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค ์ดํ›„ 10์›” 15์ผ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ํ•ด์ž„. 1920๋…„ 1์›” 10์ผ: ๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ†  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1920๋…„ 10์›” 2์ผ: ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ฒญ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„ ์‹ ์„ค 1920๋…„ 11์›” 30์ผ: ๊ตํ†  ์ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1921๋…„ 5์›” 9์ผ: ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋™๋งน ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€. 1921๋…„ 12์›”: ํšจ๋ฏผ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ์ฝ˜๋„ ์—์ด์กฐ ๋“ฑ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1921๋…„: ์ œ1์ฐจ ๋Œ€๋ณธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋“ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์ฃ„๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ. 1923๋…„ 6์›” 5์ผ: ์ œ1์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1923๋…„ 6์›” 9์ผ: ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์ž ํƒ€์นด์˜ค ํ—ค์ด๋ฒ  ์‚ฌ์‚ด. 1923๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ: ๊ด€๋™ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ 1923๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ: ๊ณ„์—„๋ น ๋ฐœ๋™ 1923๋…„ 9์›” 4์ผ: ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์ด๋„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1923๋…„ 9์›” 6์ผ: ์•„๋งˆ์นด์Šค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1923๋…„ 10์›”: ๋ฐ•์—ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1927๋…„ 12์›” 27์ผ: ํ† ๋ผ๋…ธ๋ชฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1924๋…„ 3์›”: ์ œ1์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ํ•ด์‚ฐ. 1925๋…„ 4์›” 22์ผ: ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ๊ณตํฌ. ๋™๋…„ 5์›” 19์ผ ์‹œํ–‰. 1925๋…„ 12์›” 1์ผ: ๋†๋ฏผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น, ์ฐฝ๋‹น ๋‹น์ผ ํ™œ๋™๊ธˆ์ง€. ์ „์ „ ์‡ผ์™€ ์‹œ๋Œ€ 1926๋…„-1932๋…„ ๊ณต์•ˆํƒ„์•• ์ œ1๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ •์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ. ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์  ๋Œ€์ค‘๋‹จ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์••๊ณผ ์ˆ™์ฒญ์ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ์—„๋ฒŒํ™” ๊ฐœ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 4ยท16 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ์ ์ฐจ ๋‹น์„ธ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„ํƒ€๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…๋Š”๋‹ค. 1926๋…„ 1์›” 15์ผ: ๊ตํ† ํ•™๋ จ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”. 1926๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ: ๋งˆ์ธ ๋ชจํ†  ์ง€์ด์น˜๋กœ ๋“ฑ ์ „๊ตญ์ˆ˜ํ‰์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋‹จ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1928๋…„ 3์›” 15์ผ: 3ยท15 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์‚ฌ๋ก€. ์ „๊ตญ์—์„œ 1568๋ช… ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ, 483๋ช… ๊ธฐ์†Œ. 1928๋…„ 4์›” 3์ผ: ์‹ ํฅ์ข…๊ต ํ˜ผ๋ฏธ์น˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค, ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์ฃ„๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ. 1928๋…„ 4์›” 10์ผ: ๋…ธ๋™๋†๋ฏผ๋‹น, ์ผ๋ณธ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉํ‰์˜ํšŒ, ์ „์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์‚ฐ์ฒญ๋…„๋™๋งน ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ช…๋ น. 1928๋…„ 4์›” 18์ผ: ๊ตํ† ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์นด์™€์นด๋ฏธ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ. 1928๋…„ 4์›” 23์ผ: ๋„์ฟ„์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์š”์‹œํƒ€๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ. 1928๋…„ 4์›” 24์ผ: ๊ทœ์Šˆ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌํ‚ค์‚ฌ์นด ์ด์ธ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ฐฉ. 1928๋…„ 6์›” 29์ผ: ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ • ๊ณตํฌ ๊ธด๊ธ‰์น™๋ น. ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ์ตœ๊ณ ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”. 1928๋…„ 7์›” 3์ผ: ์ „๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์— ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ณ„ ์„ค์น˜. 1928๋…„ 7์›” 24์ผ: ๊ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ ์„ค์น˜. 1928๋…„ 10์›” 6์ผ: ์ œ2์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์„œ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€, ๋Œ€๋งŒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ ค ์ž์‚ด. 1929๋…„ 3์›” 5์ผ: ์ค‘์˜์›์—์„œ ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ • ์‚ฌํ›„์Šน๋‚™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ. ๋™ ์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์„ผ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฐค ํ”ผ์‚ด. 1929๋…„ 4์›” 26์ผ: 4ยท26 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ์ „๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž 339๋ช… ๊ธฐ์†Œ. 1929๋…„: ์ „ํ•ด์˜ 3ยท15 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ•‘๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ตญ ๋„์„œ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ธ๋ก ํƒ„์••์„ ํ™•๋Œ€. 1930๋…„: ๊ด€๋™๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ๋งค๋…„ 1000 ์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ ๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1897๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์ฆ(์ „๋…„ 1095๊ฑด). 1930๋…„ 5์›” 1์ผ: ๋ฌด์žฅ ๋ฉ”์ด๋ฐ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1930๋…„ 5์›” 20์ผ: ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋™์กฐ์ž ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ๋‚˜์นด๋…ธ ์‹œ๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฃจ, ๋ฏธํ‚ค ํ‚ค์š”์‹œ ๋“ฑ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1931๋…„ 5์›” 25์ผ: 3ยท15 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ 4ยท26 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณตํŒ ๊ฐœ์‹œ. 1932๋…„ 5์›”: ํ”„๋กค๋ ˆํƒ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”๋‹จ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์••. 4์ผ ์ฟ ๋ผํ•˜๋ผ ์ฝ”๋ ˆํžˆํ† , 7์ผ ๋ฏธ์•ผ๋ชจํ†  ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฝ” ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1932๋…„ 6์›” 29์ผ: ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ฒญ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ, ํŠน๋ณ„๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ถ€๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ. 1932๋…„ 10์›” 6์ผ: ์ ์ƒ‰๊นกํŒจ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1932๋…„ 10์›” 29์ผ: 3ยท15-4ยท26 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1์‹ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ. 1932๋…„ 10์›” 30์ผ: ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ด€ ์ ํ™”์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1932๋…„ 11์›” 3์ผ: ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ค‘์•™์œ„์› ์ด์™€ํƒ€ ์š”์‹œ๋ฏธ์น˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์น˜์‚ฌ. 1932๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ: ์•„ํƒ€๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ „๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์žํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์ง์ „์— ์ผ๋งํƒ€์ง„. 1933๋…„-1936๋…„ ์ œ1๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข…๊ตญ๋ฉด์„ ๋งž์ดํ•ด ์ œ2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํƒ„์••์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ. ํƒ€ํ‚ค๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ฒœํ™ฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ํƒ„์••๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์  ์–ธ๋ก ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ํš๊ธฐ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ์˜ฅ์ค‘ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํ–ฅ์„ฑ๋ช… ๋ฐ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ท€์กฑ์› ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ ์œก๊ตฐ์ค‘์žฅ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ํ‚ค์ฟ ์น˜ ํƒ€์ผ€์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์•”์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1933๋…„ 1์›”: ์˜ค์˜ค์ธ ์นด ํ‚จ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€, ์นด์™€์นด๋ฏธ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ” ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1933๋…„ 2์›” 4์ผ: 2ยท4 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1933๋…„ 2์›” 20์ผ: ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ํƒ€ํ‚ค์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์น˜์‚ฌ. 1933๋…„ 4์›” 22์ผ: ํƒ€ํ‚ค๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์‹œ์ž‘. ํ•˜ํ† ์•ผ๋งˆ ์ด์น˜๋กœ ๋ฌธ๋ถ€๋Œ€์‹ . ๊ตํ† ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํƒ€ํ‚ค๊ฐ€์™€ ์œ ํ‚คํ† ํ‚ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง ์š”๊ตฌ. 1933๋…„ 6์›” 7์ผ: ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋…ธ ๋งˆ๋‚˜๋ถ€, ๋‚˜๋ฒ ์•ผ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์น˜์นด ์˜ฅ์ค‘์ „ํ–ฅ์„œ ์ œ์ถœ. ์ดํ›„ ํ”ผ๊ฒ€๋œ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์›๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํ–ฅ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. 1933๋…„ 8์›” 11์ผ: ํ‚ค๋ฅ˜ ์œ ์œ , ใ€Ž์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ˆ์น˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธใ€ ์‚ฌ์„ค์— ใ€Œ๊ด€๋™๋ฐฉ๊ณต๋Œ€์—ฐ์Šต์„ ๋น„์›ƒ๋„๋‹คใ€ ๊ฒŒ์žฌ. ๋ฌธ์ œํ™”๋˜์–ด ํ‡ด์‚ฌ. 1933๋…„ 9์›” 13์ผ: ์ผ๋ณธ๋…ธ๋†๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1933๋…„ 11์›” 8์ผ: ๋„์ฟ„์ƒ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™, ์˜ค์˜ค์ธ ์นด ํ‚จ์ง€๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด๊ด€. 1933๋…„ 11์›” 28์ผ: ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์œ„์›์žฅ ๋…ธ๋กœ ์—์ดํƒ€๋กœ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1934๋…„: ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‚จ๋ถ์กฐ์ •ํ†ต ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋•Œ ์•„์‹œ์นด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์นด์šฐ์ง€ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๊ณต๋Œ€์‹  ๋‚˜์นด์ง€๋งˆ ์ฟ ๋งˆ์•ผ์น˜ ๋‚จ์ž‘, ํ‚ค์ฟ ์น˜ ํƒ€์ผ€์˜ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ‡ด. 1934๋…„ 1์›” 15์ผ: ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1934๋…„ 2์›” 19์ผ: ๋…ธ๋กœ ์—์ดํƒ€๋กœ ์˜ฅ์‚ฌ 1934๋…„ 5์›” 2์ผ: ์ถœํŒ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •๊ณตํฌ. ํ™ฉ์‹ค์กด์—„ ๋ชจ๋… ๋ฐ ์•ˆ๋…•์งˆ์„œ ๋ฐฉํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์† ๊ฐ•ํ™”. 1934๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ: ๋ฌธ๋ถ€์„ฑ ์‚ฐํ•˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ตญ ์„ค์น˜. 1934๋…„ 10์›”: ์œก๊ตฐ ํŒœํ”Œ๋ › ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1935๋…„ 2์›” 18์ผ: ์ฒœํ™ฉ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์‹œ์ž‘. ํ‚ค์ฟ ์น˜ ํƒ€์ผ€์˜ค, ๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ฒ  ํƒ€์ธ ํ‚ค์น˜์˜ ์˜์›์ง ์‚ฌํ‡ด ์š”๊ตฌ. 1925๋…„ 4์›” 9์ผ: ๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ฒ ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์ €์„œ ํŒ๊ธˆ์กฐ์น˜. 1935๋…„ 3์›” 4์ผ: ํ•˜์นด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฏธ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ค‘์•™์œ„์›ํšŒ ๊ดด๋ฉธ 1935๋…„ 8์›” 3์ผ: ์ œ1์ฐจ ๊ตญ์ฒด๋ช…์ง•์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1935๋…„ 10์›” 15์ผ: ์ œ2์ฐจ ๊ตญ์ฒด๋ช…์ง•์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1935๋…„ 12์›” 8์ผ: ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋Œ€๋ณธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1936๋…„ 1์›” 12์ผ: ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๊ด€์„œ์ง€๋ฐฉ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ง€๋„๋ถ„์ž ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ, ์กฐ์ง ๊ดด๋ฉธ. 1936๋…„ 3์›” 13์ผ: ์˜ค์˜ค๋ชจํ† ๊ต ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€. 1936๋…„ 5์›” 28์ผ: ์‚ฌ์ƒ๋ฒ”๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋ฒ• ๊ณตํฌ. ๋ถˆ์˜จ๋ฌธ์„œ์ž„์‹œ๋‹จ์†๋ฒ• ๊ณตํฌ. 1936๋…„ 12์›” 5์ผ: ๊ด€์„œ์—์„œ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ค‘์•™์žฌ๊ฑด์ค‘๋น„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ผ๋งํƒ€์ง„, ์กฐ์ง ๊ดด๋ฉธ. 1936๋…„ 3์›” 24์ผ: ๋‚ด๋ฌด์„ฑ, ๋…ธ๋™์ ˆ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ํ†ต๋ณด. 1936๋…„ 7์›” 10์ผ: ์ฝค์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ๊ฐ•์ขŒํŒŒ๊ณ„ ์ขŒ์ตํ•™์ž, ์ขŒ์ต๋ฌธํ™”์ธ ์ผ๋งํƒ€์ง„. 1936๋…„ 9์›” 28์ผ: ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ธธ ๊ต๋‹จ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1936๋…„ 11์›” 29์ผ: ์‹ ํฅ๋ถˆ๊ต์ฒญ๋…„๋™๋งน์˜ ์„ธ๋…ธ์˜ค ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. ์ „์ค‘ ์‡ผ์™€ ์‹œ๋Œ€ 1937๋…„-1940๋…„ ์ œ2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํƒ„์••์˜ ์ ˆ์ •๊ธฐ. ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์›์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์ €์ž‘ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋ฌธ์ œํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ง ๋ฐ ์ €์„œํŒ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”. ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์กฐ์ง์กฐ์ฐจ ์•„๋‹Œ ใ€Ž์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌธํ™”ใ€ ๋“ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ, ๋ฌธํ™”๋™์•„๋ฆฌ ํ™œ๋™๋„ ํƒ„์•• ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. 1937๋…„ 4์›” 28์ผ: ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ธธ ๊ต๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€. 1937๋…„ 10์›” 20์ผ: ์‹ ํฅ๋ถˆ๊ต์ฒญ๋…„๋™๋งน ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ 12๋ช… ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ, 29๋ช… ๊ธฐ์†Œ. 1937๋…„ 11์›” 8์ผ: ๋‚˜์นด์ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด์ฆˆ, ์‹ ๋ฌด๋ผ ํƒ€์ผ€์‹œ ๋“ฑ ใ€Ž์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌธํ™”ใ€ ๋™์ธ ์ผ์ œ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ ๊ฐœ์‹œ. 1937๋…„ 11์›” 24์ผ: ์•ผ๋‚˜์ดํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1937๋…„ 12์›” 4์ผ: ์•ผ๋‚˜์ดํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ง. 1937๋…„ 12์›” 15์ผ: ์ œ1์ฐจ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ „์„  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ž 417๋ช… ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1937๋…„ 12์›” 22์ผ: ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์ „๊ตญํ‰์˜ํšŒ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€. 1938๋…„ 2์›” 1์ผ: ์ œ2์ฐจ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ „์„  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ๋…ธ๋†ํŒŒ ๊ต์ˆ˜ 11๋ช… ์™ธ 24๋ช… ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1938๋…„ 2์›” 17์ผ: ์ •๋‹น๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์ถ”์ฐธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1938๋…„ 2์›” 18์ผ: ใ€Ž์ค‘์•™๊ณต๋ก ใ€ 3์›”ํ˜ธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ ํƒ€์ธ ์กฐ์˜ ใ€Œ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์‚ฌใ€ ํŒ๊ธˆ์กฐ์น˜. 1938๋…„ 3์›” 3์ผ: ๋‹ฅ์ณ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ์•„๋ฒ  ์ด์†Œ์˜ค ํ”ผ์Šต์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 1938๋…„ 3์›” 11์ผ: ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Œ€์ค‘๋‹น ์˜์› ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์˜ค ์Šค์—ํžˆ๋กœ, ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค์‚ฌ์—์„œ โ€œํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ดโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์–ธ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ฌ 24์ผ ์˜์› ์ œ๋ช…. 1938๋…„ 9์›” 13์ผ: ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋‹จ์˜ ์นด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‡ผ์ง€๋กœ ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋งํƒ€์ง„. 1938๋…„ 10์›” 5์ผ: ์นด์™€์ด ์—์ด์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1938๋…„ 10์›”: ๊ฒŒ์ดํžŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1938๋…„ 11์›” 21์ผ: ํ˜ผ๋ฏธ์น˜ ๊ต๋‹จ ํƒ„์••. 1938๋…„ 11์›” 29์ผ: ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1939๋…„ 1์›” 28์ผ: ํžˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ™ํ•™์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1939๋…„ 3์›” 25์ผ: ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ž์›๋น„๋ฐ€๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ• ๊ณตํฌ. 1939๋…„ 4์›” 8์ผ: ์ข…๊ต๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฒ• ๊ณตํฌ. 1939๋…„ 6์›” 21์ผ: ์ •ํƒœ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ 130๋ช… ์ผ์ œ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1939๋…„ 8์›” 27์ผ: ์ •ํƒœ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€. 1940๋…„ 1์›” 11์ผ: ์ธ ๋‹ค ์†Œํ‚ค์น˜, ์™€์„ธ๋‹ค๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ž„. 2์›” 12์ผ ์ €์„œ ํŒ๊ธˆ. 3์›” 8์ผ ๊ธฐ์†Œ. 1940๋…„ 2์›” 2์ผ: ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ํƒ€์นด์˜ค ๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ์—ฐ์„ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. 3์›” 7์ผ ์˜์›์ง ์ œ๋ช…. 1940๋…„ 2์›” 6์ผ: ์ƒํ™œ์ฒ ๋ฐฉ์šด๋™ ํƒ„์•• ๊ฐœ์‹œ. ์šด๋™ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž 300๋ช… ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1940๋…„ 2์›” 14์ผ: ์‹ ํฅํ•˜์ด์ฟ  ํƒ„์••์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์‹œ. 1940๋…„ 8์›”: ๊ตฌ์„ธ๊ตฐ ํƒ„์••. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋งŒ๊ตญ๋ณธ์˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋‹จ์ ˆ ๋ฐ "์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์›๋‹จ"์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ช…์นญ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ•์š”. 1940๋…„ 8์›” 25์ผ: ์นด๊ฐ€์™€ ํ† ์š”ํžˆ์ฝ” ๋ฐ˜์ „ํ‰ํ™”๋ก  ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์— ๊ตฌ์ธ. 1941๋…„-1945๋…„ ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ œ3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํƒ„์••์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ, ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ. ๊ธฐํš์› ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์ฒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ „์‹œ์ฒด์ œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ™์ฒญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฏธ๊ฐœ์ „ ์ง์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์„ค๋˜๊ณ , ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ํŠน๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์•”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๊ตฌ์„๊ตฌ์„ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜์น˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ดด ๋ผ์ธํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ฆฌํžˆ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์š”์ œํ”„ ๋ฉ”์ง•๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ํŠน๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. 1941๋…„ 1์›”: ๊ธฐํš์› ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์‹œ. 1941๋…„ 3์›” 10์ผ: ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ์ „๋ฉด๊ฐœ์ • ๊ณตํฌ. ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ์ œ๋„ ์‹ ์„ค 1941๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ: ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ์†Œ ์„ค์น˜. 1941๋…„ 10์›” 15์ผ: ์˜ค์žํ‚ค ํ˜ธ์ธ ๋ฏธ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. ์กฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ-์˜ค์žํ‚ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘. 1941๋…„ 10์›” 18์ผ: ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ์กฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1941๋…„ 12์›” 9์ผ: ์ „๊ตญ์—์„œ ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ํ”ผ์˜์ž, ์š”์‹œ์ฐฐ์ธ, ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ์˜ˆ์ •์ž ์ด 396๋ช…์„ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ, ๊ตฌ์น˜, ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์šฉ. 1941๋…„ 12์›” 19์ผ: ์–ธ๋ก ์ถœํŒ์ง‘ํšŒ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ์ž„์‹œ๋‹จ์†๋ฒ• ๊ณตํฌ. 1942๋…„ 4์›” 24์ผ: ์˜ค์žํ‚ค ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค, ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ฒฝ์ฃ„๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œ. 1942๋…„ 6์›” 29์ผ: ๋‚˜์นด๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์ธ ํ† ๋ฌด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒํ•ด๋ฐ˜์ „๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1942๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ: ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์‹œ. 1942๋…„ 9์›” 21์ผ: ๋งŒ์ฒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1943๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ: ใ€Ž์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธใ€, ๋‚˜์นด๋…ธ ์„ธ์ด๊ณ ์˜ ใ€Œ์ „์‹œ์žฌ์ƒ๋ก ใ€์„ ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ–‰๊ธˆ์ง€. ๋‚˜์นด๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 10์›” ์„์—ฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์ •ํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ• ๋ณต์ž์‚ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1943๋…„ 3์›” 13์ผ: ์ „์‹œํ˜•์‚ฌํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ• ๊ณตํฌ. 1943๋…„ 3์›” 15์ผ: ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์ƒ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด. ๋‚˜์™€ ํ† ์ด์น˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์™ธ 20๋ช… ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ. 1943๋…„ 3์›” 15์ผ: ใ€Ž์ค‘์•™๊ณต๋ก ใ€์— ์—ฐ์žฌ๋œ ํƒ€๋‹ˆ์žํ‚ค ์ค€์ด์น˜๋กœ์˜ ใ€Œ์„ธ์„คใ€ ์—ฐ์žฌ๊ธˆ์ง€. 1943๋…„ 6์›” 3์ผ: ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1943๋…„ 6์›” 20์ผ: ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๊ต์œกํ•™ํšŒ์˜ ๋งˆํ‚ค๊ตฌ์น˜ ์ธ ๋„ค์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ, ํ† ๋‹ค ์ฃ ์„ธ์ด ๋“ฑ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ 1944๋…„ 2์›” 23์ผ: ์ฃฝ์ฐฝ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1945๋…„ 1์›”-2์›”: ์ „์ŸํŒจ๋ฐฐ์˜ ํ’๋ฌธ์ด ๋– ๋Œ์•„ ๋„์ฟ„์—์„œ ํ•œ๋‹ฌ ๊ฐ„ 40์—ฌ๋ช… ์ž…๊ฑด. 1945๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ: ์‡ผ์™€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ, ํ•ญ๋ณต๋ฌธ์„œ ์กฐ์ธ ์˜ˆ๊ณ (์˜ฅ์Œ๋ฐฉ์†ก). 1945๋…„ 9์›” 2์ผ: ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€, ํ•ญ๋ณต๋ฌธ์„œ ์กฐ์ธ. ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘. 1945๋…„ 9์›” 10์ผ: GHQ, ๊ฒ€์—ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ. 1945๋…„ 9์›” 19์ผ: GHQ, ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝ”๋“œ ์ง€๋ น. 1945๋…„ 9์›” 26์ผ: ๋ฏธํ‚ค ํ‚ค์š”์‹œ ์˜ฅ์‚ฌ. 1945๋…„ 9์›” 27์ผ: GHQ, ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒ€์—ด์„ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ธ๋ก ์„ ์ž๊ธฐ ์งํ• ๋กœ ๋‘ . 1945๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ: GHQ/SCAP, ์ •์น˜์‹ ์•™๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์ž์œ ์ œํ•œ์ฒ ํ๊ฐ์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ. ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ํ์ง€์ง€๋ น. 1945๋…„ 10์›” 10์ผ: ์ •์น˜๋ฒ” 3,000 ๋ช… ์„๋ฐฉ. 1945๋…„ 10์›” 15์ผ: ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ•ใƒป์น˜์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋ฒ•ใƒป์‚ฌ์ƒ๋ฒ”๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋ฒ• ํ์ง€. ํŠน๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€ ํŒŒ๋ฉด. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20dissidence%20in%20the%20Empire%20of%20Japan
Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan
Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan covers individual Japanese dissidents against the policies of the Empire of Japan. Dissidence in the Meiji and Taishล eras High Treason Incident Shลซsui Kลtoku, a Japanese anarchist, was critical of imperialism. He would write Imperialism: The Specter of the Twentieth Century in 1901. In 1911, twelve people, including Kลtoku, were executed for their involvement in the High Treason Incident, a failed plot to assassinate Emperor Meiji. Also executed for involvement with the plot was Kanno Suga, an anarcho-feminist and former common-law wife of Kลtoku. Fumiko Kaneko and Park Yeol Fumiko Kaneko was a Japanese anarchist who lived in Japanese occupied Korea. She, along with a Korean anarchist, Park Yeol, were accused of attempting to procure bombs from a Korean independence group in Shanghai. Both of them were charged with plotting to assassinate members of the Japanese imperial family. The Commoners' Newspaper The (Commoners' Newspaper) was a socialist newspaper which served as the leading anti-war vehicle during the Russo-Japanese War. It was a weekly mouthpiece of the socialist (Society of Commoners). The chief writers were Kotoku Shusui and Sakai Toshihiko. When the decried the high taxes caused by the war, Sakai was sentenced to two months in jail. When the paper published The Communist Manifesto, Kotoku was given five months in prison, and the paper was shut down. Buddhist resistance Although the state of Japanese Buddhism during this time was generally one of servility to the Japanese authoritarian system, there were some exceptional individuals who resisted. Uchiyama Gudล was a Sลtล Zen Buddhist priest and anarcho-socialist. He was one of a few Buddhist leaders who spoke out against Japanese Imperialism. Gudล was an outspoken advocate for redistributive land reform, overturning the Meiji emperor system, encouraging conscripts to desert en masse, and advancing democratic rights for all. He criticized Zen leaders who claimed that low social position was justified by karma and who sold abbotships to the highest bidder. After government persecution pushed the socialist and anti-war movements in Japan underground, Gudล visited Kลtoku Shลซsui in Tokyo in 1908. He purchased equipment that would be used to set up a secret press in his temple. Gudล used the printing equipment to turn out popular socialist tracts and pamphlets, some of which were his own works. Uchiyama was executed, along with Kotoku, for their involvement with the attempted assassination of Emperor Meiji. Uchiyama's priesthood was revoked when he was convicted, but it was restored in 1993 by the Soto Zen sect. Another Soto Zen critic of Japanese imperialism and militarism was Inoue Shลซten. He is known for advocating Buddhist pacifism and for criticizing D.T. Suzuki's stance of Buddhism and war. Among other notable individuals were the Zen masters Kลdล Sawaki, who expressed sentiments critical of war and its futility, and Sawaki's student Taisen Deshimaru, who was jailed for aiding the resistance efforts of Bangka Islanders against Japanese colonialsts. Attempted assassination of Hirohito Daisuke Nanba, a Japanese student and communist, attempted to assassinate the Prince Regent Hirohito in 1924. Daisuke was outraged by the Kantล Massacre, a slaughter of Koreans and anarchists in the aftermath of the 1923 Great Kantล earthquake. The dead included his partner, anarchist Sakae ลŒsugi, feminist Noe Itล, and ลŒsugi's six-year-old nephew, who were murdered by Masahiko Amakasu, the future head of the Manchukuo Film Association, a film production company based in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. This event was known as the Amakasu incident. Nanba was found guilty by the Supreme Court of Japan and hanged in November 1924. Osaka Incident Hideko Fukuda was considered the "Joan of Arc" of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement in Japan during the 1880s. She was also an editor of (Women of the World), a socialist women's paper that Shลซsui Kลtoku contributed articles to. In 1885, Fukuda was arrested for her involvement in the Osaka incident, a failed plan to supply explosives to Korean independence movements. The Osaka Incident sought to overthrow the Meiji government via simultaneous open revolt in various parts of Japan. Part of the plan also included assisting Korean independence activists in a coup against conservatives in the Korean monarchy. Before the plan was able to be implemented, the police arrested the conspirators and confiscated the weapons before they could leave Japan for Korea. Other participants in the plan included Oi Kentaro, another major figure of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. The outlaw brotherhood Gen'yลsha was also a major participant. Liberal and moderate resistance There were some critics of militarism among more mainstream socio-political circles, such as classical liberals and moderate conservatives. Saionji Kinmochi, who was the last of the , an imperial advisor with progressive views, and a three-time prime minister, was known to be among the aristocrats who were most supportive of parliamentary government and often clashed with the military throughout his lengthy career, leading him to be considered as a potential assassination target leading up to the failed 1936 coup d'รฉtat. Future Prime Minister and then-Foreign Minister Kijลซrล Shidehara became known for his "Shidehara diplomacy" in the 1920s, favoring non-interventionism in China and warmer relations with the Anglo-American world. Japanese political refugees in early 20th century America The American West Coast, which had a large Japanese population, was a haven for Japanese political dissidents in the early 20th century. Many were refugees from the "Freedom and People's Rights Movement." San Francisco, and Oakland in particular, were teeming with such people. In 1907, an open letter addressed to "Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan from Anarchists-Terrorists" was posted at the Consulate General of Japan in San Francisco. As Mutsuhito was the personal name of Emperor Meiji, and it was considered rude to call the emperor by his personal name, this was quite an insult. The letter began with, "We demand the implementation of the principle of assassination." The letter also claimed that the emperor was not a god. The letter concluded with, "Hey you, miserable Mutsuhito. Bombs are all around you, about to explode. Farewell to you." This incident changed the Japanese government's attitude of leftist movements. [16] Early Shลwa era and the rise of militarism Ikuo Oyama Ikuo Oyama was a member of the left-leaning Labour-Farmer Party, which advocated universal suffrage, minimum wages, and women's rights. Yamamoto Senji, a colleague of his, was assassinated on February 29, on the same day as he had presented testimony in the Diet regarding torture of prisoners. The Labour-Farmer Party was banned in 1928 due to accusations of having links to communism. Oyama fled Japan in 1933 to the United States as a result. He got a job at Northwestern University at its library and political science department. During his exile, he worked closely with the U.S. Government against the Empire of Japan. Oyama happily shook hands with Zhou Enlai, who fought the Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Oyama was given a Stalin Award prize on December 20, 1951. However, his colleagues begged him not to accept the award for fear that he would become a Soviet puppet. Some of his oldest friends abandoned him when he accepted it. Modern girls were Japanese women who adhered to Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. They were the equivalent of America's flappers. This period was characterized by the emergence of young working-class women with access to consumer goods and the money to buy those consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in cities, being financially and emotionally independent, choosing their own suitors, and being apathetic towards politics. Thus, the modern girl was a symbol of Westernization. However, after a military coup in 1931, extreme Japanese nationalism and the Great Depression prompted a return to the 19th-century ideal of good wife, wise mother. The Salon de thรฉ Franรงois The Salon de thรฉ Franรงois was a western-style cafรฉ established in Kyoto on 1934 by Shoichi Tateno, who participated in labour movements, and anti-war movements. The cafe was a secret source of funds for the then-banned Japanese Communist Party. The anti-fascist newspaper was edited and distributed from the cafรฉ. The Takigawa Incident In March 1933, the Japanese parliament attempted to control various education groups and circles. The Interior Ministry banned two textbooks on criminal laws written by Takigawa Yukitoki of Kyoto Imperial University. The following month, Konishi Shigenao, president of Kyoto University, was requested to dismiss Professor Takigawa. Konishi rejected the request, but due to pressure from the military and nationalist groups, Takigawa was fired from the university. This led to all 39 faculty members of Kyoto Imperial University's law faculty resigning. Furthermore, students boycotted classes and communist sympathizers organized protests. The Ministry of Education was able to suppress the movement by firing Konishi. In addition to this attempt by the Japanese government to control educational institutions, during the term of the education minister, Ichirล Hatoyama, a number of elementary school teachers were also dismissed for having what were considered "dangerous thoughts". Dissidence during World War II Japanese working with the Chinese resistance Kaji Wataru was a Japanese proletarian writer who lived in Shanghai. His wife, Yuki Ikeda, suffered through torture at the hands of the Imperial Japanese. She fled Japan when she was very young, working as a ballroom dancer in Shanghai to earn a living. They were friends with Chinese cultural leader Guo Moruo. Kaji and Yuki would escape Shanghai when the Japanese invaded the city. Kaji, along with his wife, were involved with the re-education of captured Japanese soldiers for the Kuomintang in Chongqing during the Second Sino-Japanese War. His relationship with Chiang Kai-shek was troubled due to his anticommunism. Kaji would work with the Office of Strategic Services in the later stages of the war. Sanzล Nosaka, a founder of the Japanese Communist Party, worked with the Chinese Communists in Yan'an during the Second Sino-Japanese war. He was in charge of the re-education of captured Japanese troops. Japanese Intelligence in China were desperate to eliminate him, but they always failed in their attempts. Sanzo went by the name "Susumu Okano" during the war. Today, Sanzล Nosaka is considered a disgraced figure to the Japanese Communist Party, when it was discovered that he falsely accused Kenzล Yamamoto, a Japanese communist, of spying for Japan. Joseph Stalin executed Yamamoto in 1939. Sato Takeo was a Japanese doctor who was a member of Norman Bethune's medical team in the Second-Sino Japanese War. Norman's team was responsible for giving medical care to soldiers of the Chinese Eighth Route Army. Japanese working with the United States Taro Yashima (real name Jun Atsushi Iwamatsu), an artist, joined a group of progressive artists, sympathetic to the struggles of ordinary workers and opposed to the rise of Japanese militarism in the early 1930s. The antimilitarist movement in Japan was highly active at the time, with posters protesting the Japanese aggression in China being widespread. Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, however, the Japanese government began heavy handed suppression of domestic dissent including the use of arrests and torture by the Tokkล (special higher police). Iwamatsu who was thrown into a Japanese prison without trial along with his pregnant wife, Tomoe, for protesting militarism in Japan. Conditions in the prison were deplorable and the two were subjected to inhumane treatment including beatings. The authorities demanded false confessions, and those who gave them were set free. Jun and Tomoe came to America to study art in 1939, leaving behind their son, Makoto Iwamatsu, who would grow up to be a prolific actor in America, with relatives. When WWII broke out, Jun joined the Office of Strategic Services as a painter. He would adopt the pseudonym Taro Yashima, to protect his son who was still in Japan. Jun would continue to use his pseudonym when he wrote children's books, such as Crow Boy, after the war. Eitaro Ishigaki was an issei painter who immigrated to America from Taiji, Wakayama, in Japan. At the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the Pacific War, he painted anti-war, and anti-fascist artwork. His painting Man on the Horse (1932) depicted a plain-clothed Chinese guerrilla confronting the Japanese army, heavily equipped with airplanes and warships. It became the cover of New Masses, an American communist journal. Flight (1937) was a painting that depicted two Chinese women escaping Japanese bombing, running with three children past one man lying dead on the ground. During the war, he worked for the United States Office of War Information along with his wife, Ayako. Yasuo Kuniyoshi was an (first-generation Japanese immigrant) anti-fascist painter based in New York. In 1942, he raised funds for the United China Relief to provide humanitarian aid to China when it was still at war with Japan. Time magazine ran an article featuring Yasuo Kuniyoshi, George Grosz, a German anti-Nazi painter, and Jon Corbino, an Italian painter, standing behind large unflattering caricatures of Hirohito, Hitler, and Mussolini. Yasuo Kuniyoshi showed opposition to Tsuguharu Foujita's art show at the Kennedy Galleries. During WWII, Tsuguharu Foujita painted propaganda artwork for the Empire of Japan. Yasuo called Foujita a fascist, an imperialist, and an expansionist. Yasuo Kuniyoshi would work for the Office of War Information during WWII, creating artwork that depicted atrocities committed by the Empire of Japan, even though he was himself labeled an "enemy alien" in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. Japanese working with the British Shigeki Oka was an issei socialist and journalist for the Yorozu Choho, and a friend of Kลtoku Shลซsui or Toshihiko Sakai. Oka would welcome Kotoku when he arrived in Oakland. He was a member of the (World Labour League). In 1943, the British Army hired Shigeki Oka to print propaganda materials in Kolkata in India, such as the (Soldier Newspaper). The SOAS, University of London was used by the British Army to train soldiers in Japanese. The teachers were usually Japanese citizens who had stayed in Britain during the war, as well as Canadian Nisei. When Bletchley Park, Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), was concerned about the slow pace of the SOAS, started their own Japanese language courses in Bedford in February 1942. The courses were directed by Royal Army cryptographer, Col. John Tiltman, and retired Royal Navy officer, Captain. Oswald Tuck. The Sorge spy ring Richard Sorge was a Soviet military intelligence officer who conducted surveillance in both Germany and Japan, working under the identity of a Japanese correspondent for the German newspaper . He arrived in Yokohama in 1933 and recruited two journalists: Asahi Shimbun journalist Hotsumi Ozaki, who wanted successful communist revolutions in both China and Japan; and Yotoku Miyagi in 1932 who translated Japanese newspaper articles and reports into English and created a diverse network of informants. In 1941, he relayed to the Soviet Union that Prime minister Konoe Fumimaro had decided against an immediate attack on the Soviets, choosing instead to keep forces in French Indochina (Vietnam). This information allowed the Soviet Union to reallocate tanks and troops to the western front without fear of Japanese attacks. Later that year, both Sorge and Ozaki were found guilty of treason (espionage) and were executed three years later in 1944. Pacifist resistance Pacifism was one of the many ideologies targeted by the Tokko. George Ohsawa, a pacifist and the founder of the macrobiotic diet, was thrown in jail for his anti-war activities in January 1945. While in prison, he suffered through harsh treatment. When he was finally released, one month after the bombing of Hiroshima, he was gaunt, crippled, and 80% blind. Toyohiko Kagawa, a Christian pacifist, was arrested in 1940 for apologizing to the Republic of China for Japan's occupation of China. Yanaihara Tadao, another Christian, circulated an anti-war magazine beginning in 1936 and through the end of the war. Anti-fascist bulletins The journalist Kiryลซ Yลซyลซ published an anti-fascist bulletin, , but it was heavily censored and ceased publication with Kiryลซ's death at the end of 1941. A lawyer named Masaki Hiroshi had more success with his independent bulletin called . Masaki's main technique against the censors was simply masking his critiques of the government in thinly veiled sarcasm. This was apparently unnoticed by the censors, and he was able to continue publishing fierce attacks on the government through the end of the war. His magazine had many intellectual readers such as Hasegawa Nyozekan, Hyakken Uchida, Rash Behari Bose and Saneatsu Mushanokลji. After the war, Masaki became an idiosyncratic defense lawyer, successfully forcing many recognitions of police malpractice at great risk to his life. A lesser known bulletin was , a monthly critique of the army published by the humorist Ubukata Toshirล. Again, the use of satire without explicit call to political action allowed Ubukata to avoid prosecution through the end of the war, although two issues were banned. He ceased publication in 1968. A Diary of Darkness Kiyosawa Kiyoshi was an American-educated commentator on politics and foreign affairs who lived in a time when Japanese militarists rose to power. He wrote a diary as notes for a history of the war, but it soon became a refuge for him to criticize the Japanese government, and to express opinions he had to repress publicly. It chronicles growing bureaucratic control over everything from the press to people's clothing. Kiyosawa showed scorn towards Tojo and Koiso, lamenting the rise of hysterical propaganda, and related his own and his friends' struggles to avoid arrest. He also recorded the increasing poverty, crime, and disorder, tracing the gradual disintegration of Japan's war effort and the looming certainty of defeat. His diary was published under the name A Diary of Darkness: The Wartime Diary of Kiyosawa Kiyoshi, in 1948. It is today regarded as a classic. Antiwar film Fumio Kamei was arrested under the Peace Preservation Law after releasing two state-funded documentaries that, while purporting to be celebrations of Japan and its army, portrayed civilian victims of Japanese war crimes and mocked the "sacred war" message and "beautiful Japan" propaganda. He was released after the war and continued to make anti-establishment films. involvement in Japanese resistance Karl Yoneda was a (second-generation Japanese immigrant) born in Glendale, California. Before World War II, he went to Japan to protest the Japanese invasion of China with Japanese militants. Toward the end of 1938 he was involved with protests of war cargo heading to Japan along with Chinese and Japanese militants. He would join the United States Military Intelligence Service in the war. Koji Ariyoshi was a sergeant in the U.S. Army during WWII, and an opponent of Japanese militarism. He was a member of the United States Dixie Mission, where he met Sanzo Nosaka and Mao Zedong. During the war, he also met with Kaji Wataru in Chongqing, hearing about him when he was in Burma. Koji Ariyoshi would form the Hawaii-China People's Friendship Association in 1972. Sลka Kyลiku Gakkai resistance The renowned educator Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, based on the teachings of the 13th century religious revolutionary Nichiren Daishonin, attributed the various troubles Japan was experiencing to the acceptance of Nembutsu and other false religious doctrines which slander human life. His religious beliefs compelled him to take a stand against the government, earning him a reputation as a political dissident. His faith in Nichiren Buddhism motivated him toward "active engagement to promote social good, even if it led to defiance of state authority". Consequently, Makiguchi (as its leader) and the lay organization following the Daishonin's teachings (the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai) soon attracted the attention of the Special Higher Police (similar to the Nazi Gestapo). In 1943, Makiguchi and the lay organization were instrumental in persuading their priesthood - Nichiren Shลshลซ - to refuse a government-sponsored mandate to merge with Nichiren Shลซ based on the 'Religious Organizations Law' which had been established in 1939. As the war progressed, the Japanese government ordered that a talisman (object of devotion) from the Shinto religion should be placed in every home and temple. Bowing to the militaristic regime, the Nichiren Shลshลซ priesthood agreed to accept the placing of a talisman inside its head temple. Defending the purity of the Daishonin's teachings, Makiguchi and the Soka Gakkai leadership openly refused. During his prison interrogation by the thought police, Makiguchi shared that his group had destroyed at least 500 of the talismans, a seditious act in those days. In 1942, a monthly magazine published by Makiguchi called was shut down by the militaristic government, after only nine issues. Makiguchi, his disciple Josei Toda, and 19 other leaders of the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai (Value Creating Education Society) were arrested on July 6, 1943, on charges of breaking the Peace Preservation Law and lรจse-majestรฉ: for "denying the Emperor's divinity" and "slandering" the Ise Grand Shrine. With its leadership decimated, the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai was forced to disband. During interrogation, Makiguchi insisted that "The emperor is an ordinary man ... the emperor makes mistakes like anyone else". The treatment in prison was harsh, and within a year, all but Makiguchi, Josei Toda, and one more director had recanted and been released. On November 18, 1944, Makiguchi died of malnutrition in prison, at the age of 73. Toda was released after the war and rebuilt the lay organization together with his disciple Daisaku Ikeda. The movement for peace, culture and education spread worldwide and is known today as the Soka Gakkai International (SGI). The details of Makiguchi's indictment and subsequent interrogation were covered in July, August, and October (1943) in classified monthly bulletins of the Special Higher Police. However, some historians have differing interpretations about Makiguchi's resistance to the government. Ramseyer postulated in 1965 that Makiguchi attracted the attention of the government's Special Police due to the aggressive propagation efforts of some of his followers. Other scholars, examining both Makiguchi's indictment and his interrogation records, point to his consistent opposition to the existing government. Conservative, centrist, and classical liberal resistance Saitล Takao caused a stir in his time for delivering a fiery speech against the Sino-Japanese War, leading to his expulsion from the Diet. Kan Abe, the paternal grandfather of later Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, was elected to the Diet in 1942 on an anti-Hideki Tojo platform along with future Prime Minister Takeo Miki, who also secured election to the Diet in 1942 on an anti-Tojo platform through mutual assistance with Abe. Another future prime minister who opposed militarism was Tanzan Ishibashi, who spearheaded numerous articles and organisations before and during the war that opposed Japanese colonialism and illiberal authoritarian policies, being aided in his efforts by thinkers such as Kiyoshi Kiyosawa and Kisaburo Yokota. See also Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan Japanese Resistance to the Imperial House of Japan Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan Relations between Japanese Revolutionaries and the Comintern and the Soviet Union List of Japanese dissidents in Imperial Japan Assassination attempts on Hirohito Popular Front Incident Japanese American service in World War II German resistance to Nazism Italian resistance References Japan in World War II Japanese Resistance World War II resistance movements Japanese anti-fascists
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90
์œ ๋ถ„์ž
์œ ๋ถ„์ž(ๅŠ‰็›†ๅญ, 11๋…„ ~ ?)๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‹ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ํ›„ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ, ์ „ํ•œ ์„ฑ์–‘๊ฒฝ์™•์˜ ์ž์†์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ผญ๋‘๊ฐ์‹œ ํ™ฉ์ œ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒœ์‚ฐ๊ตฐ ์‹ํ˜„(ๅผ็ธฃ) ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์„ฑ์–‘๊ฐ•์™• ์œ ์ˆœ์˜ ์ฆ์†์ด์ž ์‹์ ˆํ›„ ์œ ํ—Œ์˜ ์†์ž๋กœ, ์ „ํ•œ์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ „ํ•œ์˜ ์™•ํ›„๋“ค์„ ํํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์œ ๋งน๋„ ์ž‘์œ„๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด ์ผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‹ํ˜„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‹ํ˜„์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋‘ ํ˜• ์œ ๊ณตยท์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€ ๋Œ๋ ค๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค. ๋งํ˜• ์œ ๊ณต์€ ์ƒ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ตํ˜€ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž ๋ฒˆ์ˆญ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์†ํ•ด ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์ž‘์œ„์ธ ์‹ํ›„๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ค‘์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žฅ์•ˆ์— ๋‚จ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์œ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ๋‘˜์งธํ˜• ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ค‘์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์†Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ผด์„ ๋จน์ด๋Š” ๋ชฉ๋™์ด ๋๋‹ค. ๊ฐฑ์‹œ 3๋…„(25๋…„), ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ œ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ œ ๊ตฐ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฌด์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ™”์Œ ๋•…์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตฐ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฌด๋‹น์ด ์„ฑ์–‘๊ฒฝ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์„ ๋นŒ๋˜ ์ค‘ ์‹ ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ๋ฏธ์ณ์„œ ์ฒœ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง–๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ œ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ๋ง(ๆ–นๆœ›)์„ ์žƒ์€ ๋ฐฉ์–‘(ๆ–น้™ฝ)์€ ๋ฒˆ์ˆญ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์ฒœ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋„๋ก ๊ถŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋‹น์˜ ๋ง๊ณผ ์ œ์žฅ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ์ƒˆ ํ™ฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ฑ์–‘๊ฒฝ์™•์˜ ํ›„์† 70์—ฌ ๋ช…์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฌดยท์œ ๋ถ„์ž ํ˜•์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ์„œ์•ˆํ›„(่ฅฟๅฎ‰ไพฏ) ์œ ํšจ(ๅŠ‰ๅญ)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ด ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์œผ๋‹ˆ ์œ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์–ด๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ™ฉ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฝ‘ํžˆ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์•ž์— ์—Ž๋“œ๋ ค ์‹ ํ•˜๋กœ ์ผ์ปฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ 15์„ธ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๋ฐ๋‹ค ์˜ท๋„ ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋งจ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์ง€์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์—Ž๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‘๋ ค์›Œ ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ณต์ด ์ œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž, ์ œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋Š์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชฉ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํ•ด 6์›”, ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„ธ๋กœ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ œ์˜ ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์žฅ์•™(ๅผตๅฌ) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚ดํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ์•ˆ์„ฑ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ, ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ์œ„๋๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์žฅ๋ฝ๊ถ์— ์‚ด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณต์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ๋– ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹คํˆฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์—ฌ๋…์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฉ์ผ์ด ๋˜์ž ๋ฒˆ์ˆญ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด ์ •์ „์— ์™€์„œ ์•‰์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฐํšŒ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ •๋ˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋† ์–‘์Œ(ๆฅŠ้Ÿณ)์ด ์นผ์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‚œ์žฅํŒ์ด ๋œ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ  ๊พธ์ง–์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์นผ๋ถ€๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์น˜๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์œ„์œ„ ์ œ๊ฐˆ์น˜(่ซธ่‘›็ฉ‰)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ ์ง„์ •์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•œ ์—ฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณตํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์ ธ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ข…์ผ ์šธ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŒจ๋งํ•œ ํ›„ ์•ก์ •(ๆŽ–ๅบญ)์˜ ๊ถ๋…€ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ๊ธˆ๋ผ ๊ตถ์–ด์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ฒœ๊ถ(็”˜ๆณ‰ๅฎฎ)์˜ ์•…์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์•„์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์œ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์Œ€์„ ๋‚ด์–ด์ฃผ์–ด ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ตถ์–ด์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ณต์€ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์žฅ์ฐจ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์™€์„œ ์ œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋†“์„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ฑด๋ฌด 2๋…„ ์ •์›” ์ดˆํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ํํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒˆ์ˆญ ๋“ฑ์ด ์™„๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šธ๊ณ  ํƒ„์‹ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์ˆญ ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์Šฌํผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ จํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ์กฐ์•„๋ ค ์‚ฌ์ฃ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฑ„์›Œ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ, ๋ถ€๋“์ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์† ์ œ์œ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ฑฐ๋ง๋™์„ ์‚ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ž ์˜์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹ˆ, ์‚ผ๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์šฉํ•ด์ ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒœ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์•ž๋‹คํˆฌ์–ด ์žฅ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 20์—ฌ ์ผ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋‹ˆ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ฝํƒˆ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ค‘์— ์–‘์‹์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฌผ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค ์•ฝํƒˆํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ถ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์™•๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์—„์ถ˜(ๅšดๆ˜ฅ)์„ ๋ฏธ(้ƒฟ)์—์„œ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•ด ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋””์–ด ์•ˆ์ •๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ง€๊ตฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํฐ ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค ๊ณจ์งœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ผ์–ด์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ๋Šฅ์„ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌํ›„์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์š•๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฌด์ œ(ๅ…‰ๆญฆๅธ) ์œ ์ˆ˜(ๅŠ‰็ง€)์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋„ ๋“ฑ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์•ˆ์— ์™€์„œ ์šฑ์ดํ˜„์„ ์ณค์œผ๋‚˜ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๋๋‹ค. 9์›”, ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ์žฅ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ•œ์ค‘์™• ์œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์ซ“๊ณ  ๋ฌด์•ˆ์™•(ๆญฆๅฎ‰็Ž‹)์„ ์ž์นญํ•ด ํ•œ์ค‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ์ž ์ด ์‚ฐ๊ด€์„ ๋‚˜์™€ ๋‘๋ฆ‰ํ˜„์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜์ž(์‹ค์€ ์œ ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „ ์ ธ์„œ ๋‘๋ฆ‰ํ˜„์— ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์Œ) ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์žฅ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ(้€„ๅฎ‰)์ด 10์—ฌ ๋งŒ ๊ตฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ •๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ํ‹ˆ์„ ํƒ€ ์—ฐ์•ฝํ•œ ์œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ ค ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์žฅ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก(่ฌ็ฅฟ)์ด ๊ตฌ์›์„ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ ์žฅ์•ˆ์„ฑ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€(ๆง€่ก—)์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฐ”๋ €๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ž ์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์žฅ๊ตฐ ์ด๋ณด(ๆŽๅฏถ)์™€ ํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ๋˜ ๋‘๋ฆ‰์„ ์ณค์œผ๋‚˜ ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๋๊ณ  ์ด๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ž ์—๊ฒŒ ์€๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์„œ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋‚ดํ†ตํ•ด, ์—ฐ์ž ์ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋„๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ง„์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋น„์šด ์‚ฌ์ด ์ด๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ์ง„์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ํŒจ์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ญ์—ฌ ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ๋ณด๋Š” ํ™ฉํํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์žก์•„๋จน์„ ์ง€๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ ๋” ์–‘์‹์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 12์›”, ์•„์ง 20์—ฌ ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ด‘๋ฌด์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋“ค์ด ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๊ฐ„์žฅ๊ตฐ ํ›„์ง„(ไพฏ้€ฒ) ๋“ฑ์€ ์‹ ์•ˆ์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑด์œ„๋Œ€์žฅ๊ตฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ ๋“ฑ์€ ์˜์–‘์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ์ •์›”, ๋“ฑ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ถ์—์„œ ์™€์„œ ๋˜ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ(ๆน–)์—์„œ ์ณค๊ณ  ๋˜ ํŒจ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ด€๋ฌธ์„ ๋‚˜์„ฐ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ด‘๋ฌด์ œ์˜ ์ •์ด๋Œ€์žฅ๊ตฐ ํ’์ด์—๊ฒŒ ํšจ์ €์—์„œ ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋“ค์€ ๊ด‘๋ฌด์ œ๋Š” ์˜์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์™€์„œ ๋งž์•„ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ตฐ์„ ํ™€์—ฐํžˆ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ด‘๋ฌด์ œ์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์œ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์Šน์ƒ ์„œ์„ (ๅพๅฎฃ) ์ดํ•˜ 30์—ฌ ๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์›ƒ์˜ท์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด(์œก๋‹จ) ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๊ตญ์˜ฅ์ƒˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ œ์˜ 7์ฒ™ ๋ณด๊ฒ€๊ณผ ์˜ฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๋ฌด์ œ๋Š” ์œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ จํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ์ƒ์„ ํ›„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ˆ™๋ถ€ ์กฐ์™• ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‚ญ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž ํ˜•์–‘(ๆปŽ้™ฝ)์˜ ๊ท ์ˆ˜๊ด€์˜ ๋•…์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ์ข…์‹ ํ† ๋ก ๊ทธ ์„ธ๋กœ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์ „ ๋ฒ”์—ฝ: ใ€Šํ›„ํ•œ์„œใ€‹ ๊ถŒ11 ์œ ํ˜„์œ ๋ถ„์ž์—ด์ „์ œ1 ์ค‘ ์œ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ ์‹ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ›„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์žฅ์• ์ธ 11๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ๋ชฐ๋…„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ 1์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Penzi
Liu Penzi
Liu Penzi (; 10 AD โ€“ after 27 AD) was a puppet emperor placed on the Han dynasty throne temporarily by the Red Eyebrows (Chimei) rebels after the collapse of the Xin dynasty, from 25 to 27 AD. Liu Penzi and his two brothers were forced into the Red Eyebrows as child soldiers. When the Red Eyebrows submitted to the new Gengshi Emperor, his older brother Liu Gong fled to support the new emperor. Later, the Red Eyebrows rose again in rebellion and chose Liu Penzi as emperor. When they took Chang'an, Liu Penzi was officially Emperor of China, but he never had actual powers. When Liu Xiu definitively defeated the Red Eyebrows, he spared the 17-year-old puppet emperor. Family background Liu Penzi was a descendant of the Western Han prince Liu Zhang, Prince Jing of Chengyang, from whose principality many Chimei men came. The people of the principality had long worshipped Prince Jing as a god. Penzi's grandfather Liu Xian (ๅŠ‰ๆ†ฒ) was created the Marquess of Shi by Emperor Yuan, and Penzi's father Liu Meng (ๅŠ‰่Œ) inherited the march after Marquess Xian's death. When Wang Mang usurped the Han throne and established the Xin Dynasty in 8, the march was abolished. Penzi was the youngest of three brothers. His older brothers were Liu Gong (ๅŠ‰ๆญ) and Liu Mao (ๅŠ‰่Œ‚). As Chimei forces rose late during the Xin Dynasty, the Liu brothers were forced into the Chimei to be child soldiers. Later, when the Chimei general Fan Chong (ๆจŠๅด‡) temporarily submitted to Gengshi Emperor's authority after Gengshi Emperor overthrew Wang Mang, Liu Gong accompanied Fan to the capital, Luoyang, and was created the Marquess of Shi to inherit his father's title. He did not accompany Fan when Fan later fled from Luoyang back to the Chimei stronghold of Puyang (ๆฟฎ้™ฝ, in modern Puyang, Henan), but remained a follower of Gengshi Emperor. Mao and Penzi remained in the Chimei forces and were made cattlemen. Being made emperor As Chimei forces were on their way to overthrow the temporary Han emperor Gengshi Emperor in 25, they became convinced that they should find a descendant of Prince Zhang and make him emperor to inherit the Han throne. They found some 70 descendants of Liu Zhang, but only three were from the main lineโ€”the brothers Mao and Penzi, and another Liu Xiao (ๅŠ‰ๅญ), the former Marquess of Xi'an. After drawing lots, Penzi was declared emperor. The 14-year-old Penzi was greatly scared when he saw all of the generals bow down to him, and he tried to destroy the lot he drew by chewing it in his mouth, but it was in vain; he was selected. Even after his selection, however, he had no power and remained a cattleman until the Chimei forces defeated Gengshi Emperor and entered the capital Chang'an later that year. As emperor The Chimei generals were as inept at ruling as they were capable in the battlefield. Initially, the people of the Guanzhong (้—œไธญ, modern central Shaanxi) region submitted and offered tributes, but were surprised when the Chimei soldiers continuously robbed them on the way to Chang'an. The locals soon resumed maintaining and defending their outposts. In 26, Liu Gong, seeing the dangers of the situation for his brother the emperor, decided to make one attempt to either put the situation under control or disengage his brother from the mess. At the New Year's Day imperial gathering, Liu Gong first spoke and asked that Emperor Penzi be allowed to yield the throne, and Emperor Penzi jumped off the throne, took the imperial seal off himself, and spoke while crying: "Now there is an emperor, but everyone continues to act as robbers. The people hate us and do not trust us. This is because you chose the wrong Son of Heaven. Please return my body to me. But if you want to kill me to divert blame, then I must die." Fan and the other leaders were ashamed, and they left their seats and bowed down to Emperor Penzi, apologizing for their failures. They physically forced Emperor Penzi back onto the throne and put the imperial seal back onto him. For weeks after the incident, the generals restrained their soldiers from unlawful acts, and the people praised Emperor Penzi as a merciful and brilliant emperor. However, after some time elapsed, the lawlessness returned. Soon, the food supplies were completely depleted, and the Chimei forces burned many Chang'an palaces and other buildings and pillaged the city, then marched west into the modern eastern Gansu region. Soon, the Chimei were repelled by the local warlord Wei Xiao (้š—ๅ›‚) and forced to retreat east. After battles of attrition against Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu)'s forces, they were completely drained, and they surrendered to him in spring 27. Emperor Penzi yielded his title, and Emperor Guangwu, aware that he did not have any actual powers, spared him. Post-surrender and death Emperor Guangwu made Penzi an assistant to his uncle Liu Liang (ๅŠ‰่‰ฏ), the Prince of Zhao. Later, Liu Penzi suffered an illness that blinded him, and Liu Xiu gave him a large swath of farmland, allowing him to survive on the rent from the farms for the rest of his life. He died after 27 AD, but the exact date of his death is currently unknown. References Era name Jianshi (ๅปบๅง‹), 25โ€“27 AD 10 births Han dynasty emperors Year of death missing 1st-century Chinese monarchs
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B4%ED%8A%B8%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%AD%20%28%EC%98%A8%ED%83%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EC%A3%BC%29
๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ (์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ)
๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ(Mount Joy Station)์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ๋งˆ์ปด ๋ถ๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, ๋งˆ์ปด ๋กœ๋“œ์™€ ๋ฒ„์˜คํฌ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์˜ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ๋…ธ์„ ์ธ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ์™€ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์€ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ง์Šค๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„  ์ง€์ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—ญ, ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์™€ ๋ฒŒ๋ก ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ปด ๋ถ๋ถ€์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์€ ๋ฒ„์˜คํฌ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ปด ๋กœ๋“œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์€ ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋งค์ผ„์ง€ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜ ํœ˜ํŠธ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋งค์ผ„์ง€ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒจํŠธ ๋†์ง€๋กœ, ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์ด 9๋ฒˆ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ์ธ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์—ญ์€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ์ ์€ ๋งˆ์ปด์—ญ์ด ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ์ ์€ 1871๋…„์œผ๋กœ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  & ๋‹ˆํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ฒ ๋„ (T&NR) ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์ž‘ ์ˆ˜์†ก์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 1066mm์˜ ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์Šค์นด๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. T&NR์ด 1868๋…„ 3์›”์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ต, ๋งˆ์ปด ํƒ€์šด์‹ญ์€ ํƒ€์šด์‹ญ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์ธ 3๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•  ๋•Œ ์žฅ์ž‘, ๊ฐ€์ถ•, ์ฑ„์†Œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋„ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ์ž์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ ค 1882๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ์ด ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2๋…„ ๋’ค์ธ 1884๋…„, ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ ํฌ ์ฒ ๋„ (GTR)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ GTR์€ ๋ถ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ปด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ, ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ, ๋ฒ•์ •๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์•…ํ™” ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋งˆ์ปด์€ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ด ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1923๋…„, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ฒ ๋„ (CN)๊ฐ€ GTR์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋„๋กœ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ฒ ๋„ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  1965๋…„์—๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ณด์ฝ˜ํฌํ–‰ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1977๋…„์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ธ VIA ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ CN๊ณผ CP์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์šด์†ก ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ 80๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์ด VIA ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต๊ทผ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์„œ ๋งˆ์ปด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 15๋งŒ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ๋ฒ„์Šค๋„ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฑด 2004๋…„์œผ๋กœ, ์ดํ›„ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ์€ ์šดํ–‰ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์ฐจ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์€ ์ง์›์ด ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ธ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 5์‹œ 40๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ 1์‹œ 15๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งคํ‘œ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ น์ธต์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋„์ฐฉ์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ฐจํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋‚˜ ์นด๋“œ ์ถฉ์ „์€ ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋™ํŒ๋งค๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ฒดํฌ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ํƒœ๊ทธํ•ด ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ •์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์—์„œ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ดํ‹ฐ์ผ“ (e-ticket)์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ์‹ค, ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค, ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด, ๊ณต์ค‘์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‰ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ, ์—ด์ฐจ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์Šน ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ๋‘ ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ค‘์•™ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ 971๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋™๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—๋Š” 354๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ฃผ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ์€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ์ง€์ • ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์นดํ’€ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค๋„ ์นดํ’€ ์ „์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ญ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์—ญ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, YRT ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋ฒ„์˜คํฌ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—, TTC ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋งˆ์ปด ๋กœ๋“œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šดํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํ†ต 2023๋…„ 6์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์—๋Š” ํ‰์ผ ์•„์นจ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‰์ผ ์˜คํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์—  ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 6๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์—์„œ ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€๋„ค๋””, ์—์ด์ง„์ฝ”ํŠธ, ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผ„์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ •์ฐจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์–ต์Šค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋“œ์— ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒ€์•ผํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํŽธ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” 407๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์š”ํฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ์กฐ์ด์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” 54๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ์Šคํ† ์šฐ๋นŒ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” 71๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ๋Š” ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต์˜ 41๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‹œ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์—๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์˜ 102D ๋งˆ์ปด ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋งค์ผ„์ง€์™€ ์›Œ๋“ ์—ญ๊ฐ„์„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” YRT ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” TTC ์š”๊ธˆ๋„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ํ†ต๊ทผ์—ด์ฐจ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ YRT ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํ™˜์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตํ†ต (YRT) ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ 18๋ฒˆ ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ค์ „ 10์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ 1์‹œ 45๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์š” ์‘๋‹ตํ˜• ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์š” ์‘๋‹ตํ˜• ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ์€ YRT ๊ณ ๊ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ์ธ 1-844-667-5327๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฐœ 60๋ถ„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์š”๊ธˆ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ YRT ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ธˆ์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ, YRT ํŽ˜์ด ์•ฑ, ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ (Transit) ์•ฑ, ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ, ์ฒดํฌ์นด๋“œ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ (TTC) 102D๋ฒˆ์€ ์š”ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์Šคํ‹ธ์ฆˆ ์• ๋น„๋‰ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” TTC ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ํ•˜์ฐจํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ†  ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šน์ฐจํ•  ๋•Œ YRT ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์ฐจํ•  ๋•Œ TTC ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ญ GO ํŠธ๋žœ์‹ฏ ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ 2004๋…„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Joy%20GO%20Station
Mount Joy GO Station
Mount Joy GO Station is a railway station and bus station in the GO Transit network located in the City of Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the community of Mount Joy, north of the old town of Markham, at the intersection of Markham Road and Bur Oak Avenue and is a stop on the Stouffville line train service. It is also the northern terminus of most of the Stouffville line's off-peak train services. Connecting transit GO Transit York University GO Bus Service; Eastern Terminus of Route 54 (Highway 407 East Service, Markham-Hwy 407 Bus Terminal branch) Routes 70 and 71 (Stouffville GO Train-Bus Service) which provide off-peak and contra-peak service. York Region Transit 18 Bur Oak eastbound to Cornell Terminal and westbound to Angus Glen Community Centre (No late evening or weekend service) 303 Bur Oak Express runs east along Bur Oak Avenue to the community of Cornell before running express to Finch Station. (rush hours only, AM to Finch, PM from Finch) 304 Mount Joy Express runs in the communities west and southwest of the station before running express to Finch Station. (rush hours only, AM to Finch, PM from Finch) Toronto Transit Commission Markham Road to Warden Station. This route is operated by the TTC on behalf of YRT. A YRT fare is charged when the bus is in Markham and a TTC fare charged when the bus is in Toronto (i.e. South of Steeles Avenue) References External links GO Transit railway stations Railway stations in Markham, Ontario Year of establishment missing Railway stations in Canada opened in 2004 2004 establishments in Ontario