text string | annotation string | sft_text string | label int64 | verdict_type string | verdict_score float64 | verdict_why string | example_id string | source_id string | source_row_index int64 | source_sha256 string | generation_model_src string | ground_truth string | expert_majority_vote string | annotator_comments list | generation_model string |
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Some of the most famous and best-preserved dinosaur fossils were thought to have been suspended in time due to a massive volcanic event like the Mt. Vesuvius eruption that literally froze Pompeii in stone. But the cause of those dinos’ demise was likely much more mundane — collapsing animal burrows, according to a stud... | Some of the most famous and best-preserved dinosaur fossils were thought to have been suspended in time due to a <span>massive<annotation why="Uses this in the first sentence; it is an interesting word choice and part of the more casual, human-sounding style" type="human" score="0.61" /></span> volcanic event like the ... | <text>Some of the most famous and best-preserved dinosaur fossils were thought to have been suspended in time due to a <span>massive<annotation why="Uses this in the first sentence; it is an interesting word choice and part of the more casual, human-sounding style" type="human" score="0.61" /></span> volcanic event lik... | 0 | human | 0.9 | I see no signs of AI writing. The article is quite casual in some ways, especially in its diction, and there is variety in sentence and paragraph length. It uses interesting word choices, uses “says” throughout, uses spaced em dashes rather than en dashes, and full stops are sometimes followed by conjunctions. The repe... | 93 | 3 | 93 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | o1-pro | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"The article is quite casual in some ways, especially how it refers to dinosaurs as “dinos”. This style of writing is something that I have yet to see in AI text. It also uses “says” throughout.",
"I ee no signs of AI writing.\nThe phrase “dino’s demise” sounds human.\nThe repetition of “in” also sounds like a hu... | gpt-5.4 |
Language gave humans a leg up compared to all other species. By working together outside of the family unit through spoken — and later written — communication, we were able to hunt and gather, farm, and build great civilizations. There’s a lot we don’t know about how it all started, though. That’s because there were no... | Language gave humans <span>a leg up compared to all other species<annotation why="Use of idiom in the introductory sentence, and it works as a simple, easy to understand phrase to explain information in a readable format" type="human" score="0.86" /></span>. By working together outside of the family unit through spoken... | <text>Language gave humans <span>a leg up compared to all other species<annotation why="Use of idiom in the introductory sentence, and it works as a simple, easy to understand phrase to explain information in a readable format" type="human" score="0.86" /></span>. By working together outside of the family unit through ... | 0 | human | 0.84 | This feels human-written. The quotes come across as very natural: some fit in well, others need surrounding text to make sense, and the sources are varied. Extensive use of personal pronouns and distinct variation in sentence length are rare in machine-generated text territory. While the writing is more simplistic and ... | 3 | 7 | 3 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | gpt-4o | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"The quotes in this piece of text come across as very natural. Some fit in well, others need surrounding text to make sense, and the sources are varied. The professors are also not referred to as doctors, even though they’re probably qualified enough. There’s also just an absence of anything that might point toward... | gpt-5.4 |
Officials in Florida warned residents to move their electric vehicles away from potential flood zones ahead of Hurricane Milton to avoid the risk that the cars could burst into flames after being submerged in saltwater for extended periods. “Keep electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries away from floodwaters and sto... | Officials in Florida warned residents to move their electric vehicles away from potential flood zones ahead of Hurricane Milton to avoid the risk that the cars could burst into flames after being submerged in saltwater for extended periods. “Keep electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries away from floodwaters and sto... | <text>Officials in Florida warned residents to move their electric vehicles away from potential flood zones ahead of Hurricane Milton to avoid the risk that the cars could burst into flames after being submerged in saltwater for extended periods. “Keep electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries away from floodwaters a... | 0 | human | 0.95 | This looks human-generated because there is a copying mistake in the last heading and a punctuation error in a quote, both of which read like human editing slips. It also has sentence case headings, choppy sentences, varied paragraph length, contractions, colloquial language, ‘you’ language, and simple instead of perfe... | 105 | 15 | 105 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | o1-pro | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"The article has an HTML tag in one of the headings which almost certainly means it’s human-generated and there was a mistake when copying it. Another sign is that it uses “said” almost exclusively.",
"I think this is human-generated because of the punctuation error in the speech “This isn’t a risk...said Albert ... | gpt-5.4 |
In a fascinating discovery that has left marine biologists intrigued, two bowhead whales separated by roughly 60 miles of Arctic waters were observed diving in near-perfect synchronization, raising new questions about these mysterious creatures' communication abilities and social behaviors. The unexpected finding came ... | <span>In a fascinating discovery<annotation why="very generic introduction that one would expect from a machine-generated article, with that default-response, flowery tone" type="AI" score="0.91" /></span> that has left marine biologists intrigued, two bowhead whales separated by roughly 60 miles of Arctic waters were ... | <text><span>In a fascinating discovery<annotation why="very generic introduction that one would expect from a machine-generated article, with that default-response, flowery tone" type="AI" score="0.91" /></span> that has left marine biologists intrigued, two bowhead whales separated by roughly 60 miles of Arctic waters... | 1 | AI | 0.94 | I am very confident this is AI-generated. The text uses common AI names and has the very generic introduction and conclusion that one would expect from a machine-generated article. It also uses a few usual LLM marker words and frequent lists, and there’s also nothing grammatically incorrect with it. Most of the conclus... | 235 | 25 | 235 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | claude | AI-generated | Machine-Generated | [
"The text uses common AI names and has the very generic introduction and conclusion that one would expect from a machine-generated article. It also uses AI words and phrases like “crucial” and “highlights”.",
"There are few clues but I’m saying it’s AI-written because of the frequent use of lists such as “food so... | gpt-5.4 |
When Amy Winehouse died in 2011 at age 27, media outlets quickly connected her death to what they called the "27 Club" – a supposed curse that claims the lives of talented musicians at that specific age. The connection seemed compelling: Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, and Brian Jones had all die... | When Amy Winehouse died in 2011 at age 27, media outlets quickly connected her death to what they called the "27 Club" – a supposed curse that claims the lives of talented musicians at that specific age. The connection seemed compelling: Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, and Brian Jones h... | <text>When Amy Winehouse died in 2011 at age 27, media outlets quickly connected her death to what they called the "27 Club" – a supposed curse that claims the lives of talented musicians at that specific age. The connection seemed compelling: Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, and Brian J... | 1 | AI | 0.87 | I see no particular marks of human authorship. The article has way too many experts, almost all of who have AI names and are referred to as “Dr. X”. It is filled with AI style choices like “in the digital age,” higher vocabulary and word choices often used by AI, namely “powerful,” “crucial role,” “accelerated,” and ve... | 229 | 19 | 229 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | claude | AI-generated | Machine-Generated | [
"This article has way too many experts, almost all of who have AI names and are referred to as “Dr. X”. It’s also filled with AI style choices like the phrase “in the digital age”, an overly generic introduction that explains the entire article, and someone explicitly “concluding” the article with a quotation.",
... | gpt-5.4 |
As Hollywood prepares to release "Fly Me to the Moon," a film depicting a fictional CIA plot to fake the 1969 Moon landing, scientists and historians are expressing concern about the potential impact on public understanding of one of humanity's greatest achievements. The movie, set to premiere this summer, follows a gr... | <span>As Hollywood prepares to release "Fly Me to the Moon,"<annotation why="same formulaic opening paragraph and a very generic introduction" type="AI" score="0.77" /></span> a film depicting a fictional CIA plot to fake the 1969 Moon landing, scientists and historians are expressing concern about the potent... | <text><span>As Hollywood prepares to release "Fly Me to the Moon,"<annotation why="same formulaic opening paragraph and a very generic introduction" type="AI" score="0.77" /></span> a film depicting a fictional CIA plot to fake the 1969 Moon landing, scientists and historians are expressing concern about the ... | 1 | AI | 0.8 | Although there are no signs of AI writing like the usual overused word “crucial,” and the sentences can be varied, rich in vocabulary, and of varying styles, the stronger pattern is machine-generated: the text has the same formulaic opening paragraph and a classic textbook ending, with a very generic introduction and c... | 222 | 12 | 222 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | claude | AI-generated | Machine-Generated | [
"The article has a very generic introduction and conclusion as well as overly verbose quotes. It also contains a few AI names like “Mark Thompson” and a doctor named Sarah.",
"I see no signs of AI writing like the usual overused words “crucial”, for instance. Also, the sentences are varied, rich in vocabulary, an... | gpt-5.4 |
On Tuesday, former NFL quarterback Brett Favre announced that he has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement and can lead to tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Favre’s revelation has brought renewed attention to the disease and it... | On Tuesday, former NFL quarterback Brett Favre announced that he has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, <span>a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement and can lead to tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination<annotation why="generic AI sentence structure, plus a list with a... | <text>On Tuesday, former NFL quarterback Brett Favre announced that he has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, <span>a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement and can lead to tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination<annotation why="generic AI sentence structure, plus a list ... | 1 | AI | 0.9 | This article is AI-generated. There are none of the trademark AI words, but the sentence structure is generic AI and there are several lists. It has title case headings, an Oxford comma, mixed speech tags, a few typical LLM marker words, many present participles and verbs in the perfect tense, and the inability to resi... | 163 | 28 | 163 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | gpt-4o | AI-generated | Machine-Generated | [
"The article is about Parkinson’s but it feels incredibly hopeful and happy despite that. It spends very little time talking about the horrors of the disease, and instead focuses on future research, hopeful quotes, and potential cures, even referring to it as “embarking on a new chapter”. Alone, any one of these do... | gpt-5.4 |
Scientists have given artificial intelligence a direct line into the nervous systems of millimeter-long worms, letting it guide the creatures to a tasty target—and demonstrating intriguing brain-AI collaboration. They trained the AI with a methodology called deep-reinforcement learning; the same is used to help AI play... | Scientists have given artificial intelligence a direct line into the nervous systems of millimeter-long worms, letting it guide the creatures to a tasty target—and demonstrating intriguing brain-AI collaboration. They trained the AI with a methodology called <span>deep-reinforcement learning<annotation why="The purpose... | <text>Scientists have given artificial intelligence a direct line into the nervous systems of millimeter-long worms, letting it guide the creatures to a tasty target—and demonstrating intriguing brain-AI collaboration. They trained the AI with a methodology called <span>deep-reinforcement learning<annotation why="The p... | 0 | human | 0.81 | This article feels human-written. While there is a certain pattern to the sentence’s structure, it’s a unique way of writing, with long sentences extended by punctuation for a singular flow. The purpose and methodology are also quite detailed and well-explained, whereas AI seems to be vague around these subjects and wo... | 19 | 39 | 19 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | gpt-4o | Human-written | Human-Generated | [
"Referring to a patch of Escherichia coli (which I’m guessing is E. coli) as “a tasty snack” is a funny contradiction, and definitely not something I would expect from machine-generated text. The purpose and methodology of the study are also quite detailed and well-explained, whereas AI seems to be vague around the... | gpt-5.4 |
"Mount Fuji looms large as Japan’s tallest mountain and one of its most enduring national symbols.(...TRUNCATED) | "Mount Fuji looms large as Japan’s tallest mountain and one of its most enduring national symbols.(...TRUNCATED) | "<text>Mount Fuji looms large as Japan’s tallest mountain and one of its most enduring national sy(...TRUNCATED) | 0 | human | 0.69 | "This feels human-written because there are quite a few dates and facts that could be considered unn(...TRUNCATED) | 73 | 43 | 73 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | claude | Human-written | Human-Generated | ["The article contains quite a few dates and facts that could be considered unnecessary, something w(...TRUNCATED) | gpt-5.4 |
"Today, it’s hard to imagine a world where a child’s bedroom shelf isn’t adorned with at least(...TRUNCATED) | "Today, it’s hard to imagine a world where a child’s bedroom shelf isn’t adorned with at least(...TRUNCATED) | "<text>Today, it’s hard to imagine a world where a child’s bedroom shelf isn’t adorned with at(...TRUNCATED) | 1 | AI | 0.88 | "I am confident this article is AI-generated. The article has a couple of historians for niche topic(...TRUNCATED) | 264 | 54 | 264 | 1b8f9eeb6413f2541a320b09c7cc77b8d5c51a9e69a87ae0e91bd0e9ede5bd9a | o1-pro | AI-generated | Machine-Generated | ["The article has a couple of historians for niche topics, one of whom is a Dr. Sarah. The speakers (...TRUNCATED) | gpt-5.4 |
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